key: cord-0858044-qysqc0tc
authors: Yu, Xiaoyan; Lu, Roujian; Wang, Zhong; Zhu, Na; Wang, Wen; Julian, Druce; Chris, Birch; Lv, Jianxin; Tan, Wenjie
title: Etiology and Clinical Characterization of Respiratory Virus Infections in Adult Patients Attending an Emergency Department in Beijing
date: 2012-02-28
journal: PLoS One
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032174
sha: f2615e2f1b1e1de90023706bf99405151406bbd8
doc_id: 858044
cord_uid: qysqc0tc

BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) represent a serious global health burden. To date, few reports have addressed the prevalence of respiratory viruses (RVs) in adults with ARTIs attending an emergency department (ED). Therefore, the potential impact of respiratory virus infections on such patients remains unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To determine the epidemiological and clinical profiles of common and recently discovered respiratory viruses in adults with ARTIs attending an ED in Beijing, a 1-year consecutive study was conducted from May, 2010, to April, 2011. Nose and throat swab samples from 416 ARTI patients were checked for 13 respiratory viruses using multiple reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) assays for common respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses (Flu) A, B, and adenoviruses (ADVs), picornaviruses (PICs), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) 1–3, combined with real-time RT-PCR for human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and human coronaviruses (HCoVs, -OC43, -229E, -NL63, and -HKU1). Viral pathogens were detected in 52.88% (220/416) of patient samples, and 7.21% (30/416) of patients tested positive for more than one virus. PICs (17.79%) were the dominant agents detected, followed by FluA (16.11%), HCoVs (11.78%), and ADV (11.30%). HMPV, PIVs, and FluB were also detected (<3%), but not RSV. The total prevalence and the dominant virus infections detected differed significantly between ours and a previous report. Co-infection rates were high for HCoV-229E (12/39, 30.76%), PIC (22/74, 29.73%), ADV (12/47, 25.53%) and FluA (15/67, 22.39%). Different patterns of clinical symptoms were associated with different respiratory viruses. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of RV involvement in adults with ARTIs attending an ED in China differs from that previously reported. The high prevalence of viruses (PIC, FluA, HCoVs and ADV) reported here strongly highlight the need for the development of safe and effective therapeutic approaches for these viruses.

Viruses cause most respiratory tract infections, yet the specific infectious agent often remains unknown [1, 2] . Comparison of the viral causes of infection provides a useful starting point for an understanding of illness following respiratory infection. It also provides data relevant to the development of prevention strategies. The following viruses (in no particular order) have been detected during acute respiratory infections (ARIs) [1, 2] : influenza virus (Flu), parainfluenza virus (PIV), adenovirus (ADV), picornavirus (PIC, including rhinovirus and enterovirus), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and human coronavirus (HCoV). Respiratory virus infections are diagnosed in four principal ways: virus culture, serology, immunofluorescence/antigen detection, and nucleic acid/PCR-based tests. Nucleic acid tests are significantly more sensitive than the other methods described, which may have an impact on the viruses detected [1, 2] . Nucleic acid tests are now being multiplexed, allowing rapid simultaneous detection of many viruses [1, 2] .

In China, several groups have reported the prevalence and clinical presentation of viral infections [3] [4] [5] , particularly those of HCoV infections by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays performed on clinical specimens taken from adults with ARTIs from 2005 to 2009 in Beijing [5] . However, more precise data regarding their epidemiology and clinical characteristics are lacking in mainland China after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there is no published report that describes the potential impact of viral agents on adults with ARTIs admitted to an ED in China. To directly address this situation, we screened for the presence of 13 respiratory virus in adults with ARTI admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital from May, 2010, to April, 2011, in an effort to gain a better understanding of the seasonality, epidemiology, and clinical profile of these viruses in a city with a population of more than 22 million.

All aspects of the study were performed in accordance with the national ethics regulations and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of China, as well as the Ethics Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Participants were recieved ''Written Informed Consent'' on the study's purpose and of their right to keep information confidential. Written consent was obtained from all participants or their guardians.

From May, 2010, to April, 2011, 416 nasal and throat swabs (NTS) were collected from patients with acute respiratory symptoms who had been admitted to the ED at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China. Patients were provided written informed consent before specimen collection and testing. Patients over 14 years of age were selected according to a set of criteria that included respiratory symptoms, a body temperature above 37.5uC, and a normal or low leukocyte count, but not pulmonary abnormalities on radiography [4] . Symptoms, history of illness, results of a clinical examination and laboratory investigations, and demographic data were recorded for each patient, using a standardized form. Clinical information of patients with virus infection was reviewed retrospectively from the records. Swabs were kept in viral transport medium and stored at 270uC prior to analysis.

Nucleic acid was extracted using QIAamp MiniElute Virus Spin kits (Qiagen, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) according to the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA was synthesized from 10 mL RNA eluate using random hexamer primers and AMV Reverse Transcriptase (Promega, Madison, WI), as described previously [6] [7] [8] .

All samples were tested by multiple nested RT-PCR screening for common respiratory viruses infections (Table 1) , including influenza virus types A, B, adenovirus (group 1), PIC (enterovirus, rhinovirus), respiratory syncytial virus (group 2), and parainfluenza virus types 1-3 (group 3), as described previously [6] . The analytic sensitivity of PCR or RT-PCR for detection of single virus is 10-100 molecules. All PCR products were confirmed by sequencing.

Specimens were tested for human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and non-SARS HCoVs (including OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1) by real-time RT-PCR (Table 1 ) using a TaqMan RNA-to-CT 1-Step kit (Applied Biosystems, USA) and an ABI Prism 7000 TaqMan machine (Applied Biosystems, USA), as described previously [7, 8] . The lower limit of detection of each real-time RT PCR assay was 100 copies/20 mL, with intra-assay coefficients of variability (CVs) between 0.45% and 1.02% (n = 3), and interassay CVs of 0.68-2.24%.

Age, maximum body temperature, laboratory parameters, clinical features, and annual incidence of each virus were compared using the x 2 -test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and the data sets were compared between groups using a two-tailed paired Student's ttest to obtain P values. P,0.05 was considered significant.

Of 416 nasopharyngeal samples analysed by both multiple nested RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR (Table 1) , 220 (52.88%) were positive for one or more agents, comprising 47.51% (86/181) males and 57.02% (134/235) females, (x 2 = 3.709; P.0.05). Detection of any viral agent was significantly more common during the summer (July and August, 2010) and winter (December 2010 and January 2011) in patients aged 20-50 years old. As shown in Table 2 

The 

Of the 416 patients, 30 were co-infected with at least two respiratory viruses, with detection rates of 7.21% (30/416) of total samples and 14.63% (30/220) of positive samples. Most co-infected patients were 20-39 years of age (66.67%, 20/30), and PIC was frequently detected co-infecting virus (29.73%, 22/74) ( 

The clinical characteristics of patients with FluA, ADV, PIC, and HCoV infection are summarized in Table 3 . All patients infected with these viruses presented with respiratory infection symptoms including fever, cough, headache, sore throat, runny nose, and so on; a few also presented with diarrhoea. The three most common symptoms of infection with FluA were cough (82.09%), sore throat (79.10%), and headache (65.67%). The most common symptoms of infection with ADV, PIC, and HCoV were headache, sore throat, and cough, respectively. Most infected patients were aged 20-49 years old, and slightly more were female.

RVs, a major cause of ARTIs [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] , which cause significant global human morbidity and mortality, especially in infants, are a serious health and economic burden and have become a national . This study provides useful information on the prevalence, clinical profiles, and epidemiology of specific viral aetiology in adults with ARTI attending an ED in China, and will contribute to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ARTI in adults. We collected nasal and throat swab samples from adult patients attending an ED in Beijing, and analysed them using both multiple nested RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR methods to detect 13 human RVs: FluA, B, RSV, PIVs 1-3, PIC, ADV, HCoVs (-229E, -OC43, -NL63, -HKU1), and hMPV. Of the 416 samples, 220 (52.88%) contained at least one virus, which is consistent with other studies performed worldwide (34.6-62.6%) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] , but a little higher than a previous report from Beijing [4] . This may be due to differences in detection methods, population, and/or the time the study was performed. This also reminds us that in the year after influenza pandemics, the frequency distribution of these 13 respiratory viruses in adult patients in the Beijing area may increase, pending further studies. In addition, of the 416 samples, no viruses were detected in 196 (47.11%). This suggests the existence of other pathogens, such as human parvovirus [15] and human polyomavirus [16, 17] , or unknown others. Thus, further optimization of specimen collection (location, period) and detection methods may improve the detection rate.

By comparing the patterns of detection of the four most frequently detected viruses (PIC, FluA, ADV, HCoVs), gender, and age group, we found similar detection rates in males and females, and those aged 20-49 had highest prevalence (70%), which is consistent with trends of RV infection reported previously [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . PICs, including rhinovirus and enterovirus, are frequently detected in patients with upper respiratory tract infections [18, 19] . A previous study showed that 50% of common cold infections are caused by rhinovirus [18] . PIC had the highest detection rate (17.79%, 74/416), and covered all age groups. Peaks occurred in August and September, 2010, as in previous reports [18] . This PIC detection rate is higher than that reported elsewhere [4] , likely due to the fact that the previous study focused only on rhinovirus and enterovirus, neglecting the other PICs that may cause respiratory infection. In addition, different sample collection periods and detection methods may have contributed to the discrepancies in detection rates [10] .

The detection rate of FluA, the most common respiratory virus, was 16.11% with significant seasonality. Peaks appeared in winter, and no FluA was detected in June, 2010, and April, 2011. Because this study was conducted at the end of the H1N1 pandemic, many people had recently been vaccinated and so possessed high levels of circulating antibody, likely causing a decline in infection rate. Other reports have indicated that FluA infection is interfered with by rhinovirus infection [19, 20] , which may also have decreased the detection rate. Typing and identification of seasonal influenza virus and H1N1 influenza virus warrant further research.

Epidemiological studies have shown that more than 15% of common colds in adults are caused by human coronavirus (HCoV) [18] , with HCoV-229E and -OC43 being the most common [18] . The detection rate was 11.78% in this study, significantly higher than in previous reports [5] . All four non-SARS HCoVs (-OC43, -229E, -NL63, and -HKU1) were detected, the highest being HCoV-229E (9.38%), which differs from the data of Ren and coworkers [5] . This was likely due to different detection methods or the peak in HCoV-OC43 infection every 2-3 years [21] . The two HCoVs identified most recently, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 [22, 23] , had low detection rates (,1%), similar to HCoV-OC43, but markedly lower than that of HCoV-229E.

ADV, an important pathogen in infants, was also detected frequently (11.3%) in this study. HMPV, which usually infects children [24, 25] , was detected in 2.16% of adult patients in this study. The etiological significance of HMPV infection in adult ARTI patients requires further study. PIVs were detected only infrequently (0.96%), markedly lower than in previous reports [4] . Several factors may account for this disparity: we detected mainly PIV1-3, but PIV4 was in reality the most common virus; or the PIV-4 infection rate increased in recent outbreaks of ARTIs [26] . In addition, PIV causes mainly LRTIs, but samples in this study were mainly collected from patients with URTIs. RSV, another important viral agent in infants and young children, was not detected in this study.

Of the 220 positive patients with RV infection, 30 were infected with more than one viral agent, 27 of which represented coinfections and 3 of which were triple-infections. Twenty-two PICpositive patients were co-infected with FluA, ADV, 229E, PIV, HKU1, or FluB. Rhinovirus is a major etiological agent of URTIs, and is implicated in 25-70% of co-infections in hospitalized patients [18] . Therefore, further identification and typing of PIC is [1, 2, [4] [5] [6] [7] 18] , patients infected with the four most frequently detected viruses (FluA, ADV, PIC, HCoVs) presented with obvious symptoms of respiratory infection, including headache, sore throat, cough, runny nose, chills, and coryza. Except for chills and diarrhoea (P.0.05), the clinical characteristics of ARTIs caused by these four viruses differed slightly. Headache was associated with PIC, ADV, and HCoV infection. Cough was significantly more common in influenza patients; and sore throat, cough, rhinorrhoea, nasal symptoms were more common in those infected with PIC, which were in line with previous reports [2, 6, 18] . Molecular assays are useful for diagnosis of RTIs, because it is often difficult even for the experienced clinician to pinpoint the aetiological agent based only on clinical information. Thus, etiological research may facilitate physicians' appropriate antibiotic use, and will provide useful information for surveillance and control of ARTIs [27] .

In summary, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the potential impact of 13 RVs in adults with ARTIs admitted to an ED in Beijing. Our study is original and unique in several aspects. First, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first use of sensitive, real-time RT-PCR assays targeting all four HCoVs and hMPV in adults with ARTIs in China. Compared to the reports of Ren et al. [4, 5] regarding adult ARTIs which specimens collected from the same hospital (Table 4 ), the detection rates of several aetiological agents (hMPV, total HCoVs, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-HKU1) in this study were significantly higher (P,0.05,the data were compared between groups of specimens for virus detected using a Student's t-test), although the reasons for this require further investigation. The second unique aspect of this study is the identification of four leading viral agents (PIC, FluA, ADV, and HCoVs) and associated clinical profiles in adults with ARTIs admitted to the ED. The pattern differed from those in previous reports from the same area. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the potential impact of four viruses (PIC, FluA, ADV, and HCoVs) as causes of ARTIs in adults admitted to an ED in China. The main limitation of the study is that we did not evaluate other recently identified viruses (such as bocavirus, WU, and KI virus) or atypical aetiologies. An additional limitation is that the subjects were recruited only in one continuous year. It is possible that these limitations might have affected the results and should be taken into consideration.

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We thank the clinicians of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital for their assistance with sample collection.