key: cord-0879114-s0g6350y authors: Das, Kuntal title: Herbal plants as immunity modulators against COVID-19: A primary preventive measure during home quarantine date: 2021-08-05 journal: J Herb Med DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100501 sha: b1a2ff789ac6e0ee85d867709510dd1ab8503995 doc_id: 879114 cord_uid: s0g6350y The novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a deadly virus which has spread globally and claimed millions of lives. This novel virus transmits mainly through droplets and close human contact. It’s impact in different countries varies depending on geographical location, climatic conditions, food habits, and cultural activities. Several precautionary measures, as well as many medicines, are applied in different combinations to limit the spread of infection. This results in a preliminary relief of people infected in the first stage of infection. An alternative approach has been introduced which proposes natural herbs, which have minimal or no side effects, and improve overall immunity. Some essential herbs with their immunomodulatory effects are mentioned in this article along with suggestions for improved immunity and protection. symptomatic stage with extreme COVID viral load . Hence, major degradation of the intestine and kidney occurs as the virus propagates throughout the host human body. The impaired cells trigger intrinsic inflammation of the lungs by proinflammatory macrophages and granulocytes cause severe respiratory disorders which may become life threatening. This is known as the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) arising from a rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs, which results in fatality (Xu et al., 2020) . Thus, it initially involves the immune defense based protective phase where a boost is needed for immune responses, and then an inflammation-driven damaging phase where it is suppressed. The novel COVID-19 virus is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet rays. In addition, ether (75%), ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peroxyacetic acid, and chloroform are effectively used for inactivation of the virus (Cascella et al., 2020) . Hence some chemicals mitigate COVID virus exposure. Other preventive measures include hand washing with soap or alcohol-based sanitizers, maintaining proper social distance, and the wearing of masks. It is also advisable to avoid touching the eyes, nose and mouth, proper mask wearing without gaps between face and the mask, covering the nose and mouth with a bent elbow or tissue during coughing or sneezing, staying home, if a person has a fever, cough, or breathing problems ( Figure-1 ). COVID 19 spreads by droplets and can stay in the air for 3-8 hours and cannot be measured. Drastically it is capable of infecting a large number of people within few hours. Staying at home is the safest choice to prevent infection, as well as isolating sick people away from others so that they don't infect others. This is known as home quarantine and it is the practice of confining of person and restricting movement for a limited time span ( There are many possible medicines which have been effective for treating the virusbased symptoms but no comprehensive medicines. The antiviral drug, called favipiravir or Avigan, is an approved drug which used in Japan to treat influenza as well COVID-19. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of malaria, is used for COVID-19 in various countries. Remdesivir, approved by FDA to treat COVID-19. Antiviral drug Kaletra, a combination of lopinavir and J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f ritonavir, is used to treat COVID-19 in China. A mix of HIV, swine flu, and Malaria, drugs and also anti-HIV drugs, Lopinavir and Ritonavir, accepted by Indian Council of Medical Research, India, is used to treat COVID-19 in recent throughout everywhere (Jin et al., 2020 The informations in the review is collected from various latest research papers (Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 2020; WHO report, 2020; Nature Reviews Ashwagandha is an evergreen shrub found in India. It is in the Solanaceae family and is a master" herb in ayurvedic medicine. The root contains alkaloids like isopelletierine, anaferine, cuseohygrine, anahygrine, steroidal lactones, withanolides, withaferins and saponins (Mishra et al., 2000) . Ariel parts also contain 5-dehydroxy withanolide-R and withasomniferin-A (Rahman et al., 1991) . The two isolated compounds sitoindoside IX (1) and sitoindoside X (2), show potential immunomodulatory activity through the activation of peritoneal macrophages involved in, phagocytosis (Ghosal et al., 1989) . Cinnamon is in the Lauraceae family and is a well known tree in many countries, including India. It is easily available as spices. The bark is a well known flavouring agent but it also shows various therapeutic activities. The bark and leaves contain oils such as cinnamaldehyde, camphor (found in the bark oil), eugenol (found in the leaf oil), as well as others (Wijesekera, 1978) . The extract showed immunomodulatory activity by increasing the phagocytic index and serum immunoglobulin levels as well as increasing both cell-mediated and humoral immunity (Niphade et al., 2009) . A study showed that silver nanoparticles containing cinnamon bark extract possessed significant antiviral activity against the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H7N3 using MTT assay (Fatima et al., 2015) . Aloe is in the Liliaceae family and is a golden plant with multi functionality, which is known throughout the world. The juice contains multiple essential active constituents such as polysaccarides (glucomannan, acemannan,mannose derivatives hemicellulose), aloin, paracoumaric acid, and aldopentose (Bensky and Gamble, 1993) . Aloenin (C 19 The harsingar plant is found in the Oleaceae family and is well known in India. The leaves of this plant have shown to have strong immunomodulatory activity (Bharshiv et al., 2016) . The leaves contain tertiary and qua ternary alkaloids which increase immunebioactivities. The following constituents are found primarily in the leaves: nicotiflorin, oleanolic acid, nyctanthic acid, friedeline, lupeol, mannitol, glucose, fructose, and iridoid glycosides. The flowers contain nyctanthin, d-mannitol, carotenoid, β-monogentiobioside ester of α-crocetin, among others. (Bansal et al., 2015) . The leaf extract enhances circulating antibodies and increases total white blood cell counts (Kannan et al., 2007) , which further boosts immunity. Another study showed the immunomodulatory activities of an aqueous extract of its flowers with splenocytes proliferation and the induction of cytokines (Bharshiv et al., 2016) . The harsingar plant is also used as an antiviral agent against COVID-19 due to its antiviral potentiality. An In vitro study established it as an antiviral agent when an ethanolic crude extract of the plant and two isolated compounds from the extracts were tested separately against encephalomyocarditis Semliki forest viruses (Gupta et al., 2005) . In another research study, the antiviral activity of water, ethanol, and acetone extracts of ii) Ingestion of one glass of hot water mixed with one spoon of ginger juice to improve throat infections and overall immunity. iii) Ingestion of half a spoon of black pepper powder mixed with ginger paste, combined with one spoon of ghee in hot rice for cough, cold, and throat infection. iv) Combine one spoon of honey and garlic in the morning to increase immunity. v) Ingest one glass of hot water mixed with one spoon of lemon juice to increase immunity. vi) Take one spoon of honey mixed with one spoon of turmeric powder, half spoon of cinnamon powder and black pepper powder each day for cough, and to soothe a scratchy throat. vii) Take one glass of hot milk with half a spoon of turmeric and half a spoon of almond powder once daily after dinner to strengthen immunity. viii) Take black jeera (black cumin) powder with coleus leaf extract one spoon daily in the morning to strengthen immunity. ix) Take one spoon of tulsi leaf juice with half spoon of honey for throat infections and respiratory tract issues. x) Ingest hot milk with 2-3 saffron petals mixed with half spoon almond seed powder after dinner will boost immunity. Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are widely regarded as a constant source of safe and effective medicines with potential to develop constituents found in the plants into newer drugs. The potential is currently under threat due to alarming biodiversity loss and over exploitation. The present review discussed seventeen important Indian plants and their main phytoconstituents and how they actively play a role in combating COVID-19 infections and strengthen immunity. Many advanced literatures, including study evidences, are J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f evaluated, and the most relevant findings are highlighted in the current work, which focuses on future researchers and the scientific community as a whole. In this review, the most important guidelines recommended by AYUSH, India during home quarantine are outlined. COVID-19 has spread rapidly and resulted in a global pandemic. Many approaches are being implemented for either prevention or treatment. Some synthetic medicines in various combinations inhibit COVID-19 infections but some countries have not approved their uses due to side effects and toxicity. Many people globally rely upon traditional herbal preparations to manage chronic diseases because of ease of availability, cost-effectiveness, and minimal side-effects. Medicinal plants offer an option for immune support and herbals can build body immunity in the preliminary stage of a COVID-19 infection. Herbals have an enormous role to play with their immunomodulatory mechanism due to the presence of active medical constituents. The author, Dr. Kuntal Das, declares that the paper entitled "Herbal plants as immunity modulators against COVID-19: A primary preventive measure during home quarantine " is solely written by himself. There is no conflict of interest. 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