key: cord-0886810-hl8d0j7y authors: Ileke, Kayode David; Idoko, Joy Ejemin; Ojo, Durojaye Olanrewaju; Adesina, Bukola Christianah title: Evaluation of botanical powders and extracts from Nigerian plants as protectants of maize grains against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky) [oleoptera: Curculionidae] date: 2020-07-09 journal: Biocatal Agric Biotechnol DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101702 sha: 92b22a04b3e6a7ff1a47a3749d8acaa9927ce7c8 doc_id: 886810 cord_uid: hl8d0j7y Toxicities of leaf powders and extracts of Acanthus montanus, Acanthospermum hispidum, Alchornea laxiflora and Argyreia nervosa against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) were evaluated. Powders were tested at dose 3.0g/20g while extracts were tested at concentration 3%/20g of maize grains. Mortality, oviposition, and adult emergence rates as well as weight loss, seeds damage and weevil perforation index (WPI) were evaluated. Phytochemical constituents of the experimental plants were also carried out. The results showed that Acanthus montanus powder was the most potent with 65% adult mortality after 24 h of treatment. This is followed by Argyreia nervosa powder that evoked 52.5% weevil mortality. The least toxic to S. zeamais was Acanthospermum hispidum powder with 32.5% adult mortality. Extracts were more toxic than the powders of the tested plants. Acanthus montanus extract was the most toxic since it promoted 80% adult mortality after 24 h of treatment. Acanthus montanus, Alchornea laxiflora and Argyreia nervosa leaf powders and extracts completely prevented oviposition by adult insect, adult emergence, weight loss and seeds damaged. The phytochemicals present in Acanthus montanus were alkaloids (3.67 mg/g), saponin (3.33 mg/g), tannin (3.00 mg/g) and flavonoid (2.67 mg/g) contents. Acanthospermum hispidum had the least alkaloid (2.67 mg/g), saponin (1.67 mg/g), tannin (1.33 mg/g) and flavonoid (1.00 mg/g) contents. Acanthus montanus, Argyreia nervosa, Alchornea laxiflora and Acanthospermum hispidum were efficacious against S. zeamais instead of synthetic chemical insecticides that have environmental health hazards and they can be used in integrated pest management by farmers and foods merchants. killed. This is process is carried out because all the life stages of insects such as eggs and larvae 140 are sensitive to low temperature (Koehler, 2003) . The disinfested maize grains were later air Tannin qualitative determination was carried out using the methods described by Sofowora, 172 1993; Ezeonu and Ejikeme (2016). Fifty centimeter cube (50 cm 3 ) of distilled water was added to 173 0.5 g each of the experimental plant powders in a beaker on a steam water bath for 10 minutes 174 before filtration using Whatman No 1 filter paper. To the filtrate (5 cm 3 ), 3 drops of 0.1% ferric 175 chloride was added, and a brownish green colouration was formed confirming the presence of 176 tannin. Alkaloid determination 178 Alkaloid qualitative determination was carried out using the methods reported by Harborn, 1973; added to 1% aqueous hydrochloric acid (5ml) on a steam water bath and stirred regularly before 181 filtration. To the filtrate, few drops of Dragendorf reagent was added to 1ml of the filtrate. A 182 blue black turbidity was observed and this was taken as maiden confirmation for the presence of Analytical method was according to Trease and Evans (1985) ; Sofowora (1993); Amadi et al. Combined extract was evaporated to 40 cm 3 over water bath at 90 ∘ C. To the concentrate, 20 cm 3 215 of Diethyl ether was added in a separator funnel of about 250 cm 3 , strongly agitated to recover 216 the aqueous layer and ether layer was discarded. The purification procedure was repeated two 217 times. N-butanol (60 cm 3 ) was added to 5% sodium chloride (10 cm 3 ) and extracted two times. The sodium chloride layer was discarded while the remaining solution was heated in a water bath 219 for 30 minutes. The solution was transferred into crucible before oven dried to a constant. The grains and ten copulating pairs of adult S. zeamais (no plant powder was included in the control). Insect mortality was assessed every day for 5 days (120 hours). Dead weevils were those that did 266 not move and did not respond to pin probing (response to sharp pin). At the end of 120 hours 267 post treatment, data on percentage adult mortality was calculated using Abbott (1925) formula The numbers of damaged maize grains were evaluated in Percentage seed damaged as follows: Weevil Perforation Index (WPI) was expressed as described by Fatope et al. (1995) . Twenty grams (20 g) of clean uninfested maize grains was weighed into 250 ml of plastic cups. 290 Then, an aliquot of 1.0 ml of 3% extracts of the leaf Acanthus montanus was measured with the 291 aid of graduated syringe and mixed with the 20 g of clean maize grains inside the plastic cups. The mixture was thoroughly mixed together with the aid of small glass rod. The plastic cups 293 were left opened for 40 minutes to allow the solvent (ethanol) to escape into the air. Thereafter, 294 ten copulating pairs (10 males: 10 females) of less than (4 days-old) of adult S. zeamais were 295 introduced to each of the plastic cups and covered with muslin cloths. Each treatment was 296 replicated four (4) times. The same procedure was used in determining the contact toxicity of 297 other plant extracts using the same concentration of 3%. The control experiment had only 20 g of 298 maize grains and ten copulating pairs of adult S. zeamais (no plant extract was included in the 299 control). Insect mortality were assessed every day for 5 days (120 hours). Dead weevils were 300 those that did not move and did not respond to pin probing (response to sharp pin). At the end of 301 120 hours post treatment, data on percentage adult mortality was corrected using Abbott (1925) 302 formula as described above. The total number of eggs laid by the female S. zeamais was also 303 determined after 120 h of exposure. This was achieved by identifying the egg plugs of S. zeamais 304 after staining with acid fuchsin dye solution (Frankenfeld 1948 Acanthus montanus leaf extract that caused 100% mortality of weevil after 2 days of application. The results showed that adult weevil mortality increased with an increase in exposure period and Each value is the mean ± standard error, n = 4 replicates. Letters as in Table 4 , mean followed by 431 the same letters within the same column are not significantly different (p>0.05) using NDMRT. (Table 436 5 ). There was neither seed damage nor weight loss recorded in the treated maize grains and 437 Weevil Perforation Index was zero for the concentration tested after 5 days of application. In the 438 untreated cowpea seeds, 62.5% damage occurred as revealed by emergent holes of the weevils. There was neither seed damage nor weight loss recorded in the cowpea seeds treated at rate 3.0g Acanthus montanus, Argyreia nervosa and Alchornea laxiflora. 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a Acanthospermum hispidum 42.25 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 b 0.00 ± 0.00 Argyreia nervosa 44.00 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a Alchornea laxiflora 45.00 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a Untreated (0.00) 46.25 30.00 ± 2.75 b 62.50 ± 2.50 b 77.50 ± 2.85 b >50.00 ± 0.00 b Each value is the mean ± standard error, n = 4 replicates. Letters as in Table 5 , mean followed by A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide Resistance of maize varieties to the 567 maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) Assessment of the insecticidal properties of some plant 570 extracts as grain protection against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais What are the world's most important staple foods? FAO production Year Book for Cowpea weevil bioassay: A simple prescreen for 616 plants with grain protectant effects Staining methods for detecting weevil infestation in grain. U.S. 618 Department of Agriculture Argyreia speciosa (Linn. f.) sweet: a 620 comprehensive review Antiparasitic activities of two 623 sesquiterpenic lactones isolated from Acanthospermum hispidum D Varietal effects of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata on 626 tolerance to malathion in Callosobruchus maculatus Acanthus montanus. 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[Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae] infesting cowpea seeds in storage Syzgium aromaticum and Anarcadium occidentale as Entomocides against the Infestation 657 of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculinionidae) on stored Sorgum Grains. Afri Synergetic effects of two botanicals 660 entomocides as pest-protectants in maize grains Insecticidal activity of selected botanicals on maize 662 weevil, Sitophilus zeamais L.,in stored maize grains Biopesticides Data sheet volume 2 Cooperative extension service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science Activation of 668 octopaminergic receptors by essential oil constituents isolated from aromatic plants: 669 possible mode of action against insect pests Insecticidal activity of powders of 671 some Nigerian plants against the maize weevil A laboratory study of the comparative toxicity of products from three spices 674 to the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Sitophilus oryzae (L) Evaluation of extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) for the 679 control of some stored products pests Challenges in pest management in agriculture: Africa and global 681 perspectives Medicinal and Economical plants of Nupeland Evans books and Publication Bida Developing pest 686 management strategies for the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, and the larger grain 687 borer, Prostephanus truncatus, in the humid and sub-humid tropics The insecticidal action of four botanicals against three 690 storage beetles Evaluation of Eucalyptus tereticornis, Tagetes 693 minuta and Carica papaya as stored maize grain protectants against Sitophilus zeamais 694 (Motsch.) 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First Edition Effectiveness of some plants against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) 714 (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Effectiveness of the leaf powder of Ficus exasperata Vahl. 716 (Moraceaa) In suppressing the population of two major storage insect pests Toxicity of some underutilized 719 Tropical plants to the storage pest of maize, Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.)(Coleoptera: 720 Curculionidae) Comparative Effectiveness of the powders of Some 722 Underutilized Botanicals for the control of Callosobruchus maculatus Evaluation of the powder of three medicinal botanicals in the control 725 of Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky Fumigant toxicity of four botanical plant oils on survival, egg 727 laying and progeny development of the dried yam beetle, Dinoderus porcellus 728 (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk Effects of insect population density and storage time on 741 grain damage and weight loss in maize due to the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais and the 742 larger grain borer Prostephanus truncates The metal silo: an effective grain 745 storage technology for reducing postharvest insect and pathogen losses in maize while 746 improving smallholder farmers" food security in developing countries Pharmacognosy, 14th edn Recent advances and review on use of botanicals from 751 medicinal and aromatic plants in stored grain pest management Laboratory evaluation of West African black 754 pepper (Piper guineense) seed powder against maize weevil Sophora alopecuroids on feeding development and reproduction of Clostera 758 anastomosis The authors thank Mrs. Adeniran of the Department of Animal Production and Health, Federal 547 University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria for her assistance during the phytochemical analysis. Competing interests 562 The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The Editor and two reviewers were anonymous to us, your useful comments for the third round of reviewing process had added values to the latest revised version of our manuscript which will arose the interest of readers of this journal (Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology). We are very grateful for a job well-done despite the Covid-19 pandemic ravaging the world. God of mercy will continue to protect us all.Dr. K. D. Ileke mesn