key: cord-0932972-5wq6ztf0
authors: Rodríguez-Rubio, Pilar; Lacomba-Trejo, Laura; Valero-Moreno, Selene; Montoya-Castilla, Inmaculada; Pérez-Marín, Marián
title: 10Vida: A Mental and Physical Health Intervention for Chronically Ill Adolescents and Their Caregivers in the Hospital Setting: An Open Study
date: 2022-03-08
journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063162
sha: c390a0ec5756594d9c8acfcd806c22971f185d8c
doc_id: 932972
cord_uid: 5wq6ztf0

Suffering from a chronic disease (CD) in adolescence can significantly impact the emotional health of adolescents and their families. MHealth can be a useful tool for these groups. However, few intervention programmes include the family system. The aim is to design an intervention programme (10Vida) for a paediatric population with a CD, and their families, to improve their adaptation to the disease. The study is a quasi-experimental repeated measures design in a open study, where the patients themselves, and their families, are their own control group. Participants will receive an intervention of seven individual sessions: five sessions with each patient, and two sessions with their caregivers. In the case of the patients, the aim is to improve their emotional state, their self-esteem, and their emotional competencies, reducing their perceived threat of illness. Furthermore, in the case of the caregivers, the aim is to improve their emotional state and reduce their burden. Indirectly, working with caregivers and those being cared for will improve family ties. The pilot study will involve 25 to 30 chronically ill adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years and their primary caregivers. Following the results, the necessary modifications will be included, and the programme will be offered to adolescents and their families who are willing to participate.

Adolescence is a period characterised by a multitude of changes at the biopsychosocial level, all of which also implies many challenges [1] . If the diagnosis or the presence of a chronic disease or condition (CD) is added, the adjustment of the adolescent to this period becomes even more difficult [2] . The World Health Organisation [3] defines chronic diseases (CDs) as "long-lasting and usually slow-progressing diseases". Among the main child juvenile CDs are the allergic, the endocrine (in particular, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and short stature (SS)) and the respiratory, such as bronchial asthma (BA) [4, 5] . A chronic disease is characterised by unforeseeable changes in the course of the disease, a reduction in physical capacity, changes in appearance, a prolonged dependence on medical specialists, continuous treatments, and the need for assistance [6] [7] [8] .

The presence of a CD in adolescence is a possible risk factor for developing a psychological disorder and for decreasing physical and psychological well-being [9] .The most common psychopathology in a childhood juvenile CD is emotional, particularly anxiety symptoms, followed by depression symptoms, possibly leading to the development of an anxiety disorder or a major depressive disorder, although behavioural problems are also common [10, 11] . However, the adolescent's perception of their illness may mediate assistants and other wireless devices" [47] . MHealth is a particularly useful tool for medical and psychological interventions in adolescents with CDs [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] , especially as many need to minimise their contacts with other people [53] . Therefore, mHealth can be an opportunity to improve social relationships in this group, as well as increasing their social support, while working on improving physical and emotional health [10, [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] .

There are many programmes on psychoeducation with aspects related to the understanding of the disease, the symptomatology, the treatment, and the consequences of non-adherence. However, specific programmes on the emotional aspects of the acceptance of the disease in everyday life, as well as learning coping strategies, are needed for patients as a learning opportunity for the improvement of psychological well-being [26, 27] . Psychological interventions in this area have primarily focused on the following components: disease beliefs, self-image and self-esteem, coping strategies and emotional competencies, and social support [37, 44, [54] [55] [56] . Of all the variables that have been focused on the different programmes, among the most important is the subjective perceptions or beliefs of the patient and their family regarding their illness [37, 54, 55] , which can be an obstacle to treatment adherence. Another variable that has been of primary focus is self-esteem, which has been observed to be lower in adolescents with CD [44, 56] . Considering the protective factors that a positive self-concept has on adjustment to stressful situations, different studies address the need to incorporate this variable as an outcome measure in intervention programmes [57] . In addition, as mentioned above, chronic illness at this stage can have a negative impact on the emotional well-being of adolescents. Therefore, working on emotional competencies, as previous studies indicate [26] , is beneficial in reducing the emotional impact of the illness and fostering motivation to participate in self-care tasks. Finally, social relationships can be a protective factor, facilitating the adjustment to the disease [56] . It is necessary to assess their psychological adjustment and provide them with tools and support to participate in social activities without being prejudiced by their disease.

For interventions with families, the main focus has been to reduce the caregiving overburden [18, 20, 58] and allow for emotional ventilation, which contributes positively to a better adaptation to the disease by the patient [7, 19] .

To date, there are few intervention programs focused on adolescents with a CD and their families, and even fewer if they are approached through mHealth, an essential tool, given the global situation, that is on an individual basis to meet individual needs. That is why this research aims to (1) design an intervention program aimed at enhancing the strengths of adolescents with a CD and their families; and (2) analyse the effectiveness of this program on the indicators of the medical control of the different CDs (glycemic control, densitometry, analytical controls, spirometry, plethysmography, and the prick test) and well-being immediately after completing the training. The hypothesiss of the study is that adolescents will show a maintenance or improvement in physical and emotional health indicators after the implementation of the program.

Following the standard protocol items: recommendations for interventional trials statement, the current study protocol describes the details of the study rationale, proposed methods, organisation, and ethical considerations.

This study will be conducted in the different leading hospitals of the Valencian Community, in the Pneumology, Endocrinology, and Allergology units. This study is a quasiexperimental design with repeated measures. Each participant receiving the intervention (experimental condition)will also act as their control grorup. Therefore, the physical and psychological diagnostic measures will be collected from all of participants in an initial assessment (T1) and, secondly, six months after the initial assessment and right before starting the treatment programme (T2). At these two assessment points (T1 and T2), all participants (patients and family members) will be assessed (T2). The treatment lasted for five sessions for adolescents, with one individual session per month and two sessions for family caregivers (month 4 and month 5). The treatment programme will begin in the maximum expected time of 15 days from the second pre-treatment assessment (T2), with an estimated duration of 5 months. After the end of the treatment sessions for the patient and their family members, a new diagnostic test (T3) will be conducted (across all variables), within an expected maximum time of 15 days until the end of the treatment, to assess the post-treatment change. Thus, the estimated time between T1 and T2 is the same as that between T2 and T3, which is six months. The programme of registration, interventions, and evaluations (SPIRIT Programme) is shown in Tables 1 and S1. 

Participants will be recruited when receiving hospital care. Inclusion criteria will be (1) participants must be adolescents from 12 to 16 years of age, with (2) a diagnosis of CD (endocrinologic, such as DM1, or pneumo allergic diseases) within the last 6 months. Exclusion criteria will be (1) the presentation of a psychiatric disorder prior to the disease;

(2) epilepsy, infantile cerebral palsy, or brain tumours; and (3) not understanding the Spanish language. All the parents of recruited adolescents will be offered the opportunity to participate in shorter sessions to promote self-care and family bonding. The parent training will be conducted in two 2-h sessions. The trainers will be psychologists specialised in health psychology who, prior to the start of the program, will receive hours of training in the 10Vida program.

10Vida is a program that consists of different psychological objectives to be applied to adolescents between 12 and 16 years of age who suffer from a chronic disease thatincludes the pneumo allergic or endocrinological specialties. It is a 7-session intervention programme (five individual sessions with adolescents, and two sessions with family caregivers) consisting of one session per month with patients, and two sessions at the end of the treatment with family caregivers (month 4 and month 5).

It is a program that provides strategies and tools, trying to provide answers to the needs of the adolescent and caregivers, which can facilitate adherence to treatment and, therefore, improve physical and psychological health. It has been shown that a psychological intervention is necessary in addition to the important medical treatment, as it improves the emotional well-being of the adolescent and their families. 10Vida consists of individual sessions for both adolescents and their families, such as parents as caregivers who may be overloaded with tasks, worries, and the need to help their child to be happy. The specific objectives of each of the adolescent and caregiver sessions, as well as the areas to be worked on, are shown in Table 2 . In addition, a summary of the strengths promoted by the programme are shown in Figure 1 . To work on the different session objectives, various activities or tasks have been developed with different objectives to improve each of the key areas of the sessions. All activities can be found in Table 3 . Participants who do not complete 80% of the sessions will be excluded from the study. of the key areas of the sessions. All activities can be found in Table 3 . Participants who do not complete 80% of the sessions will be excluded from the study. Know and address the psychological and emotional needs of primary caregivers by providing them with strategies. Intervene in the beliefs and concerns regarding the disease, their child, themselves, or the family S7. Unidos, sumamos

The family system

Emphasise the role of parents in coping with their child's illness, reducing stress, and encouraging acceptance. Encourage a democratic parenting style 

All instruments will be completed by the participants during baseline (T0, control), pre-intervention (T1), and post-intervention (T2).

Primary patient outcomes • Emotional adjustment: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): For the study of anxiety, depression, and global emotional distress [59] (scale validated for the Spanish adolescent population) [60] . In terms of psychometric properties, the reliability scores in the study with adolescents were 0.80; • Emotional competence: Emotional Skills and Competence Questionnaire (ESCQ-21): This is a self-report measure developed by Takšić [61] to assess emotional competence.

In the present study, the reduced version (ESCQ-21) was used, which was adapted and validated to a Spanish sample by Schoeps et al. [62] . Psychometric properties are adequate (perception and comprehension, α = 0.82; expressing and labelling, α =0.90; and management and regulation, α = 0.77); • Perceived illness threat (BIP-Q) [63, 64] : Assesses the patient's perceived level of disease threat with their symptom control, associated emotions, the duration of the disease, and the causes or factors of the disease. Psychometric properties are adequate (α = 0.76); • Self-esteem: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSE) [65] : Self-esteem was assessed using the Spanish version of this scale [66] . In terms of psychometric properties, the reliability scores in the original study were 0.92;

Primary caregiver outcomes • Emotional adjustment: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): for the study of anxiety, depression, and global emotional distress [59] . Regarding the scale's internal consistency, a validation study in a Spanish adult population found that values for the anxiety scale ranged between 0.68 and 0.93, and for the depression scale, between 0.67 and 0.90; • Burden or stress: The Paediatric Inventory for Parents (PIP) [6] to assess levels of caregiving-related stress [6, 67] . It aims to assess parents' stress with children requiring regular medical care. It consists of 12 situations related to the hospital environment that are considered potentially stressful for parents with ill children. Optimal reliability coefficients were obtained, with 0.78 for the total frequency scale and 0.81 for the total stress scale [6] .

• Adaptation to chronic disease: The Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ-SAS) [68] assesses aspects related to the adaptation to the disease (scale validated for the Spanish adolescent population by Valero et al. [69] ). The psychometric properties are adequate (α = 0.85). The questionnaire on the adaptation to type 1 diabetes (RAE) [70] assesses aspects related to the adaptation to the disease, such as severity, adherence, psychological impact, discomfort, and health behaviours. Psychometric properties are adequate (α = 0.77). Finally, the Adolescent Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (AdolRQLQ) [71] is a quality of life assessment instrument specifically designed for the paediatric population with rhinoconjunctivitis. This questionnaire shows adequate psychometric properties (α = 0.77); • Parenting style of parents: The Scale for the Evaluation of the Educational Style of Parents of Adolescents (EP) [72] allows for the assessment of the perception that adolescents have of their parents' educational style; • Psychological well-being: The Psychological Well-Being Scale for Adolescents (BIEPS-J) is a self-report measure developed [73] to determine the level of psychological well-being in adolescents (scale validated for the Spanish population [74] ).

In addition to the psychosocial variables, objective measures, such as those obtained through medical indicators, were considered as secondary variables:

Glycaemic control: Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA 1 c) will be used to assess the glycemic control of the diabetic patient; • Somatometry to assess nutritional status: Weight, height, body mass index (BMI), the brachial perimeter, and the tricipital fold will be used, with the calculation of percentiles and the z-score. To assess nutritional status, weight-for-height percentiles, BMI, or z-scores will be used. The aim is to maintain weight-for-height or BMI at the 50th percentile, as well as height/age (which is the best sign for disease control); • Spirometry values: This will be used to determine pulmonary function. Spirometry is a test that studies pulmonary functions under controlled circumstances, as well as the absolute magnitude of lung volumes, and the speed with which the patient can mobilise them. The main spirometric parameters recorded are forced vital capacity (FVC), vital capacity (VC), peak expired air volume in the first second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF); • Analytical controls: This will be used (a) for monitoring nutritional status (protein, lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, iron and calcium-phosphorus metabolism) and Quick's index; (b) for monitoring exocrine pancreatic function (faecal elastase and steatorrhoea); (c) for monitoring glucose metabolism; (d) for monitoring acute phase reactants and the immune status (immunoglobulins and alpha1 antitrypsin; and (e) for monitoring hepatic and renal functions; • Control images: Using computerised axial tomography (CAT) or X-rays, the aim was to control the evolution of the disease through the appearance of bronchiectasis (small scars in the lung) or other types of pulmonary affections. The scale consists of two dimensions: cohesion, understood as "the emotional bond that exists between family members" and family adaptability, that is, "the family's capacity to change and adapt to change".

All these variables would be assessed if sufficient participants were obtained. If not, the researchers would only use the primary variables for statistical analyses.

The first pilot study started in February 2019, following the proposed structure with a small sample of six participants (adolescents and their families), and it was concluded in January 2020. Due to the pandemic, this protocol had to be adapted to a fully online format while maintaining the activities and variables studied. Currently, the February 2022 participants are being recruited for a second pilot study to test the intervention and improve the programme. The main study is scheduled to run from September 2022 to September 2024. Table 1 shows the timeline for the enrolment, interventions, and evaluations. The main objectives of phase I are the selection of the hospitals, the request for informed consent, and the baseline assessment. Firstly, the services of the hospitals that the research team has convened will be contacted. After meetings with the directors, informed consent will be requested from the families and adolescents participating in the programme. Before implementation, patients will be asked to complete a set of questionnaires. Phase II's main objective is to evaluate the participating patients and family members, as they will constitute the control group. After six months, in phase III, the main objective will be implementing the intervention programme in the same sample as in phase II. After completing the intervention, in phase IV, participants will be re-evaluated. In the last phase, the effectiveness of the programme will be analysed.

The initial idea is to perform the first test on a pilot sample of 25-30 patients from each unit, with which the investigators have collaboration agreements. This pilot study is intended to evaluate the quantitative data to assess whether or not there is an improvement. At the end of the intervention, a questionnaire will be conducted through LimeSurvey (an anonymous survey platform) with open-ended questions, such as: 'What did you like most? How do you feel after the intervention? What improvements would you suggest? What would you like to change?' The aim is to find out patient satisfaction and to suggest improvements for the final programme. Several members of the research team will carry out the analysis of the systematic qualitative data in order to achieve a consensus.

Subsequently, modifications will be made to the programme based on the results obtained, and the programme will be applied to those adolescents and their families who regularly attend hospital outpatient clinics and meet the inclusion criteria. Once implemented in a pilot sample, this protocol will be extended to a larger sample, with a sample size of approximately 200 chronically ill adolescents and their families.

Endocrinologists, pulmonologists, and allergists will be responsible for recruitment, which will take place in the hospital during routine patient visits. Participants will be asked to complete a battery of questionnaires on their psychological and physical health statuses in a single session. The design of this intervention consists of patients and caregivers who receive the treatment program, who will act as their own control group; then, after six months, the 10Vida intervention will be initiated. The outcome measures will be collected by the medical and psychological specialists.

Assessments at baseline, pre-intervention, and post-intervention will be performed by the medical specialists and trained psychologists working together. The following sociodemographic and clinical variables of the children and adolescents will be collected by means of an ad-hoc registry: their date of birth, age, sex, and school year. Moreover, for the main family caregivers, the following variables will be collected by an ad-hoc registry: relationship to the patient, age, and presence of chronic disease in the caregiver.

Clinical variables will also be recorded (among them, and when applicable): the main diagnosis, secondary diagnosis, time of diagnosis, time of treatment, number of hospital and/or emergency room admissions, and the total number of these admissions that are directly related to the chronic disease, as well as the type and amount of medication taken, and frequency of regular medical control visits.

Independent-samples t-tests and chi-square tests were performed to determine preintervention differences between participants with and without missing values in the variables studied. In addition, chi-square tests were undertaken to compare the number of people who dropped out of the research in the experimental group with those who dropped out in the control group, and it was found that they did not differ significantly.

Before testing the change models, descriptive analyses, Pearson correlations, and multivariate and univariate variance analyses (MANOVA and ANOVA) were performed with the pre-intervention scores of the participants in the experimental and control groups to identify possible differences in the baseline. Likewise, multivariate and univariate covariance analyses (MANCOVA and ANCOVA) were performed to identify changes in the post-intervention scores (short-term effect), while controlling for the pre-intervention scores (covariate). In addition, the effect size (Cohen's d) of each variable was calculated to estimate the magnitude of the differences between the experimental and control groups. These analyses were performed with the statistical package SPSS V.26.

Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine the added predictive value of the experimental condition to explain the effectiveness of the intervention programme [46] . Firstly, the pre-intervention assessment score (control variable) was introduced, and then the experimental condition (1 = experimental intervention group, 0 = control group) was introduced as an independent variable. The dependent variable was the change variable between pre-and post-interventions, as well as between preintervention and the follow-up of the emotional and well-being variables. In this sense, the statistically significant change of the determination coefficient in model 2 (predictor: experimental condition, controlling for the pre-intervention score) is interpreted as an added predictive value. The significant prediction of the experimental condition, controlling for the pre-intervention score, leads us to attribute the significant change to the intervention. All data shall be entered electronically. Participant files will be recorded securely and will be stored for a period of 10 years after the end of the study.

Each participant will receive information about the aim and procedures of the study and will provide written consent for participation. Consent and assent will be obtained by the medical specialist. The data will be confidential and anonymised, and will be used solely for the objectives of the study (27 April 2016 Data Protection Act (GDPR)). Numerical codes will link each participant's identification information. The data collected will be stored in a locker in the place of work of the principal investigator, and electronic data will be protected by password on the university network computer. Any protocol amendments will be registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04476433).

The present study aims to design a strengths-based intervention programme for adolescents with a CD and their families. The expected results of this study could incorporate improvements in routine clinical practice. This programme will provide an effective tool to improve physical and emotional health. The design of this intervention programme has been based on previous psychological interventions [26, 27, 30, 31] , encompassing different components explored in the different research studies. However, one advantage is that it incorporates the caregiver in the programme, and it is carried out on an individual basis.

The second objective of the study is to assess the efficacy of the programme on indicators of physical and emotional adjustment immediately after the programme. We expect that adolescents will improve their personal strengths and, therefore, there will be an increase in their emotional skills, and their well-being, as well as an improvement in their social and family relationships and their quality of life, and a decrease in psychopathology. Similarly, we expect some medical indicators (glycaemic control, densiometry, analytical controls, spirometry, plethysmography, or the prick test) to improve or remain stable, as other programmes targeting adolescents with CDs have shown [30, 31] .

At the same time, including family caregivers in the intervention can provide us with an improvement in emotional health indicators and their personal protective factors, which can directly influence the physical and emotional well-being of their children [26] .

The results after the implementation are expected to show the success of personal strengths enhancement, underlining the importance of family system-based interventions to enhance personal skills and treatment adherence in adolescents with CD [26, 46] . Therefore, our intervention programme will consider primary caregivers in its sessions, dedicating two of the seven sessions to the management of the CD in the family setting. We believe that this intervention may be more effective than interventions specifically targeting adolescents, without taking their families into account [26] .

The preliminary findings obtained from the current pilot study on adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and their caregivers suggest that the 10Vida program provides an opportunity to enhance the physical and psychological adjustment of adolescents with a chronic disease, as well as their families.

Despite the strengths and potentials of the study, especially its multicentre scope and its ability to adapt to different pathologies suffered by adolescents, which will allow for the comparison of results between groups, this study has certain limitations. The fact that the control group is a waiting list control group may mean that the results are not directly attributable to the intervention programme. In addition, the samples we intend to access are difficult to access, and the study will not compensate participants financially, so the number of participants may be small. Nevertheless, the team will try to encourage the motivation of adolescents and their families to participate, and will widely disseminate the programme to try to reach as many participants as possible.

To our knowledge, this is the first programme specifically aimed at increasing the personal strengths of adolescents with endocrine, respiratory, or allergic CD, which also considers their families. Although an intervention protocol addressing emotional skills in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus exists [49] , no results are known to date. In addition, most intervention programmes are aimed at reducing psychopathology, but do not assess the enhancement of the protective factors in the family. Enhancing personal strengths in the families of adolescents with CDs may help them to better adapt to the disease and, therefore, manage it better. This may improve the course and development of CDs and prevent future medical complications.

This intervention protocol is registered as intellectual property at the Universitat de València, under the registration number of UV-MET-202131R (Registered on 24 May 2021) Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ 10.3390/ijerph19063162/s1, Table S1 . SPIRIT 2013 Checklist: Recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents *. The results obtained in this study will be used for research and scientific publication purposes only, will be stored in databases and may be shared with other research groups, but will not be sold to third parties under any circumstances. Major protocol modifications will be communicated to the relevant parties (investigators, participants involved, study registries, journals).

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement: Preliminary data from this study are available on request.

Peer influence in adolescence: Public-health implications for COVID-19

Attachment Style, Complicated Grief and Post-Traumatic Growth in Traumatic Loss: The Role of Intrusive and Deliberate Rumination

Enfermedades Crónicas; World Health Organization: Genewa

Negative impact of asthma on patients in different age groups

Talla baja y enfermedades raras

A Brief version of the pediatric inventory for parents (pip) in Spanish population: Stress of main family carers of chronic paediatric patients

Factors associated with stress when caring for a child with a short stature

Children's psychosocial functioning and parents' quality of life in paediatric short stature: The mediating role of caregiving stress

Post-Traumatic Stress Reactions in Caregivers of Children and Adolescents/Young Adults with Severe Diseases: A Systematic Review of Risk and Protective Factors

Tablet Therapy as an Assistive Technology-Based Treatment for Anxiety in Pediatric Oncology

Psychiatric Morbidity and Behavioral Problems in Children and Adolescents with Bronchial Asthma

Gender differences in asthma perception and its impact on quality of life: A post hoc analysis of the PROXIMA (Patient Reported Outcomes and Xolair((R)) In the Management of Asthma) study

Debilitating beliefs, emotional distress and quality of life in patients given immunotherapy for insect sting allergy

Illness perceptions in difficult-to-treat asthma compared with a depressed psychosis cohort

Parental Stress, Anxiety and Depression Symptoms Associated with Self-Efficacy in Paediatric Type 1 Diabetes: A Literature Review

Cognitive and non-cognitive factors associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms in mothers of children with type 1 diabetes

emotional distress and quality of life among informal caregivers of lung cancer patients: An exploratory study

Montoya Castilla, I. Ansiedad y Depresión en cuidadores principales de pacientes pediátricos con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1. Calid. Vida Salud

Sobrecarga e qualidade de vida de mães de crianças e adolescentes com doença crônica: Revisão integrativa

Escribano-Montaner, A. Emotional distress in family caregivers of adolescents with bronchial asthma: Analysis of its predictors

Psychosocial Factors and Chronic Illness as Predictors for Anxiety and Depression in Adolescence

Empowered transitions: Understanding the experience of transitioning from pediatric to adult care among adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and their parents using photovoice

Stress and Coping: Considering the Influence of Psychological Strengths on the Mental Health of At-Risk South African Adolescents. Child Care Pract

La Auténtica Felicidad; Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial España

Promoting well-being in refugee children: An exploratory controlled trial of a positive psychology intervention delivered in Greek refugee camps

Intervention in emotional abilities for adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in a hospital setting: A study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Psychotherapeutic Interventions to Improve Psychological Adjustment in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents

Psychosocial Factors in Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs and Their Families

Psychological interventions for parents of children and adolescents with chronic illness

Emotional and Psychological Needs of People with Diabetes

Martínez Fernández, I. Repercusión social de la educación diabetológica en personas con diabetes mellitus

Positive effects of a psycho-educational group intervention for children with a chronic disease: First results

Estudio del tipo de apego en adultos jóvenes solteros y en pareja

Psycho-educational interventions for children with chronic disease, parents and siblings: An overview of the research evidence base. Child Care Health Dev

A.R. eHealth and mHealth Psychosocial Interventions for Youths with Chronic Illnesses: Systematic Review. JMIR Pediatr

Patients' perceptions of their illness: The dynamo of volition in health care

Behavioral Interventions to Improve Asthma Outcomes for Adolescents: A Systematic Review

Systematic Review: Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Chronic Medical Conditions

Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive-Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on the Quality of Life of Patients with Crohn Disease

Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Adolescents: Time to Consider Telehealth

Desarrollo del adolescente: Aspectos físicos, psicológicos y sociales

A systematic review regarding the association of illness perception and survival among end-stage renal disease patients

Self-esteem of children and adolescents with chronic illness: A meta-analysis. Child Care Health Dev

Promoting and supporting children's health and healthcare during COVID-19-International Paediatric Association Position Statement

Transition to multidisciplinary pediatric telerehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: Strategy development and implementation

New Horizons for Health Through Mobile Technologies

New Play Technologies in Pediatric Cancer to Improve the Psychosocial State of Patients and Caregivers

Towards remote monitoring in pediatric care and clinical trials-Tolerability, repeatability and reference values of candidate digital endpoints derived from physical activity, heart rate and sleep in healthy children

Active Video Games and Health Indicators in Children and Youth: A Systematic Review

The Use of Mobile Health Applications to Improve Patient Experience: Cross-Sectional Study in Chinese Public Hospitals

Assessment of a Mobile App by Adolescents and Young Adults with Cystic Fibrosis: Pilot Evaluation

Mental health history and social barriers impacting caregivers of infants with cystic fibrosis

Illness representations and cultural practices play a role in patient-centered care in childhood asthma: Experiences of Mexican mothers

Illness uncertainty and illness intrusiveness as predictors of depressive and anxious symptomology in college students with chronic illnesses

Factors affecting depression in high school students with chronic illness: A nationwide crosssectional study in South Korea

El autoconcepto y la adaptación a la enfermedad en pacientes diabéticos pediátricos

Parenting Stress Related to Behavioral Problems and Disease Severity in Children with Problematic Severe Asthma

The hospital anxiety and depression scale

Factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in adolescent patients with chronic disease

Emotional skills and competence questionnaire (ESCQ) as a self-report measure of emotional intelligence

Factorial structure and validity of the Emotional skills and competences Questionnaire (ESCQ) in Spanish adolescents

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire

Psychometric properties of the questionnaire on threat perception of chronic illnesses in pediatric patients

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

Análisis de la dimensionalidad de la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg en una muestra de adolescentes valencianos

Estudio psicométrico preliminar de la versión española del Pediatric Inventory for Parents (PIP)

Validez y sensibilidad al cambio de la versión española autoadministrada del cuestionario de la enfermedad respiratoria crónica (CRQ-SAS)

Montoya-Castilla, I. Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ-SAS): Analysis of psychometric properties

Montoya-Castilla, I. Questionnaire on adaptation to type 1 diabetes among children and its relationship to psychological disorders

Development and validation of an electronic version of the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire

Estilos educativos materno y paterno: Evaluación y relación con el ajuste adolescente

Evaluación del bienestar psicológico en estudiantes adolescentes Argentinos. = Psychological assessment of psychological well being in Argentine adolescent students

Escala de bienestar psicológico para adolescentes

Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC)

Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience

Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems

We would like to acknowledge and sincerely thank the doctors, nurses, adolescents and their families who have already participated and to those who will participate in the present study. We thank Lourdes Gimeno Lorente, graphic designer, for her help with the design of Figure 1 of this manuscript.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.