key: cord-0895459-a49cs9ne authors: Dey, Samrat Kumar; Rahman, Md. Mahbubur; Siddiqi, Umme Raihan; Howlader, Arpita; Tushar, Md. Arifuzzaman; Qazi, Atika title: Global landscape of COVID-19 vaccination progress: insight from an exploratory data analysis date: 2022-01-20 journal: Hum Vaccin Immunother DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2025009 sha: ccaac20218123a6211b9da9626f1fce110b0987f doc_id: 895459 cord_uid: a49cs9ne The next big step in combating the COVID-19 pandemic will be gaining widespread acceptance of a vaccination campaign for SARS-CoV-2. This study aims to report detailed Spatiotemporal analysis and result-oriented storytelling of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign across the globe. An exploratory data analysis (EDA) with interactive data visualization using various python libraries was conducted. The results show that, globally, with the rapid vaccine development and distribution, people from the different regions are also getting vaccinated and revealing their positive intent toward the COVID-19 vaccination. The outcomes of this exploration also established that mass vaccination campaigns in populated countries including Brazil, China, India, and the US reduced the number of daily COVID-19 deaths and confirmed cases. Overall, our findings contribute to current policy-relevant research by establishing a link between increasing immunization rates and lowering COVID-19’s rising curve. Over the history of humankind, vaccine played a crucial role to overcome epidemic situations. Starting with deliberate variolation back in the 10 th century to our modern third-generation (RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines) 1,2 vaccination helped us to fight back against deadly viruses and sustain the human race. Since SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious virus that affects populations all over the world, vaccines are the most important public health measure and the most effective strategy for protecting the population from COVID-19. 3 Beginning in a fish market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spread around the world, causing COVID-19 disease in millions of people 4 and turned out as a pandemic on March 11, 2020 , for the sixth time in history, due to its high human-tohuman transmission rate based on the report provided by World Health Organization (WHO). 5 According to the statistics of worldometers.info, more than 259 million people had been infected as of November 25, 2021, with 5.19 million deaths and 19.675 million active cases. The race to develop COVID19 vaccines to combat the disease's spread and disastrous consequences is still on, and new, more effective vaccines are likely to emerge as the pandemic progresses. 6, 7 Several vaccines to prevent COVID-19 infection were approved until November 2021, and more than 326 COVID-19 vaccine candidates were being produced. 8, 9 The WHO has identified 132 vaccine candidates that are currently being tested in clinical trials and another 194 vaccines are in preclinical development till 23 November 2021. 10 The first step in developing a vaccine for any virus is to determine its genetic sequence. However, previously, on December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization issued a warning about a new coronavirus strain that is affecting people in China. 11 Later, officials from the China confirmed the identification of a new type of coronavirus infecting human bodies and the first genetic sequence for SARS-CoV-2 was released on January 11, 2020. Nonpharmaceutical interventions are used to minimize transmission and the burden of coronavirus disease 2019 in the absence of safe and highly efficient vaccines and treatment options, but most of these interventions have high economic costs. 12 To reduce the substantial burden of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, effective COVID-19 vaccines are desperately needed. Vaccine development is a lengthy process that necessitates numerous testing phases to ensure adequate safety and immunogenicity in a variety of people (i.e., different ages, medical conditions, severity of attack, geographic location etc.). According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a vaccine must go through four stages of clinical trials before receiving a license to produce it, which can take up to a decade. However, due to the urgent pandemic situation around the world, the COVID-19 vaccine development process was shortened to 12-18 months while retaining safety and effectiveness standards. A number of factors, including a monumental breakthrough in biotechnology and molecular biology, as well as a collaboration between government and private research institutes, enables the extreme compression of the COVID-19 vaccine development process. The pandemic's humanitarian and economic consequences are guiding the growth of next-generation vaccine technology platforms around the world. As a result of the COVID-19 vaccine's production being accelerated, the first candidate entered human clinical trials with unparalleled speed on March 16, 2020. 13 As of November 24, 2021, there are 332 COVID-19 treatment (drug medicine) methods in trials, and 272 vaccines are in progress, with 98 in various stages of clinical testing. 10, 14 Until November 25, 2021, 218 countries from a different region of the world using vaccine from 22 different manufacturers (4 authorized and 18 with emergency use permission) to vaccinate their citizens. Table 1 summarizes the various stages of vaccine development process. To the best of our knowledge, no previously published work has focused on the progress on COVID-19 vaccination worldwide with the support of interactive Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and visualizations. The present study aims to evaluate the global participation of citizens by analyzing and highlighting different characteristics toward successful vaccination. The primary objective of this exploration is to answers different query regarding the current state of vaccination to understand the ongoing safe vaccination program around the globe. People's experience, attitudes, and perceptions about COVID-19 vaccinations are critical for Government and policymakers to address all obstacles to vaccine distribution in this scenario. Secondly, the initial response of vaccination in plateauing the COVID curve. Furthermore, to add a positive view to inspire and give courage to the misinformed population around the world who are reluctant to be vaccinated. This section discusses the different materials that we employed to build our methods. In this research, we have used the COVID-19 World Vaccination Progress dataset 16 available at Kaggle that tracks the Daily and Total Vaccination for COVID-19 in the World. However, COVID-19 World Vaccination Progress datasets is collected, merged, and updated regularly from Our World in Data GitHub repository (https://github.com/owid/covid-19data). Following Table 2 highlights the contents (data type, column name, and data description) of COVID-19 World Vaccination Progress Dataset. The dataset contains 15 different columns (9 decimal, 3 string, 1 country, and 2 other types of data) to track the progress of global vaccination of COVID-19 around the world. This exploration also utilized another dataset (Population by Country -2020), available at Kaggle inherited from the worldometers.info. 17 This dataset contains the information of 235 countries along with their population and there are 11 columns each representing different features of countries. One of the important properties of EDA before finding the insight from the data is to clean and prepare the data according to the requirements. Therefore, data cleaning is the most important step toward an effective data analysis. In our case, the dataset contains few "NaN" (not a number) values, some empty rows (having value 0), along with some redundant columns. By using and configuring the function of df.drop from pandas library, we changed "NaN" values to 0 and removed the entire row as per our requirements. Furthermore, to replace null values in DataFrame pandas this exploration utilized the DataFrame. fillna() Application Programming Interface (API). Specifically, fillna() method is used to replace the NULL values with a specified values. The structure of the fillna() method can be expressed as DataFrame.fillna(value = scalar, dict, series, or DataFrame, method = {'backfill,' 'bfill,' 'pad,' 'ffill,' or None}, axis = 0 or 1, inplace = bool, limit = int, downcast = dict). We analyzed our datasets with different Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) 18 methods and visualize those outcome to provide analysis of different ongoing vaccination programs around the globe. For data ingestion, visualization, and analysis purpose we initialized different python packages including NumPy (https://numpy.org/), Pandas (https://pandas.pydata. org/), Matplotlib (https://matplotlib.org/), Seaborn (https://sea born.pydata.org/), and Plotly (https://plotly.com/). Mostly, we have used Seaborn for data visualization. This study analyzed the COVID-19 World Vaccination Progress dataset to convey the analysis of different ongoing vaccination programs around the globe. In this section, the data analysis results and visualization will be described to find the answers to different query of this research including a) Finding out those countries who started vaccinating their citizens fastest, b) Those countries who have vaccinated the highest number of people, c) Different categories of offered vaccines, d) Name of the vaccines used by various countries, e) Finding daily vaccination trend of most vaccine used countries, and f) Vaccine impact analysis on new confirmed and death cases. To achieve the objectives of this research, we have • Testing begins after vaccine has been released to public followed variety of data analysis and visualizations approach to highlight the results. Following Figure 1 represents the top 25 countries in the world who have started fastest vaccination to their people. Based on the bar chart until 25 November 2021, China leads the trend by vaccinating more than 165 per 100 people followed by the England that vaccinated almost 162 Table 3 is designed based on the map to highlight the countries and their use of different vaccine for their citizens. To highlight the most and least vaccinated countries and vaccine usages, we further visualize that data in Figure 4 . Graphics library of Plotly offers Sunburst plots (px.sunburst) that visualize the hierarchical data spanning outwards radially from root to leaves. Based on the ED analysis and visualization it confirms that the China mostly uses Sinopharm, Sinovac and others vaccine with a rate of almost 88% (total vaccination = 2456617000, considering two doses) in terms of total vaccinations until 25 November 2021. On the other hand, India and USA are in next position respectively in the category of most vaccinated countries with a total vaccination of 7.81B (42.7% of population fully vaccinated) and 454 M (59.1% of population fully vaccinated). However, for the countries that less vaccinated, Burundi only used the 1329 doses of Sinopharm/Beijing vaccine with total vaccination rate of less than 0.1% until 25 November 2021. Tokelau and Niue remain in next position with a total vaccine doses of 1936 Pfizer/BioNTech and 2532 Oxford/AstraZeneca. Daily vaccinations is another important factor to assess the perception of people's attitude toward successful vaccination. 19 As a result, using data from the most vaccinated countries, we compiled a list of five (5) of the most vaccinated countries' regular patterns from the start of vaccinations to the present ( Figure 5 ). United States, Brazil, China, India, and Indonesia ensured highest number of vaccinations in their country. This section will discuss on the findings of this exploration in a broader way. Table 4 contains details about vaccine categories and their current development stage. As of November 25, 2021, 20 Based on the results analysis and visualization many countries around the globe started applying vaccine to their citizens by the end of 2020. Based on the vaccination rate over the last one year from December 2020 to November 2021, China leads the trend by applying highest numbers of vaccines to its citizen. It is because of its global importance toward vaccination campaign with a centralized national system of government, and well-developed infrastructure for implementing prompt responses to large-scale national emergencies. Until 25 November 2021, China has the most vaccinated people (fully vaccinated) of around 1.1 G of its total population followed by India (410 M) and the US (190 M). As these are developed countries and they produce vaccine in their own lab also distribute those following their own policy; therefore, the accessibility of the vaccine is easier to its public. This research Clinical I I/ II II II/ III III Authorized DNA-based 10 4 6 -2 1 -23 Inactivated virus 5 2 3 -1 11 -22 Live attenuated virus 2 2 -----4 This analysis also emphasized on the different vaccine production and their used in different context. Therefore, following Table 5 is designed to provide an insight about each vaccine that is widely used and popular. Based on the vaccination data available along with the support of Open Street Map and Map box countrywide map visualization is shown in Figure 7 . The map is designed to provide insights of how different region and countries are ensuring vaccine for their populations. However, this map only highlights those regions that are currently offering vaccine. Surprisingly, few countries from the region of central Africa are still unable to ensure safe vaccine for their citizens. As of 28 November 2021, 7.9B vaccine doses have been administered globally and 27 M are administrated each day. Surprisingly, As of 18 November 2021, only 0.42 M vaccine doses have been administered in the central African region and till now only around 321 K peoples have fully vaccinated in that region. Until 25 November 2021, globally 223 countries are adopted 75 different vaccines for its population. Among them, some of the countries are using multiple vaccine for different categories of population according to their requirements. This research has unfolded the insights of vaccination program all over the world with data analysis and visualization. In addition, this study tries to answers few questions regarding current status of different vaccine used in different region of the world. According to data analysis, Sinopharm, Moderna, Pfizer/ BioNTech, Oxford/AstraZeneca, Sinovac, Covaxin, and Covishield are the most popular vaccine used worldwide for mass vaccination, since all the vaccine has almost negligible side effects (known until 25 November 2021). This is quite pleasing that people from all the parts of the world are educating themselves and willingly taking the vaccines. In addition, scientist, public health experts, WHO, medical experts have claimed that these vaccines are effective against COVID-19 and that have already proven (25 November 2021) . A comparison has been further established based on the similar studies shown in Table 6 that focused on the global COVID-19 vaccination campaign, challenges, development, distribution, country-wise progress, knowledge and people's perception toward it in between 2020 and 2021. This review work examines the global trend in COVID-19 immunization progress from December 2020 to November 2021, based on available data. A detailed data analysis has been presented with the help of Python modules. This investigation also discovered a link between COVID-19 confirmed and fatality cases, as well as immunization initiatives in several nations. There are some limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results of this study. Firstly, because this study is based on certain time-oriented information, the trend of the research findings may change with time. Secondly, based on population and COVID cases, this study attempted to unravel the global features of the COVID-19 immunization effort in several countries. As a result, it did not reflect the whole scenarios of other parts of the world with mid-level and tiny populations. Apart from analyzing the findings, this study motivates a large number of people all over the world to take the vaccine and unite under one umbrella. If the vaccination rate continues to rise, all countries will be able to vaccinate their citizens by the end of the year 2022. The COVID-19 pandemic is still wreaking havoc on human lives around the world, but the COVID-19 vaccine offers a ray of hope for the future. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to rely heavily on vaccine deployment. The present study revealed that globally there is a significant turnaround in people's perception toward vaccination and thus different countries are ensuring mass vaccination for their citizens. The findings also suggests that, rate of vaccination among global population is increasing day by day and as such, unvaccinated peoples around the globe gets more motivated and encouraged to take vaccine in upcoming days. Although vaccines are still unavailable in some parts of the world for various reasons, we believe policymakers should take steps to ensure sufficient knowledge, positive attitudes, and perceptions of COVID-19 vaccinations in order to decrease vaccine hesitancy. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Table 6 . Comparison of similar studies that focused on the global COVID-19 vaccination campaign, challenges, development, distribution, country wise progress, knowledge, and people's perception. Article type Outcome Study Period Huang et al. 21 Mini-Review Emphasis on the global COVID-19 vaccine development with available data. May 2021 Buchy et al. 22 Review Focused on the human experience in handling earlier pandemics and COVID-19 vaccine development measures. April 2021 ElBagoury et al. 23 Full Review Describes the preventive precautions taken to flatten the COVID-19 curve, as well as the challenges and potential for vaccine development. August 2020 Calina et al. 24 Review Effective COVID-19 vaccination should be regarded key public health goals to create an effective vaccine, as well as initiatives to deploy immune-enhancing strategic treatments and short-term activities. April 2020 Kashte et al. 25 Review Reviewed different types of vaccinations with examples of COVID-19 vaccines, their quick development compared to traditional vaccines. Also, established that, to avoid severe adverse outcomes, pre-clinical trials must be conducted with caution. Le et al. 13 News Analysis This study found that vaccinations could be available under emergency use or comparable protocols by early 2021, based on worldwide vaccine R&D efforts and quick changes in the vaccine development process. April 2020 Islam et al. 19 Research A community-based cross-sectional study in Bangladesh that focused on the public's perception of the COVID-19 immunization campaign. However, the study shows that the general population in Bangladesh has inadequate knowledge but positive sentiments regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. March 2021 DNA vaccines: technology and application as anti-parasite and anti-microbial agents DNA vaccines for viral infections: basic studies and applications Effective vaccine allocation strategies, balancing economy with infection control against COVID-19 in Japan COVID-19: a novel zoonotic disease caused by a coronavirus from China: what we know and what we don't World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the Willingness of future A/H7N9 influenza vaccine uptake: a cross-sectional study of Hong Kong community COVID-19 vaccine research and development: ethical issues CDC. Different COVID-19 Vaccines COVID-19 vaccines Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines The novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan Active case finding with case management: the key to tackling the COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape Analysis of clinical and methodological characteristics of early COVID-19 treatment clinical trials: so much work, so many lost opportunities COVID-19 vaccine development: what's the progress? | DW | 11 COVID-19 world vaccination progress Analyzing the epidemiological outbreak of COVID-19: a visual exploratory data analysis approach Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccinations: a cross-sectional community survey in Bangladesh Landscape and progress of global COVID-19 vaccine development COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned from more than a century of pandemics and current vaccine development for pandemic control The find of COVID-19 vaccine: challenges and opportunities Towards effective COVID-19 vaccines: updates, perspectives and challenges (Review) COVID-19 vaccines: rapid development, implications, challenges and future prospects All authors conceptualized and designed the study. SKD and MR had the idea for and designed the study and had full access to all the data in the study and take the responsibility for the exploratory data analysis with their visualization. URS, AH, and AQ contributed to the writing of the article. MR and AQ contributed to the critical revision of the report. All the visualization and data presentation methods developed by SKD, MR, and AT. All authors contributed to data acquisition, data analysis, and reviewed and approved the final version. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request. The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.