key: cord-0947371-mtez2lby authors: Sher, Mazhar; Faheem, Aroosha; Asghar, Waseem; Cinti, Stefano title: Nano-Engineered Screen-Printed Electrodes: A dynamic tool for detection of Viruses date: 2021-06-21 journal: Trends Analyt Chem DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116374 sha: dd18642775ed3d730e09d2146d852f236d961053 doc_id: 947371 cord_uid: mtez2lby There is a growing interest in the development of portable, cost-effective, and easy-to-use biosensors for the rapid detection of diseases caused by infectious viruses: COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the central role of diagnostics in response to global outbreaks. Among all the existing technologies, screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) represent a valuable technology for the detection of various viral pathogens. During the last five years, various nanomaterials have been utilized to modify SPEs to achieve convincing effects on the analytical performances of portable SPE-based diagnostics. Herein we would like to provide the readers a comprehensive investigation about the recent combination between SPEs and various nanomaterials for detecting viral pathogens. Manufacturing methods and features advances are critically discussed in the context of early-stage detection of diseases caused by HIV-1, HBV, HCV, Zika, Dengue, and Sars-CoV-2. A detailed table is reported to easily guide readers toward the “right” choice depending on the virus of interest. SPEs can be manufactured on various substrates such as plastic, paper, tattoo, etc., and they are 54 characterized by high versatility in selecting the size, geometry, dimensionality, and customization 55 methods [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] . The use of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) could be of the highest interest to 56 develop new methods and research. 57 The advancement in material science highlights the fundamental role of novel nanomaterials in 58 enhancing specificity, stability, and sensitivity of portable diagnostics: metal nanoparticles, magnetic 59 nanoparticles, carbonaceous-based nanomaterials, conductive polymers are only some of the 60 enhancers that are generally exploited [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] . Thus, this paper aims to give a critical overview of the 61 role of various nanomaterials, the manufacture methods for screen-printed electrodes, and the 62 strategies for the forthcoming sustainable detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), 63 Hepatitis B and C Viruses, Zika Virus, Dengue Virus and Sars-CoV-2 [33-37], Figure 1 . 79 The main feature of screen printing is the easiness of fabrication and application. This 80 manufacturing method does not require cleanroom facilities and can be easily performed 81 using low-cost materials, even with hand-made settings. The screen printing process requires 82 conductive inks, a mesh screen with electrode patterns, a squeegee, and an oven [44, 45] . The 83 patterns can be of various geometrical shapes, and they can be designed using common 84 drawing softwares such as AutoCAD, Adobe Illustrator, PowerPoint. Successively masks are 85 obtained using that initial design, and they can be manufactured on plastics, fibers, or 86 stainless-steel platforms. The conductive inks are successively spread with a squeegee onto 87 various substrates like plastic, paper, fabric, tattoo, etc. The analytical features of SPEs 88 (sensitivity, specificity, stability) can be enhanced through the use of different customization 89 approaches, i.e., drop-casting, screen-printing, inkjet printing, langmuir-blodgett, spray, etc. 90 [46] [47] [48] . Depending on the nature of the modifier and the final application of the devices, the 91 right approach can be chosen: for instance, working with porous paper-based device that 92 exploits paper-based flow needs to have whole-modified ink and screen-printing is suggested, 93 while surface modification by drop casting/inkjet printing is enough if a classic drop-based 94 configuration is used, perhaps on rigid substrates like plastic and office paper [49] [50] [51] . 95 Metallic nanoparticles (Ag, Pt, Au, etc.), carbonaceous nanomaterials (carbon black, printed on an inert substrate [66] . Pastes are mainly consisting of nanoparticles colloidal 104 suspension, containing additive, solvent, and binders. To obtain sustainable electrochemical 105 devices, greener materials like polylactic acid, silk protein, and biochar have also been 106 utilized. The next sections will be dedicated to the comprehension of the role and the 107 effectiveness of nanomaterials when coupled to SPEs. 108 . These electrodes, screen-printed with high-246 temperature inks, are suitable candidates for analyte sensing from micro volumes (up to 50 247 µL) samples in decentralized settings. The surface was nanostructured by CV cycles in 248 sulfuric acid. HCV-core gold-binding-peptide fusion protein was used to bind primary anti-249 HCV antibodies, and a detection limit of 32 nM was achieved (Fig. 3b) . [105] . The biosensor was developed by attaching nCovid-19 monoclonal antibody on screen-397 printed carbon electrodes. Gold nanoparticles were utilized as the signal amplifiers due to 398 their biocompatibility, stability, and higher conductivity. The Ab-Ag interactions provide a 399 change in the electrical signal that can be measured using the transducer, as shown in Fig. 7b . 400 This device has been demonstrated to detect nCovid-19 antigen down to 10 fM in standard In the following CoV-2 detection [105] . 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