key: cord-1035056-26bkgw0j authors: Daugherty, S. E.; Guo, Y.; Heath, K.; Dasmarinas, M. C.; Jubilo, K. G.; Samranvedhya, J.; Lipsitch, M.; Cohen, K. title: SARS-CoV-2 infection and risk of clinical sequelae during the post-acute phase: a retrospective cohort study date: 2021-03-12 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.12.21253448 sha: 0c526a35a9681430c9466bc5ae051af38c0606a9 doc_id: 1035056 cord_uid: 26bkgw0j Objective: Clinical sequelae have not been well characterized during the post-acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 among adults 18 to 65 years old, and this study sought to fill that gap by evaluating excess risk and relative hazards for developing incident clinical sequelae during the post-acute phase. Design: Retrospective cohort study including three propensity-matched groups. Setting: This study merged three data sources from a large United States health plan: a large national administrative claims database, an outpatient lab testing database, and an inpatient hospital admissions database. Participants: Individuals 18 to 65 years old with continuous health plan enrollment from January 2019 to date of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Three comparator groups were identified and propensity-score matched to individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2: a 2020 comparator group, a historical 2019 comparator group and a historical comparator group with viral lower respiratory tract illness (vLRTI). Main outcome measures: Over 50 clinical sequelae during the post-acute phase (index date + 21 days) were ascertained using ICD-10 codes. Excess risk due to SARS-CoV-2 during the 4 months following the acute phase of illness and hazard ratios with 95% Bonferroni-corrected confidence intervals were calculated. Results: This study found 14% of adults [≤]65 years of age who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 (n=193113) had at least one new clinical sequelae that required medical attention during the post-acute phase of illness. When considering risk for specific sequelae attributable to SARS-Cov-2 infection during the post-acute phase, clinical outcomes including chronic respiratory failure, cardiac arrythmia, hypercoagulability, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, amnesia (memory difficulty), diabetes, liver test abnormalities, myocarditis, anxiety and fatigue were significantly elevated compared to the three propensity-matched comparator groups (2020, 2019, vLRTI). Significant risk differences due to SARS-CoV-2 infection ranged from 0.02 to 2.26 per 100 people and hazard ratios ranged from 1.24 to 25.65 when compared to the 2020 comparator group. Conclusions: Our results confirm excess risk for developing clinical sequelae due to SARS-CoV-2 during the post-acute phase, including specific types of sequelae less commonly seen among other viral illnesses. Although individuals who were older, had pre-existing conditions, and were hospitalized due to COVID-19 were at greatest excess risk, younger adults ([≤]50 years), adults who did not have pre-existing conditions or adults who were not hospitalized due to COVID-19 were still at elevated risk for developing new clinical sequelae. The elevated risk for incident sequelae during the post-acute phase is relevant for healthcare planning. . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2021 I n t r o d u c t i o n E m e r g i n g d a t a s u g g e s t s e q u e l a e o f i n f e c t i o n w i t h S A R S -C o V -2 a n d t h e d i s e a s e i t c a u s e s , C O V I D -1 9 , m a y v a r y i n p r e s e n t a t i o n a n d e x t e n d b e y o n d t h e t y p i c a l p o s t -v i r a l r e c o v e r y p e r i t e r m p h y s i c a l a n d m e n t a l s e q u e l a e a r e n o t u n c o m m o n . ( s t u d i e s t o d a t e h a v e b e e n s m a l l a n d p r i m a r i l y f o c u s e d o n c l i n i c a l s e q u e l a e a m o n g h o s p i t a l i z e d p a t i e n t s . ( 1 5 ) A s a r e s u l t , m a n y o f t h e s e s t u d i e s m a y n o t b e g e n e r a l i z a b l e t o t h e l a r g e r p o p u l a t i o n o f S A R S -C o V -2 i n f e c t e d i n d i v i d u a l s . L i t t l e i s k n o w n a b o u t t h e i n c i d e n c e o f c l i n i c a l s e q u e l a e d u e t o S A R S -C o V -2 i n f e c t i o n d u r i n g t h e p o s t -a c u t e p h a s e o f i l l n e s s a m o n g a d u l t s 1 8 t o 6 5 y e a r s o l d w h o m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d a t l o w e r r i s k f o r s e v e r e C O V I D -1 9 . M o r e o v e r , f e w s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n p o w e r e d t o e v a l u a t e w h e t h e r f a c t o r s s u c h a s a g e , g e n d e r , p r e -e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , a n d h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n s t a t u s m o d i f y r i s k o f c l i n i c a l s e q u e l a e i n t h e p o s t -a c u t e p h a s e o f i l l n e s s . W e h a v e e s t i m a t e d t h e e x c e s s r i s k a n d h a z a r d r a t i o s o f n e w c l i n i c a l s e q u e l a e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o S A R S -C o V -2 a m o n g a d u l t s 1 8 t o 6 5 y e a r s o l d d u r i n g t h e p o s t -a c u t e p h a s e o f t h e S A R S -C o V -2 i n f e c t i o n . T h i s a n a l y s i s i n c l u d e s a l a r g e g e n e r a l i z a b l e s a m p l e o f c o m m e r c i a l l y i n s u r e d a d u l t s , h a s a s c e r t a i n e d . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2021 o b j e c t i v e o u t c o m e s u t i l i z i n g v a l i d I n t e r n a t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f D i s e a s e s T e n t h R e v i s i o n ( I C D -1 0 ) c o d e s i n c l a i m s , a n d h a s t h e p o w e r t o b o t h d e t e c t r a r e d i a g n o s e s a n d e v a l u a t e a s s o c i a t i o n s a c r o s s s u b g r o u p . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.12.21253448 doi: medRxiv preprint ( n o t p e r f o r m c o n v e n t i o n a l 1 -1 n e a r e s t n e i g h b o r m a t c h i n g . W e g e n e r a t e d 4 0 , . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) . s t a n d a r d i z e d m e a n d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n m a t c h e d g r o u p s b y k e y v a r i a b l e s a t l e s s t h a n 1 0 % ( e F i g u r e 1 a c ) . t h e h a z a r d f o r n e w c l i n i c a l s e q u e l a e i s s u s t a i n e d m o n t h s a f t e r i n i t i a l S A R S -C o V -2 i n f e c t i o n ( e T a b l e 3 ) . E l e v a t e d r i s k s e e n 3 0 d a y s p r i o r t o i n d e x d a t e w a s l i k e l y d u e t o a d e l a y i n t e s t i n g o r d o c u m e n t a t i o n o f . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2021 i n t e n t i o n a l l y d i d n o t e v a l u a t e a b r o a d l i s t o f s y m p t o m s i n t h i s s t u d y a s w e a n t i c i p a t e t h e t r u e i n c i d e n c e o f s y m p t o m s a r e n o t a c c u r a t e l y r e f l e c t e d w h e n a s c e r t a i n e d b y I C D -1 0 c o d e s a n d w o u l d b e b e s . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; s e r v e d 1 4 % o f i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h S A R S -C o V -2 i n f e c t i o n d i a g n o s e d w i t h a n e w c l i n i c a l s e q u e l a e t h a t r e q u i r e d m e d i c a l a t t e n t i o n d u r i n g t h e p o s t -a c u t e p h a s e o f i l l n e s s . E l e v a t e d a n d s u s t a i n e d r i s k f o . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.12.21253448 doi: medRxiv preprint T r a n s p a r e n c y S t a t e m e n t : T h e l e a d a u t h o r , S a r a h D a u g h e r t y , a f f i r m s t h a t t h i s m a n u s c r i p t i s a n h o n e s t , a c c u r a t e , a n d t r a n s p a r e n t a c c o u n t o f t h e s t u d y b e i n g r e p o r t e d ; t h a t n o i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t s o f t h e s t u . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.12.21253448 doi: medRxiv preprint r e p r o d u c e , d i s t r i b u t e , d i s p l a y a n d s t o r e t h e C o n t r i b u t i o n , i i ) t r a n s l a t e t h e C o n t r i b u t i o n i n t o o t h e r l a n g u a g e s , c r e a t e a d a p t a t i o n s , r e p r i n t s , i n c l u d e w i t h i n c o l l e c t i o n s a n d c r e a t e s u m m a r i e s , e x t r a c t s a n . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2021 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2021 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2021 e t a l . A l t e r e d L i p i d M e t a b o l i s m i n R e c o v e r e d S A R S P a t i e n t s T w e l v e Y e a r s a f t e r I n f e c t i o n | S c i e n t i f i c R e p o r t s . S c i R e p . 2 0 1 7 A u g 2 2 ; 7 ( 1 ) : 9 1 1 0 . 1 5 . D o c h e r t y A B , H a r r i s o n E M , G r e e n C A , H a r d w i c k H E , P i u s R , N o r m a n L , e t a l . F e a t u r e s o f 2 0 1 3 3 U K p a t i e n t s i n h o s p i t a l w i t h c o v i d -1 9 u s i n g t h e I S A R I C W H O C l i n i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n P r o t o c o 2 8 . V i n d e g a a r d N , B e n r o s M E . C O V I D -1 9 p a n d e m i c a n d m e n t a l h e a l t h c o n s e q u e n c e s : S y s t e m a t i c r e v i e w o f t h e c u r r e n t e v i d e n c e . B r a i n B e h a v I m m u n . 2 0 2 0 O c t 1 ; 8 9 : 5 3 1 -4 2 . 2 9 . Y e M , R e n Y , L v T . E n c e p h a l i t i s a s a c l i n i c a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f C O V I D -1 9 . B r a i n B e h a v I m m u n . 2 0 2 0 A u g 1 ; 8 8 : 9 4 L a n c e t . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) j o u r n a l s / l a n p s y / a r t i c l e / P I I S 2 2 1 5 -0 3 6 6 ( 2 0 ) 3 0 4 6 2 -4 / a b s t r a c t 4 3 . C u n n i n g h a m J W , V a d u g a n a t h a n M , C l a g g e t t B L , J e r i n g K S , B h a t t A S , R o s e n t h a l N , e t a l . C l i n i c a l O u t c o m e s i n Y o u n g U S A d u l t s H o s p i t a l i z e d W i t h C O V I D -1 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2021 CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 12, 2021. ; https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10. /2021 2 -55.1) 53.2 (51.6 -55.2) * 53.1 (51.6 -55.2) * 52.9 (51.2 -55.2) White proportion: Mean (SD) ) * 572283 (5.9 Metastatic Cancer Midwest 2171722 (23.5) 54494 (20.4) 2117228 (23.6) * 2312541 (23.8) * 363017 (21.9) * Northeast Total 2020