key: cord-0902416-f6kjvd0p authors: de Lange, Mats; Carvalho, Ana Sofia; Brito Fernandes, Óscar; Lingsma, Hester; Klazinga, Niek; Kringos, Dionne title: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hospital Services for Patients with Cardiac Diseases: A Scoping Review date: 2022-03-08 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063172 sha: acba4bcca39aaf2d72656da39bc1a5bdf1ebdd1d doc_id: 902416 cord_uid: f6kjvd0p This study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital cardiac care, as assessed by performance indicators. Scoping review methodology: performance indicators were extracted to inform on changes in care during January–June 2020. Database searches yielded 6277 articles, of which 838 met the inclusion criteria. After full-text screening, 94 articles were included and 1637 indicators were retrieved. Most of the indicators that provided information on changes in the number of admissions (n = 118, 88%) signaled a decrease in admissions; 88% (n = 15) of the indicators showed patients’ delayed presentation and 40% (n = 54) showed patients in a worse clinical condition. A reduction in diagnostic and treatment procedures was signaled by 95% (n = 18) and 81% (n = 64) of the indicators, respectively. Length of stay decreased in 58% (n = 21) of the indicators, acute coronary syndromes treatment times increased in 61% (n = 65) of the indicators, and outpatient activity decreased in 94% (n = 17) of the indicators related to outpatient care. Telehealth utilization increased in 100% (n = 6). Outcomes worsened in 40% (n = 35) of the indicators, and mortality rates increased in 52% (n = 31). All phases of the pathway were affected. This information could support the planning of care during the ongoing pandemic and in future events. As of 12 January 2022, the virus causing COVID-19 disease, SARS-CoV-2, has infected 313 million people globally and caused 5.5 million deaths [1] [2] [3] . The use of health resources for non-COVID care was minimized and elective procedures and appointments were postponed since the beginning of 2020 [4, 5] . The impact of COVID-19 on health care services for patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) seems to be severe and involves multiple clinical areas [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] . According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases, which include cardiac diseases, are the leading cause of death globally [13] . Before the pandemic, a decelerating pace in the improvement of cardiovascular disease mortality was already identified as a major contributor to the slowdown of life expectancy gains in several Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries [14] . The continuity of care for patients with cardiac diseases during a crisis is a major concern among healthcare providers [15, 16] , who seek to strengthen referrals and care pathways and establish and maintain novel models of care. Given the burden of cardiac diseases in healthcare systems globally [13, 14] , attention to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiology patients is justified. Previous studies noticed a decrease in patients presenting with (acute) cardiac conditions and mentioned delays in those patients who eventually did present for hospital care [17] [18] [19] , which could lead to worse clinical outcomes [20] . In a relatively short period, large amounts of scientific evidence have become available on the impact of the pandemic on patients with cardiac diseases in varying countries. This literature is scattered, which makes it difficult to draw conclusions regarding the impact on cardiac care delivery and the use of data to steer health care service delivery improvements during the current pandemic and future public health crises. Hence, reviewing the existing literature that quantifies the magnitude of this impact during the first half of 2020 helps to systematize, synthesize, and consolidate the evidence and to formulate recommendations for policy and practice. This scoping review is part of a larger project that focuses on performance indicators used for a range of clinical areas during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we aim to assess the impact of the pandemic on hospital care for cardiac patients in OECD countries, focusing on the different phases of the hospital cardiac care pathway (admission, diagnosis, treatment, outpatient care, outcomes). We pursued a scoping review methodology, considering the extensive number of scientific articles, their heterogeneous character, and the lack of a clear and structured overview of the large sums of literature that have become available on the impact of the pandemic on patients with cardiac conditions. A scoping review can be used to examine emerging evidence and give an overview of the literature and studies available on a certain theme [21] . We followed the methodological framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley [22] , further developed by Levac et al. [23] , and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews to report our methodology [24] (Supplementary Material S1). The MEDLINE and Embase databases were selected to search for this scoping review, as we considered them to sufficiently cover the literature related to the delivery of health care services. Pilot searches were conducted to identify a list of suitable search terms. A medical research librarian was consulted to improve the search strategy and adapt it to both databases. The final search strategy included the following key terms and synonyms: COVID-19, pandemic, non-communicable disease, chronic disease, performance indicator, healthcare quality, healthcare utilization, healthcare delivery, and other closely related terms. The full search strategy for Embase and MEDLINE can be found in Supplementary Material S2. The comprehensive search was conducted by the research librarian on 17 March 2021. No limitations were set regarding language or year of publication. Duplicates were removed using EndNote software. Additional articles of relevance were added by hand-searching the reference lists of the included studies. The following inclusion criteria were set: (1) studies using empirical data on the use of health services; (2) studies describing health outcomes and/or performance indicators during the COVID-19 pandemic; (3) studies that are presented as original journal articles using quantitative or qualitative methods, such as cohort studies, case-control, cross-sectional designs, case reports, systematic reviews, surveys, and meta-analyses. The following exclusion criteria were set: (1) non-primary studies (such as editorials and commentaries); (2) prediction models; (3) clinical case reports; (4) diseases management or health services organization guidelines; (5) studies about the impact on healthcare workers, patients diagnosed with COVID-19, children, or pregnant women; (6) studies primarily performed in non-OECD countries; (7) articles from which only an abstract was available. An initial screening of the retrieved studies based on title and abstract was performed independently by two researchers (ASC, OBF) using Rayyan [25] . Studies considered relevant after this phase were exported to a spreadsheet to support full-text screening, which was performed independently by three researchers (MdL, ASC, OBF). For this study, only articles on cardiac diseases were analysed. The reason for the exclusion of articles was recorded at this point. In case of doubt, the other co-authors were consulted, and a decision was made. Data extracted from the included articles were collated in a spreadsheet informed by a pilot on 15 studies (Supplementary Material S3). Data extraction was performed independently by three researchers (MdL, ASC, OBF). Extracted data included information on generic and methodological aspects of the article (e.g., authors, title, setting) and information about the indicators reported (e.g., indicator title, and data inclusion/exclusion considerations). For every indicator, we identified the trend reported in the articles (increase/decrease/stable). Indicators were grouped and categorised according to the different phases of the hospital cardiac care pathway by MdL, followed by a review conducted by ASC (Supplementary Material S4). The percentages of indicators showing a decreasing, increasing, or stable trend were computed for each category. Results are presented in line with the hospital cardiac care pathway. Database searches yielded 6277 articles. Of these, 838 articles focusing on noncommunicable diseases met the inclusion criteria. After full-text screening of 117 articles focused on cardiac hospital care, a total of 94 articles were included in this review ( Figure 1 ). Twenty-three full-text studies were excluded. The included articles reported on 109 different countries ( Figure 2 ). Eighty-six articles provided information on one country only. Eight articles involved multiple countries, of which seven also included non-OECD countries. Most articles reported on Italy (n = 20, 21%), followed by the United Kingdom (n = 17, 18%) and Germany (n = 14, 15%). Most of the studies used a retrospective cohort design (n = 66, 70%), while other studies used a prospective cohort (n = 13, 14%) or survey design (n = 12, 13%). The included studies used three different time periods when comparing pandemic versus pre-pandemic indicators. Most studies compared a COVID-19-affected period in 2020 to the same period in the previous year (n = 54, 56%). Other studies (n = 34, 36%) compared the COVID-19 affected period to a period immediately before. Lastly, a COVID-19-affected period was compared to the average of the same period in several previous years (n = 27, 29%). The general characteristics for each article can be found in detail in Supplementary Material S5. The included articles reported on 109 different countries ( Figure 2 ). Eighty-six articles provided information on one country only. Eight articles involved multiple countries, of which seven also included non-OECD countries. Most articles reported on Italy (n = 20, 21%), followed by the United Kingdom (n = 17, 18%) and Germany (n = 14, 15%). Most of the studies used a retrospective cohort design (n = 66, 70%), while other studies used a prospective cohort (n = 13, 14%) or survey design (n = 12, 13%). The included studies used three different time periods when comparing pandemic versus pre-pandemic indicators. Most studies compared a COVID-19-affected period in 2020 to the same period in the previous year (n = 54, 56%). Other studies (n = 34, 36%) compared the COVID-19 affected period to a period immediately before. Lastly, a COVID-19-affected period was compared to the average of the same period in several previous years (n = 27, 29%). The general characteristics for each article can be found in detail in Supplementary Material S5. The grouped and categorized indicators were collated according to the different phases of the hospital cardiac care pathway ( Figure 3 ) to visualize their combined trends. The grouped and categorized indicators were collated according to the different phases of the hospital cardiac care pathway ( Figure 3 ) to visualize their combined trends. Most of the studies used a retrospective cohort design (n = 66, 70%), while other studies used a prospective cohort (n = 13, 14%) or survey design (n = 12, 13%). The included studies used three different time periods when comparing pandemic versus pre-pandemic indicators. Most studies compared a COVID-19-affected period in 2020 to the same period in the previous year (n = 54, 56%). Other studies (n = 34, 36%) compared the COVID-19 affected period to a period immediately before. Lastly, a COVID-19-affected period was compared to the average of the same period in several previous years (n = 27, 29%). The general characteristics for each article can be found in detail in Supplementary Material S5. The grouped and categorized indicators were collated according to the different phases of the hospital cardiac care pathway ( Figure 3 ) to visualize their combined trends. A total of 287 indicators regarding the 'admission' phase of the hospital cardiac care pathway were identified. These indicators were grouped into three separate categories: 'admission to care', 'delayed presentation', and 'patients' clinical severity at presentation'. A total of 287 indicators regarding the 'admission' phase of the hospital cardiac care pathway were identified. These indicators were grouped into three separate categories: 'admission to care', 'delayed presentation', and 'patients' clinical severity at presentation'. Admission to care Regarding the number of admissions for cardiac diseases to hospital services, 134 indicators were identified from 49 articles [10, . Most of the indicators concerned patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), heart failure, or cardiac arrythmia ( Figure 4 ). Of these indicators, 118 (88%) reported a decrease in the number of admissions, compared to a non-COVID-19 period, 13 indicators (9.7%) reported a stable number of admissions, whereas 3 indicators (2.2%) reported an increase in admission numbers. Admission to care Regarding the number of admissions for cardiac diseases to hospital services, 134 indicators were identified from 49 articles [10, . Most of the indicators concerned patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), heart failure, or cardiac arrythmia ( Figure 4 ). Of these indicators, 118 (88%) reported a decrease in the number of admissions, compared to a non-COVID-19 period, 13 indicators (9.7%) reported a stable number of admissions, whereas 3 indicators (2.2%) reported an increase in admission numbers. Regarding the patients' timing of presentation to hospital services, 17 indicators were identified from 12 articles [36, 43, 48, 61, 71, [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] . All the indicators in this category reported on patients with ACS. Most indicators defined delayed presentation as more than 12 h after symptom onset. Of these indicators, 15 (88%) reported an increase in the number of patients with a delayed presentation to hospital services for cardiac care compared to a non-COVID-19 period. One indicator (5.9%) reported a stable number of patients with a delayed presentation and another indicator a decrease. Patients' clinical severity Regarding the patients' clinical severity, 136 indicators were identified from 38 articles [19, 27, 31, 36, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 59, [61] [62] [63] 66, 69, 71, 73, 75, 76, 79, [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] . Most of the indicators were markers for patients with ACS (Figure 4) , such as left ventricular ejection fraction, Killip class, or biomarkers at admission. Other indicators reported on heart failure and cardiac surgery. Of these indicators, 54 (40%) reported a worse clinical condition at admission when compared with patients during the COVID-19 period, 72 indicators (53%) reported a stable clinical condition, and 10 indicators (7.4%) reported a better clinical condition. A total of 19 indicators regarding the 'diagnosis' phase of the hospital cardiac care pathway were identified from 11 articles [42, 51, 54, 58, 64, 71, 73, 82, [95] [96] [97] . All the indicators reported on the same category: the number of diagnostic procedures, including transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiograms, non-invasive ischemia tests, and coronary angiographies (Figure 4 ). Of these indicators, 18 (95%) reported a decrease during the COVID-19 period. One indicator (5.3%) reported a stable number of diagnostic procedures performed. A total of 221 indicators regarding the 'treatment' phase of the cardiac care pathway were identified. These indicators were grouped into three separate categories: 'procedure numbers', 'length of stay,' and 'ACS treatment pathway times'. Procedure numbers Regarding the number of treatment procedures, 79 indicators were identified from 32 articles [28, 30, 36, 42, 43, [51] [52] [53] [54] 57, 58, 60, 64, 65, 71, 76, [78] [79] [80] 82, 83, 85, 88, 90, [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] . The indicators collected mainly concerned the number of percutaneous coronary interventions ( Figure 5 ). Of these indicators, 64 (81%) reported a decrease in the number of treatment procedures performed during the COVID-19 period, and 15 indicators (19%) reported a stable number of procedures. Regarding the patients' in-hospital length of stay, 36 indicators were identified from 25 articles [10, 29, 32, 39, 43, 47, 48, 50, 52, 54, 57, 61, 69, 71, [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] 80, 85, 87, 88, 102, 105] . Most of the indicators reported on patients with ACS ( Figure 5 ). Of these indicators, 21 (58%) reported a decrease in the length of stay during the COVID-19 period, 13 indicators (36%) reported a stable length of stay, and 2 indicators (5.6%) reported an increased length of stay. Regarding the treatment times for ACS care, 106 indicators were identified from 35 articles [27, 30, 33, 36, 40, 41, 48, 57, 61, 63, 66, 69, 71, [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] 105, 106] . Treatment pathway times reported in the papers were symptom-to-contact, symptom-to-door, symptom-todiagnosis, symptom-to-balloon, contact-to-door, contact-to-balloon, door-to-ECG, door-toballoon, ECG-to-balloon, diagnosis-to-balloon, first medical contact-to-catheter laboratory arrival, catheter-to-puncture, catheter laboratory arrival-to-balloon, puncture-to-balloon, and procedure time. Of these indicators, 65 (61%) reported an increase in ACS treatment pathway times during the COVID-19 period, 37 indicators (35%) reported stable treatment pathway times, and 4 indicators (3.8%) reported decreased treatment pathway times. A total of 24 indicators regarding the 'outpatient care' phase of the cardiac care pathway were identified. These indicators were grouped into two separate categories: 'outpatient activity' and 'telehealth'. Outpatient activity volume Regarding outpatient activity, 18 indicators were identified from eight articles [11, 42, 53, 55, 73, [107] [108] [109] . Most of the indicators were concerned only with in-person outpatient activity. Of these indicators, 17 (94%) reported a decrease in outpatient activity volume during the COVID-19 period. One indicator (5.6%) reported a stable number. Regarding the use of telehealth, six indicators were identified from six articles [11, 42, 55, 107, 109, 110] . All the indicators reported increased use of telehealth. A total of 148 indicators regarding the 'outcomes' phase of the cardiac care pathway were identified. These indicators were grouped into two categories: 'outcomes and complications' and 'mortality rates'. Outcomes and complications Figure 5 ), from which 22 indicators (47%) signalled an increase, while the same number (22, 47%) reported a stable trend and 3 indicators (6%) signalled a decreasing trend. Six indicators reported on the 30-day death rate (Figure 5 ), from which five (83%) signalled an increasing trend and one (17%) a stable trend. There were seven indicators reporting changes in mortality rates without any specific interval provided or with a different interval. Of all the indicators regarding mortality, 31 (52%) reported an increase in mortality rates during the COVID-19 period, 26 (43%) reported stable mortality rates, and 3 indicators (5%) show decreased mortality rates. An overview of the trends reported by the indicators in each phase of the hospital cardiac care pathway (defined as desirable, undesirable, or stable, following clinical reason-ing) is shown in Figure 6 . The trends reported for each indicator of the care pathway, by country, are available in Supplementary Material S6. 30-day death rate (Figure 5 ), from which five (83%) signalled an increasing trend and one (17%) a stable trend. There were seven indicators reporting changes in mortality rates without any specific interval provided or with a different interval. Of all the indicators regarding mortality, 31 (52%) reported an increase in mortality rates during the COVID-19 period, 26 (43%) reported stable mortality rates, and 3 indicators (5%) show decreased mortality rates. An overview of the trends reported by the indicators in each phase of the hospital cardiac care pathway (defined as desirable, undesirable, or stable, following clinical reasoning) is shown in Figure 6 . The trends reported for each indicator of the care pathway, by country, are available in Supplementary Material S6. This study aimed to provide an overview of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital services for patients with cardiac diseases. We analyzed more than 1600 indicators that were used in 94 papers, reporting on 109 different countries. Our findings show that all phases of the hospital care pathway for patients with cardiac diseases (admission, diagnosis, treatment, outpatient care, and outcomes) were, to different degrees, affected during the pandemic. Admission numbers dropped substantially, and patients arrived later and in a worse clinical condition at the hospital. The number of diagnostic and treatment procedures decreased, ACS treatment pathway times increased, and patients were discharged from the hospital after a shorter length of stay. Outpatient activity decreased, whereas the use of telehealth services increased. Finally, worse clinical outcomes and an increase in mortality rates were reported. Although future crises could lead to different consequences, and even though this study's results refer to a period without immunization of the population to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we consider that this information could help to plan future phases of the current pandemic or future events. This study's results can inform which indicators to monitor closely, support the standardization of indicators, and bolster their embeddedness in health information systems towards enhancing health systems' resilience and adaptability, allowing to avoid or minimize disruption and postponement of care during crises. This information can inform clinicians and policy makers on the main areas affected in the cardiac care pathway, contributing to the monitoring and This study aimed to provide an overview of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital services for patients with cardiac diseases. We analyzed more than 1600 indicators that were used in 94 papers, reporting on 109 different countries. Our findings show that all phases of the hospital care pathway for patients with cardiac diseases (admission, diagnosis, treatment, outpatient care, and outcomes) were, to different degrees, affected during the pandemic. Admission numbers dropped substantially, and patients arrived later and in a worse clinical condition at the hospital. The number of diagnostic and treatment procedures decreased, ACS treatment pathway times increased, and patients were discharged from the hospital after a shorter length of stay. Outpatient activity decreased, whereas the use of telehealth services increased. Finally, worse clinical outcomes and an increase in mortality rates were reported. Although future crises could lead to different consequences, and even though this study's results refer to a period without immunization of the population to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, we consider that this information could help to plan future phases of the current pandemic or future events. This study's results can inform which indicators to monitor closely, support the standardization of indicators, and bolster their embeddedness in health information systems towards enhancing health systems' resilience and adaptability, allowing to avoid or minimize disruption and postponement of care during crises. This information can inform clinicians and policy makers on the main areas affected in the cardiac care pathway, contributing to the monitoring and improvement of health care delivery. Additionally, these results can be helpful in planning the recovery of care for patients with cardiac diseases. The drop in admissions to hospital services reported in almost all included articles is probably signaling healthcare avoidance, caused by patients afraid of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the hospital [112] . Another explanation could be an actual reduction in the incidence of cardiac diseases during the pandemic. Several explanations have been opted for this reduction in incidence, such as changes in physical activity during lockdowns or a reduction of air pollutants [113] [114] [115] [116] . Patients with cardiac diseases presenting later to the hospital and arriving in a worse clinical condition than before the pandemic could also have been caused by the fear and avoidance mentioned before, with patients waiting for longer periods before seeking care. Following the drop in admission numbers and decreased outpatient activity, a decrease in the number of diagnostic and treatment procedures was to be expected. On top of patients potentially avoiding care and a possible lower incidence rate of cardiac diseases, elective procedures and surgeries were cancelled [117] . These three factors together have likely contributed to reducing procedure volume. The decreased length of hospital stay that we found in most indicators is explained by several authors by a shortage of hospital bed capacity or the physicians' intention to minimize the risk of patients' exposure to the virus. For instance, the European Society of Cardiology recommended that patients "should stay in the hospital for the shortest time possible" [118] , and healthcare providers in the United Kingdom were advised to reduce non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction inpatient stays to 36-48 h if normal pathways could not be followed [54] . The increased ACS treatment pathway times and the decreased length of stay together indicate that the hospital cardiac care pathway was under pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic and the delivery of care got squeezed. The reduction in outpatient care volume that we show in this study mostly comes from indicators reporting on in-patient visits. Therefore, it is probably an underestimation of the actual outpatient care provided. The change towards using telehealth shows that innovative measures were taken during the pandemic to avoid the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and health systems adapted quickly to reach out to patients with other means than in-person consultations. In theory, strengthening the use of telehealth to provide continuity of care is beneficial. However, little is known about the quality of care provided and potential inequalities that may have risen from the use of telehealth (e.g., access for all patient groups). Our findings suggest that patients with cardiac conditions are showing worse outcomes and increased mortality rates during the COVID-19 pandemic. The indicators that reported changes in mortality mostly concerned short-term mortality rates (up to 30 days). An even larger impact on mortality might be found when long-term mortality rates are assessed in later studies. These studies will have to contribute to capturing the real impact that this paper has outlined. The repercussions of care avoidance and cancelled or delayed diagnostic and treatment procedures could reveal themselves in the years to come. To our knowledge, this is the first scoping review that gives an overview of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the hospital cardiac care pathway in OECD countries. The scoping review methodology gives the benefit of mapping the published literature that became available during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic (January-June 2020). While earlier works assessed the impact of the pandemic on specific cardiac diseases care [119] , in a specific country [120] or nation-wide, and previous authors have mentioned some of the impact revealed in this work based on earlier articles [121] , this study has the strength to present an overview of performance indicators' trends collated in a systematic way, which capture the impact throughout the hospital cardiac care pathway with an international scope. This methodology, while it constitutes an innovative approach, allowed to map performance indicators that could be used by countries to assess the impact of the pandemic as it evolves, in a more uniform and comparable way. However, a scoping review has its limitations. Despite efforts to accelerate the time of scientific publication, there is still a relevant time lag between the occurrence of events and their reporting. The time it takes to perform a review related to a broad clinical area justifies why this study only reports results from the first semester of 2020. Nonetheless, our findings provide a thorough overview of performance indicators across the cardiac care pathway, which can contribute to better monitoring the quality of cardiac care provided. Ideally, a systematic review with meta-analyses would be performed. For the articles included in this paper, this would be extremely difficult, given their different methodologies, indicators, indicators' definitions, and comparison periods. The heterogeneity in study characteristics and indicators make it hard to compare data in a reliable way. In July 2020, the International Training Network for Healthcare Performance Intelligence Professionals (HealthPros) [122] suggested that to compare, manage, and improve health systems responsiveness to the pandemic, commonly agreed-upon standardized data and indicators are necessary [123] . We recommend devising a uniformly accepted set of indicators with clear definitions to use in future pandemics. Another limitation is that only articles reporting on OECD countries were included in this scoping review. The global repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital services for cardiac care will therefore likely be larger than reported in this paper, given the smaller capacity to handle changes in hospital care in low-income countries. On the other hand, publication bias may have played a role in portraying a more severe impact of the pandemic. Physicians might publish sooner when the effects of the pandemic are being clearly noticed in their hospital. It could also be the case that the overload with clinical tasks did not allow physicians to find the time to do scientific work, which may counterbalance this limitation. Regardless, we consider our findings to be useful and signaling major trends. Based on the included articles, we are not able to provide an analysis of what caused these changes in the hospital cardiac care pathway. Being able to contextualize these results with future research will be of use for implementing measures to improve care during the current and future pandemics or disasters. Studies systematically assessing the following phases of the pandemic are necessary to evaluate whether the cardiac patients' management improved. We also welcome studies on the quality and access of telemedicine. It would be relevant to study if and how this could improve quality and access of services delivery for the better, also in non-crisis times. These results signal that the hospital services delivery process for cardiac care came under pressure in the first half of 2020 and all phases of the hospital cardiac care pathway were affected. Lessons should be learnt and steps taken to be able to safeguard the continuity of care during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and in future crises. Furthermore, to guide the decisions of health system actors on the implementation of measures to ensure the continuation of essential care during future crises, fostering the use of an international standardized set of indicators is paramount, making optimal use of existing health information infrastructures. Funding: This research received no external funding. The participation of ÓBF occurred within a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network (HealthPros-Healthcare Performance Intelligence Professionals) that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement Nr. 765141 (https://healthpros-h2020.eu, accessed on 28 January 2022). The study did not require ethical approval. Data Availability Statement: Data underlying this article is available in Zenodo.org, at https://dx. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5745755, accessed on 28 January 2022. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China Listings of WHO's Response to COVID-19 International guidelines and recommendations for surgery during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review Temporary emergency guidance to US stroke centers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: On behalf of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council Leadership The early impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: A national cohort study Remote cardiac rehabilitation is a good alternative of outpatient cardiac rehabilitation in the COVID-19 era Population-level impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on breast cancer screening and diagnostic procedures Global survey on pancreatic surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on acute admissions at the emergency and cardiology departments across Europe The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic compromised routine care for hypertension: A survey conducted among excellence centers of the European Society of Hypertension World Health Organization. NCDs and COVID-19 Factsheet on Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). 2021. Available online The King's Fund. Is Cardiovascular Disease Slowing Improvements in Life Expectancy? The impact of COVID-19 on the continuity of cardiovascular care The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the care and management of patients with acute cardiovascular disease: A systematic review ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in times of COVID-19: Back to the last century? A call for attention Collateral damage: Medical care avoidance behavior among patients with myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic Reduction of hospitalizations for myocardial infarction in Italy in the COVID-19 era Long-term outcomes of patients with late presentation of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation Rayyan-A web and mobile app for systematic reviews Reduced rate of hospital presentations for heart failure during the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitalizations for acute coronary syndromes: A multinational study Monitoring indirect impact of COVID-19 pandemic on services for cardiovascular diseases in the UK Fewer hospitalizations for acute cardiovascular conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic Effect of COVID-19 on acute treatment of ST-segment elevation and non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome in Northwestern Switzerland In-hospital mortality in heart failure in germany during the COVID-19 pandemic The impact of COVID-19 on heart failure hospitalization and management: Report from a Heart Failure Unit in London during the peak of the pandemic Impact in total ischemic time and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction admissions during COVID-19 Complications and mortality of cardiovascular emergency admissions during COVID-19 associated restrictive measures All-cause mortality and location of death in patients with established cardiovascular disease before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study Impact of COVID-19-related public containment measures on the ST elevation myocardial infarction epidemic in Belgium: A nationwide, serial, cross-sectional study The impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic and Italian lockdown measures on clinical presentation and management of acute heart failure Reduced rate of hospital admissions for ACS during COVID-19 outbreak in Northern Italy Impact of COVID-19 on inpatient referral of acute heart failure: A single-centre experience from the South-West of the UK. ESC Heart Fail Treatment delays and in-hospital outcomes in acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationwide study COVID-19 impact on ST-elevation myocardial infarction incidence rate in a Italian STEMI network: A U-shaped curve phenomenon The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiology services Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on coronary invasive procedures at two Italian high-volume referral centers Impact of COVID-19 epidemic on coronary care unit accesses for acute coronary syndrome in Veneto region Effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the number of hospitalizations for myocardial infarction: Regional differences. Population analysis of 7 million people Collateral damage of COVID-19-lockdown in Germany: Decline of NSTE-ACS admissions Case rates, treatment approaches, and outcomes in acute myocardial infarction during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic ST-Segment-Elevation myocardial infarction during COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a regional public service healthcare hub Impact of a nationwide COVID-19 lockdown on acute coronary syndrome referrals The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute coronary syndrome hospitalizations and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Greece Comparison of the number of cardiovascular admissions before and after COVID-19: Experience from Turkey In-hospital care in acute heart failure during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from the German-wide helios hospital network Hospitalization deficit of in-and outpatient cases with cardiovascular diseases and utilization of cardiological interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from the German-wide helios hospital network COVID-19 pandemic and admission rates for and management of acute coronary syndromes in England Changes in care delivery for patients with heart failure during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results of a multicenter survey Age and gender influence on time of arrival for STEMI patients during COVID-19 pandemic Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiovascular mortality and catherization activity during the lockdown in central Germany: An observational study Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in cardiology admissions Missing" acute coronary syndrome hospitalizations during the COVID-19 era in Greece: Medical care avoidance combined with a true reduction in incidence? Increased cardiovascular death rates in a COVID-19 low prevalence area Increased mortality and worse cardiac outcome of acute myocardial infarction during the early COVID-19 pandemic 31 days of COVID-19-cardiac events during restriction of public life-a comparative study Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on treatment delays in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on interventional cardiology practice: Results of the EAPCI survey The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on incidences of atrial fibrillation and electrical cardioversion at a tertiary care emergency department: An inter-and intra-year analysis Decrease and delay in hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes during the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic Impact of COVID-19 on acute coronary syndrome-related hospitalizations: A pooled analysis The COVID-19 pandemic and the incidence of acute myocardial infarction Impact of COVID-2019 outbreak on prevalence, clinical presentation and outcomes of ST-elevation myocardial infarction Impact of social containment measures on cardiovascular admissions and sudden cardiac death rates during Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Greece Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on admissions for acute coronary syndrome: Review of the literature and single-center experience The Decrease in Hospitalizations for Heart Failure during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Community and Academic Hospital Comparison Study Patient response, treatments, and mortality for acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic Delays in presentation in patients with acute myocardial infarction during the COVID-19 pandemic Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on ST-elevation myocardial infarction in a non-COVID-19 epicenter COVID-19 pandemic is associated with mechanical complications in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute coronary syndromes Acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the COVID-19 era: Comparable case volumes but delayed symptom onset to hospital presentation Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction presentations and in-hospital outcomes Cardiac procedural deferral during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic Mortality in STEMI Patients during the COVID era: Has the pandemic changed our clinical practice? COVID-19 and changes in activity and treatment of ST elevation MI from a UK cardiac centre Impact of COVID-19 pandemic and diabetes on mechanical reperfusion in patients with STEMI: Insights from the ISACS STEMI COVID 19 Registry Implications of COVID-19 on Time-Sensitive STEMI Care: A Report from a North American epicenter Percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction before and during COVID in New York Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak on acute coronary syndrome admissions: Four weeks to reverse the trend The impact of lockdown enforcement during the SARSCoV-2 pandemic on the timing of presentation and early outcomes of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction Impact of COVID-19 on percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction COVID-19 pandemic and STEMI: Pathway activation and outcomes from the pan-London heart attack group Adult cardiac surgery during COVID-19 lockdown: Impact on activity and outcomes in a high-volume centre Moris de la Tassa, C. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on acute myocardial infarction care times Changes in characteristics and management among patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction due to COVID-19 infection Impact of COVID-19 on ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction care. The Spanish experience Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on regional STEMI care in Germany Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on STEMI care: An expanded analysis from the United States Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on myocardial perfusion imaging for ischemic heart disease Catheterization laboratory activity before and during COVID-19 spread: A comparative analysis in Piedmont, Italy, by the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology (GISE) The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac surgery and transplant services in Ireland's National Centre. Ir Decreases in cardiac catheter laboratory workload during the COVID-19 level 4 lockdown in New Zealand Impact of COVID-19 pandemia on provision of surgical treatment for patients with cardiovascular disease Implementation of Percutaneous coronary intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan-Nationwide survey report of the Japanese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics for Cardiovascular Disease Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on percutaneous coronary intervention in England: Insights from the British cardiovascular intervention society PCI database cohort In-hospital and 30-day mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention in England in the pre-COVID and COVID eras National survey: Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular surgery services in Spain (SECCE-COVID19 Study) Effect of COVID-19 pandemic process on STEMI patients timeline Impact of COVID-19 outbreak and public lockdown on ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction care in Spain International impact of COVID-19 on the diagnosis of heart disease The Impact of COVID-19 on the management of heart failure: A United Kingdom patient questionnaire study Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patterns of outpatient cardiovascular care Impact of lockdown on patients with congestive heart failure during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic Cardiovascular deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Delay or avoidance of medical care because of COVID-19-Related concerns-United States Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease: Lessons learned from air pollution COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines Where Have All the Heart Attacks Gone? The New York Times Coronavirus Doctor's Diary: Is Lockdown Good for Your Heart? BBC News COVID-19 and cardiac surgery: The perspective from United Kingdom The European Society for Cardiology. ESC Guidance for the Diagnosis and Management of CV Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic Worldwide differences of hospitalization for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction during COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on door-to-balloon time for primary percutaneous coronary intervention-Results from the Singapore Western STEMI network The collateral cardiovascular damage of COVID-19: Only history will reveal the depth of the iceberg Managing COVID-19 within and across health systems: Why we need performance intelligence to coordinate a global response Acknowledgments: M.d.L. and A.S.C. contributed equally as co-first authors to the development and execution of this study. The authors wish to thank Wichor Bramer from the Erasmus MC Medical Library for developing and updating the search strategies used in this study. The authors declare no conflict of interest.