key: cord-0937688-y61xmpfp authors: Kevin, Deschamps; Brabants, Antoine; Nester, Chris; Gijon-Nogueron, Gabriel; Simşek, Engin; Newton, Veronica title: A conceptual framework for contemporary professional foot care practice: ''The value based digital foot care framework'' date: 2021-03-25 journal: J Foot Ankle Res DOI: 10.1186/s13047-021-00465-9 sha: 7da2d45e9ecd33b7cb537f0879d636c26f058ac1 doc_id: 937688 cord_uid: y61xmpfp BACKGROUND: A small minority of countries around the globe have podiatry as a recognized profession, hence, there are considerable differences among these countries when it comes to the curricula, the duration of training and legislation regulating the profession. The growth in research led evidence based practice, and the emerging digital landscape of health care practice, occur alongside trends in disease and health behaviours that strongly impact on foot health. As such, the changing complex role of the podiatrist requires critical reflection on current frameworks of practice and whether they are fit for purpose. This commentary presents a conceptual framework which sets the scene for further development of concepts in a podiatry context, reflecting contemporary health care beliefs and the changing expectations of health care and society. The proposed conceptual framework for podiatry practice utilizes the metaphor of an electronic circuit to reflect the vast and complex interconnections between factors that affect practice and professional behaviours. The framework helps in portraying and defining drivers of practice, actual practice as well potential barriers for current and future practice. The circuit emphasis the interconnectedness/interaction of three clusters: 1) internal factors, 2) interaction factors, 3) external factors. CONCLUSION: Whatever promise this new framework holds, it will only be realised through conscious development of community consensus, respectful dialogue, constructive critical appraisal, and maintaining passion and focus on improving the health of people with foot related problems. For the countries that recognise Podiatry as a profession, the duration of training and regulatory legislation varies considerably, which influences scope of practice. Clinical and research associated innovations have the potential to facilitate changes in professional boundaries and the intellectual evidence base of practice. However, there is recognition of the difficulty and barriers in translating knowledge from research findings into practice, education, discussion and culture [1] . Currently, podiatry belongs to a health practice community facing a digital revolution, and health care providers seek to embrace digital health solutions, reshaping the health professional-patient relationship and the context within which care is provided [2, 3] . The growth in research led evidence based practice, and the emerging digital landscape of health care practice, occur alongside trends in disease and health behaviours that strongly impact on foot health. Diabetes, obesity, active lifestyles and living longer combine to mean the public health role of the podiatrist (or equivalent foot health practitioner) within society has evolved significantly. As such, the changing complex role of the podiatrist requires critical reflection on current frameworks of practice and whether they are fit for purpose. We propose that now is a timely opportunity to revisit the frameworks that underpin Podiatry and foot health practice. We believe that there is currently a lack of conceptual frameworks providing a suitable lens through which the vast range of factors impacting on practice can be considered. We believe there is a need to consider the dynamic nature of knowledge and practice to represent evolving approaches. The objective of this commentary is to present a conceptual framework, namely the Value Based Digital Foot Care Framework, for use by podiatry students, lecturers, therapists, scientists and policymakers. The term framework includes a number of concepts, theories and empirical findings from the (scientific) literature and is used to show relationships and stimulate innovation among these components. It defines a way of explaining phenomena and serve as basis for dealing with complexities. Here, it will set the scene for further development of concepts in a podiatry context, reflecting contemporary health care beliefs and the changing expectations of health care and society. In offering this perspective we hope to invite a significant acceleration in the maturity, intellectual quality, and dynanism that drives Podiatry and foot health care practice forward. The proposed framework for podiatry practice utilizes the metaphor of an electronic circuit to reflect the vast and complex interconnections between factors that affect practice and professional behaviours (Fig. 1) . The circuit emphasis the interconnectedness/interaction of numerous linked concepts, models, paradigms, theories and practices which have been classified into three clusters. The framework helps in portraying and defining drivers of practice, actual practice as well potential barriers for current and future practice. The infographic (Fig. 1 ) illustrating the conceptual framework has been created since it captures the different components of the framework nicely and in an easy way to remember and apply. Two examples about how this framework could be used include: (1) as a tool when critically reflecting about a future self perspective when dealing with under-graduate students, (2) as a tool to develop a value based healtcare pathway in a certain foot related condition or disease. The Podiatrist is represented at the base of the circuit and the infographic focuses on internal factors using a person centred approach. Internal factors include past experiences, perceived complexity of a health care and/ or support question and expertise of the podiatrist. Throughout their learning, a podiatrist develops requisite knowledge and skills within the boundaries of national legislation. These are often classified within competency frameworks which align with professional values and behaviours [4, 5] . As they learn and develop, student podiatrists are encouraged to embrace the principles of evidence based practice and a person centred approach. The term person centred approach is used specifically here in order encourage podiatrists to adopt a patient care perspective that is beyond the condition and tailored to the individual/patients' wants and needs. In addition, learners, should be encouraged to develop knowledge by many ways of knowing: emotion, faith, imagination, intuition, language, memory, reasons, sense perception) [6, 7] . Encouraging this approach, allows learners to appreciate how sociological, technological, and political change, can influence their future-self perspective and clinical practice [8] . Presented as the central section of the circuit, interaction factors focuses and define the interplay between the podiatrist and the person. Critical appraisal of current podiatric practice and published research reveals that the primary focus has always been the physical determinants of foot related complaints [9] . This biophysical approach may be appropriate for some pathologies, however, research suggests a strong influence of psychological and social factors in many musculoskeletal conditions [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] reflecting non biophysical elements. Therefore, this may warrant review of current podiatry education and practice, with training and research into the assessment of mental health, somatising traits and trends, health beliefs and behaviours [15] . By doing so we invite enhancement of practice, and rejection of single factor thinking that limits the scope of practice and thereby outcomes for patients. In the UK, Standards of Proficiency (HCPC -add EU ) state podiatrists should be able to engage in effective and professional interactions and adopt a personcentered approach. This approach shapes the quality of the patients experience and is important where complex interactions are required to support maintenance of foot health. In current healthcare, multidimensional interventions and person centred self care has become the gold standard. Therefore, it is appropriate podiatrists employ methods to identify how multidimensional approaches are applied, for example use of clinical (red flags) and psychosocial flags (yellow, blue and black flags) that affect outcomes for patients [16] . This framework stresses a biopsychosocial approach, in which individuals' needs and wants are respected and value is placed on a patient as the expert in their own life and health. This moves away from the model of what is "done" by the professional, towards the value added for the patient. A person-centered approach aligns with the belief that health care systems must be equitable, sustainable and use resource in a transparent way. There is already a distinct shift towards a 'value-based healthcare (VBH)' delivery model, where providers are paid based on patient health outcomes rather than the feefor-a service approach, which pays for what is delivered, regardless of outcome [17, 18] . Despite VBH being advocated as an optimal model for future health care systems, the solidarity between the professional and patient, deeply rooted in this model poses significant challenges to health care providers. These challenges, together with opportunities and constraints within society and influenced by governments further highlights the need for a flexible and innovative podiatrist who can effectively include patient outcomes in their care plans and management framework. The last element represented in the conceptual framework is the 'digital component' which is visualized by the electronic circuit. This was chosen not only to illustrate the interconnectedness/interaction of the three clusters and their components, but also the emergence of 'digital health'. The latter is an advancing phenomenon in society independent of modern health care systems and hence is no longer an optional aspect of the care a person receives. Societal expectations associated with digital experiences ask that health professionals and patients/clients integrate and use digital technologies in flexible ways [3, 19] . We therefore wonder, whether a,'biopsychosocialdigital' approach to foot related problems and needs is appropriate. Digital skills and behaviours must, we believe, be embedded in all curricula and thus at the start of the journey of professional learning, as they will hereafter be central to almost all aspects of health professional life. Indeed, we have all experienced the transformational impact of digital care on health matters in the ongoing 2019-nCoV outbreak, whether it be public health messages, digital notifications of test outcomes, tracking technologies, or Podiatry care through video and voice based consultations. Whatever promise this new framework holds, it will only be realised through conscious development of community consensus, respectful dialogue, constructive critical appraisal, and maintaining passion and focus on improving the health patients of with foot related problems. Indeed, this would be evidence of a healthy professional framework in action and purposefully evolving the professions to meet changing societal needs. The research capacity and culture of Australian podiatrists Trial and error… happy patients" and "… an old toy in the cupboard": A qualitative investigation of factors that influence practitioners in their prescription of foot orthoses The rise of the empowered physician in the digital health era: viewpoint Australian and New Zealand Podiatry Accreditation Council. Podiatry Competency Standards for Australia and New Zealand Podiatry Competency Framework for Integrated Diabetic Foot Care Knowledge and use of evidence based practice by allied health and health science professionals in the United Kingdom Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn't Sociology of the professions: What it means for podiatry Musculoskeletal conditions of the foot an ankle: assessments and treatment options Biopsychosocial factors associated with foot and ankle pain and injury in Irish dance: A prospective study Psychological variables associated with foot function and foot pain in patients with plantar heel pain The association between pain catastrophising and kinesiophobia with pain and function in people with plantar heel pain Psychosocial Risk Factors for Postoperative Pain in Ankle and Hindfoot Reconstruction Psychosocial variables and presence, severity and prognosis of plantar heel pain: A systematic review of crosssectional and prognostic associations Psychological and psychosocial determinants of musculoskeletal pain and associated disability Working Group. Early identification and management of psychological risk factors ("yellow flags") in patients with low back pain: a reappraisal Report of the Expert Panel on effective ways of investing in Health What is Value in Health Care? The biopsychosocialdigital approach to health and disease: Call for a paradigm expansion Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations The authors are grateful to Jonathan Debacker for providing support in the creation of the infographic. Kevin Deschamps has made substantial contributions to the conception, design and creation of the conceptual framework. Kevin has also approved the submitted version and agrees to be personally accountable for his contributions and ensures that questions related to the integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which he was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented in the literature. Chris Nester has made substantial contributions to the conception, design and creation of the conceptual framework. Chris has also approved the submitted version and agrees to be personally accountable for his contributions and ensures that questions related to the integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which he was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented in the literature. Veronica Newton has made substantial contributions to the conception, design and creation of the conceptual framework. Veronica has also approved the submitted version and agrees to be personally accountable for his contributions and ensures that questions related to the integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which he was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented in the literature. Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron has made substantial contributions to the conception, design and creation of the conceptual framework. Gabriel has also approved the submitted version and agrees to be personally accountable for his contributions and ensures that questions related to the integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which he was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented in the literature. Engin Simsek has made substantial contributions to the conception, design and creation of the conceptual framework. Engin has also approved the submitted version and agrees to be personally accountable for his contributions and ensures that questions related to the integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which he was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented in the literature. Antoine Brabants has made substantial contributions to the conception, design and creation of the conceptual framework. Antoine has also approved the submitted version and agrees to be personally accountable for his contributions and ensures that questions related to the integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which he was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented in the literature. The development of the current framework was done in light of the FUTURE FEET project, a project financially supported by the ERASMUS + programme ( Call 2019-KA2-Cooperation for innovation and the exchange of good practices: KA203-Strategic Partnerships for higher education).Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Not applicable. The authors declare that they have no competing interests" in this section.