key: cord-0907641-ccsgha7a
authors: White, Douglas B.; Lo, Bernard
title: Reply to Hick and Hanfling: Social Factors and Critical Care Triage: Right Intentions, Wrong Tools
date: 2021-03-30
journal: American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202103-0798le
sha: b40c462e2e39ef45360f929b4294e703af05ee78
doc_id: 907641
cord_uid: ccsgha7a

nan

We appreciate Dr. Hick's and Dr. Hanfling's engagement with our proposed strategies (1) to promote equity in ICU triage during a pandemic, as well as their ongoing national leadership regarding crisis standards of care. They criticize us for attempting to rectify historical injustices with ICU triage. However, our triage framework is not designed to accomplish the much-needed work of compensatory justice for our country's history of slavery, segregated medical care, Jim Crow laws, redlining, a racist carceral system, or numerous other unjust policies. Rectifying these injustices will require a very different set of policy interventions on a much larger scale (2) .

Instead, our proposal is far more modest in scope: triage should be designed to save as many lives as possible while mitigating the impact that present-day unfairness in the distribution of the social determinants of health has on disadvantaged patients' outcomes during the pandemic. The important distinction is between historical inequities on the one hand-which we are not attempting to remedy during triage-and present-day inequities causing disparities in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outcomes on the other-which we believe are a proper target of ICU triage policies.

Drs. Hick and Hanfling express concern that our recommendation to give some priority to younger patients will not withstand legal challenges related to claims of age discrimination. However, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's allocation guideline-which includes age as a tiebreaker in its multiprinciple allocation frameworkwas reviewed and permitted by the Office for Civil Rights of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (3) . Recent legal scholarship also suggests that it is legal in the United States to consider age as one criterion when allocating scarce lifesaving resources (4) . Furthermore, the American Geriatric Society's recent guidelines for ICU triage did not object to the use of age as a tiebreaker (5) . More broadly, we believe that society has an ethical obligation to foster fair opportunity for individuals to formulate and carry out their conception of a meaningful life over a lifespan. In this regard, the young are the worst off because they have had the least opportunity to live through life's stages. Therefore, fairness requires that they receive some priority in access to absolutely scarce lifesaving resources. Finally, using age as a tiebreaker is not only ethical and legal but will also likely offset racial disparities and other disadvantages because deaths of minority patients (6) and people with life-shortening disabilities (e.g., Down syndrome or cystic fibrosis) tend to come at earlier ages.

Drs. Hick and Hanfling take issue with our recommendation to give heightened priority to all frontline essential workers rather than only to healthcare workers; they also disagree with prioritizing any essential workers because the workers may not be able to return to their jobs in time to contribute to the societal response to the pandemic. On the former point, it strikes us as unfair to give priority to healthcare workers and not give priority to other workers who take on similar personal risk to benefit society during the pandemic, many of whom are racial and ethnic minorities. On the latter point, this pandemic has (so far) occurred in numerous waves over more than a year, which suggests that workers who are successfully treated will be able to return to their frontline jobs in time to benefit society. Moreover, we believe society has a reciprocal ethical obligation to protect the workers who take on added risk to benefit us, even if they are not able to return to their jobs in short order.

They criticize the use of the Area Deprivation Index to correct for structural disadvantage on the grounds that, as a probabilistic, population-level metric, it may misclassify some people as disadvantaged who are not (e.g., some patients who live in very disadvantaged neighborhoods may not be very disadvantaged). However, policy-makers already accept the risk of misclassification in the most widely accepted triage criterion-allocation according to a patient's chances of survival determined by a probabilistic mortality prediction model. For example, if a probabilistic mortality prediction model (e.g., the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment or Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) identifies 100 patients who are each predicted to have a 75% chance of death and we then use that information to withhold treatment from all of them, then 25 of those 100 patients who die because of triage decisions would actually have survived if treatment had been provided. Of note, this psychologically unsettling characteristic of triage persists even in perfectly calibrated probabilistic models. We see no compelling reason to allow the use of a probabilistic approach for one triage criterion (i.e., survival) while disallowing a probabilistic approach for another (i.e., disadvantage).

Finally, we wholeheartedly agree with Drs. Hick and Hanfling that community stakeholders should be involved in the development of scarce resource allocation policies and that such policies should have legislative and legal support. The allocation criteria we recommend were supported by community stakeholders in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and by a diverse taskforceconvenedbytheCommonwealthofPennsylvania.Pennsylvania The effect of apnea-and hypopnea-related changes in pulse rate on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality was investigated by Azarbarzin and colleagues (1) in a secondary analysis of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (n = 1,395) and the Sleep Heart Health Study (n = 4,575). First, I would like to congratulate the team on their study, emphasizing the importance of heart rate as a physiological and prognostic metric beyond the apnea-hypopnea index. In their study, the authors used three distinct types of apnea-hypopnea heart rate (HR)-related changes: "high DHR (upper quartile), mid-DHR (25th-75th centiles), and low DHR (lower quartile)." The authors defined DHR as the difference between the maximum and minimum pulse rate during apneas/ hypopneas. They found that the upper quartile of pulse rate changes was associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality risk. The main findings of the study corroborate our previous work on the WSCS (Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study) using actual electrocardiogram-derived signal (R-R interval tracing) (2) . However, the WSCS secondary analysis excluded individuals on chronotropic medications (e.g., a b-blocker or calcium channel blocker), which dampen the autonomic response to respiratory events and affect the sensitivity of the heart rate metric (3) . It is plausible that the lower DHR quartile represents a group of individuals on chronotropic medications, explaining the U shape relationship between pulse rate and adverse cardiovascular outcome. Azarbarzin and colleagues added the b-blockers' use to the adjusted model, but perhaps a separate analysis for those on b-blockers versus those not on them could provide additional useful mechanistic information. The mechanism of increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and association with heart rate changes can be explained by an increased sympathetic tone and shear forces leading to endothelial dysfunction (4).

These pathophysiological factors are greatly influenced by demographics variables, particularly age and sex. However, this study did not provide information about the sex and age effect on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In WSCS, we found that increased heart rate changes were significantly associated with newonset CVD event(s) in men but not in women.

On the basis of the findings from three different cohorts, it is essential to start considering heart rate response frequency during a sleep study as an important physiological metric and predictor of cardiovascular outcome in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Therefore, future prospective studies are greatly needed to avoid any potential bias and to confirm these novel findings that could have a paradigm shift in the field.

Mitigating inequities and saving lives with ICU triage during the COVID-19 pandemic

The case for reparations

Pennsylvania Department of Health; Hospital Healthsystem Association of Pennsylvania. Interim Pennsylvania crisis standards of care for pandemic guidelines

Conditions/COVID-19%20Interim%20Crisis%20Standards%20of%20 Care.pdf

Evaluating the legality of age-based criteria in health care: from nondiscrimination and discretion to distributive justice

AGSposition statement: resource allocation strategies and age-related considerations in the COVID-19 era and beyond

Pediatric Mortality Investigation Team. SARS-CoV-2-associated deaths among persons aged ,21 years: United States

Pennsylvania Department of Health. Ethical allocation framework for emerging treatments of COVID-19