key: cord-1007065-mrjguoi1
authors: Faria de Carvalho, Renata; de Siqueira Penna Quintaes, Lucas; de Cássia de Souza Su, Thaís; Mitiko Kobayashi, Leticia; Martins de Almeida Nogueira, Ana Cristina
title: Short communication: Feasibility of dengue vaccine to infect different human cell lines: An alternative potency test using HEK293T cells
date: 2022-05-06
journal: PLoS One
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267653
sha: cec3d0713b8a545041089b961c2abcc469a52535
doc_id: 1007065
cord_uid: mrjguoi1

Dengue is caused by an arbovirus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family and there are four distinct, but close related, circulating serotypes. Dengue disease is of great importance for global public health, with vaccination being its main prophylactic measure. However, there is a paucity of biological models for evaluating tetravalent dengue vaccines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of human cell lines HEK293T and THP-1 to a commercial dengue vaccine and test the feasibility of this approach in the development of a potency assay with human cell lines, as a methodological alternative to the golden standard potency assay with VERO cells. In this context, we used a batch of the commercial vaccine Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV) for the infection tests. We evaluated the presence of the vaccine virus in THP-1 cells, differentiated into macrophages (dTHP-1), and in HEK293T by confocal microscopy, using 4G2 pan-flavivirus antibody. Vaccine infectivity and potency were determined by immunocolorimetric assay using monoclonal antibodies specific for each serotype. The results indicated that the human strain HEK293T was responsive to the tetravalent vaccine, as shown by the presence of virus particles in the cell cytoplasm in a pattern similar to the one observed with VERO cells. Moreover, it was possible to determine the infectivity and potency values of each vaccine virus serotype in the HEK293T, with serotype 4 prevailing over the others. Thus, the human cell line HEK293T provides a potential candidate to be used in assays to determine potency and identity of tetravalent dengue vaccines.

Dengue, an arthropod-borne illness, occurring in tropical and subtropical areas, is an important public health burden, with approximately 40% of the world population at risk of infection [1] . It is estimated that 390 million cases of dengue virus (DENV) infection occur annually, while 96 million are clinically manifest [2] . DENV circulates as four distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to 4) and the illness can evolve from a mild dengue fever to a severe form. The severe manifestation of dengue disease is often hasty and it is known as dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock (Gibco), 26 mM NaHCO 3 (Eurobio) and 100 U/mL of penicillin and 100 μg/mL of dihydrostreptomycin (Eurobio). For the infectivity assays, VERO cells were kept in the same culture medium but supplied with 10% FBS. 2% HEPES were added to the cell medium once cells were exposed to the vaccine dilutions. The HEK293T cells were kindly donated by Prof Dr Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia from the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Hemato-Oncology (INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). They were cultured in DMEM (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 10% FBS (Hyclone, Thermo Scientific), 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco), 26mM NaHCO 3 (Eurobio), 25 mM HEPES (Gibco), 100 U/ mL of penicillin and 100 μg/mL of dihydrostreptomycin (Eurobio), at 37˚C ± 1˚C and 5% CO 2 .

THP-1 cells, obtained at Rio de Janeiro Cell Bank-BCRJ-accession number 0234, were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich) supplemented with 10% FBS (Hyclone, Thermo Scientific), 26 mM NaHCO 3 (Eurobio), 100 U/mL of penicillin and 100 μg/mL of dihydrostreptomycin (Eurobio), 1 mM of sodium pyruvate (Gibco), at 37˚C ± 1˚C and 5% CO 2 . For the infectivity assays, THP-1 cells were previously treated with 20 ng/mL of PMA for 48 hours to obtain macrophage-like THP-1 cells (dTHP-1), as described elsewhere [22] .

Commercially available dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia1 from Sanofi Pasteur, France) was used in all experiments described in this manuscript. The pan-flavivirus antibody (4G2), kindly provided by BioManguinhos (FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), was used for determining the positivity of infection at the immunofluorescence assay. Determination of vaccine doseresponse and potency were performed using individually murine anti-Envelope DENV protein monoclonal antibodies (mAb) from each serotype (anti-CYD1 D2-1F1-3, Batch No. VT150630-3176; anti-CYD2 3H5-1-12 Batch No. VT170329-4270; anti-CYD3 8A1-2F12, Batch No. VT150713-3176; anto-CYD4 1H10-6-7, Batch No. VT150701-3176), kindly donated by Sanofi Pasteur, and the polyclonal goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody conjugated to human alkaline-phosphatase (Lot. No. E2518-PK49F; Cat. No. 1030-04; SouthernBiotech).

HEK293T, dTHP-1 and VERO cells were seeded to the Nunc1 Lab-Tek1 (Thermo Scientific) cell culture 8 chamber slides in concentrations of 3x10 5 cells/mL, 1x10 6 cells/mL and 3x10 5 cells/ml, respectively. Then, 100 μL of dengue vaccine in 10 −1 dilution was added to the chambers and the slides were incubated for 7 days at 36˚C ± 1˚C, 5% ± 1% CO 2 .

After the incubation period, culture medium was discarded and the cells were gently washed with 200 μL of PBS (Eurobio). Then, the cells were fixed with 100 μL of acetone (85% v/v; Carlo-Erba Reagents) for 2 minutes at room temperature. After fixation, the cells were gently washed three times with 100 μL of PBS and then incubated for 20 minutes at 5˚C ± 3C in 100 μL of PBS / BSA 1% (Sigma-Aldrich) for blocking. After that, cells were labeled with 60 μL of 4G2 antibody conjugated to Alexa-Fluor 647, at a 1:200 dilution in 1% PBS / BSA + 0.1% Triton X-100 solution (Sigma-Aldrich), for 1 hour at 5˚C ± 3˚C, under light protection. After labeling, the cells were gently washed twice with 100 μL of PBS and then the slide culture chambers were removed. Then, 10 μL of Hoechst's dye 33258 (Sigma-Aldrich), for nucleus staining, and 5 μL of oil were added to each condition.

The slides were analyzed using a confocal microscope (Leica TCS-SP8) in 200x optical magnification. The analyzes were performed using the LAS X software.

To assess the infectivity of dengue vaccine, 100 μL of HEK293T and VERO cells, at a concentration of 3x10 5 cells/mL, were seeded in a 96-well microplate (Falcon). Then, in 10 replicates, 100 μL of the vaccine dilutions, prepared with culture medium, was added at concentrations of 10 −1 , 10 −2 and 10 −2.6 , and 100 μL of culture medium was added as negative control. The plates were incubated for 7 days at 36˚C ± 1˚C and 5% CO 2 .

To determine dengue vaccine titer, 100 μL of HEK293T and VERO cells at a concentration of 3x10 5 cells/mL were seeded in a 96-well microplate (Falcon). Then, in 10 replicates, 100 μL of the vaccine was added to the wells in dilutions of 10 −1.3 to 10 −3.4 , 1:2 dilution factor, for HEK293T cells, and 10 −2.6 to 10 −6.8 , 1:4 dilution factor, for VERO cells. 100 μL of culture medium was added to negative controls. The plates were incubated for 7 days at 36˚C ± 1˚C and 5% CO 2 .

After incubation, the cells were fixed with 250 μL of acetone (85% v/v) for 15 minutes at -20˚C. After fixation, the plates were left to dry and, after dryness, 100 μL of saturation buffer (PBS with 2.5% skimmilk (Difco™ BD), 0.5% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.05% Tween-20 (Merck)) was distributed to the wells, followed by a 30 minutes incubation at 36˚C ± 1˚C. After that, saturation buffer was removed and 50 μL of primary anti-DENV-1, anti-DENV-2, anti-DENV-3, anti-DENV-4 diluted to a concentration of 1/5000 in saturation buffer, was added to the wells and plates were incubated for 45 minutes at 36˚C ± 1˚C. Then, the plates were washed twice with washing buffer (PBS with 0.05% Tween-20) and 50 μL of secondary antibody conjugated to alkaline-phosphatase, diluted to a concentration of 1/1000 in saturation buffer, was added to plates, followed by incubation for 45 minutes at 36˚C ± 1˚C. After incubation, the plates were washed twice and 50 μL of NBT/BCIP substrate (Sigma-Aldrich) was distributed to the wells, followed by incubation for 60-90 minutes at room temperature under light protection, while the pigmentation developed. After that, the substrate was removed, and the plates were washed twice with distilled water and left to dry.

The wells were evaluated for the presence of staining, using an inverted optical microscope (IMT, Olympus), at a magnification of 100X, indicating infection, for each dilution used. The CCID 50 /dose values in log 10 were used to determine viral titers.

Data is expressed as mean ± SD or SEM and evaluated with GraphPad prism software v5.1 (La Jolla, USA). To determine the linearity of the results found in the dose-response curve, a linear regression was performed for both dilutions used in VERO and HEK293T cells. Viral titers were calculated by CombiStats1 v5.0 program (European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare/Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France) using the Spearman & Karber method. Titers are expressed in log 10 CCID 50 per dose. To verify statistical differences in the potency of the different experimental groups, we applied the two-way ANOVA test with a post Bonferroni test. Statistical significant differences were defined with probability (p) values inferior or equal to 0.05.

To investigate whether a human cell line would be susceptible to infection by DENV vaccine, we chose two human derived cell lines, dTHP-1 and HEK293T. After 7 days of incubation with 10 −1 DENV vaccine dilution, we performed immunofluorescence assay by confocal microscopy. VERO cells, widely used in infectivity tests, functioned as a positive control.

As expected, we observed viral infectivity in the cytoplasm of VERO cells, as determined by the positive staining with pan-Flavivirus antibody 4G2 (Fig 1B) . The fluorescence intensity increased considerably in infected VERO cells once compared with the controls (Figs 1C and S1). Regarding HEK293T cell line, a clear staining of 4G2 antibody detected in the cytoplasm of these cells, determined their susceptibility to infection with DENV vaccine, under our experimental conditions (Fig 1E) . In contrast to the scattered fluorescence in the cytoplasm of VERO cells, the fluorescence signal detected in infected HEK293T cells was mostly evidenced in the perinuclear region (Figs 1F and S2). In the differentiated THP-1 cells, however, we did not detect any staining of 4G2 antibody as evidenced in both confocal image and graph analysis (Figs 1H, 1I and S3). As negative controls, cells were also stained with the 4G2 antibody in the absence of DENV vaccine and, as expected, showed no detectable signal (Fig 1A,  1D and 1G ). 

After determining the susceptibility of HEK293T to DENV vaccine, we tested whether these cells would respond to the same infectivity assay used in VERO cells to quantify infection and determine potency of DENV vaccine. For this purpose, we performed the infection assay with a 10 −1 vaccine dilution and determined infectivity using a monoclonal antibody specific for dengue virus serotype 2 (CYD-2). VERO cell, positive control, and HEK293T infection assay was run together and precisely under the same conditions.

Both cells showed positivity to CYD-2 antibody, indicating that infection of HEK293T cells with at least vaccine virus serotype 2 was measurable using immunocolorimetric assay. The distinctive dark staining of infected cells (Fig 2B and 2D) , when compared to non-infected cell controls, evidenced this finding (Fig 2A and 2C) .

The next step was to obtain an optimal vaccine dilution curve, to confirm the feasibility of HEK293T cells to respond to different DENV vaccine dilutions. HEK293T cells were exposed Fig 3D) . All regression results showed over 75 percent of probability, thus supporting the idea that a dose curve response for the DENV vaccine in HEK293T cells is feasible.

One important feature regarding the assessment of the quality of a vaccine, whether in the developmental or in the control phase, is to verify the potency. Therefore, the final step of this CYD-4) . Interestingly, we observed a different behavior on the potency estimated for each serotype using VERO or HEK293T cells. Whereas in VERO cells the estimated potency was approximately the same for each serotype, in HEK293T cells the serotypes showed different results. Regarding serotype 4, the potency showed a significantly higher result when compared to the ones detected for serotypes 1 and 3 in HEK293T cells (p<0.01). Additionally, the serotype 2 showed a slightly higher potency result when compared to the one obtained with serotype 1 and 3, but this tendency wasn´t statistically significant (Fig 4) .

Comparisons of the estimated potencies for each serotype in VERO and HEK293T cell lines demonstrated that DENV vaccine achieved a significant higher potency result in the usual VERO cell model once compared to the HEK293T cell model proposed here (p<0.0001; Fig 4) .

In this work, we investigated the feasibility of dengue vaccine to infect two human cell lines and subsequently the viability of these cells in estimating each serotype potency as an alternative or a complement to the VERO cells assay.

VERO cells are widely used in the development and control of vaccines due to their low cost and easy handling, but above all features one should stress that they are highly susceptible to infection by most viruses [23] . As matter of fact, once the addressed problem regards virus titers, to sought for a highly permissive cell is certainly a necessity. However, since this high permissibility may possibly be associated to the absence of an effective antiviral response, this ought to be considered before drawing conclusions from data obtained solely with those cells. In fact, VERO cells lack antiviral response mediated by type 1 interferons [23, 24] . If this response is by some means important for the experimental approach, the use of VERO cells alone might lead to misinterpretation of the results.

In the context of dengue, VERO cells are used in the production of attenuated virus tetravalent vaccines due to the high susceptibility to DENV [25, 26] . Despite its widespread use, the high susceptibility to a heterologous virus vaccine may lead to overestimated infectivity and therefore give as an outcome not necessarily tangible potency value of each serotype, which may turn out not to be consistent to observations in vivo [15] [16] [17] . To test our hypothesis, we evaluated the responsiveness of HEK293T and THP-1 cell lines to the attenuated viral vaccines by measuring their susceptibility to infection and analyzing virus vaccine serotypes individually.

HEK293T cells have been used in the research, production and control of viral vaccines, mainly viral vector and nucleic acid vaccines, for example, the COVID-19 and Influenza vaccines, respectively [27] [28] [29] . Regarding dengue, HEK293T cells were shown to be susceptible to infection by wild DENV and other members of the Flaviviridae family [30] . Both the report that HEK293T is used in control trials of virus vaccines and that it is susceptible to wild dengue virus, led us to consider these cells as a candidate for our proposal. In fact, in the present study, we showed that the vaccine viruses constituting the tetravalent vaccine against dengue (Deng-vaxia1) yield infection in these cells, under our experimental conditions, as proven by the observation of viral particles in cell cytoplasm. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the susceptibility of these cells to DENV vaccine. In many aspects, this is an interesting finding, since it also indicates potential novel paths for studying mechanisms of action of Dengvaxia1. But for our purpose in this study, we needed to comparatively evaluate the use of HEK293T and VERO cells to measure potency. The determination of vaccine potency consists of evaluating the response of the vaccine product to a given biological substrate in order to estimate the potential of a vaccine to generate the desired final effect [31] . For attenuated vaccines, potency is generally expressed in terms of infectious units contained in a dose, as established in clinical studies [32] . According to WHO, for tetravalent vaccines against dengue, potency must be evaluated in terms of individual titers of each of the four serotypes in viral titration assays by plaque, CCID 50 or immunofocus in culture of VERO cells or other sensitive cells [32] . Since VERO cells are the golden standard in this field, the sought of another cell line might be performed in comparison with them.

Our results demonstrated that the HEK293T cell line is permissive to infection by the Dengvaxia1 vaccine, even though, as expected, less susceptible than the VERO cell line. Hence, this study showed the viability of HEK293T cells as an alternative or complementary cell line for determining infection of DENV vaccine in different concentrations, using the immunoassay recommended by the vaccine producer. As a matter of fact, the dose-dependent curve obtained with these cells was found to be similar to the one observed with VERO cells and, therefore, this model could be recommended as an additional cell model.

Moreover, by using HEK293T cells it was possible to determine potency values for each of the serotypes present in the vaccine, in CCID 50 values, as recommended by WHO. Interestingly enough, HEK293T cells responded differently for each virus vaccine serotype with respect to their potency levels, as higher values were obtained associated to serotype 4 when compared to the others. VERO cells, in contrast, showed no significant differences between the virus vaccine serotypes regarding potency levels. In both pre-and clinical trials concerning the immunogenicity to the vaccine, a dominance of antibodies against the serotype 4 in comparison to the others was observed in the serum samples of vaccinated non-human primates and volunteers [16, 17] , despite the tests of potency in VERO cells had shown no differences between the serotypes. Some studies, investigating the virus vaccine viremia of Dengvaxia1 in individuals serum negative, showed a predominance for the CYD-4 and highest titer of DENV-4 neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. Regarding the vaccine TV003/TV005 from US NIH/Butantan Institute, consisted of a chimera of DENV-2 attenuated virus (backbone DENV-4) and attenuated DENV-1, DENV-3 and DENV-4, different formulations were tested in an attempt to balance the serotypes antibody titers. Thus, this study demonstrated that balanced infectivity correlated with the production of homotypic antibody [33] . Another vaccine approach developed by Takeda, used DENV-2 as the backbone virus to build a chimeric tetravalent vaccine. Again, differences in seroconversion were detected, but in this case, DENV-2 immunogenicity was higher once compared to the other serotypes. Alteration of concentrations of the vaccine virus like particles lead to a shift on the response. However, the increase of one specific serotype concentration-DENV-4 -with respect to the others resulted in a decrease on the seroconversion of DENV-1 serotype [34] . Yet, though the concentrations play an important role on seroconversion, other factors like cellular response and the virus strategy in the vaccine formulations have also to be explored [35] .

Indeed, it might be helpful to use a cell that may better predict infectivity fluctuations and, consequently participate to the development of more uniform vaccines regarding their immunogenicity. Even though our work is a first effort on this token, it already shows that HEK293T might be interesting for testing heterologous DENV vaccines, for their ability to measure differences in serotypes infectivity. Whether this cell could also be a tool for studying cellular responses remains an open subject.

Our hypothesis was also explored by testing another cell line, the THP-1 cells. Since these cells can be differentiated to macrophages and macrophages are target cells on a natural DENV infection [36] , we wanted to verify whether these cells would be permissive to vaccine virus as well. In fact, the THP-1 cell line has been widely used to study the mechanisms of DENV infection [37] [38] [39] . We observed no cellular susceptibility of differentiated THP-1 to infection by the CYD-TDV tetravalent vaccine at the time and vaccine concentrations studied. The absence of infection might be related to viral attenuation, which in turn leads to a loss in the virulence of vaccine viruses, added to the resistance of these cells to infections by DENV [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] . Herein, we concluded that THP-1 cells might be very useful for mechanism elucidation purposes rather than for potency assays.

The importance of developing vaccines against dengue capable of generating a balanced and effective immune response against the four viral serotypes, indicates the necessity of applying more sensitive in vitro and in vivo models during the establishment of those vaccines. In our work, we demonstrated the feasibility of CYD-TDV to infect the HEK293T cell line and that potency could be determined. Therefore, we considered the HEK293T cell line as a promising candidate in the development of potency assay and identity of tetravalent vaccines against dengue. As far as the simultaneous observation of different potencies for each serotype might be very useful in the development and production of heterologous dengue vaccine, our results reinforce the eligibility of HEK293T cell line as the basis for forthcoming assays. 

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We are grateful to Dr Arnon Jurberg, from Universidade Estácio de Sá (UNESA), for his assistance with the immunofluorescence analyses. We also thank Dr Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia, from Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), and Diagnostic Technology Laboratory (Lated/Biomanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation), for the donation of HEK293T cell line and antibodies, respectively. In frame of our strong collaboration, we thank Sanofi Pasteur for kindly providing specific monoclonal antibodies against dengue serotypes.