key: cord-0882153-5473dfig
authors: Abuzairi, Tomy; Imaniati Sumantri, Nur; Irvan, Ahli; Maulana Mohamad, Ridho
title: Infrared Thermometer on the Wall (iThermowall): an open source and 3-D print infrared thermometer for fever screening
date: 2020-12-26
journal: HardwareX
DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2020.e00168
sha: ec2b3c812dec1fa335d5055d173e2a0cbd7cc7c1
doc_id: 882153
cord_uid: 5473dfig

In this COVID-19 pandemic, a non-contact handheld infrared thermometer is frequently used for fever screening. However, the handheld thermometer performance depends on the operator and the distance to the forehead. To address these problems, we present an infrared thermometer on the wall (iThermowall). The iThermowall is a low-cost non-contact thermometer, adapted for the use of fever screening in public areas without an operator. The hardware can measure human body temperature automatically when the distance between the sensor and forehead is adequate. Temperature measurement validation of the iThermowall was conducted by T-test analysis. The results show that the P-values for all the test is more significant than 0.05, means that the mean Celsius temperature for both groups (reference thermometer and iThermowall) are similar. This article provides the 3-D printable open-source and the full source code firmware for the developing and under-resourced communities.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spread widely around the world 32 through the airborne mechanism. As of October 4, 2020, the global cumulative cases of coronavirus is 33 34.8 million cases [1] . This pathogen interacts and survives in the human body primarily by attaching its 34 spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), especially expressed in the alveoli, to 35 multiply its genetic material and produce new viruses. The disease resulted from SARS-CoV-2 infection is 36 called coronavirus disease 2019 . Disease onset appears as SARS-CoV-2 multiply in the lung; 37 alveolar damage is developed, leading to progressive respiratory [2] . 38 There are commonly four types of COVID-19 patients: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, and severe [3] . 39 Fever, dry cough, diarrhea, breathing difficulties (dyspnea), headache, and pneumonia are the most 40 frequent symptoms of COVID-19. Monitoring body temperature is essential, especially for the early 41 detection of COVID-19 suspects. The variation of individuals' temperature is influenced by several factors, 42

such as gender and age. However, the baseline body temperature should be used to characterize the 43 threshold temperature for fever [4] . The temperature interferes virus viability. SARS-CoV-2 can be stable 44 in infected patients for up to 4 days [5] . This viral stability at temperatures around normal body 45 temperature implies that temperature may play a particularly significant role in the transmission and 46 severity of COVID-19. The fluctuations around 37°C may interrupt viral stability. Viral viability was rapidly 47 lost at higher temperatures and higher relative humidity (e.g., 38°C, and relative humidity of >95%) [6] . 48

Lower body temperatures may bolster expeditious viral growth that further correlated with disease 49 progression. 50

Generally, fever screening is conducted at a place where lots of people gather and have the potential 51 to transmit the virus, such as hospitals and airports [7, 8] . Fever screening in the public area was proven 52

to help early detection in several viral outbreaks, such as dengue virus and Ebola, hence gave a positive 53 effect on partially blocking the importation of cases [9] . Clinical electronic thermometers are an effective 54 screening and indicative device to aid the recognizable proof of those people who might be tainted with 55 COVID-19. The guidance represented by Food and Drug Administration helps address these earnest public 56

health worries by assisting with extending the accessibility of clinical electronic thermometers during this 57 crisis, thereby helping to prevent potential shortages as the demand increases due to usage at critical 58 locations [10]. 59

In this COVID-19 pandemic, a non-contact handheld infrared thermometer is frequently used for fever 60 screening. This thermometer has the advantage of being a fast, non-contact, and easy-to-use of fever 61

screening [11] . However, the handheld thermometer performance depends on the operator and the 62 distance to the forehead [12] . To address these obstacles, we introduce a non-contact infrared 63 thermometer on the wall (iThermowall). The iThermowall is an open-source and low-cost platform 64 thermometer for fever screening that does not require an operator. The hardware also can measure body 65 temperature automatically when the distance between the sensor and forehead is adequate. 66 67 2. Hardware description. 68 69

The iThermowall thermometer (Figure 1a ) was designed to be easily reproducible by using a readily 70 accessible module and 3-D printer. Figure 1b shows the detailed parts of the iThermowall. The electronic 71

components of this hardware consist of a microcontroller unit (MCU), OLED display, LED, infrared 72 thermometer sensor, infrared proximity sensor, buzzer, charger module, step-up converter, and battery. the prototype did not perform a thorough validation of the hardware and did not have provide a casing 107

for the electronic components. Advanced human body temperature measurement could be conducted 108 using a camera, such as FLIR Thermovision [23] and OptoTerm Thermoscreen [24]. The advantage of the 109 camera sensor system is that it can measure many people's temperature quickly, while the price of the 110 camera sensor system is costly (more than $ 15,000) [25] . 111

In this hardware, we design iThermowall that is a low-cost and non-contact thermometer. The 112

iThermowall can automatically measure human body temperature using a proximity sensor when the 113 distance between the sensor and forehead is adequate. Researchers who use the iThermowall and system 114 will do so because it offers: We recommend using PLA+ 3D printing filament with a diameter of 1.75 mm. Figure Figure  163 3 and Table 1. 164 165 Stepup 5V (U7) Figure 4 shows the component connections on the inside of iThermowall before and after component 169 connection. Designator's name is shown in Figure 3 . 177 Figure 5 shows how to set the detection distance from proximity sensor to object. We can use 178 screwdriver to rotate potentiometer on the proximity sensor (U4), so that the detection distance is 179

approximately 50 mm. Rotating potentiometer to clockwise will increase detection distance and counter-180 clockwise will reduce the detection distance. When setting the proximity sensor (U4), please connect VCC 181 (U4) to the 3V3 (U1) and GND (U4) to GND (U1). 182 183 184 For validation, the iThermowall sensed the body temperature in various sites, they were head, brow, 207 ear, and wrist, and compared by a reference thermometer. The reference thermometer we used was a 208 handheld infrared thermometer, SK-T008 (Luzhou Skinod Technology, China) with accuracy ± 0.2℃ within 209 range 35.0℃ -42.0℃ at operating temperature in 10-40 ℃ [29]. Volunteers were recruited in this study, 210 including men and women with age ranges from 3 to 40 years old. Oral informed consent was obtained 211 from the volunteers or parents of the children after explaining the purpose of temperature measurement. 212

Simultaneous temperature measurements were conducted in the morning, afternoon, and night, with the 213 head, forehead, external auditory canal (EAC), and wrist as the target points. The measurements were performed by comparing the iThermowall to the reference thermometer. Briefly, the probe of the infrared 215 thermometer was directed into the head, forehead, EAC, and wrist. The investigation was held in this 216

position for a few seconds until the device bleeped and display the temperature in Celsius degree. The 217 measurements performed from each point were repeated three times. Table 2 and Table 3 show the  218 comparison between the reference thermometer and iThermowall.

219 In the iThermowall algorithm, Green LED and active buzzer turn on for 1 second when the temperature 234 is less than 38°C. On the other hand, Red LED and active buzzer turn on for 5 seconds when the 235 temperature is more than 38°C. Figures 7(a) and 7(b) show the validation of the Green and Red LED to the 236 temperature, respectively. In Figure 7 (a), the Green LED is turn on when the measured temperature is 237 37.03°C (less than 38°C). Figure 7 (b) shows that the Red LED is turned on when the measured temperature 238 is 45.54°C (more than 38°C). 239 There are a number of thermometer types that have their own criteria in detecting the human body 285 temperature. Measuring techniques, target distance, accuracy, power supply, and price become essential 286 concerns to develop a new device since the device's compatibility should be suitable to needed. Here, we 287 provide the specifications of iThermowall compared to other thermometers, as shown in Table 4 .

288 

COVID-19) Situation reports

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