key: cord-0844848-kt8e489v authors: Weinberg, Geoffrey A. title: A Celebration of the Life and Work of Caroline Breese Hall, MD date: 2014-12-08 journal: J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piu118 sha: e2750f09cebe12f52ec0f2de776edd7929ebd996 doc_id: 844848 cord_uid: kt8e489v nan A native of Brighton, New York (and daughter of eminent pediatrician Burtis Burr Breese, MD, himself a pioneer in office-based clinical research and the development of the office throat culture for streptococci [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Dr. Hall's research focused on pediatric clinical virology-especially the natural history of infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human herpes viruses 6 and 7 (HHV6 and HHV7). Early in her career, she carried out studies that defined the diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, and therapy of RSV bronchiolitis in children [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . Later, when HHV6 was identified as the cause of roseola, she initiated studies that defined the clinical spectrum of HHV6 infection, and she attempted to understand the relationship between chromosomal integration and vertical transmission of the virus [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] . At the same time, few pediatric pathogens escaped her focus and interest, and Dr. Hall contributed and collaborated on many works concerning group A streptococci, parainfluenza and influenza viruses, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, human metapneumovirus, rotaviruses, and noroviruses [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] . Caren Hall was a major contributor to the discipline of pediatric infectious diseases, as teacher, mentor, researcher, and counselor, and she published approximately 300 articles in the scientific literature and 130 textbook chapters-many of which were graced by her own original poetry, which spanned verses on life, odes to colleagues, and humorous microbial limericks. She was a founding member of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS), its fifth president and Society Historian, and she also served for many years on the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Infectious Diseases (Red Book Committee) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Caren was often sought out to serve on the most important national committees, including those of the Institute of Medicine, the National Academy of Science, Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), AAP, PIDS, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), and other professional societies. She was the recipient of numerous distinguished awards from professional organizations including PIDS, IDSA, and the Pan American Society of Virology, among others. Leading off the celebration was a scholarly review of successes and failures in vaccine development by the keynote speaker, Dr. Stanley A. Plotkin, Emeritus Professor, University of Pennsylvania, Executive Advisor, Sanofi Pasteur, and Principal of VaxConsult, LLC; Dr. Plotkin was accompanied by his wife and partner in VaxConsult, vaccine historian Susan Plotkin. Dr. Plotkin's review updated some of his past sage comments, touching upon those infections eradicated from the globe (smallpox and rinderpest), those with ongoing struggles for elimination or control (eg, poliomyelitis, measles, rubella), and those still to be successfully prevented by vaccination (eg, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], dengue, malaria) [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] . He characterized the key problems in vaccinology as being those "transvaccinology" or "pathogen-specific" in nature. Problems in transvaccinology are those applicable to the development of many vaccines-these include (with examples of each) the ability of pathogens to be variable and escape immune responses (influenza virus, HIV); the host's short-lived effector memory to a vaccine or vaccine candidate ( pertussis); the difficulty in both finding and inducing the correct functional response (antibody vs cellmediated immunity) in the host (HIV, RSV); and population-specific challenges in vaccine epidemiology (variable epidemiology of rotavirus and meningococcal serotypes across the globe). Challenges that are classified as pathogen-specific include (1) the lack of identification of either useful correlates of protection (dengue, tuberculosis) or (2) the antigens required for generation of mechanistic or nonmechanistic correlates of protection (cytomegalovirus, tuberculosis, malaria). Dr. Plotkin also fondly recalled his decades-long personal and professional friendship with Dr. Hall. A Roundtable discussion was next led by long-time colleagues of Dr. Hall from both academia and the Rochester pediatric community, including Drs. John Treanor (URMC Internal Medicine Infectious Diseases Unit), Peter Szilagyi (URMC General Academic Pediatrics), Larry Nazarian (Panorama Pediatrics, Rochester), Anne Francis (Elmwood Pediatrics, Rochester), and R. Gordon Douglas (formerly, URMC Internal Medicine). Many participants in the audience also related their stories of Caren Hall's mentorship and friendship, including her habit of personally addressing a colleague (no matter where they were in the world) with a timely birthday congratulation often illustrated by an original drawing or poem. A series of lectures by former trainees and colleagues of Dr. Hall completed the festschrift. Dr. Ed Walsh (URMC Internal Medicine Infectious Diseases Unit) recalled the trials and tribulations of working with the cotton rat model of RSV infection to investigate vaccine approaches, and he also described Dr. Hall's mentorship and advice in developing a program of clinical virology studies in older adults [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] . Dr. Tasnee Chonmaitree (University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston) discussed her studies of otitis media bacteriology and virology, which began with training in Rochester by Dr. Hall [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] . Dr. Allison Kempe (University of Colorado School of Medicine) recalled how Dr. Hall taught her the lessons of translational research long before it was named as such, and she reviewed her ongoing studies of vaccine delivery in the community [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] . Dr. Thomas Evans (Aeras; formerly URMC Infectious Diseases Unit) described the pitfalls and promises of small molecule antiviral drug discovery. Dr. John McBride (Northeastern Ohio Medical University-Akron, formerly URMC Pediatric Pulmonology) summarized the physiology of RSV bronchiolitis and its relationship to asthma, and he provided some of his favorite recollections of working with Dr. Hall on the initial clinical ribavirin RSV treatment trials [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] . Dr. Larry Anderson (Emory University, formerly CDC) discussed the quest for a safe and effective RSV vaccine [73, 74] . Finally, Dr. Mary Caserta (URMC Pediatric Infectious Diseases), another of Caren Hall's former trainees, summarized the state of the art of HHV6 infection, disease, and its unusual property of chromosomal integration [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] . The success of the Caroline Breese Hall festschrift was in large part due to the planning and organization of Dr. Caserta. All who attended came away with not only a better understanding of the scientific aspects of vaccinology, RSV, and HHV6, but with a vision of the remarkable career of Caroline Breese Hall and how her mentorship has produced leaders in the practice of both pediatrics and medicine throughout in academia, industry, and the community. Treatment of beta hemolytic streptococcic infections in the home; relative value of available methods The accuracy of diagnosis of beta streptococcal infections on clinical grounds Factors influencing the spread of beta hemolytic streptococcal infections within the family group The use of cotton-tipped swabs as a simple method of transporting cultures of beta hemolytic streptococci The nature of a small pediatric group practice. 1 The nature of a small pediatric group practice. II. The incidence of beta hemolytic streptococcal illness in a private pediatric practice A simple scorecard for the tentative diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis Clinically useful method for the isolation of respiratory syncytial virus Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Practical community surveillance Respiratory syncytial virus infections in infants: quantitation and duration of shedding Possible transmission by fomites of respiratory syncytial virus Modes of transmission of respiratory syncytial virus Nosocomial respiratory syncytial viral infections. Should gowns and masks be used? Early ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial viral infection in high-risk children Variation in severity of respiratory syncytial virus infections with subtype Population-based surveillance for hospitalizations associated with respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and parainfluenza viruses among young children The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than 24 months of age Quantitative shedding patterns of respiratory syncytial virus in infants Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children. A prospective study of complications and reactivation Persistence of human herpesvirus 6 according to site and variant: possible greater neurotropism of variant A Congenital infections with human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV7) Characteristics and acquisition of human herpesvirus (HHV) 7 infections in relation to infection with HHV-6 Chromosomal integration of human herpesvirus 6 is the major mode of congenital human herpesvirus 6 infection Transplacental congenital human herpesvirus 6 infection caused by maternal chromosomally integrated virus Nosocomial influenza infection as a cause of intercurrent fevers in infants Parainfluenza viral infections in children: correlation of shedding with clinical manifestations Viral shedding patterns of children with influenza B infection Does penicillin make Johnny's strep throat better? Superiority of reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction to conventional viral culture in the diagnosis of acute respiratory tract infections in children Active, population-based surveillance for severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in children in the United States A novel group of rhinoviruses is associated with asthma hospitalizations Parainfluenza virus infection of young children: estimates of the populationbased burden of hospitalization Population-based incidence of human metapneumovirus infection among hospitalized children Direct and indirect effects of rotavirus vaccination upon childhood hospitalizations in 3 US Counties Human coronavirus in young children hospitalized for acute respiratory illness and asymptomatic controls Burden of human metapneumovirus infection in young children Vaccines, vaccination, and vaccinology Six revolutions in vaccinology Vaccines: the fourth century The development of vaccines: how the past led to the future Nomenclature for immune correlates of protection after vaccination memoriam: Hilary Koprowski Complex correlates of protection after vaccination Problems in vaccine development Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus with a monoclonal antibody Immunization with glycoprotein subunits of respiratory syncytial virus to protect cotton rats against viral infection Comparison of antigenic sites of subtype-specific respiratory syncytial virus attachment proteins Immunity to and frequency of reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus Severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection is related to virus strain Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults Viral pneumonia in older adults Is clinical recognition of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized elderly and high-risk adults possible? Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults Bacterial complications of respiratory tract viral illness: a comprehensive evaluation Interferon production by human mononuclear leukocytes: differences between respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses Viral and bacterial interaction in acute otitis media Viruses and acute otitis media Viral upper respiratory tract infection and otitis media complication in young children Polymorphisms of immunity genes and susceptibility to otitis media in children Influenza in children with cancer School-based health centers: improving access and quality of care for lowincome adolescents Population-based versus practice-based recall for childhood immunizations: a randomized controlled comparative effectiveness trial School-located influenza vaccination with third-party billing: outcomes, cost, and reimbursement School-located influenza vaccination with third-party billing: what do parents think? Aerosolized ribavirin treatment of infants with respiratory syncytial viral infection. A randomized double-blind study Ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial viral infection in infants with underlying cardiopulmonary disease Vapors, viruses, and views. Ribavirin and respiratory syncytial virus Respiratory syncytial virus-from chimps with colds to conundrums and cures Pulmonary function changes in children after respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy RSV, recurrent wheezing, and ribavirin Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development Strategic priorities for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine development Human herpesvirus-6 Neuroinvasion and persistence of human herpesvirus 6 in children Primary human herpesvirus 7 infection: a comparison of human herpesvirus 7 and human herpesvirus 6 infections in children Detection of human herpesvirus 6 by reverse transcription-PCR Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) DNA persistence and reactivation in healthy children Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 and HHV-7 infections in pregnant women Diagnostic assays for active infection with human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Dr. Gregory Storch served as Co-Rapporteur with the author for the Caroline Breese Hall Festschrift, and he provided valuable editorial assistance. Although neither he nor the author were trainees of Dr. Hall, both benefited from her professional collaboration and friendship.