key: cord-0846823-qv8vo7td authors: D’Andrea, Antonello; Russo, Vincenzo; Manzo, Gianluca; Giordano, Valerio; Di Maio, Marco; Crescibene, Fabio; D’Alto, Michele; Bossone, Eduardo title: Association of atrial fibrillation and left atrial volume index with mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia date: 2020-12-09 journal: Eur J Prev Cardiol DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa138 sha: 4eae03703ca48408fe7d2cd4db6d62a697a948f1 doc_id: 846823 cord_uid: qv8vo7td nan Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, can lead to cardiac impairment. Possible expressions of cardiac injury include increased troponin levels, left ventricular dysfunction, and arrhythmias. [1] [2] [3] Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common sequela of critical illness, with an estimated prevalence of almost 10% in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients, and several studies report worse outcomes in patients with new-onset AF as compared with their non-AF counterparts. 3 Information on AF and on left atrial (LA) involvement in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is limited, and we aimed to explore the possible association with mortality in these patients. This study was conducted from 20 February 2020 to August 2020, in four centres (Umberto I ; M.Scarlato; Cardarelli and Monaldi hospitals); the final date of follow-up was 10 May 2020. All consecutive patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 test result and laboratory-and TCconfirmed interstitial pneumonia were included. Clinical, laboratory, radiological, and ultrasound data were collected. Cardiac injury was defined as blood levels of cardiac biomarkers (high sensitivity Troponin I-ECLIA method; hs-TNI) above the 99th percentile upper reference limit. Left atrial volume was calculated using the biplane area-length method at the apical four-chamber and apical twochamber views at ventricular end-systole (maximum LA size) and indexed for body surface area. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) was calculated by adding the value of right atrial pressure to the systolic transtricuspid gradient. Clinical and instrumental variables and outcomes of patients with and without cardiac involvement were compared. The local ethics committee approved the study and all individuals gave written informed consent. A total of 280 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the final analysis; mean age was 66.6 years (range, 20-89 years), and 112 (40%) were female. A total of 70 patients had cardiac injury, and these patients were older COVID-19 patient and may result from metabolic derangements, hypoxia, acidosis, intravascular volume imbalances, neurohormonal, and catecholaminergic stress. 4, 5 Sepsis is characterized by a systemic process involving inflammatory cytokines and autonomic dysfunction. Postulated mechanisms of this arrhythmogenesis include autonomic nervous system-induced calcium entry into cardiac myocytes, spontaneous release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, 6 as well as possible direct LA injury due to coronary artery disease with small vessel thrombosis. 7 Tachycardia and myocardial injury may themselves increase atrial arrhythmias and contribute to worse outcomes. 1, 2 In addition, LA volume index provided independent prognostic information, incremental to clinical data. In our population of patients with higher prevalence of arterial hypertension, and increased both body mass index and LV mass index (independent risk factors for LA thrombosis), 8 LA volume may reflect the duration and severity of increased LA pressure. In fact, as showed in recent reports, 9 in adaptation to chronic decreased LV compliance secondary to higher central pulse pressure and LV hypertrophy, LA pressure rises, increasing LA wall tension, and stretching the atrial myocardium. Left atrial stretch and LV pressure overload are the main stimuli for AF occurrence and for secretion of cardiac peptides, levels of which correlated strongly with survival in different clinical settings. 10 More definitive epidemiologic data are needed. Since some of the therapies empirically used to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections, such as chloroquine, have known effects on myocyte repolarization, resulting in increased risk of QT prolongation and subsequent arrhythmias, and given the high incidence of electrolyte abnormalities in ill patients, 1,2 high vigilance by the treatment teams is required to avoid iatrogenic harm. Assessment of both LV and LA morphology and function during the recovery of these patients may represent key points in the prognostic stratification. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China Association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with myocardial injury and mortality Update on cardiac arrhythmias in the ICU Incidence, risk factors and outcomes of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with sepsis: a systematic review Clinical characteristics and prognosis of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with incident sustained tachyarrhythmias: a multicenter observational study Influences of autonomic nervous system on atrial arrhythmogenic substrates and the incidence of atrial fibrillation in diabetic heart Non-ischemic ventricular dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: characteristics and implications for cardiac imaging on the basis of current evidence New perspective on the risk markers for left atrial thrombosis in patients with atrial fibrillation Association of central blood pressure with left atrial structural and functional abnormalities in hypertensive patients: implications for atrial fibrillation prevention Left atrial structure and function, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction: JACC state-of-the-art review Conflict of interest: none declared.