¶ A Panoplie of Epistles, Or, a looking Glass for the unlearned. Containing a perfect plattforme of inditing letters of all sorts, to people of all estates and degrees, as well our superiors, as also our equals and inferiors: used of the best and the eloquentest Rhetoricians that have lived in all ages, and have been famous in that faculty.  
¶ Gathered and translated out of Latin into English, by Abraham Fleming.  Armat spina rosas, mella tegunt apes. 
Imprinted at London, for Ralph Newberie, dwelling in Fleetstreet a little above the great Conduit. Anno à Umgineo partu 1576.   

¶ A Catalogue of such Authors, as have written in this Panoplie of epistles: with the number of the page where they are mentioned.  

A.  
ANacharsis Scythieus, 203.  
Anaximenes' Milesius. 205  
Archytas Tarentinus. 207  
Antigonus Macedonicus▪ 209  
Alexander Macedo. 216  
Aristoteles Stagirites▪ 217  
Apollonius Tyanaeus. 219  
Agesilaus Lacedaemonius 222.  
Arcesilaus Prytannaeus. 208   

C.  
Chilo Lacedaemonius. 199  
Cleobulus Lindius. 201  
Cato Vticensis. 220  
Cyrus Persicus. 233  
Chr. Hegendorphinus. 381  
Chr. Longolius. 403  
Caius Plinius Novocomensis. 241  
Conradus Celtis. 391   

D.  
Darius Persicus. 213  
Diogenes Cynicus. 293  
Dionysius Antiochenus. 301  
D. Erasmus Roterodamus. 337.   

E.  
Epimenides Cretensis. 204  
Epicurus Atheniensis 229  
Epistoliographus Anonymus. 232   

G.  
Georgius Macropedius. 359  
Gualterus Haddonus. 413   

H.  
Heraclitus Ephesius. 214  
Hypocrates Cous. 265   

I  
Isocrates Atheniensis. 154  
joan. Ravisius Textor. 349  
joan. Ludovicus vives. 397   

L.  
Lucianus Dialogographus. 229  
Libanius Sophista. 305  
Lucius Anneus Seneca▪ 307   

M.  
Marcus Tullius Cicero. 1. 2. 3 etc.  
Menecrates Syracusanus. 231  
Marcus Brutus. ●…61   

N.  
Nucilli Laconi●…a▪ 237   

P.  
Pisistratus Atheniensis. 198  
Pittacus Mitylenaeus 200  
Periander Corinthus. 201  
Pherecydes Syrius 204  
Pythagoras Samius. 211  
Plato Atheniensis. 212  
Philostratus Tyanaeus. 232  
Philippus Macedo. 215  
Peregrinus Anonymus. 217  
Panaetius Rhodius. 218  
Phalaris Agrigentinus. 296  
Paulus Manutius. 314   

R.  
Rogerus Aschamus. 428   

S.  
Solon Salaminius. 191  
Socrates Atheniensi●…▪ ●…18  
Synesius Pentapoli tanus▪ 301   

T.  
Thales Milesius. 19●…  
Thrasibulus Atheniensis. 201   

Z.  
Zeno Citicus. 210    

¶ In Abrahami Flemingi Londin. epistolarum Panoplian, Th. Sp. Ebor. Octastichon.  

Quisquis in umbrosis Musarum militat oris,  
Huc veniat, capiat spicula, scuta manu.  
Siuè velit gladiis duro certâre duello,  
Eminus aut hastis, hîc via tuta satis.  
Nam liberiste novus scribentib. arma ministrat,  
In quo est & laevis, ferreus atquè stylus:  
Utilis ergo tibi si miscellanea lexis  
Haec fuerit, dicas, docte Fleminge   
Vale.   

TO THE RIGHT WORshipful, sir William Cordell knight, Master of the Queen's majesties Rolls etc. health, wealth, and happiness everlasting.  
PAssing of late (right worshipful) through many a piece of land, pleasant in view and profitable▪ in use, it was my happy chance to have entrance into a goodly Gardene plot, which as it was large and of an exceeding great compass, so was ●…t beautified with flowers of all sorts, both delightsome to the eye; in consider●…tion of their variable colours: and comfortable to the nose, in respect of their excellent sweetness. And no m●…uaile though this Garden plot were so goodly and so great: for, as in number they were (in manner) infinite, which had recourse thereunto▪ so the 
* The names of those cunning Gardeners, which did set and sow these flowers, are contained in a Catalogue in the beginning of this book not un ceslarie to b●… vnderstoo●….  multitude of cunning and skilful Gardeners, (whose most lucky hands ●…owed the singular feeds, of which these fine flowers took root in the ground, sproung & spread with leaves and blossoms of glorious hew) was innumerable. After I had set my foot within the fen●…es of this rich and coastly Garden, (passing for pleasantness, & excelling for largeness, all the Gardens that are to be seen in this our age, albeit the heads of people were never so in●…entiue and curious, & their hands at no t●…me so artificial and 〈◊〉▪) I saw a footepathe before me, not very plain to perceive, because it was not much used and trodden, yet not so overgrown with green grass, but that it might easily enough be seen: then pausing a space, as being in doubt to go forward, considering the greatness of the Garden, the manifold corners, the crooked turnings, and the compassing arbours of the same, lest by presuming to far▪ I should lose myself, as it were in a Labyrinthe: and museing thus in mind, as burdened with uncertainty, what were most available for me to attempt, a soudeine cogitation concerning the present use and benefit of this pleasant plot, overcame me as it were with inchantmentes, insomuch that I, feeling in me self no ability to withstand so forcible an assault, as one amazed, leasurly began to foot it forward: anon, having go a little ground, mine eyes were fed with most delectable appearaunces, & my nostrils with most comfortable savours, so that there began to kindle in me a certain affection of joy and gladness, and therewithal sprung, to the increase of my courage, a 
* Hope maketh men har ●…ie and ventu●…ous.  hope of good hap after to ensue: whereupon I waxed venturous, and like a confident fellow amended my pace, persuading myself, that in so heavenly a paradise there was no danger, and always as I did proceed, so new and fresh delights, were plentifully offered. Then, having called home my wandering wits, I weighed the worthiness of the soil, which lay open and manifest in sight, and falling into an unmeasurable love & liking of the same, for my further solace I walked too and fro, taking a view of the goodly work which was there to be seen, & marking the great choice of flowers, as well for their kinds, as also their colours: while I was thus occupied, a soudeine desire bread in me, to take a trial of those delights (though not of all, yet at lest, of some, that my labour & my longing might not be frustrate) which were before and round about me on every side: in this desire there was such efficacy and force, that I was not able to resist the working of the same: whereupon (for I perceived the nature of it, and saw wherewith it was to be satisfied,) I buckled myself to a new kind of business. For, 
* Pleasant objects can not but comfo●… and delight the sense●….  whereas before, the sense of seeing was delighted, and th●… sense of smelling comforted, now the sense of feeling begins to put in execution his office: and thus pleasure upon pleasure most plentifully is reaped. For, that whereon at first I fixed mine eye, and the sweetness whereof pierced into my nose, the same I am now bold to touch, to handle, to gather, and to bear away. Among many and sundry sorts of flowers therefor●…, (the very worst of all being of great virtue and value) such as in my fancy, bore the bravest hew and gallantest gloss, I gathered with a certain greediness, esteeming highly of the opportunity of the time, which was then presently ministered, and fearing lest another should take my labour out of my hand: which caused me with so much the more speed (though hast, as the old proverb saith, makes waste) to finish that which I had begun. And 〈◊〉 (right worshipful) these few flowers, which I have picked and choose from among many, (yea, myllians I may say, and not amiss) according to my homely handling (for where knowledge hath but a certain infancy, and where experience is very young, what Art can be showed, what cunning can be declared?) I have tied up together in a Garland, with course thread, for want of fine silk, placing each flower in such order, as my skill gave me leave: and the same grossly bound up together, with their natural stalks and leaves, even as they were hastily gathered out of outlandish gardens, (for, the most part of these flowers, and if I said in manner all, I were not to be accused of an vntru●…h, grew in foreign countries: as in 
* A particular rehearsal of a few goodly countries, wherein these flowers grew and prospered  Mac●…donia, in Athens, in Miletum, in Thessal●…a, in Tarentum, in Sic●…lie, in Venice, in Milan in Rome, in 〈◊〉, in Lovane, and divers other fruitful soils within the compass of heaven: from far were they fet, and therefore the more dainty.) I 〈◊〉 to your person, confessing, that in consideration of the gatherers' unskilfulness, it is nothing agreeable to your singular worthiness: but yet in respect of the excellency of the thing itself (for being examined and weighed with advisement, it deserveth highly to be had in estimation) being simply considered, it is most worthy of acceptation▪ Wherefore, if it shall pléase you 〈◊〉 a favourable countenance, to receive my po●…re present, which I acknowledge to be rustical, but yet not deserving refusal: (for in former ages of our ancients, the Gods themselves, and the Goddesses also most gracious,  


* Pliny in pro log. lib. 1. Statius lib. 1. Syluar. and divers other.  Of milk, of meal▪ and crop of country ground▪  
Of pears, of plums, of ●…uts and other fruit,  
Of purpledgrapes on vines that did abound,  
Of o●…en cakes, when simple folk made suit,  
Of little things right well they did rep●…te:  
And frankince●…se of clowns required not,  
But well in worth took what was to be got.)   
I shall see sufficient occasion of joyfulness min●…stred to my heart: and my hands shall be the more ready and quick, to gather such another, and in hope of like luck in courteous acceptance, to be circumspect and advised in seeing it bestowed. Thus having been overtedious▪ I commit your worship to the protection of that God, whose feat is heaven▪ & whose footstool is the earth, beseeching him of his gracious goodness, to crown you and yours with all manner of blissful benefits.  
Your worships at commandment and service. Abraham Fleming.   

To the learned and unlearned Reader.  
Lo, learned Reader, whose mind is beautified with the amiable ivelles of knowledge, and judgement, to thee I present this Panoplie of Epistles, to read for thy recreation, and peruse at thy pleasure: for I am taught by experience of myself, that the tediousness of study, is to be assuaged with some intermingling of delight. To the unlearned I do likewise offer it, as sufficient furniture to arm and enable them against ignorance, the adversary and sworn enemy of understanding: so that, from the communicating of this necessary labour, a double benefit doth spring: namely, pleasure and profit: pleasure to the learned, whom if I had not made partakers of the same, I had showed myself imurious: and profit to the unlearned▪ to whom if I had denied the fruit of this my trauèll, they might well think and take me to be hateful and envious▪ Being careful therefore of the one, and not negligent of the other, I am well content, that the commodity of my labour, (which the learned lead by integrity and uprightness of judgement, can but allow▪ and the unlearned, by cause on the use thereof, d●…pendeth the increase of their knowledge, must needs commend: for that which is honest and also pleasant, who is so mad as to mislike: and that thing from whence profit proceedeth, who is so witless as to contemn?) should be common. Persuading myself therefore indifferen●…ly of both, I will touch in brevity, the benefits that issue from this book. As it is not for a naked and unarmed soldier▪ to encounter his enemy being harnessed at all points, and to the proof provided, except his intent be, wilfully to incur danger of violence: so it is not for any m●…n, to tie the use of his pen, to the vanities of his own imagination, which commonly be preposterous & careless in keeping order; unless his meaning be▪ of set purpose, to re●…pe reprehension for his security and negligence▪ He therefore that is to play the part of a warrior, aught with his force and valliantness, to join substantial furniture, that the service of his natural abilities, and the use of his instrumental powers, may concur and go together, making him the more venturous to withstand his enemies assault, and fuller of force also to give him the discomfiture. So he in like manner, (that I may rather show myself a Me●…curialist, than a Martialist: for I have not to deal with war, nor yet with warlike weapons, otherwise then by way of application.) that loveth orderly to indite, & plausibly to occupy his pen, in devising and disposing as well both meet matter, as also fit words, in any kind of letter, (for of letters 
* Exhortatorie, Accusatorie, Interces●…o rye, commendatory, Excu●…atorie, Congratulatorie, Responsorie, consolatory, Criminatorie, Nunciatorie, Lamentatorie, Mandatorie, Laudatorie, Conuictorie, Obiurgatorie Interrogatori, Dehortatorie, etc. read Li●… Sophiit●…, De epistolarum characteribus.  there be sundry sorts) must make means and provision, for himself in this case, that those wants and imperfections of Art & cunning may be supplied. To such a one I give counsel to pass & repass, to view & review, to take down and put on, to exercise and use, such weapons as he shall find in this our Panoplie or house of furniture, & he shall feel himself in shor●… space, fenced and strengthened to the purpose, against ignorance that ugly monster of many heads, an enemy to order, and a friend to confusion. For, there shall be no kind of letter, but in framing the same, thou shalt (though the gifts of nature, wherewith thou art endued, be but weak and slender) have knowledge, cunning, judgement, and experience sufficient: be the person to whom thou writest never so princely, never so learned, never so worthy, never so noble, never so friendly, never so froward, never so gentle, never so angry, never so virtuous, never so wicked, never so prudent, never so witless, never so heavy, never so joyful: finally, be his qualities of this kind or that kind, what so ever. So that, as the Physician, to heal many and sundry maladies, wherewith his weak patients are infected, useth many and sundry sorts of medicines: in like manner, to writ formally to people divers in degree, thou haste here ready to serve thy turn, many precedents and examples, not broached in the seller of mine own brain, but drawn out of the most pure and clear founteines of the finest and eloquentest Rhetoricians, that have lived and flourished in all ages, even from the very first, that won fame by that noble faculty, to the last whose names for the same cause, shall never wear out of memory. What should I say more: 
* The variety of method in this Panoplie of Epistles.  will't thou writ gravely, will't thou writ wisely, will't thou writ sweetly, will't thou writ smoothly, will't thou writ harshly, will't thou writ darkly, will't thou writ gladly, will't thou writ sadly, will't thou writ largely, will't thou writ briefly, will't thou writ lovingly, will't thou writ angrily? will't thou complain, will't thou accuse, will't thou rebuke, will't thou commend, will't thou threaten, will't thou pardon, will't thou displease, will't thou reconcile, will't thou command, will't thou entreat? what so ever thou art disposed to do by letter, either to thy friend, or to thy enemy, thou hast this Panoplie to guide thy head in devising, and thy pen in disposing. To conclude, many, and (in manner) innumerable are the benefits which this book bringeth, which we wish no less profitable to thee the Reader, than it was pleasant to me the gatherer & translator. Far you well.  
Thy for thy benefit. Abraham Fleming.   

THE EXTRACT OF certain selected Epistles, out of M. T. Cicero, the most famous Rhetorician and eloquent Orator among the ancient Romans.  

Cicero to Messinio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He signifieth to his friend Messinius, that he is desirous to see him, and exhorteth him to mitigate and assuage the heaviness and bitterness of his troublesome times, with the communicating of letters, and with the comfortable remembrance of a good conscience.  
MOst acceptable were your letters: which gave me to understand no less than I presupposed, before you applied your pen to the practice of inditing: namely, that you were inflamed with a marvelous desire to see me: which singular courtesy of yours I can not but well accept, yet so notwithstanding, that you imagine the same scant counteruailable with the kindness, where with for your sake I am affected. For so do I wish all things to chance unto me, as I profess myself touched, or rather stinged with a desire to be in your presence. For, at what time the number of honest men, good citizens, 
* Honesty, ple santnesse, and love▪ are the causes of kindness, and the special allurements, why we covet to be together.  pleasant companions, and such indeed as lo●…ed me, and made of me great account, was not small: yet among so many, there was not one, with whom I would 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 spend my time, then with you, and very few with whom I wish to be so willingly. As for this time wherein we now live, for so much as some of our acquaintance are swallowed up with the sword, some scattered in variety of soils, and othersome have altered the former disposition of their will: one days space, spent in your society, ministereth to my mind larger delightsomeness, than all the time which I waste with many of them, among whom necessity constraineth me to make continuance. I would not have you conceive this opinion, that solitariness, or a wandering life in a vast wilderness, or an unfrequented abiding, is unto me more pleasant and comforta●…le, (which I may not use by any means) than the conference & communi●…ation, which I have with 
* Of Caesar's acquaintance.  sundry Gentlemen, that have usual resort to my house, one or twain at the uttermost excepted. Wherefore I refuse not to run to that refuge of succour, which (in my judgement) you aught to embrace, namely intercourse of friendly Epistles, and also an assurance of both our consciences. For I am the man, as you may lightly conjecture, and without curious canvasing gather, that have at no time, attempted any thing, more for my private commodity, then for the furtherance of my friends, and profit of my citizens, at whose estate and condition, if 
* He means Pompeius.  he had not envied, and maliciously repined, towards whom your affection was never inclined, (for I was your beloved) both he himself had been fortunate and happy, and all other given to virtue and goodness. Such a man am I, as do both wish and will, that the violence of none have force so far to prevail, as henest ease and tranquillity power to over come, and when as I perceived, that the self same 
* Caesar's army.  army which I most mistrusted, was of greater ability, than the mutual consent of such good Gentlemen, whom I (by mine own procurement) assembled, then thought I thus in my mind, that it could not be much prejudicial and hurtful to conclude 
* Yea, though the condition we●…e scant honest.  peace upon any condition whatsoever, so that safety might be obtained, and danger avoided, then to encounter him upon confidence of sufficient force, to whom in strength and fortitude I am inferior. But of these matters, and of other circumstances, we shall talk shortly face to face without interruption. There is nothing which sticketh so fast in my cogitation, as the state of the affairs in 
* Caesar took one part, Scipio another, and ●…uba the king.  Africa, the expectation whereof keep me in Rome, for now (as it should seem) the matter lies a bleeding, and is brought into a very narrow point of peril, and surely I think that in some respect it toucheth me, although how much or how little, out of question I am ignorant: nevertheless, whatsoever is reported unto me from thence, I know the counsels of my friends and well-willers are in a readiness. For now the matt●…r is grown towards such hassarde, that, although in their two causes which are at de●…aunce and dealing of blows in battle, great difference consists, yet small odds is there in their 
* He supposeth that both their victories will smell of cruelty.  victories, except I be far and wide deceived. But to discover a plain truth, my mind, which in matters of difficulty and doubtfulness was not a little enfeebled, in fearful dangers, and terrible desperation is mightily confirmed: & your last letters have afforded to the same, further establishment: which contained a testimony of your valiantness, in suffering injuries with a courageous stomach: besides that, sithence your singular humanity & gentleness, was to your preferment, and your letters also a means for your advantage, I feel myself thereby somewhat assisted. For I will writ no untruth, I took you to be a man ●…f a soft nature, and a mild spirit, as we are all for the most part, that have lead our lives in a free and a fortunate common wealth: Howbeit, as we enjoyed 
* When the common wealth was glorious.  prosperity, and the flower of felicity with moderation▪ so now also, in this adversity, and 
* In that we are 〈◊〉 to Caesar.  declining of fortune's favour from us, aught we to sustain all perplexities with patience: to the intent that in most main mischiefs, we might ●…nde this good remedy, not only to contemn and despise, but also to desire and long after death, which we aught not to fear although we 〈◊〉 not 〈◊〉 with blessedness●…, 
* For he is of op●…nion, th●…t our my●…des or souls are immortal: which he pro●… i●… his book of old age so entitled.  〈◊〉▪ i●… 〈◊〉 ●… 〈◊〉 of the senses, and leauet●… the 〈◊〉 ●…rustrate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. This tranquillity, ease and ●…ietnesse▪ 〈◊〉 you ●…hase and p●…ssesse, if you love me in dé●…de, if your friends●…ip ●…e fervent▪ & 〈◊〉 kindness not controulable▪ yea plant this▪ persuasion in your mind, That nothing (blame and offence 〈◊〉▪ 〈◊〉 you have never ●…éene 〈◊〉 unto, an●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ Can chance in the life of any man wherein horror is harboured, or fear intertain●…d. I will come and visit you shortly, if I may see time convenient: if any thing fall out in such sort, that an alteration of our counsels must ensue, I will certify you without delay. See that you remain so desirous to see me, that you remove not from the place where you be, sithence you are weak and cras●…e, before you ask mine advisement by your letters, what my will is to have you do in that behalf. I would that you should love me still, as you now do no less, and as I wish that your health be carefully considered, so I would not be well pleased, if in tranquillity and quietness your mind should not be established.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to P. Lentulo.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle is altogether consolatory or comfortable: for he mi●…istreth consolation to Lentulus by comparison of his own times and troubles, when he being in banishment fo●… a sea●…on, recovered notwithstanding the benefit of his country, and the possession of his dignity. The occasion why the Epistle is so shor●…, was, for that Pollio went to Lent●…lus of set purpose, to make report unto him of all things by word of mouth.  
OF all things done here, 
* Of the country Asinia.  Pollio (who was not only present, but also had the ordering and disposing of them) shall sufficiently give you to understand. As for myself, the confidence and hope which I conceive in your matters and bus●…nesse, comforteth me a mid the main seas of my sorrows and heaviness▪ because▪ I suspect it is like to come to pass, that by the procurement of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 counse●…s, man's maliciousness shall be enfeebled and weak●…ned, as also by the benefit of that happy day of restitution, not only the thoughts of 
* Whose unfaithfulness we have in great suspicion  traitors sha●… be prevented, ●…ut the cogitations and purposes of your adversaries shall quite be dissolved: Secondly, the remembr●…unee of mine own 
* When he was forced to for●…ake his ●…ountrie.  troublesome times, offer unto me som●… consolation: a represe●…tation o●… image whero●… ●…●…ée in your present estate. For although your worship and countenance in a matter of less importance be blemished, than my health, sa●…etie, and life ind●…ungered: yet there is such a lively likeness and resemblance, that I hope you will judge me pardonable, if I fear not those things, which your own self have always supposed not to be feared at all. But spare not to show yourself the man, whom (from tender years) I took you to be. Believe me th●…, how much the injurious dealing of perverse people shall be increased, so much the worthiness and dignity of your person shall be enlarged. As for me, 
* For in time of necessity, true friendship is more effectual.  look what duty & service is requireable of a friend to a friend, on my part shall be precisely perfourme●…▪ I will not deceive your hope.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Valerio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle is tempered with jesting and pleasantness. One thing therein is serious, namely where he giveth thanks to Lentulus, to whose government Cilicia was committed: lastly, it containeth certain duti●… of familiarity towards the same Valerius.  
FOr 
* He is pleasantly disposed, calling him Lawyer, not as though he were one in deed, but as though he gave him the name for affections sake.  why should I not salute you by the name of a Lawyer? I know no cause to the contrary: Especially sithence in these days and as the course of the world now is, boldness may be used for wisdom, impudency taken for prudence. I have thanked Lentulus by my letters in your name, and that with diligence. But I would wish you to look for no more letters from us: but rather to take pains to come and see us your friends, and there to make your abode, where you may grow in worship and estimation, rather than to continued where you are, seeming solitary wise: albeit some which have been with you, report you to be proud and haughty ●…arted, because you vouchsafe not to answer your clients: and partly spiteful in speech, because you answer unhappily. But now Valerius, my desire is to be pleasant with you in person: wherefore, do what you can to come unto us: and as for Apulia your native country, come not at it: that we may be glad of your safe coming hither. For if you go into Apulia, when you come there, you shall know 
* Alluding to the baseness of his petigre, as though he were marvelous destitute of alliance & acqu●…intance.  as many of your friends and kinsfolke●…, as did 
* Whom neither man, woman, nor child knew but his dog alone.  Ulysses, at the ending of his long peregrination and wearisome voyage.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Curio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle hath four members, or portions. In the first Cicero being accused of Curio for his seldom writing, excuseth himself by the commemoration of his duty. In the second, he discovereth the grief of his mind conceived through the absence of Curio, and his joy on the otherside, for Curio his worship. In the third is contained an admonition to the deserving of praise, and to the embracing of virtue. In the fourth, he commends to Curio the estate of his old age, being fifty six years old when he written this letter.  
ALthough I am grieved, that for negligence sake you have me in suspicion: 
* An excuse with a testimony of his benevolence.  yet my duty to be accused of you, did not so much move me to be sorry, as the self same to be required, did encourage me to be merry: especially, sithence I am not guilty of that offence which is laid to my charge▪ And assuredly, in that you acknowledge a desire of my letters, therein you declare yourself, not only an approved friend unto me, but also do testify the sweetness of your love. There hath none escaped the carrying of my letters, whom I might understand to travel toward●…s you: For w●…o is less slothful, and more 
* He said not more diligent but more quick and speedy, to the intent he might rather excuse than commend himself. Epi. ●…. Lib. 5.  quick and speedy to writ to his friend than I? As for you, I have heard not passing twice, or thrice at the uttermost from you, and when you writ, you writ very sparingly and shortly: wherefore if you give unjust judgement upon me, why may not I also condemn you in the same offence: and if you seem loathe that I should so do, then is it your duty to be more courteous and upright towards me. But concerning letters, let this suffice: for I mistrust not, but that I shall serve you to your own contentation with often writing, conditionally, that my labour therein employed, be rather regarded, then refused, accepted then despised. 
* The second part of the Epistle.  I am not a little grieved for your long absence from us, by the means whereof I suffer this inconvenience, that I labour in the lack of your most sweet and delightsome acquaintance: and yet I can not but rejoice, for that you have obtained and won (as it were) the mastery in all things, with great worship and renown, and that fortune assenteth to my desires in all your affairs, suits & business. 
* The third part or portion  So great is the expectation of your judgement & wisdom, that I doubt not to request & earnestly beseech you, to return to us in such sort confirmed in mind & established, that the expectation which you in the minds of most men have kindled, may accordingly be maintained & nourished: 
* He comen death and exhorteth together, because exhortation should be rempered with commendation. Epi. 12. Lively 15.  And because no storms of forgetfulness, no ●…empestes of unthankfulness, shall be able to drench the remembrance of your dutiful deserts towards me: I pray you hearty, to repose this in your memory, that to what prosperity and dignity fortune shall advance you, 
* The fourth part or member.  you should never have had the ability to aspire there unto, but that in your childhood you did lay a listening ear to my faithful counsels, and showed yourself conformable and applyaunt to my most loving advertisements. Wherefore, such aught your duty to be towards us, and such your affection, that mine 
* For he wa●… four and fifty years old when he 〈◊〉 this letter.  old age still increasing, and daily drooping, may be harboured in the haven of your friendship, and ●…nde comfort in the goodness of your youth.  
Far you well.   

M. T. Cicero to Curio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He exhorteth Curio to seek after praise, fearing, lest while civil wars did spring, he would decline from the service which he did own to the common wealth, and take part and confederacy with traitorous citizens.  
YOu are not ignorant Curio, that of letters there are 
* Three kind of Epistles or letters.  sundry sorts, but of all other none so certain as that one, which moveth us to invent matters necessary, that thereby we might certify such as be absent, of that which they aught to k●…owe, either pertaining to us, or to them.  
Such kind of letters it is needless to look for at my hands, sithence you have as well writers, as reporters, of your domestical and private business. As for my matters, I have nothing new whereof to give you intelligence. Beside this, there are two other kind of letters, which exhibit unto me no small delectation, the one is familiar and pleasant: the other is weighty and earnest: of which twain whether it best behoveth me to frame my style unto, and apply my pen, I am altogether ignorant. Should I use dalliance in inditing; and pleasantness in writing unto you? Now certainly I think him to be no citizen who setteth his mind upon toying 
* Because of the civil wars and contentions.  in these tumultuous times. Should I writ somewhat unto you gravely, and disclose some matter of weight? what thing can there be, whereof Cicero can certify his Curio more seriously, then of cases concerning the common wealth? and in this kind of letters is my cause conversant, and so conversant, that I would not willingly communicate with you, those things which at this present occupy my mind. For in so doing I should busy my brain, in matters more hateful than healthful. Wherefore, because there remains unto me no argument whereupon to writ, I will use that little clause or petit sentence, which of custom I am wont, and I will not be behind hand to encourage you to the desire and love of renown: for you have a sore adversary, and the hope which is already had on your behalf, exceedeth the bounds of all belief: which hope and expectation, you may satisfy, and easily overcome by the means of one thing, namely, if you be certainly resolved in this point, that earnest labour must be sustained, and no pains avoided, in 
* Meaning the moral virtues wherewith we win credit to ourselves, and commodity to the state of our country.  those things principally which purchase passing praise, both with Prince and people, the glory and fame whereof you have singularly and thoroughly loved. Much more would I writ tending to this same purpose, but that I am persuaded, that of your own accord you have stomach sufficient in this point, and have your mind no less inflamed to deserve dignity, than I am ready to put it into your memory: and this, whatsoever it be, little or much, that I have touched in my letter, I have not done, to the intent to kindle your courage the more in this case, but to the end I might send you an assurance of my love, and a gage of my hearty goodwill.  
Far you well.   

M. T. Cicero to Curio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He comforteth Curio mourning for the death of his father, and promises that he will be unto him in place of a second father.  
I Have lost a special witness of my great love towards you, your father I mean, a man of singular virtue and nobleness: who, by the benefit of his own praises, and by the means of you his true and natural son, had excelled the fortune of all men whatsoever, had it been his good luck to have had life prolonged, till such time as he might have seen you, his valiant son, after your return from the 
* Over the which he had peremptoric government, and judicial authority.  province, before he gave his last farewell to the world. But though he be go, yet I rest in hope, that our friendship is not frustrate of witness sufficient. The Gods give you good of your patrimony and inheritance. I am yours, and think that you are no less loved and thought upon, than you were of your father natural, while he lived.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Curio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He rejoiceth for Curio his sake, both because he was not present at Rome, where many things were committed to the preiudi●…e and damage of the common wealth, and because he is in such a place, where his well doing may win him worship. For end, he counseleth Curio to take charge of the common wealth.  
How these matters of weight go, I dare not let you understand by letter, although, in what place soever you abide, as I have already written unto you in times past, you are subject to the self same danger of 
* By translatition, for hazard of life & goods, aphrase very usual.  ship●…racke: yet it rejoiceth my heart that you are absent, either because you see not these things which we see: or else, because your praise is placed in a lofty & famous seat, namely in the open sight, as well of Citizens as of others your fellows: the report whereof hath sounded in our ears, not by tunes of tongues doubtful and variable, but by one voice of all men most certain, and perceivable. Of one thing I am ignorant, whether I should rejoice or be afraid for your sake, because the expectation and looking for your return is marvelous: not that I am afraid for any doubt of your virtue, that it should not be counteruailable with the opinion of men: but certainly, for that at your coming, you shall not be able to remedy that which is amiss: all things are so tossed, turmoiled, troubled, topsie turuey turned, and in a manner utterly spoiled. But I wot not whether I may well commit these matters to writing. Wherefore, look more largely otherwise to understand the rest. But as touching your own person, whether you travel in hope or in despair of the common wealth: 
* Cicero's accustomed clause to Curio. for whose nature he well knew: over him was he careful, jest he should be damnified.  Study, devise, provide those things, which in a worthy man and a good citizen, aught never to be wanting, that laboureth with tooth and nail to succour the afflicted state of the weal public: and, before it be quite overwhelmed with the waves of lamentable times, and outrageous manners of mischiefous men, to restore it to the former beauty, ancient liberty, worship and dignity.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Curio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He commends highly Titus Annius Milo, labouring for the Consulship and to the intent he might obtain that which he desireth, omitteth no one circumstance nor other, which in a commendatory letter may be required.  
YOur coming to Italy 
* The first words detect the desire of the Petitioner  was not then heard of, when I sent Sextus Villius, Miloes' friend unto you with these my letters: Howbeit, when there was an ynkling, that it would not be long oer you came, and that it was perfectly known, that you were journeying out of 
* Where Curio was in office of the Quaestor.  Asia toward Rome: the weightiness of the matter was such, that we thought these letters could not come too soon to your hands, when we greatly wished, and gladly willed, that they might be conveyed unto you with all speed possible. 
* An insinuation, or close entrance, to his petition.  If (friend Curio) my deserts towards you were such, as they are more commended of you, then considered of me, I would, if I had any great petition to make, try what I could obtain, if 
* Mark his modesty.  shamefastness were not my hindrance. For, to a shamefast fellow, it is grievous and troublesome, to crave some great thing of him, of whom he thinketh himself by duty 
* Privy commending of his merits.  well to have deserved, lest the thing which he craveth, might seem to be 
* In requiring is duty, in desiring is desert.  required, rather than desired, and to be counted a recompense and not a benefit. But because your merits towards me are manifest unto all men, and in the straun genesse of my doleful days, appeared, not only in their brightness, but also in their greatness: and seeing It is the property of a gentle and courteous nature, to afford much unto him, to whom much is due: I doubted not to crave that of you by letter, which of all things is to me the greatest, and most necessary. Neither do I fear any unabilitie in bearing the burden of your innumerable benefits, sithence chief I am of this confidence, 
* Fron hope of making recompense.  that there is no favour nor good turn so great, which my mind cannot conceive in taking, or in exchanging of courtesy and making amendss, adorn, & beautify. I, my studies, all my labour, care, travel, diligence: for end, all my mind have I founded, fastened, and fired upon Milo his Consulship, wherein I have determined, not only to seek for the commodity of the office in his behalf, but also as I aught, for the due praise of piety. And surely, I think no man at any time hath been so careful of his health and wealth, as I have been of his renown and honour: in the which I have been resolved, myself and all mine to consist. I know that you, being but one man, can, if you will, be to him such a furtherance and help, as over & beside the same we need demand nothing. We have all these adiuments and helps: the love of good men, obtained through his behaviour in the protectourship of the people, for our cause, as I hope you understand: the desire of the commons and multitude, by reason of his 
* Whereupon Milo spent three whole patrimonies or inheritances.  large gifts and presents, and the liberal disposition of his nature: the favour and good will of the honourable youth of this city, and of divers Gentlemen, who have given him their consents: finally, our suffragation, or consenting voices, though less available, yet not disalowable, but justly 
* For the friendly usage which he hath showed unto me.  deserved, and therefore peradventure worthy acceptation. A guide we must needs have, and of a governor we can not be destitute, yea one certain ruler, & high officer must be made, in these storms & blustering tempests which I have discovered. 
* From the person of Curio.  And if one man among all that rest, may be desired & wished, to this room of authority, undoubtedly, we should not pick out one, whom with you we might accounted comparable. Wherefore, if you can conceive this opinion of me, that I am not a man unmindful of my friend, that I am disposed to courtesy and goodness, if there were none other cause of such conceit, then that I lay to my helping hand so earnestly, for Milo his furtherance, finally, if you are of this judgement, that such benefits as you have bestowed on me, are not frustrate and cast away: then let me desire thus much of your gentleness, that you would stand my friend in this matter whereof I am careful, that you would employ your travel and pain for my commendation, or to tell a flat truth, in manner, my life and preservation. As for T. Annius, thus much I promise' in his behalf, that no man in the world toward you shall show more humanity, more gravity, more constancy, more benevolence and goodwill, if it would please you to vouchsafe him your favour. And as for myself, my worthiness, honour, dignity, and renown, shall by your means so much be enlarged, as I must (perforce) acknowledge you to be the very same my benefactor, in the procurement of my praise, that wast sometime the pawn and protector of 
* When you spared no pains in restoring me to my native country.  my life. But that I am assured, that it is not unknown to you, how seriously and earnestly I labour in this petition of Milo, and that therein not only great pains, but also some resistance and striving is required, I would have written unto you more at length: And now I commit to your patronage the whole matter and the cause, and mine own person I commend to your courteste. And take this one clause for a conclusion, that if I may obtain at your hands the sum of my supplication, Milo shall not be so much bond unto you for your highness, as I will be your deep debtor for your goodness. For the safeguard of mine own life was not to me so precious, and dear, wherein he showed himself a principal favourer, as my thankfulness shall be pleasant and delectable, in making just recompense, where unto I shall be drawn by your only & alone friendship, as in hope I am persuaded.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Coelio Rufo.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He commends Fabius for five things: namely, for his honesty, his learning, his wit, his soberness, and his friendship.  
I Am well acquainted with Marcus Fabius, a 
* Honesty & learning are linked together, to give us to note that unlearned honesty, or un ho nest learning are not much commendable.  very honest man, and passing well learned: I use him familiarly, and I love him 
* Pleasantly spoken in the praise of Coelius, for the no table qualities of his mind.  exceedingly, both for the worthiness of his wit, and also for the excellency of his learning, and besides these for the singularity of his soberness and marvelous modesty: my request unto you, is, that you would so take charge of his matter as if it were mine. I know you are no table patrons. 
* These words import some matter of efficacy.  He must be a manqueller that means to commit his life to your supportation, and the canvasing of his cause to your defence. But in this man no excuse is serviceable, for I will take none. You shall set all things aside, if you love me indeed, sithence my friend Fabius is willing to use your advise and help. I am in great expectation of the state of * things at Rome, and my desire to understand of them is vehement and earnest: and first of all I would gladly know how it fareth with you: For we have herded no news now this long time, because of the sharpness of the winter.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Appio Pulchro.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Dolabella accused Appius, and at the self same time had married Cicero's daughter. Cicero goeth about to prove that he was ignorant of that which his friends had done in that case, and gathereth many reasons to the same purpose.  
WHen word was brought to us of the temerity & rashness of them which 
* Somewhat a more mild speech then if he had said, ac cused you.  molested you, and sought your disquietness, although the hearing of such news at the first put me beside all patience, and kindled my choler, because nothing in the world could chance so much against my opinion and mind: yet notwithstanding, so soon as I gathered my wits together, and felt myself better appeased, the faults laid to your charge seemed unto me not so heinous and hateful, but that they might be tolerable, because the hope which I had in you and yours, was exceeding great: and many things came to my remembrance, why I should think this your trouble an enlarging rather of your 
* For in adver sitie doth virtue and prowess most flourish.  honour, than a blemish to your person. But one thing I was very much grieved and displeased withal, that the triumph which most justly you did deserve, was so wrongfully wrested from you, by the counsel and consent of a company your spiteful enemies: which if you so esteem, as I have always thought it should be set by, you shall show the example of a wise man: and to the grief and hartburning of your adversaries shall most justly triumph as an excellent conqueror in deed.  
For I manifestly perceive thus much, that not your manhood and substance only, but your wisdom and discretion also, are most necessary and expedient, to make your enemies repent their unadvised and over rash dealing. As for me, I protest before all the Gods, not to be wanting either in promise or in performance, in any thing concerning your 
* That there may come none to Rome, to give evidence against you.  dignity, (for so had I rather say, then for you safety) in this province, which sometime was in your government, and I will in your behalf, supply the part of an advocate, by speaking: of a neighbour & friend by labouring: of a man well thought of in all cities, by authority and countenance, and of a magistrate or ruler, by my 
* For then all my friendly of fices and duties shall seem the more forcible, by reason of my noble name, and title imperial.  gravity and counsel. All that may be, command and look for at my hands: my diligence in discharging the dutifulness of a friend, shall be answerable to your expectation and thinking. Q. Servilius delivered unto me from you a very short letter, which notwithstanding seemed unto me too long by many lines: for I thought injury done unto me, therein to be required, wherein my will never wanted to do you pleasure. I would not the time had chanced, wherein you should try, what account I make of you, how much I set by Pompeius, which one od●…e man among all other I most of all esteem, and how dearly I love Brutus: although in our continual acquaintance, and daily familiarity, you perceived somewhat, and as you shall hereafter understand and try further: But because it is chanced, if any thing be overslipped and lightly escaped on my part, let it seem to you an offence wilfully committed, and a reproach to mine own person willingly procured, & so I will acknowledge it. 
* Cicero his Embaslad our. 〈◊〉. Epistola. 4●…  Pontinus, whose entertainment with you, was tempered ●…o singular truth & en●…tesie, of which your ●…ountie to him ward I am a witness, shewenth himself marvelous mindful of you, and hideth not his goodwill, which duty demandeth, and all for your furtherance and commodity: who taking ship to sail from 
* That he might do what he could, to stay the coming of any to Rome, to witness against you.  Ephesus to Laodicea, and understanding that his word and presence might make much for the maintenance of your matter, returned to Rome, that by his means, there might no evidence be given against you in the city. And surely, sithence I see the helps and assistance which you are like to have, not only available, but also innumerable, I can not doubt, but that this carefulness and courteous regard in your behalf, is like to redound to your greater worship. If you bring to pass that Censors, that is, officers for the reformation of manners be made and ordained, and if your behaviour and usage in the same office be such, as it aught to be, and as you are of ability to perform: I see none other likelihood, but that you shall in time be a great stay & safeguard, not to yourself only, but to all yours, while the world endureth. Of this have a special care, and set to the uttermost of your might, that we prolong no time: that when we have satisfied your mind here by our diligence, we may also give a trial there to you of our benevolence. The things which you writ unto me, touching the love and affection of all men, and all orders towards you, they 
* He useth the like words to Plancus. Epi. 1. Lib. 10.  move me not to any admiration, but yet to hear so well of you, fills me with joy and delectation: and the self same things whereof you give me intelligence in your letters, have my friends also written unto me, as witnesses of your well doing. I am replenished therefore with seas of pleasure, as well for that those things are exhibited and given unto you (with whom mine acquaintance and familiarity is not only great, but also 
* This he added, to the end he might seem not to have loved him only for commodities sake.  sweet) which are due and requisite, and also for that our fantasies and goodwills toward valiant and painful men continued as yet in the city, by a universal consent almost, and there remain: which unto myself is a pension always of my pains, and the reward of my sustained labours. I can not but much marvel how it cometh to pass, that that * young man, (whose life and safety, I have defended 
Dolabella.  with exceeding & earnest labour, from two several judgements.) should so rashly overshoot himself, utterly to forget 
* And one whom he known to love you exceedingly.  the good patron, preserver, and defender of all his possessions, goods, estate, & condition, in taking upon him so careless and fruitless a labour, to incur and run in hazard of your ill will and displeasure, you being a man furnished with all manner of safegardes, and beautified with all ornaments of decency: but he contrariwise (to tell my mind briefly) having nothing: 
* He made boast that that accusation was maintained by Cicero, because at the same time he married his daughter.  Whose fond talk and childish communication, was reported unto me long since in writing, by our familiar friend M. Coelius: and whereof also you yourself have sent me word by letter. As for me, I had rather cut off all old acquaintance with him, who hath purchased your anger, then to seek after new friendship. Neither would I have you call the love and affection which I bear you, into question, for thereof you aught not to stand in doubt, sithence the same is not unknown to any in the Province, nor untestified in the city of Rome. Nevertheless, so far as I gather by the substance of your letters, a certain kind of suspicion is signified, and a doubt also secretly mentioned: in the disscussing whereof another time shallbe more convenient, as well to reason with you too and fro in this behalf, as also to purge and discharge myself in this case. For, where and in what place have I been an hindrance to any embassage, to the intent that it might not pass to Rome for the augmentation and enlargement of your praise and honour? Or if I had hated you with a professed spite, and a manifest envy, wherein could I show the fruits of such: a mischief, less to your harm and annoiaunce? Or if the envy wherein I boiled against you were secret and privy, wherein could I have showed myself a more open and sworn adversary? And if so be any discredit, and want of honesty, had been equal or semblable to there's, which sprinkle us with these blots of blame, yet undoubtedly, 
* It is the point of folly to show a will to hurt him, whom thou canst not for thy heart by any means, annoy.  I would not have swerved so far wide from wisdom and discretion, either in hidden hate to practise open quarreling, or to bewray the inclination and proneness of my heart, to do him harm, whom to annoy is beyond my reach and ability. I remember certain came to me, and said, that the costs and expenses which were appointed for the ambassadors, were too large, and greater than they aught, wherein I used, not so much the 
* Very wittily spoken, because he regar death friendship when he commandeth: and hath an cie to the law when he valueth.  liberty of commanding, as I did the equity of valuation, esteeming them as narrowly as I might, to the tenure and meaning of that law, named Lex Cornelia, in that respect providing. Wherein, that I made no delays, or long tarriance, the several accounts of the Cities are able to give in evidence, which are of sufficient authority to prove, how much and how little, each particular City alloweth, of their Ambassadors to be received. But with what lies and false rumours have light headed men ouerburthened you? that the expenses are not only enhanced and racked, but also redemaunded & taken away, by their factors that be already go, & that to be the occasion, that divers others are restrained. I would expostulat and debate the matter with you, but that as I have protested in my former letters, I had rather at this time say somewhat in mine own purgation, then against you to commence any accusation: which counsel in deed I like the botter. And therefore, concerning you in that you have credit ●…o such reports, I will say nothing: but touching myself, why you aught not to have believed such rumours, I will say something, which shallbe little. For if so be you take me for the same man, whom I thought you were persuaded me to be, I mean ●…n honest man, well worthy of that knowledge, learning, and exercises, whereunto from my childhood I have been addicted: if you take me for a man of a valiant heart, and not of the weakest judgement & advise, in matters of greatest weight: then aught you to deny that any 
* From his own person.  unfaithfulness, fraud, or deceitfulness lieth l●…rking in our friendship: yea, & that more is, you must in no wise grant that it savoureth of any thing, wherein is any balenesse, vileness, or simpleness. But if by the law of your lust, you accounted me a crafty, close, & counterfect fellow, what is there that can less touch so Noble a nature, then either to have the good will of 
* From the person of Ap pius.  a most honourable man in contempt: or to seek the impairing & staining of his estimation and renown in the Province, whose praise hath been proclaimed and defended in the city: or to show a mind disposed to mischief against him, who is not within the precinct of our power to endamage: or to choose that thing to be a testimony of dishonest dealing, which to the discovering of hatred is most manifest, and to the working of any wrong or inconvenience jest forcible? 
* From the sign of an un thankful mind.  Moore over, what cause was there, whereby my stomach should so swell against you, that the malice of my mind should be immitigable, sithence I was informed of my brother, that you were not mine adversary, not not at such time as necessity required, you should not have been my friend? And when either of us, were moved with desire to be reconciled, and to have our former familiarity restored: what thing attempted you with me, when you were in office of the Consulshippe, 
* From his constancy.  whereunto you would have me give mine assent, or join mine assistance, but it hath had answerable success? What thing did you command me to do, when I followed 
* Going toward the province.  you from Puteolis, in the accomplishment whereof, my diligence was not counteruailable with your expectation? And if so be, that be the token and mark whereby to know a crafty, and Forelike fellow, to turn all things to his own advantage and commodity: 
* From that which is profitable.  What was unto me more profitable, what more convenient for my benefit, than the acquaintance and society of a man most noble and honourable, whose substance, wealth, wisdom, children, 
* Specially Pompeius, & Brutus.  kindred, and friends, may be to my person a singular ornament, and a sovereign safeguard? To all which circumstances, I have had a due consideration, in seeking to obtain your favour, not with fraud, deceit & subtlety, but with wisdom, soberness, & honesty. 
* From semblance of desires & other circumstances  What should I say of those bonds & chains, wherewith I am tied fast, and as it were fettered, to my great contentation, how great are they and of what efficacy? Semblance and likeness of affections, pleasantness and sweetness of familiarity, delectation and joyfulness of life, fellowship & comunication, mutual sending of loving letters: All which are domestical, and touch our private people.  

* From the opinion of the people.  What should I say of that which is popular and common in the minds of the multitude? The notable reconciliation of us twain, and falling again into familiarity: wherein offence cannot be committed through ignorance and want of advisement, without suspicion of unfaithfulness: our fellowship in the honourable and reverend office of the 
* He means the Augurship wherein they were both Gerents at one time.  priesthood, in which function of religion and ceremonies, it was not only directly opposite and against the prescript of laws, instituted by our ancestors, to violate, infringe, and untie the knots of friendship: but it was also prohibited and precisely forbidden, that none should be admitted to that vocation, whose heart fostered envy, and grudged against any particular person of the same order: all which to pretermit and overskip, because they are not only manifold, but also vehement, who ever had any man in such estimation and countenance? who (I say) might, or aught, more to have made of any man, than I did of 
* From the person of Cneius Pompeius.  C. Pompeius? For, if so be that merits prevail, if deserts are of any force, than I am of this opinion, that by him my country, my children, my safety, my honour, and myself was restored to myself. If pleasantness of acquaintance, and sweetness of familiarity are of power: what friendship was there at any time, more hearty & sincere, betwirt any two having born the office of consuls in our city? if any significations and presidents of love and courtesy are forcible: what hath he not given me in charge? In what hath not he taken trial of my credit? what hath he not communicated with me, as his trusty partner? Whom would he rather have then me, to stir in his behalf in the Senate and counsel house, 
* Specially at the war had against king Mithridates.  when he himself was not present? with what things, hath not he been willing to adorn and advance me most largely? For end, with what facility, and quietness of mind, did he forbear me, when I was in plea in the common place, in the defence of Milo, and yet interrupting and withstanding your proceedings? what providence and fore wisdom did he use, that no one 
* Because it was suspected that Milo killed Clodius by the counsel of Cicero.  sparkle of envy breaking out from the flame of that time (you wots when) should so much as once touch me, when he thought it not much to support me with his counsel, to maintain me by his authority, and to protect me with his weapon? In which days, undoubtedly, such was his gravity, soberness, courage, and valiant heart, that he would not give credit to the report of any Phrygian, of any 
* Lycaoni●… was a piece of Cicero's dominion.  Lycaonian, as you did in your Ambassadors, but set light by the informations of those men which bore best and iolliest countenance, if their reports seemed to savour of ill will and malice. And for somuch as this man's son married your daughter, besides which knitting o●… affinity, and coupling of kindred, feing that C●…. Pompeius beareth you such hearty goodwill, and in you co●…ceiueth great delight, as I am not ignorant: how aught I to be affected towards you, & with what flames of kindness aught my heart to be kindled? specially, sithence he sent letters unto me, the contents whereof were of such quality, that although I had been your sworn and professed foe, as I am your most dear and faithful friend, yet must I needs have been appeased, and have framed my will to the contentation of him, whose merits have my service at com●…aundement. But hereof thus far: for that runneth peradventure, more at large, which is already written, then was necessary and requisite. Now understand you, what I have 
* In the Province, which things do pertain to the purgation of Appius, whom Dolabella accused.  attempted and also finished. Wherein we will labou●… still, more for your advancement, then for your detriment. For (as I hope) we shall hear that you shallbe Censor shortly: the office and authority of which magistrate, I can none otherwise believe, will be better considered off on your behalf (as it requireth a most valiant mind, and singular counsel) more diligently, and more circumspectly, than these matters which we have in hand touching your person.  
Far you well.   

Sulpicius to Cicero.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
When Caesar made war in Spain against Pompeius' complices: Tullia, Cicero's daughter died in childbearth when she was divorced from Dolabella, whereupon Sulpicius sendeth a consolatori●… Epistle, or a comfortable letter to Cicero▪ gathering arguments and reasons as many as he may, to assuage his heaviness.  
AFter 
* His beginning is orderly and incorrigible. For who so is not sorry for the misery of his friend, is not to be counted a friend: and therefore his consolation can be of no force.  the death of your daughter was reported unto me: I took it so grievously (as in deed I aught) & was stoung with such sorrow of heart, that I thought in her departure a common calamity to consist: and if I had been present with you there, at her death, I doubt not but to have given you a testimony, and an assured declaration of my sharp conceived sorrow. And although this kind of comfort is rather miserable, then dele●…able, sour and unsweet, then tempered with pleasantness, because they that minister this preparative to you, are your near friends and familiar companions, and so partakers of your pensifenes in equal proportion, that without streams of tears they cannot discharge such a duty, in so much as they had more need of others consolation, than themselves, being sorrowful, to presume to comfort the perplexed: yet notwithstanding, I have determined at this present, to writ unto you briefly, such things as offered themselves to my remembrance: not that I presuppose you to be ignorant, what in this case should be accomplished: but because you being now peradventure over whelmed with heaviness, are not so circumspect as you have been accustomed. 
* The original of his come fort is derived fròm the state of the time.  Why should that your inward gréese so consume and waste your person? Consider, I pray you consider, in what order fortune hath dealt with us: that by her fumishnesse & terrible thunderings, we are spoilt & left utterly naked of those things, which with men are in no less price and estimation than children, our native country I mean, how think you? our honesty, our dignity, and all the honours depending upon our provincial estate. This mischief and inconvenience being precisely pondered, I am in doubt, whether a more forcible thing can chance to engender pensifenes, and to move a man's mind to lamentable mourning. And should not he, whose heart is (as it were) hardened with these greater and more vehement casualties, judge all other sufferable, and with less sorrow to be sustained? You will not be so unwise, I think, to be wail 
* Seeing many which are wounded and slain in war perish & die in forrow and pain,  her condition, if you fall into this consideration (as of necessity you must, and as I me self do, many and oftentimes) that they are in no ill case, in these days specially replenished with tumults, uproars, insurrections, * whose lot and luck it is to make an erchaunge of life accompanied with disquietness, for a death delivered from all vexation, & fortified with perpetual peace, rest, and tranquillity. What was there in Tullia your daughter, which might greatly kindle in her a will and desire to have life lengthened, in this time burdened with troubles? what hope? what confidence? what thing of port & countenance? that she being contracted and married to some noble youngman, might run the race of her age in his ple●… saunt partenership? You may, I think, and it is lawful for you, in mine opinion, without suspicion of prejudice, to choose and elect, out of the noble and honourable youth of Rome, one young man of whom you do well like and allow, to make him 
* Therefore it should seem that Dolabella & she were divorced.  your son in law, and to his tuition and government to commit your small children and orphans, your own self being in safety. Would you wish that she might live, and fill the city by the benefit of procreation, not using the company of man? Would you desire, I say, to have her bring forth sons and daughters, whom she might behold in their flourishing years, and rejoice? who might possess their inheritance divided unto them of their father, and therewith live like gentlemen and gentlewomen? who might 
* As by the laws it was provided. In lib. de leg. it is manifest,  orderly arise to feats and offices of honour in the common wealth, and in their friends affairs might use their liberality? What of all these things is there, which was not taken away, before it was fully given? But it is a miserable thing for a man to loose his children: the loss of them, no doubt, is miserable, if to suffer open bondage were not much more wretched. Shall I tell you, what put me in great comfort, when time was? undoubtedly I will, upon condition, that the self same things might mitigate & weaken your heaviness▪ As I came out of Asia, and directed my sail from Aegina towards Megara, I began to take a view of the countries round about me. Behind me was Aegina, before me was Megara, on my right hand was Pyraeus, and on my left Corinthus: 
* An argument A Maiori ad Minus. For if so be that desolation be the end of populous cities, no marvel though death be the end of mortal men.  which cities were sometime famous and honourable, but now being battered and sacked, lie ruinous and waste. Then thought I with me self: We silly souls, take the matter too too heavily, when any of our acquaintance dieth, or is slain, whose life (peradventure) was but short: and here how many multitudes of men have been murdered? how many towns destroyed, how many fair buildings overthrown. Will't thou, Servius, stay thee self, and imprint this in thy memory: Hominem te esse natum? That by birth thou art but a mortal man? And believe me (friend Cicero) in thus thinking, I was sufficiently confirmed. The same thing also, if you please, hang before you as it were a looking glass: at one time, 
* An argument derived from comparison.  so many noble men perished: Moreover, thus much was diminished from the state of the empire: finally, all provinces and places of guard were shaken: and yet in the loss of one woman's life, are you so disqu●…eted? who if she had now escaped her dismal day: yet, doubtless, she had not been excused, for within a few years her life would have ended, 
* From that which cannot otherwise come to pass.  because Homo nata est, By birth she was but a woman. Wherefore withdraw your museing mind from these matters, and turn your study rather unto that, which maketh for the renown of your person: persuade yourself that 
* From the person of Tul lia.  she lived as long as need required, and that her uttermost hour passed over head: that her continuance was in the common wealth: that she see you, her good father, in the office o●… the Praetorship: that she was wedded 
* As to Piso, C●…assipedes & Dolabella.  to proper young gentlemen of good place and calling: that she enjoyed in a manner, all the benefits that might be obtained: & that, when the weal public fainted, her life also failed. What is there now remaining, whereof either you, or she might meritoriously power out your complaints against the injurious dealing of Fortune? But to draw to an end: I would not have you forget that you are Cicero, and ●…hat you ●…e the self same man, which was wont to give pre●…ptes unto oth●…rs, and to a●…ist them with your wholesome counsel: and not to follow the example of Naughty Physi●…ians, who profess, and vaunt, that they have understanding and ability enough, to cure the diseases of their patientes, but to heal their own maladies, and to salve up their own sores, they want wit and cunning: but rather apply to your own person, the precepts which you give unto others, and as you would rule other man's minds, so see that your own be governed. Nullus dolour est, quem non longinquitas temporis minuat, atque molliat. 
* The same words are to be found in the 28. epistle of the seventh book.  There is no sorrow and anguish so deadly, but continuance of time may assuage the bitterness thereof, and consume the corsive eating of the same. But for you to await the coming of that time, in hope to use the advantage which it affordeth, 
* From the opinion & con cei●…e of man.  redoundeth to your discommendation: when as your wisdom and knowledge are remedies available, to cut off the course of such an infecting canckar. And admit, there were sense and perseverance in the dead ghosts, yet thus much dare I affirm, that the love which she oweth unto you, and the reuer●…nce which she hath of her friends, would so restrain her will, and bridle her desire, that she 
* An argument drawn from the will of his dead daughter.  would utterly dissallow of this your doing, and in no wise consent, that you should so bitterly lament her death. Deny not this to your daughter deceased: withstand not the wills of your friends, who are touched with a mutual compassion and sufferance of your sorrow: and grant thus much to your natural country▪ that in what thing soever your counsel and assistance are needful, you be not wanting. For end, because we are fallen into this fortune, that our service must not be slack in this matter, 
* Because the heart of every true gentleman, aught to be much more moved with the misery of the common wealth, then with the death of his children.  I wish you, not to give occasion unto other th●…s to think, that so much the death of your daughter is lamented, as the troubles of the commonwealth, and other man's 〈◊〉 are bewailed. To writ more touching this point, I begin to blush, and am ashamed, lest I should seem to distrust of your wisdom. Wherefore one 〈◊〉 more ●…dded, I will end my letter. We have seen you sometimes in flourishing fortune, commendably dispo●…ed, ●…nd thereby able to purchase the price of praise and nobleness: Even so, bend the powers of your spirit, and ●…he force of your mind●…, that in this blustering blast of adversity, we may have some trial of your constancy: and let not the death of your daughter, lay a hevier burd●…n of grief upon you, than behoveth: lest among all other 
* An argument from the praise of Cicero.  virtues, which in you shine and glister, this one be dashed and blemished. As for me self, when I understand that your mind is somewhat quieted, what is done here with us, and in what state the 
* Achaia.  province is, at this present, I will give you knowledge.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Sulpicio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He answereth to the consolatory letter of S. Sulpicius, saying that his sorrow, after he had perused the epistle, was somewhat afsuaged, but yet adding this, that he hath more causes to be he●…uie and sad▪ than any man beside assaulted with the like calamity.  
I Wish, friend Servius, as you writ, it had been your luck to be present with me, in my most heavy and grievous chance. For what a prop and ●…tay you had been to me, both by comforting me, and also by like lamonting with me, I am well in●…ourmed: because I had no sooner perused the sum of your letter, but I felt me self some what re●…ieded. For you did writ those things, which could staunch the streams of my tears: and to quench mine anguish, you did discover the passions of your own heart. servius your son, gave evident demonstrations of all friendly service and courtesy, which might seem pertinent and agreeable to this my infortunate time, both that his good will towards me, wherein he was not wanting, might be manifest: and also, that you therein, for my sake, might participate much pleasure: whose courteous and friendly duties, exhibited with such humanity, were (I must needs say) pouldered with 
* For in misery, what place is left for plea sauntnes.  pleasantness, but yet for all that never scarce acceptable. Your words and phras●… of speech do revive my fainting heart, ouerburthened with heaviness: your suffering of my sorrow for companies sake, doth work the same effect: and your authority and countenance giveth me, against care, great encouragement: For I suppose it a beastly part, not to abide the brunt of my chance, in such sort, as you (a man of excellent wisdom and judgement) think it to be sustained. But yet my sorrows sometimes rush upon me, with such forcible and violent power, that I am beaten down and kept under, and therefore scant able to make resistance: because I perceive those consolations to forsake me quite, which, with others tossed in semblable tem pests of adversity, remain vndiminished. For Quintus 
* Fabius  Maximus, who lost his son having born the office of a Consul, and counted, when he was alive▪ a man of great worthiness, in matters of policy, and of singular renown in feats of chivalry. Besides him, Lucius 
* A Emilius  Paulus, who in seven days space lost two sons, and your 
* Who des●…ended of the Sul picia●… family.  Gallus, and M. Cato, who also lost his son, a man of profound knowledge, and incomparable virtue: they all lived in those days and times, wherein their nobleness and authority which they aspired unto, in the commonwealth, quite quenched their calamity, with preservative receiptes of comfort. As for me (miserable man) after I had suffered shipwreck of all the 
* Countenance Worship▪ Honour, etc. Epistola. 5. lib. 4.  ornaments whereof you make a recapitulation or rehearsal, and see me self spoilt of that which was my maintenance, and amid all these miseries, having but one only comfort, whereupon to stay as on the anchor of my succour, yet is it my evil and accursed l●…ck, to be rob of the same too, and thus is infortunate Cicero deprived of all delight. And what hath the loss of this my last joy procured? 
* A collection of such cause●… as made Cicero sorrowful, declaring that he is not to be reprehended, for being grieved with that, which of right & reason aught to be lamented,  Hath it not hindered me from furthering the suits of my friends? Hath it not made, me forget mine attendance upon the weal public? Hath it not made me have no will nor stomach to plead in the common place? Hath it not made me, not only glad to absent me self from the court of causes, but also full loathe to ●…éeholde the same? and what hath it not done? I thought no less, then at length I found true, that all the profits of my pains, all the commodities of my labours and offices, were vanished: But, when I called things to the touchstone of trial, and examined my luck with other men●… hard chance: when I found that my fortune was common, as well with you, as divers other whom I know: and after I had tormented me self, with the continual cogitations of my calamities, and began to conform and frame me to provoked patience: then I espied an harbour whéether to flee for succour, and I saw a convenient haven where to lie at an●…hor: namely▪ your words and communication set down in lively letter, the sweetness whereof chased away all my cares, and drove all my sorrows into perpetual exile and banishment. And yet, even now, so grieuou●… is this stroke, and so sore hath this blow bruised, that the wounds which I suffered long ago, and which have been 
* Because time assuageth ●…euines. Epist. 5. libro quarti. By which allegorical phrase of speech, he means his old sorrows, which were renewed before they were quite for got.  healed up and covered over with skin, begin a ●…resh to ware raw and green: For I cannot, as I did then, flee from the 〈◊〉 public, for secure, to my private house, which entertained me in my heaviness: so now, run from my priuat●… house, for comfort to the weal public, in my misery, that I might refresh my crac●…te ribs in her bounty and goodness. Wher●…ore▪ I am absent both from the common place, & also from mine own house: be●…ause, that neither the grief, which I feel for the common wealths sake, can be comforted by the benefit of mine house: nor the sorrow which I sustain for my house, can be cured by the assistance of the common wealth: for which causes, I desire the more earnestly to see you, and to have some conference with you. Nothing can so mi●…igate an●… assuage my heaviness, as the meeting of us, two old acquainted friends, & interlacing of talk and communication. I was in hope of your coming (for so it was told me) that you intended to be with me shortly. I wish you here so) ma ny considerations, & principally for this one, that we may del●…berate before hand, between ourselves, how this time should be bestowed, which is wholly to be applied to the pl●…asure and will of 
* He means Caes●…r.  one particular person, in wisdom not obscure, and in liberalitle famous, and as I percei●…e and persuade myself, not unmindful of me, and very 
* At such time as his son took Caesar's part against Pompey.  friendly to you. Which being as it is, great deliberation is required, what order we may best use, not that any thing should be done or attempted, ●…ut that in his grant and goodness we may be acquieted.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Marcello.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He persuadeth Marcellus to abandon all counsel of exile and banishment, and to return into his country: that Caesar is not against it: that his brother desireth it: that the common wealth looketh for it: that the state of his own household and family standeth in great need of it.  
ALthough I understand, such to be the counsel & advisement which you have used, that I dare not be so presumptu●…us, as to pronounce it worthy reprehension: but I must needs seem to vary and differ from the same, because such is my judgement touching your wisdom, that I count not my counsel in respect of yours, deserving prefermêt: yet notwithstanding, the auncientnesse of our friendship, and your great goodwill towards me, whereof I have knowledge and experience from your childhood, admonisheth me to writ those things unto you, which (in mine opinion) for your safety were profitable, and to your worthiness in no point disagréeable. 
* The beginning of his persuasion is derived from the proof of Marcellus his usage in the office of a good Citizen, wherein wanted no performance. etc.  I remember very well, that you are the man, which behaved yourself in the office of your Consulship, no less honourably, then virtuously, long before you saw the sparkles of these enormities and main mischiefs kindling: and this perceived I also, that as well the counsel taken for making civil wars, and the host of Pomp●…ius, and that kind of martial preparation, was of you dissolved, and besides that in so little hope, that it was exceedingly doubted: in which mind, I think, you remember I was in like manner. Wherefore you took occasion not to be much present at the making of such matches: and I did what I might to be always absent. For we did not fight with those weapons, where whi●…h we might 
* He useth the same words in Epi. 1. lib. 6.  have prevailed, namely, with counsel, authority, countenance, and the goodness of our cause, which in us were of greater force: but with arms and sides, wherein we were not the stronger: we were therefore overcome, or, if dignity can not be conquered, yet notwithstanding much impaired, weakened, and wounded. In which, your counsel and intent can not but be universally commended, because that, together with the hope and expectation of overcoming, you did also bridle all desire of fight, and did declare yourself to be both a wise man, and also a good Citizen: a wiseman in that you were unwilling to intermeddle when Civil contentions were a springing: and a good Citizen, in that you were as loath to prosecute such perilous matters to the uttermost. As for those men, to whom this your counsel seemed unsavoury, and therefore unworthy the following, I see they are divided into two kinds: for either they begin to renew battle, and these men have taken their way into 
* To juba the King.  Africa: or else (as we) have committed themselves to him, whose luck●… it is to be conqueror. Your counsel is to neither of thes●… 
* In that thou will't neither renew war, nor return to Rome: but remain in exile.  twain inclined, but as a mean separated by itself, supposing the one to be a signification, peradventure of a cowardly mind, and the other an argument of a malapert companion. I confess, that your counsel and determination, is judged of most men, (and if I said of all men, I should not speak amiss) to proceed from singular wisdom, and from a mind established upon the foundation of magnanimity, and the sure ground work of valiantness: but this your consideration & purpose, (except I lean beside my cushing,) hath in it a certain measure & meaning, sithence I suppose, y● to the obtaining, & repossessing of all your 
* For the desperation of the which he did choose to be in banishment.  renown and substance, nothing, beside will, in you was wanting. For so I understood, that nothing else offered doubts to the mind of him, 
* Alluding to Caesar.  whose power and pre-eminence is universal, but that he suspected such to be your security, that you would think your restitution to be no benefit: whereof what I judge, it booteth not to declare, sithence it is apparent, what I myself have done, whom you may at this present, use for an example. But if you are fully resolved, to live rather in perpetual absence, then to see that which in no wise you would: 
* From that which is necessary.  yet this aught to be fixed and settled in your cogitation, that in what plot of land so ever your body abide, you are not exempted from his dominion, but subject to the power of him, to whom by flight you deny subjection and allegiance: who of his singular clemency and goodness, though he should suffer you, now destitute of country, & frustrate of possessions, to live as you list in peace & quietness: 
* So that his exile is neither honest nor safe.  yet aught you of duty, to make this your continual meditation, what a godly thing it is for you to lead your life rather at Rome in your own house, then to be abroad in Mitylene, or in Rhodes. But for so much as the power of him, to whom we exhibit duty and reverence, is so far dilated & stretched, that it containeth the compass of the whole world: were not you better allow of this election, to live at home within the limits of your own land, void of peril and danger, then in foreign and strange places, to sustain vile annoyance? As for mine own self, 
* The words of a most courageous hearted man: and better to be followed then to be spoken.  Though I should suffer terrible death, yet had I rather abide the smart thereof, within the walls of my native soil, then in places of great distance, where I am not known. And of this opinion are 
* From common: consent.  all they which love you & tender your worship, of whom there is a multitude innumerable, whose good hearts & well wishing you have won by your excellent virtues, & purchased by the glistering mirror of your Nobleness. We 
* From that which is profitable and commodious.  also your friends, have a regard to the condition of your family, & domestical affairs, which we will in no case should so run to ruin & docay, as to grow past remodie. For, although it can take no such injury, as may alwai●… last, & never be cut off from continuance: (because neither he who hath supremacy in the common wealth, nor the common wealth itself, would see such a villainy committed▪) yet I would not that your good●… & possessions sho●…ld lie open to the claws of the greedy spoilers: & who they be that I term by the name, I am not so timorous and white livered, but I dare send you word in writing, how●…it, I think it néedless●…▪ For in that matter, I am assured, you can not be ignorant. And in this behalf, the manifold cares of one peculiar person, and his continual tears, (Caius' Marcellus, I mean, your very good Brother) make intercession, next unto whom are we immediately, in thought and in sorrow, but in the parts of suppliantes somewhat more slack than ●…e, because we can not have access unto you, sithence we ourselves are destitute of an advocate. So much favour can we find, as men vanquished may: and as for counsel, advice, and labour otherwise, to do Marcellus pleasure, we will not be w●…nting. 
* That set light by Marcellus his retu●…ne.  The rest of yours admit us not into their company: as for us we are provided at all assays, in all cases whatsoever.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Marcello.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle was also indicted and written▪ to the same end and purpose, that Marcellus night be persuaded to return to his own●… Country.  
TO admonish you, I dare not because of your notable wisdom: nor to encourage you, because of your valiant stomach: and by no means to comfort you, because you are not fearful. For if such be your sufferance and patience, in these your perplexities, as by report I have received, I aught rather for your 
* Which in adversity appeareth more glorious.  virtue sake, to show myself joyful, the●… to serve you with solace, in your case sad & sorrowful. But if these foul mischiefs, which have almost, broken the neck of the Common wealth, so sting you that you faincte: my witt●… is not so fruitful, nor my pen so speedy, to raise you up again with sweet consolations, sithence to be mine own physician in semblable maladies, I have none ability. 〈◊〉 remains therefore, that I show and try myself the man whom I am taken to be, & y● my assistance be so present in allthings, which either you or yours shall desire, that both you & they may conceive this opinion of me, that I am yours, not 〈◊〉, for you, to do what I can, but to presume somewhat further beyond the bounds of mine own service and power. 
* Note this artificial form of admonition, to the end he might au●…yde all offence on his own part.  Yet notwithstanding, be you in this point resolved, that that wherein I have given you advertisement, or discovered mine own private judgement, had issue from a hearty good will, whereof to show a signification. I was constrained to use no longer silence: wishing that you would do as I do, namely, stick steadfastly in this persuasion, that if there be any common wealth at all, you aught of duty to be there resident (by the consent and voice of all men) a real Prince in actual government, in necessity giving place unto time: But if there be no common wealth, yet for all that, this to be a most meet and conue●…ent room to harbour the 
* For where there is no common wealth, there is exile and banishment.  banished. For if we follow liberty, and forsake servitude, what place is there in all the world, not subject to the regiment and power of this 
* Rome the Lady & Empres●…e of the world.  city? But if any other place whatsoever, like you for the benefit of liberty, yet ponder thus much more, that no place for such a purpose is more sweet and comfortable, than your private dwelling, and peculiar abiding. And believe me (Marcellus) 
* This is added, to put Marcellus in hope of the recovering of his former dignity and reputation.  he in whose dominion and possession, all things are lodged, is not go so far beyond all humanity, but that he favoureth and furthereth worthy wits: and as for the nobility, and honour due to men for their merits, no man thereof hath more consideration: sithence to the uttermost of his ability, he procureth, and according to the state of the cause, laboureth, that such things should be recompensed with great estimation. But I have let my pen run at random more than I was purposed. I draw backward therefore, to that one point of consolation, that with yours, if in deed they be 
* The. 11. Epistle of the. 4. book declareth the meaning of this place.  yours, I will continued yours: if not, yet will I nevertheless, at all assays so stand your approved friend, that all duties incident and payable to our vn●…eigned love and ancient acquaintance, shall exquisitely and thoroughly be discharged.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to M. Marcello.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He dealeth with him by order of persuasion to return into his own country, and draweth his reasons from sundry circumstances very artificially: which reasons of his, are very forcible to make him yield to the foresaid matter in question.  
ALthough I gave to Quinto Mucio, not many days ago, a letter written somewhat at large, to be delivered to your own hands, wherein I discovered my judgement, how you aught to be affected in your own case, and what for to do were most convenient, in my thinking: yet, when Theophilus, your freeman, was providing to take his journey unto you, and I sufficiently perceiving his faithfulness, and benevolence towards you, would in no wise, let him pass without any letter. Wherefore, I thinking it not impertinent to your present estate, advertise you now as I have done heretofore, not to neglect your own commodity, but to will and to do your best, in that common wealth (howsoever it be inclined) to be conversant, from the which you are now absent. You shall (peradventure) see many things which gladly you would not, but yet not more than you do daily hear. Furthermore, it is not for you to be moved with the sense of the sight only, for so much as you hear the very same things with your ears, which are seen with your eyes, 
* These words are opened & made plain, in the first Epistle. Lively 6. in a marginal note.  wherein greater force appeareth to consist. But peradventure, your fear and suspicion créepeth somewhat further, lest you should say somewhat which you mean not, or else do that which you can not like. In these restraints lift up your ears to my judgement. First, To yield to time, that is, 
* Epistola. 50. Lib. 21. ad At●…cum.  Not to struggle with necessity, is always counted a point of wisdom. Besides that, The matter is otherwise, as the case now standeth. It is not lawful, perhaps, to speak what you think: but lawful (no doubt) to be still and silent: for all things are at the commandment of one, who followeth the counsel and advise, not of his friends, but of himself: which thing would not come to pass much otherwise, if the reins of the common wealth were committed and given in charge unto 
* Meaning Pompeius.  him, whose part we have taken. Think we, that he who in time of war a●…d battle, when he saw the peril of us all, linked and laced to the danger of himself, would not use the counsel of 
* Scipio, D●…mitius, and di vers other.  some men both prudent and politic: that he will in triumph and victory take more upon him, than he hath, in matters of small affiance, less assura●…nce, and greater uncertainty? and that he, who regarded not the benefit of your advise, being leavened with singular wisdom, when you were in the office and place of an honourable Consul: nor allowed the counsel of your brother, bearing the office of the Consulship, by your authority: that he will now, having all things in his subjection and possession, desire our opinions? Omnia sunt misera in bellis civilibus: In civil commotions all things are miserable: which to be true, our ancestors have, not seldom times felt: but 
* By reason of Sylla and his complices.  this our present age also, hath oftentimes tasted: and nothing is more miserable, than the victory itself: which, although it fall to the lot of the better, yet it maketh them the more f●…erce, and violent: that, notwithstanding they be not so inclined by nature, yet to be such they are constrained by necessity. 
* He excuseth Caesar.  For the Victor or Conqueror, must do many things to the expectation and contentment of them, by whose help he obtained the victory, yea against his own will. Did not you as well as I, see what cruelty was like to ensue that victory? and would you for all that, even then, be destitute of the company of your country, lest your eyes should (peradventure) behold those things, which your will ●…an in no wise be won unto? Not, you will say: for I myself would defend mine own interest, and keep my ●…ignitie and worthiness unblemished. But it is a special point of your virtue and puisaunce, to reckon your own state among things of lest estimation, and to be touched with a more vehement care of the common wealths preservation. Finally, what is the end of your determination and meaning? for as yet your deed is commended: and your 
* In that he lived 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and safety.  state also, as the case standeth, is not dispraised: your deed, because you did follow the beginning of Battle necessarily, and yet did revoke yourself from continuing to the end, not unadvisedly: your state, because you possess peace & quietness, and suffer no defection of your renown, nor eclipse of dignity. And now aught no place to savour more sweetly in your nose, than your natural country: neither is it your part to impair & cut short your love towards it, because it is grown out of favour and is waxed deformed, but rather to be touched with the greater compassion, and to pity her present perplexities: besides that to gratify and recreate her, hedged in with heaviness, and not to absent yourself, because you would not see her in this misery: for she is deprived of 
* As Pompeius, Cato, Domitius, Scipio, Bibulus, Lentulus, Appius, all which were Cosuls: except Cato, who was Praetor.  many Noble men, and excellent personages, so that the want of you also doth aggravate her grief, For end, if it was the point of a stout and manful mind, not as suppliant to yield to the Conqueror, take heed, that it be not the part of a proud and haughty heart to contemn and set light by his liberality: and if it be the point of a wise man, to be lo●…h to lack the liberty of his land, surely it is the part of a flinty fellow and a hard head, not to be in love with such a benefit●…: and if you can not enjoy the common wealth, yet think that it is double folly to neglect private profit. The sum of all, is this: if the life which at this time you lead, liketh you so well, that you do so love it, as that you are loath to leave it, & that it is more cōuen●…ent & fit for you, than otherwise: 
* Whereupon not to think, is the point not of a wiseman.  yet let your cogitations and studies be conversant herein, that it is less s●…fe and more dangerous. Great is the lawless laying on of the sword and warlike weapon: but in foreign places is more impudence to offend, and less shamefastness and honesty to do violence. So dear and precious is your safety and life unto me, that I am equally matched with your brother Marcellus, or at lest, to tell the truth, as near to him as may be. It is your part to have regard of 
* To think ●…at all things are in the power of Caesar.  these tumultuous times, to cast an eye towards your own health, and finally of your life and lands to have good consideration.  
Far you well.   

Marcellus to Cicero.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He signifieth of his return into his country, being thoroughly moved with the counsel and countenance of Cicero.  
WEll may you think, that your 
* Some may do more with us by countenance and authority than our brother or kinsman by lou●… and counsel.  countenance and authority prevailed much with me, as well in all matters, as principally & chief in this. When as C. Marcellus my brother, whose love and goodwill towards me, was exceeding great, did not only give me counsel, but besought me with earnest letters: he could not win me to subscribe to his desire, nor perceive me persuaded in that point, before that your letters had made a gap and entrance unto me, the rather to use the soundness of your counsel▪ 
* Concerning his return granted of Caesar.  How the matter goeth, and what hath been done in my behalf, your letters give sufficient knowledge. Your rejoicing for my sake, although I could not but best allow thereof, because it springeth from the clear fountain of a well disposed mind: yet is it so much the more sweet, pleasant, and acceptable, as I have grown to the understanding of this, that in my great want of well willers, scarcity of friends, and old acquaintance, who tender my person and possessions, sincerely, you have showed yourself most desirous of my safeguard, and not squeamish or dainty of your singular benevolence. As for other things, I make such account of them, as I might well be without them, and with a good will lack them, except the times and days were not as they are: But this benefit of friendship, I hold in such value and estimation, that I am full lie persuaded, No man is able to live either in sour adversity or in sweet prosperity, if good men be coy of their counsel, and friends spa●…ing of their comfort: in the consideration where of my heart reioy●…eth. And that you may likewise understand, that you have been 〈◊〉 to a man not unthankful, I will do what I can to requited your courtesy.  
Far you well.   

Sulpicius to Cicero.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He declareth certain circumstances touching Marcellus, who was slain of Magius, and signifieth his services of humanity towards the dead body exhibited.  
ALthough I am assured, that the news which I bring can not be very pleasant in your hearing, nor delectable in your conceiving: yet notwithstanding, because Chance and Nature have power and rule in good men, I thought it requisite and necessary (howsoever the case standeth) to give you intelligence. Upon the tenth of the kalends of june, when I had sailed from Epidaurus, to Piraeus, there I found Marcellus 
* In the Consulship.  our fellow in office, with whom I had communication and conference, and bestowed all that day in his company. The next day following, when I was departing and taking my leave of him, of intent & purpose to go from Athens into Boeotia, and so to pass through the residue of my 
* For Sulpicius was L. Precedent over Achaia.  jurisdiction: he, as I was in form by his own mouth, was preparing passage by ship above Malea toward Italy. The next day after, when I was determined to journey from Athens, about ten of the clock at night, Posthumius, a familiar friend to Marcellus, came unto me, and told me heavy tidings: namely, that M. Marcellus our fellow in office, after supper time, was sore smit●…ē of P. Magius Chilo, one of his acquaintance, with a dagger, and that he had two wounds, the one in his stomach, the other in his head, hard by one of his ears: and yet notwithstanding, that there was some hope of possibility to live. And that 
* Ad Atticum ●…pist. 10. li. 13.  Magius also hereupon murdered himself: which tragical chances moved Marcellus, being towards his end, to send unto me, that I might have understanding what had happened, with request in like manner, that I would procure him a Surgeon. I provided one, and without ●…urther procra●…ination and delay, we went to Marcellus early in the morning, so soon as the day star appeared. And being not far from Piraeus, Acidmus servant met me with certain letters and writings, wherein was noted, that Marcellus a little before day, was departed. Thus a noble & an honorble man was murdered by the hands of a varlet & a villainous beast: It was his hard luck & cursed chance, whom his enemies, for his worthiness and virtues sake, greatly spared, to find a friend, whose daggers dint wrought his doleful death. Howbeit I stayed not myself upon this certificate, but forward went I to his pavilion or tent, and coming thither, I found two of his free men, and also of his servants a fews. The rest ran away for fear, as they said, 
* Because it was death to those servants in that they defended not their master and Lord  because their Lord and Master was slain before his own tent. I was constrained to lay him in mine own horse li●…tire, wherein I myself came riding, and caused him to be carried back again into the city, where I procured as much pomp and solemnity at his funeral, as I was able to make at Athens. I could (by no means) obtain thus much of the Athenians, that he might be interred within the walls of the city: for to their denial they added a reason, because the state of their religion was an 
* At Rome also the same was forbidden.  impediment in that case, and would grant no toleration: & that it never was permitted to any man, time out of mind. But yet thus much curtesi●… did they show, that in what famous place of exercise soever we would, his interrement should not be withstood nor hindered, upon which permission we presumed, and chose out the 
* Where Plato sometime flourished.  Academy, where we burned the corpses to ashes, and after that found such favour at the hands of the Athenians, that they repined not at expenses, but erected in the self same place, a tomb or monument of Marble stone, in his sempiternal remembrance. So discharged we all the duties which we might, to him whom fellowship in office, & friendship in course of life, made dear unto us, both while he was living, & also when he was dead.  
Far you well. Dated at Athens, the day before the Calends of june.   

Cicero to his wife Terentia.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He showeth what was the cause of his troubles, and how he was disbutthened: and saith somewhat touching his navigation or voyage to Pompeius.  
I 
* This letter was written at what time L●…tulus and Marinell cellus were Consuls.  Am disburdened and eased of many cares and troubles, which made you a woeful woman, as I understood, and I was very sorry for the same. And what was the cause of my heaviness, I perceived the next day after that I departed from you. At night I cast up much ch●…ler, after the ejection whereof, I felt such a refection, that one God or other seemed as a Physician, to have ministered some wholesome & seasonable medicine to me their poor patient, to which God (as you are accustomed) make some satisfaction, not superstitiously, but religiously, I mean, to Apollo & Aesculapius. I hope we have a sound & a swift 
* He means the ship wherein he made his voyage to Pō●…eius.  ship to sail in, & to make speedy passage, into which so soon as I was entered, I took pen and ink and indicted this letter: hereafter I purpose to writ many Epistles to our familiar friends, and old acquaintance: wherein I will make often mention of you, wife Terentia, and of our daughter Tulliola, with no less diligence, than kindness commending you unto them, (I trust) for your commodity. I would counsel you to be courageous and stout hearted, but that I know your valiantness and magnanimity to be such, as no man's therewith may be counted comparable. And yet such to be the state of many matters, I mistrust not, that both you may continued where you are, now very commodiously: and that I shall hereafter fight for the safety of the weal public and others with me of the same fellowship, right puisauntly. It is my will and desire, that you regard your own health: and if it like you, you may remove your household to such towns as be furthest from those, where soldiers be encamped. Arpinas ground will serve your turn very well, if victuals wax dear and scant. Cicero hath him most hearty commended unto you.  
Far well a thousand times. Dated the. 7. of the Ideses of june.   

Cicero to his wife Terentia, Tulliola his daughter, and Cicero his son.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This letter is not only lamentably indicted, but also faintingly invented. The argument and meaning thereof is manifold, and consists of variable circumstances, because he maketh answer to sundry points and articles contained in the letters of his wife Terentia.  
I Confess I may writ more oft than I do, although I 
* This was written, when Piso, and Gabinius were Consuls.  spare my pen, and writ in such s●…rt as if I had little leisure: and what reason moveth me to send you letters so seldom, I suppose you can not be ignorant: because that, as all times are unto me miserable, and still replenished with recourse of fresh calamities: so when I address my style unto you, or when I peruse the epistles sent from you unto me, I fall into such seas of anguish, that the very tears trickle down my cheeks: yea, in such sort do I sigh and lament, that I can endure no longer, to suffer further torment. I would I had been less longing after life, and more groaning after the gra●…e: then (undoubtedly) had we not seen such mischiefs, nor been subject to such tempests of troubles. Howbeit, if ●…ortune have reserved us to any hope and confidence of future profit and commodity, hereafter to be gathered, then are we so much the 〈◊〉 deceived. But if these storms be continual, and so unchangeable, that no calm is like to f●…llow: then I would I might look you in the face, (my life and my joy) and I would I might dye within the comfortable clasp of your embracing arms: sithence, neither the Gods eternal, whom you have worshipped with sincerity and perfect devotion, are pi●…rced with pity to consider our deserts: nor yet men, whose safety I never refused to procure, are moved with consideration to recompense our merits. We were at Brundisium with M. Lenius Flaccus, the space of xiii. days, a very good man and a friendly, and such a one, as for my sake, put his own life, lands, and goods, in desperate hazard: not fearing the penalty of a 
* The law of Clodius, which commanded that none should be so hardy & bold, as to receive Cicero near their house, within the compass of four miles. etc.  most injurious law, in such servile sort, that it should be an impediment, whereby to restrain him from exhibiting duties of humanity to his friend, and courteous entertainment to such whom he favoured. I would we were once able to make him amendss: we thank him daily, but that is no sufficient acquittance. We passed from Brundisium the fifth of the kalends of May, and so took our voyage to Cyzicus by Macedonia. O miserable man, O tormented traveler: what should I desire of you, poor woman, wasted in body, and consumed in mind: to come and visit me? may I not desire so much? may I not see you? then, alas, must I lack you? now sure so I think: Then must I do as I may. If there be any hope of our return, do what you can to confirm and to further it. But if there be none, as I suspect and fear, then are we undone, and past hope of good speed. Howbeit, do what you can to come to me, and then be sure of this, that if I have your company, I will not think myself in despair and past recovery. But for our daughter Tulliola, what order shall we take? I refer that to your discretion: for I can in that case give no counsel. Nevertheless, how so ever the case standeth, regard must be had, that her misery be mitigated, her marriage not neglected, and her good name and fame well maintained. And what shall Cicero my son do? I am content that he lodge in my bosom, and be always present within the compass of mine embracing body. Moore than I have already written, I can not comprehend: heaviness hindereth, sorrow will not suffer, care intercepteth, present grief in no wise permitteth. How it fareth with you, I wot not, whether you possess something, or (whereof I am sore afraid) whether you are spoiled and turned out of all things. I travel in confidence, that Piso, as you writ, will continued our friend and favourer. Touching such of our family, whom I have made free and set at liberty, there remaineth no matter wherewith you should be moved. As for those which abide with you, your promise was, that your dealing should measure their deserving. Orpheus remaineth still in service, and persisteth in his duty: the rest are not so officious and attendant. The condition of the other servants is such, that if we be quite dispossessed, they enjoy freedom and liberty, if they may obtain it 
* If by the means and procurement of Clodius they were not withstood.  without contradiction or denial. And if we be not disherited, but keep our own without diminution or empayring, that their service be at our commandment, a very few excepted. Howbeit, these are to be thought things of less weight, and tending to small purpose. Whereas you exhort me, to have a good heart, and such a mind, as the foggy and moist mists of miseries, may not infect and putrefy: and moreover minister hope and confidence of restitution to my former worship and dignity, with recovering of my sore shaken safety: I wish with all my heart, such to be the hope which you exhibit, that in hoping, I may not, as one unhappy, hope amiss. Now, for myself (miserable man) when shall I receive any letters from you? what messenger shall convey them hither, and deliver them to my hand? I had looked for them at Brundisium, but that the mariners would needs away, as loath to be hindered by any tide or tempest. It remains (my Terentia) that you maintain yourself, as you are not unable. Honest hath been our former life, and our days already spent have flourished in prosperity: our offence hath not put us to this trouble and vexation, but our virtue is the cause of this our sharp affliction. There is nothing amiss, 
* An argument of a mind full of perturbations and troublesome cogitations.  but that we lost not life and all, with the rest of the ornaments of our renown. But if the lengthening of life, in consideration of our posterity and offspring, be supposed more acceptable, then with the deprivation of honour, to suffer deaths incontroulable assault, and so to putrefy in the grave: then are we not discontent, but yield very gladly, to abide other bitter brunts and shrewd skyrmishes of adversity: albeit in 〈◊〉, they are importable and not to be suffered. I sent Clodius Philetraeus back again, because his eyes were diseased.  
Sallustius with his dutifulness is a friend to hope. Cennius is a great favourer of us, and such a one in deed, in whom I see such confidence of hearty goodwill remaining, that I am persuaded he will never fail you, if he may further you. Sia said he would see me, but he is go from Brundisium. Be careful of your own health, and let this thought be always resident in your mind. 
* An argument of his love to wards his wife Terentia.  That I suffer not such smarting torments in consideration of mine own calamity: as I feel dead lie pangs in respect of your misery. Terentia, my most faithful, trusty, and loving wife: Tulliola, my most dear and best beloved daughter: Cicero, the surplusage of my hope, and pledge of all my joy:  
Far you well. The day before the Calends of May. From Brundisium.   

Cicero to Caesar.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He commends Apollonius, sometime servant to P. Crassus, to win him credit with Caesar, then encamped in Spain, and armed against the confederates of Pompeius.  
MY love and liking of 
* This Crassus was slain of the Parthians, with his father M. Crassus.  P. Crassus, a young man of exceeding nobleness, hath been no less faithful than fervent: in whom, while he was but in the flower of his age, I reposed such hope as kindled my comfort: and began also to conceive of him as well as heart could think, upon sundry circumstances which offered themselves to my judgement. With this Crassus sometime was Apollonius in service, of whom, while his master lived, I made great account, and might in no wise disallow of his doings: for he was very circumspect & studious in his master's business, & a man marvelous moete to serve his turn at all assays: for the which cause Crassus loved him accordingly. And now, since the d●…th of Crassus, this man, by occasion, being moved to my remembrance, seemeth to me not unworthy of favour, & to deserve the inheritance of a ●…rend, because his opinion was always occupied in this point, y● to such whom he loved, he would exhibit reverence: & duty without dissimulation, to such as him well liked. This Appolonius coming over unto me at Cilicia, did afford me such service, that in many things I might not miss the necessary use of his assisting hand, nor be destitute of his wisdom, counsel and providence: and the self same man, as I think, withdrew not his will or might from you, at such time as it was welcome, adventuring to compass as much as his ability could permit, in the Alexandrine battle. Which service of his, ministering this hope unto his heart, that your opinion concerning his person, and behaviour, would be no less commendable than ours▪ he determined with himself, to prepare direct passage * unto you principally into Spain, to the attempting also of which voyage, mine advise was not wanting, for his further encouragement. To whom I would not have applied so plausible a style, in depainting out his praise, but that I was persuaded, that with you it should lose none authority: Howbeit, I praise him not, to this purpose, as though he had not deseru●…d commendation, sithence you can not be ignorant, that he was a servitor under you in time of war, when his merits were manifest: and one at your commandment, as you know, if you call Crassus to 
* For Crassus was Ambassador to France at the appointment of Caesar.  memory. And if he were disposed to crave commendation, and were addicted to hear the trump of man's tongues sound his praise, I perceive whole multitudes applyaunt in that behalf. As for the testimony of mine own private judgement, whereof he accounted, not slenderly, and which I am assured of, shall prevail thoroughly, I have most willingly declared. I dare verify, that the man is learned, and that he hath desired and the in the best exercises of study, which good inclination hath not sprung in him of late, but grown in him of long con tinuance, ever since he was a boy. For he lodged in my house, with Diodotus the Stoical Philosopher, a man (in my judgement,) very profound, and deeply experimented in matters of natural secrecy, and other points of wisdom and gravity: with whom he did keep company, not for a fashion, but of a will, to wax learned, and expert in that whereof he was ignorant: and being now inflamed with the admiration of your martial exploits, and other serious affairs, is very desirous, to reduce them in a Chronicle, and to writ them in the Greek tongue, as a monument of your in mortal memory. I doubt not but he is able to comprehend as much as he pretendeth, and that he can bring his enterprise, in that case, to perfection. He lacketh no learning: he lacks not experience: it is not long, since he was conversant in the like kind of knowledge and practice: very earnest is he, to satisfy the eternity of your puissance, and by his pen to decipher your praises in perpetual records: Now have you a witness and testimonial of mine opinion touching Appollonius: of whom, I trust, you will according to the singularity of your discretion, conceive certain judgement: and thereafter give him a taste of your courtesy: And yet again, I commend him unto you, whereof I made a former denial, protesting, that in what respect soever it shall please you to be his favourer and furtherer, I myself shall accounted it worthy double acceptation.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Caesar.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He commends a young man named Praeciliu●…, whose father was a very great friend to Caesar.  
I Am bond of humility, to commend unto you solely and alone, the son of 
* Note the causes from whence this commendation is derived.  your very friend, my familiar companion: the son (I say) of an excellent man, and one to whom (for his modesty, and civil behaviour) I bear special affection, and can not but recompense him with the like proportion of goodwill, as he showeth and performeth towards me. Besides that, by sundry instructions of trial, and infallible experience, I understand, and therefore the more boldly affirm, that his father was a singular friend unto me. This same is he▪ which sometime derided me, and other while rebuked me, because I was not conformable (being so honourably invited of y●…ur own person) to join with you, as your adherent. 
Hom. Od. 〈◊〉 60.   

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   

Yet, though he sought to prove me,  
His counsel could not move me.   
For I herded our Nobles and Peers making this exclamation and saying: 
Hom. Od. A. ●… & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 21. & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 209.   

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   

Be stout and strong, with valiant heart  
In Martial field show what thou art,  
That thy successors may thee praise,  
As duskish clouds do darken days.   
Yea, they stay not there, but go about to set me all in a light flame, notwithstanding I was kindled before, and thus they talk unto me:  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
〈◊〉. 241.   
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   

If die thou dost, then die not like a clown:  
But with thy end, join glory and renown:  
Attempt some worthy act, and noble deed:  
Thy fame then shall they sound that thee succeed.   
But these persuasions are of small force to move me, as you may perceive: wherefore, leaving the lofty and vaunting style of Homer, I will frame myself to the performance of Euripides his true and undoubted precepts.  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉   

I can not like that prudent man, 
This verse cited by Cicero, is not to be found in Euripides.   
Which for himself no wisdom can.   
Which verse of the Poet, that good old father Praecilius notably commends, and saith, that such a one doth see, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, behind and before, meaning that, as he is not ignorant of things past, so of things present and to come, he is not unskilful: and such a one saith he:  

〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
Il. 2. 57 & A. 27.    

May counted be right excellent,  
In universal government.   
But to leave my digression, and to occupy my pen in that which I first attempted: you shall show unto me, a principal point of courtesy, and discover your benevolence abundantly towards me, if your humanity and gentle inclination, which is s●…ngular, may be exhibited to this youngman, of whom I have made mention: and that it shall further please you, to perform the sum of my suit, and by your means to advance him to the scope of my commendation: which (I hope) you will no less accomplish, for the further dignity of the race of the Praecillians: then I have been appliaunt to instill this supplication into your remembrance, that they meritoriously may reap the benefit of your gracious favour. Thus have I used a 
* Because of the interlaceing of greek Poem●…s.  new and strange form of writing, and discrepant from my usual method of inditing letters, to the intent that you might the better understand, how these my words, have not discoursed upon a vulgar and common kind of commendation.  
Far you well.   

Lentulus' to Cicero.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He maketh a commemoration of such feats as he had done: accuseth the Rhodians upon occasion: and addeth a rehearsal of his deserts towards the common wealth.  
After that I had some company, and a little conference, with our friend Brutus, and perceived apparently, that in his coming to Asia, there was more delay than maturity and speed: I addressed my return back again into Asia, that I might gath●…r up the gleanings of my labours, and send money to Rome, as soon as possibly I might: In the mean season I came to knowledge of Dolabelaes' 〈◊〉 in Lycia, being in number above a hundred ships, prepared fo●… the ready assista●…nce of his armi●…: pr●…ided by 〈◊〉 of purpose, that if he were 
* Cassinius being there resident as goue●… nou●….  〈◊〉 of the confi●…nce 〈◊〉 he reposed in Syria, he might presently 〈◊〉 shipping and passing with expedition into Itali●…, might join himself with the Anthony's, and fortify, with his aid; the rest of those tumultuous villains. In the fear whereof I traveling with great thought, and in such great doubt, as I am not disposed to express, set all mine own affairs and matters of importance at cinque and si●…e, and endeavoured myself with the company of fewer and lesser ships, to sail towards them: which presumption of mine ●…ad grown to perfection and full effect, and by my mean as ●…ad quite ●…éene dispatched, if the Rhodians had not procured 〈◊〉 ●…inderaunce: 〈◊〉, notwithstanding their impediments, provided for my ●…inderaunce, a great part of them, though not the whole 〈◊〉, was discomfited, and put to flight. At the coming of us not only the souldi●…rs, but also the captains, and presidents of the army, were moved with such amazing of mind, an●…●…stonishment of heart, that having no stomach to enter conflict and skyr●…, betook them to 〈◊〉, for their present remedy. As for their ships of burden, we took them, every vessel: and now have I obtained 
* The discom fiture of his adversaries & enemies.  that, which did not only offer unto me occasion of doutfulnesse, but troubled me also with much fear, so that the matter being brought to this stay, Dolabe●…la is not able to pass through into Italy with his 〈◊〉, nor with his partakers and 〈◊〉, to make you more and harder work, wherein to 〈◊〉 o●…upied. The Rhodians, how desperately they behave themsel●…es, as well towards us, as also towards the common w●…lth, you may understand by ●…y letters which I sent abroad publicly and openly. And certainly, I was more pinching and sparing in my ●…riting concerning them, than I found them furious, & more like 〈◊〉, then ruled with advisement. I would net have you moved with admiration, for that I have written somewhat shortly. Wonderful is their outrage. As for mine own private injuries, against them I made patience a preservative: their evil disposed mind for the safety of our ●…ide, their gréed●…nesse to For if I might dispatch the ●…ollection of all the money whi●…he I am ●…o send unto Rome, my next request should be for a ●…uccessour in my plate. Now, that which I have given to Cassius, that which we have lost by the death of Tr●…bonius, by the light credit of Dolabella, and ●…y the deceitful dealing of them, which: kept not 〈◊〉. ●…ither performed promise unto me, nor yet to the common wealth, it is my meaning to recover and obtain: which otherwise can not be accompulished, except▪ I might have longer space granted of adiding: and that my request ma●… be subscribed unto, I desire you, that your 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 may ●…o a further●…ce. I 〈◊〉 m●… self, so well to have deserved of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that I aught not to look after the benefit and commodity of this Province, but to be in as great expe●…tation of recompense, as either Cassius or B●…utus, not only for the fellowship in 
* When we gave Caesar his deaths wounds.  that fact, and 〈◊〉 taking in that perilous enterprise, but also 〈◊〉 our good 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and for the 〈◊〉 of our 〈◊〉 For, was 〈◊〉 the first that wrought the dissolution and breaking of Anth●…ies laws? was not I 〈◊〉 first that 〈◊〉 over Dolabellaes' troop of horsemen to the common wealth, and delivered the same to Cassius? was not I the first, that for the safety of 〈◊〉, had the advantage of choice, for the s●…ppression of that most mi●…chiefous and detestable 〈◊〉? It 〈◊〉 I, and 〈◊〉 but I▪ that succoured Cassiu●… with soldiers, and joined Syria to the common wealth. For if I had not maintained Cassius with so much money, & ministered ●…uch present helps & ●…o speedy ●…cours as I did h●… had never had the 〈◊〉 is ●… 〈◊〉 for his heart, to set one ●…oote forward into Syria●… And now also no less inconveniences were like to grow to the weal public, by the means of Dolabella, then there did (s●…mtime) by the procurement of Anthony. All which sores I have 〈◊〉 up with apt plasters, yea, even I have wrought their full perfection, I, (I say) who wa●… both a companion, & a familiar friend to Dolabella, & a near kinsman to Anthony▪ by 
* Because they laboured to Caesar in Len●…ulus behalf, and obtained their suit.  whose mediation &▪ procurement, this province fallen to my charge & authority. But 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Loving my native country with more tenderness, I was at defiance with all my friends, and have denounced battle against mine affinity. And although I perceive, the profits which hereby I have got to be but small, in comparison: yet am I not in doubt or despair, neither in loathsomeness of labour, as overwearied and cloyed with such a busy charge, but am as ready and as venturous as ever I was, not only in the love of liberty, but also in tempests of dangers. Howbeit, if by the procurement of the Senate, and of each other notable parsonage, we may attain some due and deserved honour: our authority shall be enlarged with the rest, and our ability to profit the common wealth shall be increased. I could not see your son, when I came to Brutus, because he was removed and go to keep his winter, with a troop of horsemen. But that he is so affected towards the weal public, both for your sake, and his own, and principally for mine, I have cause to rejoice: for he is to me in stead of a brother, as your true son, and worthy of such a father.  
Far you well. Dated the. iiij. of the Calends of june. At Perga.   

Cicero to Lucceio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He desireth Lucceius the Historiographer, to make a several volume of his own exploits, martial feats, and deeds that he had done: which work might seem of more worthiness.  
PUrposing and attempting, at what time I was in your company, to confer about the same matter whereof I writ at this present, and perceiving myself restrained and still drawn back with somewhat a rustical kind of shamefastness: I have now declared all, being absent, and therefore supported with the more boldness: for letters do not blus●…. I am inflamed with an incredible desire, not (as I take it) deserving reprehension, to have our name made famous by your pen, and with your works to win everlasting worthiness. Which thing, although you tell me often, that you intended to accomplish and fulfil: yet I pray you dispense with my much haste, and suppose my speediness in this point pardonable. For your order and style of writing, notwithstanding it was always of me marvelous vehemently and earnestly desired: yet hath it 
* A commendation, for the getting of goodwill.  quite overcome mine opinion, & hath set me in such a fire, that I covet & crave with all celerity & speed, our deeds & adventures to be registered in your immortal monunients. For, not only the commemoration & rehearsal of succession, haileth me into a certain hope of perpetual renown, but also the earnest desire wherewith I feel myself all kindled: that we may enjoy while we be alive, to our full expectation, either the absolute authority & credit of your testimony, or else the signification of your benevolence, or else the sweetness and pleasantness of your flourishing invention & excellent wit. Neither was I ignorant, at what time I was writing these circumstances, with what heavy burdens (of such things, I mean, as I had taken in hand, and prsuatly determined) I was pressed. But because I did see, and also understand, that the History of the 
* Of the war called bellum sociale: when they which were in countenance, taking in despite that they were thrust out of the city, took up weapon & armour.  Italian war, and the civil commotion, by you was almost finished, and that your pen had painted many leaves of paper, in the description of those tumults and insurrections: and for that you yourself, reported unto me, that you would begin to declare such matters as remained: I would in no wise hinder my solfe, but gave you warning of my will, that you might deliberate and take advisement, whether you thought it more convenient to join such cases and discourses as concerned us, with the residue that by your industry is already compassed: or (as many of the Greek writers have done, as for example, Calisthenens upon the Trojan battle, Tymeus of King Pyrrhus, Polybius of the Numantine war, all which, have divided those fought fields and fierce conflicts, from the bodies of their continued Histories) separate that 
* Meaning the conjuration of Catiline.  civil conspiracy. from those battles and encounters had with our foreign enemies. It is not much available for our commendation: yet for the making of the more haste, it is much material, to touch me & my doings (I mean,) wherein I would have you to cut off all expectation of circumstances touching place, and forthwith give onset to the very cause, and the time. And if your mind be occupied in 
* Of the civil commotion on lie, & of no man but me alone, by whom the rage of that sedition was both assuaged & suppressed.  one argument, & in one person, I perceive already, with what plenty of matter, beauty of words, & sweetness of style, all things are like to be accomplished. I am not ignorant, how greatly these my speeches smell of shamelessness, first in laying upon your shoulders a burden of such weight (for your private business may be a means of flat denial) & secondly, in desiring you so to adorn & advance me, that among all men I may become famous. What if all that I have done seem unto you, not meet to be so popularly praised? yet remember, that He which once runneth once out of the rails of shamefastness, may thoroughly continued impudent. Wherefore my request unto you, is, that you would use a more vehement & pathetical order in this discourse of my deeds, than peradventure you will think upon: and in your description, spare not to set light by the 
* Which allow nothing disagreeable unto truth.  limited laws of an History: And accounted not that favour, as a trifle to be contemned, if it shall commend me unto you with the more vehemence, deem it not I say ridiculous, sithence you have written thereof in a certain treatise very sweetly & pleasantly, & declared that it wrought no less affection in you, than pleasure sometime did in Hercules, of whom Xenophon maketh relation in his memorables: despise not that favour & grace: & as for our love, let it have such liberty, that it may get more largely than truth judgeth worthy grant. And if we may get you to take pains in this matter, it will prove (I am absolutely persuaded) a work worthy of such a writer, wherein his ability is made manifest, & a testimony left of his abundant knowledge. Concerning the beginning of the conjuration & tumult, until the time of our 
* From exile or banishment he means.  return, a small volume, as I think, will serve: wherein you may intermeddle, both with the ripping up of civil commutations & changes, either in the explication of causes which gave original to novelties, or else in the remedies of inconveniences: & also in reprehending such things, as you shall judge prostable, & in matters whereof you have no misliking, allege sundry reasons for their further authority and comprobation. Besides that, if (as your accustomed order hath been) you shall think it necessary and requisite, to set things out amply and largely, then can you not do amiss, if you shall describe 
* He noteth Pompeius & others, of whom contrary to faith, honesty and friendship he was betrayed, that he might gratify Clodius.  the false, faithless, malicious, and traitorous dealing of many against us. Moreover, the sundry chances and changes, whereunto I have been subject, will minister unto you much matter wherein to be conversant, and sufficient argument wherein to be occupied, all be sprinkled and tempered with a certain kind of pleasantness, and variety, which may be allurements to the minds of men, in reading to use deliberation, and delays of delight. For nothing is more meet to recreate the Reader, than the varieties of times, and the alterations of Fortune, which, although in consideration of experience they are not to be desired: yet, in respect of perusing and reading, they are to be embraced. For in the quiet remembrance of sorrows escaped, consists much pleasure: and to such as in their own person have sustained no trouble, but taken a view of other man's chances without sorrow, the conceit of pity breeds much delectation: For which of us, entering into the consideration of captain Epaminondas, lying upon his deaths wound at Mantinaea, is not touched with a certain 
* Compassion and pity for his death: delectation and pleasure for his puisaunce. Ac●…ilius Probus, justine, & Strabo, have all written of him very nota bly.  compassion, tempered with sweetness? who then commanded the spear to be plucked out of his flesh, when to a question by him propounded, this answer was delivered, that his target remained safe, and was not in his enemies possession: that even in the anguish of his mortal wound, he ended the course of his years, with no less contentation, than commendation: and as his death was of him most willingly embraced, so were his merits perpetually praised. Whose desire in reding Themistocles flight is not kindled, and in scanning his return not lightened? For the very order itself of Chronicles, and Histories, have in them some force to continued a register of my doings, both in peace and war. But of an excellent man oftentimes, the manifold and variable chances move much admiration, expectation, pleasure, sorrow, hope, fear, etc.: and if all things be concluded with a notable end, then is the mind replenished with pleasure of most sweet and delectable reading, which benefit shall redound much more answerable unto my desire, if hereof due regard be taken, that you make a several volume, separated from your other writings, wherein is comprehended, a perpetual History of many things, if (I say) you divide this from that, as it were a play, interlude, or repensentation of our chances and adventures. 
* The reason why he termeth it by the name of Play or Interlude.  For it containeth sundry acts, practices, shows, and gestures, as well of our counsels and attempts, as of our troublesome times, and days very cumbersome. I do not make flattery, and smooth phrase of speech, the instrument whereby to creep into your favour, sithence my meaning is manifest in this, that my will dependeth chief upon the advancement proceeding from your labours, and the obtaining of your report by pen and paper, to make me famous. For you are not the man, that is ignorant of his own estate, no more suspecting such to be his adversaries as have him not in admiration, then thinking those parasites and clawebackes, which crown him with commendation.  
Neither am I wide from wit, and void of judgement, or rather so mad and fantastical, to desire his assistance for my preferment, to the purchasing of perpetual honour, who, while he is so occupied, winneth not to himself, by the nobleness of his learning, everlasting renown. For that great Alexander was not carried away with a blind affection, when he would have none paint out the portraiture of his body, but Apelles, and none to make his image in metal, save Licippus: but reason and judgement bred that conceit in his mind, because he thought, that they being most excellent and incomparable artificers, should not only in the discovery of their skill make him glorious, but themselves also passing famous. And those forenamed workmen of singular worthiness, made such people, by their pictures and sculptures most lively proportioned, so far from being strange, that they were well known to such as never saw them: which thing, although they had not by cunning compassed: yet should their nobleness have been no whit the more darkened. Neither is the renown of that Spartan or Lacedaemonian Agesilaus, of less port and account, for that he suffered not the lineaments of his body to be drawn in colours, nor the form and measure of his members to be made in metal: then the fame and name of those, that were most desirous both ways to be popular. For that small pamphlet of Xenophon, penned in the praise of the same king, is of such sufficiency, that it surpasseth all the pictures shadowed with the painter's pencil, and all images of the carver or graver smoothed and fined with his choose instruments. And surely this shall seem to me a thing of great excellency, both to the delectation of my mind, and also to the remembrance of my dignity, if I may be described by your pen, then portrayed by their skill, or set out in the volumes of any other whatsoever: not only, for that you should in setting me out, give a note of your rare wit and profound knowledge: as Timaeus did, in the behalf of Timoleon: and Herodotus for the advancement of Themistocles: but because you by your authority and countenance, being a man of great acceptation, and in causes of weight very well known to the common wealth, may procure me the more renown: that I do not only hear that sound of puissance and dexterity, that blast I say of honour & high worship, which Alexander when he entered into Sigeum, did say that Homer ascribed to Achilles: but that I may possess and enjoy that pension of praise, which hath issue, not only from the testimony of a man of 
* It is not enough to do notable feats, but an excellent writer is requisite also to record them.  great knowledge, learning, and gravity, but also of honour, nobleness, and authority. For Hector, whom the Poet Naevius introduceth in his poesies, hath a plausible sentence, rejoicing above measure, not only in that he was praised: but he addeth this clause as a necessary supplement, because he was praised of a man deserving praise. And if so be that, luck lay a block in the way, that my request is in hassarde of hindrance (sithence it is no reason nor conscience, that you should disappoint me in any thing wherein I desire your furtherance) I shall be constrained peradventure, to attempt that which many very scornfully and disdainfully do repr●…hend: namely, I will writ of myself, and sound the trumpet of mine own merits: yet in such sort, that I vary not from the precedent and example of many noble and honourable personages. But to be conversant in this kind of style and method, is (as you know) 
* The eauses which put him back from writing in his commendation.  a vice: and therefore such as be the registrers & writers of their own acts, adventures, and counsels, must of necessity so temper their pen, that they break not out of the banks of modesty, nor show themselnes, in their doing, shameless and impudent: a partiality therefore in this point is to be followed, which honest natures in no wise do neglect: who when they see in themselves occasion of deserved praise, are so far from amplifying their own merits, that they use a sparing method: and when they perceive on the other side, just cause of reprehension, are so far from seeking their own blame and rebuke, that they drown all in the seas of silence. Moreover, it cometh to pass, that when men writ their own doings, the smaller credit do they win, the less belief, the le●…le opinion of desert, small authority, and as little admiration: in so much that many make this objection by way of reprehension, and say, that more modesty remains in the minds of the cr●…ers at common games of activity, who after they have set crowns of triumph upon the heads of the conquerors, and proclaimed their names with a loud voice in the hearing of a solemn assembly, and when they of duty aught semblably to be crowned, before the breaking ●…p of t●…ose pla●…es & departing of the people, to the intent that they s●…uld not seem to challenge victory by their own private voices, another cometh forth & taketh upon hin●… the execution of that office▪ These syrts & sands we wish to avoid, & avoid, to our abiliti●…, if you will stand satisfactory to my request, which that you would accomplish to my ●…tter 〈◊〉, we desire & beseech ●…ou most earn●…stly▪ And, l●…ast peradventure, you should muse in your mind, why we are so i●…portune at this present to crave that of you in such earnest order & multitude of words, which you have oftentimes promised to fulfil, (I mean the registering of our ●…nmultuous times & dangerous chances, which circumstances not impertinent to that purpose:) I pray you be contented with this answer, that the hot desire of making haste, whereof I made mention in the front of my letter, setteth me on a fire, 
* Note his unreasonable arrogancy and proud disposition of mind but follow it not.  because we are in love with nothing in the world so much, as that the people of all lands and regions, might, by the immortal monuments of your learned books, attain to the knowledge of us, by the commemoration of our deeds, while we are yet alive, and that we may taste the sweetness and joy o●… that our little glory, and young springing honour, before we be dead. Concerning these matters, I would wish you to writ unto me, if it be not too painful and troublesome unto you, what you are determined to do. For if you will take it in hand, and mind no less than you have oftentimes said, then will I gather abbridgements of all such things, as in that case be necessary: But if you use procrastination, and drive me off with delays till another time. I will confer with you face to face, and let pen and paper lie a sleep. In the mean while, finish that which you have begun: so shall you love us.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Lucceio.  
TH●… ARGUMENT.  
He signifieth how available the comfortable letter of Lucceiu●… was▪ to assuage the sorrow and anguish which tormented him, for the afflicted state of the common wealth.  
ALthough the consolation of your letter, could not but be acceptable unto me, for therein is disclosed your great benevolence and goodwill, linked with the like prudence and wisdom: yet there was a further commoditi●… than that, which likewise I obtained: Namely, the knowledge o●… your magnanimity and courage, in the contempt of things transitory, and your armed mind against variable Fortune: which commendation, I judge to belong to wisdom principally, Not to stay uponany other foundation, neither by external casualties to fall into dubitation either to live in fe●…icitie, or in misery. In the considerat●…on whereof I was earnestly conu●…rsant, (
* Note for our example how many words he bringeth together to beautify his Me●…aphore or translation.  for it had taken deep root and sure ground in my remembrance) yet not withstanding, the violence of tempes●…ous storms did so shake it, and the clustering toget●…er of 〈◊〉 did so batter and beat it, that it was much impaired, and in manner 〈◊〉. Now I see and feel their present ass●…staunce, as well in your former l●…tters, as in this your last E●…istle, which I perceive to have wrought effectually. Wherefore, these words are often to be repea●…ed, and not only to be told with a naked signification, but also to be v●…er ed with a sad declaration, that nothing was more welcome to me, than your letter of comfort. To the engendering of which passion and inward motion, as well those circumstances, which with no less pleasantness of style, then with plenty of arguments, you have gathered, are available: as also the valiantness, constancte, and soberness of your person, than which nothing can be more beh●…ment and pathetical. Which not to endeavour to follow, is a fault, in my judgement, most foul: and a filthy offence. Wherefore, in this one respect, suppose me more valiant, than yourself the master of courage: because you seem unto me to have some hope and confidence, that these things will decline from worse to better: For these hurly-burlies with ●…age of weapons, and those other liklyhoodes: besides that, the reasons in that discourse by you collected, forbade me utterly to despair of the common wealth. Wherefore, in that you are valliauntly minded, there is the less wonder, for so much as you live in expectation: and yet to conceive any sparkle of hope, it is a thing whereat we may maru●…ll. For what is there that is not so shaken, that it seemeth to run to ruin, and utterly to come to naught? Mark and behold en this side, that side, ●…nd round about, the members of the common wealth, which none knoweth so well as you, ne understandeth with such perfection: and believe me, you shall not find so much as one that is not maimed, bruised, 〈◊〉, and much enfeebled: which I would prosecute with my pen, and amply describe, if I had a more certain view of them than you have, or were able to make a commemoration and rehearsal of them without horror and heaviness: although as you admonish me, and give me comfortable counsel, all anguish is to be rejected. Therefore will we dispose ourselves to suffer with out sorrow, our 
* He means (as it may be thought) the death of his daughter Tul hola.  domestical and private misfortunes, and the preposterous chances of the common wealth, with more magnanimity and constancy of mind, than you yourself shall be able, although you give me prècepts in this respect to imitate. For the consolation where upon you stay yourself, is (as your letter doth signify) a shadow of some hope: as for us, we mean to be steadfast, courageous, and established, yea in very desperation, when hope is harbourless where unto you, not withstanding, draw us by your admonitions, and by your precepts endeavour to persuade us. For you rip up the most pleasant and delectable remembrance of our 
* Because we have always thought well of the common wealth, which remembrance of well doing is not unpleasant.  conscience, and of such things as we (you being the ring leader and principal author) attempted and performed. For we did no less undoubtedly, in the behalf of our country, then of duty was demaundable, and might boldly be required: howbeit for all that, more I may say to you, than any man's mind is urged to accomplish. You shall pardon me speaking any thing in mine own advancement. For with the cogitation and consideration of what things, you would disburden us of heaviness, by the remembrance and thinking upon the same seriously, we feel ourselves emptied of much pensiveness. Wherefore, not to neglect your admonitions, or to accounted your precepts contemptible, I will withdraw myself from all molestations and perplexities, so far forth as mine ability shall give me leave: and I will frame my mind, and address my study unto 
* Meaning the study of Philosophy, where unto he applied himself most, after the common wealth was so misera bly afflicted.  those things, where with prosperity is beautified, and adversity mitigated: and with you shall my continuance be so long, as both our age and our health will permit. And although we be hindered from coming together, to enjoy bodily presence, and real company, yet not withstanding, the conjunction of our minds, and knitting of both our hearts together, shall be of such efficacy and force, that we will reap such benefit, each of us by and through the self same studies, that we shall persuade ourselves to be so familiar, as if we were never a sunder.  
Far you well.   

Lucceius to Cicero.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He demandeth the occasion of Cicero his so long absence from the city: and giveth him counsel to withdraw his mind from sorrow.  
If you are in health, it is well: I am in health, according to my custom, and yet somewhat worse for all that, than I have been wont. I sought about oftentimes to the intent I might see you, & was moved with no small admiration, that you were not at Rome, after your departing from me: which offereth unto me, at this instant, no less occasion of musing. I know not of certainty, what thing should restrain and keep you from 
* Meaning though city of Rome  hence. If solitariness and living alone be your delectation, when you writ, and continued to be none otherwise occupied than you have been accustomed: I am glad, and I do not mislike of your meaning: for then this nothing can be more pleasant, not only in these times both miserable and lamentable, but also at other seasons of quietness and tranquillity: especially, either to your over wearied heart, which bra●…eth after intermission and rest from busy and great matters▪ or your learned and prudent mind, which freely delivereth some thing, at all times, which unto other appeare●…h delectable, and maketh your own person honourable. But on the contrary part, if you lie groving in gricfe, and lament with tears as a prisoner to pensiveness, which fashion you used when you were here abiding: I am sorry, because you are grieved, and I can not rejoice except you were merry. Yet I cannot but accuse your effeminacy and womanlike disposition, if you give us leave frankly to utter what we think. Will not you; having so eleare and sharp a sight in the contemplation of things hide and secret, view & behold that which is sensible and manifest? will you know this, that you consume and waste yourself with continual complaints, and all to no purpose▪ will you not understand that your sorrows are doubled, which your wisdom requireth to have somewhat assuaged? And if by persuading we prevail not, but see our labour lost, we be take us to praying, and use ways of intreatance, beseeching you, that if you will do any thing in the world for our sake, shake off this yoke of anguish, cast away sorrow, and return, either to live with us among all your acquaintance, 
* Either live among us, as you were wont or at lest live merrily alone.  in our common conversation: or else in solitariness to your private contentation. My desire is not to dull you, if I can not delight you: but I would gladly drive you from your purpose, lest therein you continued: for so much as these two contrary effects torment me mightily: in the one of which, I wish, that of you my will be regarded, or else in the other that you be not offended.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Lucceio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He answereth to Lucceius demasiding the cause of his absence from Rome, and showeth sundry reasons why he is so grieved, and why he is loath to lead his life in the city.  
ALl your love is a●…arant and manifest unto me by your last letters which you sent me, and never a part or parcel thereof left unoiscovered: which as unto me it is not strange and unknown, so it is sweet and acceptable, I should say pleasant and delectable, but that I may never recover that word again, sithence I have lost it for ever; 
* Not somuch for the loss of the common wealth, as either for the slaughter and death of his friends, or else for their absence in foreign places, for some become hard hearted that they might not return into their country which was quite spoilt of liberty.  not for that one occasion which you have in suspicion, and conjecture, and wherein, (though your words be mild, gentle, friendly, and favourable,) yet in deed you accuse me sharply: but rather, because those remedies which aught to heal my lanced flesh, and to draw a skin over my wound, are to be counted no remedies. For what shall I say? should I flee for, succour to my friends? how many be there of them? we have had of them, almost in every corner: but now some are dead, othersome are fled, and so hardened, I know not by what means, that they care not for their conntrie. feign would I lead my life with you, it is the thing which I chief desire: old acquaintance, unfeigned love, hearty goodwill, semblable behaviour, & equality in studies will have it so. What thing is wanting in our friendship? may we live together? I know no cause certainly that should be the impediment: But undoubtedly hitherto we have been in sunder, though we were neighbours in Tusculano, and Puteolano. For what should I say? can we be together in the city? where, for so much as place of plea is common, fellowship is not required: But this our age, I wots not by what e●…ill chance, is fallen into such stormy & tempestuous times, that when w●… aught most of all to have ●…ourished, even th●…, a●…as, to be alive, we were thoroughly ●…amed. For 〈◊〉 ●…uge might re●…ine to me, after I 〈◊〉 stripped naked of all mine ornaments 
The death of his daughter moveth him to writ in this complaining order.  and pleasures both private and 〈◊〉▪ only y● letter●… and epistles which passed daily too and fro my hands: for what else (alas) 〈◊〉 I do? And yet they, wherein I thought my comfort to have consisted, I cannot tell how 〈◊〉 after what sort▪ 〈◊〉 now to shut me out of the castle of consolation, and as it were bitterly 
* Because as they hate filthy things & undecent: so they esteem servitude most vil●….  vpp●…aide me, because I continued in that life; in the which there is nothing else to be hoped for, but a pitiless prolonging of a time most miserable. And you marvel not a little, as you say, in that I absent me self from that city, wherein mine own house doth not delight me, wherein I have the state of thief times in great detestation, people and places in contempt, court and counsel in no countenance: finally, what do I not abhor? Wherefore, my use of letters is such, wherein I impart every portion of time, not that th●…y are a perpetual plaster unto me to salve up mine incurable sores, but that by them I obtain a little forgetfulness of my sorrows. And if it had been ours gracious fortune, to have brought that to effect, where of neither you nor I did so much as once think, by reason of the daily terrors and fears wherewith we were molested: 
* After the Pharsalian conflict. For by and by after returned Cicero into Italy.  we had been always together, and never in sunder, neither should I have had oc●…asion to be offended at your prosperity: nor yet you to be so disquieted at my heaviness. Which thing (mutual society and 〈◊〉 I mean) let us, to the uttermost of our ability, en●…euour to attain. For what is there, then that, more 〈◊〉 for us, more meet, and c●…nuenient. It shall not be long therefore er●… I see you.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Titio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He comforteth his friend▪ taking the death of his children gricuously.  
ALthough I among all men an most unmeet to minister consolation unto you, 
* The com●…unicating & partaking of sorrow, is a consolation. For both of them were touched with the common wealths miseries, and Titius also be sides had cause of private sore row.  for that the grief which I conceived by your heaviness was so great, that I me self stood▪ in 〈◊〉 of a comforter: yet not withstanding, forsomuch as my sorrow●… was not so near the b●…nckes of bitter lamen●…ation and mourning, as yours: I thought it a point of faithful friendship, and a t●…ken of singular 〈◊〉, not to keep silence over long in this your anguish, but to sand you s●… succour, and sma●… consolation, which n●…ght ease you a little of the burden of your care, if it did not altogether ●…ealt ●…ou o●… your grie●…e. The consolation, which I give you is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 mon, and so common is it, that, me thinks we ough●… to hau●… it always in our utterance, and never to let it ●…ip out of our memories, 
* It is extreme folly not to be ruled by an universal law.  That we be not unmindful of our mortal condition, that we are bred and born under the rule of that law, which hath appointed the lives of all men to the sufferance of fortunes wounding weapons●… & that w●… aught no●… to kick up the heel, as repining to live in that state, whereunto by birth we were ordained▪ neither to take those chances, which can be prevented by no policy, nor counsel, too hevily: 
* Because many as well as he have lost their children.  but by calling the miffortunes of many other men to our remembrance, learn & understand, that whatsoever falls upon us▪ is not new and strange, but hath happened oftentimes before. Howbeit, neither these, nor thos●… consolations whatsoever, wherewith wisemen hold themselue●… well contented, and which are not only committed to memory, but written also in books the longer to continued, aught not to seem so prevalent and effectual, as the veri●… 
* Which is most lamentable, in somuch that a wise man can find no pleasure in hi●… life.  state itself of our city, and the great unquietness of these accursed days▪ insomuch that I must needs pronounce them most happy and fortunate, which never begat children, and them less wretched 〈◊〉 mis●…rable, which have lost them in these times of tumults & ●…roubles: the●… if they had lost th●… in the flourishing estate of a good common wealth, or when th●…re had 
* As though there had be●… no common 〈◊〉 we●…lth ●…t 〈◊〉 time.  been any common wealth at all. And if your affection be forcible▪ or if the 〈◊〉▪ thin●…ing of your matters make you to mour●…e▪ 〈◊〉 ●…●…uppose that all your sor●…ow canno●… with such ●…cilitie be 〈◊〉 bu●…●…hat 〈◊〉 sparkles will remain. But if that thin●… mo●…e yo●…, which i●… an argument of natural love that you 〈◊〉 the miseries of them which hauè made an exchange of life with death: to make no word●… o●… that which I have oftentimes nead, & not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, what har●…e can there be in death? which if it 〈◊〉 not se●…selesse▪ might much rather be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 than 〈◊〉▪ 〈◊〉 like wise so e●…éemed▪ and though it lack sens●… 〈◊〉 thought a●…●…nimie to life, yet aught not y● to be accompt●…d ●…iserie; which is not felt, suffered, nor perceived: & thus much more▪ without waue●…ing▪ dare I ●…ffirme and approve, so ●…eat t●… be the 〈◊〉 which 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 to f●…ll ●…ppon the cōmonwe●…lth, that whosoever from them is 〈◊〉, y● man in mine opinion, is never a whit 〈◊〉. F●…, what place is left now for ●…enestie? where lo●…geth goodnes●…▪ who intertayneth virtue▪ in what haven lie honest exercises at anchor? where are ●…ood arts & sciences ha●…boured? nay▪ is not lib●…rtie dispossessed, and safety spo●…led of her inheritance▪ I have not (of truth I swear) herded of any youth, or child, dying this year most perilous & satal, which s●…emeth not to me in high favour with the eternal gods, in that they were set free from the fetters of these afflictions, & let lose out of the prison of this unlucky lif●…. Wherefore if this cogitation may be utterly rooted out of your mind, 
* For somuch as theyare not utterly deprived of this light and life, but that they have escaped the miseriesof these dangerous days.  that they whom you have entirely loved, sustain annoyance: than you shall perceive, the greatest part of your heaviness diminished, and your heart more flexible to be recomforted. For that simple care been induced, i●… I had perceived that those things which you sustained, were so far from being of you dissalowed, that they were well liked off and approved. But when I considered, what your meaning was, than I supposed, that you saw very wisely what you were able to compass. Now the state of all things is otherwise, your judgement is at liberty, you are appointed to the office of a Consul, in your best and bravest age, in the pearl and flower of your eloquence, 
* A reason of the necessi●…ic of the time.  and at such a time, as the common wealth laboureth in extreme scarcity of such men as you are. Now therefore (I beseech you by the God's immortal) apply your whoale study, care, and endeavour, in the attempting and accomplishin●… of that thing, which may pu●…chase to your name singular dignity, and also incomparable glory: & surely there is no more but one course of well governing the common wealth, which leadeth the direct path to honour and nobleness, at this time specially, the weal pu●…lique having been so sore assaulted, afflicted, shaken, battered, beaten and bruised, by the space of so many years. Thus much I was urged of mere goodwill to signify unto you by my letters, not that I would seem to make you insufficient of counsel, and therefore to stand in need of my precepts & admonitions, but to give a testimonial of my harti●… goodwill towards you, wherewith I am inflamed. 
* Out of those books wherein precepts are given for the attainment of renown.  For I know this, that out of what springs I have drawn my water, out o●… the self same also, have you largely tasted. Wherefore to use a measure, thus much I thought requisite to let you under stand, that I might rather declare unto you the certainty of my benevolence, then make a vain show of my wisdom & experience. In the mean season, whatsoever dependeth upon your worthiness and honour, I will have a regard thereunto with no less singularity and preciseness, then with carefulness and discretion.  
Far you well.   

Plancus to Cicero.  
THE AROUMENT.  
He thanketh Cicero, for his good exhor●…ation tending to the desire of true renown: and promises that he will be wholly in the power of the common wealth.  
MOst acceptable was the letter that you sent me, which, as I understand, you indicted upon certain conference had with Furnius. As for mine own person, I bring an excuse o●… the time past, that I herded nothing of your journey, & as little of your return, before I was certified by your own letter. For I persuade me self in this wise, that I can pretermit no manner of ●…uetie, though it be with the lest, but the same will redound to my great blame & sore discredit. Wherefore to defend & maintain ●…amiliaritie between us, among many specialties, I found some of great efficatie, as the acquaintance which you have had with my ancestors, the affection which you exhibited unto me in my childhood▪ & the love which you have towards me▪ both professed & confirmed. Wherefore (my Cicero) so far forth as my years & your age shall suffer, be certainly persuaded, that you are he only, & none besides you, in reverencing of whom, I have determined to use no less sincerity & obedience, than a son should afford to his father. Albina your counsels, as they are seasoned with precise wisdom & excellent judgement (both which in you do flourish) so are they tempered with fidelity, truth, & faithfulness, 
* I judge of your mind as I judge of mine own, & by mincowne I measure yours.  which I measure and examine, as it were by weight, by mine own conscience. Wherefore, if I should think otherwise (undoubtedly) your adm●…nition might control me: or if I did call it in dubitation, your warning would enforce me to follow the which seemed s●…mply best in your opinion. What is there now that can pull men wrong way? whatsoever commendable ornaments, and things garnished with goodness, are resident in me, either bestowed through fortune's benefit, or obtained by mine own labour & diligence, although you for affe●…ions sake, ●…stéeme them of greater value, yet withstanding, in the judgement of my most enemy, they are set at such a high price of praise, that nothing seemeth desirable, save the jewel 
* Which peradventure I had not, though I did many notable things, when Caesar was in room of r●…giment.  of honest report. Be resolved in mind, and in thought thus established, that what I can encounter by power, foresee by counsel, procure by authority, all and every portion thereof shallbe referred to the profit of the commonwealth. Your meaning is manifest unto me, and as for your admonitions, they shallbe the rule of my doings▪ neither will I at any time so far overshoot me self, that any thing of me attempted, shall deserve reprehension. I am in expectation of all things, as desirous to know what is done in 
* Where D. Brutus ●…as L. precedent.  Gallia province, as also to understand the state of 
* By the new Consul●…, who entered into of fice in the K●…. of januarie.  such matters as have been in hand this month of januarie in the City. In the mean season, very great is my care which I suffer, where I do remain, lest these countries and people, among the faults of others, should suppose our harms their occasion. To be brief, if my success be such, as I deserve: then certainly, I will satisfy the minds, both of you, whom I wish specially to content, and of all good men, lest I make their affiance frustrate. Regard your health, & love me as I love you.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Planco.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
In this Epistle he pricketh Plancus forward with the spurs of praise, not only to take upon him▪ the charge of the common wealth, but also the defence and preservation of the same.  
I received two several letters from you, tending to one effect, which was a manifest argument of your diligence. For I perceived, that you were touched with a certain desire, to have your letters, which I long looked for, delivered to my hands. Out of which, after I had perused them, I reaped double commodity and vantage, very hard for me in conference to decide by judgement: whether I should think your love towards my person, or your true heart to the body of the common wealth, of greater account and estimation. The love and affection of our country, in my judgement, is the greatest without exception, but yet not withstanding, the knitting together of our wills containeth more 
* It is true: but yet not more love. for our country in that respect is preferred be fore our parents and our children, ergo much more before our friends.  sweetness: wherefore the commemoration of that benevolence, and reverence, which you exhi●…ited unto me as unto a father, even from your young years, and the rehearsal of such things as served to a semblable purpose, increased in my heart incredible delectation. Again, the declaring of your mind and study to the commonwealths advantage, which you have already conceived, and hereafter mean also to see continued, appeared unto me passing pleasant. And so much the greater was this delight, how much the nearer it approached to the above recited circumstances. Wherefore, my Plancus, I do not only exhort but also beseech you, as I have done in that my letter, whereunto you sent me an answer, that with all your heart, will, and des●…re, with all your body, strength and courage, you regard the estate of the weal public.  
There is nothing in the world, whereby your commoditi●… may be more enlarged, your glory amplif●…ed, and praise published. Neither is any thing of such excellency in the world universal, or of equal worthiness, then for a man to behave himself in such order, as that he may deserve well of the common wealth. For, such is your singular courtesy, and such is your wisdom, that I am not restrained to utter unto you with liberty of speech, whatsoever I think necessary. Fortune hath so favoured and furthered you, that the passage to very great things, hath been opened wide to you. And though the attainment of such countenance, 
* Be●…se it seemeth that by the favour of Caesar you obtained that which you have got.  without the assistance of virtue, were impossible: yet notwithstanding, what soever you have aspired unto, the same is referred, for the most part, to the goodness of Fortune, and ascribed to the state of time. What benefit soever the commonwealth receiveth through you, in these troublesome seasons, and hard world, it shall whoalie and solely redound to your own dignity, and be reputed proper to your own person. The hatred of all Citizens, (those villains only, of whom you wot, excepted) is incredible against Anthony. In you is great con●…idence reposed, and on your army no small expectation dependeth. Now take heed in any case, for the honour of all the Gods, that you loos●… no time for 
* Which you are like to win by taking upon you to defend the common wealth in danger.  your own ad●…auncement and renown. I counsel you as a son, I favour you as me self, and I exhort you, in our country's behalf, as a very friend.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Planco.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He commends Plancus for his readiness and willing heart in succo●…ring the common wealth: and encourageth him to hope for most ample and honourable rewards from the Senate for his labour: wherein he promises to take diligent pains himself, and exhorteth him, that as he hath begun notably, so he would proc●…ede and continued manfully.  
ALthough I understand by the mouth of Furnius, what your will was concerning the common wealth, and what was your counsel: yet notwithstanding, after I had viewed and examined your letters, the matter lay more open and manifest to my judgement, so that I was thoroughly instructed in your meaning. Wherefore, although the whoale state of the common wealth standeth or falls in one conflict or battle, which, as I supposed, was 
* Not only decreed upon, but concluded and finished. Liu. lib. 28.  decided upon, when you were reading this letter: yet notwithstanding, the very report of your will and toward mind, was so blazed abroad, that thereby you achieved great commendation. If we had had a 
* For both the Consuls were go out to fight with Anthony, and therefore were absent from the City.  Consul at Rome, it should have been declared and testified to your special praise and worthiness, by the assent of the Senate, how approvable your enterprises were, & how acceptable your preparation. The time of which thing is not only not paste, but is scarcely come, in mine opinion. For end, That seemeth unto me to be true and not counterfect honour, which is bestowed and employed upon noble men, not for hope of preferment hereafter, but for present merits and deserts past. Wherefore, let there be any common wealth at all, wherein honour may have power and ability to flourish, and trust me, it shallbe your lot and luck, to be advanced to the best, the chiefest, and the greatest. And, That honour (to say truth) may of right be reputed honour, which is not a 
* For Plancus had but given a signification of his will: to the intent, that if he had been advanced to honour, or received any in●…igne of worthiue●…se, it might seem●… unto him an allurement or provocation to show prof●… of his prows, rather than a reward for any not able deed by him performed.  temporal reward for further encouragement, but a perpetual recompense of virtue and honesty▪ Wherefore (my Plancus) lay too all the might you can make, to purchas●… praise, and to win worship: support your native country: be an assistant to your fellow in o●…fice: and refuse not to consent to the incredible conspiracy of all nations: in so doing, you shall both know and try that I am a furtherer of your counsels, a ●…auourer of your dignity, an assured friend in all assays, and a most faithful companion. For unto those causes wherewith we are linked in love one to another, as well in respect of courtesies, as in consideration 
* For we have known one another of a long continuance. Epist. 22 lib. 10.  of auncientnesses, the tender affection wherewith we are inflamed, is coupled: and that is it, my Plancus, which hath wrought this effect in me, that I make more account of your life, than I do of mine own.  
Far you well. The 4. of the Calends of April.   

Cicero to Trebonio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He is sorry, for that he was not accessary and partner of the conspiracy against Caesar's majesty: because Anthony surviving, doth what he can to work the mischief and detriment of the common wealth: finally, he declareth with what a desire of recovering hi●… liberty he is touched.  
HOw desirous, and how feign would I, that you had bidden me as a guest, to those delicates and iunckets in the Ideses of March: 
* Anthony had not the●… been left alive. Epist. 12. lib. 10.  we would have had no fragments or broken scraps left. But now it is fallen out unluckily, and we have sore a do about those relics, that the good which you did in the behalf of the common wealth, hath in it some occasion of complaint. Because that from you, being so worthy a man, the benefit did proceed that 
* Meaning Anthony, to whom it was a benefit to live.  this great contagion & pestilence to the weal public, remains still vndestroyed: in somuch that otherwhiles, I feel me self so disquieted, and of patience dispossessed, that (a thing skarsely beseeming my person, and not altogether tolerable) I am somewhat angry with you. For you have left a greater burden of business for me (being but one) to bear, then to all the re●…t, me self only excepted. For so soon as the Senate might assemble, and sit in consultation, after that 
* When he went to Brundisium, to bring with him the Macedonian power, to the City.  villainous departing of Anthony, I returned to mi●…e old accustomed determination, which you and your father also, an earnest and industrious Citizen, always talked off, and heartily loved. For at what time, the Tribunes of the people, had procured a convocation of the Senate, the 13. of the Kalends of januarie, and caused another matter to be called in question, I embraced the common wealth, and clasped it whoalie in my bosom, yea I behaved me self courageously: and as for the Senate, whom I perceived in manner fainting and weary, I revoked them to their ancient virtue, and former custom: howbeit, not so much with the force of my wit, as with th●… valliantness of my heart and stoutness of mind. This day, my endeavour, my painfulness, and my bui●…e stirring too and fro, hath ministered to the common wealth, the first fruits of hope concerning the recovery of liberty. Neither have I omitted any time, after, either in being mindful of the weal public, or in labouring and doing what I might for the benef●…te of the same. All which premises touching the affairs of the City, and other matters besides whatsoever, I would let you understand by mine own letters, but that I am in opinion, that you are otherwise certified and informed: although my 
* For he could never be quiet by the means of Anthony.  business be so weighty & importune, that I can obtain but little leisure: nevertheless you can not but come to the knowledge of all things, by reason of the recourse of other man's letters: that which you hear of me, shallbe but little, a few matters I mean to communicate unto you, which shallbe comprised in a short summarie. We have a valliaunte Senate, as for those which have been insigned with the office of the C●…nsulship, some of them are timorous and fearful, othersome malicious and evil minded. We are greatly endamaged by y●●…osse of 
* Who died: ●…eade the 9 Philippie.  Servius: L. Caesar is in a very good opinion: But, because Anthony is his uncle on the mother's side, he is not oversharp and earnest, to give sentence against him. Our Consuls are men of great gravity & excellency: D. Brutus behaveth himself honourably: Caesar, 
* Being but ninetene years of age. Vel leius in his 2. lib. & Tacit, lib. 13.  the proper youth, is s●…ngularly disposed: in whom I see good grounds of comfortable hope, for that which remaineth: thus much be you well assured off, and thoroughly certi●…ed, that if he with all celerity and speedy préparation, 
* Of his own private counsel, and proper expenses. Philippic. 3.  had not taken up, enrolled, and must●…d an army of tried soldiers, being such in deed as were not to be instructed in the feats and conveyances of battle: and if two legions of Anthony's host, had not left him, and assembled themselves, to the others authority, whereby terror & fear were as bridles to restrain him in his rigorous usage: 
* In his return from Brundisium, epi. 25. lib. 12. & Philippic. 3.  he would have let nothing escape him, though never so mischie●…ous, though never so cruel, bloody, and savage. These matters, notwithstanding you were informed of them before, as I think no less, I was not unwilling to make more manifest, and to lay wider open to your understanding. Other things there be, whereof I will writ unto you more largely, when I have obt●…ined more leisure.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Terentia his wife, Tulliola his daughter, and Cicero his son.  
¶ THE ARGV●…ENT.  
He excuseth the brevity of his writing, commends the dutifulness of Piso his son in law towards him, bewaileth the state of Terentia, and willeth her to regard her own health.  
Think 
* This letter was made when Piso and Gabinius were Consuls.  not that I writ longer letters to one or other, except they writ largely unto me, whereupon I must needs lengthen my lines, and use words more liberally. Again, I have nothing whereof I should writ: and if I had, yet, as this present time and occasion chanceth, nothing is done of me with more hardness. As for writing unto thee, Terentia, and to our daughter Tulliola, Alas, I cannot do it without abundance of tears. For I see that you are most miserable women, and my will always was to behold yo●… happy and for●…unate: which thing I was bond, of duty, to see accomplished, and had brought it to perfection, if we had not been so timorous and faint-hearted. The merits and deserts of Piso my son in law, challenge singular love in my behalf, to whom I cannot choose but show much kindness, whom I have advertised, as I might, in your ●…halfe by my letter, and heartily thanked, as in deed I aught▪ You have good affiance▪ as I understand, in the new Tribunes of the people lately created: that will be for your further confirmation, if Pompeius his will be inclined according lie: But as for Crassus, I fear him notwithstanding. I see that all things are done of youwith courage and kindness neither do I greatly marvel: howbeit I am to lament your chaūc●… and overthwart luck, which in deed is such, that my calamities seem nothing so many in comparison of your great miseries. For P. Valerius a man full of courtesy, and appliaunt to do his friend a pleasure, written unto me, that which I could not read without unmeasurable weeping▪ 
* For that is the meaning of these words, a Vestae ad Tabulan Valerian: by the judgement of a learned man now living▪ whose authority is grounded upon certain monuments to be seen yet, in Italy.  how you were led from court to court, from magistrate to magistrate, from officer to officer, from law to law. Alas, my life, alas my joy and only delight, that thou shouldst suffer such vexation, that we (I say) my sweet wife Terentia, from whom, all were wont as from a fountain, to fet their aid and succour, should be thus imprisoned inperplexities of nensifenes, and swallowed up in surgeinge seas of sorrow.  
Concerning that which you writ of our house, that is to say, of our plain plot lying in the city: Thus much I say by way of resolution, that then I shall think myself restored▪ when that is recovered. But (●…las) these things are not in our own hands. It grieveth me also, that whatsoever costs and charges are required, thou must ●…e are a portion thereof, although thou be'st brought to extreme misery, and feelest lack and loss, procured by spiteful spoilers. And if so be, that the matter may be finished and dispatched, all things shall fall into our possession. But if the self same fortune forment us still without immutation, which at this instant●… doth afflict us, will you be so unwise, as to castaway the remayner of that which you have; considering your present adversity? I pray thee heartily, my life, let them that may best, stand to expenses, if they be so pleased: and have a consideration of pour 
* Yet did Terentia live above a hundred years as Plinic reporteth. 7. lib. cap. 48.  own health, which is much enfeebled, if you love me your Cicero. For you are both day and night before mine eyes, and continually represented to my cogitation. I see thou refusest no kind of labour, but offerest thee self to the sustaining of all whatsoever. I see nothing lacking in thee. Wherefore, to the intent that we may obtain that, whereupon your hope is fixed, and your pains also employed, neglect not your own health. I know not unto whom I should writ, except to them only, who visit me with their letters: or else, to such as you name in your Epistles, when occasion is ministered. Further than I am, I mean not to travel, because where I am, doth not discontent you: h●… w●…eit my desire is▪ that you writ often, speci●…lly▪ if in that whereof we hope, any a●…suraunce be graun●…  
Farewell my joys, farewell. Dated at Thessalonica, the third of the Nones of October.   

Caecina to Cicero.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
First he entreateth of his book, which ●…ee made upon Caesar: and after men●…ion thereof sufficiently made, he desireth Cicero to be a mediatou●… unto Caesar, that he may obtain leave and liberty to return.  
IN that 
* This book was written in the praise of Caesar, as the other (whereof he confesseth himself to have felt the smart) was written to his contume lie & reproach.  my book was somewhat long before it came to your hands, ascribe it, (I pay you) to our timorousness and fear: and be moved also with compassion of the time present. Your son (as I heard) was not in quiet mind●…, (and good reason why) if it had been published and made common abroad: forsomuch as it is not so precisely pondered, nor so advisedly regarded, with what disposition of mind it was written and compiled: as how it is taken and received, lest that thing be a cause of my further annoyance: who as yet feel the smart and punishment of my former invention and phrase of inditing: wherein I have such luck and destiny, as no man beside. For whereas a fault in writing is dashed out with a race of the pen, and penalty of foolishness is an evil report: mine offence and error is rewarded with banishment, and exile is my correction: the sum of whose trespass is this, because I being armed, gave language to mine adversary, much misliked. There is never a one of us, in mine opinion, but would wish the victory to chance to his own side: yea, and that more is, when they were sacrificing to the Gods, and busy in holy ceremo●…ies, would even then power out their p●…titions, that Caesar, with all possible speed, might take the overthrow. And whosoever did not meditate and think upon this, happy is he, and in all points most fortunate. If 
* Meaning Caelar.  he know this, and therein be persuaded, why should he take stomach and 〈◊〉 against him, that written a thing against his will, sing th●…t he hath vouchsafed to pardon and forgive all such as made supplication to the Gods, and exhibited unto them much ve●…eration, against the ●…ife and ●…afegard of his person. But to make return thither, where I begun: this was the occas●…on of my conceived fear. I written of you (by my credit and honesty) sparingly, and timorously, not as taking courage and heart at grass, but as renouncing and forsaking me self. What man is ignorant that this method and order of inditing or writing, should be free and liberal, vehement and pathetical, lofty and historical? That is supposed a lose kind of writing, to talk of any man unreverently, for therein is lewdness discovered: and that is tangled, when a man speaketh all to his own●… praise and popularity, for than will follow suspicio●… of arrogancy. That is the free and ●…iberall kind of writing, to sound another man's commendation, from the which to withdraw and diminish never so ●…itle, it is to be imputed to inf●…rmitie and weakene●…e: or else, to be ascribed to envy and maliciousness. And ●… cannot tell, whether my labour will seem acceptable unto you, and approvable in your judgement. For that which I was not able to comprehend and perform, I thought good, first not to touch, secondly to be partial of my pen, and to do that I did, not over largely. Howbeit 
* In that part of his book wherein he doth commend Cicero.  I stayed up myself as well as I might: many things I impaired: many things I omitted: and many things were not so much as once mentioned. As therefore it is seen in the climbing steps and staves of long ladders, if some be taken away, some cut off and broken, other some left lose and unfastened, it is made an instrument of falling down, rather than of going up: even so, a desire of writing, encountered with many misfortunes, & as it were torn to tatters with a thousand tempests of troubles, what thing can it afford, either in hearing delectable, or in judgement probable? When I came to the noble name of Caesar, all my joints quaked, and I trembled sore for fear, not for any terror of punishment, 
* Because he was doubtful how Caesar would take his doings, well or ill.  but for the uncertainty of his opinion: for I am not so well acquainted with him, that I should know his whole disposition. In what wavering is my mind, suppose you, in what a maze of mistrust is my conscience, when it reasoneth with itself in this form and order? This will Caesar allow: This word offereth cause of suspicion: what if I change it? But I doubt in so doing I shall set down a worse. Go to then, do I praise any? is that an offence? admit it be so taken, what if he will not allow the commendation. 
* Or, he writeth to me with weapon in hand: Or, he writethe like a warrior fiercely to his onimie.  He detesteth the style and order of writing of his enemy, armed to resist his power: what then will he do to him that is vanquished, overcome, and as yet not restored? My fearfulness also I feel augmented, wh●…n I fall in consideration of you, who in your Orator use circumspection and cautions for your private supportance by Brutus, and seek a fellow for your excusation. Which thing, for so much as the patron and defender of all m●… in all cases, vouchsa●…eth to do: what aught I, your ancient client, to think in such a case of myself? In this repro●…h 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉, and this torment of blind suspicion, 〈◊〉 many things are written to the conjecture of a contrary sens●…, and not a●…ter the interpretation of his judgement, albeit he follow an obliqne and crooked opinion, how hard a matter it is for the writer to frame himself to a contentation, we are not ignorant, and you also, whom excellency of wit hath both armed and abled, have notable e●…perieuce. Howbeit, I said thus much to my son, tha●… be might read over the book▪ unto you, and so bring it away again, or else deliver it to yourself upon this condition, that you made promise' to add thereunto your corrections, that is, if you would translate this and that, and make it all otherwise. As touching our voyage into Asia▪ although we felt the burden of necessity pr●…ssing down our shoulders, yet have we done according to your commandment. And now, whereunto should I exhort you for my sake? you see the time is come, wherein somewhat must be decreed & concluded upon in our behalf. There remains nothing, my Cicero, why you should labour in expectation of my son: he is but a springal, his vehement affection wherein he now traveleth, his young years wherein he is entered, and the fear wherewith he is molested, are such hindera●…ces unto his mind, that he can not excogitate and devise all things to the uttermost. So that the weight of the whole matter, must needs rest upon your own neck: all my affiance is fixed on you. Such is your wisdom, prudence, and experience, that you know of a certainty, with what things Caesar is pacified contented, and pleased. So that from your providence all things must proceed, and have their issue, and by your discretien they must be accomplished: for otherwise there remains no remedy. Much may you do with his own person so great is his favour: and very much can you obtain of his friends, so good is your credit: and to thi●…●…ne thing shall you join performance, if you could be thus persuaded, that in request rests duty, (although it ●…e a great matter and of much weight) and that the case, wherein your aid is craved, is your own: except, peradventure, I put you to this pain, either by too much foolishness in this my 
* For such as be in misery may scarce use such boldness.  misery, or else by too much shamelessness in our 
* Because old acquaintance presumeth ve●…y fa●…e.  ancient friendship. But the custom of your life is such, that it excuseth both my supposed presumption●…. For, s●…thence your use hath always been, to set light by your labour in your friends behalf and furtherance: now they are, not in hope only that you will do the like, but charge you also with a commandment. Concerning the book which my son shall give you, my request unto you, is, that it may not be published: or that you would so correct it, that I thereby be not endangered.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Thoranio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
To comfort Thoranius, he gathereth arguments from circumstances past, and setteth himself down for a precedent or pattern to be followed.  
ALthough, at the writing of this letter, the end of this most miserable battle seemed to approach, or that somewhat therein was done and already dispatched: yet notwithstanding, I called to my remembrance, that only you among the rest, in so huge an host, gave me your assent, and I again with you was not at disagréement: and that we twain alone did beho●…de and see, what mischief and inconvenience was in that war, in the which, peace being excluded and di●…possessed of place, the victory itself would prove most bitter and cruel: which, if you had been conquered, had wrought your utter destruction, or if you had triumphed, had brought you 
* Because of the malape●… arrogancy of Pompeius his complices.  in slaveishe subjection. Wherefore I, whom men, both of courage and wisdom, reported to be 
* When I preferred most wrongful peace, before most rightful war.  timorous and fearful, Domitus I mean and Lentulus, (I was so indeed: fearing lest those things should chance▪ which afterwards came to pass) am nothing so affected, but rather courageous, and ready furnished against all manner of misfortunes. When any thing appeared unto me in possibility of prevention and avoidance, than it grieved me at the heart, if it were neglected. But now, that all things are turned upside down, sithence counsel could not prevail, one refuge yet remains, that is, patiently to suffer what so ever luck alotteth: principally for this cause, sithence of all things whatsoever, death i●… the conclusion: and of this I am fully persuaded in conscience, that so long as I might, I tendered the dignity of the common wealth, and when that suffered shipwreck, my will wanted not to provide for the safety of the same. Thus much have I written, not to give evidence of myself: but that you, who in mind, heart, will, consent, and judgement, are all one with me, should none otherwise conceive. For it is the most sovereign comfort in the world, that a man call to memory his upright and just conscience, notwithstanding the success of things be not answerable. And I would to God, that time might once chance, wherein we might see and enjoy one or other state of a weal public, and that we twain might meet and confer of our di●…ers distresses, which even then we sustained, when we were thought fainthearted, because we did prognosticate and foretell that the self same things which are come to pass, should chance in tract of time. As for you, and yours whatsoever, I assure you of this, that there is nothing whereof you should stand in fear, otherwise then chanceth to the whole body of the common wealth. And as for me, so think of me, and so take me, that to the uttermost of my might, I am your present friend, both for the safety of yourself, and your children, withal my heart.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Domitio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He desiereth Domitius lamenting the death of his ●…riendes, to have consideration of his own estate, sithence the common wealth is not unsatisfied.  
MY will was not withdrawn from writing unto you, after your coming into Italy, because I received no letters from you, but because I myself being destitute of all things, had nothing left whereof to make you promise●… neither was I able in such lack of counsel to deal with you by way of persuasion, nor yet to minister unto you 〈◊〉 of comfort, in so great and manifold miseries. Although these things are never a whit the better, but so much the worse that they are mere desperate: yet had I rather that my letters should stand void and waste, than not to writ at all. If I did understand that you took upon you a greater charge in the behalf of the common wealth, than you are able to compass and perform: yet notwithstanding, I would counsel you by all the circumstances that I might, to that condition of living which should be offered and allotted. 
* As though the battle fought at Pharsalia were his whole port and countenance by the will of fortune  But seeing you make that the scope and end of your good determination, and valiant attempt, which Fortune herself hath appointed to be the limits and bounds of all our labours and enterprises: I request you, I desire you, I pray you, and hearty beseech you for our old familiarities sake, and ancient acquaintance, and for the great good will which I bear you, and you likewise me in equal proportion and measure of faithful friendship, that you will not neglect the sa●…egarde o●… your own●… life, which we wish to be prolonged for our comfort, the joy of your parents, your wife, and all yours whosoever, to whom you are at this present, & always have been, best beloved: let your mind be touched with due consideration towards your own health, and the health of all such as depend upon you, taking you for their supporter, and principal prop of their preservation. Use the benefit of those things, at this instant, which you have learned in times past, and wherein you have, from your young years, been trained and instructed, by men of singular knowledge, learning, wisdom and judgement: which also you have imprinted in the tables of your remembrance, and engraven in the plates of your deep understanding. For end, satisfy the desires of those your special ●…riends, whom entire love hath linked, and many ●…old testimonies of courtesies have knit close unto you, 
* For we can not choose but be grieved: nevertheless we can overcome our grief by valliantnes●…e.  if not with a willing and toward, yet with a courageous heart, and a stout stomach. As for myself, I wots not what I may do, or rather I perceive ●…hat I can not 〈◊〉 m●…ch: nenerthelesse, thus far will I 〈◊〉 in promise, that whatsoever I 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and convenient, both for your safety, and also for your dignity, shall be laboured in, with as much carefulness and diligence on my behalf, as ever you employed in the furtherance of my matters. Of this my will, leaning wholly upon you, I have made report to your mother, a notable Gentlewoman (no doubt) & such a one as loveth you exceedingly. If you writ unto me touching any thing▪ I will therein bestow mine endeavour: as I shall know it best agreeable to your desire: and though you writ but little: yet notwithstanding, whatsoever in mine opinion shall be necessary and expedient for you, my travel therein shall not be neglected, nor my diligence denied.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Cassio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
In this Epistle he inveigheth against Anthony, and his confederates.  
YOur friend Anthony, kindleth coals offurious outrage continually, and maketh no intermission. First he hath caused this title to be written in the standing image which he hath set in the Oratory pulpit. PARENTI OPTIME MERITO. To the best deserving father of his country: so that you are not only judged manquellers, but also murderers of your affinity: what say I, that you are so judged? nay rather that we are so termed: For that mad beast avoucheth, that I was the Prince and ringleader of that your noble and commendable deed. 
* Brutus and Cassius did not communicate their counsel in kill li●…g Caesar, with Cicero. Plutarch.  I would to God my fortune had been so happy: then had not he been so cumbersome unto us. But it was your deed, full of manhood and prówesse: in which, for so much as it is past, I would I were able to give you any counsel. But. I can not devise, what I may do for myself. For, what other remedy doth remain, but that force fight against force▪ and violence struggle with violence? Thi●… is the purpose and meaning of them all, in general: not to stay, till they have procured the slaughter of Caesar. Wherefore▪ he being brought into a solemn assembly and convent by 
* A Tribune of the people, who wa●… after wards slain of Octavian.  Canutiús, before the sixte day of the Nones of October, departed away very cowardly and filthily: howbeit ●…e uttered those things, concerning the defenders and preservers of their country, which should have been applied to traitors and rebels of the common wealth. And touching me, he spoke not very doubtfully, when he said, that whatsoever you had attempted, or Canutus put in practice, issued altogether from my counsel and procurement. Now by this little crop, judge you of the whole lump, & how they are intended in other cases, suppose you by this cir●…umstāce, in that they spoiled & rob your embasador of his purueyance. What, think you, is their meaning, when they venture so far? and spare not to set a broche such an enterprise? To be carried to a sworn enemy: O extreme misery. We could not abide to have a Lord rule over us, and we are in subjection to a fellow servant. Howbeit, hope rests in your 
* Of ten-times testified, but specially against the Pa●… thians.  puisaunce and nobleness, even now, whereof I travel in affection, rather than in confidence. But where be your soldiers? As touching that which remains, I would have you confer with your own conscience, and not to seek so much after the knowledge of our sayings.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Trebatio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He seemeth to commend Trebatius, a●… a wise man, while he did avoid the inconveniences of war. But in deed he noteth him for a timorous coward. Somewhat he writeth of Octavius, & of Trebatius his riches, and haughtiness, pleasantly  
IN the conclusion of the tragedy, called THE TROJAN HORSE, you know this sentence is usurped, Sero sapiunt, Wise with had I witted. But you, old suersbée 
* Because your desire is to meddle with war in no case, wherein you show yourself a wiseman.  are not wise too late. First I have to signify unto you, that I received your letters, which savoured somewhat of madness, and also of folly. Furthermore, in that you show not yourself very desirous to see Britanny, I reprove not your wisdom. And now me thinks, you are at ease in your Inn, and therefore you pass not how little you be cumbered. To be circumspect and wise in all respects, is a well whetted weapon. I●… I used to sup often abroad, I would never be out of the company o●… Cne. Octavius, your familiar 〈◊〉, unto whom, when he hath bidden me as a guest to take part of his cheer, I have cast out this language, 
* He noteth the baseness of the man.  I pray, Sir, who are you? but (by my faith and honesty) to speak in good sadness. The man is very pleasant and honest. I would you had brought him away with you. Let me be fully certified what you do, and whether it be your determination to come to Itali●… this Winter, or no. Balbus infourm●…d me of a certainty, that you were like to prove very rich and wealth. But whither his meaning was after the Roman manner, or after the Stoical sort 
* Or, that may use and enjoy the pleasures and profits of heaven and 〈◊〉.  (who hold opinion that he is well moneyed & full of substance, that enjoyeth the benefits of heaven and earth) hereafter I shall have trial. Such as come hither, from the place where you abide, accuse you of pride and haughtiness, because you will not vouchsafe to make them answer that crave your counsel. Nevertheless, you have occasion to be glad. For it is commonly known among all men, that there is not a more cunning and skilful lawyer than you in Samarobrina.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Cornificio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He excuseth himself for seldom writing▪ commends the p●…dence, wisdom, gravity, and soberness of Cornificius: accuseth the present state of the common wealth, with a purgation in Caesar's behalf.  
TO that which was the last point and conclusion in your Epistle, I answer first, and make it the beginning of my letter. For I have marked and observed, that you great Rhetoricians and famous Orators, usurp the same order otherwhiles. You require my letters, which I never failed to sand, whensoever I was informed of any that made passage that way. In that I gather by the scope of your letters, that you will not attempt, nor determine upon any thing of a certainty, before you had understanding, how far forth that fellow (I wots not what he is) Caerilius Bassus would presume: my hope and confidence inclined that way, by reason of your policy which put me in comfort, & the gravity of your style in writing, which discharged me of despair. My earnest request unto you, is, that you would writ as often as may be, to the intent that I may be resolved what you do, & what other do, and also what you are purposed hereafter to take in hand. And, although I was sorry at my heart for your departing from me: yet notwithstanding I restored myself with consolation at the same instant, both because I thought thus in my mind: He shall go where he shall be at peace, quietness, rest & tranquillity, & shall be delivered from matters of great importance, which desire present attendance: albeit the contrary chanced, in both respects. For there, where you be, war & tumult●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 here where I am, peace began to flourish, but such a kind of peace, wherein if you had been conversant, many things would not have been to your liking, & yet the self same wherewith Caesar himself, is not well pleased. But such be the ends of civil wars and commotions, that those things only, which the conqueror would, are not accomplished: but that their desi●…rs also, by whose help the victory was obtained, must be satisfied. I am so confirmed in mind, &, as it were, so hardened, that I was well contented to be a beholder of 
* Plancus But sa whom Caesar restored.  Plancus, & a hearer of Laberius & Publius their poesies in Caesar's shows & pageants. Know you thus much, that I stand in need of nothing so much, as I do of one with whom I may have familiar communication, and learned laughter: & you shall be the man, if you come quickly, which that you do, I think for me profitable, and for yourself not incommodious.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Culleolo.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He giveth thanks in his own & Pompeius' name, for the great c●…tesie showed to 〈◊〉, and commends him upon occasion.  
Whatsoever you have done in L. Lucceius his behalf, I would have you well assured, is done to the com●…oditie and furtherance of a well disposed person, and such a one whom insolence can not make unthankful: yea, that which you have done I myself accounted worthy acceptation and recourse of duty: besides that, Pompeius, so often as he setteth eye on me, (which is not seldom) giveth you singular thanks. Thus much more also I add, whereof, I am certain you will conceive principal pleasure, that by your benignity and friendly usage towards Lucceius, I felt myself very joyfully affected. Now to that which remains, although I mistrust not, but you will continued in the self same your accustomed liberality, at this time for your own constan●…ie, as heretofore for my sake: yet notwithstanding, mine earnest request unto you, is, that what so ever you have showed in the beginning, and have also endeavoured to proceed, you would employ your will and labour, that to the end if may be augmented, increased, & enlarged. Which if you do, both Luc ceius & Pompeius shall well accept your courtesy, & you shall leave with them a principal pledge of your merits, thus much I avouch and do able. Touching the common wealth, of these matters, and our meaning, I written unto you diligently, a few days agone, and those letters delivered I to your servants.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Ampio Balbo.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He signifieth in writing, with what ●…re he is touched, towards the safety of Ampius being in exile and banishment: whom he●… comforteth, and commandeth to rest in hope.  
COncerning 
* It is peraduen true the same A. Bal. to whom he writeth in the 3. Epi. li. 1. & 13. Epi. li. 6.  the care which I conceive for your preservation and safeguard, the letters of divers of your friends have given you information: whom I have satisfied to the uttermost, as I am well assured. Neither do I give ground unto them, as though there were imperfections in my friendship, albeit their benevolence towards you be singular, that therefore they are more desirous of your safety and welfare then I But they must, of necessity, give place unto me, as one more able to do you a pleasure, at this present than they. Which thing I have not neglected to do in your behalf, neither will I fail to be your furtherer, and I have done so already, in a matter of great importance, having a regard to lay the foundation and groundwork of your safety and life. See that you be of good courage, and of a valiant spirit, making due account of my help and assistance in all things whatsoever. The day before the Nones of julie.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Torquato.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He comforteth Torquatus, who stack to Pompeius his side, in this, because he was not at Rome: and minist●…eth unto him some hope of return.  
Although 
* He comforteth him by the common condition of all men.  such be the present troubls and turmoils, that nothing is left in just square, but every man repenteth him of his state and condition: & that there is none which had not rather be any where else, then where he now is resident and abiding: yet doubt not I, but that to a good and an honest man, it would be most wretched and lamentable to be in Rome, at this present▪ For, though in what place soever a man remain, the sorrow and grief is all one which springeth from the ruin and overthrow of things 
* Touching a man's own self, and his native country.  private and public: yet do the eyes, in beholding desolate disorder and confusson, kindle the more anguish, which see and view those things, that others hear by report, in so much that they can not, for their lives, but suffer the bloody butchery of miserable cogitations. Wherefore, although you sustain the sting of man●… a vehement desire, as it is needful: yet would I have you to exonerate and unload your mind of that sorrow, wherewith I hear▪ you are most consumed, that is, because you are absent from the city of Rome. For although you are touched with an earnest affection to see your friends & your goods: yet, those things, which so ardently you require, continued in their own state: neither could they wax better if you were present, neither in peril to be worse, now that you are absent. You aught not, when your mind is occupied in the 〈◊〉 of you●… private matters, to crave ●…ome several and singular condition of countenance, or refuse to take part of that fortune which is common to many. And as for your own person▪ my Torquatus, such aught your thoughts and cogitations to be, that desperation engender no impediment, nor timorousness●… any hindrance to your consultations and purposes. For neither he, which showed himself against you more unjust and injurious, than your dignity deserved, hath given you any great signs and tokens of a spirit not appeased: neither is he fully resolved touching your safety, of whom safety by petition is desired. And for so much as, The event, success, and end of war, is uncertain: the victory on the 
*▪ From the person of Caesar.  one side, so far as I see, can not be to your prejudice and annoyance, because it inclineth not to the destruction of any: & 
* From the person of 〈◊〉.  as for the victory on the other ●…de, I am certainly persuaded, you yourself have not mistrusted nor ●…eared. It remaineth, that one thing among all the rest, much molest and vex you, which I count a kind of consolation, and that is the hassar●…e o●… the whole common wealth, against which ●…oule mischief and inconvenience, although many learned men make many words, I fear me no soue●…eine ●…emedie can be found, save that only and alone, which is so great, as there i●… in man's minds fortitude and courage, & in their hands valiantness & strength. For i●… so be that, To think well, and do no worse, be mean●… sufficient to attain a blessed life, then is it a false and wrong full speech (in mine opinion and fantas●…e) to say, that such a man is miserable, whom conscience for his wise 〈◊〉 and vertuou●… purposes, st●…dfastly suppor●….  
Neither did we (a●… I think) being led with the rewards o●… victory, leave our count●…ey in tynie●… paste, our children, kindred, a●…d all that we were worth: But 
* A good man doth nothing upon hope, but followeth his duty.  a certain duty o●… 〈◊〉, p●…etie, reverence, and lo●…e, due and payable to the weal p●…blique, and not imp●…rtinent to o●…r dignity and 〈◊〉: whose minds were not so rob of reason, and subject to madness, when we did as we did, but the e●…ent of the victory was manifest unto us.  
Wherefore, if that be come to pass, whithe we counte●… likely for to chance, at the very entrance into our cause: we ●…ught not to be fainthearted now and fall into diffidence, as though some thing which we thought impossible to be done had ●…appened. Let us therefore be of that persuasion and judgement, which reason prescribeth, and truth deciphereth that Whatsoever we attempt in the course of our life, blame may be avoided: which●… if we do want, we may suffer all mutations and changes, incident to this mortality, with patience and moderation. This talk of mine is uttered to this end, that we may fix our hearts upon this firm foundation of comfort, that Virtue is of sufficient ability to bear up herself, when all things else run to ruin, perish, and come to naught. But if there be any state wher●…in is community, you shall not want it, Torquatus, whatsoever it be. As I was penning this letter unto you, I remembered how you were wont to accuse my 
* In Pompeius his cause.  desperate dealing, or rather my wavering and mistrusting mind, whom you undertook to hearten with your countenance, and with your a●…thoritie to encourage. At which time undoubtedly, I did not so much mislike our cause, as I disal●…wed ●…ur ●…ounsell. For I perceived that we were wise too late, in mak●…g resistance against that power, 
* When we▪ made an 〈◊〉 to Caesar of Gallia ●…or the space of five whole years.  which we long befor●… had confirmed. And then I added moreover, that in def●…nce of ●…pen right, and supp●…ssing ofwrong, we took us to the spear, the shield, & the sword, a●… for our counsels and authoriti●…s they lay still untouched. 〈◊〉 did I prophes●…e vp●…n those things which came to pass, when I said they wo●…lde chance in time: But I did ●…eare, least that should come to pass, wherein was much likelihood, and which I saw very hu●…tfull and dangerous, if it grew to perfection: speci●…lly, if I might 
* Of Caesar●… victory.  promise' that, with certainty to fall out herea●…ter, which hath some assured success, if in that behal●…e promise might be made. For in those things did we most excel and prevail, which in open field are not broached, nor used: as for war and weapons, we were far inferior in force, and also much weaker. But let your mind be of the same disposition, I beseech▪ you, and take unto you the like courageous stomach, as you thought it behoved me to testif●…e in time of necessity. These things have I written to that end and purpose, because your friend Philargyrus reported unto me your whole estate, not omitting any circumstance, with a most faithful and honest heart, as I supposed, when I was inquisitive to know your condition: adding moreover, that you are wont sometimes, to be in subjection to vehement passions, and to show yourself racked with wonder●…ull carefulness: which you aught not to do, nor yet so much as once to mistrust and doubt, for that your 
* M●…ning that in time to come, he was in likelihood to come to gre●…t dignity and promotion  harvest is in hope hereafter, in one common wealth or other: Or else, if the state of the weal public be so sore assaulted, that it sustain, n●…t only ruin temporal, but also utter suppression: yet despair not you, either of your state present, or o●… that which is to come: for your miseries shall not surmount the miseries of the rest, but even as they are afflicted: so shall you be molested. As for this time of perilous tumult, wherein we live, the inconveniences whereof consume the courage of us all, as it were a running canker, and keepeth our minds in wavering suspension, you must su●…fer without heart grief, at lest, with grief not drowned in extremity, but seasoned with moderation and indifferency: because your conversation and course of life, is in that 
* Athens Epi. ●…lib. 6.  city, where Lady Reason was not only born and begotten, but also fed and fostered: and a measurable trade of life, in like manner, maintained. Besides that, you have 
* Governor of Achaia. Epi. 4. lib. 4. &. Epi. 6. lib. 6.  Ser. S●…lpicius for your comforter, whom you have always tendered with equal proportion of kindness, a●… your own self, whose good will is in a readiness, and whose wisdom never unprepared, to instill sweet drops of consolation, into your heart wou●…ded with anguish: whose authority if we had not disannulled, nor reie●…d his 
* Fo●… he gave us counsel in no wise to intermeddle with civil war. Epi. 4. lib. 4.  advisement, we had been rather in power of the gracious sceptre, then under force of the ravening sword: in the dominion of 
* For in time of peace, the Romans commonly did wear gounes  a long gownd●… magistrate, then in subi●…ction to the vi●…ory of an harn●…ssed warrior. But these things have been told with more tediousness, than peradventure 〈◊〉 r●…quired. I have no friend in all the world, t●… whom I own more service and duty of courtesy, then unto your person: And as for those Gentlemen, to whose goodness I am no less in debt, than you do vnders●…ande, the mischiefous chance of this bloody war, hath devoured them all, and by that means am I quite dispossessed. As for my present estate, 
* Namely, in no authority or estimation.  what I am, and of what account at this time. I am not ignorant. But For so much as there is no man ●…o ●…ourged with calamities, that may not attempt somewhat in his own ●…ehalf, and take trial to the uttermost; i●… hi●… mind be in●…lined and prone to nothing else but unto that which he●… hath in hand: I would have you make full reckoning of all my counsel, of all my labour, of all my love, & what so ever else is incident to honesty and faithfulness, not to be yours only, but your children●… also, at 
* Or, to be owing as due debt▪ and demaundable: because he hath made pro mice▪ to Torquatus to do something for ●…im and hi●….  commandment and service.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Metello.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He being in exill●… and banishment▪ craveth the good will help and assistance of Me●…ellus, bearing at the same t●…me the office of th●… honourable Con●…ship.  
THE letters o●… my brother 〈◊〉, and of T●… Pom●… ponius my very friend, 〈◊〉 unto me such▪ great ●…boundant hope, and plentiful confid●…nce, that no less●… ay●… concerning me now in erile, then assistance in your 
* P. Lentulus who was earnest with the Senate for Ciceroqs restitution.  fellow officer seemed to consist. Wherefore putting off all procrastination and delays, I sent my letters unto you, whereby, as my hard fortune and unhappy luck required, I have both acknowledged the duty of one not unthankful, and ha●…e, in consideration of the residue of the time, presumed to crave your friendly furtherance. After this, not only the letters of my good and loving favourers, but the report of divers passengers, whose journey lay through these quarters, signified unto me, your constant mind and unchangeable affection. Which thing wrought in me such a conceit, and bread such an imagination in my heart, that I dared not be so bold, as to molest and trouble you with my peerless Epistles. And now Quinctus my brother, sent me the sum of that Oration tempered with 
* Because Me●…llus was his adversary before.  much mildness, and marvelous clemency, which you in my behalf made in the audience of the Senate with great solemnity, and he exemplified, that I might not be ignorant: in perufing whereof, I felt such inward motions, and passions of spirit, that I could not, but of mere compulsion, writ somewhat to so good a Gentleman: and I desire you earnestly, and beseech you humbly, so far forth as your will may suffer, that you would rather tender my life and the safety of your frientes, then withstand and resist me, to please the arrogant cruelty of 
* Meaning such as did aid Clodiu●…: for in the: 4. book Ad Atticum, and the 3. Epistle, this Metellus is called the brother of Publius Clodius, who was enemy to Ci●…ro  person. You have vanquished and quite suppressed the rage of your own anger & conceived hatred, for the benefit of the weal public: and will you be drawn by other man's maliciousness, to bend and fortify your power, to the annoyance of the common wealth? Now, if, of your clemency and goodness, you will vouchsafe me your supportation and assistance, I protest unfeignedly, and promise' religiously, that I will be wholly in your jurisdiction & at commandment. But if it be not permitted nor thought lawful, that either a 
* The Consul P. Lentulus, most willing to see to Cicero his safety.  magistrate rescue me, the Senate succo●…r me, or the people 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 of that 〈◊〉 which hath over come me and the common wealth●… I wish you to be circumspect and well advised▪ lest when you would so he that might have been preserved, shall be sequ●…stred from that commodity.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Antonio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He charges Anthony with dissoluteness in duty: casts in his dish the ingratitude of his nature, and commends unto him a certain Gentleman named Atticus.  
ALthough my determination was, 
* It is marvel that he would writ to such a governor whose usage in the province where he ruled wa●… saultie & blame worthy: as Dio, Obsequens, in Epitome Liviana report.  not only to use an intermission of writing, but also to stay my pen utterly from in●…iting letters unto your highness, (commendatory Epistles excepted:) not because I knew of certainty, that they were of force and virtue sufficient with your person: but lest I should offer suspicion to them, at whose request I I refused not to writ, somewhat to be derogated from our familia●…tie, and 〈◊〉 wont acquaintance to be diminished. Howbeit, when T. Pomponius, one that is not ignorant of mine affection towards you, and of my dutifulness perfectly insirueted, bearing you hearty goodwill, and not envying us, prepared his journey to the place of your abiding, I thought it necessary to writ somewhat, 
* He signifieth that he written against his will.  specially, for that I perceived Pomponius would not otherwise be answered. If the courtesy which I exact of you, were beyond all credit, and the recourse of benefits which I demand did exceed, yet aught no man to wonder as though I were importune, nor fall into admiration as though I were impudent. For what is there which tendet●…, either 
* For store & plenty of matter, this place is to be conferred with that which is set down Epi. 8. lib. 5.  to your profit, 
* For store & plenty of matter, this place is to be conferred with that which is set down Epi. 8. lib. 5.  to your honour, and 
* For store & plenty of matter, this place is to be conferred with that which is set down Epi. 8. lib. 5.  to your rendune, that hath not had issue from the liberal and frank disposition of my nature? all which things notwithstanding, have procured me so small advantage, that you are the man which have made me no recompense: yourself are an approvable witness. Contrariwise, that from you towards me something hath proceeded, I have, by the reports of many, indeed rec●…ed: for that I have had trial and experience, I dare not seem so presumptuous, as boldly to affirm, lest (peradventure) I should upbraid you with that 
* Of an unthankful fellow, or a beast v●…worthy of any benefit.  uncourteous term, which you are wont, as the voice goeth, to dse in my discredit without desert. But touching those things which are reported unto me, I had rather you should understand them at the mouth of Pomponius, to whom they were troublesome in semblable measure and proportion: then attain the knowledge of them by the means of my letters. Concerning mine own mind, with what singular courtesy, and especial duty, it hath been towards you inclined: as well the honourable Senate, as also the people of Rome can give suff●…ient testimony: and as for your own person, you may consider with yourself thus much▪ that with me you have been in great credit, and acceptation: for which my humanity and gentleness, how deep a debtor you are unto me, I refuse not the judgement of other men, to take true trial. Whatsoever I have attempted in times past, to do you good, & for your benefit also accomplished, I was drawn and alured there unto through the liberal disposition of my will, & afterwards by my constancy, & vn●…ariablenesse: But as for those matters which 
* The judgement which proceeded against Anthony, M. Coelius being his accu●…er: in the which judgement, Cicero defended Anthony.  remain, they desire, believe me, my furtherance the more earnestly, greater gravity, & no little labour. Which I am content to sustain and take upon me to the uttermost of my power; if I may p●…rceiue that my travel is not fruitless, nor my good will frustrate: But if ingratitude be the pension of my benevolence, and security the recompense of my courtesy, I will not wade so far in folly, that you for my gentleness accounted me no better then mad and lunatic, what I mean, & what manner of matter I make 〈◊〉 of so 〈◊〉, you may understand of Pomponius: whom I do so comm●…nd unto your highness, that, although I mistrust not your goodness to his furtherance by all means 〈◊〉, yet not withstanding, I presume upon you with one petition, that if there remain in your mind any mark or token, of my love towards your person, you would express the same in Pomponius behalf: than which you ●…n do nothing unto me more acceptable.  
Far you well.   

Bithynicus to Cicero.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He maketh a secret way and entrance to his petition and request, by calling to remembrance the mutual love which was between him and Cicero: the s●…me of his request is, that he would put his friendship in practice to defend him while he is absent, for so much as there is no doubt, but what so ever he doth, is in hop●… to be considered and recompensed.  
IF the causes of our friendship were not manifold, & grounded upon justice, and conscience, I would make a rehearsal of the first beginnings, and (as I may say) the seeds or blossoms of the same, from our progenitors & parents. Which thing they aught to attempt, in my thinking, that have had an eye to the acquaintance and familiarity of their fathers, but have not sealed the same with the signets of their own courtebus behaviour, and liberal disposition, in friendly du●…ulnesse. Wherefore, I will hold myself satisfied with our private friendship, and therein show that I am well contented: upon hope and affiance whereof, I presume to be your petitioner, and the sum of my request is this, that in mine absence, it would please you to be my present tutor and de●…ender, in all cases, states, suits, and controversies depending upon necessity, if you are of opinion, that no part or portion of your welwilling and well doing to me, should lie 
* The latin word is applied to such as have the falling sickness, who are said (while they are in their agony and pas sion) to be nei there alive nor dead.  fainting between life and death, that is, neither forgotten nor unremembered.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Bithynico.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He declareth with what a fervent desire of leading his life with Bithy nico, he is inflamed and kindled: and professeth that he loveth him as dearly as one friend can love another, with all sincerity and perfectness.  
I Desire 
* This letter was sent to Q. Pompey us B●…thy nicus of whom Tul lie maketh mention in his book of notable and famous orators he was named Bithynicus, of Bythinia a place which he subdued, after the report of Festus  for many considerations, that yet at the length the common wealth might be restored to tranquillity, and set free from all tumults and cruel insurrections: yea for this I wish to s●…e that gracious time, trust my words, that I may be the more earnest to challenge interest in your promise, which in your letters unto me directed, is e●…ppessed. For the contents and argument of your Epistle, is, that if things might grow to that issue, you would lead your life in my company. Most acceptable unto me, is the honest inclination of your will, and your doings differ not from the kind of acquaintance, nor yet seem to be at disagréement with your father's judgement and opinion (who was a man of great countenance and reputation) concerning me. For let this be the groundwork and absolute building of your hope, that in greatness of 
* Which you have received of Caesar's friends and assistants.  benefits, they, which at times prevailed, or may yet bear away the best, are nearer unto you than I: but in friendship, goodwill, and mutual love, no man my match or equal. Wherefore, as well the memory of our acquaintance and society, in you remaining, to me is most acceptable: and the towardness of your will to enlarge and establish the same, very approvable.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Pompeio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
In this Epistle is contained an expostulation or reasoning▪ why Pom peius did not so much as vo●…chsafe to send him a gratulatory letter, that is, an Epistle of thanks, sithence the weightines●…e of such a matter as the beating down of Catiline's conspiracy, deserved some duty.  
IF you and your army be in health, it is well. The pleasure which I, together with all the rest, did reap 
* The war●…e against Mithridates being finished.  in reading your letters, that you sent openly to be known, was incredible, & exceeding all belief. For therein you declared so great hope of ease and quietness, as I promised to all men, upon confidence of your private person, the only procurement of my bold presumption. But thus much understand you: your old adversaries, now your new friends, are not only vehemently astonished with your epistle, but being quite spoiled of the great affiance whereunto they trusted, are utterly discomforted. Concerning that letter, which was directed and sent unto me, although therein but a bore argument and a naked signification of your will towards me was comprehended: yet notwithstanding, that it was pleasant and delectable unto me, I would not have you ignorant. For every man doth, of custom, rejoice in nothing so much, as in the certain and assured knowledge of his friendly service, and dutiful points of courtesy. So my conscience, in that respect, ministereth unto me plentiful delectation.  
Which benefits, 
* He doth quip Pompeius as unmindful of a benefit received.  if they be not an one time or other, satisfied with semblable recourse of service, and mutual humanity, I am well contented, that further tokens of friendly usage, in me lie still at quiet. Of this one thing I doubt not, but that, if 
* For Cicero made an Oration pro Lege Manilia, concerning the putting of him in charge with the Mithridaticall war.  those things which I have attempted, to do you good, had purchased but indifferent courtesy on your part the common wealth would soon set us in atonement, & establish mutual good will between us both. But lest it should not be manifest unto you, what I desire to be done in your letters I will writ openly and plainly, as, both my nature moveth, and our friendship craveth. Such things have I compassed, & brought to perfection, as deserve, (partly for our familiarities sake, and partly for the common wealths cause) some courteous and thankful point of duty, in writing to be testified: which I imagine to have been of you pretermitted, through a certain fear to offend, lest you might be thought to do contrary to the mind of 
* As Crassus or Caesar, who thought that the conspirers were not to be killed.  one man or other. But be you hereof well persuaded, that whatsoever we have done for the safety and preservation of the weal public, the same, by the judgement of the world universal is allowed, and by common testimony approved: which, at your coming 
* Namely, to the famous city of Rome.  hither, you shall understand, in such order to have been wrought, not only with much wisdom, but also with great courage and stoutness of stomach, that with you, a much greater friend than was 
* For Scipio Africanus, and 〈◊〉 were 〈◊〉 friends.  Africanus: I, not much inferior to 
* For Scipio Africanus, and 〈◊〉 were 〈◊〉 friends.  Lelius, shall gladly be knit and united, as well in affairs touching the common wealth, as also in faithful love and sound friendship.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Furfano.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle is not brought into so notable an abridgement, as it serveth for a perfect pattern or example of commendation.  
SO great was mine acquaintance and familiarity with A. Caecina, that between two friends, greater could not be established. 
* From the auncientnesse of friendship.  For we used the company of his father very much, a man of singular nobleness, & special valliantness. And I have so loved 
* Caecina.  him from his childhood, 
* From the causes of friend ship.  both for the great hope of honesty which in his nature appeared, and his excellent eloquence: and also for that he hath been conversant with me a great portion of his time, as well in exercises of friendly behaviour, as also 
* From semblance of desires and studies.  in desires, studies, & dispositions common to us both, that I would not wish to lead my life with any man 
* From mutu all good will.  more familiarly and lovingly. How necessary it is therefore, that I see to his safety, and have a regards to the protection and défence of his credit, in what things so ever, to the uttermost of mine ability, you may, by the sum of this letter, be resolved. It remains, that 
* From the cause of commendation.  when I have attained the knowledge of this by many circumstances, how your mind is affected, touching the estate of good men and virtuously disposed, and also what your meaning and intent is, concerning the calamities of the common wealth, that I request nothing at your hands, but that through the commendation of my letters, your will may lean and incline as much to Caecina (which of your own accord without admonition or constraint you are appliaunt to do) for his furtherance, as I am assured how much you make of me your friend at commandment. Then this I esteem nothing more precious, on your part to be performed.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Lepido.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He rebuketh Lepidus with much myldness●…, because he being adorned and advanced to great honour by the consent of the Senate, neglected the duty of giving thanks for the same. Moreover he exhorteth him, not to meddle nor make with concluding peace between good citizens and mischiefous Antony.  
AS the singular benevolence, and perfect love, which I bear you, kindled a great care in me for your honourable advancement, and noble titles of dignity: so I am offended at your dissoluteness, in that you have not, for such worthy benefits, showed yourself thankful to so courteous a Senate: sithence, from that order sprung your préeminence. I am right glad, & can not but rejoice, that you are de●…erous to procute peace between the citizens: which peace if you separate from servitude, and so bring to pass that it smell not of bondage, and slavish subjection, the common wealth shall reap profit, and your renown shall increase by your travel. But if this peace be like to restore a 
* Marcus Antonius, who in the war at Mutina, was dispossessed.  desperate and merciless villain to the possession of a mighty dominion: then understand you▪ that all men are of this opinion and mind, to prefer death before such a servitude. Wherefore your doings shall be leavened with more wisdom, in my judgement, if you intermeddle not with such a mischiefous 
* Against this peace he is maru●…llous earnest in his Philippicis.  peace making, which neither the Senate alloweth, nor the people well like off, nor any honest man doth commend. But these things shall be discovered unto you by other man's report▪ or else my letters shall certify you of the same. In the mean space, according to the measure of your knowledge, and proportion of your policy, attempt nothing, but that which can not be amended. See to it, and  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Torquato.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
His mind and will was to comfort Torquatus, but because he wanteth matter to kindle consolation, he layth that the medicine against sorrow and heaui●…esse, aught to be a good and guiltlesle conscience.  
IN my former letters I have been somewhat large, not so much for necessity, as for benevolence: this provoked me, that did not move me: Neither stood your 
* In suffering adversiti with manhood.  virtue in need of our encouragement and supportance: Neither was mine estate and condition such, that I should offer service of comfort and consolation to another, being succourless myself, & therefore must I use so much the more shortness at this present. For whether I needed not use many words then or no, I see no more cause why I should be long now: or whether I thought it necessary then, to let my lines run in number & length: yet that which I writ now is sufficient, specially, seeing I have no news whereof to let you understand. For although one report or other sounded in our ears continually, touching 
* Which are done in Spain  those things which I suppose are not from you concealed and kept in secret: yet that is the sum, that is the end, scope, & mark of all, which I perceive with my mind as manifestly, as we see them with our eyes externally. Neither do I see further in any circumstance than you, I am well assured. For although, no man can guess and conjecture, what end 
* In the fought field at Pharsalia.  the skirmish, or rather the conflict, is like to have: yet notwithstanding, I see both the end of the battle, and, (if that be in doubt, yet this is most certain, for so much as one of the twain must prevail of necessity) 
* N●…melie bloody & cru ell. Epi. ●…. &. 14 lib. 6.  what manner of victory this or that is like to prove: which when I view and see, I perceive such to be the state thereof, that no mischief is in likelihood to happen hereafter, if that may chance before, which is suspected and feared. For so to live, as life seemeth loathsome, is a torment most miserable: and to be discharged from fear by death, no wise man will term wretchedness: no not in him which is happy & fortunate. But in that 
* Athens, which can blaze abroad w●…the more beauty of words & bravenesse of speech, the worthiness of your person, than I can paincte out with the flowers of mine Eloquence.  city is your abiding, wherein the very walls may seem able enough to utter these things, nay many more, and of greater excellency. Thus much I warrant you of, my life for yours (though slender he the comfort which proceedeth from other man's miseries) that you are no whit now in the greater danger, than any of them which went their way from war, or tarried still by it, some resisting, & some again fearing him which overcame. But this consolation is of no such efficacy, as that which I hope is of you usurped, and of me not unfrequented. For I will not vex and molest my mind, so long as I li●…e, in any respect, since I know myself free from ●…ffence: and if I die, my care can not be great, in so much as I shall be deprived of all sense and feeling. But he carrieth 
* He taketh upon him waste & needele●… labour.  Owls to Athens, which 〈◊〉 his pen, in such points as to you are familiar. You, yours, and what so ever else toucheth you, are looked unto of me with daily diligence, and with special carefulness: neither will thy Cicero show himself dissolute, while life endureth.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Oppio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Being prepared to make a voyage into Graecia, he committeth the charge and tuition of his whole estate to Opius, prefixing an enumeration or rehearsal of such benefits as he had received.  
DOubting much in mind, as our friend 
* Whom he had certified oftentimes by letter of his determined voyage.  Atticus doth know, of my whole purpose and preparation of this voyage, because many things offered themselves to my memory, whereby I was drawn into variety of opinions, as uncertain what to attempt: your counsel seemed unto me a great supportation, to disburden my mind of such a 〈◊〉, and your judgement most necessary to confirm my wavering will. For your advise by letter given, was most manifest, wherein appeared, what you thought in this case: and Atticus also, made report unto me of your words touching the same. I have always thought and accounted you, to be a man endued with exceeding 
* He that giveth counsel must be wise and true.  great wisdom, in ministering counsel, and adorned with that inestimable juell of faithfulness in giving advise: whereof I have had principal experience, when I had recourse to your prudence, at such time as civil commotions began to sparkle & kindle, as earnest to be instructed, what you supposed most profitable for me to take in hand, whether I were best to go to Pompeius, or tarry still in Italy. Your counsel in this case, was, that I should use such providence, and deliberation in dealing, that my dignity, whereof I aught to have a special consideration, might not be impaired, blemished, and stained. Whereupon I understood your meaning, and have, not only your faith and honesty in admiration, but your religious and upright dealing in gining counsel, in singular reverence: because, when you perceived the will of your 
* Caius Caesar, whom he followed in the civil war.  most entire and best beloved friend leaning another way, yet did you not so much regard his meaning, as you made account of my profit. Mine affection hath inclined unto you, long before this time present: and I am not ignorant of your kindness towards me, always testified by apparent tekens, both in mine absence when I was in horrible jeopardy: and also towards mine, as I do well remember, whom you defended, su●…oured, and maintained. Furthermore, after my return, and repairing home, how familiarly you lead your life in my company, and what I have both thought concerning your goodness, and blazed abroad touching your worship, all men, that mark and consider well of these matters, are able with their voices of agreement, to confirm our witness. 
* You thought me your constant and faithful friend▪ although I ●… took part with Pompeius, and you stack to Caesar's side.  Your judgement was grounded upon great gravity and singular assurance, which you gave in commendation of my faithfulness, and advancement of my constancy, yea it seemed, that the persuasions wherewith you were moved, to ●…rie my credit, were of special certainty, sithence after the death and overthrow of Caesar, you doubted not to commit yourself wholly into our friendship. Which opinion of yours, or rather judgement, if I do not establish with all benevolence, courtesy, and dutifulness, I will think myself no man, but a monster: As for you, friend Opius, continued your kindness, and let your love be enlarged, (although I writ these words, rather for 
* Read the 17. Epi. of the 12. lib.  a fashion, then that I presume to give you instructions) and take the tuition of all things that belong unto me: which lest you should not encompass with knowledge, I have committed them to the credit of Atticus. And to conclude with mine own self, look for letters of more length, & fuller of lines, when I have obtained a little leisure. Be careful of your health, than which you can do nothing unto me, your friend, more acceptable.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Matio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Matius made his complaint against Cicero, who charged and accused him to be an adversary to liberty. Cicero laboureth in his own purgation, and that any such thing was of him committed, maketh flat denial.  
IAm 
* Cicero calleth the self same Matius, a most learned man, in his. 1●… Epi. 7. lib.  not yet sufficiently resolved, whether our Trebatius, a man full of courtesy, and one that loveth us both exceedingly, ministered unto me more molestation and trouble, than delectation and pleasure. For, when I came to my manor at Tusculanum, somewhat late in the evening, the next day immediately following, early in the morning, his body being scar●…e in perfect health and soundness, he repaired unto me: whom after I had rebuked, because he spared not his sickly body, he uttered these words, that there was nothing in all the world whereof he was more des●…erous, then to view my countenance, and to enjoy my company. Hereupon communication árose, and I demanded of him, what news? then did he recite unto me your complaint in order: whereunto before I make answer in the purgation of mine own person, it shall not be a miss, nor impertinent to our present purpose, to make a preamble of certain necessary circumstances. So far forth as I am of ability, to call things passed to remembrance, there is no friend more near unto me, than you, in consideration of 
* An argument drawn from antiquity or auncientnesse.  auncientnesse. But in auncientnesse there is somewhat common with the multitude, which from love is exempted. I bore you good will, on the self same day wherein I first knew you, and that your good 
* An ●…rgument from mutual good will.  will with a certain recourse of kindness unto me confirmed, was not weak, is manifest to my judgement. Moreover, your departing from us, which was so much the more grievous and less tolerable, as it was tied to diuturnity & continuance, our 
* Because they hunted after honours wherein there is emu lation and hartgrudge.  ambitious disposition, the dissimilitude of our life, & our manners wherein was no likeness, would in no wise permit and suffer, that our wills and hearts should be linked with lasting conversation, and accustomed company. Nevertheless, I understood the inclination of your nature, and perceived where unto your mind was addicted touching my person, many years before the civil tumults and uproars were a float, when Caesar was resident and abiding in France. For, that 
* An argument from benefits & good deeds  which unto me in your opinion was marvelous profitable, and to Caesar's highness not incommodious, you did your inde●…our to accomplish, that he might love me, that he might have me in some reputation, that he, I say, might accounted me among the number of his favourers. Many things I pretermit, & swallow up, as it were, in streams of silence, which were uttered by voice, & written with pen too & fro as 
* An argument from familaritie.  familiar as might be wished. For things of greater weight followed. Again, in the beginning of the civil war, when you directed your journey towards Brundisium, intending to go to Caesar, you disdained not to come & visit me 
* Some farm place or manor of his own, whether Matius courteously came to see him.  in Formiano. To call in question first of all, how highly aught I to esteem of this point of courtesy, being e●…hibited in those perilous times, & dangerous days. Besides that, think you that I can so lightly forget your counsel, your conference, & your gentleness, the sweetness whereof I have tasted, & reaped the advantage of your singular benefits? at the putting in pro●…e and practise of which premises, Trebatius, as I remember, was present. I have imprinted the sum of your letters in my memory, which you sent unto me, when I met Caesar, In 
* Some large common, belike, so named  Agro▪ as I think, Trebulano.  
Shortly after ensued by succession of time, that season of the year, wherein I addressed myself to pass a voyage to Pompeius, unto which enterprise I was either by shame compelled, or by the right of duty enforced, or else by the state of my fortune constrained. What courteous point of a friendly Gentleman, what will to my weal while I was absent, or love towards mine which were with you present, was at any time wanting or to seek, when it should be used. Furthermore, I and all mine have rested in this judgement 
* An argument from constancy and unuariablenesse.  concerning you, that unto me you are a faithful friend, and to them, in no respect, a foe. I came to Brundisium: think you that I am so oblivious, blockish, and forgetful, as not to remember, in what celerity and post haste you came riding from Tarento to see me, so soon as you herded of mine arrival? what fashion of sitting by at the same time you used, what communication you ministered, and how you established my heart harrowed with heaviness, in the fear of afflictions and miseries, the smart whereof, one with another, indifferently suffered? After many alterations of times, it came to pass yet at the length, that as luck had allotted, our meeting was at Rome: what wanted in our fri●…ndshippe that aught to be required? In matters of great moment, and affairs of wonderful weight, I ran to your counsel as to a sanctuary of succ●…ur, that by your advise I might be instructed, in what order to use and behave myself towards the majesty of Caesar. As for all other points of friendly duetifulnesse, what man hath enjoyed them in such ample privilege, (Caesar besides me excepted) in that you vouched safe to come often to my manor, and refused not to spend many hours, in protracting and lengthening communication tempered with all pleasantness, that might be possible? Beyond the things above mentioned, you were the cause efficient, if you have not forgotten, (for by your means I was urged) that I written these 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, philosophical discourses. After 
* The civil hurlie bur●…ie and battle finished & e●…ded.  the return of Caesar's majesty, of what thing were you more careful, then that I might grow and increase to ripeness of familiarity with Caesar's highness? which as you attempted lovingly, so you performed it luckily. To what purpose pertaineth this prolonged preamble, wher●…in I ●…nt to have used brevity? because I am in no small admiration, that you, to whom all these things aught to be known, should be so credulous and light of belief, as to be persuaded of me, as of an offender in those points, which are at defiance and battle bidding with our friendship. For, besides all the circumstances whereof I have made a repetition, being very evident, plain, and apparent, I have sundry other particularities, and special things, manifold in deed, but yet not so manifest, which I am not able in words to comprehend, nor to d●…liuer to your capacity by mine utterance. Whatsoever is in you, or belonging to you, is so far f●…om m●…ing▪ any 〈◊〉, that in them I plant my chiefest pleasure. But princip●…lly and above all other ornaments and possessions of inestimable value, both the singular faithfulness where with your friendship is sealed, your counsel, gravity, 〈◊〉, unuariablenesse, and noble nature also ●…ight with pleasantness, humanity and gentleness, your ●…éete letters leavened with love, delight me exceedingly. Wherefore I will now pluck off this plaster, lay the wound wide open, and return to your complaints. 
* His answer of purgation to the intented complaint of Matius.  First I answer this: I gave no credit, neither was I brought to believe that you yielded your consenting voice to the law whereof you w●…te: Beside that, if I had believed so much, I would have considered, that you would never have so done, without some necessary cause and just provocation. 
* He turneth a discommodity to commē●…tion.  Such is your dignity, such is your renown, that whatsoever you attempt and go about, it is noted, marked, & observed: On the other side, the maliciousness of men is so ripe & cankared, that some things be far worse reported, them they were by you practised. These things if you refuse to hear & to ponder, I am to seek what ●…o say in mine own defence. For certainly, if any thing so●…nde in mine ears effensively spoken in the dispraise of your person, I am no less earnest to maintain your quarrel, ●…gainst your enemies: than you have been wont to protect me, from the injurious dealing of mine adversaries. But to 〈◊〉 further of d●…fence I say this, that it is divided into two sorts: For some things there be 
* Epi. 10. li. 10  which of custom I shake off with a manifest negation, as for example, in this suffrage or voice of consent: other some which I will confess and uphold, to be done of you, with no less religion and godliness, then with humanity and gentleness, as in ●…uerséeing games, pageants & exercises. But you can not be ignorant, whom I know to be very learned, * if Caesar were in possession of principality and ruled as king, that your behaviour and usage may be discour s●…d upon, two sundry ways after a double order: either that your faithfulness deserveth commendation, and your courtes●…e admiration, for so much as the love which you showed to your ●…riente, was not only manifest in the time of his life, but apparent also after his death: or else after this sort, 
* Which peradventure Ci cero himself delighted in.  that that liberty of a man's natural country, which divers do embrace, is to be preferred before the life of his friend. Concerning these points, I would you had the per●… of my disputations. As for these two circumstances, which are, as it were, the two ●…aine props of your praise, who 〈◊〉 more willingly, or more often than I, hath given aduott●…ements touching your person, both that you were 
* So he doth writ to A●…ticus. He was all ways thought to be author of qui●…tnesse.  an earnest procurer that civil war should not be taken in hand, and also a diligent labourer, for the inoderation of the victory? wherein I 〈◊〉 no man which a●…ented not to me. Wherefore I thanks my ●…amiliar friend Trebatius hearty, by whose means occasion of inditing this 
* Wherein con sisteth my pn●… gation.  Epistle was offered, whereunto, if you do not give credit, you shall judge me void of all friendly behaviour, and des●…itute of all humanit●…e: than which nothing can be more grieuo●…s unto my nature, nor more 〈◊〉 to your manners.  
Far you well.   

Matius to Cicero.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
The excusation of Ma●…us both for himself and also against his ma●… accuso●….  
GReat 
* He testisieth his good will towards Cicero. ▪ was the pleasure which did redound to me, by reading of your letters: because I understand that you have conceived the same opinion concerning me, which I hoped and wished: whereof, although I did not labour in doubt, and travel in uncertainty: yet notwithstanding, because I had it in great price & estimation, I did what I could, that it might be in●…olable and continual. As for me, in conscience I am well assured, that nothing is of me committed, which might offend or stir any man to stomach: and much less did I believe, that you, being one, whom nature hath bea●…tified, with manifold and precious ornaments, and Art also polish●…d with goodly perfections, could upon temerity and rashness, ●…e persuaded to think amiss of me, specially, ●…ithence you are the man towards whom my good will hath not only leaned, but lasted, not only inclined, but continued. And for so much as I perceive the case standeth as I would, I will answer to such criminal causes, as you in my behalf, resisted of your singular goodness: a●…d as it was meet, for the acquaintance wherein we are linked and yoked. For I am not ignorant what they have burdened me withal, since the death of Caesar. They 
* An objection.  count it a thing worthy of reproach, that I take the death of a very friendly Gentleman so grievously, that I am greatly disquieted and out of patience, that he whom I loved is spoiled of his life. For say they: A man's country is to be preferred before friendship: as though victory were already there's, and that Caesar's death had been advantage to the common wealth. But I will not deal frau●…ulently nor deceitfully. I am not ashamed to confess mine unskilfulness, and to acknowledge that I have not 
* The confutation.  yet climbed up to this step of wisdom. For I did not follow Caesar in the civil dissension and tumult: yet nevertheless, although I was offended at the 
* Civil war he means.  enterprise, I was loathe to forsake my friend: neither did I at any time so allow such kinds of insurrections, or so well like of the cause of commotion and bloody battle, but that my desire ●…ath been earnest, and my labour ready, 
* He was the author that civil war was not taken in hand but stayed.  to suppress them in their infanci●…, and utterly to extinguish and quench them while they were in kindling. Wherefore, in the victory, and triumph of a Gentleman, whom I liked and loved, the sweetness of honour did not allure me, the greediness of money did not ensnare me, neither was I be witched with bravery of promotion: which pensions & rewards, other that were not so deeply, as I was, in his highness favour, excessively, & without all regard of moderation abused. Furthermore my goods, possessions, & maintenance of mine house, was diminished and impaired, by the force of 
* Of whic●… law, read the third book o●… commentaries of civil wars.  a Law which Caesar enacted, ratified, and proclaimed: by the benefit whereof, the greatest number of them that rejoice in the over throw and death of Caesar, have made their continuance in the City. After that the Citizens were vanquished & overcome, to the intent that they might taste the sweetness of 
* He was t●… author that moderation of the victory was not neglected.  partiality, and not be dealt withal rigorously, I joined my mind & my might together, as precisely for their supportation, as for safeguard of mine own life. These circumstances considered, I may thus conclude: Is it possible that I, whose will was to have all live, and none go to wrack, should not be much moved in heart, and pinched with perturbations, for his death, of whom that incomparable and most gracious deed was obtained? s●…thence these men did not only swell with the poison of envy against him, but also sought his destruction and overthrow. Punishment therefore is thy pension (say they) sithence thou wast so saucy, as to find fault with our doings. O unspeakable arrogancy: O pride incomparable, the like report whereof never pierced into the ears of any people: 
* Adescription of them that slew Caesar, and of himself, comprehended▪ in this clause.  that some in practising foul offences, should be so vainglorious, and other again contrariwise, may not be suffered to show themselves grieved, but must be pinched therefore, & extremely molested. Those things wherein they would have me restrained, are not denied to them that live in a servile condition, they may be fearful they may be joyful, they may be grieved, they may be comforted, they may hope, they may despair, & all with liberty of will, as not having their minds in any man's subjection: all which privileges of a courteous nature, those same authors & captains of liberty, as they term themselves, do what they can to wrist and wring from us by the torments of terror. But lost is their labour, and their toil to none effect: the fear of no danger shall at any time so possess my heart, that there upon should ensue a diminution and impairing to dutiful courtesy: neither will I yield so far to the invasions of fear, as to revolt & start back from my professed humanity. For, honest death I never thought to be avoided, but often & earnestly 
* So are the words set down in three ancient copies: and not to be sustained, as in some books it is imprinted.  to be desired. But why should they spew against me their spiteful stomachs if I wish but this, that they might repent themselves of their deed? For I desire that the death of Caesar may disburse unto all, a bait of bitterness, But I aught of duty, sithence the part of a Citizen so requireth, wish well to the common estate, and to be touched with regard for the safety of the same: which thing, for so much as my former trade of life, and my hope which remains, are sufficient confirmations that I earnestly ●…esire, it is not for me to crave liberty of speech, and with words to overcome the matter.  
Wherefore, I beseech you most heartily, to prefer the thing itself, before bore talk, & to make more account of the very purpose, then of report by tongue: & credit me, there can be no fellowship between me, and them that be of corrupt conversation and stained manners. Should I (to touch such things as I have adventured in my lusty youth, 
* Somewhat it to be granted to the degree of years.  when I might serve with sufferance, offend and yet be pard●…ned, do amiss and be counted excusable) should I, I say, recant now in mine aged years, should I make a mutation or change of that which is past, and as it were begin a new web? I will not do so: neither will I commit any thing, which might seem scrupulous and offensive: the grievous chance only, of a man whom I loved exceedingly, of a man (I say) in superiority and highest place of honour, doth move me to mourning: And if so be, that I had been otherwise affected, I would not have ●…loode in contradiction and denial of that, which I have done: lest I should be judged a naughty & lewd fellow in offending, & a timorous & vain varlet in dissembling. 
* An objection against him.  But those plays, pageants, & shows of victory, which Caesar procured to be made and published, fell into my charge, and ordering. 
* His confuta●…ion.  What then, that pertained to the office of a private per s●…n, and not to the state of th●… weal public: which duesie notwithstanding, I was bond to see performed, as well for a memorial of our perfect friendship, as also for the exhibiting of deserved honour unto him after he was intumbed: & finally to so passing a 
* Understanding Caesar.  young Gentleman, in whom especial hope was reposed, what could I else do, then conform and fashion my will, to the satisfying of his requests? Moreover, I repaired oftentimes to the house of Consul Anthony, for sa●…utation & courteous greeting sake: unto whom, such as 〈◊〉 me to be an adversary to my country natural, had ●…ten recourse, (I will not say, but seldom:) either to ask that wh●…ch was another man's right, or else to pray upon that which was none of their own. But what arrogancy is this? 
* An argument from the less to the greater: By Caesar's permission, I used their come panie whom●… he counted hi●… enemies: you will not ●…uffer me to love where I list.  Caesar gave me leave to deal with whom I would, yea although he bore them little love and affection, yet notwithstanding, he did not restrain me from using their company: and why then should they that have taken away my friend, jarring, and snarring at me like dogs, labour with tooth & na●…le, to enclose me within certain limits, to the intent that my love might not have liberty to lodge where it liketh? But I am sufficiently warranted, that the modesty of my life, shallbe of great force, to suppress their false rumours, & also, that they which are at defiance with me, for my constancy towards Caesar, will found in the end, that it is more available for them, to provide such friends as are like me, namely, officious in the utter most point of ●…urtesie, requirable: then like themselves, inconstant, vain, lightheaded and variable. As for me, if I may enjoy the fullness of my desires, the residue of my life will I 
* Which wa●… a free City. Ep. 7. Lib. 4.  lead in Rhodes, where I may possess peace & quietness. But if I be intercepted with some finister chance, I will so be resident in Rome, as I may wish and will, to be free from annoyance. To our trusty friend Trebatius, I give great thanks, in that he hath not concealed from us your kindness, but revealed the faithfulness of your love unto us in seemly manner: & for that also, by his procurement it is brought about, that to him, whom I always loved from my very heart, I see just cause of further dutifulness & reverence to be performed.  
Far you well   

Cicero to Allieno.  
¶ THE ARGVM●…NT.  
This Epistle is petitorie, for he craveth courtesy of Allienns, de●…iring him to receive Democritus Sicyonius into ●…is favour and protection.  
DEmocritus Sicyonius is not only my friendly interteiner, but also (a thing seldom and strange among many, the Grecians specially,) a man full of familiarite and courteous acquaintance. For there is in him singular honesty, excellent virtue, passing liberality towards strangers, and plenti●… of reverend behaviour: Moreover, he prefereth me, before all other, in duties of humanity, gentleness, amity, & kindness. 
* This Allienus, as it should seem was lord President of Sicilia, as may be conjectured by the circumstances of the. 79. Ep. lib. 13. whom Opius in his book treating of war●… in Afri ca, calleth some time by the name of Prae●…or, and sometime by the ●…ame of Pro●…onsul.  You shall understand that he hath principal rule not only over his own people, but that the whole Province of Achaia also, is in his jurisdiction. I am bold to make an entrance for this Gentleman to your honour, that he might know you, and that you with him might be acquainted. I am assured, that when you understand of his person and usage thoroughly, you will of your own accord, without suggestion of others, (such is the goodness of your nature) judge him a man worthy of your favour, friendship, and entertainment. My petition and request therefore unto you, is, that this letter being read and considered, it would please you to receive him in to your protection, and make promise unto me in his behalf, to do what may be done, for my sake. To conclude, if you once perfectly know (as I hope it is like none otherwise to come to pass,) that his worthiness deserveth your courtesy: I beseech you to make much of him, to love and like him, and to reckon him in the number of your friends. Thus if you do, you shall gratify me highly, and do him an exceeding great pseasure.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Planco.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He writeth of the determination of the Senate, not disagre●…ing from own sentence, that the dignity of Planeus might be augmented, & his honour enlarged. Finally, he addeth an exhortation of valiantness, willing Plancus to persever in resistance against Anthony, till such time as all the sparkles of his fury in battle be extinguished, and utterly quenched.  
I Had no sooner got opportunity to enlarge your honour, but I pretermitted nothing, which might make for your advancement, either in consideration of the recompense of vertu●…, or in respect of the worship that might be ministered by words. This to be no untruth, you may understand, by the determination of the Senate: For so was it enacted, and by authority confirmed, as I in writing gave information, and in words uttered mine own sentence: which the full court, and a●…emblie of Senators, were so far from dissalowinge, that thereunto with earnest desire & large grants, they condescended. And although I perceived by your letters which you sent me, that the judgement of good men, was to your greater delectation, than 
* Which by the decree of the Senate were granted.  the ensigns and ornaments of renown in your expectation: yet, I thought that it was our duties to ponder and weigh, how deeply the common wealth is grown in your debt, for your meritorious and well deserving behaviour, albeit you required nothing in the way of reward. Proceed you still as you have begun, and let your 
* Bring that battle to an end, which the Consuls have, for the most part, discomfited.  last assaults be answerable to your first attempts. For he that shall give Anthony the overthrow, and fallen his force flat under foot, shall in like manner bring that battle to an end. Wherefore 
* Ilias'. 4,  Homer named not A●…ax nor Achilles 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is to say a conqueror of cities: but assigned that title to venturous Ulysses.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Planco.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He commends Plancus for his assistance and speedy succour in the behalf of the common wealth employed: giveth him counsel, to pursue Anthony to Mutina, and by all means 〈◊〉 to procure ●…is destruction.  
O joyful report, and most acceptable rumour, which was scattered abroad two days before 
* At Mutina, when 〈◊〉 was put to flight.  the victory was obtained, concerning your assistance, your fortifications, your earnestness, your expedition, your speediness, and the courage of your soldiers. So that now, our enemies being vanquished and utterly put to flight, all hope in you is harboured, all confidence and assurance in your dealing reposed. For it is noised abroad, that the most notable and principal ringleaders, of those rebellious robbers, and traitorous varlets, have forsaken the fought field, and being unable, any longer to encounter, have taken flight from Mutina. Therefore it is no less commodious to dig up the roots, then to cut off the small sprigs: and as commendable to pierce to the bone, as to pair the skin: and as great puisaunce and prowess, to take trial of the uttermost hazard, as of the foremost adventure: and as much praise due to constancy, to wound him to the death, as to draw out a weapon. I looked for your letters, and the letters of many more beside: I was in hope also that Lepidus would remember, 
* In present danger: which compelleth good and true hearted citizens, to fight in the defence of their countr●…e.  in these tumults and storms of the weal public, to join his power with your strength, whereby he might satisfy the expectation of the common wealth. Labour to the uttermost (friend Plancus) and think no kind of travel too tedious, that not so much as one little sparkle of that outrageous, cruel, and most mischiefous war remain unquenched. Which thing if your wisdom and manhood may compass, you shall bestow upon the common wealth, a heavenly benefit, and you shall purchase to your own person, everlasting renown. The third of the Ideses of May.  
Far you well.   

Plancus to Cicero.  
¶ THE ARGVM●…NT.  
This Epistle maketh mention of the preparation which he made to overthrow A●…honie.  
I Thought that it was not impertinent to your person, nor to the common estate, by these letters which I have written, to understand such things, as in process of time have chanced. * My di●…igence, and circumspect dealing, hath 
Epi. 20. lib. 10.  (as I hope) been to myself a commodity, and to the weal public an advantage. For I ceased not to sand posts to Lepidus daily, that, all contention canceled and cut in sunder, 
Epist. 2. 18. & 21. lib. 10.  and* a reconciliation of both our wills obtained, his help joined to mine, and mine aid linked unto his, he with me, and I with him, might defend the common wealth, from the inuas●…on of adversaries: and that he should not so much think upon one 
* Because in the conflict at Mutina, Anthoni●… was discomfi●…ed.  vile rascal, and contemptible outcast, as on his private reputation, his children, affinity, friends, and natural country. Wherein, if he condescended to do so, as he was desired, he might turn my service to his own advantage, in all things whatsoever. My request, was not void in this case: for by Laterensis our messenger passing between us too and fro, I prevailed in my purpose: insomuch that the matter growing to this perfection, he gave me his faith, truth, and honesty, that he would pursue and resist Anthony in battle, if he could not keep him out of his province: besides this, he besought me to come & join the aid of both our armies together, whereof he was somuch the more des●…rous & earnest, for that Anthony was reported to have a great power of horsemen, & Lepidus had no such troop in a readiness prepared. For not many days age, although small & slender were his whole number: yet notwithstanding, ten●…e of the best and chiefest of his horsemen, came over unto me: of which things I being not ignorant, made no prolonging nor lingering excuses, but thought forth with, that Lepidus in the 
* While he thought well of the common wealth & his country.  commendable course of his good and well disposed counsels, was greatly to be furthered & assisted. What profit did depend upon my setting forward, I perceived presently: either because I might pursue & vanquish his troop of horsemen with mine: or else, because by the presence of mine host, I might correct & draw to obedience, the part of Lepidus his army, which is 
* Or, which is corrupted with bribes and rewarde●… to assist Anthony.  scarce sound, & revolted from the common wealth. Wherefore, a bridge being made over 
* Pliny compareth Isara to Rhodanus, lib. 3. cap. 4.  Isara that great flood, which is near the borders of the Allobroges, in one days space, through my procurement, I and my soldiers passed over to the other side, the fourth of the Ideses of May. Now, when I was informed, that L. Anthony, was sent before, with the aid of certain horsemen and footmen, and so came to Forum julij: I sent my brother strengthened with the power of four thousand horsemen, the first day before the Ideses of May to meet him: I myself accompanied with 
* There is men tion made of five logions, Epist. 8. lib. to of four. Epist. 13. lib. 11.  four swfte and speedy legions, and the horsemen which I have remaining, intend to take upon us the tracing through tedious journeys, and forthwith to follow after, if our fortune be but so so, indifferent (I mean) in the behalf of the weal public: then shall we both beat down the boldness of those desperate conspirators, and find an end also of carefulness. Moreover, if that pestilent spoiler, having premonishments and forewarnings of our coming, shall begin to retire and draw back into Italy, it shallbe * Brutus 
Decimus Brutus, president of Gallia Cisalpina, now called Lombardy.  his charge to meet him, whom I know to flourish in wisdom, counsel, and policy: and to want neither courage, puisaunce, nor valliantness. Howbeit, if that chance come to pass, I will send my brother with horsemen well ●…rouided, to follow after, and to defend Italy from violence. See that you neglect not your health, and as I love you, so love me again.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Ligario.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
●…ee writeth that he is in hope of Ligarius safety: to the obteyninge whereof he promises all the help that he can procure: in the mean space he exhorteth Ligarius, to take his froward fortune & untoward luck with moderation and patience.  
ALthough it behoved me, in this 
* This is the same Ligarius in whose behalf Cicero made his oration, bearing title, pro Q. Ligario.  your time of trouble, to writ somewhat unto you▪ according to the quality of our acquaintance, either by way of consolation, that you might not be comfortless: or by way of assistance, that you might not be succourless. Yet, hitherto, I have not accomplished that point of courteous duty: because I perceived that words and sentences could not prevail, against your pensifenesse, which was unappeasable, nor diminish any part of the same, it was so indurable. In process of time, when hope began to bear blossoms abundantly, that the day was approaching, wherein we should have the presence of your person, in health and prosperity: I could no longer bridle the secret motions of my mind, but needs must declare unto you my determination, & discover the whole sum of my counsel. I will therefore writ that unto you, whereof I have a sealed warrant, namely, that the anger and displeasure of Caefar against you, will hereafter be assuaged. For, to tell the plain truth, both the matter itself, the day, the opinion of people, and (as I gather by sundry apparaunces) the inclination of his own proper nature, allure him to gentleness and clemency: which to be as I say, not only the estate of other, ministereth me occasion to presuppose, but the reports of his nearest friends, and 
* Gentlemen he means of Caesar's nearest acquaintance,  such in deed as with him are most familiar, persuade me that you are towards the attainment of Grace with his highness. Unto whom, since the time that 
* Concerning Pompeius complices, vanquished in Africa.  news came first out of Africa, I together with your brethren, intermitted no opportunity, to put in practise the parts of Suppliants: whose virtue, integrity, uprightness, love and constancy towards you being incomparable and singular, besides that, their carefulness for your safety, being planted upon perpetuity and continuance, were so forcible and pithy, that there is no kind of thing, which Caesar's highness, 
* Without the mediation, or intreataunce●… of any person.  of his own accord, will not grant and give of his free bounty: & if our petition be somewhat later obtained, than we would, the cause thereof, is to be ascribed to his great and earnest affairs, of whom all things are required with submission, which have made harder access to his highness, so that we might not at will, use his gracious goodness. And besides his busy matters, Africa hath incensed and kindled 
* Because they had renewed war.  his anger, insomuch that he seemeth, of purpose, to work their disquietness, whom he perceiveth thoroughly bend, to frame his continual vexation. But we understand, that he in a storm, is somewhat calm: against madness, marcheth with mildness: & is pight with patience against inconvenience. Wherefore, give credit to my words, and repose this report in the cosket of your memory, that you shall not remain long in these troubles, sithence they are like to have their limitation. When 
* When I have showed that which I mislike not. Epist. 10. lib. 5.  I have declared that which is hidden in my thought, it rests behind, that, of the towardness of my will to do you pleasure, my deeds rather than my words, give a testimony. And if I could accomplish so much, as I might challenge of duty in that commonwealth, wherein my merits (as you hold opinion) are not only manifest but also manifold, you should be soon delivered from these discommodities & dangers. For the self same cause hath been a canckar to my 
* Dignity, renown, worship & estate.  wealth & estate, which hath been a plague to your health and safety. Nevertheless, what courtesy so●… ever, the image & representation of mine ancient dignity, what dutifulness soever, favour may afford, and friendship comprehend, my labour, my counsel, my desire, my furtherance, and my faithfulness, shallbe at the commandment of your good brethren in every respect. See that your heart be courageous, as becometh a man: let it be now, as it hath been always in times past, first for the causes which in writing I have mentioned: secondly, because you have been so well affected towards the weal public, as, that you may, not only at this instant, hope 
* When you understand that there is hope of safety.  prosperously to flourish: but also, though you were drowned and utterly overwhelmed, with the waves of adversity, yet through the comfort of conscience, knowing that your meaning hath been virtuous, & your doings commendable, to wear out all tempests whatsoever, with a manful courage.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Trebiano.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He is very glad of Trebianus his return into his country, by suit at length obtained: he exhorteth him to blot things past out of the book of his remembrance, and to prefer the recovering of his dignity, before the loss of his private goods and substance.  
IN time past, I did only favour 
* Cicero his son in law. Epi. 16. lib. 2. & 13. lib. 8.  Dolabella, being bond unto him in no respect of duty, for there was no cause of necessity to exhibit such service: but he oweth unto me duty and reverence, for that I was unto him, a present refuge & defence, in his great 
* Whereof mention is made, Epi. 10. lib. 3.  dangers. Now, through the recourse of a late singular benefit, issuing from his humanity & gentleness, I am so streigtly tied to his courtesy, because y● before, in the matter itself, and at this instant also, he hath satisfied me so plentifully, touching your safety, that I know none, to whom I am deeper in debt, for such bounteous deserts. For which thing, I rejoice in your behalf exceedingly, that I had rather you should show yourself glad in heart, then 
* Because the suit concerning your safety, was obtained by the means of my son in law, made to Caesar's highness.  to give thanks unto me for your good luck: the one of which I desire in no respect, the other you may well do, without doubt of uncertainty. Concerning that which remains, when by your virtue & worthiness, free passage is made for you, to return to your friends & acquaintance: your wisdom must so moderate and rule you, and the valiiantnes of your nature must be so effectual, that you aught to forget that, which you have lost, & think with yourself what you have recovered. You shall lead your life in joy among your acquaintance: you shall be in the company of us your favourers: more dignity by many degrees have you achieved, than all the private wealth can countervail, whereof you are dispossessed: which notwithstanding would afford you the greater pleasure and delight if there were any state of a commonwealth. 
* Puteolanus, of whom somewhat is spoken in the Epistles Ad Atticum oftentimes.  Vestorius, our familiar friend, written unto me, that you gave me infinite thanks: this report unto me is marvelous acceptable: and I give you good leave to use it, both in the presence of other people, and in the hearing of Siro also, your friend and my well-willer. For those things that we do, our meaning is to have them thoroughly approved & allowed, of such men as are endued with most wisdom, and grounded upon the soundest judgement. My desire is to see you as soon as might be.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Trebiano.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This epistle containeth an excus●… of his not writing: it containeth also a consolation: finally, it containeth a promise of good luck and fortunate success, with a brief memorandum of his own duetifulnesse.  
LOng since would I have directed my letters unto you, if mine invention could have ministered any matter, wherein my pen might have been occupied. For in 
* In adversity when fortune is not favourable.  such a time as this is, the courtesy of 
* Epi. 13. lib. 6.  friends craveth the benefit, either of comforting, or else of promising. I did not comfort you, because mine ears were full of many rumours, concerning your puissance, and your prudence, which arm you sufficiently against the injuries of these troublesome seasons: and be●…ause the conscience and secret knowledge of your own studies and attemp●…s replenished your heart with perfect consolation. Which thing if you do (as I hear) the 
* The profit of good & ho nest desires, is chiefly-obteined in calamity.  revenues of your virtues willbe invaluable: wherein I am assured, your exercise consists: and to that rule and direction to level all your doings, I exhort you earnestly. Furthermore, unto you, a man absolutely furnished with the knowledge 
* By dealing in matters, noting examples, and searching the know ledge of antiquities, we wax learned.  of many matters and examples, and in all manner of antiquities thoroughly instructed, I▪ not utterly ignorant and unskilful, though in desire, peradue●…ture somewhat less occupied, yet in things themselves and in their trial, somewhat more conversant than I would, make this comfortable promise, that these bitter brunts, and injurious deeds which you suffer, shall not long continued. For, even his own person, who is of ability & power to prevail most, seemeth unto me, daily more inclined to equity, and to the 
* Which is, that one man should assist, help and love another.  nature of things in their succession: and such is the kind of your cause, that, together with the commonwealth, which cannot lie in ruin perpetually, and unrepaired, it must of necessity, as it were raeviue, quicken again, and recover the former per●…ections: Moreover, something is made more mild, gentle and liberal, than we, through fear, suspected. All which premises, for so much as they depend often upon th●… alterations of seasons, and changes of times: we will mark every moment, not pretermitting any opportunity, whereby you may be (by our means) succoured, and assisted. Wherefore, that other kind of letters, which I have spoken of before, shallbe (as I hope) more easy and ready, to do me service continually, that I may be bold to make promise unto you of that, which in deeds rather, then in words, may be performed. I would have you to be in this belief, that you have more friends and favourers, then are in subjection to this your present chance, or ever have been in times past, so far as I am able to understand: unto, 
* Meaning that his friendship should surmount all others.  not so much as one of them all, purpose I to give place. See that you have a manly and valiant heart, which in you is not wanting: As for such things as are in the dominion of Fortune, they shallbe governed by observations of seasons, 
* We will aid and support you so far forth a●… man's counsel is able. For all things that chance cannot be avoided.  and provided by the assistance of our counsels.   

Cicero to Trebiano.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He promises whatso●…uer he can do to the uttermost of his power, that Trebianus may be set clear●… from danger: and showeth him some hope, of better fortune hereafter.  
HOw I esteem of you at this instant, how I have accounted of your person in times past, and how much you have et by my friendship, I myself am a witness sufficient. For your counsel, or rather your chance, to remain longer in civil wars, was always unto me 
* Because I have evermore well a●…counted of your perso●….  a great grée●…e: and this your infortunate luck, for that the restitution of your renown, is delayed and put off longer, then by equity seemeth tolerable, or then I in heart have earnestly desired, the care thereof pierceth into my mind, no less violently, than my chances were ●…graffed in yours, when I was in the like extremity. Wherefore, Postumulenus and Sextius, Atticus also our familiar friend, & next unto him Theudas your frée●…an, have understood my meaning, manifestly: yea to all and every of them, I have affirmed severally, and oftentimes protested religiously, that I am kindled with a certain kindness, both towards you and ●…our children, in any thing whatsoever, to satisfy your ●…illes with my service. Whereof, I would have you certify such as tender your person, that they in like manner may be assured, that all my 
* The like course of words are to be found Ep.▪ 14. lib. 6  duty, diligence, counsel, ability, faithfulness, substance, & else whatsoever, is always ready, and at hand for their benefit and furtherance. If I can compass so much by mine own authority, or by the favour and good countenance of other my well willers, as of duty I might, in that common wealth, wherein my merits and deserts are not unsealed nor untestfied: then should you in short space, be the same man, which in times past you have been, namely in highest degree of 〈◊〉, & prince also of your honourable order. But in so much as, each 〈◊〉 ●…s were at one time, and for 
* Because we followed Po●… peius.  one cause subject to semblable luck: I do both promise' you those things which in writing I have above mentioned, remaining unto me as mine own, by use and possession: & those things also which I seem otherwise beside to retain, as fragments and portions of mine ancient dignity. For Caesar himself, as I conjecture and gather by many circumstances, hath not against us conceived displeasure, as his adversaries: and all those Gentlemen who with his person are most familiar, being, 
* For I had no such foresight, whereby I might make means in time to use the benefit of their help, if in time to come, I should stand in need.  by a certain chance, bond unto me, through the great duties of courtesy, which of old I exhibited, to their contentation, favour me greatly and use me very reverently. Wherefore, if I can do any thing touching your estate, that is, in the behalf of your safety, wherein all things else do cousist, as I grow in hope day by day, through sundry reports which I hear: I will take a proof of mine ow●…e power: & what mine ability can comprehend, I will boldly put in adventure. It shall not need to stuff my letter with particularities: take this for a general conclusion: All my study, all my benevolence, all the means that I can make, is as your own, to gratify you, & at your pleasure, to do you service. But I am very desirous, & I take it to be a thing much touching my person, that all your friends understand mine intent & purpose, which by your letters, as a most convenient & fit instrument, may be accomplished, namely, that 
* The like clause is used in the 11. Epi. of the first book, where he writeth to Vatinius.  what soever is said and thought to be Cicero's, the same also is due to Trebianus, freely and at will to use. Thus much have I signified, to the end that they might be well assured, nothing to be wrapped in such difficulties, but the same, being for your sake attempted, shall appear unto you most pleasant and comfortable.  
Far you well.   

Uatinius to Cicero.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Vatinius being sent into Illyricum, at the commandment of ●…aesar Dictator, commends his dignity and honour●…ble estate, to his friend Cicero, that he might defend the same from the slanderous impeachementes of ●…alicious and spiteful people.  
IF you are in health, it is well: I am in health. If you keep your accustomed order, in prosecuting ●…he part of a patron●…, P. Vatimus your client cometh unto you, as standing in need of your present defence, and desirous to committee the handling of his cause unto your wisdom: you will not (I think) reject him in honour, whom you received in danger. As for me, unto whom should I make access, unto whom should I appeal, but unto him? 
* He maketh a gap to his good will, by ripping up to remembrance, a been fire, receiued●…▪ of which been fire: Valerius, Max. lib. 4. Cap. 2.  through whose tuition I have learned the attainment of victory? What, should I fear I wax faint, that he which for the tendering of my safety, passed not a point for the conspiracy of such as were of most power & puissance, will not now, in the maintenance of mine honour, beaten down the spiteful speeches of vile abjects, & tread under feet, their envious slanders? Wherefore, if, as you were wont, you love me: then take upon you the whole charge of mine estate, and think with yourself, that this burden, what soever it be, must needs be laid upon your shoulders, lest my renown run against rocks, and so suffer shipwreck. You are not ignorant, that my fortune (I can not tell by what means) doth hardly escape the baits of backebiters, my behaviour hath not deserved, any such doggish dealing: but makes it any great matter, sithence it cometh to pass, I know not by what destiny? If there be any, that peradventure, will be quarreling at our dignity, to blemish and impair it, I beseech you to continued your accustomed courtesy, and liberal nature, in defending me while I am absent. The letters which I sent unto the Senate, concerning 
* In Dalmatia.  our affairs, I have exemplified, and hereunder set down, point by point, that you might not be uncertified. It is reported to me, that your clerk or Secretary, hath played the fugitive or runagate, and is among the Vardeys: Touching whom, I had from you no special precept: Nevertheless, I have out commandment before hand, that inquisition should be made after him both by Land and Sea: and undoubtedly, I will find him out, that you may be at quiet, except he hath taken flight into 
* The name Dalmatia is derived of the ●…itie Daimnium, as Strabo ●…ith. Lib. 7.  Dalmatia, from whence (notwithstanding he lurk for a season) we intent to hunt him out, at one time or another. It shallbe your part to love us still.  
Far you well. Dated, the. 5. of the Ideses of julie: from Narona where I am encamped.   

Cicero to Uatinio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
●…e giveth signification of his good will, as well towards the wife of Vatinius, as also towards Vatinius his own person: Moreover, he requesteth him, in no wise to fail, but to send home again his runagate servant Dionysius.  
THat my duties of courtesy are well accepted of you, I do not w●…nder. For of all men alive, I have known you most thankful: 
* The letter of Vatinius wh●…r unto this is an ans●…, was lost: as it is cu●…dent to p●…oue.  which report I never ceased to blaze abroad, for the increase of your commendation. For you have not only given a testimony of your good disposition in that case, unto me by motions of mind, and utterance of words, but your deeds also, have in most ample and large manner confirmed the very same. Wherefore, you shall h●…ue knowledge & experience, that in all your affairs whatsoever, my desire is semblable unto yours, and my will all one in every respect. Whereas you commend unto me, Pompeia your wife and partner, a woman of great nobleness and excellency: I had communication with ●…ur friend Suca, immediately upon the perusing of your Epistle, whom I willed, to say thus much unto her, in my name: that, in what thing soever, she stood in need of my service, it would please her to sand me certificate, and it should be done, with singular care and special regard, to the satisfaction of her own desire: I will therefore do no less than I have said, and I will confer with her personally, if the matter depend upon necessity. Howbeit, thus much I would have you inform her by writing, that there is nothing, be it little▪ or be it great, which may seem unto me, either too hard to accomplish, or too ba●…e and vile for a man of ●…ny calling and countenance to attempt. All things, which I shall do, touching your business, shall unto me, be both easy and honest. Concerning my servant Dionysius, that runagate, let not your labour be lacking, if I am in your love and favour: what promise' soever you make unto him, I me self will see it perfourmet. If he be intractable, stu●…burne, and naughtily disposed, (as he is) you shall lead him in triumph as a 
* It appeareth by this th●…t Dionysius was in the hands and power of Vatinius.  captive and prisoner. The GOD'S sénde a plague of confusion, among the Dalmatians, by whose means you are much molested: But, according to the tenure of your writing, they shallbe taken shortly, and by them shall your prowess be made famous: for they have always been counted Martial and Warlike.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Seruilio Jsaurico.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He signifieth, how delectable a thing it was to him, to understand the course of Servilius his Navigation, or travail by Sea: whom he also desireth to certify and send him word in writing, of the state of the Province, which he had in government, together with the trade of his doings, and affairs: finally, he promises his service in all things, whatsoever requireable.  
marvelous pleasant and joyful were your letters unto me: whereby I understood the course of your navigations and voyages: for 
* This Servilius was Cicero's fellow, in the office of the Augurshippe.  you set down a testimonial of your remembrance concerning our ancient society and fellowship: than which, nothing in the world could minister unto me more delectation. It remains, that my joy shallbe the more augmented, if you apply your pen to writ unto me familiarly of the state of the common wealth, that is to say, the condition of your Province, and also of the trade of your dealing, as your ordinances, and other affairs: whereof, although I am informed, by the reports of many, to your high honour, and renown: yet notwithstanding, I would very willingly, by your letters, as more welcome messengers, be certified. I will n●…t writ unto you oftentimes, what I think toucheing the weal public in general, because the intercourse of such letters are dangerous: But what is done here shallbe revealed unto you by mine Epistles, which shall not be your sealdome visitoures. I am in hope that 
* In the Augu●…ship Philip. 2. & Dio. lib. 4.  Caesar (our fellow officer) his care hereafter, and regard presently, will so provide, that we may recover some one state of a common wealth: at whose counsels that you be present, it seemeth to no small purpose: But, if in your judgement, it appear more profitable, that is to say, more honourable, to be Precedent and Governor in Asia, and to have the tuition of that part of the weal public, which is in an ill case, and to be redressed: then the self same thing, which maketh best for the profit of your person, and is most available for your commendation, aught of me also to be desired. Touching your dignity, and what so ever else belonging to the same, I will take upon me the whole charge, and therein show my love and diligence: and to 
* Who being surnamed, Isauricus, of Isaurun, in Pamphilia, left the same name to his son as a portion of his inheritance.  your Father I will have a principal respect, as he is a right noble Gentleman, y●…eloing unto him my help, with all humility and reverence: unto the performance whereof, as to the requital of due debt, I own the uttermost of my power, both for the auncientnesse of our acquaintance, and for your singular benefits: beside that also, for his own honour and renown.  
Far you well.   

Trebonius to Cicero.  
¶ TH●… ARGVM●…NT.  
He declareth how joyful and glad he is, for the good and laudable disposition of Cicero the younger (meaning the Son) towards virtue: he sendeth ce●…taine verses, which he written in the d●…praise and rep●…oche of an evil Citizen to Cicero the elder (supposeing the Father) desiring him to 〈◊〉 and place them, among his own discourses, written upon the destruction and overthrow of Caesar.  
IF ●…ou be in health, it is well. I came to Athens the 〈◊〉. of the kalends of june, and there 〈◊〉 was my chance (a thing answerable to my desire) to see your son, a young man addicted to the best kind of studi●…, and of a passing good report of modesty: which thing, what pleasure it ministered unto me, you may well understand, albeit I keep silence. For you are not ignorant, how much I do account of your person, and how greatly, in (respect of the love wherewith we are lin●…ked, not grounded upon ancientness only, but also upon faithfulness, a most firm and unshaken foundation,) I rejoice for your sake, both for this so 
* As a son ne of so virtuous an inclination which is a jew el of exceeding great joy e.  singular and precious a treasure, as likewise for all other small commodities redounding to your advantage. I would not have you suppose (my friend Cicero) that I f●…ll your ears with these rumours touching your son: but it is a common voice abroad how he is disposed. There is nothing in the world universal, of them, which are in Athens more bel●…ued, then is this your, and also our young Gentleman Cicero, (for what thing can there be within the compass of heaven, betwixt us twain, several and not common?) there is, I say none more desirous, to attain, the knowledge of those arts & sciences, which you have in highest estimation, I mean, those that be of most excellency and perfection.  
Wherefore, I am glad with all my heart on your behalf, I speak unfeignedly, and no less joyful for our own sake, to tell the truth with simplieitie: because ●…ée whom of necessity we aught to love, howsoever his nature were inclined, is of so virtuous disposition, and commendable behaviour, that me must of force, judge him worthy of our love and kindness, continually. This your Son, and young Gentleman Cicero, when among other communication betwixt him and me interchanged, he had said that he would see Asia, I did not only desire him, but also earnes●…ly bes●…ught him to accomplish that his purpose, at such time principally as the state of the Province fallen into mine▪ authority & government: unto whom (doubt you not) such service shallbe exhibited, on ou●… parts, as, both 〈◊〉 ●…th, and courtesy challenget●…▪ Moreo●…r, we will have a 〈◊〉 reg●…d, namely, that 
* That famous Philosopher in the peripatetical profession: Ep. 21. lib. 10. and lib ●…. &. 3. of Offices.  C●…tippus, kéep●… him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lea●…t peradventure, you might imagine, that he intermitteth & ceaseth▪ from those notable exercises of learning while he maketh his abode in Asia, whereunto you incited him by your fatheuly precoptes & ●…hortations, while he continued in Athens: for we will not be slack to encourage him by our counsels who is already, as I see, furnished to the purpose, and as it were with 
* Look in Flavius V●…getius, for the better understanding of Plenus gradus militum.  a full step marching forward, that he may daily proceed further and further, both in the instructing of himself, to be the more skilful, and also in practising himself, to be the more cunning. Of your estate and affairs in the common wealth, I did know nothing, at the inditing and insealing of these letters: Certain reports I herded of hurly-burlies abroad, wherein I have so little delight, that I wish with all my heart, they were but mere fables and va●…e forgeries, to the intent that the time may once come, wherein liberty, and quietness may be recovered and enjoyed: of which benefit I have hitherto, been deprived.  
Nevertheless having obtained a little leisure and opportutunitie, 
* Or, while we were in the Ship, & had not so many matters wheraboutes to be occupied.  through the means of our navigation, I have performed a present, to the renown of your person, answerable to mine own mind, and manner: in the conclusion and end whereof, I have set down a word, which you, to our high honour, have freely uttered: and I have also, not denied mine assent to you, but subscribed accordingly. In the invention and conveyance of which verses, if I shall seem, in your judgement, somewhat liberal in language: the vileness of the person, against whom we inveihe, shall dispense with our doings in that case, and make them tolerable. You shall in like manner, pardon our anger, which is justly kindled against such as he is, being both evil men, and no good Citizens. For end, why should it be more lawful for 
* The write●… and deviser of satires.  Lucilius, then for us, to arrogate and take unto himself, that liberty in writing●… since those whom he harmed, he equally hated: and yet for all that, had not more notable adversaries, upon whom he might violently rush with woundin●… words. It shallbe your part, according to the sum of your promise, to interlace my devices among your treatises, for I travel not in dubitation hereof, but that, if you writ any thing at all, touching the 
* For this Trebonius was one of them that mur thered Caesar.  death and overthrow of Caesar, you will bestow some portion, and the self same not the lest both of the matter, (you know my meaning) and also of your good will, upon me your petitioner. Far you well: and accounted my mother and all my friends, as people unto you commended.  
Dated the. viii. of the kalends of june▪ From Athens.   

Cicero to T. Fabio.  
¶ TH●… ARGUMENT  
He useth seven sundry circumstances, to comfort Fabius, being in exile and banishment.  
ALthough I, who am desirous to be 
* From the sorrow of himself: for it is a kind of consolation, when we signify our selves, to be touched with mu tual sorrow.  your comforter, have more need myself to be succoured: because nothing hath this long time, seemed unto me more grievous and insufferable, th●…n your private damage and discommodity: yet notwit●…nding, I do not only exhort you, but also for the love wh●…●…ith we are linked, require and beseech you, to be of good courage, that your behaviour may be correspondent to manhood and valiantness: & that, moreover, you would call into consideration, what is the 
* From the condition of all men.  common condition of all men, & 
* From the state of the times.  the quality of the troublesome times, wherein we are born by destinies appointment. Your virtue hath attributed and given more unto you, than your 
* From the comparing of ●…ood things.  fortune hath derogated and taken from you: because you have achieved those things, which many have wanted: & have likewise lost that, whereof diverse noble and honourable men are deprived. To conclude, such seemeth to be the 
* From the fear of common calamity.  success of laws, statutes, judgements, determinations, and seasons, that he may think himself very well sped and excused, whose luck was no worse, then with so light and small a punishment, to departed out of the common wealth. 
* Fron hope of restitution.  As for you, that want not wealth, that are not destitute of children, that have us, and besides us, diverse gentlemen more, knit close unto you in a covenant of especial kindness, and benevolence: besides that, sithence you alone, among so many, suffer the penalty of judgement 
* Because it was unjust.  worthy reprehension, and which, as 
* Fron the opinion of men.  all hold opinion with one assent, though somewhat uncertain, that through the power of 
* Caesar.  one, you are pardoned: in consideration of all these circumstances, you aught to esteem your burden, so much the more easy and light, and to let the grief, by the injury of undeserved éxile engendered, mildly of you be sustained.  
As for my heart, both towards yourself, and also towards your children, it shallbe none otherwise aff●…cted, then will in you, and duty in me, do require.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Rutilio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He desireth Rutilius, that in the division of lands, he would not meddle with the possessions of Albinus.  
FOr so much as, both by mine own knowledge I am instructed, how highly I esteem of your person, and again on the other side, have had experience & trial of your good will towards me oftentimes professed, I was nothing scrupulous or doubtful, to crave that at your hands by the way of petition, which, by necessity to crave I was constrained. What great account I make of P. 
* Who at such time as he was Tribune of the people, brought Cicero home again out of banishment.  Sextius, mine own conscience is witness sufficient: and, in what reverence I am bond of duty to have him, both you understand, and no man can be ignorant. This Sextius, after he had been certainly informed, by the reports of many, that I was deeply in your favour and friendship, requested me, to writ unto you, as earnestly and effectually, as was possible, touching the inheritances and possessions of C. Albinus the Senator: of the body of whose daughter 
* This is apparent in the Oration made for Sextius.  L Sextius an excellent youngman, and the son of P. Sextius, descended. Thus much have I written, to the intent you may understand, that I aught, not only for P. Sextius sake, to bestow my labour, but that it belongeth to Sextius in like manner, for the behoof of Albinus, to employ his diligent travel. C. Albinus received of A. M. Laberius certain Manors and holds, by 
* According to the tenure of Caesar's Law concerning valuation: lib. 3. comment. de bello civili.  valuation and apprisement: which land Laberius had bought before o●… Caesar, being (sometime) the interest and goods of Plotius, If I say, it maketh not for the weal public, to have them divided: I might seem rather to bear the office of an admonisher, then to play the part of a petitioner. Nevertheless, sithence it is Caesar's will and pleasure, that the ordinances and constitutions of Sylla touching buying and selling, should be 
* When as Caesar notwithstanding, hated ●…uche as were of the sect of Sylla.  rati●…ied, confirmed, and established, to the end that they might be i●…dged his by more law, and he therein to have the better title: If those lands shallbe divided, and those possessions parted, which Caesar himself hath sold, what authority, I pray you, can there be in his bargains of sale, and what assurance? But the course of this cause, you, according to the worthiness of your wisdom, shall call in consideration. I beseech you in this behalf so earnestly, & so heartily, as it is not possible for me to ask any thing in the world, with a greater desire, for a matter of more equity, or in more ferventness of spirit, that towards Albinus, it would please you to ufe partiality, and at no hand to meddle or make with the lands, which are fallen into his own age, from the right of Laberius. You shall make me, not only a man passing joyful and merry, but you shall, in like manner, increase mine honour and renown, if P. Sextius, by my mediation, may satisfy the mind of him whom I love exceedingly, for so much as I am his debtor, in many points of dutifullnesse: which to perform and accomplish, I beseech you with instance. You cannot bestow upon me a more acceptable benefit, and therefore in fulfilling my request, you shall do me a passing pleasure.  
Fareyou well.   

Cicero to Valerio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He desireth Valerius, that he would not suffer Curtius his ground to be divided: which he goeth about to persuad●… by sundry reasons.  
I Am nothing disquieted, nay rather I am delighted, that the 
* Signifying somewhat above bore friendship.  entire kindness which ●…th us twain together, is known among very many. Howbeit, I am not, unto you, any impediment or hindrance (as you may well conceive and think) whereby the matter which you have taken upon you, at the appointment of Caesar & his good pleasure, might not so be order●…d, as to your credit and diligence is most agreeable. For, sithence many clients resort unto me, with their sundry suits, as desirous of fortunate success, because they are in a certain persuasion, and undoubted assurance, of your good will towards me, as much as may be, inclined: I am so circumspect and advised notwithstanding, that to your office, through ambition, & over much meddling, I be not an impediment. Ever since 
* He claimeth courtesy by pleading of modesty.  I was a child, and known what acquaintance meant, I and Q. Curtius, have been united in very great familiarity: at whose misery, as at the calamity also of Sulla's time full of tumult, I, am sorry, and lament: and yet nevertheless, when as grant was made by a general consent, that such as had suffered semblable inconveniences, all that they were worth being utterly lost and spoilt, should return and enjoy the liberty of their country, I withdrew not my will from the rest, for the furtherance of their safety. This C. Curtius hath a certain possession, or piece of land, lying in Volaterrano, whereto he conveyed the remnant of all his substance, as it were from the danger of devouring ship wrack. At this instant it hath pleased Caesar, to admit him among the order of Senators: which place and office of dignity, he can hardly & scantly maintain, 
* For none might be a Senator, unless his possessions were worth. D. C. C. C. thousands. Suetonius in Augusto. None might be a Gentleman of arms unless he were worth. CCCC thousands. None might be L. Chamberlain or high counsellor, unless his ability were a. C. thousands, not only while the common wealth was standing, but in the times of the Emperors: as Pliny reporteth in an Epistle.  this possession of his being not reserved & restored. And surely, it is a thing, than which none can be more grievous, that he whose honour is higher advanced, should of substance and wealth sustain greater damage: neither is it convenient, that he should be dispossess of that land, which is divided at Caesar's commandment, who is made a Noble Senator by Caesar's beneficence. But touching the equity & uprightness of the thing I have small stomach, to use more words in writing, jest I should seem to accounted more of the circumstances of the cause, then to esteem of your favour and love. Wherefore I beseech you most earnestly, that you would suppose the suit of C. Curtius, as pertinent to mine own person: in so much that, what soever you do for my sake, by way of request, concerning the present cause of C. Curtius, persuade yourself that you do it for Cicero: and let your opinion be occupied in this point, that what he, by your benefit, obtaineth, the very same likewise Cicero receiveth: Thus much to put in proof, and also to perform, I beseech you once again, and that with earnestness.  
Far you well,   

Cicero to P. Sulpicio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He maketh a declaration of his duty: commends M. Bollanus: desireth Sulpicius to be a mean, whereby Dionysius his servant might be apprehended.  
ALthough my recourse be not so often, in these days specially, to the Senate: yet notwithstanding, when 
* I Think, that this P. Sulpicius, and P. Vatinius, unto whom certain Epistles in the 6. book are written, had the rule and charge of Illyricum, by ●…e commaun dement of Caesar.  your letter was of me read & perused: I did think that I might in no respect be a hinderer of your honour & renown, but that thereby our ancient friendship should be eclipsed, and a great portion of courteous duties, passing to and fro between us, utterly banished. Wherefore, in your absence I failed not to be your furtherer, neither did I show myself dissolute or negligent in ordering a solemn supplication for your behoof: and as for regard to your wealth, substance, reputation, & dignity, therein I will show myself at no time wanting.  
To the intent therefore, that your acquaintance may not be ignorant, with what a loving affection I am careful over your person, it is my will and desire, that by letters from you they be shortly certified: to the end, that, if in any thing you stand in need of mine assistance, they may not be in suspension to inform me of the same. Touching M. Bollanus, a man of no less honesty, than valiantness, a man (I say) furnished with all things, and one whom I have loved, as a friend, of long continuance: I sand you singular commendations. You shall do me a special benefit, and such a pleasure as a greater cannot be performed, if you do your endeavour, that he may understand, this my commendation unto you in his behalf commenced, to have been to him, a principal help and advantage: of whose good demeanour you shall so well like, that you will take him to be (as he is) a virtuous Gentleman, and a courteous. I make you this assurance by faithful promise, that through the fruit of his friendship, and use of acquaintance, you shall reap exceeding delectation, and sweetness above measure. Furthermore, I beseech you instantly, as you tender our kindness and familiarity, and for the loves sake which unto me you have perpetually professed, that in this point, you would spare no pains, but labour to the uttermost. 
* Of him is mention made, Ep. 9 lib. 15. to the same effect.  Dionysius my servant, to whom I committed the charge of my books, accounts and money, after he had by stealth conveyed away many, of those things, whereof I put him in credit, and suspecting that his offence was such, as deserved due punishment, he took his heels, and by flight sought for refuge. He is lurking in one corner, or other, of your Province. M. Bollanus my familiar friend, and diverse other a great many, see him in 
* I find nothing thereof written, save that it was a river in Dalmatia, now called Narenta. Ptol. lib. 2. cap 17. but it should seem, in this place, to be the name of some country.  Narona: to whom, after certain conference, when he had coined this excuse, that he was, by me, manumised & set at liberty, they gave credit to his report, & let him escape. If you will vouchsafe for my sake, to bestow some labour, that he may be apprehended, and sent back again to me his master, what a benefit I shall receive by your pains therein employed, I am not able, by utterance, to testify. The matter itself is but momentany and light, but the grief of my mind is vehement and great. Bollanus will instruct you in what place he abideth, and, what is to be done in this case, if you will use his advise. If it be my luck to recover the fugitive fellow, I will think me self, to have received an exceeding great pleasure.  
Far you well:   

Cicero to Philippo.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He commends Opius and Egnatius to Philippe the Proconsul, the one being present, and the other being absent.  
ALthough 
* This L. Philippus was, (as I suppose) bro there to Lu. Phi lippus father in Law to Augustus. L. F. ●…▪ N.  the reverence & certainty of our old acquaintance, driveth all doubtfulness into banishment, that I cannot choose, but think my commendation to be engraffed in your remembrance: yet notwithstanding, I am constrained of courtesy, to commend, and recommend the same, L. Opius my familiar friend being present: and the affairs of L. Egnatius, in his absence, to your patronage and defence. So great and so sure is the friendship, which knitteth our hearts together, and so firm is the foundation of our familiarity. that I can not but labour, as earnestly in his business, that it might be furthered, as I would travel in mine own matters, to have them maintained. Wherefore, I shall persuade mee●… self to be a partaker of a principal benefit, if through your procurement, it may come to pass, that he may understand, such to be your favourable and courteous usage unto my person, as I have always thought and esteemed. Than this pleasure, I cannot receive a greater, at your hands: wherefore, to see to the performance of the same, I desire you most earnestly.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Seruilio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He commends Andron, the son of Arthemon, of Laodicea.  
While I was resident in my Province of Cilicia, whereunto (as you know) three jurisdictions of 
* It appeareth that Laodicea, at that time, belonged to the government of Asia: and not to Cilicia. for Asia was in the administration and rule of Servilius. Ep. 68 lib. 13.  Asia were assigned, I used the company of no man so familiarly, as of Andron, the son of Arthemon the Laodicean: with him I took up my lodging when I was in that city, and I had in his house very courteous entertainment: besides that, he was a man (in my thinking) marvelous fit for my fashion of life, and such a one as I delighted much to be conversant withal. From whom after I had departed, I began to feel more kindness kindling in my heart, to the con●●rmation of further friendship: because in many circumstances, I had experience of his acceptable service, and was thoroughly instructed by trial taken, that he was not unmindful of me being absent. In consideration of which premises, I was right glad when I saw him at Rome. For you are not ignorant, sithence your bounty hath extended and stretched itself, to a great number in this Province, how many Gentlemen there be found of a thankful nature, and of manners not to be mis●…iked.  
These things have I written, of purpose, to let you understand, that I have a necessary cause offered me, to employ this present labour, and that you might so judge of him, as of one worthy of your courtesy, and deserving gentle entertainment. I shall therefore be much beholding to your goodness, if you express and make manifest unto him, as it were by evidence or witness, how you love me, and in what credit I am with you, and how you esteem of my person: that is to say, if you receive him to favour, vouches●…fe to be his patron and defender, finally, if it shall please you, in all cases and quarrels, (
* So far forth to be his maintainer, as your own honesty and the worthiness of your own person will suffer. Ep. 22. lib. 1●…. & 31. & 32. lib. 13.  your honour kept unblemished, and provided also that you be not thereby molested) to be his furtherer. This shall make marvelously for my commodity, and to the satisfaction of my réquest shallbe most effectual: which that you would do, I beseech you heartily.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to P. Silio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He giveth Silius thanks for the honour exhibited to Nero: whom he commends highly in all kind of circumstances.  
MY friend 
* As I coniceture, this was T●…. Claudius' Nero, from whom Augustus lead away L●…uia great with child.  Nero hath given you infinite thanks, yea such thanks, as are both marvelous & incredible: reporting unto me (in your high commendation) that there was no degree of honour which was possible to be bestowed, but you exhibited the same unto him, for his special advancement. The profit and advantage, which you are like hereafter to obtain, is 
* As who should say: is great.  neither small nor indifferent. For, then that young Gentleman, nothing is more worthy acceptation: and (out of question) I must needs acknowledge, the you have done me a principal pleasure: for there is not one among all the Nobility, whom I have in more estimation. Wherefore, if it shall please you to accomplish those affairs, which he is desirous should fall in your charge and disposing, together with my labour and industry: I shall think myself so gratified, as if you had ●…oen me the greatest good turn in the world. And first, touching Pausanias Alabandensis, support his estate, maintain his condition, till 
* Meaning, above named Nero.  Nero his coming: For I know thus much, that 
* And also Pausanias Alaba●…densis.  he is wonderful earnest, in 
* And also Pausanias Alaba●…densis.  his behalf: and therefore is my request also the more vehement. Moreover, touching the 
* Citizens of N●…a▪ a city in Lydia.  Nisaea●…s, of whom Ne●…o maketh special account, defending and protecting them most diligently, so take the charge over them, that of their estate you show yourself most careful: t●… the intent, the whole city may understand, that the supportation and countenance of Nero, is to them a singular sa●…garde. I have commended Strabo Servilius unto you oftentimes: and do the same again at this instant, with more ferventness, because it hath pleased Nero to take upon him the maintenance of 
* Straaboes' cause defended by Nero.  his matter. Thus much by way of petiti●…n, I crave at your hands: that you would deal in his cause, and not leave him that is innocent & blameless, to the gain of any one unlike to your own person. This shallbe unto me, a point of duty most acceptable: and I shall have occasion, in like manner, to think, that your usage is leavened with gentleness. The full scope of this Epistle, is, that you would adorn Nero to the uttermost of your power (as you have determined and done already) with all ensigns of honour. The Province where you are, hath a goodly great 
* In the which Ne●…oes virtues may be ●…eene.  Theatre, & of beholders no small multitude, not as this our province, it hath I say many viewers of a young Gentleman right nobly disposed, endued with wisdom, and such a one as is not greedy of glory, nor covetous of commendation. Wherefore, if he shallbe furthered by your favour, as he is at this present, I hath in times past, he shallbe able to confirm and establish those exceeding great retinues which he received of his ancestors, and shall bind them with the abundance of his benefits. If you shall assist him in this order, your labour shallbe marueil●…us well 
* Upon Nero, who will deserve your great courtefie.  bestowed, and you shall impart to me, in semblable manner, a singular benefit.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to C. Paeduce●…ino.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT  
This Epistle containeth a commendation of M. Fabius.  
I Love 
* I think him to be the very same whom (in the second book of his familiar Epistes) he commendeth to Coelius.  M. Fabius entirely, with whom mine acquaintance is, not only very great, but also ancient. I demand not of you, what your determinations be, touching his controver sies: (you shall save, as your credit and dignity requireth, your statute and ordinance) but my petition unto you, is, that he have easy access to your person: that he may obtain those things, which are not repugnant to equity, your will in no point withstanding: and that he may see just cause, and take evident proof of my friendship, how appliable it is to procure his profit, especially through you, with whom my words are not unlikely to prevail. Not to fail in this case, I beseech you most earnestly.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to C. Munatio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He commends L. Regulus, his free man, whose name was L. Luci●… neius, upon certain circumstances, seeming unto him not unnecessary, to be repeated.  
L Lucineius Trypho is the free man of L. Regulus my most familiar friend, and best acquainted: the considerati●…n of whose calamity causeth me to show me self more officious towards him, and to exhibit larger duties of humanity, to do●… him pleasure. For, my benevelence doth neither ebb nor flow, but continueth at a stay unvariable, and therefore as my good will hath been in times past, so is it at this present: Howbeit, Trypho is such a one as I love by himself, severally. For the service which he showed, to do me good, in those our stormy times, was singular and exceeding great, in those days (I say) of ours loaden, as it were, with dangers, when I had a perfect perseverance in discerning the bounte●…us inclination of people, or (at lest) skill sufficient, in perceiving 
* From such as used preten ces playing the counterfectes.  their faithfulness. We do so commend him to your protection, as men defying ingratitude, and sworn enemies to forgetfulness, aught (being bond of duty) to commend them, that have well deserved. You shall seal your friendship unto me with a principal pleasure, if he may understand (because for my safety he hath thrust himself as it were upon 
* He hath put himself into many dangerous ●…duentutes.  sharp pikes, and for my sake hath passed many a voyage by sea, in the could time of winter) that some part of his service hath been to your advantage: which, the goodwill that I bear towards you, requireth.   

Dolabella to Cicero.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Dolabella, Cicero his son in law, persuadeth his father, either to take part with Caesar, or else to convey himself from war, into some city where he may live in peace.  
If you have your health, I rejoice, I am well, and so is our Tullia, as for 
* Whom Plime reporteth to have lived a hundred years and eight.  Terentia, she was not all after the best: but I am certain, she is now recevered, and waxeth str●…ng again: to be short, all things with you are in such good case, that they cannot be better. Although there be no cause, why you should have me in suspicion at any time, that I seek to persuade you, as more regarding the part of Caesar, then having respect to your safety and good estate, to join yourself in confederacy, either with him and us, or else, for your own preservation, to seek after ease and tranquillity: yet notwithstanding at this present, especially, sithence the 
* For Pom peius had lost Italy & Spain as hereafter in this present epistle, is mentioned.  victory is so far from being pessessed, that it is in small likelihood to be achieved, I can conceive none other opinion, but this, that I am drawn by duty, to deal with you, touching your estate and affairs, by order of persuasion, because I cannot in this point use taciturnity and silence, saving the zeal and affection which in me, towards you, 
* For affiniti●… sake, because Dolabella married Cicero his daughter.  is naturally required, harmless and vndiminished. As for you (my Cicero) accept my words in such sort, and have such liking of my counsel, that whether you allow it, or whether you disannul it, as well my meaning, as also my writing, may seem in your judgement, to have had issue from a gentle heart, courteously disposed, and to your goodness most bound and obedient. You are not unadvised, that C. Pompeius, notwithstanding his 
* By which circumstances he obtained that surname of●… Madge nus, to be called▪ Pōp●…ie the great.  name of nobleness, his title of dignity, his renown in feats of arms, hispuisance in martial exploits, his power by the means of the protection of kings & countries, is in danger: & that this which fortune denieth not to any one of inferior degree, cannot fall to his lot to obtain, namely to prepare flight, saving his honour & honesty, 〈◊〉 that he is driven out of Italy, now that he hath the repu●… out of Spain, his tried army, and proved soldiers 
* In Spain.  taken, and he himself 
* At Dyrrachium.  compassed round about on all sides, and so environed, that he cannot escape: the like luck whereof, whether any Emperor of ours tasted at any time, I am ignorant. Wherefore, what he, or yourself, may heap for hereafter, consider and weigh w●…l in your own mind, according to the worthinesie of your wisdom, for so shall you, with great facility, take such counsel, and use such advisement, as to your own person will prove in sine, most profitable. Thus much more I desire of you, that, if he have escaped his danger, and keep himself close in the Navy, that he be not bewrayed, to be 
* From that which is profitable.  careful of your own affairs, not to neglect your own estate, which aught most of all to move you, and now at length, towards yourself, rather than to any other, to use more friendship. You have done service sufficient already, 
* From that which is honest. The like to this, is in Virgil. 

To Priam & thy coun●…rie:  
thoust showed sufficient duty.    as well in consideration of duty, as als●… in respect of acquaintance. Both parties are satisfied, and that common wealth, which you have always liked and loved, alloweth your doing, and is not discontented. It remaineth, that where the weal public is at this present, there we also abide and be resident, rather than, while we buisily hunt after an estate old and ancient, we have none at all, but be quite dispossessed. In consideration of which premises, I wish you (my best beloved Cicero) that if peradventure Pompeius being expelled also out of 
* Pompeius was assaulted and set upon at Dyrrhachium a city in Sicily, now (as some suppose) called Durazo.  these places, flee of force and constraint, to other regions, to take your way to Athens, or else to some other city, as it shall please you, for the enjoyinge of quietness: which thing if you shall do, not rejecting my counsel tending to your commodity, I would have you certify me by your letters, that I, if by any means it is possible, may hasten to see you well settled. Whatsoever, pertaining to your dignity and worthiness, remains to be obtained of the Emperor, it is as easy as heart can conceive, (such is the clemency and gentleness of Caesar) to get it, for your furtherance: besides that, my request in your 〈◊〉 unto him, humbly made, shall prevail and win no 〈◊〉 authority. It belongeth to you, as a badge of your bounty, to procure that the self same messenger, whom I sent unto you with my letters, may return, bringing back again from you, to me, a convenient answer.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Dolabella.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He writeth to Dolabella, in his high advancement and commendation, because he overthrew a pillar that was erected, and set up in open place of assembly, to Caesar as it were to a God. Read the●… 4 book ad Atticum, and Lactantius lib. 1. Cap. 15.  
Although I grudge not, ne repined (my 
* He was no longer son in law to Cicero▪ for he & Tullia were divor ced. Lib. 11. Epist. ad Articum.  Dolabella) at your glorious renown, but reap thereby great joy, and pleasure unspeakable: y●…t I cannot, but acknowledge and confess, that by the popular report and opinion, I am accounted and thought a partner of your praise. I seek conference with no man, and yet I have daily communication, not with a few (for there are very good men, a great multitude, who for the regard of their health, and maintenance of their own safety, have recourse to 
* Meaning Bae iae, a town in Campania, full of pleasant commodities, Epist. 12. lib. 9 where, it should seem he was: or else in Cumano or Tusculano.  these quarters: besides them, there resort hither many of mine acquaintance, out of diverse towns incorporate, not▪ of any great distance) but they all, one with another, 
‖ Because you ouer●…hrew the pillar and the altar which was erected to Caesar, of purpose to make him a God.  advancing you with praises above hills and mountains, yea to the very heaven, give great thanks unto me, immediately thereupp●…n. For they say, that they are grounded upon such assurance, and are in such certainty of knowledge, that you, by showing yourself attentive to my precepts, and to my counsels being obedient, practise the part and duty of an excellent citizen, and frame yourself to such commendable usage, as thereby you are proved a 
* For Dolabel lafoy & Antony were fellow Consuls.  singular Consul. To whom, although I can make a most true answer, that in your deeds, you follow your own advise and judgement, as not néeding any other man's counsel: yet notwithstanding, I do not assent thereunto manifestly, lest I should seem to diminish your commendation, if all the praise were ascribed to the benefit of my judgement: neither yet will I seem utterly to make denial: for, in deed, I am more vainglorious than I need. Howbeit, that is not repugnant to your renown, which made much for the honour of 
* Homer, in Iliad. lib. 1. who being ●… king, ●…ad the 〈◊〉 o●… th●… 〈◊〉 in who●…e 〈◊〉 we●…e ●…ny king●…s.  Agamemnon the king of kings, and prince without 〈◊〉, to have a sage Nestor for his wi●…e ●…unsellour: as for ●…ée, I think my name not a little nobled, ●…n that you being but a young man, and bearing the worthy of●…ce of a Consul, enjoy the flower, & ●…s I may say, the pearl of praises, that you (I say) being, as it were 
* H●… 〈◊〉 hi●…●…is 〈◊〉. ●…pi▪ 17. lib 8. & 7. & ●…. lib ●….  my pupil and scholar, wear the goodly garland of commendation▪ L▪ Caesar vn●…, when I ca●…e to him in his sickness to 
* Ad Attic●…m Epi. 17. li. 1●….  Naples, although every part of his body, both limb & joint were deceased: yet notwithstanding, before salutation or gr●…ting finished, these words unto me he uttered. O my friend Cicero, how rejoice I in thy behalf, for that Dolabella hath thee in such estimation: and if I were in as great countenance with my 
* M. Antonius, Dolabella his fellow Con●…ul, whose mother s●…ued asterward L. Cae●…ar her brother, when he was a proscript or outlaw.  sister's son, our safety had not been now to recover, but long ago restored. Touching your Dolabella, I see just cause to be joyful, and likewise to be thanckefull: whom next and immediately after you, we may well and deservedly call by the name of a Consul. After continuance of communication, he spoke very much of your notable deed and famous enterprise, affirming, that nothing was done at any time before, tending more to the renown, the honour, and th●… 
* Appi lib. 4 de bello civili.  safeguard of the common wealth: And this report of L. Caesar, in your high commendation, is common in the mouth of all men: yea, it is the conspiring voice of the people, to the increase of your praise. But I pray you, give me leave to succeed you, though 
* Because it sprung not from me, as from the natur●…ll stock, and▪ therefore I am to crave and not to challenge.  not as a right, yet as a counterfect or b●…stardlike hire, in the inheritance of honour: and suffer me to enter, as it were into possession, of some part or portion of your praises: howbeit my Dolabella (for whatsoever I have before spoken, proceedeth of pleasure and jesting) I am much more willing, all my commendations and titles of dignity (if I have, at lest, any in owneage) to run wholly into the rivers of your r●…nowne, then to draw any one drop of your dignity, for the enlargement of mine own reputation and honour. For my love and affection towards you, hath been hot and fervent, as you might well perceive: yea, so much the more is my kindness kindled, through the consideration of these your famous feats, that in love nothing is possible to be more ardent or fiery, not not in the highest degree: and good reason why: Because, Nothing in the world universal, believe me, than virtue is more beautiful, more precious, more lovely, or amiable. I have always born goodwill (as you know) to M. Brutus, for the singularity of his wisdom, the sweetness of his behaviour, his incomparable honesty, and his surpassing constancy: Yet notwithstanding, in the 
* On the v●…rie same day that he and his companions slew Caesar: Epi. 28. Lib. 10.  Ideses of March, so much was added to the love which I bore him, that I wondered, how it might be possible, that love to increase, which seemed so to abound and duerflowe. What man would think, that the love which I both professed, and performed towards you, could in any one point ●…ée augmented? Yet it hath so proved, that never until now I séenied to 
* The latin copy hath Amare, and Diligere, the first exceedeth the last. Epist. 1. ad M. Bru●…um. Clodius says, he, Valde me diligit, favoureth me great lie.  love you: in times past, but t●… favour you▪ Wherefore, what remaineth wherein I should give you exhortation? 〈◊〉 h●…ue a regard of your renown, and not to be negligent of y●…ur glorse? Should I sot before your eyes, as it were a spec●… or looking glass, men of great nobleness and passing 〈◊〉, as they are accu●…omed to do, that use such an order of imitation? I have none more honourable than your own person: be an example to yourself of prowe●…e, and wrestle with yourself in worthiness: Nay, shall I tell you what? It is now high time for you to degenerate, & to b●… unlike yourself, sithence your adventures have been so manful, & your deeds so famous: which being as it is, exhortation is not necessary to be used, but rejoicing is requisite, and may not be refus●…d. For, that hath chanced unto you, which hath fortuned to none beside, at lest to a very few in my thinking, that 
* For the people are better pleased with clemency & gentleness▪ than with 〈◊〉 and sharpness. Ad Atticum lib. 10. Epi. 4.  great rigour and sharp revenge in punishment, should be not only not envy, but also highly praised, and m●…st acceptable with men of virtuous disposition: yea, with every commoner, and person of inferiority. If this lot had fallen into your lap, by a certain luck, I would have rejoiced at your good fortune and felicity: but the valliantness of your heart, the worthiness of your wisdom, and the efficacy of your counsel, are the causes of this your prosperous chance. For I have read over your Oration. then which nothing in my judgement, is polished with more prudence: your order was so seemly, both in climbing as it were by degrees, or footing forward to the very cause, and revolting from the cause to the person of yourself, that the 
* That every man thought you might lawfully take revengement, upon all those which erected and raised up a pillar or column to the deifying of Cael●…r.  very event of the thing, gave you leave & liberty to punish: none to the contrary withstanding. In consideration of which your deed, the City is delivered from danger, and set free from fear: neither was the commodity, which you procured, being exceeding great, temporal and momentany, but perpetual and everlasting, yea, such as shall succeed you, shall take it as an example for imitation, endenouring to do the like: So that now, by this your famous feat, thus much you are to understand, that the common wealth leaneth and stayeth itself upon your shoulders: and not the maintenance only, but the adua●…ncement also of such people, the 
* As if he said That which remaineth is looked for, of you to be performed.  beginning of whose liberty did proceed from you, is re●…erred unto you, and upon you dependeth. But touching these matters, we will have conference shortly more at large, as I hope: and as for you (my Dolabella) because you are a preserver of the weal publiqu●… and our def●…nder, I counsel you to see to your own safeti●…, carefully and diligently.  
Far you well.   

Cicero to Papirio Paeto.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He answe●…reth to two Epistl●…s of Paetus, to the first▪ in this order, that he is of right, touched with a certain de●…ite of his well●…are, the force of whose love towards himself, he hath tasted, and the pleasantness of whose wit he hath highly esteemed: to the second ●…e answereth in this sort, that it maketh no matter, whether h●…e be at Rome or at Naples: sithence at Rome, all th●…ngs are under one man's government: wherefore, he says that he continueth in this opinion, to buy a house to inhabit in at Naples.  
I Will frame an answer, ●…o your two several letters: one of the which I received two days past, at the hands of 
* The names of two servants the last of which was a carrier of letters.  Zethus: the other was delivered me by 
* Meaning his carefulness whereunto he hath relation.  Phileros. By the former letter I understood, that my carefulness for your welfare, was very acceptable: 
* De divina li. 1. de sini. lib, 5 the same order of speech had pacuuiu●…, and Africanus the lesser used: Festus & Scneca Lib. 19 Epist.  whereof I am glad you have attained the certain knowledge: but believe me, my letters cannot make you such substantial assurance, of my desire touching your safety, as it is 
* Rome which he prefereth b●…fore Athens: For every man doth rat●…er commend his own natu ral country, them a foreign●… and strange region.  in deed, & trial hath testified. For, although I see myself, of many had in reuer●…ce, (as I cannot otherwise report) and exceedingly beloved: Yet among them all, there is not, so much as on●…, in whom I reap such delight and pleasure. For, in so much as your kind heart towards me is greatly inclined, (which you have not, this long time changed nor discontinued, but even at this instant, constantly put in practice) it is a thing not lightly to be regarded, & whether I may say chiefly to be esteemed, I am uncertain, but doubtless, I may say common to you and many more a great number: howbeit, in that your merits are such, as they win goodwill, and be, as it were, baits to benevolence, besides that, your usage having in it such sweetness, & all kind of delight somnesse, these properties are your own, by title of due possession. To these your manners most seemly for a man, your talk replenished with pleasant merriments, not answerable to the trade of the Athenians, but agreeing to the custom of the ancient Romanies, yea, correspondent to that which sprung up in the very b●…some of the 
* Rome which he prefereth b●…fore Athens: For every man doth rat●…er commend his own natu ral country, them a foreign●… and strange region.  City: as for me, (think you, as you list and like) I am marvelously delighted with merry conceits, uttered with a pleasant grace, chiefly with them that breed in our own country, (among the Romans, I mean) and specially, when I perceive them to have a smack and smell of ancient Latium, at such time as outlandish language was brought into this city, which savoureth at this present, so much of 
‖ A part of Gal lias, where the people did wear long mantles.  Gallia Bra●…chata & 
* He speaketh those words, because Caesar had made many that came from Gallia transalpina, free denizens in Rome.  Transalpina, that of our old merriments, there is no appearance remaining. Wherefore, at what time I have a sight of you, me thinks (to tell the truth without gloase of lying) I see the 
‖ Gentlemen full of merry conceits: To Laelius in the 1. de o●… si. he asscribeth a pleasant coun 〈◊〉: and in lib. de cla●…is. Ora he commends him for his tr●…mme eloquent tongue. I merua●…le he forgot Caesar brother to Catulu●…, who exceeded all other in vtte●…ng d●…light some ●…eastes with a co●…uenient grace. Lib. 1. de o●…fi. & lib. 2. de Ora.  Gracchies, the Lucilies', the Crassies also, & the Laelies: and all the ancient Romans in that thing famous & memorable. I would I were dead, if besides you, I know one left, in whom I may acknowledge the image of our ancient and domestical pleasantness to continued, and remain. To these sweet and delectable i●…astes in communication, 〈◊〉 so great l●…e is linked, and all for my commodity, mer●…aile you that I was so sore discouraged, upon the conceit of your health, which I w●…uld not have to be in hazard: As touching your purgation or excuse, which you used in your other letter, that did not dissuade me from purchasing a new house at Naples, wherein to inhabit, but that you did rather co●…sell me to make mine abode still in the city: I ●…ooke your meaning aunswearable to your words. Howbeit, thus much I perceived then, and by this letter I understand no l●…sse, your opin●…on to have tended to this mark, that I might lawfully (of which mind I méeselfe was) not give over all mine affairs in the city utterly, but a great part of them for my private quietness. You allege unto me in this behalf, Catulus for an example, and those times full of troubles: but wherein am I and Catulus to be likened and compared? It was no pleasure unto me, not, not when I was unjustly condemned to exile, to discontinue long from the safeguard of a common wealth: For we sat at the stern, and had the weal public in ●…ur rule and government: but now we have no place allowed us, not not scarcely next 
* We are contemp●…ible per son●…, and thought vnworthi●… of any place, though never so vile and obs●…ure.  the pump, or the sinckhole. Think you, that the acts and ordinances of the Senate would be the fewer, if I were at Naples? When I am resident at Rome, the judges are assembled by my means, the court and counsel, through my procurement, gather together, the decr●…s▪ of the Senate are ●…ntred into writi●…g, in the house of your * well-willer, and my familiar friend: & surely, when it cometh into his memory, I am admitted to the 
Epi. 25. lib. 9 some think that these words are spoken ironically.  penning of mine opinion: and I herded say, that there was a report brought to Armenia and Syria, that the decree of the Senate (as it was said) was not disagréeable to my judgement, long before the matter was menc●…oned. I would not have you think that I am disposed to jest: For, let this not be unknown to you, that I have had delivered to my hands, letters from kings of far countries, wherein they give me great thanks, in that I call them by such a 
* As, by the name of kings.  royal name, and ascribe unto them, in the utterance of my sentence so 〈◊〉 ●…tles ●…eing guoran●…●… no●… only wh●…ther they ●…ucre so called, but also not knowing in the world, whether they mounted to the same, by the 〈◊〉 of their birth. What th●… is there to be say●… further? So long as he shall remain 
* He speaketh of Caes●…, w●…om the Senate had created censor, or magistrate for the reformation of ab●… says in ●…our, for the term of three years. Diod. lib. 43.  our precedent and governor, for the reformation of manners: so long as he shall occupy the name of a magistrate, I will be ruled by your adui●…emēt: but when his office is resigned, and he from hen●…e departed. I w●…ll acquaint myself with your cheer, though it be but simple: If I shall be provided of an house, for ten days space, I will disburse for every day, after the rate appointed, by the laws made for expenses. But if I shall find none to do me service, nor to my contentation, then have I determined to take up my lodging, in your mansion. For I am certain, that I can not please you better, than to reap the advantage of such an occasion. Touching Sullane house, I was in desperate doubt of it, as in my last letters unto you directed, I let you understand, howbeit I have not quite forsaken it. I would have you, according as you writ, to have carpenters about you. and to view it where it is decayed, and standeth in need of repairing. For if the walls be not ruinous, nor the roof rotten, of the rest I shall like well enough.  
Far you well.   
Thus far out of the familiar Epistles of M. T. Cicero.   

THE EXTRACT OF Epistles, out of Isocrates, the excellent Rhetorician among the Athenians.  

Isocrates to Philippo.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Isocrates purposing to ●…nde to Philippe an Oration, touching th●… reconciliation of the Grecians, and the assaulting of the Barbarians, penned this Epis●…le, being as it were, a s●…mmarie of the whole O●…ation, and a means to mou●…his majesty to the reading and perusing of the same: in so much that it appeareth to be nothing else, but a preamble or entrance into that Oration, which is entitled, Oratio Philippica: The Oration to king Philip.  
IF I were in the pearl of my youth, and had in my bones marrow: in my limbs and joints strength, and in the rest of the parts of my body, desired ability, I would not make writing, the instrument to speak unto your 
* This epistle was written to Philip king of Macedonia father to the great Alexander, the noble conqueror: in the beginning whereof Isocrates goeth a bout, by way of excuse to purchase favour: and by comparison to move attentiveness.  majesty. But for so much as, I am entered into my wrinkled & withered age, which with mine accustomed exercise is at disagréement (for I am much hindered, by reason of my years, and yet as the case now standeth, the matter may be dealt in, conneniently:) I will attempt to d●…clare to your highness, after what order things may be brought to pass●…, and, as I mean, established. I am not to learn, what difference there is in persuading by lively voy●…e, and by giving advise in letters, the messengers of the mind: not only, for that there is more facility and easiness obtained, when matters called in question, ●…all in conference of people present, then there is, when hand writing and Epistles pass too and fro in absence and distance: or because all people are more appliable, to count that which the tongue r●…porteth, deserving more credit and that which the pen decyphereth, worthy of less belief: listening to those, as to things of certainty, but attending to these, as to shadows of imagination: but most of all, & principally, for that in conventes and meetings, and intermingling of communication, if any word, clause, or sentence, escape in speech, not (peradventure) ap●…ly understood, or, not so readily believed, the person in presence, with little labour, may cure both the inconveniences. But if so be that in writing, any such scrup●…ous and doubtful circumstance appear, there is no man (the li●…ely interpretation of the writer wanting: or the author's apology to seek, by occasion of his abse●…ce) that ma●… minister a medicine to heal up the malady. 〈◊〉, for so much as y● judgement of the whole matter, is in your majesties po●…r, I am 〈◊〉 upon hope and a●…iaūce, that our 〈◊〉 s●…al 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…om being ●…itlesse, that it is like to wi●… singular credit, and to pre●…aile much with your highness: not mistrusting, but that your grace (cutting off all impediments to the contrary) will ●…ake a view of the cause, & w●…y the same, not superficially, but with due consideration. 
* A point of rhetor●…que, call led Occupatio with some what a liberal admonition under a counterfeit show of praise and commendation.  Some the●…e were, who having recour●…e & mutual ●…alke with your p●…isance, did what they could to di●…uade & withdraw me from m●…ne honest purpose, saying, that you had f●…atterers & meal-mouthed merchants in high estimation: but that such as told you truth with simpliciti●…, & gave you precepts pou●…dered with pr●…dence (than which, nothing more necessary for a prince) ●…ere in 〈◊〉, disdain, hate, & detestation: whose words & ●…aine speeches, if I had taken for 
* For things of certainty & undoubted truth.  Oracles, I had altogether stayed my pen, neithe●… had I presumed to writ my mind in paper. But no man's talk shall be of such authority, as to per suade me that it is possible, any man to e●…cell others, in renown purchased by famous feats of arms, or in the praise & worthiness of wisdom, excep●… to other he show himself a scholar, a hearer, a benefactor: and soprovide, of himself, (by all means as he may) that jewels and ornaments, wherewith the wit is beauti●…ied, and the mind gloriously enriched, be not to seek, when they should be possessed. In consideration of which premises, I was incited, and (as it were) spurred forward, to writ to your princely puisaunce. And for so much as, my taulke tendeth to matters of such moment and weight, then to such things indeed, as it becometh no man living, more than your majesty to hear and consider: I thought to labour to your nobleness, by way of exhortation seasoned with earnestness, that your highness would vouch safe to giu●… the 
* Which he made to the king: therein declaring what aught to be the exercises of a king: and whereunto his ●…udie should be addicted.  Oration (which of purpose I have written) attenti●…e ●…earing. I am not surprised with the incantations and sorceries of vain 〈◊〉 neither▪ am I ignorant, that your grace hath given diligent 〈◊〉, to the like Or●…tions, even till such time as your atention i●…gendred todiousnesse. Furthermore, 〈◊〉▪ is and verier pedient. that such as desire to vaun●… their wits, and blaze abroad●… their skill▪ sho●…lde▪ procure (as is not unknown to a●…) to them selu●… 〈◊〉 assemblies, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of ●…ples, among 〈◊〉 they might find ma●…y 〈◊〉 at their eloquence▪ and to make a world●… wonder, at their sugared, v●…teraunce: And who so is willing to bring any thing to per●…ection, necessity cra●…eth, that with him, on whose p●…wer and abiliti●… the 〈◊〉 of matters by 〈◊〉 ●…pressed and made manifest 〈◊〉, conference be not 〈◊〉. If (most noble sovereign) I were to give counsel to any citi●… & incorporation, I would frame myself to i●…terlace comm●…nication and talk with the magistrates, the governors, the princes of the people, and the seniors of the ●…itie: But having a matter of more w●…ight in my hands, namely, advice & judgement touching the ●…intenance of the safeti●…, & the supportation of the good estate of the Graeci●…s in general, to whom aught I more justly appeal, then 
* For the king is the ground work and foun dation of the weal public upon him the people stay as upon the prop of their 〈◊〉, such a one therefore should want no ho●…lesome counsel.  to him, who in nobility surmounteth, in puissance surpasseth, in authorititie excels all the inhabitants of the Grecian kingdom? It is not to hosurmised, nor imagined, that the mention of these matters is unseasonable, and out of opportunity: For, while the Lacedæmonians be in possession of principality, it were a thing too painful and cumbersome to your highness, to take of us (your people) the safeguard and tuition, and to resist their power as a f●…e and adversatie. As for their estate at this time present, such it is, that they think themselves in no ill case, if they might enjoy their own d●…minion. As for our own city, it shall she we itself marvelous appliable to fortify your force, by the adjoining and putting too of their power, if it shall please your highness, to make the Grecians, partakers of the fruits of your goodness. What better occasion than this presently offered, can be ministered to your majesty? 
* The figure Occupatio yet again usurped, whereby he end●…uoureth to challenge to himself authority.  Marvel not (most renowned king) that I have attempted a thing of such difficulty, weight, and importance, being neither Orator, neither Emperor, nor yet potentate: marvel not I say, that I am so presumptuous, as to take upon me, two things of such exceeding gr●…atnesse, as they may seem incomparable: namely, talk uttered by me, that ●…endeth to the state of Graecia: and cou●…sel offered, to you as a prince both puissant and politic: For, as I never had to deal in the common wealth: (●…rom the which, what causes constrained me to be abstinent, it were a bus●…e and laborious thing to declare:) so no man will make denial, I suppose, that I am destitute of knowledge and instruction, which containeth things of base countenance, and that laboureth to the attainment of matters of more importance. Wherefore, it shall not seem to savour any whit of absurdity, that* my sight be somewhat sharper in discerning what is co●…odions for the weal public, than they that, there, are in superiority, having the common wealth in government, as precedents over the people. It shall not be long, ere we give a testimony, whether we be of any worthiness and reputation: whereof our Oration hereafter, shall procu●…e due experience.   

Isocrates to Philippo.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle is tripartite, or consisting of three portions. First he dehorteth Philip from making war rashly, whereof Cicero also, in this order writeth: In the field to use temeri●…ie, all upon the head to handle the weapon, and to enter conflict or ski●…mish with the enim●…e▪ it is no point of huma●…itie, but the property of a sauag●… beast: But whe●… time and necessity requireth, then on with armour, and fight for life, preferring death, before serui●…ude and misery. Secondly, he giveth him advise, to make war against the king of the Persians'. Lastly, he counseleth him not to refuse the friendship of the Athenians, and to be bountiful to the Grecians in general.  
OF truth (right renowned Roy) 
* A way to win favour by the figure Oc cupatio: and to attentiveness by using comparison.  I am not to be taught, the humour of all men to be so infected with philauty and self love, that vain praisers are accepted and had in estimation, when wise counsellors and recounters of honesty and virtue, are rejected, put by, as people of no price, and counted contemptible: especially if any man, voluntarily and of his own accord, take upon him the office of giving pr●…cepts to to amend things amiss, not being thereunto won by others requests, nor yet warranted by commandment.  
As for mine own person, if I had not heretofore, even in those points which were pertinent to your high estate, of a right good meaning and purpose, put you in remembrance: I would not at this instant, have bewrayed my secret meaning, in open and apparent speech, concerning those things, which are to your highness allotted. But, forasmuch as it is my determination, of conscience to be careful in affairs touchi●…g your person, being a puissant prince, both for the affection of love, wherewith in my country's cause, I am inflamed, and also for the duties sake, where with all, for the benefit of the Grecians, I acknowledge myself to be burdened: I would suspect in heart, that I had committ●…d a heinous and filthy offence, to offer then to your majesty, in matters not so necessary and urgent, the use of my counsel: and now in cases of great importance, and which require, for their weightiness, no small circumspection, not once to mutter, nay rather to be still and silent. 
* A sententious dehortation from▪ rashness in fight in battle by come parison, by dilemma an argument not to be avoided by division, & from examples.  Then was the gem of your glory only, in hazard to be blemished: Now, the sa●…tie of your life is in fear to be endangered: wherein you seemed to all those that heard terms of contumely thundered against your grace, very secure and negligent. For, what man is there, but knoweth that in perilous attempts, and desperate adventures, you are carried away with more temerity, then, by the ensigns of your royalty, is sufferable? and that you are stoung with more love, to hear yourself for valiantness advanced, then touched with tenderness, to see the whole body of the land politicly preserved. It is altogether a●… discommendable and infamous, for a man being inuir●…ned with his enemies, though he fight valiantly, yet with the rest of his fellow soldiers to be in equality: as it is to throw himself in dungeons of dangers, and to plunge in pits of perils, when necessity offereth no such constraint, which being avoided & overcome, he hath done nothing, where by he should be renowned: and yet loo●…ng his life, immediately followeth shipwreck of all things that he is worth, and an utter overthrow of his whole estate. It is not (out of doubt) always to be counted worthiness in a warrior, to be hacked and hewn in the field with the edged weapons: But than is praise the pension of puissance, when, for 
* For as the nature of circumstances be, such are the acts & deed●… depending on the same: and many times the circumstance altereth the action. etc.  the defence of his natural country, the safety of his parents, and the weal of his children, he pusheth upon the sharp pikes, as not terrified with the sight of any bloody adventure. But when the above named, shall receive annoyance, when they shall be damnified, by such a kind of death, and when the successes of adventures in times passed, shall be blemished, stained, and ingloriously defaced: such a death is so far from being commended, that it is utterly condemned, so far from being embraced, that it is to be abandoned, as an enemy to honour, and a procurer of shame and infamy. Good it were and convenient, in mine opinion, that you follow the same order in battle and warfare, which cities use and exercise: For, all and every of them, when they sand their armies and bands of harnessed soldiers, to any place, so prudent and provident, that having a regard first to the weal public, and the Senate, they 
* Consultations at home, are as necessary, as skirmishes abroad with the adver sarie.  leave them at such stay, and set them in such convenient order, as they may consult and deliberate without interruption, upon such matters as tend to their estate: where upon, this cometh to pass, that, if any wound be inferred with force of foreign weapon, yet doth not the strength of them all decay, neither is their power generally suppressed: but they are of ability to suffer many slaughters, and of sufficiency to recover their riches, as not subject to perpetual impoverishment. Which thing (most mighty Prince) you aught to have in contemplation, and perfect view: persuading yourself in judgement, that to 
* For that being lost, what commodity, what delect●…tion can redound to any man?  life and safety, nothing, though most pr●…cious, is comparable: besides that, this aught to be a principal part of your meditation, namely, the well using and commendable ordering of obtained victories. Do you not see, in what great carefulness of their kings good estate, the Lacedæmonians labour? insomuch that the best citizens, and the chiefest among them, in worship and countenance, disdain not to stand in their defence, nay rather conform their hearts & hands to ha●…e them supported: to whom greater shame doth redound, & controulments of discommendation enforce fouler blemishes of infamy, in 
* It is high honour therefore, in the 〈◊〉 behalf, to exhibit duty & service, & ●…pecially in time of t●…multuous battle.  not protecting the life of their Prince, and preserving him from deadly danger, then in casting down their targets, as f●…aughted with fearfulness. You are not ignorant, what fortuned to Xerxes, busying himself to oppress the Grecians with ●…eruitude, and what chanced to Cyrus, endeavouring to challenge possession of the Persian dominion. For the one of them, being vanquished in so many conflicts, discomfited in so many skyrmishes, and sorely assaulted, afflicted, and dismayed with so many slaughters & bloodsheds, that it p●…sseth the memory of any man, to rip up a semblable example: nevertheless, in so much as his 
* Life preser●…ed, all other losses m●…y in ●…ime be ●…ecouered and supplied.  life escaped shipwreck, his kingdom was not only, to his own contentation restored▪ but the same also ●…as left to his sons by succession, as there's by interest of inheritance to be possessed: Yea, he so fortified Asia, that it is no less to be feared, then in former times it hath been accustomed. As for Cyrus, after all the king's armies were overthrown, when all things fallen to the lot of his jurisdiction: through his temerity it came to pass so preposterously, that 
* The inconveniences of temerous and unadvised dealing.  of so large a kingdom, he not only sustain the deprivation: but brought all his soldiers into utter hassarde and extreme inconveniences. I could make a recapitulation of an infinite number, who, when they were governors of lands, & captains general over huge hosts, because they themselves suffered an untimely discomfiture, and perished contrary to ●…xpectation, they drew after them innumerable multitudes into destruction. 
* The conclusion of his former discourse: and a transition to the second part of his epistle, concerning the moving of war against the Persian people.  These examples aught you to consider, and as presidents not unmeet for a prince, prudently to ponder, that the praises of valiaun●…nesse and magnanimity, which is yoked with temerity, & inordinate ambition, should not be hunted after of your majesty, sithence they are annoyances to true nobility: neither would I wish you, in so manifold mischiefs of mighty monarchies, to intrude yourself into other dangers of battle and murder to the darkening of your dignity royal: neither encounter with them, that either are not unwilling, to sustain the loss of a life, overwhelmed with wretchedness: or in hope to obtain larger wages and salary, cast themselves very rashly and securely into millians of mischiefs, and dangers in manner inextricable: neither show yourself desirous of that renown, wherein there appeareth to be some 
* Because the praise proper to a prince aught not to be popular: but peculiar, as his estate is see verall.  community with many Barbarians and Grecians, but be you studious & inquisitive after that glory which may garnish your majesty in such sort, as you may seem a mirror in this our age, and a prince admitting no mate: neither set your affection upon such virtues, as to contemptible people, and people of base degree, are not denied: but after those singular ornaments labour with an insatiable appetite, & an unquenchable thirst, whereof no man of a lewd and vicious disposition, is a communicant or partaker: neither let your battle be ingloryous, exempted from nobleness, and entangled with difficulties, when they may be honourable, magnificent, valiant, and accompanied with pleasure, neither let your attempts be such, as through your occasion, your dearest friends, & those then whom none can be more near, should be 
* For that tendeth to your own dishonour.  damnified, & dashed out of courage: your enemies on the contrary, harbouring in hope & confidence: of which thing you cannot, not not at this instant, be excused, sithence therein you have offended. But as for these barbarous and foreign people, with whom you are now at defiance, it shall be sufficient so long to be conqueror, as your own kingdom, 
* Necessary points incident to a king or governor: these documents and instructions are not set down with such eloquence, as th●…i s●…uour of wisdom.  by your policy and discretion, is safely & sound established. And touching him, whose title is so stately, as to be called Rex Magnus, The great King, it remains, that his exterminion out of the empire ●…e procured, & that of principality he be dipossessed: that by these means, as by ready instruments, both your own renown may be amplified, and that to the Grecians it may be apparent, against whom battle is to be denounced. I wish most earnestly, that I had written thus much to your highness, before your expedition: that either, if you had been conformable to my counsels, you had not been so greatly endangered: or if you had n●…t been appliable to my precepts, I might not seem to persuade you unto those things, which none do now disallow, having seen the event and success of the same: but the end itself, might give a testimony, the mine admonitions & advertisements, concerning these matters, were, in respect of verity, not to be disannulled, and in consideration of upright duty and service, not to be controlled. Now, 
* The transiti on to the third part of his Epistle, touching the Athenians.  for so much as the nature of this discourse is such, as it offereth plentiful occasions wherein to continued talk: I will not wade further in this case, because I am of opinion, that as well your own person, as also the chiefest and faithfullest of your favourers, will add to that which I have already alleged, many more circumstances. Furthermore, I fear lest in delivering mine opinion in this point, I have showed myself over curious. For, while I proceed by little and little, and as it were go forward foot by foot, I have not remembered the thing present in my hands, but neglecting the brevity of an Epistle, have followed the course and order ●…f an Oration. Wherein, 
* Or, althoug●… I have forgotten to limit my lines, because the argu meant wherein my style is con versant, is of importance. etc.  although I have not been circumspect, yet is it my duty, not to pretermit and pass over with silence, such necessary things as tend to the estate of our city, and require due utterance: But I must do mine endeavour, to persuade you all that I may, to the knitting of familiarity with the same, and to the gracious bene●…ite of friendship. For, I think, there are not a few, who report and blaze abroad in the ears of people, not those mere odious tales which ring in our hearing, to the defamation of your royalty, but letters, tales, and fables, cast in the mould of their own imagination: unto whose 
* For nothing is more perni cious to a prince, then to give ear to Parasites, slanderers, clawebacks, & such like noisome monsters.  infecting tongues, O king, be not attentive, for it is not convenient. And why? Because it is a flat absurdity, and a thing directly against reason, that you, nipping your people with sharp reprehensions, because they lend listening ear, to the lewd language of detestable slanderers: should have them in high reputation and favour, who profess that faculty, and use it for a common exercise. And you know, that they can persuade our people which way they list, much more fit than is it for you, to rule the same at your plea sure. For, if so be they, who towards the common wealth have not been meritorious or bountiful, attain by words alone, to what so ever thing they wish and will: How then can it be but requisite and convenient, that your majesty, in whose power it rests, with lively deeds, to assist us exceedingly, not to obtain at our hands, what so ever pleaseth your highness? As for those kind of men, that refer all things to the Athenians, I see them opposite and set against, the bitter accusers of our city: and them in like manner, that affirm the Athenians in no kind of thing, either great or small to be culpable. But be it far from me to utter any such speech. For, sithence some are of this opinion, that 
* The saying of a pagan not unworthy of the mouth of a christian: these words of Isocrates ag●… with the doctrine evangelical.  not the Gods themselves, notwithstanding their state of perfection, are free from all offence, I would be asham●…d to be so vain glorious, and swollen with ostentation, as to challenge a ●…aultlesse life, saying, that at no time our déed●…s have so swerved, that they might be amended: Howbeit, thus much I am to affirm, that your majesty shall find no city, more requisite for the Grecians,  
L. ij. or for your affairs more con●…enient: which benefit is of you most diligently to be considered. For it shall not procure to your highness, exceeding great commodities, not only if with your Grace, it enter society: but also, if it do but seem unto you favourable, and you again unto it appear friendly & courteous. For, to turn the sum of my talk to them whom your highness hath in present obedience, if they shall have none other to ●…lée unto for refuge, thus much I dare pro mice, that to your majesty they shall continued dutiful: & as for the Barbarians, you shall with more facility and speediness, compel them to loyalty. What may be thought now of the 
* The benevo lence & good w●…l of people, is a cause that the prince pro spereth the better.  beneuo●…ēce, which is of such quality, as we have above mentioned? is it not to be desired, is it not to be sought after, and that with earnes●…nesse, sithence by the efficaci●… and virtue of the same, your Grace shall be of power sufficient, not only to protect your possessed Empire from foreign invasion, but also to enlarge your dominion: yea, and that without hazard and detriment? Now, out of question, I can not but have those princess' dealings in admiration, that hire strange soldiers for salary in battle to do them service, that maintain them with great and large wages, they themselves not being ignorant, that many, by giving credit to such false varlets, have been betrayed, and very few (doubtless) from loss of life preserved: not endeavouring, rather, to win to them selves the good wills, and procure, for their own advantage, the assistance of so mighty & victorious a city, as hath saved many places from ruin and decay, yea, the whole land of Graecia, from the spoil of desolation. 
* An incitation to further noblen●…e, drawn from the commemoration of his p●…aises: a point of a rhetorici●…n worthy imi tation.  O prince, ponder this in your cogitation, let it be weighed precisely in your thought, that many praise your prudence, many extol your wisdom, because you dealt in such order with the people of Thessaly, as seemed not repugnant to equity, and for them most expedient: which manner of men, are not of so tractable a nature, are not of so mild a disposition, but headstrong, seditious, given to moving of mutinies & rebellions. Even so (most mighty Monarch) judge of us, sithence you know well enough, y● as the region of the Thessalians, so the power of the Athenians, is from you not so many degrees distant: which, by your bountifulness, you can not do amiss to reconcile, sithence 
* Favour of people, far better then conquests and triumphs.  It is a point of more nobleness, puisaunce, and valiantness, to obtain and win the favour of incorporate cities, then to scale castle walls, towers, bulwarks, and fortifications. For as this doth not only purchase hatred and envy, every thing for the most part, that is done, being ascribed to the violent soldiers: Even so, on the contrary part, if you could use the means to win the hearts of the people, and to get man's good wills, what is he, that shall not wonder at your wisdom? Concerning mine assertio●…s and reasons, in the behalf of our city, right requireth that you continued worthy of credit. 
* The figur●… occupatio, whereby he goeth about to his words to add authority.  For it is too too manifest and apparent, that it is so far from my custom, to play the flatterer with my citizens, that there is no one man besides me, to be found, of whom they are more often reprehended: yea, it is w●…l known, that the multitude have me in no es●…imation (I mean, those that be clawback's and mealemouthed merchants, making account of their painted sheath:) but some of them know not what I am, othersome hate me as ill as they hate you.  
Nevertheless, this envy incident to us both, hath in it a certain difference: for they repined at you, because of your power, your riches, your wealth, and your pr●…ncely port: at me they grudge, because I profess myself, to be indu●…d with more wisdom than they: and more are there that delight ●…n their company, than that tak●… pleasure in my familiarity. I would it were as easy for me, as it is for you, to remove the opinion of the multitude, so unadvisedly concei●…ed. 
* A thing very usual with ●…so crates, still to be putting in the princess' mind, the thing which is in present hand ling.  Now the matter rests in your highness, you may ●…ée thereunto, if you will: As for me, partly in consideration of mine age, and partly in respect of other causes, mine own estate must be carefully regarded. To co●…clude, I see not to what purpose it were, to make more words in this matter: howbeit, I will add this overplus, that between your kingdom and your felicity: the prosperity of the Grecians, and their 〈◊〉 there may be some communion & intercourse, nothing to the contrary withstanding.   

Isocrates to Philippo.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He beginneth this Epistle following, with an Argument drawn Ab utili: according to h●…s usual order. Then he counseleth King Philippe, that he setting a●…ide all other matters what so ever, should make war, as soon as may be, against the king of the Pe●…sians. The conveyance of his matter shall appear plain and manifest enough, if one part with another be advisedly conferred.  
ALthough I have had sufficient conference, as I am persuaded, with 
* Of this name there were five in number, as is to be read in Authors, 1. A Sydo●…iā Po et, 2. a Tyrian Philosopher: 3. a 〈◊〉 philosopher, 4 an 〈◊〉, 5. an Hieropo●…itane sophister: the sixt a Macedonian, and the son of ●…olaus, and this is he of whom he spea ●…eth in this place.  Antipater, as well touching the profits of our city, as conterning the commodities of your person: yet willing was I not withstanding, to writ unto your highness, what, after the conclusion of peace, were not amiss to be done: to writ (I say) unto your majesty, matters not much dissenting from th●…se that I have mentioned in mine Oration: howbèit, much briefer. For, mine advise, at that time, consisted in this point, that all controu●…rsies of our cltie, of the Lacedemon●…ans, of the Thebans, & of the Argives being canceled, the Grecians might be reconciled and set at concord. For, I was in opinion, that if you could obtain so much of the chiefest and most principal cities, the residue would in like manner give assent, and, at no hand, stand in contradiction. At that time, things were in another estate: but now are they in such 〈◊〉, that to use reaso●…s of pers●…asion, it is not n●…cessarie. For, in con●…deration of the con●… or battle attempted, all are compelled to return to their right mind, to remember themselves, and of those things duly to consider, ●…hich I supposed requisite, both to be said and also to be done, of your highness: that war, I mean (
* Two infective diseases in the minds of ●…en.  madness being removed, and 
* Two infective diseases in the minds of ●…en.  co●…tousnesse cut ●…ff, where with the minds of men are in●…ected) should be made in Asia. Furthermore, many there be, that demand this question, whether I gave yo●… counsel to bend the force of arms against the Barbarians: or whether I, after you had so determined and purposed, allowed your intent? As ●…or me, who hitherto have had no conference with your majesty, touching that matter, I say, that I know nothing of a certainty: yet neuerthel●…sse, that to your ●…ounsels I denied not my consent, where in you used, long since, much deliberation. Which answer after they had received, they assaulted me with a request, namely, that I would give you advise, not to change your meaning, but in your determination to persist. For, 
* A persuasible are gument used for his purpose, consisting in commendation of Philippes doings.  more renowned deeds, more famous and noble acts, or tending more to the profit of the Grecians, could never be adventured: neither might better opportunity, to put things in practice, at any time be ministered If therefore I were endued with that ripeness of wit, and ability of utterance, wherein when 
* He showeth with what an earnest desire he is touched, ●…or the furtherance of his cause, in calling his former years in question, and pleading his present unabilitie.  I was young, I flourished, and if I were not by reason of mine old age so distressed of strength and Rhetorical ornaments, which beautify and pounce the style of an Or●…tor: I would not make letters the instrument of my meaning to your highness, but I would in presence of your puissance, with such pathetical speeches as I might, move your majesty, to take upon you this enterprise with valia●…tnesse. Now, in consideration of the premises, I deal with you by way of 
* The weapon of aged people.  exhortation, as I am able, counseling you, not to neglect such opportunity, nor to revolt from it, before you see it accomplished. Moreover, to boil in the miserable desire of any thing beside, is contrary to honesty and honour: for the most p●…rte, are at such de●…aunce with 
* A vice and a virtue.  extremities, that 
* A vice and a virtue.  mediocrity is the tr●…asure which they count commendable▪ nevertheless, to seek to the attainment of renown, to climb up to the castle of glory, none aught at any time to give over with ●…ediousnesse▪ none aught to a●…iure with loathsomeness: especially, if they be called to places of 〈◊〉, and advanced above others, to stately préeminence, 
* Note the order of Isocrates how he taketh occasion always to stir the spirit of the prince.  which Royal condition, and Imperial dignity, is allotted to your majesty. Again, let this be your meditation, that your noble name, and flourishing fame, cannot be impaired, but that it shall be quall to your martial exploits, when those Barbarians (provided, that they, who are conformable to your majesty, and to your grace's regiment not rebellious, be not among the number) be enforced by compulsorie means, to yield service to the Grecians: and when you have constrained that king, who is now named 
* The great king: meaning the king of Persia.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the mighty Monarch, to put those things in practice, which are limited unto him by your royal commandment. The present estate being as it is, your majesty may with more facility and ease, consummate and perform these matters, than you attained that power and nobleness, which by the assistance of your ancient kingdom, you recovered. Now there remains nothing over and beside this, but that among the Gods, as one of their number, you be ascribed. This one thing, I am to think a benefit of mine age: because I have lived till such time, as to see such things as my mind was occupied about, in my young years, both in mine Oration called Panegyrica, and in that also which I sent to your majesty, entitled Philippica, which I written with mine own hand, partly put already in execution, and for that I rest in hope also, they shall hereafter be accomplished and performed.   

Isocrates to Philippo.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He commends highly and notably his scholar and▪ friend D●…odotus, together with his son: giving privy prec●…pts to Philippe, to get him wise counsellors, and not to mis●…ike the liberal language of his well willers, in admonishing him of things tending to his profit.  
Although among us it be a perilous attempt, to pro●…e the conveying of letters into Macedò●…a; not only now that we are at war with you, but also in the time of pear: yet not withstanding, have determined and 〈◊〉, to direct an Epistle to your highness, concerning 
* Hi●… scholar, or disciple, in whose behalf this Epistle right commēdato●…ie was penned.  Diodotus. For, I think reason requireth, that I account of my familiar friends, whose deserts to us ward claim ●…course of duty, as of people not contempti●…ie, but worthi●…●…stimation: and touching him, in whose behalf I deal by writing, I cannot give too great a testimony of courtesy, in consideration of his 
* A thing that requireth equal h●…easure o●… courtesi●….  benevolence to us extended, and the integrity of his behaviour plainly signified: I was very willing to commend him to your majesty: unto whom, after that access was granted by others mediation, unto your highness, thus much remained unto me to accomplish, namely, in his cause to give some testimonial, that the knowledg●… which your grace hath of him, and he likewise of your highness, may be, by my means, confirmed, ratified and established. For, insomuch as many and divers sorts of men, among whom the greatest part be of good countenance, honourable and renowned, 
* Or, have not refused to keep me compani●….  have framed themselves to my conversation: oth●…rsome also flourished in el●…quence, wisdom, poli●…ie, and deeds of arms: and some again in modesty of life were singular, and for decency in manners very much commended, being otherwise, altogether unapt for other uses, & in other exercises unexpert and ignorant: yet this 
* Diodotus my scholar.  one odd man, of whom present mention is made, such is the dexterity & readiness of his wit, such are his rare ornaments, whereby nature and Art have beautified him, that in all the premises, and above cited cyrcumstaunces, he is most cunning, most perfect, and in no one point unfurnished. Which things, I dared not presume to avouch 
* A confirmation drawn from an i●…fallible reason.  but that I am so far from being deceived in the man, that, what he is within and without in affections of mind, and outward actions, I am most ab solutely instructed: and that I also thought, your majesty hath attained the understanding of this report, aswell by 〈◊〉 of your familiar meetings, as also by the information of them to whom he is well known and acquainted. Of whom, there is not so much as one, except he be inflamed with extreme envy, and marvelous maliciously minded, but will r●…port him to be a man of singular 
* In eloquence and counsel Diodotus counted excellent.  eloquence, and in wise counsel to none inferior: besides that, in justice incomparable in modesty matchless, to avarice or covetousness a bitter adversary, and in all the trade of his life, a pleasant companion, and courtecus in behaviour. Moreover, that he hath vtt●…raunce at will, utterance I say, replenished with decency, abhorring whatsoever is unseemly: yea such is his liberty of speech, as of right it▪ may be reputed, a manifest are gument of his benevolence, towards his friends and favourers: 
* That relative pronown hath re●…pecte to liberty of speech his pro per antecedent, in the clause going before.  which, being in deed, not discommendable, such as among men be of principality and honourable estate, as have their minds so affected, as the majesty and countenance of their empire requireth, highly reverence, as a thing passing commodious and profitable. As for those whose natures are not correspondent, to the greatness of their power and dominion, they, I say, as a morssell of too hard digestion, cry, away with it, for it is cumbersome: as though thereby, they were compelled to put something in execution, which to their own wills is repugnant, not understanding, when deliberation is had concerning profit, those that in speech dare stand in contradiction, to afford unto them exceeding great ability to compass what they wil For, it is convenient and necessary, 
* The little good that parasites, ●…atterers, cl●…wbackes, and ●…uch a●… speak pla●… sible things, do in common wealths.  that such as study, devise, meditate, and occupy their brains, to speak all things to please, and nothing to offend, cannot by any means establish, the dominions of kings, which draw after them great and manifold dangers, and such in deed as dep●…d upon necessity, and cannot be auoid●…d: but that they are altogether insufficient, to confirm the liberty of commonwealths, which doubtless, are in somewhat more safety. It is a thing 
* Tellers of plain truth, without dissimulation, are to be had in estimation.  well beséeming such, as for the commodity and ad●…auntage of their hearers, smoulther not the inward thoughts of their minds, with secret silence, but utter freely, whatsoever they think convenient, to be so esteemed off, as of men not unable, of many things to procure the preservation, which oth●…rwise seemed very nigh ruin and desolation. In conside●…ation of which foresaid premises, 
* An admonition for princes, governors magistrates, & s●…ch as bear off●…ce of countenance in common wealths.  it aught of right to be provided, the princes, governors, and such as are planted in seats of authority, should more esteem the words of them that tell the truth with simplicity: then the smooth speeches of them, that speak all things to curry favour, and yet indeed, say nothing that deserveth favour. Nevertheless, of custom it cometh to pass, that some, and of them not a few, make more account of such as fawn on them with flattery, then of those that affirm the 
* Which was the cause that Diodotus was so vexed and molested.  manifest verity: Which was a great occasion, that certain of the nobles and peers of Asia disquieted Diodotus: towards the commodity of whom, although he was touched with a careful consideration, as appeared, not only by ministering wholesome counsels, but also in deeds of arms, and putting himself out to daungero●…s adventures: yet notwithstanding, in so much as he admonished them of their duties, some what largely in language, 
* An unmeet recompense for such hono rabble and ●…ingular service as well of mind as of bo die.  he was dispossessed of such honours as in his country sometimes he enjoyed, and besides that he fallen from the hope of passing great rewards, wherewithal he was attainted. Thus were the plausible speeches of fantastical parasites of more efficacy, than the merits and good deeds of so notable a man, w●…re of authority. For these causes m●…cioned, albeit he were from time to time determined, to have access unto you, yet, I wot not with what manner of 
* Timorousness a shrewd hinde●…er of 〈◊〉.  ●…iorousnesse and fear he was hindered: not because he supposed them that were placed in highest degree of dignity, to be all alike am●…ge themselves: but, for th●… having taken trial & experience of others crooked conditions, he dur●…t not entertain the a●…aunce and hope, which of us to hi●… was off●…ed: So that in this case, 
* Diodotus compared to a paf singer upon the fea. The course of the comparison is not unworthy the no●…ing, for imita●…on▪ o●… 〈◊〉.  he may be compared to some y● sail●… upon the swelling seas, who being disc●…mfited with the storm●… and tempests thereof, never enter ship to the same end again with quiet minds: albeit they know & see, that sailing▪ oftentimes hath prosperous success, & happy fortune. But, because he is commended to y●…ur majesty I think it a meritori●… deed, & I am of opinion, it will redo●…nd to his commodity. The occasion of which my thinking▪ is principally engendered by your 
* Virtues that aught to be resident in every princess' mind.  clemency, your humanity▪ & your mildness, which is not here at home within the walls of your own dominion, but in foreign jurisdictions & barbarous countries, to your singular renown by the clanging tr●…mp of swift report, proclaimed. Moreover, I am of this judgement concerning you, that you are not to learn, how nothing within the eompasse of the heavens, procureth more pleasance, obtaineth more profit, than 
* Honest and faithful friends are an invaluable jewel, & a most precious trea●…ure.  the purchasing of such friends, as be honest and faithful, by ways of well doing, I mean benefits: and of such men to be careful, to deserve none otherwise then well, in whose behalf, for courtesy to them exhibited, many, yea innumerable, will show themselves thankful. For, such as be furnished with the armour of virtue, such as glister and appear glorious with the leams of learning, acknowledge no less praise and reverence, to them that honour and highly esteem such, as in virtue and learning be famous, than they would, if they themselves were partakers of these excellent benefits. But such to be the disposition of Diodotus, I dare warrant, as by his own industry and private means, he will win your majesties favour in such sort, that you must needs vouchsafe him courtesy. With 
* Namely by the commemoration of your clem●…cie your gentleness, your af●…abilitie, and other virtuous ornaments.  semblable persuasions I assaulted his son, to have access to you, that ●…y submitting himself as a scholar to your discipline, he might thereby reap advantage, and of his sustained labour recover an acquittal. Which advise when I had given, and he with attentive ear had received, he confessed forthwith, that of your friendship, there was not in all the world, than he, a man more desirous: howbeit, to his words thus much more he a●…nexed, for further discovery of his secret mind, that he was there unto drawn with semblable affection, as he hath been to 
* Exercises of acturitie, where an the winner received a crown o●… a ga●…land: these g●…mos were ●…alled Gymnica certamina, and in ancient ●…ime very much frequē●…ed.  open games and spectacles, rewarded with crowns and garlands. For (said he) I was in love with the adununcement of victory, but to offer the trial of myself, in those exercises required, I wanted courage: and why? Because I perceived the unworthiness of mine ability, far inferior to the fame & renown, issuing from those solemn coronations. In like manner, he wished most heartily, by your mediation to mount to honour: but he suspected, something in himself to harbour, whereby he should be hindered. For his * want of experience is to him an impediment, and 
* The first make men unmeet for places of honour, the second d●…i veth them into an amas●…ment.  the glorious show of your stately authority, a sore discouragement. To which imperfections his body may be joined, being not so finely proportioned, as it should escape reprehension, which in many respects, as he supposeth, will be lets to his furtherance. Howbeit, whatsoever to him shall seem available, to do that, let him have leave and liberty. So that, whether he address him to come to you, or whether he lead his life in this soil, being addicted to quietness and abhorring the contrary, 
* A summarie of the whole petition made to king Phillippe by Isocrates, in the behalf of Diodotus and his son.  let him find such favour at your grace's hands, that as well all necessari●…s whatsoever, by your procurement, may be supplied for his maintenance, as also that both he & his father, may be so provided for, as they may lead their life free from annoyance and fear of danger. For thus aught you to think, that we commend him to you, as a 
* Which requireth a care full regard, a provident eye, and whatsoeelse is necessary.  thing delivered to your keeping by us in this our old age▪ (which is to be had in high honour, and reverence) committed I say to you by our authority (if at lest wise it carry any show of countenance) of good will, yea of the same goodwill, which to you, through the whole course of my years, I have professed, and to your weal also, put in practice and executed. I would not wish you to be moved with admiration, either at the largeness that I use in this letter, or for that I have uttered some what therein, savouring of curiosity or ancient experience. For, setting all other things aside, I bend the whole force of my will and wit to this end, that it might be apparent and not untestified, 
* A conclusion testifying the disposition of his heart to his friend whom he loveth.  the commodities of my friends to kindle in me exceeding carefulness, whom I love and tender with as much duty as is possible.   

Isocrates to Alexandro.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He rejoiceth that Alexander loveth learning, whom under a colour of commendation he exhorteth, by keeping company with virtuous men, and using the familia●…itie of such as be endued with knowledge, to seek after ●…loquence, finesse of speech, & policy in governing the commonwealth, rather than the entangled disputations of Logic, and quarreling questions of the Sophistical Science: not without a privy rebuking (as I suppose) of Aristotle's profession.  
WHen I sent letters to 
* King Philip of Macedonia your puissant predecessor.  your father (right noble king) I thought myself to attempt a thing repugnant to reason, if I seemed not to be mindful of your highness, and to acknowledge some courtesy by salutation, considering that you en●…oy the self same title of renown, the self same majesty of a Monarch, the self same seat of royalty, and all things else to principality appertaining: yea, I thought my doings to savour of no sparkle of duty, if I written not somewhat to your puisa●…ce, whereby people might conceive an opinion, (those I mean to whom I am unknown) that 
* For if wisdom should want in old men, in what age were it to be lound?  ●…ld age hath not deprived me of wisdom, and so deluded my judgement, that I am utterly drowued in dotage: but that they might thus rather think, that the wit which remains in me at this hour, being not consumed and wasted, as the strength of my body, by sunory casualties, & multitude of years (specially) enfeebled, is not unworthy of that ability, of the order, of 
* Of Rheto●…ique or the orato●…e profession.  that faculty, and of that conveyance in writing, wherein, when I was young & not subject to these present infirmities, I flourished. The renown of your majesty, striketh-into 
* An allusion to the good inclination of Alexander: who was but young when this Epistle was written 〈◊〉.  mine ears: For in whose mouth is not this report, that to the Atheniens, you are marvelous favourable, and exceeding friendly, besides that, very well disposed to the attainment of wisdom: wherein, undoubtedly, you give a testimony, not of unaduisement, but of an approvable judgement. I must needs confess, that for this cause, commendation is the merit of yo●…r majesty, because the voice goeth, that 
* Whereon the praise of a Prince principally doth depend.  you have in countenance and estimation, such of our citizens, not as want the ornaments of virtue, not as lack learning, not as be voyd & destitute of wisdom, no●… as be of a corrupt inclination, & as it were fettered and fast bond with a detestable desire to practise deeds ●…ending to ●…hischiefe: but such, of whom you have good liking, hearing their prudent discourses, & learned reasons without satietic, loathsomeness, tediousness: 
* The commendation of his worthy qualities continued.  in keeping of whose company, and using whose conversation, you are so far from being endangered, or running into any kind of annoyance, that you are much benefited, and from many injuries defended. For the acquaintance of 
* Men of approved life & honest conversation.  such men is to be desired, their familiariti●… is to be sought after with sedulity and earnestness, especially of such as have the name and credit of wise men in●…eede. Among all kind of sciences, and professions of knowledge, you have such an emulation & envy to 
* Logic, which teacheth men to make fa●…sitie 〈◊〉, & verity salsitie, by sophistical conclusions.  exercises Dialectical●… as that you improve them as toys, yet not to be utterly disallowed, (for so of your highness it is reported:) but so to think of them, as of things in private meetings of friends & familiar compamons, very requisite & available. Nevertheless, to princes, governors, rulers of people, and people placed in high seat of authority, not so necessary and profitable. For, thus stood your opini●…n, that i●… is a thing neither expedient, nor yet decent, that such as pass others in worthiness and pre-eminence, should use with their citizens 
* A thing prop per to jangling sophisters and questionistes in their quarreling exercises & Logic school points.  quarreling questions, or give to the rest liberti●… of overthwarting in language and unseemly contraciction. So that (as the rumour runneth) this manner of profession is no Howell in your Alphabet, is no flower in your Garden, is not regarded of your person: but that eloquence, fineness of phrase in utterance of talk and communication, is the thing which you account excellent, which with us is usual, both in the affairs be●…oging to our daily conversation, and at such times also as we deliberate in matters touching the common wealth. Through the attainment of which 
* Eloquence & Philosophy. the one consisting in sweet and orderly utterance: the other in wise and prudent precepts.  singular Sciences, you have aspired to that perfection of ability, that you most prudently instruct them, that to your grace are obedient, even presently, what shall happen hereafter, and skilfully inf●…urme them, what every one, of duty, is bound to put in practice: yea, that ripen●…sie of judgement you have attained, whereby of things concerning honesty, & justice, you can give approved sentence: and of their opposites or contraries deliver a good opinion. Furthermore, of this commodity you are made a possessioner, that 
* By wisdom & knowledge.  thereby you can measure the penalties and punishments of offenders, according to the proportion of their crimes, not running into 
* Of too little, or to much.  either extremity, but keeping an equality. The self same also is your direction, in recompensing such as do well, with rewards not undeserved. Your wisdom therefore, and your passing eloquence, are worthy to be pouldered with perpetual praise, in consideration that you (a prince and king) acquaint yourself in such kind of studies, & in them spend your time, being (no doubt) commendably bestowed. For 
* A conclusion kindling further incoragement in the mind of Alexander drawn from hope & boon esperaunce.  by this your endeavour, you minister hope to your father, and afford plentiful affiance to your friends, that in process of time, as your years increase, and you continued in these virtuous exercises, it will come to pass, that in wisdom you shall so far outrun all the rest, how far your father is beyond all other that are alive, none excepted.   

Isocrates to the offspring of jason.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
First of all he prefixeth the reason that moved him not to go into Thessalia. Then, by a prolonged insinuation he persuadeth him, to be of this opinion, that civil benevolence is better than tyrannical government.  
ONe of our Ambassadors made report unto me, that you drew him a side from his company, and demanded of him severally, being separated from the rest, whether it were possible to win me by persuasion, to leave the place of my present abode, and to take on me a foreign voyage, to the intent, we might enjoy one another's familiarity? My will is good touching this matter, for jasons sake and Polyazes 'cause 
* Or, both which have vouch●…afed me friendly entertainment, and courteous usage.  both which have exhibited unto me singular significations of courtesy: and I know that if it might be compassed, that we meet and confer, it is like to prove a general commodity. But I have many hindrances, among which this is a chief and principal, 
* A necessary cause whereby old men are to be held ex●…used.  the weakness of my nature, that cannot endure the labours of painful journeying: besides that, it is not seemly, that I being so aged and strucken in years, should lead the rest of my life in a strange and outlandish country. Again, many, hearing of that voyage, nay, all would have me in contempt, and that deservedly, because in my drooping days I attempt tedious traveling, having framed the former course of my life in tranquillity and quiet nesse●…sithence it is convenient, yea, although I had lived long in some for reign land, yet now to draw homeward to my nat●…ue soil, considering that death standeth at the door, & my next lodging must be the grave. Furthermore (for to what intent should I lie) I stand in fear of mine own city, I mistrust it much, sing the leagues and confederacies made with it, so sun violated, so soudeinly cracked in sunder. And surely, if in your affairs the like chance appear, how, which way, by what means, may I escape reprehension, may I avoid punishment, (considering that it is a thing not so easily brought about▪ how, I say, should I shun shame and infamy, some thinking that for mine own city's sake, I neglect your safety, or for your cause am careless of my country? And seeing that the commodity is not common, how I might gratify both, I do not understand. The reasons therefore, for the which I may not do that which I would, are many. Howbeit, I think it undecent, that I writing of mine own matters, should, in yours, show me self negligent: but what hath been discoursed upon too and fro, in place where I am, I will impart the knowledge of them unto you in writing, as I feel me self able. I would not have you conceive this sinister opinion, that more 
* The first I abhor, the last I do esteem.  for ostentation and vaineglories sake, I have penned this epistle, then for 
* The first I abhor, the last I do esteem.  consideration of your courtesy and gentleness: For I am not so mad a man, as to be ignorant, that I, in this my deerepite and drooping age, cannot indite and frame my style in writing after a better form and order, then in former times, when that which I did publish and make manifest, was very plausible, and thought praise worthy: But if I pronounce the which is nothing so good, it is like, that the light of my renown, shall not suffer a partile eclipse, but it shall be in manner, wholly darkened. Further more if I should seem serious, in doing service to the advancement of mine own wit, among all other matters, I would not have those this argument: whereupon to make an apt discourse, it is marvelous easy: but I would have been inqui●…itiue after things more commendable, & opening 
* Or, a larger field, wherein I may have scope to deliner my meaning in words  a fréer passage to mine utterance. But, to this day, have I not so well liked of these things, sithence there be other matters which the rather I regard, whereof a multitude are ignorant: neither in consideration of that, have I at this present, taken upon me this labour. But when I understand, that you are burdened with busy affairs, and such things as be intricate and fraught wish difficulties, what my judgement concerning them, is, A will not be deintic to make declaration. 
* An entrance to his purpose  I think, that ability to give counsel is agreeable to mine age, and that I want not wisdom for such a purpose. For 
* Experience maketh old men passing cunning.  experience, and the use of many things, have made old men cunning and exp●…rt: yea, it worketh in them such perfection, that they abo●… all other have perseverance and knowledge, what is profitable, what is inconvenient. As for discoursing upon present ●…ccasions, sweetly, smoothly, finely, eloquently, cunningly and artificially, it is a work and labour of our old age 
* Because such things are more agreeable to younger years and riper wits.  not to be cracted. Wherefore, this my service shall seem sufficient, if I discover mine opinion, & lay my meaning naked to the view of others judgement. I would not you should merucile, if I fall in mention of some circumstance or other, where withal heretofore, ●…y hearing you are acquainted: For, peradventure, I shall be constrained, 
* Cum nihil dici possit quod non sit dictum prius: Sythence nothing can be spoken, but that which heretofore hath been vt●…ered.  to entertain some of them into the manor of my memory, which must needs be uttered: othersome, for that I know them serviceable to my purpose, I may not pretermit: For I should show myself inbrawnd with foolishness, when I see others usurping that which of me hath been uttered, yet I myself to be so precise, as to abst●…ine from such words & sentences, as in times pas●…, both by tongue & also by pen I have delivered. Thus much have I placed in the front by way of a preamble, because the coming first & being most manifest, is one them that are lest abstruse & secret. For I use of custom to say 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 saith the Greek text: Quidnam oration, says the Latin interpretation: which we have Englished, Utteraunce.  to the followers of our philosophy & discipline, all other things whatsoever, this to be considered, what, by * utterance, & the members of the same, is to be compassed: Which when we have found, & diligently, or rather thoroughly dispatched, I tell them again, the sensible reasons, and ornaments must be used, which to the argument or whole cause is a beautifying, & a mean to attain the end whereunto our attempts were leveled. This, concerning oratory exercises, is our persuasion: the self same is the groundwork of all things else, & of your deliberation, it is the prop, main post and pillar. For nothing can be wi●…sely wrought, except, first of all you make this your meditation, & ●… singularity of skill thus consider 
* Premeditations not to be neglected.  what manner▪ 
* Or what kind of men.  of people you will prove yourselves to be hereafter, how you will frame the course of your life, & conversation, and to what manner of auth●…ritie your 〈◊〉 shallbe directed●…in choice of honour, which to like & love, either that, which▪ the citizens offer of voluntary motion, or the which is got perforce, wroung from them contrary to their wills, & pray upon with talons of extortion●… These things prudently pondered & marked, all manner of actions whatsoever, daily and hourly incident, are semblably to be considered: & you must do the uttermost of your indevonr▪ that all your attempts may be referred to the self same, which was laid before you in the beginning. If you sha●… th●…s limit yourselves, having an eye to this platform, & acquainting your wits with 
* Which ingen der actions or de●…des correspondent to their kind.  wise consultations, your purposes shall have straight aim, as it were at a white, to the ready reaping of your commodity, & the more able shall you be to enjoy it. But if▪ you lay not such a ●…aft foundation, putting in practice whatsoever chanceth, it must needs follow, y● as your wits wander, 
* The inconvenience of temerity.  so of many things that you might other wise have, you shallbe fru strate. 
* A privy objection.  One or other peraduentnre of them that have lived inordinately, will go about to quarrel & found fault with my reasons, buisily beséeging me with commands, to deliver unto them 
* Or, some substantial reason, in the confirmation of mine assertion.  some sentence of certuintie, touching this proponed controversy. I may not therefore 〈◊〉 my iud●…ment in the whole matter. 
* A resolution or answer to the former objection: containing a comparison of a private man and a tyrant: of whom Xenophon sub tit. Simonidis, & Hieronis, largely discourseth.  The life of pri●…ate men (in ●…ine opini●…) is more secure, more quiet, & better, than the life of tyrants: & I suppose those honours more pleasant and acceptable, which unto princes, by valiant hearted people are exhibited: then such dignities as the torments of terror, extort & wring f●…om such as with servitude are oppressed. And although I am not ignorant, that there willbe many to stand against me in contradiction, & among all other, such as be of your familiar acquain tance, principally: yet nevertheless, concerning this matter, I must somewhat give a taste of my judgement: for I think that even these, through your persuasions are suggested, and marvelously provoked, not only to have tyranny retained, but to see the same established. This do they so much the rather, for that they take not a full view, of the whole nat●…e thereof, but being entangled in blind 〈◊〉, throw ●…selues into rivers, nay, main seas of errors▪ They have respect to his 
* Which outward circumstances breed error.  authority, they conside●… his commodities, they are touched with consideration of his 〈◊〉 delights, 〈◊〉 the obtaining and enjoying of all which, th●…y hope themselves to be in possibility▪ But (alas) they 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
* The troubled state of tyrannical power d●…scribed.  wh●…le worlds of troubles, their manifold ●…eares, their 〈◊〉 or like bloudsheads, finally, the infinite annoyances that attend vp●… princes▪ and on such as be in princess' favour▪ these mischefe●… they mark no●… these perils are unperceived. That falls on them, which happeneth 
* Note the course of this comparison.  to such as attempt mos●… 〈◊〉 of●…▪ ●… 〈◊〉 notorious▪ who altho●…gh they be ig●…raunt what ●…wdnes lucketh▪ & what he ynousnesse is harboured in the 〈◊〉 they go about, yet neu●…rthelesse, they are ●…o far from despair of well spéeding that their food is connfidence to reap such profit and advantage, as therein consists, all perils escaped, & all dangers that are wont to be joined to such pernicious enterprises, avoided: pampering their minds with this imagination, that they be as far from all annoyance, as heaven is from hell, and as nigh neighbours to all manner of commodities, as the flesh to the skin. If therefore, any be of this belief and opinion, I give them leave to use their 
* Or, to enjoy their happiness and blessed condition in their own blockishne●…  beatitude and felicity in their foolishness. I should be ashamed, if I taking upon me the charge of a Couns●…llour, should not 〈◊〉, neglect others profi●…e, & 〈◊〉 own●… advantage: & rather (setting all a●… ha●…ard, both mine own 〈◊〉, and all thinge●… els●… whatsoever, as utterly 〈◊〉) give them suc●… 〈◊〉, a●… should tend wholly 〈◊〉 their 〈◊〉. Then would I wish you, s●… to listen and learn my 〈◊〉, as that you may give evidence, you are fully re●…olued, 
* Or, my meaning to be none otherwise than I profess with tongue.  my heart and my tongue to be at agreement.   

●…ocrates to Timoth●…o.  
●… THE ARGUMENT.  
He highly aduaun●…eth the 〈◊〉 of a certain tyrant: and giveth him counsel, under the pre●…ence of praise, to be gentle and courteous to 〈◊〉 is citizens. Lastly, he tempteth Timoth●…us with a petition▪ namely to be a●… 〈◊〉 and succoure●… to one 〈◊〉.  
WHat tried friendship hath knit ●…s twain in one, you have (I think) received by the report of many. First of all, I 
* An exhortation to clemen c●…e, under the colour of come mendation.  cannot but 〈◊〉 for your sake, in that your usage, in this possession of princip●…litie, is far bett●…r than your fathers was, and your ●…oings tempered with m●…re 〈◊〉: Secondly, because you are in●…amed with a greater 〈◊〉 ●…o purchase honest and honourable renown, then to gather ●…gether in huge heaps, abundance of riches, and mo●…e like mountains: In which your doings, no slender signification of virtue appeareth: but rather a most manifest test ●…oniall of your well disposed nature, and right commendable disposition. Wherefore, if, as your b●…ginninges are, (now in the mouths of all men, and in all places, to your high praise proclaimed:) so be your proceedings, it is not like that you shall want 
* Witnesses of your 〈◊〉, by whom your fame may be blown abroad, to your eternal renown.  instruments, for the advancement of your wisdom, or tongues to er●…oll with triumphant trumps, this your most noble enterprise▪ I suppose also, that those things which are noised abroad, concerning your father, will be of very great force and efficacy, to prove your pruden●…e, and to show also, wherein, above others, you are to challenge excellency. For it is a custom among many used, not so much to commend and make honourable 
* Children not following the vicious qualities of their fathers more to be com●…ended, than such whose good behaviours are correspondent to their pare●…ts example.  the children, that are descended of p●…iseworthie pa●…ents: as to have them in reverence, whose fathers being tyrannical, savage, blood thirsty, and merciless, yet their sons degenerating from kind, and endued with qualities in all respects clean●… contrary. For, what soever is in the nature of men, not answear●…ble to expectation, that in all points is much more gracious, and acceptable, than those things which of custom are looked for, and by ordinary course come to pass. These premises, therefore, curiously canuassed, narrowly ●…fted, and straightly examined, this aught to be your chiefest meditation, in this (I say) must your mind be ea●…nestly conue●…saunt, 
* P●…inces minds in what points they aught to be occupied: for though the epistle be special: yet the precepts are general.  by what means, through wh●…se help, by the virtue of whose 〈◊〉, you may both redress the calamities of the 〈◊〉, pr●…cure the 〈◊〉 of the people, work means how they might lead their lives in more pleasantness and security, than they have in times passed to their great disqui●…tnes. For these duties of clemency, these practices of humanity and gentleness, are the ornaments of good governors, and the precious pearls wherewith all princes are beautifie●…. Which invaluable jewels, many having in contempt, applied all their power and ability to this only end, namely, to attain the full measure of their pleasures and c●…ncupiscences, with liberty excessi●…e, and more than e●…pedient: Citizens, in the mean season, of great worship and wisdom, being defaced, utterly undone, and spoilt. Such Caterpillars in Common wealths, ar●… ignorant, that It is to the praise of a prudent prince, yea that it maketh much for the estimation of wisemen, advanced to these high and stately thrones of nobleness, by 
* Which injury the law of nature graffed in our minds in our 〈◊〉 forbiddeth.  others sorrows not to seek their own delight, by others miseries not to purchase their private pleasure, nor to the detriment of others, to procure their own profit: but rather by their carefulne●…se and diligent industry, to augment and increase their people's felicity, to be in●…linable to clemency, conquered with compassion, not rigorous in revengement, not pitiles●…e in punishment, nor of his own safety to seem careless and negligent: but with the Sceptre of mercy, & sword of justice in such order to govern his king doom, that none dare b●…obould, by treacherous 〈◊〉▪ to bring their good estate in hazard▪ and to be no less circumspect, that his own life be strongly d●…fended. Yea, therein to be so diligent, as i●… all the world conspired to work hi●… overthrow and destruction. For by this means it shall come to pass, that they shall be exempted from peril, and ●…lourish in fame, among all the rest of the Grecians: Then these singular benefits, & incomparable cômodities, it is 
* Because they a●…e the very best and most sovereign, without comparison.  too too hard to attain greater or better. As I was thus occupied with my pen in writing, I soudenly remembered, that in all things you have exceeding prosperous s●…ccesse. For you have abundance of wealth, plenty of riches, which cannot be got without extreme tyranny: 
* He enjoyed all prosperity by inheritance.  these you have by inheritance, your father with much violence, and through flaming fierce of envy obtained them, you have them now in possession: the 
* For therein standeth most commendanon●… otherwise, it turneth to shame when wealth is abused.  good and orderly using of the which, is in your hands, it becômeth you to have ●… singular regard how they be bestowed, not vainly, but necessarily, not vnad●…isedly, but di●…creetly, not to your reprehension, but to your comm●…ation. Touching this matter, therefore, these are my precepts tending to your profit. Thus, then, standeth the case: if you esteem of money, if you make account of great power, if you have such transitory things in reputation, than 
* Because, a●… the shadow doth follow the substance: to daunger●… accompany 〈◊〉 chess.  you must needs love dangers also, without the which those things cannot be recovered, nor attained: so that you must, elsewhere crave counsel, & of others seek assistance. But if you ●…aue sufficient, nay, if you have abundance, if you love virtue, if you love an honest & honourable report, if you be incensed with the desire of the 
* A thing specially to be obtained.  people's favour and benevolence, th●…n imprint mine admonitions in the tables of your memory, i●…brace my counsels, let my precepts be the rule of your actions, strive to be equal to those that govern cities under their authority most excellently: contend I say, not only 
* Do your endeavour, not to be equal with them only, but to excel & pass them also.  for equality, but also for superiority. For this I have herded concerning Cleomenes, whose Dominion lay in Methym●…a▪ that in at his enterprises he discharged the duty of ●… good and prudent governor, was also so far from putting any to death, from driving any into exile▪ from 
* From bringing any into that case, that they are not only 10. be dispossessed of all that they were worth, but their lives also to be in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  making any pros●…ript or outlaw, from procuring unto any one such miserable nience that his citizens live in singular security, in ease and quietness, a●… will and in wealth: that he calleth home again such as were thrust into ba●…ishment, intertaineth them into the embracing bosom of their country natural, that were deprived of that passing joyfulness: that of all their possessions, whereof they were spoilt and rob, he maketh merciful restitutione ●…ud that they might easily▪ recover interest in their own, he maketh large payments, to such as bought the goods of the banished, to give over their purchased title to the former and lawful owners: and, not being here withal satisficed, he furnisheth all the citizens with armour, and seeth the●… provided to the purpose, for his present assistance, nothing 〈◊〉 the mischefous insurrections, and rebellious attempts of such as favour 
* As not con tent with an uniformity in government.  change, and busy themselves to bring in alteration. And if any dare be so bold to set abroach such an enterprise, he thinketh much more available, that his own life in consideration of his humanity, gentleness, benignity, and mercifulness to his citi●…ens plentifully: testified, should suffer shipwreck: then exe●…nting cruelty upon them, and taking 
* Ab effectu, because it thirsteth after the loss of life,  bloody revengement, to furuive and outlive the residue. Touching this matter, much more (peradventure) I might have mentioned, and more artificially with you have reasoned, but that I perceived myself stayed with an impediment, namely lack of loysure to lengthen my letter, in y● 〈◊〉 ting whereof, I was forced to use great has●…. But another time shall serve to minister counsel unto you, for your 
* Which is the end of ho nest counsel.  prosite and commodity, if mine old age be not mine hindrance: For the present time, we wit●…take occasion, to discourse upon things pertaining to your private person, Autro●…ntor, the bearer and deliverer of this letter unto you, is a man with whom I have much familiarity: For, I have been conversant in the self san●…e 
* Or, studies tending in knowl●…dge, or, o●…e & the self same science and profession.  exercises, wherein he hath been occupied, and I have oftentimes ●…nd the use of his Art and knowledges 〈◊〉, I have been in hand with him, & 〈◊〉 that not s●…eldome, to address his journey unto you, and that he hath so done, I was the author and procurer. In 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which premises, I would that you entertain him honorabl●…, 〈◊〉 in such order, as to either of us is expedient and profitable: & towards whom, 
* Or, how favourable soever you do show yourself for his avail and prosite.  what duties of humanity so ever you exhibit, what courtesies so ever you show him for his furtherance, persuade yourself, that some part or portion of the same tendeth to my benefit. I would not you should wonder at my so blunt and bold ●…nditing considering▪ that I never craved any thing of Clearchus, For, in manner all, that sail from you to us, report you to be like such among us, as be of most excellency? so that concerning 
* Like it is that he means Clearchus the Lacedaemonian Duke: for of that name there were two other, Clearchus Solensis, and Cl●…archus Ponticus: as Suidas saith.  Clearchus, thus much must be signified, that at what time he was conversant with us, by all man's confession that ever had conference with him, of all our disciples or scholars, he was of most liberality, of most mildness, and of most gentleness. But after that he had aspired to principality, and had caught government within his claws, his mind was so altered, his conditions so changed, & what not in him so alienated, that every one, to whom in times past, he was not known, had him in high admiration: in consideration of which causes, my former acquaintance with him, is turned into strangeness. To come again to you, whom I love & like, my desire is, and that with earnestness, to accept us familiarly: & so sun as you can, give us some assurance, that your wont courtesy towards us conceived, remains still unchangeable. For you shall to 
* This Autocrator was one of his deer●…st acquaintance, and his very friend.  Autocrator, be a favourer and a furtherer: you shall likewise, procure a letter to be sent unto us, whereby our ancient friendship, and acceptable service tending to gentle entertainment, may be renewed. Far you well: and if it be your pleasure, to use our labour, in any thing to your person pertaining, sand us word by writing.   

Isocrates to the Magistrates of the Mitylenaeans.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT  
Agenor the Musician by name, his kinsemens' master, beseeching them to disburden him of the heavy yoke of banishment, and to restore him again to the sweetness of domestical liberty.  
THe sons of Aphareus my kinsmen, whom 
* Not Agenor the king of Phoenicia: Vit g●…l li 1. Aen. nor Agenor the son of Antenor: Homer lib. 11. Iliad. but a third of that name, by profession a Musician.  Agenor the Musician taught to play on melodious and tunable instruments, besought me with instance, to be earnest with you by letter: that, sithence it hath pleased you to call home again a great number out of exile, you would vouchsafe also, on him, his father, and brethren, be stow the same benefit of restitution. To whose demand, or rather request, when I made this answer, that I should not only show myself foolish and insipient, but also saucy and impudent, in labouring for the grant of so great a grace, to magistrates with whom never before I had conference, nor yet acquaintance: they 
* Or, were more earnest and instant with me, to grant their request, that their friends might also be gratified.  assaulted me with more serious supplications, not holding me (say what I could to avoid their intreatance) excusable. Now when they were frustrate of all confidence, & ready to be (as it were) devoured in despair, it was manifest to all men, and marvelous apparent, that their minds were exceedingly molested, and took their repulse very unpatiently. Now, when I perceived, their perturbatours were more vehement, then was convenient, at length yielding to their request, I made them promise, to writ this Epistle, & to see it sent unto you also, for their further contentation. And thus much I had to say, concerning the offence of foolishness and importunacy. I can not but think, that your deeds are not discommendable, ne yet unprofitable, in that you have 
* In that you are grown in to favour with your people, and have obtained their good will: than which, a governor hath not a better thing to desire.  entered reconciliation with your citizens: in that you do your endeavour, that the number of such as be banished, may be diminished: that you lay to the uttermost of your labour, the society in the common wealth may be increased: finally, for that, in this sedition, you set before you the state of our city, as a precedent or pattern for you to follow. Among all other things praise worthy, this one deed is principally to be extolled, that together with the restitution of their country, you also see surrendered, all such possessions and substance to those whom you have called out of comfortless exile, as were taken from than by force and violence: In which your usage, you make plain declaration, that you did not procure their expulsion out of the city, as incensed with the desire of others man's wealth and riches, but as fearing some danger imminent and hanging over the weal public. But, although you had not been resolved in any of the above cited circumstances, neither yet had received into the liberty of their country, any person proscript and banished: yet notwithstanding, I would think it much for your commodity, if, to them, of whom I writ at this present, you show yourselves so beneficial, as to bouchsafe them restitution to their country. For, sithence none is ignorant, that in the knowledge and Art of Music, 
* From the au thoritie and commendation of their own country.  your city is incomparable, and that among you, are bread & born, men marvelous cunning and expert in that profession: it were an offence tending to dishonesty and dishonour, that he to whom, not so much as one in this our age can be found equal, in skill of so famous a science, should loose the liberty of such a noble city. And forsomuch as it is usual among all other Grecians, to make free denizens of their common wealth, such as excel in any allowable Art, albeit they be foreigners & altogether strangers: 
* As who said, it were a shame that you should so offend.  will you, whose name for this cause, among so many nations is nobled, be so inflexible & void of courtesy, as to suffer a citizen of your own, a citizen (I say) in a most necessary science so singularly practised, to live among aliens? I can not but marvel at those cities, as at a worlds wonder, that, to such as be winners in 
* Bodily exercises: as running, leaping, jumping, wrestling. etc, used in former ages.  Gymnicall games, assign larger rewards, than to them, that by their compassing wits, and incessant labours, have found out something, to the life of man most profitable, and to the maintenance of his estate very expedient: not considering in the mean season, that Swiftness in running, and strength of body, continued not when death makes dispatch, but vanish and consume to naught with the flesh, which is subject to corruption: and that the nature of Arts and Sciences is such, as it is linked with eternity, as it maketh them perdurable, as it is to the searchers learners and lovers of them, at all times and seasons, means of advancement.  
This aught to be the meditation, of such as are endued with wisdomo, first 
* Wise precepts and hoal some counsels  to have in high estimation & reverence, g●…d and just governors of common w●…althos: then to g●…aunt and give the next degree of dignity, to such as they be an ornament to their cities, and instruments to gar●…ish the same with glory. Many therebe, (yea, the most part of men) who taking but as it were, a super●… view of these things, fall into this erroneous and prepos●…erous opinion, that all other citizens whatsoever, are like to them, whom we have mentioned. 
* An objection supposed.  Some peradventure, will assay me with this objection: Is it not reason (sir) that whosoever laboureth in the petition of a benefit, and is desirous, it were attained, should show by evident demonstration, not the thing itself, wherein he traveleth, to be commendable▪ but that they aught in like manner, to give manifest testimony, them, in whose ●…urtheraunce, they take upon them the office of mediators, not to be unworthy of that, wherein they do their endeavour by way of intercession, of full intent, their requests might be satisfied? 
* The resolu●…ion.  Thus standeth the case, as you shall hear discovered. I have abstained from the administration or government of the common wealth: I have withdrawn 
* The infirmities of Isocrates whereby he was hindered from prac●…iising the Art Oratory.  myself from controversies of plea in courts & sessions: I have not put in practise the faculty of an Orator, though I am one by profession: and why so? Forsooth because I wanted utterance, I wanted a voice to that exercise answerable, and I wanted likewise, boldness and audacity: Notwstanding which impediments, I have not been idle, 
* Services most necessary in▪ common wealths.  I have not been as one, of whose service there is no use, I have not been quite void of authority. But if you consider well of the matter, you shall find in conclusion, that I have been a counsellor, and an assistant to them, that have maintained and supported, both the dignity and commodities, as well of your society, as also of other incorporations. Furthermore, concerning restitution of liberty and ancient privileges to be made to the Grecians, I have been more free in speech, than they all, that in solemn assemblies have wasted many words, and worn with their often going up, the 
* An appointed place for the pleading of controversies, and matte●…s called in question.  Oratory pulpit. In respect of which premises, you should of dueti●…, though not with rewards, yet with thanks, measure my merits: For this estate of the common weal, you have always, with earnestness desired. I suppose, that 
* Two Athenien dukes or valiant captains.  Conon, and 
* Two Athenien dukes or valiant captains.  Timothy, if they were alive, and 
* A Rhetorician, well deserving of the Mitylenes.  Diophantus also if he were returned out of Asia, would labour in my behalf right busily, yea, they would wish, that unto me to be granted, which of themselves they would desire to be obtained, if they stood in need of your help & furtherance. Touching whom, to waste many words, it were impertinent to the purpose. For there is not so much as one among you, although he be but young in years, so oblivious and forgetful, but remembreth well enough, what benefits at their hands you have received. And touching this present occasion, you shall be thought to determine with reason, if you ponder, both what he is that playeth the 
* Isocrates.  mediator, and for what manner of 
* Agenor, his father, and brethren.  men he maketh intercession. For you shall understand, that to such as have been great benefactors unto you, I have professed singular friendship, and favoured them exceedingly. Now, they in whose be half I am become a suppliant, are men of such disposition, as neither to the seniors of the people they will show themselves troublesome: nor kindle their unquietness, that are in office of magistrates: but to be young men, of a commendable inclination, delighted in studies tending to pleasure, and not resisting profit: yea, addicted to such exercises, as for this our present age, none can be more convenient & nécessarie. Wonder not at my plain writing, neither marvel, that I make it a matter of small labour, being entreated to direct my letters unto you, both in the cause of others, and touching them that to me are most dear beloved: 
* The reason that moved him to writ to the Mitylonean magistrates.  For, I am desirous to gratify my posterity: & hereof to leave a substantial witness, that, although they be not advanced in the weal public, to degrees of countenance, and titles of honour, but in their course of life and manners, lively represent my conversation: yet not withstanding, it is like in time, to win them worship, and to open free passage to estimation▪ One thing remains behind, yet unsatisfied, namely, 
* He concludeth with the renning of his petition: for suits must be moved to memory, till they be obtained.  my petition, which if it be your pleasure to grant. Agenor and his brethren, shall have occasion to acknowledge your courtes●…e, & shall likewise understand, that through my procurement partly, those things are at length obtained, which with such instancy they desired.   

Isocrates to Dionysio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He rebuketh Dionysius the Sicilian tyrant (him as I think, that was named the younger) for his pride and haughtiness, and also for his contempt of the profitable precepts of Philosophy, endeavouring to revoke his mind to a better disposition.  
OFficers of countenance and worship, people in high authority, and in attainment▪ of the stately throne of pre-eminence, what good else do they, but darken the desire of wisdom, with the misty clouds of sensuality? neither can there be found, a more main mischief, then that, for the speedy supplanting of virtue, and the utter rooting out of all praiseworthy properties. Why 
* This Epistle was written to Dionysius the tyrant of Sicilia, of whom Trog. lib. 31. of this name there be. 9 recorded in old writers. 1. a Lo gician of Bythinia. 〈◊〉 a geographer of Corynthus. 3. Grammarian of Alexandria. 4. an historiogra pher of Myletum. 5. Chroni cler of Halicarnassus. 6. King of Hera clea and Antiochia. 7. a Precedent of Athens. 8. a Precedent of Corinth. 9 a Precedent of Alex andria: & our first named Dionysius (making ten in number, if not more) Sicilia.  man, though your fortune be changed, yet your nature is not altered: for why, you carcase is compassed in a corruptible skin. Your nativity and birth, was like other men's, they are subject to death, and you likewise are but mortal. 
* This Epistle was written to Dionysius the tyrant of Sicilia, of whom Trog. lib. 31. of this name there be. 9 recorded in old writers. 1. a Lo gician of Bythinia. 〈◊〉 a geographer of Corynthus. 3. Grammarian of Alexandria. 4. an historiogra pher of Myletum. 5. Chroni cler of Halicarnassus. 6. King of Heraclea and Antiochia. 7. a Precedent of Athens. 8. a Precedent of Corinth. 9 a Precedent of Alex andria: & our first named Dionysius (making ten in number, if not more) of Sicilia.  To what purpose then, doth vain glory inflate and puff up till i●… swell again, this brittle bottle framed out of clay▪ what mean you man, to be subject to such madness: O unhappy wretch, why art thou so be witched? why art thou spoiled of that knowledge, which put thee in remembrance of thy frail nature▪ Have these stately advauncements of flourishing fortune, so blindded thy understanding, as that thou art compelled to swerver from thy 
* This Epistle was written to Dionysius the tyrant of Sicilia, of whom Trog. lib. 31. of this name there be. 9 recorded in old writers. 1. a Lo gician of Bythinia. 〈◊〉 a geographer of Corynthus. 3. Grammarian of Alexandria. 4. an historiogra pher of Myletum. 5. Chroni cler of Halicarnassus. 6. King of Heraclea and Antiochia. 7. a Precedent of Athens. 8. a Precedent of Corinth. 9 a Precedent of Alex andria: & our first named Dionysius (making ten in number, if not more) of Sicilia.  accustomed contemplation? have they brought thee to that point of security, utterly to abjure and forsake so sober a spirit? In times past, your moderation did lift itself aloft, now it lieth groveling upon the ground, your fortune is now in her bravest flower of jollity: arm your self therefore, to shrink from the vain shadows of false and counterfeit felicity: prepare your mind and manners, no longer to follow flitting fortune, whose lightness and unfaithfulness if you can prevent, when souden alteration of your present prosperity shall chance, your fall will be so much the more sufferable.   
¶ Thus end the nine Epistles of Isocrates.   

Epistles of most famous Philosophers, prudent Princes, and other men of great wisdom.  

Solon to Periandro.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Wise Solon, writing to Periander of his dangerous estate, giveth him counsel to see to his own safety: Under whose person is represented to the view of the reader, the miserable case of tyrants, & Princes, who sit in the seats of their royalty as not possessing them, having not the hearts of their people.  
YOu writ unto me, that many lie in wait to work your overthrow, but 
* This Perian der was king of Corinth: & one of the. 7. sapients, yet a bloody tyrant. Diog. Laer. lib. 1. & idem alibi sub tit. Periand. Suidas and others.  you, in consideration of your cruelty, shall not be so excused. For, one or other of them, whom you have jest in suspicion; fearing his own life to be in hassarde, and seeing you so mistrustful of imminent mischiefs, as your mind is never unloaded of disquietness, will (no doubt) e●…pying opportunity, as desirous to gratify his country, attempt your destruction. It were not therefore amiss for you, nay, it would make much for your commodity, to abstain from tyranny, that all causes of corrosive cares being escaped, you may harbour in the haven of quietness. But, if you persist in opinion, that 
* For he said that to give it over voluntarily, or violent lie was dangerous.  tyrannical power is not to be suppressed▪ it must be of ●…cessitie, so seen unto & provided on your behalf, that outlandish strength and foreign force, surmounting the might that your ●…tie can make, be obtained: that none turn you to trouble, and that you thrust none into exile.  
Far you well.   

Solon to Epimenidi.  
¶ THE ARGVM●…T.  
W●…iting to Epimenides, he first maketh a discou●…se upon laws: them taketh occasion to speak of Pisistratus his aspiring mind to 〈◊〉: showeth the ignorance of some, or rather the blockishness, that could not perceive his purpose: and the timorousness of other some, that seeing wh●…revnto he 〈◊〉, du●…st not (for all that) resist his proceed. Then he ha●…h a Prosopopoical speech to his country, wherein is testified▪ his good will in doing his country service. Lastly, he entereth into a d●…scourse of the above say de Pisistratus, detecting his deceivable doings, bend wholly to the destruction of the common wealth.  
MY laws and ordinances were not much commodious to the Athenians: neither were 
* This Epime nides, was by birth a Cretensian, living in the time of Pythagoras, as Apul. saith, Flor. 2. of him read Dio. Laer. lib. 1. sub. t●…t. Epim. &. 8. sub. tit. Pytha.  you, after their abrogation, a proeurer of the city's profit. For not the Gods only, and law makers, are of ability to see to the safety of cities, but they also, that have the way to w●…n the multitude, to like and well allow of what sentence soever is pronounced: and to such (undoubtedly) as dis●…harge the administration of the common w●…alth, according to justice, laws are advantage: to the contrary, what are they else, but a hindrance. The laws and statutes, which I myself did pen, were so far from being profitable to me, that they were inconvenient: and yet notwithstanding, such as neglected the observation of them, brought into the weals publi●…ue many detriments, while they made no resistance against 
* An Atheniē●…yrant. Trog. lib. 2. of this name there was another, a Larislean 〈◊〉 ●…s says Suidas  Pisistratus, being greedily affected to tyranny. My presignificant speech, and forewarning watch words, were counted unworthy credit. A flatterer was thought more faithful and trusty, among the Athenians than I, by whose tongue simple and plain truth was uttered. Wherefore, putting off mine armour before the palace gate, I gave this sentence in praise of mine own person, that I was more courageous & valiant than they, y● perceiving Pisistratus aspiring to so pernicious a principality as tyranny, were affrighted to try their manhood for the liberty of the common wealth: & that I was more circumspect and wise, than they that had not the wit & discretion to perceive, in that point, his detestable enterprise. But they took Solon's true tale for a vain toy, his plain meaning they made a mockery, and accounted his undoubted divinations, mad imaginations. At length, calling my natural country to record, I put myself forth in open view, and this was the speech that I uttered. 
* The words of a true and faithful lover of his natural country: by the figure Prosopopeia.  O country, country, that Solon, that same Solon (I say) whose truth thou art able to testify, is prepared and in a readiness, both in deed and also in word to secure and assist thee: As for these fellows, what do they else think of me, but as of a frantic fool. Wherefore, (my country) I among all the rest, being an adversary to Pisistratus, departed to bestow my time elsewhere: as for these men, lo, they are at a beck, both to give signification of their conceived favour, and to scale an assurance of their dutiful obedience. 
* H●… turn●…th his talk to his friend Epimenides, unto whom this present epistle was directed.  O my friend, thou knowest the man, thou knowest with what fraudulent and soxe like jugglings, thou knowest with what 〈◊〉 practices, thou knowest with what cankered nature, thou knowest by what crafty collusion, he hath clammered up to the thron●… of tyranny. He began with sweet baits of flattery, to cirumvent the common people, h●… spared no coloured pretence to allure the vulgar sort, he become a butcher to his body, wounding his flesh with a piercing blade of strong steel, he mangled himself to cloak his determined mischief: But 
* The pretences of Pisistratus, to attain principality described.  coming in open place, where people assembled, crying out amain, he discovered t●…e bleeding gashes, and casting out horrible exclamations, said▪ that his enemies had so anatomised his flesh, with their weapons: whereupon he made supplication, and besought them pitifully, that they would of their bounty, allow him to the number of four hundred picked and choose men, hugest in stature, and fullest of force, to be the guard of his person, and the defenders of his life. They gave him 
* Not perceiving the mis●… that were lik●… to ensue.  a grant, and yielded to his request, notwithstanding my negative voice or denial, to the contrary. The sorecited young men, whom he by petition had obtained for his protection, were armed with such manner of weapons as would both break & bruise, as would (I say) bear off many a shrewd blow, and having these to dance attendance v●…on him, and ready at his mandate to do mischief 
* He crept in like a Fox, ruled like a Lion, and spois led li●…e a Wolse.  he invaded the common wealth, and of the same hath wrought the subversion and overthrow. Now, while they dreaming of a dry Summer, laboured to set their poor people at liberty, lest being otherwise tempted▪ they should serve for salary, it so fell out, that all, one with another, were forced to bear the burdenous yoke of bondage: and do now submit themselves to the power of Pisistratus, etc.  
Far you well.   

Solon to Pisistrato.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle (being, as it should seem) written after Pi●…istratus his establishment, in the Monarchy, signifieth a certain desire in Solon, to obtain the tyrant's favour: it showeth al●…o, that feign he would return to Athe●…s, but yet tha●… he is loathe: the reason of his suspended and doubtful mind, appeareth plainly in the Epistle.  
IAm in belief (I may peradventure 
* Thereby meaning that his hope and afsiance might deceive him.  sow my seed in the sand) that you will do nothing unto me, whereby I should be harmed. For, before you attained your affected 
* Or, regiment: in ancient times the name of kings was so odious ●…hat kings were called tyrants.  tyranny, I was your friend and favourer, neither am I at this ins●…ant, a greater enemy to your person, than any other Athenien that liketh not, ne loveth that kind of government. For, whether it be more commodious, to be in subjection to the rule of one, or that the administration of the weal public, should be committed to many, I have not to bewray mine opinion: let every one give his several judgement, I mean to be silent. Out of question, I must needs confess, that of all 
* Or, of all kings: where note, how Solon praiseth Pisistratus in presence: whom he discommended to Epime nides in absence.  tyrants, you are the noblest, matchless in majesty, incomparable in prowess, excellent in worthiness. I know, that it is not for my profit to return to Athens, lest at my arrival, I incur just and discerned reprehension, for that, not long since, I granted an equality in government, and having principality prosered me in possession, made a voluntary refusal of the same: all which deeds of mine, my return (no doubt) would discredit, for I shall seem to 
* Because I was an earnest enemy to that state of government, wherein you are established.  ratify and confirm your enterprise, by my souden repentan●…e.  
Far you well.   

Solon to Croeso.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Solon being sent for of Croesus to live in the liberty of his kingdom, after he was absent from Athens, and yet notwithstanding (as appea●…eth) not destitute of a place answerable to his desire, giveth thanks to Croesus for his courtesy. The letter is familiar, and therefore giveth likelihoods of their long and great acquaintance.  
YOur 
* This epistle was written to Croesus' king of Lydia: touching whom read Plut. sub ●…it. Solonis.  exceeding benevolence, and good will, garnished with grace, whereof we have tasted the sweetness, we have in high estimation: and, by the God's immortal (I swear) had not my determination been, long since, there 
* To live at ease and qui●….  to feather my nest, where the common wealth enjoyeth liberty, I would rather have choose, under your majesties dominion, and within the limits of your kingdom, to lead my life in tranquillity, then to continued in Athens, where Pisistratus playeth the tyrant with extremity and violence. But, in such a place have I taken up my lodging, much more to my contentation, where all things are equal, and in common. Howbeit, I will come unto you, and accepting your courtesy, 
* Lest I should seem to contemn the fruit of your gentleness.  use the benefit (for a season) of your entertainment.   

A Panoplie of Epistles Thales to Pherecydes.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Understanding that his f●…iende Pherecydes, was assaying a journey into jonia, he giveth him counsel to change his purpose: after certain other circumstances men●…ioned touching his mind, how it is affected towards his friend, he infereth the readiness of his own will, and Solons also, to sail to Pherecydes. Lastly by an argument of the commodiousness of the place, where he abideth, persuadeth him to tarry: thereupon bringing in a comparison of himself and his friend, he concludeth.  
I 
* Thales a Mi lesian one of the seven sapi ents: Plu. Dio. Laer. sub tit. Thaletis li. 1.  hear it reported, that 
* Pherecydes was Pythagoras his master etc. Suidas & Diog. Laer. li. 1. sub. tit. Thalet.  you are preparing to 
* jonia a coum try in Graecia. Plin. lib. 5. cap. 29.  jonia, of purpose to reason openly among the Grecians, 〈◊〉 things concerning celestial contemplation: But, believe me, your opinion shall be the more available peradventure, & thought more worthy acceptation, if you will read among your friends & them with whom you are familiarly acquainted, such discourses, as you have already with painful pen entered into paper: then by letting them that list, have liberty of your exercises, they (in the mean while) reaping no commodity. Now certainly, 
* If you make me of your counsel in those points, whereof you writ. etc.  if you would make me accessary to those things, which you attempt, I would be content you should so do: my will there unto is appliable. As you bid me I will do, addressing my journey towards you, withal speed. For, neither I, nor yet Solon of Athens, are so infatuate and foolish, so dull, so blockish, and wanting ●…it, as having sailed to Crete to see the situation of the soil, passing also through 
* Situate in A sia, of this coum try all have w●…itten, that are any thing famous in geography.  Egypt, there to confer with the unprophane priests, and learned Astronomers, would not in like manner, with equal measure of desire, adventure a voyage, to thee our well-willer? I dare say, thus much in Solon his behalf, that he will come, if you give him but 
* he will come at a beck, or if you do but wink: meaning some little token to stir him to at tendaunce.  same slender signification. For, you being as it were, fettered with fancy & good liking of that place, do but seldom prepare to pass over into jonia, neither, yet are touched with any affection of outlandish men, aliantes (I mean) foreigners and strangers. But, as I am in hope, you are inclined and earnestly bend to the exercise of writing discourses, as for us, that live like idle drones, not so much as putting pen to paper, necessary it is, that we travel through the quarters of Graecia, and the lands of Asia.  
Far you well.   

Thales to Solon.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Solon being determined to leave Athens, and live in it no longer, is counseled of Thales to address himself to Myletum: he showeth that the conversation of friends aught not to be ●…edious, but delightsome: Lastly, he concludeth with Bias, who written to Solon, to come and make his abode in Priena.  
IF 
* Solon, o●…e of the seven sapients or wisemen of the world: whose names are thus recor dead: Solon, Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Cleo bulus, Chilo, Periander, touching the number, divers authors are at va riance: Diog. Lae●…. lib. 1. sub tit. Thal.  you forsake Athens, you may (as I think) have a very fit and commodious mansion at Myletum: for it is one of your liberties, neither shall you be put to any inconvenience or grievance. And, and if you accounted tyrannical regiment, an execrable regiment, and therefore have it in detestation among the Mylesians, (for such is your property, that you abhor that principality, with equal proportion of spightfulnesse) yet notwithstanding, to live with us your friends, and to keep us company, it is so far from being any cause of heaviness, that it is a ready pathway to plesantnesse. Bias written unto you, to have you go to Priena, if your affection serve you, in that country to make your habitation & dwelling, we will not be long from thence, but thither also after you direct our journey, with all possible speediness.  
Far you well.   

Pisistratus to Solon.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle is apologetical. Pisistratus defendeth himself, and his doings, in attainening the Empire, writeth to Solon, how the laws by him enacted (are through his commandment) duly observed: exeuseth himself of violence and injury, wherewithal tyranny is charged: writeth to Solou earnestly, to return to Athens, promises him honourable advancement on the same condition: giveth him leave to use the liberty of his choice: desireth that he be not counted the occasion of his absence from Athens.  
I Al●…ne, of all the Grecians, have not obtained the estate of a Monarch by extertion, neither have I taken any thing, that was not mine own by usurpation: for I am by birth, a 
* The first king's name of Athens was Cecrops, of whom, the kings succeeding in the seat were called Cecropians Pli lib. 7. cap. 5. 6.  Cecropian, I challenge that unto me by right of ownage, which the Athenians in times past, having confirmed and made over with assurance to Codrus, and to his nation, afterwards again repealed and with drew. Furthermore, against the Gods I have committed no crime, and as for men I have them not offended. The laws and decrees which you prescribed to the Athenians, I command them duly to be observed, and charge them to frame the course of their lives, after the same your ordinances: and undoubtedly, the observation of them is better seen to and provided, than it would otherwise ●…e, in 
* When the people rule the roast, a monster of many heads.  Democracie, when the multitude have government. For what do I? 
* ●…isistratus his purgation consisting in negative points.  I suffer no man to be oppressed with injury: I am content with my Monarchical majesty or title royal: I diminish nothing that is proper to the c●…monaltie: I am satisfied with these stipends and payments, which were due to my predecessors, long before this power fallen to my possession: I burden none with new exactions, tributes, or subsidies: To be short, everyone of the Athenians divide the tenths of their revenues, not to be disburssed for our profit, nor sore our p●…culiar service, but for public uses, and common advantage: and also, to supply expenses & bear out our charges, if it so fortune, that at any time wars be 〈◊〉 against us, by foreign enemies; or otherwise, rebellious ri●…ngs attempted. I conceive against you 
* I am not dis pleased with you for revealing mine intent.  no stomach at all, in that po●… detected my counscl●…, in that you discovered my purpose: because (as I do consider) you did it rather of alo●…ing desire towards the commenwelth, then of malice and envy, to bring my person in discredit: & also because you kn●…we not what ma●…ner of man I was of conditions: or how I would have behaved myself in the kingdom. For, if you had not been ignorant thereof, you would peradventure have thought mine enterprise tolerable, and not have fled from the city, as though you were endangered. Wherefore Solon, return I pray thee, 
* For Solon had forsaken the city of Athens, which fell in Pisistratus his possession.  return, in hope to be saved harmless and undamnified: and trust my words without an oath, Pisistratus means not any mischief against Solon. For you know that I wrought no man's detrimint: not, not so much as mine enemies have at my hands sustained any discommodity. For end, if it shall please you, to accept our friendship, 
* Pisistratus his large promises to Solon, to have him return to Athens.  you shall be in place with Gentlemen of the best countenance, and highest degree of honour: for, I have had such experience of your doings, that I must needs say thus much of truth, your attempts to be honest, void of treason, deceit, and whatsoever else is vicious. ●…ut if you be disposed, elsewhere to make your continuance, rather than in Athens, 
* He granteth him to take his choice where he best liketh.  do as you will, your purpose shall not be hindered by our procurement: only, my desire is, that it be not said, that we were the cause, why you forsook your country.  
Far you well.   

Chilo to Periandro.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
The unquiet estate of a tyrant, in this Epistle is most lively decy phered: in the end whereof, Chilo setteth down his opinion, touching the same kind of government, giving to note, how rare a thing it is, tyrants to die without violence.  
YOu 
* Chilo, a Lacedaemonian Philosopher▪ one of the. 7. wisemen of Graecia. Pli li. 7. cap 32. & Diego Diog. La. li. 4 sub tit Chilonis Lacedem.  command me to cast off mine armour, to cease from war, & to lead my life in a foreign country: as though you were in likelihood to possess peace, & to be lulled in the 
* By cause tyrants common lie are murthe read▪ and very seldom or ne ver are so bless said as to dye naturally.  lap of safety. Nevertheless, I am of a contrary opinion: for I think, that A monarch or king cannot enjoy, not not that which is his own by inheritance, and most assured interest, without much turmoil, disquietness and danger: yea, I accounted that king or tyrant, most happy and fortunate, whose luck it is, within the walls of his bed chamber in the court, naturally to dye, without lifting up of weapon, without slaughter and bloodshed.   

Pittacus to Croeso.  
TH●… ARGUMENT.  
Pittacus being sent for of C●…oesus to come to Lydia, there to lead his life▪ pleadeth his contented mind with a measurable living, for an ex●…use: nevertheless, lest ●…e should seem to neglect the proffered courtesy of a king, he condiscendeth to Croesus his desire.  
YOur pleasure is, to have me come into 
* A countri●… in Asia, near to the Aeolia●…s and joni▪ ans. Pompon. lib. 1. etc.  Lydia land, to the intent I might see your royal treasure, and great riches: concerning which, I say thus much, that although I have never set eye thereupon, and therefore not able in that behalf to give certain judgement: yet dare I, without wavering, give this report, that the son of 
* Meaning C●…oesus the king of Lydia whose fathers name was Aly as, etc. of him read Plut. sub tit. Solo.  Alyas is the wealthiest king in the world, most richest in gold and treasure. Again, I am sur●…, if we should assay to come unto you at 
* Sardis a city in Lydia, the king's seat royal. Horodot. lib. 1. Plin. lib. 5. Horat. Epi. 10.  Sardis, we could ware never a whit the more worth: For, as for gold, we want it not, being content with a competent and reasonable living, even as much as is sufficient both for mine own self, and my friends. Nevertheless, I will not refuse your courtesy, that I may be familiar with you, whom I hear to be much inclined to humanity, and not a little delighted with hospitality.  
Far you well.   

Cleobulus to Solon.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Under the person of Solon, whom he saith to have favourers infinite, he comforteth wise and learned men, supposing that they can not be friendless nor harbourless He persuadeth Solon also to change his soil, drawing his reasons from the aptnesle of the place, and from other circumstances.  
FRiend Solon, you have an infinite number of friends, and with all and every of them, you have a house, wherein to be harboured: Nevertheless, friend Solon, 
* Cleobulus was one of the seven wi●…e men of Grece: he had a daughter named Cle obuli●…a excellently well learned. Diog. Laer. lib. 1. sub ●…it. Cleob. & S●…idas  Lindus. (as I think) will be a most convenient place for you to inhabit, and make your dwelling in: it is a free city, and 
* Lindus a town wherein Cleobulus was born●…, from whence he troth veiled into Egypt. etc.  it is compassed round about with the sea: if you be disposed, there to make your con, tinuaunce, you shall have no cause to stand in fear of Pisistratus, and your friends shall have access unto you from all places, by flocks, thick and three ●…old.   

Periander to the seven Sapients.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle declareth in what estimation wise and learned men were, in former ages: yea, ●… such time as that estate of government was erected, which many abhorred. Under the person of Periander, offering courtesy to the seven Sapients or wise men, princes and such as be in place of authority, are instructed to have learned men in reverence.  
I 
* Of Periāde●… the king of Corinth, read Diog. La●…. sub tit. Peri. lib. 1. & Suidas..  Tender immortal thanks, to Pythius Apollo, in that mine epistles have had such prosperous success, as to found you all out, gathered together in one company, & I hope that, as hitherto they have had no ill hap, so they shall have good luck, to bring you all to 
* The city Metropolitan of all Achaia. Strabo lib. 8. it is called Bimaris, because of the two seas, namely the Ionian and the 〈◊〉, which flow by it. So 〈◊〉 it, F●…st. lib 4.  Corynthe. These are therefore to let you understand, that I look for your coming, you shall see and try, with what civility you shallbe entertained. As therefore, the last year, you took the pains to come from Sardis to Lydia: so I beseech you, vouchsafe me, king of Co●…ynthe, with the like labour. For, the Corinthian people, will rejoice exceedingly, when they see you entering into Periander's palace.  
Far you well.   

Thrasibulus to Periandro.  
THE ARGVM●…NT.  
An au●…sweare to an embassage, first made by an example of violence: then, by word of mouth importing great cru●…ltie, to Periander a tyrant. Wherein is to be seen, ready counsel, but yet for all that, passing dangerous.  
I 
* Thrasibulus the Athenien, of whom Isocrates Orat 5. adversus Callimach. & Cic. in Philip. Val●…r. sub. ●…it, de Modestia. There was an▪ other of that name, a Mylesian. Front. lib. 2.  Dissembled not with your ambassador, neither concealed from him the secrets of my counsel: but bringing him into the corn seld, and smyting off, with a wand that I held in my hand, the cares of Wheat that were of highest growth, he following me in the footepath, and sing the order of my doings: I ●…ad him report this message unto you at his return, namely, whatsoever he herded me speak, or saw me do. Wherefore (Periander) if there be any impediment, that you cannot, with the benefit of your safety, possess your tyrannical principality, neither in the same be established: listen to my lore, and let my counsel ●…e your direction. 
* Words savouring of slaughter and bloodshed.  Dispatch the Princes and chiefest of the city, whether they be your friends, or whether they be your foes, dispatch them I say, let them not live, but make havoc of them one with another, spare not such as seem to be your favourers: For, many and oftentimes, a tyrant hath cause to hau●… his friends in suspicion,   

Anacharsis to Croeso.  
THE ARGVM●…NT.  
Anacha●…sis being in Grecia, writeth to Croesus' king of Lydia (who was desirous to have him come into his kingdom) the cause▪ why he ta●…ieth in that count●…ie: he say●…h that he wanteth no gold for his costage. etc. Wher●…by ●…ee signifieth, how lightly the Philosophers of old time regarded money, & that they accounted learning sufficient provision.  
I 
* Anacharsi●… the Scythia●… Philosopher, of whom Cic. lib. Tuscul. 5. & Diog. Lae●…. lib. 1 sub tit. Anachar.  (O noble king of Lydia) am arri●…ed in Grecia, 〈◊〉 self to be acquainted with the manners of the people, and to be expert also in their exercises. I lack no gold, and as for my purveyance, it is sufficient to bring me back●… again to the 
* Among whom h●…e was bor●…e and bread.  Scythians, garnished with more commendable manners, and furnished with better store of learning. Nevertheless, I will see you at Sardis, esteeming your friendship and familiarity, most w●…rthie acceptation,   

Epimenides to Solon  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle, written by Epimenides to Solon, touching 〈◊〉, first declareth how he came to that kind of regiment, namely by violence: and what manner of men, he made yield to his power. Secondly, it showeth that it is hard for people ●…auing lived in liber●…ie, to be kept in long lasting bo●…dage, with a certain hope, that the Empi●…e shallbe cut off from P●…sistratus his offspring. Lastly it conteyne●…h a petition, wherein he desireth Solon to come to Cr●…te, using a rea●…on drawn from the freedom of the Count●…ie.  
FRiend 
* Of these twain, Diog. Laer. li●…. 1. sub tit. utriusque Plato. 1. & 3. de Leg. & Cic. Tu●…cul. lib. 1.  Solon, be not discouraged: For if the Athenians had been in subjection, as to a thing usual, and accusto●…d: or as people under good laws and ordinau●…es, not well governed: Pisistratus (no doubt) had possessed the kingdom, not for a season, but in long continuance. Howbeit, insomuch, as by compulsorie means, he hath constray●…ed such to yield to enforced obedience and servitude, as are 
* For noble hearts cannot digest servitude.  both virtuous and venturous: yea, such as rem●…mbring Solon's admonitions, are so ashamed of themselves, that they sigh for very sorrow: it is not like, that they wil●… any lo●…ger, suffer T●…rannicall servitude. And although, Pisistratus be now set in possession of the City, yet I hope, the Empire shallbe hereafter in such a case, that ●…is posterity shall have no occasion, to make claim unto it, as their lawful inh●…tance. For, 
* For liberty ●…nd servitude are as contrary as any elementary qualities.  to people living long in liberty, to people (I say), living under most notable laws, it is a thing, than which a harder cannot be named, to endure unacquainted subjection, But to let this pass▪ I would not have you be in the case of an e●…trauagant, I mean hunted ou●… of house and home, but address yourself rather to come unto us, with as much speed as you can, to 
* Now called Candie under the government of Venice Strabo lib. 2. Virg. ●…. lib. ●…. Dior li. 6. Plini. lib. 4. c●…p. 12. etc.  Crete, where tumultuous tyrā●…e is not entertained, to any one's disturbance and vexation. But if peradventure, you chance by the way, to meet with some of his favourers, I fear me, you are like to incur some inconvenience.   

Pherecydes to Thales.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
After his gratulation finished, he maketh mention with what a loathsome sickness he is disquieted: Then he taketh occasion to writ something, of certain inventions of his own, the publishing, or not publishing of which, he referreth to the judgement of Thales. Lastly he falls into a conclusion answerable to his beginning, wherein he painteth out his terrible and miserable perplexities.  
I 
* There were 3. of that name as I read, one an Athenien Philosopher. 2. A Le●…ean high storiographer 3 A Syrian, & master to Py●…hagoras, who was the Author of this Epist. D●…og. Laer. lib. 1. sub tit. Pherec. & lib. 8. sub. tit. Pythag. Acli●…nus lib. 10.  Wi●…he thee well to die, when thy fatal ●…ay is come. etc. At the receipt of your letters, a miserable s●…ckenes invaded me, wherewithal I was pitifully tormented: for all my skin cralled with lice, and my flesh (a loathsome sight) was eaten with that filthy vermin: besides that, I was troubled with a quaking Fever, through out all my members. I desired my friends (making no account of life) that after they had buri●…d my body, they should procure such pamphlets to be conveyed unto you, as I left behind me in writing. Which, if you shall allow, in their examination, let them be published, that they may be read and perused, as are the doings of other wise writers: but if you shall mislike of them, then stay their edition, and let them not come abroad. Some what there is in them, wherewith I am scarcely pleased, for of certain circumstances the truth is not assured: ●…either did I, in that point, bind myself in a promise, neither yet have I professed, that I understand, what truth should be. Something I have reserved, perhaps, touching Theology: the knowledge of the rest, you must seek after, sithence I do not lay all things open to perfect view, but rather touch them & so pass them over. My disease growing daily more and more, and tormenting me with greater extremity, I suffer me self to be no Physicians patiented, neither can I abide, that any of mine acquaintance, should come near mine infection. But unto them, standing without the doors, and demanding of me, how I far, I put out one of my fingers through a crannel of the wickett, thereby making them an answer, that 
* Touching the order of his death divers have diversly written.  I putre●…e and consume above ground: giving them also a watchword by the way, that they assemble themselves solemnly, and see my funeral exequys performed.  
Far you well.   

Anaximenes' to Pythagoras.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
In what estimation Thales Mylesius was in ancient time, by this Epistle written to Pythagoras, it is apparent. Wherein is signified the earnestness of the Philosopher in the contemplation of stars in their course, that he●… thought not on the ground whe●…euppon he trod.  
THales, 
* Of ●…menes, read Diog. La●…r. lib 2. sub. tit. Anax. & lib 8, sub ti●…. Pyth.  (from the flower of his youth to his crooked age) given to virtuous exercises, and of a passing gentle disposition and nature, hath ended his life honourably. He at such ti●…e as he went out a stargazing (according to his custom) being accompanied with a pretty damosel, as he went out, I say, of his own house early in the morning, having forgotten the situation of the soil where he was resident, beholding the Heavens with earnest eye, glistering with stars gloriously, fallen into a ditch. * The Mylesians imagine this to be the end of him, that so narrowly observed the stars revolution: but we, nevertheless, loving learning, have that man in great reverence, leaning to his doctrine and precepts Philosophical, as to principles of greatest authority, and we begin our 
* Or, exercises in reasoning.  talk always with the name of Thales Mylesius.   

Anaximenes' to Pythagoras.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Showing the perplexities, and troublesome laberynthes, wherewith he is entangled, he commends the providence of Pythagoras: between whose estate and his own, he maketh a comparison.  
YOur doings having been more circumspect than we thought, cannot but tend to your commodity, in that you have left 
* The name of two islands, the one lying in the Ionian sea, besides Ephesus: the other in the Ae gean sea by Thracia. Strabo lib. 10. Virg. lib. Aeneid. 7.  Samos and go to 
* Croto a city in Italy, near Tarentum etc. Strabo. lib. 6.  Croto, to the intent you may lead a life acquainted with quietness: For, as well the Aeacideses, with others, are very outrageous: and tyrants also, whose power is violent, have dominion over▪ the Mylesians. Furthermore, the king of Media, layeth sore assault against us, except we yield ourselves to be his tributaries: albeit the Jonians seem to encounter the Medes, in maintenance of common liberty. For they trouble us so extremely, on every side, that there is no hope for us, to escape the hazard and loss of our lives. With what heart therefore, with what mind, with what desire, may Anaximenes search out the secrets of heaven, who is haunted with the fear of servitude, and tormented with the terror of death? As for you, how can your case be but good, sithence the 
* Croto a city in Italy, near Tarentum etc. Strabo. lib. 6.  Crotoniates have you in estimation, and the 
* Of whom he was well thought of, & beloved.  Italians likewise reverence your person: beside that so many resorting unto you out of Sicylia?   

Archytas to Dionysio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
By the sum of this Epistle, it should seem, that Pythagoras was in Sicylia, and not in Athens, whether, (as it is recorded) he made three several voyages: and being h●…d in suspicion, the second time of his abiding in Sicylia, to have persuaded & also encouraged the minds of Dion and Theotas to attempt the Isl●…ndes liberty: Archytas (after understanding thereof had) written to Dionysius this Epistle following, wher●…in he purgeth Plato of the within mentioned suspicion.  
WE 
* The Tarentine Philosopher, of whom Cic, lib. 3. de orat. & Diog. Laer. lib. 3. sub tit. Platonis.  all (being the well-willers and familiar friends of Plato) have sent unto you, Lamisius and Photidas, of purpose to bring back again from you, that same man (you know whom I mean) as the law and equity of our ancient acquaintance requireth. Your doings therefore shall concur and agree with reason and conscience, if you call to your remembrance, with what earnestness of words, you desired us that Plato might come into your country: which we considering, exhorted him to do no less, that your mind might be satisfied: calling also to memory, that you promised him all things that might seem necessary, and that by your licence, leave and liberty, he should go and come at his pleasure, nothing to the contrary withstanding. Forget not, ther●…fore, what account you made of his presence, be not unmindful how the same was accepted, and that you loved him above all other, at the same season, seem not to be ignorant. If there be any di●…ention sprung, if any hateful strife be engendered, use such provisoes, that you deal with him 
* Because his deserts have been such, as they aught courteously to be considered.  none otherwise then courtesy requireth (for so it behoveth you to do, and it is convenient) restoaring him unto us unharmed, undamnified, and in perfect safety. This if you shall accomplish, justice on your part shallbe executed, & we on the other side, shallbe gratified.   

Arcesilaus to Thaumasias.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle giveth us to note, that the manner of making last wills and testaments, hath been a thing of no late i●…uention, it containeth three several members. In the first he acknowledgeth his own weakene●…se, whereby he is forced to leave his will in writing, as uncertain of his death. In the second is signified, a consideration of one friend to another, with a commendation of faithfulness, the strong foundation of friendship. In the last is mentioned an admonition, for the well disposing of things put in Thaumasias his charge.  
I Oave my last will & testament to Diogenes, to his hands it was delivered, to the intent that it might be conveyed unto you conveniently. For, in consideration that I am always surprised with sickness, and that my body is much enfeebled, I thought it necessary to make my last will: that, if any thing chanced besides expectation, I might pass the pilgrimage of this wearisome life, without any 
* For, peraduen tur●…, he had made him full executor of his goods: or else the case so stood, that if Arcesilaus had died without will, some trouble would have ensued to Thamasi●…s: which by making a testament was pre●…ented.  injury to you redounding, who alone, among all the rest of my friends and favourers, haste, by the fervent affection which thou bearest to my person, best deser●…ed. And forsomuch as, you have bi●… the faithfullest and most assured friend that I have, none with you to be compared, so do your endeavour with diligence, to keep carefully and truly, that I have committed to your credit and keeping: First, in consideration of our old age: secondly, in respect of our great acquaintance. Being, therefore mindful of our matters, have a special regard to that, wherewithal 
* Of Arcesila●…, read Diog. L●…er lib. 4. ●…b tit. Crat. Crant. & Ar●….  I put you in charge, that to the uttermost of your ability, all business unto me belonging be honestly ordered.  
Far you well.   

King Antigonus to Zeno the Philosopher.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
In what price and praise Philosophers were, in ancient time, by this letter of Antigonus sent to Zeno, may be gathered: wherein he confesseth first, the royalty of kings to be inserour to the knowledge of wi●…e and learned men: thereupon desiring him to take so much pains as to come to M●…cedonia, promising also, both ▪  
I 
* Ze●…o ●…cus, of whom●… Diog. Laer. sub tit. Zen. at large writeth: lib. 7. & Cic. in Oratore.  Am of opinion, that 〈◊〉 fortune, & glorious jollity my life is much more excellent than yours, (learn●…d Z●…o:) But, if cousideration ●…ée had of knowledge, of liberal Arts, and of perfect felicity▪ all which are in your possession, I perceive my condition▪ in no respect with ●…ours to be comparable. Wherefore, I have determined with ●…e self to sand for you, d●…siring that ●…ou would not refuse the pa●…nes to come unto me, as I 〈◊〉 you will do, not permitting my 〈◊〉 in so honest a matter to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Wherefore, e●…ploy the uttermost of your labour, 〈◊〉 we may 〈◊〉 your 〈◊〉: assuring yourself▪ 〈◊〉 you 〈◊〉 not only be Antigonus his teacher, but master also, or instructor of all the Maced●…ians▪ For, who so infourmeth the king of Macedo●…ia 
* For, as the king, disposed is in mind: So commonly, 〈◊〉 p●…ople are inclined.  〈◊〉 Prince 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
Far you well,   

Zeno to Antigono.  
THE AR●…VMENT.  
This Epistle is an answer to the former, wherein is comprised first a commendation of the king 〈◊〉, with a declarat●…on what 〈◊〉 knowledge is: next what they aught to do, (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from pleasure) that mean to attain that 〈◊〉, & what benefits they r●…ape: Th●… a 〈◊〉 clause, touching quick & ready wits: Lastly, ●…is answer to the king, wherein are pleaded the impediments of his not coming, with his good will to have the kings mind contented notwithstanding.  
I Cannot but highly commend 
* The king of the Macedonians, of whom Diog. Laer. lib. 7. sub tit.  your vehement desire, towards the attainment of learning: because you offer yourself so appliable, to get that knowledge which is not painted with pretences of truth, nor garnished with gay glosses of profit, not coloured with the 〈◊〉 ●…hewes of popularity, 
Zeno ●…nd Plu tarch. in the life of king 〈◊〉.  finally, not preposterous and perilous knowledge, which is so far from reforming manners, that it pe●…uertech every 〈◊〉 proper●…ie: but the mo●… true understanding▪ wh●…ch then is most beautiful, when it is most naked. For▪ ●…e that is inflamed with a fervent affection, and ardent desire of Philosophy or wisdom, declining from the paths of that pleasure which is usually followed, the poison whereof, while some young men have sucked, their minds have degenerated from thei●… natural disposition, and have 〈◊〉 ●…fected with effeminate wāton●…esse: certain it is, that he doth maintain, not only true nobleness, but exerciseth h●…mselfe in the ●…rue works of vertu●…. Moreover, if one, whose wi●… is pregnant, and capable of worthy di●…plines or sciences, have with his aptness, measurable practice coupled, (provided, that a teacher be not wanting) such a one, quickly attaineth the perfection of virtue. Assuredly (most renowned king) were I not 
* His lawful excuses (upon impediments not to be a●…oyded) inferred.  ouerburthened with drooping 〈◊〉 ●…ge (for I am fourscore years old:) besides that, were 〈◊〉 my body so weakened, I would address me self to come 〈◊〉 you, and by my service accomplish your desires. But, because the above cited circumstances, are impediments to this purpose, that I cannot personally satisfy your will, I sand unto your highness, certain of mine acquaintance, who in consideration of the ornaments of their mind, 
* Or, are equally matched with me.  are not mine inferiors: and, in respect of bodily ability 
* Or, are far beyond me, or above me.  are by many degrees, my superiors. With these, if it shall please you to have conference, whatsoever belongeth to perfect felicity, assure you, it shallbe ministered.  
Far you well▪   

Pythagoras to Anaximenes.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Pythagoras now b●…ing (as the course o●… the Epistl●… 〈◊〉 me to thin●…) i●…●…talie, whe●…e ●…e written this letter toanaximenes' 〈◊〉 first toucheth the condition and estate of hi●…▪ whether seriously or sportingly, it is uncertain: For I read not that 〈◊〉 had such 〈◊〉 as might be coniectur●…d: 〈◊〉 it seemeth rather spoken of Pythagoras by way of pleasure▪ pre●…ily putti●…g him in mind that friends should have recourse one to another. Other things are touched in the Epistle▪ 〈◊〉 are p●…aine and 〈◊〉 by perusing.  
GOod matchless Gentleman, if you were nothing more excellent than Pythagoras, by birth and by honour, you wo●…d (n●… doubt) have come unto us from Myletum: But, no 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 take not the pain●…, having ●…ch 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉, the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 your 〈◊〉 & ●…ces left you by your fathe●… and 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉, which should also be impediments unto me, in the like case, if 
* Or, if I were Anaximenes his equal: mea ning, in wealth goods & lands: Or, it may be spoken eiro●…ically, for fami liar friends use jesting now and then, in their letters.  I were in sembla●… estat●… with Anaxi●…nes. But touching the purpose, if you shall forsake the Cities by anguration, persuade yourselves that the benefit of the same will utterly decay and vanish: and the Medes, in like manner, wilbée more fierce against them and violent. It is not meet and convenient, to be always gazing up into the clouds, to mark the course of stars, and view the r●…olutions of the heavens: Nay, it is more auaileabl●…▪ I wisse other while to have consideration of your country, 〈◊〉 in the estate of the same, to have your mind occ●…pied. For, I am not busied about my fables, incessaantly: b●…t sometimes I impart a portion of my will and power to play the warrior, as the Italians do, who are at dissentio●… and variance one with another.  
Far you well.   

Arc●…ytas to Plato.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle should seem to ●…e Responsor●…: ●…or it maketh answer in such order, as if Plato had sent a letter to Archytas before. A●… a●… ot●…er 〈◊〉 whe●…of son) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to th●… 〈◊〉 be●…ng somewhat obsc●…▪ men●… 〈◊〉 ●…ade of certain●… works of ●…lato, his de●…sing▪ which Archyt●… had in keeping.  
YOu 
* Plato, of whom Diog. Laer. lib. 3. sub tit. Plat.  have not done amiss, in ●…ignifying unto us, that you have recovered your health, which was shaken with sickness▪ you have certi●…ed us in like ma●…er▪ of Damascus: touching the Commentaries, we have not been negligent, in doing our endeavour. We came to the Lucan's, and there we had communicatio●…▪ with the 〈◊〉 of O●…cellus: what treatises 〈◊〉▪ are in our hands▪ concerning 
* Books bearing such titles as are here▪ named.  Regiment, ●…awes, justice, & the Generation ●…f all things, so●…e of them we ha●…e sent to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vn●…o 〈◊〉▪ T●…ose t●…at 〈◊〉 are no●… so readily to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wh●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 we will 〈◊〉 them to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.   

Plato to Archy●…as.  
TH●… A●…VMENT▪  
First he speaketh of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 (as it appeareth▪) by an v●…nowne Author: then of other commentari●… that .  
THe 
* Whereof they intrea●…ed was in secret●… to them two alone: for, not so much as the Author's name is recorded.  Cōmentar●…es which you sent us, & we rece●…ued, how welcome they were unto our hands, & how glad we were of them, ●…t is a thing vnposs●…ble, with tongue to testi●…e concerning the Author of them, thus much I must a●…irme in his ●…ōmendation, that among all other writers, at him we do m●…st wonder. For 〈◊〉▪ he ha●… 〈◊〉 ●… most evident d●…claration, and left a substantial witness, that he was not unworthy of those his progenitors, men most ancient & passing virtuous. These men are reported to have been Myraeans: they were also among those Trojans, that accompanied 
* The father of king Priamus a Trojan after whose name P●…iamus is called Laomedontiades, Virg. lib. 〈◊〉, 3.  Laomedon, men of commendable demeanour, and praise worthy, as those things that are concerning them and their doings registered, do verify. Touching the commentaries, which remain with me, whereof you have also written, they are not as yet perfected, neither will be, I think, performed to the proof: nevertheless I have sent them unto you, lest you should dream of a denial. As for the keeping of such pamphlets as you cannot readily find, I am not discontented: further admonition therefore is not necessary.  
Far you well.   

King Darius the son of Histaspes to Heraclitus the Ephesian Sapient.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Taking his beginning from a book which Heraclitus did writ, enygmatical and dark to v●…derstand, and craving a verbal exposition of the whole work, he requireth him by the title of his royalty to be his teacher: rebuking (by the way) the insolency of the people, that ●…garded not such wise men, as should be honoured. Lastly, to the end he might win Heraclitus to be his instructor, he promises him intertaineme●…t, very largely and Princely.  
YOu 
* This book was entitled De Natura. etc. which when he had finished ●…e ●…id the same in Diana's temple, written of set purpose, very darkly, that none might understand it, but s●…ch as were learned.  compiled a certai●…e book, full of obscurities, doubts, and dark clauses, in many places: which book being expounded, it appeareth to contain in it a certain spec●…lation or view of the world universal, of all things within the compass of the same included, and of them also that are carried about with celestial motion circularly. In the reading of sundry places of which your work, touching these cit●…d circumstances, many have been so ensnared & entangled (as it were) in nets of doubtful reasons, that most of the which they did read, bred an ambiguiti●…, though the whole treatise sé●…med unto to you orderly penned, and plainly enough, to the capacity o●… men, devised. King Darius therefore, the son of Histaspis, is desirous to be your scholar, and would be acquainted with the Graecian knowledge. Repair therefore to our majesty without delay, and appear before our presence inour princely Palace. For the Grecians, as, many of them have wise men in little reverence, so they account their precepts mere contemptible: notwithstanding (to say the truth) they be such, as lack neither learning nor gravity. As for 
* It is reported of this Heraclitus, that being diseased with a dropsy, not passing a point for Physic, he la●…ded all his body over with tallow, and lying along in the sun to dry in the grea●…ie fat, fallen a sleep, & was torn & eaten with dogs. Suidas.  you, thus much I promise', and assure by performance, that with me you shallbe honourable, you shall possess all principality, and noble titles of worthiness, you shall want no dili●…ent attendance in service requisite, you shall have me as familiar as can be, both in communication and company, and (finally) my, whoale life shallbe conformable to your manners.  
Far you well.   

Heraclitus the Ephesian, to Darius the son of Histaspis.  
TH●… ARGVM●…NT.  
He answereth to the Epistle of king Darius, seeming offend●…d at his promises, as not caring for his courtly, although honourable, proffers: showing also that he is content with that little, which to his share is allotted. The beginning of the Epistle, declareth at what defiance he is with worldly vanities.  
THere 
* He taken oc casion to frame his beginning after the course of the wickedness of the age wherein he lived, and 〈◊〉 we many a●…buses.  is no one man living in the earth, but swerveth from truth, delighteth in falsehood, wandereth far and wide from equity, and is (as it were) wedded to injustice. Covetousness hath kindled such a huge and flaming fire in their hearts, that by liberality it cannot be extinguished or quenched: vain glory doth so puff them up, with blasts of boasting bravery, that by h●…militie it cannot be redressed: & all this is done, that sensuality may be satisfied, and that men in the madness of their imaginations, may be pampered. As for me, I frame not the use of my memory to such vanities, but I have buried in the grave of forgetfulness, all such kind of offensive conditions: and I, abandoning all courtlike stateliness, escape the poisoned dart●…s 
* Hatred hunteth honour.  of cankered envy, which is an unseparable companion of hon●…ur and haughty estate: & therefore am not so soon wooed, to be acquainted with the Persian Prince's palace, but enjoying that which is answerable to mine own desire, live with a little, and yet to my contentation.   

Philippe to Aristotle.  
¶ THE ARGVM●…NT.  
He rejoiceth first that he hath a son of his own body, and showeth reasons of hi●… conceived gladness: He knitteth up his letter i●… hope, namely that a learned Aristotle, would make a learned Alexander. In this Epistle therefore is declared the desire of Philippe to have his son brought up in knowledge and virtue.  
THes●… are to let you understand, that of my body I have an 
* Namely Alexander, who for his valiantness, was surnamed Magnus.  heir to succeed me in my kingdom, for the which benefit, I give the Gods immortal thanks, not so much for that he is born unto me, whereby I have issue, as because his birth hath so fortunately chanced, in the days of your life. For I hope it will come to pass, that he, being trained up under your tuition, and instructed at your mouth, shall prove a prince not unworthy of 
* His father.  us his predecessor, nor of 
* The possession of the king doom.  those things which we shall leave as his inheritance.   

Alexander the great to Aristotle his master.  
TH●… ARGUMENT.  
He seemeth to be somewhat angry▪ that Ari●…totle should make that common, which he ta●…ght him privately: and giveth a testimony how he loveth learning, which he prefereth befor●… all outward riches.  
I 
* This epistl●… is a manifest witness of the earnest desire, that flamed in Alexander, for the attaineing of knowledge  am rapt into no small admiration, that the natural secrets, in the understanding & knowledge of which, I have at your mouth been instructed, are common abroode in books by you published. For, in what one thing can we excel others, if that which we have learned, be free for every man to know and exercise him with all? For surely, it is my desire and will, to outrun all men, in things belonging to learning: yea, I had rather excel in knowledge above all other, then in riches, lands and possessions to be peerless.   

Aristotle to Alexander the king.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He aunsweareth to the letter of Alexander, and excuseth himself, as he may, in that wherewith he is charged.  
MY 
* Of this Aristotle, read Diog. Laer. lib. 5. sub tit. Arist. & Plutarch. in Sylla  books, Auscultatorie, so entitled, with the publication of which you charge me as blamable, when it was more meet, that, as mysteries and matters of high secrec●…e, they should be laid up and kept close from being made common, I would your majesty understood, that they are published, and they are not published: For, they are common to none, but to such only as be our hearers in that exercise.   

Aristotle to Alexander the king.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle being replenished with wholesome precepts, for the virtuous framing of manners, Aristotle sent to Alexander. It may be a general admonition, for all that be advanced and established, in place of authority: good to be learned, and better to be used.  
Keep 
* Precepts phiIosophicall most worthy of hearing, learning, and following.  close secrets. Speak sparingly. Temper thy talk with truth. be not hasty and given to rashness. Cut off anger. Stand not in contention. be not ambitious. Béeware of wine. Remember the grave. Incline yourself to mercy. With an unknown fellow join none acquaintance. be not credulous (in any case) and light of belief. Trust not thy enemy too far after reconcilement. Be not grieved for a loss irrecoverable. Rejoice not in thy neighbours adversity. With a stronger than thyself do not encounter. Never disclose thy secrets, either to thy wife or to thy children: because women and children keep 
* And that which they know they cannot keep in secret, but must needs make it many fist.  that in counsel whereof they are ignorant. Covet not the thing which can not be obtained. An incredible report esteem as a lie. If you wish well to far, and in honour to maintain your royalty, learn these lessons, print these precepts in your memory, and put them in practice. Far you well, and proceed in the gift of knowledge.   

Peregrinus, or an unknown Philoso— pher to Aulo Gellio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He showeth wherein true wisdom doth consist (a lesson as he himself affirmeth, most worthy to be learned) namely, in avoiding offence: showing in what manner, this abstaining from doing amiss should be embraced.  
THe thing which you required me to note unto you principally, receive at my hands at this present in brevity. If your desire be to be endued with true wisdom, beware to offend: yea, take heed to your actions and enterprises, although it were so, that neither the eyes of the eternal Gods did behold you, nor of mortal men view you. For, we aught not to abstain from doing amiss, through suspicion of following punishment, or for fear of infamy: but, therefrom should we be withdrawn, for a regard to equity, and of an inward honour had to honesty.   

Panaetius to Andronico.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
E●…horting Andronicus to the embracing of virtue, he showeth that it is more excellent, than all worldly substance: an admonition to withstand fortune, to ind●…re labours, to set light by life (though it be dear and precious, for the attainment of virtue) is here also contained. etc.  
I Have always been of this opinion, and judgement (my Andronicus) that it is the duty of a man adorned with wisdom, to pre●…erre virtue, before riches, honour, and all other things vain and trans●…torie: to keep off Fortune furiously offering the combat, & not to be subd●…ed with her weapons, to be armed for the endurance of labours, s●…eatings and watchings: yea, 
* We must think no thing laborious and troublesome for virtues sake.  for virtues sake to put his life in hazard, and to have death in s●… small account, as utterly to despise it and have it in contempt. These things do not engender terror in the hearts of such, whose praise can not perish, whose renown is joined with eternity and ●…uerlastingnesse: but in those they breed fear and quaking timorousness, with whose life, all things else, whatsoever, vanish and a●…e extinguished.   

Socrates to Theopompo.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He inciteth Theopompus to the embracing of knowledge, showeth that no place is more meet for to lodge it in, then is man's mind or memory.  
KNowledge is a thing most perfect, most honourable, and most beautiful: deserving not to 
* Meaning up 'pon leather, which is apt to receive any print and mark.  be marked on the backs of brute beasts, but to be imprinted and graven in the minds of men. Wherefore (Theopompus) commit to the casket of thy memory, the understanding of those things wherein to be instructed, thou art so desirous: & from henceforth abhorring the hides of dead carcases, frame yourself to be delighted with man's lively voices.  
Far you well.   

Apollonius to Estieo.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He showeth that virtue and riches are contrary: preferring wisdom before wealthiness.  
Virtue among 
* Of the name of Apollonius there were. 9 as I read. 1. a Rhodian. 2. an Alexandrian. 3. an A phro disean. 4. an A labandan●…. 5. a Nyssean. 6. A poll. Erophi lus. 7. a Naucratitian. 8. an Athenien. 9 a Tyanaean, which of them written this letter to Esti●…us, I can not directly report.  us, is counted contrary to money, for when the one of these diminisheth, the other increaseth: & when the one increaseth, the other diminisheth: how then is it possible, that they should both have place in one person, except after the opinion of fools, that think riches to be virtue. Suffer not therefore your friends and acquaintance, to be ignorant of us, what we are: neither let them conceive of us this opinion, that we had rather ●…hose to be wealth men, then to be wise men. For, it is a thing most worthy of discommendation, yea, it is a foul offence, if that for riches we should adventure tedious and dangerous voyages, which pass away like smoke, and shadows: neglecting in the mean season, the nobleness of virtue, which is linked to eternity and everlastingness.   

Virgil to Augusto.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He writeth to Augustus, touching his work called the Aeneides, wherein (he says) things are out of order, thereupon inferring his r●…ason.  
AS 
* Virgilius Maro, prince of Latin Poets: of whose life Pet. Crinit lib. 3. de Poet Lat. & Pet. Ram. in scho. sup. Bucol. Virg. largely.  I have received from your hands many Epistles, so some concerning mine 
* His twelve books treating of the acts & deed●… of Aeneas the noble Trojan  Aeneas, which if it were worthy of your person, I would most willingly present it to your highness. But it is such a confused and disordered heap, that I think myself scarce well in my wits, when I took upon me to writ such a work, sithence (as your Grace knoweth) other devices, to the ●…eautifying of such a book, are more to be required.   

Cato to Caesar.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle being written by a heathen or pagan, might be a mirror to a Christian. For herein Cato showeth his opinion touching the soul of man, saying that it is heavenly: he declareth also in what work our minds aught to be busied.  
WE 
* Cato Vticen sis of the Stoi call philosophers professi on.  must be of this judgement (friend 
* I think it was HUNDRED I Caesar the comen tariographer: for of that name divers are recorded in writers.  Caesar) that our souls, concerning the which we have had often conference, descended and came down from the heavenly habitation, being sunk (as it were) in the muddy element of gross earthly substance, a place repugnant to celestial matter, and clean contrary to eternity. Furthermore, we must believe, that the immortal and everlasting Gods, have instilled and powered our minds into our bodies, that we should live in the world after a several order, that we should be occupied in heavenly speculation, viewing the course of celestial creatures, that in modesty of life and uprightness of manners, we might imitate and follow them accordingly.   

Plato to Dionysius his allies.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He writeth to Dionysius his kindred and allies, to leave off their lavash cheer and delicates, teaching them that they shall ●…euer be wise or sober, so long as they be so sensually disposed: and that they shall never attain true delight, if they learn not to be prudent and continent.  
WHen 
* Plato written this Epistle to Dionysius the Sicilian tyrant.  I came to see that strange kind of life replenished with Italian junkets, and Syracusane dainties, carrying a report of a life flourishing in felicity, I was so far from allowing the same, that twice in one day to pamper the paunch, seemed unto me, a thing worthy of much misliking. And as I say of this, so I say of nightly sléeping taken ab●…siuely, and of all things else whatsoever, to the necessity of this life incident, inordinately used. For, in such 
* Because fobrietie & moderate usage in all things, is the way to w●…sedome.  superfluity no man shall attain to wisdom, none shall acquaint themselves with tem●…er aunce. For what nature, by such means, m●… learn moderation? Now▪ out of question, There can be no life accompanied with perfect plea●…auntnesse, whereon prudence and temperance give not attendance▪  
Far you well.   

Plato to Aristodoro.  
TH●… ARGVM●…NT.  
 
IT is reported unto me, that 
* He was some Philosopher by profession, or else some favourer of Philosophy.  you, above the rest, are in familiarity with Dion, and that your chiefest exercise consists in vertuo●…s behau●…ours, answerable to the precepts of Philosophy. For, this is mine opinion & i●…gement: that, 
* Wherein true Philosophy doth con ●…ist: or, the sum of perfect Philosophy to consist in virtue.  Constancy, faithfulness, sincerity, and such praise worthy properties, are true Philosophy▪ As for other sciences, arts faculties, and professions, serviceable to other things, if any man call them by the name of Ornaments, he shall gi●… them no unfit term, as I suppose. But, Far you well: and in the c●…mendable conditions, where with●…l you are presently acquainted, make continuance.   

Plato to Archytae Tarentino.  
¶ THE ARGV●…ENT.  
He writeth to Archytas to●…ching some 〈◊〉 of the an●…ent Tro●…ans, whose name is not known, 〈◊〉 hi●… 〈◊〉 h●…s invention and ord●…r, sinally▪ he maketh mention of 〈◊〉 commentaries, but treating of what matters, between them two it was in secret: the like Epistle (if it be not altogether the same) is before recited.  
IT is a wonder, to think with what exceeding joy, I received the Commentaries which you sent me: with the singular wit of whose author, I marvelously delighted. 
* Of this Archytas T●…rentinus, it is reported, that he was an excell●…nt Geometrici●…n. Of that n●…me there was an other, who was a Mity lenean musician.  The in (unadoutedly, as by his work it is apparent) deserved right well of those his ancient progenitors. They say▪ that of them there were ten thousand men in number, who among all the other Troyans', that accompanied Laomedon (as it is reported) were most noble & renowned. Touching, the commentaries, which by writing, you do require, these are to let you understand, that as yet they are not finished: nevertheless, receive them as they are. I mean unperfect. Concerning the custody of the writings; whereof you wots, my mind with yours is agreeable: wheref●…re, ●…urther talk●… in this matter is peerless.   

Agesilaus to Plutarcho.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He answereth to a letter, sent unto him at such time as he was busy in warlike affairs, to put him in mind of his return: In the end of the letter, he showeth with an example of himself, that Prince●… must be ruled by law, and counsel of highest officers.  
WE have subdued a great part of Asia, we have vanquished the Barbarians, and we have made many battles or skirmishes in Iconia. Notwithstanding, because you will not have me pass mine appointed day, 
* ●… will be at home at my limited time: o●…, else, peraduent●…re before I am looked for.  I wi●…folow, or (peradventure) prevent your Epistle. For I bear rule and government, not for myself, but for my country, and mine equals. And surely, he that is placed in authority doth even then rule with most justice a●…d equity, when he repineth not, that as well the laws of the land, as also other magistrates in the city, should be his superiors.   

Apollonius to his brother Apollonio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He writeth to his brother Apollonius, whom, (being in sorrow) by reason of the late decease of his wife he comforteth, giving him counsel not to abjure or forswear matrimony, by cause he hath lost so good a partner and yoke fellow, but to marry again, lest by defection of issue, their name should wear out of memory.  
Allthings 
* This is the same Apo lonius (as by the method and the matter 〈◊〉 his Epistle I coniec●…ure) of whose life P●… lostratus, and before him Damis, hath written.  that be in the world, are of that nature and disposition, that when they are at their full ripeness, then are they most fit to fall away and pearish: such a thing is old age to all men and wom●…n living▪ which being not able to continued, yieldeth unto death. Wherefore, although you have lost your wife of late, yet be not therewithal grieved: neither be you of this opinion, that life is a thing much more excellent than death, because it is reported to daunt the hearts of men with terror, sithence among men endued with courage and valliantness, a life, in all respects, is far worse than death. 
* Or, declare yourself to be a right Pythagorist: or el●…e a true Apollonist, of the first, ●…eade Diog. Laer. li. 8. sub tit. Pyrof the second, read Philost. lib. 8. cap. 12.  Show yourself the cousin germane of a Philosopher, Pythagoras I mean in profession and property: but be principally, the brother of Apollonius: and cease not to maintain your family, by marrying a second wife. For, if in your first wife there had been any quality blame worthy, we would mistrust and suspect the second marriage, and that meritoriously. But, if she were beautified with the precious diamond of chastity, if she, towards her husband, were most lovingly affected: and in consideration of such gracious behaviours, deserved semblable kindness: what then can creep into your cogitations, what thought can invade our minds, that we should so despair and be out of hope, as not to get the like again? Sithence it is likely, that she will do her ende●…our, to be better than her 
* Then your sorm●…r wife.  predecessor, because there i●… no occasion offered her ●…f slothfulness in the other, whereby she should wax careless, negligent, idle, and ill occupied. Let the case and estate of your brethren, sink into your consideration, and what their condition is at this day, prudently ponder. The elder hath not, as yet, been acquainted with the sweet pleasures of wedlock: The youngest i●… in hope to have children, but the same consists upon reasons and circumstances. There are of us, in number, three brethren, to us three no issue is raised to this day. Ou●… country may not be l●…ft frustrate and void of hope, nor they which succeed us, loose that which hath been long looked after. For, if we, than our father, are far excellent, as he also surpassed his sire: what impediment is there to the contrary, ●…ut that of your bodies may be bread and born, children much better than us their parents? Let such prouisoe●… 〈◊〉 be used, that we may have posterity, by whom th●… memory 〈◊〉 our names may be maintained, in semblable ma●…er▪ as they have been hitherto, by 
* That as our predecessors names remained unto us, by tradition: so our names may be continued to our 〈◊〉.  our parent's imposition. I could not, for abundance of tears trickling down my cheeks, writ any more touching this matter, neither had I any thing at all, where abouts to occupy my pen, answerable to this that I have written, in force and efficacy.   

Apollonius to Euphrata.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
A commendation of Pythagoras, in this Epistle is expressed, for he maketh a r●…apitulation, first of his knowledge in sundry sciences liberal●… then of the ornaments wherewith his mind was enriched: lastly of his bodily abilities: all which jewels they obtained, that framed themselves to his profession. I●… therefore the scholars proved so excellent, what shall we thi●…ke of th●… master?  
WHo so useth the company and conversation of Pythagoras, it is a worlds wonder, to consider the commodities, and exceeding benefits which shall redound to his advantage. I will give you a taste of them in a brief summarie. He shall attain the knowledge of making laws. 
* H●… shall prove a good Geometrician, a good Arithmetitian a good Musician, a good Physician. etc.  He shall learn to be skilful in the art Geometrical, Arithmetical, Musical, Cheyrurgicall, Physical, Astrological, and in all points, of the science of divination, or soothsaying, he shallbe well experimented. Yea, besides the within named professions, he shallbe benefited, with things of more excellency: as, with Majesty, with magnificence, with constancy, with eloquence, with an assured judgement concerning the Gods immortal, and not with an erroneous opinion, which is so far from beautifying, that it blemisheth: he shallbe furnished with a certain knowledge of celestial spirits, and not carried away with vain persu●…sion: He shall not covet excess, but shallbe directed with a mind, of itself, contented with perseverance, with frugality or thriftiness, with no superfluity of things necessary, with quickness of the senses, with nimbleness, with drawing breath without impediment, with a good colour and complexion, with soundness and safety, with contempt of life, though it be pleasant, and likewise of death, although it be terrible. Now to come to 
* Euphratas, whither it were the same of whom Dion writeth, In vita Ad●…iani, I cannot well say: of any so named besides him, I r●…ade nothing recorded.  you, what shall they reap, that frequent your fields? They shall gather such gleaning as agree with your harvest, namely the same virtue wherewith you are iudued, shallbe to them advantage.   

Pythagoras to Hiero King of Sicylie.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Hiero king of Sicylie sending for Pythagoras, is in this Epistle answered with a flat denial. The reasons that the Philosopher useth, are all borrowed from abuses: in which ●…ee praiseth a competent kind of living, such a one as he himself loved: and discommendeth a lascivious life, wherewith Hiero was delighted. The Epistle is worthy to be committed to memory, and more worthy to be p●…t in practise.  
THe 
* The differ●…ne between a Philosophers and a Prince's life in bred vitie of words described.  life that I lead, is not acquainted with care, but established upon tranquillity: as for yours, there is no circumstance, wherein with mine it is consonant or agreeable. A man addicted to temperance, and not in subjection to the rage of his perturbations, needeth not the Syracusane dein●…ie iunckets. Pythagoras hath all things in sufficiency, where upon to live at all times, and in all places, competently. The service that an underling, or he that is bond to obey, oweth to his Lord and master, 
* Because in conscience, & by custom of service they are tied to do service.  is neither grievous nor tedious: specially to them, that are already instructed by honest custom and use, to acknowledge submission and to do reverence. Moreover, a mind satisfied with his appointed lot, is a thing of great account, & hath passing privileges of liberty, from imminent adversities and dangers. For, that one and only mind, hath never an enemy, to lay traps and trains as instruments of further mischief: Wherefore it followeth, of necessary consequent, that such a life approacheth most nigh, to the nature of the Gods, in semblance of properties. Furthermore, unblamable affections, and a constitution or state of the mind framed to the right rule of reason, hath not their generation or issue, from the enticements of Venery, I mean (to speak more sensibly) from carnal pleasures, neither of abundance of pampering belly cheer: but of 
* Pouer●…ie the trodden pa●…b to virtuous▪ conuersa●…ion.  poverty, which leadeth us the plain pathway to virtue, of whose nobleness Vile man is most unworthy. Again, variety of desires and delights in voluptuousness, together with an immoderate wallowing in sensuality, casts the minds of men, defiled with effeminacy, and bewitched with wantonness, into the slavishe imprisonment of vices most detestable: yea, into that bondage it bringeth them, by using themselves familiarly to such foul enormities, as 
* P●…inces ●…ues drowned 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉.  you yourself incur, and lie tumbling in accustomably. Where upon it followeth, that you (as a capti●…e or prisoner) cast away your target and sword of res●…stance, and have yielded up yourself who●…y, to the power of those tyrants, in whose claws since you are caught, it is hap hazard, if you escape undamnified. For, among all other things, not so much as your words, but are as it were, in league with things altogether unprofitable, and very superfluous. Sand not therefore for Pythagoras to come to 
* Of 〈◊〉: he sent also for P●…darus and Simo nides, as he did for Pyth●… goras.  your kingdom, to enter with you into familiarity, to be conversant with you in your Palace. For, Physicians (as people report) never wish to be partakers of the diseases of their grieved patientes.   

Socrates to Lysistrato.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
To a familiar friend, endued by nature, with goodly qualities, and yet sore entangled with idleness, he writeth pleasantly: (after many exhortations before given, for the avoiding of slothfulness) using a fable of the grasshopper, and the Ant, thereby thinking to incite him to set in open show, the gifts which lie hidden in him, as fruitless.  
FOr 
* Whether this were Lysistratus the Sicyonian, an image maker, not of metals (●…or in his time it was not used) but of plastering work, and earthly mixture: Plin. lib. 25. cap. 12. I doubt much: thinking rather it was some other private man. etc.  so much as, notwithstanding our manifold and marvelous admonitions, for your commodity used, prevail so little that our labour is lost, and that (with Penelope) we do and undooe, no perfection or final success (in the mean while) following: we will attempt another way, & begin our business a fresh, using devised fables or moral tales, as instruments serviceable for our present purpose. So peradventure it shall come to pass, that the things, which of us are pronounced, shall of you be sooner herded, and better liked. The grasshopper (in the ancient world) when the pleasant & flourishing season of the year served, skipped, leapt and chirpte, in her kind, among the green herbs & summerlie plants, & conceiving in his song a certain pride, was delightsomly disposed The ant, on the other side, keeping company with the labouring reapers, and being provident in purveying victuals for her nourishment, was occupied in gathering wheat corns together, & hoarding them up closely in her convenient garners, far more providently employing her pains then the grasshopper. Now, when the sun had entered into the 
* November, December, Ian●…ary, etc. winterly months.  Hybernicall signs, harues●… posting from us, and winter hasting to us, a season unpleasant to the earth: and when the Sea casting away calmness, fallen to continual raging: the mariners took up their harbour in havens, the husbandmen sat warming their shanckes by a lusty fire that filled the chimney: and the little pretty Ant couching closely in her country cottage, enjoyed, in due season, the sweetness of her sweeting labours, sustained in summer. The grasshopper therefore resorting upon a time, to the Ant, besought her instantly, to impart some small portion of relief, out of her store and provision: but the Ant chiding and driving away the singing grasshopper, from the door of her homely house, among all other motions showed, to reprehend the grasshoppers sluggishness, fallen into an exceeding great laughter, calling to memory the melodious tunes, & sweet songs that he sounge in pleasant summer, there withal quipping the 
* Because it ●…elighted in pre sent pleasure, and had no respect of sutu●…e 〈◊〉.  foolish grasshopper by way of exprobration. To conclude, the sweet harmony of the grasshopper turned into a long hunger, and the sweeting labours of the Ant were changed into cherishing sustenance. This fabl●… (Lysistratus) is appliable to thy person, whose property of idleness is such, that thou art in worse case than any one that is haunted with a fever or quivering ag●…e. For shame, shake off this sluggishness, and use thyself to some exercise: for, sithence your body lacketh no strength, no might, no ability, is it not a rebuke unto you, to be so v●…prouided of knowledge & cunning in all things, only by th●… means 
* A ●…isease reigning in 〈◊〉 ag●… too too plentiful lie: ●…y the example▪ of the little▪ 〈◊〉 all 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  of this mischiefous idleness? and to purchase such a a slander and evil report, to th●… 〈◊〉 of those goodly ornaments, wherewith by nature, you are enriched? But, Far you well.   

Epicurus to Hermacho.  
¶ TH●… ARGUMENT.  
Beginning with a complaint of his disease (which he afterwards stayeth, through an inward conceived gladness) he putteth Hermachus in mind, to keep very carefully, the books or works of Metrodorus.  
AT what time we 
* This was Epicure the Athe●…en Philosopher: who writing three several Epistl●…s, to three sundry people. 1. named Herodotus. 2. Pythocles. 3. Menocreus, divided Philosophy into three parts: Canonical, Physical, ethical, Diog. Laer. lib. 10. sub tit. Epi.  enjoyed the blessed day of our life, the same being likewise the last, we written out this present Epistle: at which time we were so grieved with a disease of the bladder and the bowels, that worse torments none might endure, than we suffered. Nevertheless, though my body were so doloro●…sly vexed: yet, with the joy of mind that I conceived, through the memory of my doings and devices, they were somewhat redressed. But according to the inclination of your will towards me, and the love that you bear to the profession of Philosophy, which from your young years, in you hath been engendered, do your uttermost endeavour, that the volumes of 
* Sometime Epicure his scholar: these two kept come panie and used con●…erence very familiarly.  Metrodorus, may be safely reserved.   

Lucianus to Sabino.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle, though it were written, as a special letter, being full of precepts, and wholesome counsels tending to the reformation of behaviours: yet, in consideration of the within con●…eined circumstances, I see no cause with standing, but it m●…y be general. To draw the particularities thereof, being so many and diverse, would exceed the order of an Argument.  
IF you be determined to attempt any new enterprise an●… labour, the causes of your purpose are first to be canuassed, and 〈◊〉 considered, lest your unorderly pro●… give manifest e●…ivence of your temerity and foolish●…sse. For, we are ashamed 
* The dee●…s there●…ore th●…t we t●…ke upon us. aught 〈◊〉 rather to be reg●…rded.  to speak without licence of law, or authority. 
*2 To Nigrino.  It is more available and praise-woorthie, with a little loss, to grow to agreement with an adversary, then with great danger and expense, to stand to trial of law, whose judgement is hard and doubtful. For, the sentence of the judge, is oftentimes uncertain, and clean contrary to the expectation of the Clients, whose cause is in controversy. 
*3 To M●…onio.  If you be desirous, to know the nature and disposition of any man, mark his sayings, and view his doings: as for his countenance, accounted it of small credite, ●…hough such as be expert in the profession of 
* To give 〈◊〉 o●… man's conditio●…s and ●…ortune by their countenances.  Physiognomy, presume by men's faces to give conjectures. For Dissimulation or hypocrisy dasheth out all sight of judgement gathered by the view of the visage. 
*4 To Nigrino.  Such works as you take in hand, if they be famous, and worthy, make haste to have them finished: least you be prevented in your purpose, before it be accomplished. 
*5 To Philopat●…r.  They that be lightened with the greater learning, and more exercised, aught to put this in execution, as a portion of their duty: namely to teach the unskilful, and to instruct the ignorant. For to the embracing and entertainment of virtue, it is an exhortation, (than the which none can be more effectual) if this be your meditation: that pleasures grounded upon constancy, and assurance, that pleasures (I say) not d●…ceiuable by painted pretences, spring out from the fountain of honest exercises. Contrariwise, diss●…lowable delights, savouring of filthiness and undecent demea●…our, sythence they be momentany and vanish like shadows, what else do they engender, but extreme misery, matched with continuance. 
*6 To Nig●…no.  To your parents, to your affinity, and to your instructors, you can not do a thing more worthy acceptation, then if you do your diligen●…e, that their hope be not unsatisfied, and that with the exc●…llencie of your wit, and the worthiness of your fortune, (you use such caveats,) that virtue may be joined. For, sons aught to conform, and exactly fashion themselves to the virtues which in their fathers ●…lorished: yea the good properties, and commendable behaviours of their parents, aught to be unto them laws and statutes, requiring precise obedience and exquisite reverence. 
*7 To Menecra●…es.  Those that you admit to be your counsellors, let them be of the wiser sort: or let them be such (at lest) as will not spare to speak 
* Not such as be●…ring two ●…aces v●…der one hood, blow hot & cold breath out of one mouth, running with the hare & hu●…ting with the hound.  freely what they think, and not such as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 smothering truth with cloaks of dissimulation. 
*8 To Sabino.  The know ledge of Poetical discourses, is most apt and passing profitable for young learners: either for this consideration, 
* An opinion dissenting, ●…rom diverse that I have herded agains●…e Poetry.  because it withdraweth them, when they come to be striplings from many foul offences: and when they come to be perfect men, from that which is undecent. 
*9 To Philopater.  Good and diligent scholars, are wont to praise, and take for example also, whatsoever their teachers do speak, or put in practice: As for you, such things as are cast out unadvisedly, they are to be rejected: & such things again, as are substantially grounded upon reason, are to be embraced.  
Far you well.   

Menecrates to Philippo.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
What other thing doth this letter savour off, then of mere arrogancy. For he compareth himself to a king, nay he advanceth himself above a king, for he taketh to himself the ti●…le of jupiter. In this letter there is nothing to be followed, but all to be ab horrid.  
IN your possession is the kingdom of Macedonia, and 
* A Syracusane surgeon or physi●…ian: of whom Aclia●…us in lib. de Var. hist. 9 of the same name there was a Comoediographer, as 〈◊〉 Suidas.  I have the principality in the pro●…ession and practice of Physic. In your power and authority it consists, to kill such as be lusty and healthful, o●… my skill and cunning also it dependeth to cure such as be sickly, weak, and diseased: yea more than that is in my possibility: for I can minister such receiptes unto men, as shall preserve their healths, till they see many years, and have grown to a great age, if (at lest) they will be ruled by my counsel. For, I being jupiter their helping Father, give life when I list.   

Philostratus to Tini Philo.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
To one (belike) that thought his words Oracles, he fendeth this letter, telling him plainly that they are but vain. In conclusion he useth a precept to the same person.  
YOu 
* I take him to be the same Philostratus that written the life of Apollonius.  feed on hope, that your sayings and sentences will remain in the memories of the Grecians, after your death, by no storm of perturbations removable. But, in so much as they are nothing, when they seem to be something, what will they be, when they are nothing at all? 
* Tini philo.  Fear the common people, with whom you are grown into such favour.   

Anonymus to Anonymo.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
An Epistle Apophthegmaticall, declaring that in our doings proportion and measure must be used.  
Diogenes craved of Plato a goblet of wine: Plato very liberally, sent him a flagon. To whom (upon this occasion) the Cynical, Philosopher gave thanks by letter in this f●…rme and order. When you are asked the question, to what ●…umber twice twain do amount, your answer is, that 
* As the number answer●…d▪ is not agreeable to the number 〈◊〉: no ●…ore is your 〈◊〉, pro●… 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  it ariseth to twenty: even so, your gifts are not correspondent to the petitioners request, nor your answers agréeabl●… to the den●…aunders question.   

Cyrus' to Cyaxares.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
To the intent that Cyaxares might persuade himself, still to be in favour with Cyrus (which nevertheless he partly mistrusted) this letter is written: wherein are touched cer●…aine points concerning both their ●…ersons.  
YOu 
* Cyrus, who in his infancy was nourished of a Bytch●… that gave suck: and afterwards, through th●… boun●…ie of fortune, was aduaunc●…d to be a king. S●…rabo. lib, 15. Xenoph. lib. 1. 2. 3. 4. etc. Herodo. & justine. lib. 1 & Q Courtesan li. 4. & 10.  are not of us quite forsaken, (for what man is void of friends, that hath his enemies in subjection?) neither at our departing, did we suppose that you were in peril: but the further we are distant, the more secure seem we in your judgement. For, not they that sit at their friends elbows, minister and afford to their friends most encouragement and securite: But they that so put their valiantness in proof, as their enemies are forced to keep a loof, or as discomfited to commit themselves to flight, they I say purchase to their friends most assurance of safety, and less suspicion of danger. Nevertheless, 
* Cyrus, who in his infancy was nourished of a Bytch●… that gave suck: and afterwards, through th●… bounty of ●…ortune, was aduaunc●…d to be a king. S●…rabo. lib, 15. Xenoph. lib. 1. 2. 3. 4. etc. Herodo. & justine. lib. 1 & Q Courtesan li. 4. & 10.  I would have you to weigh and consider, how to your person, I am affected: and again on the other side, how you towards me in mind are disposed: this tried by due examination, spare not to accuse me. I pro●…ured you aiders, not such as you would, but such as I could. You granted me as many as I might win by persuasion, when I was in a country that showed me much good will and favour: But now that I am in fought field against mine enemies, you do not revoke such only as are willing and inclinable, but all the Medes one with another. Now certainly, the time was, when I thought me self bound to either of you in service of courtesy: But at this present, I am by your means constrained, to bury you in oblivion, and quite to forget you: and towards such to show me self thankful and ready to make recompense, as have hitherto continued in my company. I can not resemble you in manners, who sending into Persia for more soldiers, give charge and coumaundement, that how many soever have recourse to my camp, they should (if you stood in need of their assistance) repair unto you, before they addressed themselves to come unto me, that you might have the fruits of their service, 
* That their service should be at your commandment, and not at their own pleasure.  not as they themselves listed, but after your own pleasure. Howbeit, I will regard your commodity, although I be the younger, lest you should with draw that which you have already given, and least in stead of thanks, hate be retailed. Try not to recover th●…m, whom you would have come unto you in haste, with threatening. As for us, our wills and helps shallbe ready, in all such things as tend to 
* As make for the commodity of us both indifferently.  ●…ur mutual furtherance.   

Alexander to Dario.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
After Alexander had discomfited Darius, taken ●…is tent, taken his mother, wife, and children captive, (whom notwithstanding, such was the nobleness and clemency of his nature, he commanded royally to be maintained) and had also put him to flight: as he was laying siege to Marathon, there were delivered to his hands, letters from Darius: wherewith Alexander (because they were very proudly indicted) conceived great displeasure. But most of all, this stirred his stomach, for that Darius did arrogate unto himself the title of a king, and derogated from him the same name of dignity. In the same letter, he declared himself a commander, rather than a petitioner, bidding him avoid out of the limits of other princess' lands, and to li●…e content with his own patrimony: with such like circumstances were the letters of Da●…ius infarced. To answer which Epistle, Alexander, in the heat of his choler, writeth in this order.  
Thy 
* Darius' the king of Persia: a name attributed ●…o the princes of that region: of whom we may read, almost in 〈◊〉 ry historiographer: an●… of this our Darius and Alexander, much in Q. Curtius.  Ancestors, having received no iviurie at the hands of the Grecians, concerning Macedonia, and the residue of the Greekishe region, committed many a murder and bloody slaughter. In consideration whereof, the Grecians have created me their sovereign captain, of such enforced violence, to work revengement: and therefore am I arrived in Asia. The Perinthians were assisted of thee in battle, a people working the disturbance of my Father Philippe. An army, which was at our commandment and service, Ochus sent into Thracia. Moreover, my Father Philippe received his deaths wound, at the hands of them, whom thou didst hire (or purpose) to commit that villainy: for which heinous offences thou vauntest in thy letters and triumphest. Furthermore, thou hast got possession of the Persian principality by sinister means, not by interest of right title, nor according to the laws of the Land. Thou wrotest letters unto the Grecians, full 
* Whi●…h discovered thy malice, a●…d showed the poisoning sting of thy envious stomach.  of hostility and cankered envy: Thou didst use all the suggestions that ever thou couldst invent and devise, to make them take weapon in hand against me, and to attempt a rebellion. Thou didst send money to the Lacedæmonians, and diverse of the Gréekishe people, for the accomplishment of the same purp●…se, which notwithstanding, was refused of all the Grecians, the Lacedæmonians only excepted, of whom it was received: by which thy intolerable enterprise thou didst lab●…ur tooth & nail, to sow dissension in the place of 〈◊〉, and to kindle malicious envy among such as I was linked withal, in ●…shippe and society. In consideration of 
* Or causes in this pres●…nt letter mentioned & made manifest.  which premises, I have prepared battle against thee, f●…lly determining to encounter thee in open field. And sithence I have conquered thy Captains, and 〈◊〉 thy ●…iceroyes: sithence by the violence of my 〈◊〉, I have discomfited thy soldiers: sithence I have (●…y the grant of the GOD'S) got all 
* The third part of the world: the other twain be Europa, & Aphrica. etc.  Asia into my possessio●…: ●…thence the residue of them that escaped the heat o●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, commit their lives to my 〈◊〉: l●…t them, 〈◊〉 ●…tarie mo●…ion, fight under my banner? 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ci●…cumstances 
* Of prowes●…e cour●…ge, puisau●…, valiantness. etc.  declare, that Asia is ●…n my 〈◊〉) ●…me thou also personally before our presence. If thou c●…ceiuest any suspicion of danger, and thereupon art in fear, send whom thou will't to take my faith and promise, that thy coming shalt not redound to thy damage. Thus if thou doest, thou shalt 
* For he had taken them all prisoners, when Darius was discomfited.  receive thy mother, thy wife, thy children, and what thing else so ever unto the belonging, undamnified. And take this for a general warning, that from this day forward, when so ever thou writest unto me, remember that thou writest to the 
* Because he written a letter to Alexander, calling himself by the name of a king, and not ascribing to Alexander the same title royal.  king of Asia: not as to thy companion and equal, but as to the Lord and owner of all thy goods, lands, life, and possessions. If thou dost contrary to the words in this letter contained, I will so deal with thee, as with him, that against my person worketh injury. And, if thou stand in contradiction about the right of the kingdom, put thy life in adventure, fight for it valiantly, win it Conqueror like, and let not fligh●… be thy refuge, which is proper to a white liuered soldier, and a timorous coward: for hereof be thou persuaded, that, which way so ever thou seekest to escape, I will continued speedy pursuit.   

Nucillus to Gibbo Verno.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Because the Epistles of Nucillus, were so Laconicall and short, that many of them needed none Argument: we have therefore compact them all into one body, or boundel: not only that we might draw the meaning of them more commodiously: as because there is such affinity and semblance in the matter, that we could not do amiss to join them all together. Nevertheless, every several Epistle is distinguished with this mark (*) against which also, in the margin, the name of the person is set down to whom the same was directed. To be short, all the letters run upon precepts, and clauses right worthy to be remembered.  
IF * battle be bidden against butter flies, against mice, 
* 1 To Gibbo etc. He was (belike) some Pomilio or little dwarf, and that made him to use this eironical method.  against Fleas, or against Frogs, hap hassarde it is, if you be not priest out for a soldier. But if war be proclaimed against men of courage and valiancy, content thyself man, thou art no fit fellow to fight in such a skirmish. For 
* To whom you are as much comparable as a mole hill to a mountain.  Caesar never made warxe at any time, against an host of Craines. 
*2 To Gibbo. etc.  A deformed and ylfavoured body in proportion, is a lively representation of a vicious and ill disposed nature: so then, it is a necessary consequent, that, as your body is crooked, crabtrée like, and grown out of all order, so your mind is monstrous, and stained with many foul qualities. 
*3 To Regulo.  In that you, being of late surprised with poverty, are made rich and wealth so soudenly: esteem it to spring of this cause, that 
* The unjust dealing of Fortune, in ad vauncing the unworthy.  Fortune is disposed to use a little dalliance, who advanceth evil men to the top of felicity, sooner than she doth such as live in uprightness and integrity. Now, having changed your estate, you have forgotten your former condition, and as for your ancient friends, they are so far from being had in countenance, that they are grown into contempt: this you do, not considering with yourself, how great is the instatilitie of sliprie Fortune. For she hath advanced you to so high a place, that when she is disposed to play the deccitfull dame, your falmay be the more grievous. 
*4 To Bardaeo.  You must use drinking of wine, and the sweet delight of Venus, with moderation: if you mean not to beget to your self the 
* The sickness of the gout, engendered of immo derate drinking and incontinent pleasure of the flesh.  Podagricall disease for your daughter, to whom, when you are once become a father, you shall find never a fonne in law, on whom to bestow her in marriage, not, not if she had most large & infinite riches given to her dowry: but, as an unmeet wife for any man to match withal, she must be kept and maintained in thy own house continually, of thy private charges, costs, and expenses. 
*5 To B●…silisco.  I marvel much at this one thing, as at a strange monster, that you, having a wife, with whose company you may satisfy the desire of the flesh, & quench the flaming coals of kindling concupiscence, continued notwithstanding, in ●…lthy suspicion of loathsome lechery. 
*6 To Tornico.  I notwithstanding, in the filthy suspicion of 
* Not so much loathsome of itself, as▪ loathe some for the foul infections which it b●…eedeth: as th●… spanish pocke. etc.  loathesome lechery 
*6 To Tornico. . I would have you to understand and learn this lesson, that in a perfect musician two things are required: the first is cunning in his profession, the second nimbleness of the fingers in handling his instrument: these twain must go together, like inseparable yoke fellows, for the one with out the other is lame and maimed. 
*7 To Romana.  So often as I take a view of your picture, which I have hanging in my house, painted in a table, the remembrance of your person engendereth my heaviness. 
*8 To Regulo.  I have many times and often, marveled at your familiarity, and no less wondered at your injurious usage and contumely: Now, when I had perceived (by trial taking) that your friendship was leavened with lightness and inconstancy, yea, that it did wholly incline to slander and reproach, I forsook your friendship, as unwilling to suffer such ignominious and wrongful usage any longer. 
*9 To the Sarabaites.  What with your legerdemain, your juggling, and your lying, you have gathered together such mountains of money, impudently and without regard of honesty, that in wealth, opulencie, and richesses, you are in manner, equal with Princes. Not marvel then, aught it to be unto a great number, to see what benefits are obtained, by the sweat of other men's labours, and also by the fat crumbs of other men's trenchers, 
*10 To Fontano. . Our conjuror hath cast out a devil, not with exorcismies or practices of art magical, but with the filthiness of a foul mouth, while his tongue ran at random, and found none end when to be silent: of this, I thought you should not be ignorant. 
*11 To Tornico.  We see and are sorry, that the comfortable science of music, whereby old ancients did sing and sound the martial exploits and noble adventures of valiant Captains: which was the mean and instrument, whereby the minds of men were inflamed to go on warfare, and to attempt enterprises most hard, honest and honourable, is now so degenerated and grown out of so singular a use: yea, that it is made a servant to effeminacy, to wantonness, and all sensuality, being turned whole into a tunable sound upon twangling strings, or a noise running upon numbers, only to fill up the measure of vain delight. 
*12 To Tornoni.  At what time you were a private man, you were somewhat well: but after you mounted up to more worship, you waxed worse: In former times, heavenly things were your usual meditation: but that being abandoned, covetousness of coin hath wrought an alteration of your behaviours. 
*13 To Regulo.  I eat but once in a day: but to day I dined at your table, and after that at our coming home, we did eat again: wherefore, provide yourself hereafter of other guests: For, from this time forward, I will take heed how I come at your table. 
*14 To Gibbosulo.  Beware of the 
* Alluding (peraduen the) to the name of Regulus before mentioned, upon some oc casion.  Regulus, a monstrous and venomous Serpent, a beast of the wilderness: lest you be devoured. 
*15 To Valdo.  I cannot but accounted your doings, most worthy of commendation, in that you refused proffered honours and dignities, preferring the inheritance, which by your father's decease, you have in possession, and a quiet life, before such things that are but vain and transitory. I wish with all my heart, that many would follow your example. 
*16 To Agio  Praise worthy you are in deed, for the love that is in you, both to learn and practise Virtue: sythence 
* That is to say, virtue,  This is the thing that is only called by the name of good, this is the jewel which too man is a beautifying, this is the precious pearl that he aught properly to possess: all other things are uncertain, vain shadows, dreams, and fancies. 
*17 To Ro●…leo.  understand you, that the richesses of the mind are the true richesses: know this also, that he deserveth rightly to be called a wealthy man, 
* That useth his riches as they aught to be used.  who is not ignorant of the true use of his substance. 
*18 To Losmeo.  I sand unto you for a present, the skull of a putrefied carcase, the sight whereof doth put us in remembrance, that we aught not to hung upon the hope of things vain and tran sitorie▪ but taking a view of ourselves by this looking glass to make full and just account, that into the same form, whereof this is a figure, we shallbe changed. 
*19 To junio.  In the dispen sing or laying out of your goods, you must be touched with a due consideration of death, which is so certain that it can not be avoided: and with the little assurance (or rather none at all) of life to be prolonged: jest you be careful in keeping those things, that you must leave behind you, or to prodigal 
* This was not Pindarus the Ephesian xyrant: but Pindains the Theban Poet: whose style in verse was so stately that it exceeded imitation. Ho●…. lib. car. 4. Ode. 2.  and lavash in wasting them, whereon dependeth your maintenance. 
*20 To Locero.  I herded say, that you are translating the most excellent Poesi●…s of Pindarus, into Lative: Now surely, they are rather to be soung to the melodious Citerne, then to ●…ee turned into another language: For, as it is in hangings of tapistry, that, when they be turned, lose a good portion of their bravest beauty: even so it may be said of his verses, that in turning them in a foreign tongue, much of their worthiness and trimnesse is diminished. For, in them is contained an exceeding pleasantness, excellent, inimitable and not able to be followed. 
*21 To Quirino.  My counsel & advise unto you, for your avail, is, that you would give over the trade of a Mariner, and acquaint yourself to play the husbandman: For, in ploughing the land there is much more safety, then in sailing on the Sea, which all men know to be dangerous. 
*22 To Basilisco.  How can you be a good man, having in possession riches in such plenty: considering that your father left you nothing either by deed of gift, testament, or any other conveyance? 
* A precept, that if it could pierce into the hearts of wo●…ldlings virtue would soon mount aloft, that now hangs down her head as ashamed of the world.  Covet not to be full of money, to grow in wealth and substance: but labour rather to be rich in virtue. For he gathereth goods together all in waste, whose mind is naked and not armed with virtuous furniture.   
Thus far out of Isocrates, Philosophers, Princes and other writers of Epistles.   

¶ The Extract of Epistles, out of C. Plinius and others.  

C. Plinius to Arrio Clementi.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He writeth to Arrius of Euphratas the Philosopher, whom he commends: toucheth other specialties here and there, as the order of his Epistle required.  
IF at any time our city flourished in the knowledge of the sciences liberal, if in any age it glistered in the glory of learning Philosophical, then now is it in the top of all renown, and triumpheth more than ever it did, in the flower of felicity. Of that which I have a●…irmed there be many examples, and especial precedents not a few, but among all the rest, Euphratas the wiseman shall be sufficient. In my youthful years when I did wear and use my weapon, I saw him in Syria soil, I was in his house, and I enjoyed his company, with whom to grow in favour I both desired & laboured, although there was no need why I should greatly travel towards the attainment of the same. For he is a man full of affability, mild of nature, and easy to be entreated, his humanity is singular, his gentleness is rare, and the courtesy which he professeth is incomparable. I would my luck were so blessed and fortunate, to reap as abundant an harvest of my conceived hope, as he hath augmented his virtues, & increased the ornaments of his noble mind. But now I have those jewels of nature and art in admiration, because I have aspired to a further sight in them, albeit the understanding which I have got is unperfect. 
* It is not for ignorant and unskilful people to utter their opinions in that, where of they can rem der no reason.  For as to give precise iudgemeut, in the work of a painter, of a graver or carver, belongeth to none so well, as to a cunning artificer practised in that mystery: even so it pertaineth to a wise and prudent man, and to none else, to discern one semblable and like to himself, from one contrary or counterfeit. Nevertheless, so far forth as my dim and dark eyesight is able to pierce into the view of his virtues, I perceive in the Philosopher Euphratas, many things which carry with them a countenance of excellency, and surmounting estimation, which contain in them such efficacy and moving passions, that they are able ●…omewhat to allure men of learning, & are inclinable to delectation. When he disputeth it is done with exquisiteness, gravity, and eloquence: he representeth the loftiness and deepness of Plato●…s Method most commonly: his utterance is not only enriched with plenty, but garnished with variety and choice: marvelous sweet are his words as they flow from his eloquent lips, and of such force, virtue, efficacy, and vehement operation, that they overcome and lead away the minds of such as struggle and resist. Moreover, 
* The external goods of Fortune described in Euphratas, wherein, according to the custom of that age, he excelled.  the tall proportion of his body, his amiable countenance, his long hairy locks hanging down his shoulders, his hoary beard wherewith his face was beautified: all which ornaments, notwithstanding they are thought to depend upon Fortune, a●…d to be toys mere transitory, yet they were unto him, not trifles of vanity, and shadows serving to small purpose, but instruments where with he obtained estimation, and won worship convenient for his proper parsonage: in his visage is no stearnesse, no sadness, but much severity: so that to meet & mark him, would move a man's mind to 
* His fatherly countenance deserved such duty of reverence.  exhibit unto him due honour, and to abandon all manner of fear and terror. His order of life was wonderful religious, his humanity was incomparable, and the goodly disposition of his nature was right excellent. He doth not rebuke the people, in whom vices be resident, but reprehendeth the vices where with the people are infected: neither is it his fashion to correct, and sharply to nip such as do amiss, but mildly to amend them and to use them to a gentle reformation. If he admonish thee, tho●… layest too thine ear with attentiveness, and followest his precepts with a certain greediness: yea, after his persuasions have pierced into thy heart, thou 
* Or, beginnest.  desirest to assault thyself with the like engines, that thy mind may not be repugnant and contrary to his meaning. He hath three children, whereof two are Masculine, whom he trained up most diligently: and very painfully instructed. His 
* The wisdom of Pom peius in preferring Euphratas the philosopher▪ to the marriage of his da●… ghter.  father in law, Pompeius julianus by name, was a man high & honourable, both in the whole course of his happy years, and in this one respect, accounted most noble and gracious, that he being a Prince of a Provincial inrisdiction, and possessing the chiefest place of préeminence among Gentlemen of no mean or base degree, vouchedsafe to elect and choose out for his contentation, a son in law, not being a potentate in honours and titles of nobility, but a Prince in wisdom, and ensigns of knowledge. But what mean I to interlace so many words, concerning a man, whose company I am not admitted to use, nor yet may enjoy his learned conference? Do I it to increase mine own anguish and torment, because the way is stopped up, that I can not have entrance to such a benefit? For I am restrained and kept back with a certain impediment, namely an office of exceeding great authority, and marvelous troublesome for the pains there unto pertaining. I sit in place of judgement, I compile books, I indite epistles, I scribble many unperfect pamphlets and letters void of all art and learning. Sometimes I am accustomed, (for such a thing otherwhiles doth chance) to make my complaint to Euphratas of these weighty and urgent affairs: He puts me in comfort. Furthermore, thus much doth he affirm: That the 
* To perform the office and function of a magistrate, is the principal part of philosophy.  greatest & the very best portion of philosophy, is, to take charge over the common wealth, to know controversies, to decide causes, to pronounce judgement, to deliver words in good order, to exercise the precepts of justice, and to put that in proof & experiment, which philosophers themselves have discovered in many a wholesome rule & document. Howbeit, in this point he shall f●…nde me impersuasible, & not to be exhorted: that it is more available for me to be a practitioner of the premises, belonging to a magistrate, then to consume whole days in his company: that by hearing him I might learn that whereof I am ignorant. Wherefore I counsel you so much the rather, for so much as you are not to complain of lacking leisure, that the next time you come into the city, which I would wish to be somewhat the sooner, to suffer him without grudging, to supply your imperfections, and to polished that in you, which might be more beautiful. It is not my property, to be envious against other, (which is a trick incident to a great number) for the good qualities which they have, and I have not: But contrariwise, I reap pleasure and delectation, 
* If I see my friends furnished with those things, which I my ●…elfe do want.  if I see those things whereof I have a denial, and therefore am not in possibility to possess, abounding in my friends with all store and sufficiency.   

C. Plinius to Catilio Severo.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This letter is certificatorie: wherein he writeth to a friend, of a friend afflicted with sickness: he reckoneth up sundry circumstances to his commendation, as well for his inward qualities of mind, as for his outward behaviour. Finally, he addeth a conclusion of well wishing to his friend, that they both might thereby reap some benefit.  
Mine abiding and continuance in the city hath been somewhat prolonged, where I was troubled in mind, and also disquieted. The infirmity, and weakening sickness, wherewith 
* Some friend of his with whom he was well acquainted: and was sorry for his ●…icknesse.  Titus Aristo is sore pinched and pined, ministereth unto me no small molestation and heaviness: to whom my love singularly inclined, as to a man worthy of ad miration. For, them he, nothing powdered with more gravity, nothing endued with more faithfulness, nothing leavened with more learning and knowledge, in so much that he seemeth unto me, so far from being a man, that even wisdom & understanding itself, yea all good arts and sciences, as it were in a certain mutual agreement, are in him most lively represented. How skilful is he both in private causes pertaining to the law, & in controversies rising among the commons? How doth he abound in reasons and circumstances? How plentiful is he in uttering examples? how deeply is he grounded in antiquities? with what understanding is he furnished concerning ancient monuments? There is nothing in the world universal, which a man is desirous to attain unto, and with knowledge willing to comprehend, whereof he is not able to give precepts, and sufficient to teach and instruet, So often as I make inquisition & search after any abstruse and mystical matter, he is my treasure, he is my storehouse. O, what truth and honesty is in his language: what authority rests in his countenance, and what majesty: what decency there is in his delays, and in his doubtful demands: what subtlety and quickness of wit: what is it whereof he is ignorant? and yet notwithstanding he laboureth oftentimes in a 
* Because it is more commendable for a judge to deliberate and cast doubts in cases of controversy, then to be over-quicke and ha' sty, which sometimes per verteth equity.  labyrinth of uncertainty? 
* Because it is more commendable for a judge to deliberate and cast doubts in cases of controversy, then to be over-quicke and ha' sty, which sometimes per verteth equity.  he doubteth in diversity and sundry sorts of causes, which he thresheth and sifteth in such sort, that the very original and beginnings of them are by him rehearsed, discerned, examined, and considered. Furthermore, how partial and sparing in diet, how moderate in apparel and clothing? When I enter into his chamber, and cast my rolling eyes from corner to corner, yea, when I behold his bed, and the necessary furniture there unto belonging, I see a lively representation and image, of the frugality and thriftiness, which was in high estimation among our ancestors. These things are beautified with the nobleness of his nature, which referreth nothing to ostentation, painted popularity, and vain glorious opinions, but trieth all things with the touchstone of conscience: and weygheth, whatsoever cometh in question to be decided, in the balance of justice and equity. The reward of a good deed he fetcheth not from the report of the people, but sifteth it out of the circumstances whereby the cause is known. To knit up all in a summarie, no man would be so mad and overseen, as to accounted any one of those, which by outward gesture & habit of the body, make a jolly show & a gloze of singular wisdom, comparable to the man whom I have mentioned. He is no idle talker, either in hall or gallery. Neither doth he make other man's leisure, and his own quietness, 
* Because he was so learned and therewithal so witty in reasoning.  delightsome with tedious disputations: but sitting in his long gown, or rich rob, is occupied in such matters as are of him to be determined. 
* Or, he is an advocate to many, and a counsellor to more, etc▪ the words may admit a double interpretation.  He is a furtherance to many, in being their advocate: and an help in hazard to such as use his counsel: in chastity, in uprightness, in justice, in constancy, he is préeminent, and no man's inferior. If a man were in his company and see his behaviour, he would be astonished: such is his patience, in suffering the sharp assaults of his sickness, in resisting the violence of sadness and sorrow, in wrestling with thirst which requireth moist recepts, in passing through the incredible heat of burning fevers, without shrinking. Not many days ago, he called me, and divers of mine acquaintance unto him, whom he loved entirely, and desired us to resort to phys●…cians for counsel, and of them to learn the extremity and uttermost danger of his infirmity and disease, that, if it were past remedy, he might prepare him voluntarlly to leave this life: but if it were in difficulty, and yet not in despair, he might resist and struggle with it, till such time as perfect health were to be recovered. For the petitions of his loving wife, the lamentations and tears of his dear daughter, and the state of us his good friends, are not to be neglected, all which premises are directed to one limited mark, namely, that he would not cancel our hopes (if at lest wise they were of assurance and not built upon vanity) with voluntary death. That thing do I esteem and judge hard, uneasy, and worthy of principal commendation. For 
* Voluntary death aught not to be attempted of a●…y wise man, notwithstanding many a one among the brutish swarm of peo ple, use it as a remedy against misery.  to run as it were with a certain force and violence to death, is common to many: but to use deliberation concerning the end of life, to consider of the causes which depend thereupon, advisedly and as reason prescribeth: so to be persuaded either to live or dye, is the property of a well disposed mind, and a certain token of a man armed with valiantness. As for the physicians, of whom we asked counsel, they put us in good comfort, promising that all things will turn to the b●…st, and that there is little fear of danger to death. It remains that God say Amen to their warrants, & that he disburden me of this care conceived: of which when I feel myself delivered, I will to my Lauren●…inum a fresh, that is, to my books, to my noting tables, and such exercises of learning, as are, both quiet and fruitful. For, continuing where I am, I have no leisure to read, neither yet any lust to writ, such is mine inward anguish. You understand, what it is that I fear, and you know what I wish: besides that, what I have purposed hereafter to attempt, you are not ignorant. As for yourself, I would have you writ more 
* Merrily, say some copies, for the Latin word is laetio ribus: Both i●… terpretations are allowable.  largely, that letters may have passage and repassage between us twain, and that I may be informed, how you have been exercised, how you are presently occupied, and whereunto you will apply your time, your wit, your labour, and your leisure. My distressed condition shall be indifferently redressed, & seasoned with measurable consolation, if you cease from complaining, & have no cause by smart & anguish to lament.   

C. Plinius to Pompeio Falconi.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle runneth wholly upon resolutions: For, as it appeareth, a question was demanded, whether a Tribune might plead at the bar, whereunto answer is made with sundry reason●….  
YOu ask my counsel and advice, whether I think it requisite, that in the office of the tribuneship, you should pled causes. It is a thing not lightly to be regarded, that you consider what that office is: whether it be a vain shadow, and a naked title destitute of honour, or a religious authority: against which magistracy, as no compulsorie means should be used: so aught they that bear the same office, not to try any man by constraint. At what time I was a Tribune, or protector of the people, I might (peradventure) have offended in thinking myself to be that which I was not, 
* A Tribune may not be a pleader of cau ses in common courts of judgement.  and then did I abstain from pleading causes, and meddled not in matter●…, which in common place of judgement are ●…o be 〈◊〉. First, by●…ause I suppos●…d it a great 〈◊〉 and disorder, that he to whom all men aught in rising to reverence, and in giving place to use most worshipfully▪ should stand on his feet like an abject, while all other sit in prepared pla●…es: and that he y● might by authority, command all men to be hui●…t and silent, should have his tongue limited and tied, ●…o the running of an hour glass: an●… that he, wh●…in in talk to interrupt and hinder▪ was counted a thing 〈◊〉 t●…lerable, should have contumelies, and reproaches, ringing about his ears, which if he sought not to recompense by revengement, than was he thought strait way a cowardly beast: and if he would not let them pass without 〈◊〉 and payment of some smart, than was he thought proud and insolent. This was also a horrible heart grief, when as, either 
* In law they are called compleynant and defendant.  he whose suit I maintained, or he against whom I directed the force of my plea, was before my face, and called upon me in open assembly: 
* Because such offices are never separated from much labour & toil.  whether it were better for me to be quiet and keep silence, and as it were, forswearing and forsaking so busy an office, become a private person. By these and such like reasons, which offered themselves to mine understanding and memory, I felt myself much moved, in so much that I thought this rather of the twain to be worthiest of election and choice: namely, to take upon me the charge and office of a Tribune, for the behoof of all: then to become an advocate or solicitor for a few. But to you once again I sing this song. It is I think not lightly to be regarded, that you consider with yourself, what the office of a tribune is. 
* Show your s●…lfe ●… wise man in the whole course of your life, that will win you wo●…ship abound●…tly.  Resemble your own person, and be circumspect whom you represent, yea, put on the person of your own self, which a wise man aught to make so ●…itte for his purpose, as it is of ability to open wide ways to preferments and promotions.   

C. Plinius to Caninio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He expostulateth with Caninius, unto what exercise he applieth himself: giveth him liberty and free choice, to recreate his body and mind as liketh him best: showeth how desirous he is to enjoy the like leisure and pleasure: for end, certifiet ●… him how he i●… still occupied in many matters.  
ARe you occupied as a student? or as a fisher? or as a hunter? or do you practise and use all these exercises at once? For there is no impediment to the contrary, but that they may every one, be put in proo●…e and trial at our manor of Carium▪ For the ●…iuer affordoth fish, the Parckes and forest yield flesh, and there is a solitary place, marvelous meet and convenient for meditation & study. But whether you exercise all these at once, or whether you practise but one of them se●…erally, I can not say I am en●…ious against you: Nevertheless, I feel●… myself somewhat stounge with anguish▪ because▪ I may not do as you do, & enjoy those things whereof you have the fruition, the pleasure, and the profit: which I desire and covef, as the sick and crazy patient longeth after wine▪ baths, and water springs. Shall leisure and leave never be obtained, to untie 
* Matters of weight and great impor●…aunce: A speech Metaphorical.  thes●… tangl●…d knots? Rather than I will ta●…ie the losing of them, I will cut them in sunder. But I think I shall never have the opportunity to use so beneficial a privilege. For at the end of old controversies, new spring up and grow, while the first are scarcely dispatched: such a rank and row of litigious causes, and earnest matters, increase day by day, and hang one upon another, as links in a long chain.  
Far you well.   

C. Plinius to Oct●…uio.  
THE ARGVMEN●….  
V●…er the name of children signifying books, (the testimonies o●… learning and knowledge) he couns●…lleth Octavius, to keep them no longer in hugger, but to let them have liberty to show themselves abroad, that thereby he himself might be commended, his friends delighted, and strangers profited.  
O Man too deeply planted in patience▪ Or rather to hard▪ cruel, and tyrannical! 
* He c●…lleth the fruits of Octavius his wit, as books and learned works which he written, by the name of children.  Who having begotten and trained up children of such excellency, kéepest them to thy own use and custody, not suffering them to go abroad, that unto others they might impart their commodity. How long will you envy your own honour and estimation? how long will you grudge at our gain and commodity? how long will you be an enemy to your own praise and ad●…auncement? how long also will you continued an adversary to our pleasure and delectation? Let your offspring be spoken off abroad among the multitude, let them take their flight from place to place, and possess the triumph of renown by the trump of every man's tongue: restrain them no longer, but let them have free passage both far and near, where the 
* Where the arms & ensigns of the Roman Emperor pire are spread▪ ●…o some books are to be ●…xpounded, which vary in the word.  language and speech of Romans is used: Great hath been the expectation, wherein we have laboured, touching you & yours, and as it hath been great, so hath it likewise been long: which as you may by no means frustrate and make void, so may you not at any hand, differre and put it off, to further time. Certain Verses of your notable invention, have been read, herded, and reasoned upon, which against your 
* Are blown abro●…de, and noised in 〈◊〉 pl●…ces, against your mind.  will, violently broke out of prison as desirous of liberty: and certainly, except you gather your other brood about your body, and keep them close together, it is to be doubted, lest as night-wanderers not acknowledging any proper master, they lose you, and find one or other to be their father. Set be●…ore your eyes, the lively mirror of immortality, which by this memorable monument alone, you are in possibility to purchase: and lay the looking glasses of this transitory life in your sight, from which you may be delivered, by the sure fortification and bulwark of your passing pen: for all things else, compassed within the pavilion of this worlds wilderness are subject to frailty, to corruption, to decay, to ruin and rottenness: following the course of an ebb and a flow, as men themselves, in whom is no hope of certainty, are in general. You will say (peradventure) according to your custom, it shallbe no part of my charge, let my friends look thereunto if they lust. I wish with all my heart, that such friends you may find out, being endued with faithfulness, garnished with learning, & not dainty of their travel, as would vouchsafe 
* As to publish the books and volumes which you have written in your name, that by your pain, you may win fame and renown.  to take upon them so great a burden, and for your sake sustain such a labour. But play the part of a prudent and circumspect man: Look above, below, and round about you, lest it be objected against you for a point of small providence and forecast, to rest in hope of other man's gleaning, when you are able of your own self, to gather in the whole Harvest. And concerning the edition and publishing of the work, determine with yourself, as you please: but yet provide so at the length, that it may have liberty to go abread: that you may reap some pleasure of your pain, and in your toil find cause of sufficient joy: which I me self long ago presumed upon, in your behalf, howbeit, not rashly, or without advisement. For I imagine, what running, what wondering, what shouting and what silence weighteth upon the sight of your 
* Books, a 〈◊〉 o●… translation, from the body to the mind.  children: wherein I am no less delighted, while I talk and make mention of them, than I am comforted in the noysing of your name. Let your silence be tempered with diligence, earnestness and desire, to hear further touching these matters, which are in likelihood to follow hereafter. And as for your own person, be so careful and wise, that by your long linger, and doubtful delays, you rob not your studies of their due interest, & defra●…de your own labour of their prepared pension: which fault in you if it grow in excess and pass beyond the limits of measure, it is to be doubted 
* Lest your delays get you the 〈◊〉 of a sluggard or idle lubber: or else of a fea●…esul, cowardly, and dastardly lout.  lest it run in report of slothfulness and ignorance, or else of timorousness, and fearfulness.  
Far you well.   

C. Plinius, to Saturnino.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Writing to Saturninus, he declareth what a pleasure it is to him, to see and hear friendship flourish among men of virtue and honesty. In the end of the Epistle, he is grieved, that Saturninus is busily occupied in matters of suits of law, that he cannot have his company.  
NExt & immediately unto our friend Priscus, because such was your commandment, I have most willingly and liberally performed the duties of thankfulness. For it is unto me the pleasantest thing in the world universal, that you being men not of the basest degree, nor yet of the meanest manners and behaviours, besides that, such whom I love most sincerely and far above all other, 
* For the mutual agreement of friend●…, is a thing where at we aught to ●…eioyce: as the va●…iaunce of friends is a thing whereat we should be grieved.  cleave so closely together in friendly conversation, that you think yourselves mutually bond and tied in knots of perpetual kindness. For, he co●…fesseth and protes●…eth also, that by the benefit of your friendship, he perceiveth himself a communicant and partaker of singular delectations, contending and struggling as it were to outrun and conquer you, in the most honest combat of concord and kindness, whereunto process of time will give large and plentiful increase. That you are entangled and earnestly occupied in busy matters, I am for this cause somewhat sorry, for that your service being yoked to such necessity, cannot satisfy our desires: Howbeit, if by the help of the 
* To whose hearing & determining the ●…atter called in q●…estion was committed.  judge, the one controversy may be finished, and by your pains the other also accomplished, you shall begin first where you are to enjoy rest and quietness, and afterwards as you find yourself sufficed, towards us to address your journey.  
Far you well.   

C. Plinius to Fusco.  
TH●… ARGUMENT.  
He teacheth Fuscus how to bestow his time, commending that kind of study which is applied to translating out of one tongu●… in●…o another, whereupon (by the way) he toucheth many circumstances. He showeth also, by specialty, wherein it is good to be exercised. And though Pliny written this Epistle to one particular man, laying before him (as it were) a platform of study: yet I see no cause to the contrary, but these precepts of Pliny may serve as well to teach all young students an order and method●… in study to be observed.  
YOu demand of me a question: and what is it, but to be instructed how I think it were best for you to bestow time, now that you are in 
* Not that solitarines●…e whi●…che nature doth abhor: but by solita●…inesle ●…e meaneth in this place, want of friendly comp●…nie, and f●…miliar acquaintanc●….  solitariness, and sequestered from company. Mine answer to your question is this: That in my judgement, you shall find this ex●…rcise very profitable, if you frame yourself to interpret out of the Greek tongue into the Latin, or i●… you tran●…late out of the Latin speech, into the Greek. In which point of practice, the property of the language is to be pondered, gayness of words to be followed, abundance of tropical and figurative flowers to be observed, and finally, a pathetical and vehe●…ent order in writing to be continued. Moreover, through imitation of the best & most approved Authors, ability to comprehend the like things is obtained: and that wherein the reader wanteth understanding, is much deceived: the translator having the direction of knowledge and the end of art, is not ravished: yea, by the exercise of translating, we purchase perseverance, & by the use of the same, our judgement incli●…eth to ripeness. There is also some aduauntag●… to be got, 
* A ready and exquisite way to attain knowledge in a foreign language.  to writ that down which you read, in words of a contrary tongue, to the intent that the whole substance and argument of that which the book containeth, may be engraffed i●… your memory: to confer and examine that which you have written, with that which you have read, and so diligen●…ly to consider, wherein your Author hath aptly framed his invention, and you not unorderly dealt in your translation. Great gladness willbe offered, if in some things you amend your Author: Great shame and discredit also will ensue, if in all points he show more skilfulness, and bring his matters to more perfection. It shallbe lawful also for the translator, t●… choose and pick out such things as be most manifest, and apparent: then afterwards to canvas and sift them with discreti●…n. A bold and presumptuous kind of contention, I must acknowledge this to be, yet neuerthel●…sse, not evil or 
* 〈◊〉 it is honest and blameless.  malicious: and why? because it is secretly practised: These and such like contentio●…s, I wots well, many have attempted, and thereby won commendation, while they wanted not sufficient ability to 
* While th●…y 〈◊〉 skill enoug●…e▪ and art sufficient to follow their author: and were in hope also to attain more excellency.  follow after as it were in a ch●…e, and despai●…ed not likewise to outrun the ringleader, and thereby to get ground. By translating, this commodity ariseth: to renew that in memory, which sometime you read & have forgotten: to ret●…ine many things ●…n mind, when time serveth to be uttered: to pass over many circumstances upon consideration: to interline here for necessity, there for exornation: to reject that which is written, by writing it again. This exercise, I must confess, is laborious and painful, yea, it is replenished with toil and tediousness: On the other s●…de again, in that by the difficulty & hardness of the work, perfection is reco●…ered where much was out of square, & res●…itution of strength got, which was diminished: the commodity is answerable in proportion & measure, to the wearisomeness of the labour. For end, to put too new ●…immes, joints, and members, to the performed body, not displacing them that it had before, is another pleasure which redoundeth to the Translator. I know, that at this instant, your study standeth principally in playing the Orator, howbeit, I labour not by persuasion, to win you to the prac●…ise of this skirmishing, warlike, and f●…ghting style: For 
* A similitud●… not to be pre●… with ou●… du●… consideration.  as ploughed lands, are s●…atered sometime with this seed, & sometime with that, because variety is profitable: so our wits in like manner, are to be exercised, one while with this meditation, another while with that, because diversity draweth with it much pleasure. My 
* Precepts for young scholars to obs●…rue and follow.  counsel moreover, in this case, is, that you buckle yourself to translate some what out of histories, and that in writing epistles you use great diligence. For it cometh to pass, many times and often, that upon urgent necessity, we must (as it were) leaven our Orations with historical narrations, and béesprinckle the same also with Poetical descriptions: as for epistles by them this commodity is got, 
* The commodity that redoundeth to him that di●… ligently readeth epistles.  not only a method in writing and speaking compact in brevity, but the self same also full of smoothness and purity. Furthermore, it is permitted to the translator, to take the benef●…te of relaxation and refreshing his musing mind, with versifying, I do not mean, in that wherein ampli●…cations, and large discourse●… are used (For I am not ignorant, that to the 〈◊〉 of such an e●…terprise, much leisure and labour is required) but that rather, which, as it is quick and witty, so is it short also, and not tedious, which dispenseth with all manner o●… cares and business whatsoever. They are called plays of disp●…t, and trifling pastimes: nevertheless, as much renown otherwhiles is by them at●…hieued, as by matters more earnest and w●…ightie, is procured: and to discover a manifest truth, which silence ought no longer to smou●…ther (for why should I not utter verses, while I exhort you to the st●…die a●…d meditation of the same?)   

True is this Comparison  

As 
* A comp●…rison between wax, whose property is to receive eue●…ie impression: & the wi●… of man, which is apt for the knowledge of many and sundri●… sciences.  wax●… is praised, if soft it be, and yield,  
To every shape, which workman's fingers frame:  
Minerva chaste, and Mars with sword and shield,  
Fair Venus' grace, that ●…miable Dame▪  
Her pr●…tie son who Cupid hath to name:  
With thousand sorts of things that disagree,  
In wax by A●…te which plainly printed ●…ee:  
And as the flames of hot and scorching fire,  
Are quenched quite with water of ●…he spring,  
And sloures in field thereby to growth aspire,  
And meadows green, of grass which plenti●… bring●…:  
So wit of man by skill (a goodly thing)  
●…n divers Arts must taught and trained be,  
What gain is got thereby the blind may see.   
And therefore Orators most excellent, and men of great reputation, used either to give their minds to that kind of exercise, or else in the sa●…e were exceedingly delighted: nay rather, they did both take pleasure in it, & thought no scorn to make it their practice. For it is a wonder, to consider and weigh, how the mind labouring in this meditation, is (much like unto a bow) some times bend very tied; and sometimes again made slack for the nonce: that is, it is other while busily occupied, & otherwhiles again, it is pleasa●…tly disposed: For the 
* Poetr●…e dea●…eth in all kind of matters as well war like and w●…ightie, as wanton and pleasant.  subject or argument, whereof ●…erses consist, are per●…urbations and motions of the mind, as love, hate, anger, mercy, mildness, frowardness etc. Besides that, they contain all kind of things, which belong to the course of our life, and, not so much as ca●…es of l●…we, pleadable in courts of assize etc. but in them verses are conversant. Poetry hath also in it a peculiar commodity, and it openeth a passage to pleasure in other exercises: for that being tied to the necessity of observing quantity and proportion of syllables, we delight ourselves in proa●…e, applying our pen to writ that more willingly, which, comparison doth prove unto us more easy and less laborious. You have (perad●…enture) more words spoken in this behalf, than you required: Nevertheless, one thing hath escaped, for I have not made declaration what I thought worthy the reading, albeit I express what was worthy the writing. It shallbe your part to ●…xe and engraff this in your remembrance, that with diligence you must elect and ch●…se, the best approved author●… in their kind of method and exercise: a common saying it is in the mouths of many, Multum legendum esse, non multa, That much and of●…en reading must be used, and 
* For that confoundeth, rather than confirmeth know 〈◊〉.  not one thing vppo●… another.. And what Authors those are, that are most to be allowed, it is so manifest and evident, that i●… needeth no demonstration: and if I should set down a catalogue or beadroll of their names, mine epistle should extend and stretch itself an unreasonable length, insomuch that while I set down directions and precepts, how you should order and dispose your studies, I myself seem to diminish and consume the time, which otherwise on my book might be employed. Take into your hands again your noting tables, and writ somewhat that is already spoken, or else the self same thing that you have begun.   

Plinius to Traiano.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This epistle is petitorie, for it compriseth a short supplication made to his Prince Traianus, for the grant and gift of an Augurship, or Septemuirship, two several offices: in the end he addeth a reason, why his request is, to be of the number of the Augurs.  
FOr ●…omuch as (right gracious Souereig●…e) I know of a certainty, that it belongeth to the testimonial and commendation of my behaviour, to be adorned and advanced by the judgement of so bountiful a Prince: I make my humble supplication to your highness, that it would please you to amplify and enlarge my dignity (whereunto I have aspired through the benefit of your Grace's clemency) either with the office of an 
* Offices in the commonwealth of credit and countenance: though he crave promotion, yet because he might plead merit, he is not to be thought ambitious.  Augur, or of a 
* Offices in the commonweal●…h of credit and countenance: though he crave promotion, yet because he might plead merit, he is not to be thought ambitious.  Septimuir, because there is place void and to be furnished: that I may, according to the religious rites, and ceremonial order of priesthood, pray publicly unto the God's immortal, whom at this present I worship and adore privately, for the preservation and happy estate of your highness.   

Plinius to Fabato.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He beginneth with the celebration of birth days: then, descendeth to talk of a Village in Camp●…nia, (a Country in Italy, Pli●…▪ lib. 3. cap. 5. Flor. lib. 1. Strab. lib. 5▪ and others,) whereof Fabatus (to whom he directeth this letter) was Lord and possessioner: showing that somethings were in decay, and other some things again in good estate: he 〈◊〉 of his want of acquaintance with men of the Country, whose natures agreed well with labour: at last, making mention of Rufus, touching some secret matter, he concludeth.  
WE are bond of duty, no less to 
* A t●…ing common in the age of our Ancestors, to keep banqueting & to v●…e other 〈◊〉 & customs, on the days of ●…heir nativity, a thing savou ring of Epicurism, and not of Christianisme.  celebrated your birth day, than our own, sithence the joy and delight of ours dependeth upon yours, by whose diligence and care, it is come to pass, that when we are h●…ere, we are merry, and when we are there, we are not sorry. The village called Camilliana Villa, which is in Campania and in your possession, is marvelous old, rotten, and ruinous: howbeit such things as are of most value and price, do either remain whole and sound, or else have but little harm. We will therefore give attendance that they may be repaired in order convenient. I seem to have friends a great number▪ but of that kind & stamp, which you seek, and your matter ●…oth crave, I have almost never a one. For they are all 
* They were never trained v●…pe in coun●…ie matters, & therefore their skill is to seek.  gowned men and Citizens: and you know this, that th●… administration and business belonging to farm places, and manors in the Country, require a painful and laborious fellow, and such a one as is hard and tough, and able to endure toil and travel enough: to whom, as that kind of exercise is nothing grievous, so the charge and care thereof is not unseemly, neither is their solitariness seasoned with sadness. Concerning Rufus you think very honestly, for he is linked with your son (as it were) in 
* In most sincere and faithful friendship.  fetters of familiarity and friendship: Howbeit, what new thing he ca●…ne compass for himself, I cannot tell: his will is bend to do very much, I believe.  
Far you well.   

Plinius to Quintiliano.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
The daughter of Quintilia●…us, (to whom he writeth thi●… epistle) being towards marriage with Nonius Celer a young Gentleman▪ Pliny would have so attired, as to the office and calling of her husband is most correspondent and aunswearable: He giveth her a sum of money to ●…mende her Dowry, and thinking his gift but small, doubteth not for all that▪ but it shall be well accepted.  
ALthough you are a man of singular continency, and have trained up your daughter in such dece●…cie, and virtuous order, as best beséemed her, to whom you are father, and Tutillius Uncle: yet notwithstanding, for so much as, she is towards marrying, with a man of worship and coun●…enance, 
* A young man whom Plini●… favoured.  Nonius Celer by name, whose place and office being such, as that of necessity it requireth aunswearable de●…king and gorgeousness: she must be trimmed and arrayed in her apparel and garments, wherewith dignity is not augmented, howbeit for all that, adorned, according to the condition and estate of her husband. As for you, I know it to be a truth, in mind you are garnished with perfect felicity: as for your bodily riches and substance, your st●…are is not excessive, but indifferent. In consideration whereof, I take upon me to bear on my shoulders some part of your burden, that you may be the lighter: and as a second father to the dam●…sell, I bestow upon her towards her dowry, 
* A large dow rye giu●…n with a young damosel in marriage: wherein though Pliny was liberal, yet note his modesty.  fifty thousand pieces of coin, having purposed to open the sluices of my liberality ●…yder 〈◊〉 her further enriching, but that I bear myself bold upon: confide●…ce of your well disposed & honest nature, in the acc●…ptation of this small and 〈◊〉, that it could by no means, of you be 〈◊〉.  
Far you well.   

Plinius to Apollinari.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He writeth to Appollinaris to be a labourer with him, that Sextius may be furthered to the office of the Tribuneshipp, in whose behalf he showeth how ready he is, not only in taking pains himself, but in straining his friends aid also, that such means may bewrought, as to the accomplishment of the matter which is in hand, might be most available.  
THe petition of Sextus Erutius my friend, maketh me full of anguish, & out of quiet: I am troubled with thought, and with musing molested and amazed: Yea, the care which in mine own behalf I avoided, I have, in 
* Meaning his friend, whom he accounteth as himself, be cause true friends are twain in body, but in heart one.  another, as if it were for mine own sake, sustained: For if I had done otherwise, my honesty, my credit, my reputation, and my worship had been in hazard Through the earnesinesse of mine intercession unto Caesar, I have obtained for Sextus, the honourable authority of a S●…natour, I have procured him access to the office of the Questorship: through my voice and sentence, he standeth in election to be a Tribune: and except his petition prevail, in that poi●…t with the Senate, I am greatly in doubt, lest I should seem to have dealt with 
* Caesar, to whom he was suppliaunt in the behalf of Sex●…us.  his highness deceitfully. In consideration whereof, it behoveth me, to labour most circumspectly, that by the judgement of all men, he be proved the self same person in quality and behaviour, as Caesar took him to be, upon my report and conunendation: which cause, if it should not further my desire, yet would I wish with all my heart notwithstanding, that he might be favoured and assi●…ted, because he is a you●…ge man of a virtuous disposition, garnished with grauiti●…▪ enriched with learning, & as worthy of praise, as he that is worthiest: and as I wish to him, so wish I to his household and family. For his father, 
* An argument from the father, to win credit to the fonne.  Erutius, is a noble Gentleman, virtuous, ancient, discreet, and in causes of controversies not unexcercised: none more faithful, no●… more 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 mor●… 〈◊〉 dably inclined or graciously given, that I 〈◊〉 Th●… do all love me, and make of me 
* 〈◊〉 ●…s, one as well as 〈◊〉 ●…her, 〈◊〉 exception 〈◊〉. is of▪ 〈◊〉 but 〈◊〉 nu●…ber of 〈◊〉  indifferently: t●… make the●… all amendss therefore in the behoofé of o●…e, I must 〈◊〉 mi●…e ability▪ I ●…rge my friends, I pray them▪ I 〈◊〉 th●…m▪ ●… 〈◊〉 to their hou●…es, I seek out their 〈◊〉▪ and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 can compass, either by mine own credit and 〈◊〉, or by others mediation and favourable furtherance, I put in experience. My request unto you 〈◊〉, that of this s●… heavy a burden, you would bear some part with me for company. I will consider your pains, if y●…u ask your duty: and though you should not ask, yet will I make recompense. You are in favour, you are in worshipful calling, you are resorted and sought too of many. Do but give a signification of your will, and you shall have them ready and at ha●…, that to your mind 〈◊〉 confo●…mable▪  
Far you well▪   

Brutus to the 〈◊〉▪  
THE ARGUMENT.  
due to their governor, 〈◊〉 by him in displeasure 〈◊〉. In the end of the epistle 〈◊〉 useth a sentence, wherein is declared the merit of free obedience and forced 〈◊〉.  
THe money which 〈◊〉 sent us, ●…ppon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of our commandment, is to you none o●…her advantage, as you may well be persuaded, but even s●…ch as they 〈◊〉, who by compulsorie means, or rather, by ●…iolent extortion, being racked, pay that which they cannot keep: I●…●…onsideracion whereof, you incur a dóuble detriment. For you shall suffer penalty, equal in proportion to your linger delays: and so much the worfe shall you be used, as you were unwilling to 〈◊〉 that you did, before 〈◊〉 were forced▪ and so much furthe●… shall y●…u be from finding 〈◊〉, as you showed your 〈◊〉 in behaviour 〈◊〉 obedience. 
* For 〈◊〉 ●…bedience 〈◊〉 both large●… commo●…datiō and more ampl●… rewards, than that service which by constraint is recovered.  For semblable and like courtesy, is not to be exhibited to such as through constraint vouchsafe to afford their service, & frame themselves to be officious when they see none other remedy, as is to be showed towards such, as in time convenient give proof of their allegiance, and drive no toff ●…rom day to day▪ their du●…fulnesse.   

The Pergamenians to Bruto.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
his love and favour, use arguments 〈◊〉 upon 〈◊〉, and allege thei●… pouer●…ie, as ●…n 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of unperfourmed duty.  
●…F 
* Pleading dif ●…ficultie and hardness in the matter, wherewith they are charged, they excuse themselves to Brutus.  the exhibition or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as is 〈◊〉, might be compassed with facility and little labour, we would not have been so dissolute and careless, as by our delays to deserve your displeasure, and by our unwise dealing to run in●…o double danger: Because such as are of ability, if they ●…enie to give, are so far fro●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that they procure their private 〈◊〉: and su●…h again on the other side as contribute against their wills, though largely, are notwithstanding frustrate of favour. But of this you are not 〈◊〉, that To give with speediness, is an action & work●… of great wealth and substance▪ & though festination or haste making be 〈◊〉 ve●…ement, yet pouer●…ie so provideth in the end, that hast is overcome and vanquished Wherefore 
* For as the store of the one is to be 〈◊〉, so 〈◊〉 want of the other is to be pond●…red.  it is not consonant to equity, nor agreeable to justice, that such as by penury are provoked to be lose in obedience, should purchase gr●…ater displeas●…re, and ●…inde lesser favour, than they that having plenty and abundance, give presently without 〈◊〉 or linger.   

Brutus to the Rhodians.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
By ●… comparison of two sorts of people, he goeth about to 〈◊〉 the Rhodians to submission, giu●…ng a note of his 〈◊〉 in the end he offereth them the 〈◊〉 and choi●… 〈◊〉 ●…wo 〈◊〉 conditions.  
THe 
* A people inhabiting Asia, called by that name: of whom Herodotus in his first book maketh mention.  Xanthians, reno●…ting from their service, wherein we ha●… in●…erest, we caused to suffer punishment with severity and rigour: For we▪ took reuengem●…nt-vpon them in extremity, making of them all ●… bloody slaughter, not sparing their infant's an●… younglings, so far were we beyond all compassion: and as for their country which they inhabited, what with fire and sword, we utterly spoiled it, and made the same des●…late. As concerning the 
* Citizens of 〈◊〉, a city in Lycia, a country of A●…ia the lesser, lying betwixt Pamphylia & Caria. etc.  Pataraeans▪ for so much as they per●…ourmed their allegiance, and showed themselves dutiful with faithfulness, we diminished their tributes, and made less our exactions: Ye●…, we did give and grant them the benefit of li●…ertie, and have discharged them, of thei●… 〈◊〉 ●…ubiection. Furthermore, towards the re-edifying, and repairing of such buildings as were bat●…ered down, and brought to ruin, we sent them 〈◊〉 talentes. Now you may take counsel with yourselves, and use advisement, whether you had rather be counted (as were the Xanthians) our adversaries: or contrariwise, to be esteemed our friendly wellwillers, as were the Pa●…araeans.   

The 〈◊〉 to Bruto.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
The answer of the Rhodians to Br●…tus, con●…mning his offer: with a prai●… of the 〈◊〉, & a reb●…ke of the Patar●…ans, in their su●…drie respects. Finally, the last clause of the ep●…stle comprehendeth a testimony of their own opinion.  
ALthough your usage towards the Xanthians, who resisted your power for the maintenance of their liberty, savoured of cruelty and blo●…shed: yet notwithstanding 
* We Rhodi ans will withstand thee at the sword point▪ though we die: & not yield like beasts to bondage.  we are so far, from intending to represent the Pataraeans, (who being overcome with the all●…rements of rewards, committed themselves to mere servitude) that we mean to do that which is clean contrary. And therefore, we abhorring their fortune and condition: besides that, condemning their counsels and purposes▪ in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ will keep still o●…r uncontrolled 〈◊〉▪ and do what we c●…n to 〈◊〉 our puisaunce. For we are of this opinion, 
* And therefore, had we ●…a there encounter with thee: then yield & become ●…iect through enticing gi●…ts.  that liberty purchased with 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉, is much more▪ excellent, than any kind of succour or refuge, obtei●…ed through gifts and rewards.   

Brutus to the Pataraeans▪  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Damasipp●…s 〈◊〉 (as it should seem) not the best 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in battle, was ce●…tified, 〈◊〉 to the 〈◊〉 of the foresaid country, to have him removed.  
Hermodorus the Samian merchan●…, informed me, 
* An enemy to Brutus.  that Damasippus the Admiral of the Rhodian fleet, after their conflict finished, prepared ●…ight from the Phractians, and, for his succour and refuge, is now harboured in your greatest haven. I account it not your fault, and therefore have you 
* Because (per adventure) you known not of his coming.  excused, that héehath conveyed himself thither: nevertheless, if you suffer him there to continued & remain, not endeavouring yourselves to have him thence removed, I will impute it to mi●…e own person for 
* Because you secure mine adversary.  injury, and ascribe it unto you for 
* Because you take part with a coward.  cowardice.   

The Pataraeans to Bruto.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
The Pataraeans answering Brutus, excuse themselves: by pleading of ignorance.  
IF Hermodorus had given us to understand, somewhat sooner than he certified you, of that thing, which to us in writing you have signified, Damasippus had not escaped, in semblable manner, as he lay lurking in our haven, but should have had 
* He should have sustained like hazard as the rest of the Rhodians.  his Portion in the Rhodian skirmish. As for you (all considerations set aside) you spare not to rebuke us as rigorously, as if the whole matter had been manifest and apparent unto us, from the first original and beginning. As we deserve, so also we desire pardon in this behalf, sithence we were ignorant of the end and 
* Whether ●…ny such cause should have been offered, as thereupon Damasippus should be for ced to take his flight.  event of the battle: neither in this is there any countenance or likelihood of truth, that we received him as tendering his safety: for so much as it was unknown to us, whether the cause of his coming was for the preservation of his life or no: wherefore we are not to be controlled of cowardice.   

Hypocrates to the Senate of the Abderites.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
The Abderites sending for Hypocrates, to come and cure Democrit●…s. Whom they supposed to be mad and beside his right wits, receive an answer to their me●…sage. This Epistle is for the most part, reprehensorie: for therein Hippo●…tates rebuketh such Physicians, as neglecting the worthiness of so singular a profession, addict themselves wholly to gather gain with greediness. In the conclusion of the Epistle, he declareth, wherein true riches do confist: annexing to that notable sentence, a few words te●…ding to his own priuat●… person.  
Y●…ur citizen Mellissagoras came to Cos, the day of coronation & assumption of the sceptre, when the yearly shows, and pomp prepared with great cost & sumptuousness, were solemnized at Cyparissus, which are done according to custom, by the ministery of them, to whom that religious service belongeth. But when it was apparent, by the utterance & countenance of Mellissagoras, that he came in haste, being persuaded none otherwise, than the matter itself imported: after the view and reading of your letters, I fallen into an admiration and amazement of mind, that for one man's cause, the whole city should be troubled and disquieted, none other wise, then if the whole multitude of people therein inhabitant, were but one indivisible person. Now, 
* A true sentence of Hypocrates, for in wisemen's politic government, ●…s more safety: then in other artificial defences.  happy and fortunate are those people say I, who by wisdom provide men of honest and virtuous disposition, to be their protectors and defenders: not taking strong towers, huge castles, and unbatterable walls for their fortifications: but the grave and prudent decrees of wise men, and sage seigniours, for their establishment. Out of doubt I am of ●…pinion, that Arts are the graces of the Gods; and that men▪ are the work of nature. To you therefore (O you Abderites) let it stir up no storm of trouble, nor minister matter whereby your minds should be molested, if I think my se●…f not sent for of you, but called upon of nature to heal that up by the fruitfulness of 
* For Art confirmeth nature, and giveth unto her more strength  physic, which is in great danger to perish and putrefy. Wherefore in taking upon me to cure Democritus, I will rather show myself obedient to Nature, and dutiful to the Gods, then appliable to the satisfaction of your requests, if it be indeed, a sickness, and not an error: which is of me the more wished. For, it should be a signification of your larger bountifulness, to him exhibited, if suspicion only did affright you with such disquietness. For my pains taken, to restore Democritus to soundness, neither Nature, nor yet God hath promised me any pension. Wherefore you Abderites, 
* The contrary mind of Hypocrates to all physicians of our time: He denieth his help to such as pro far money: they withdraw will and work except rewards be received. etc.  assault me not with money: but rather so deal in this case, that a liberal art may have a liberal access, free recourse and passage without interruption, to proceed in practice. For such as minister medicines to maladies, and cell their skill and labour for lucre of money, they go the next way to make the liberal sciences savour o●… servility, and by chopping their cu●…ning for greediness of gain, change the free estate of honest arts into bondage and slavery. And, as the fashion commonly is, when they come to the practice of curing, if the disease have in it much difficulty and doubtfulness, sometimes they lash ●…ut lies largely and shamelessly: and sometimes again, they deny to repair to their patients, as if the sickness were not to be feared, not withstanding they promised: and sometimes also they use often recourse, yea when they are neither sont for, nor desired. O, most miserable is the life of mortal man, whom intolerable greediness of gain, as it were a winterly wind, vexeth without discontinuance. Which sithence it is more grievous than the phrentique sickness of madness, I wish with all my heart, that Physicians, had the wit and understanding to see this 
* The greediness after gain is a disease in physici ans far worsle then mad●…es of mind, if it be precisely pondered.  rather redressed, than that amended: which although it engender annoyance, breed craziness, and disherit health of his harbour, yet notwithstanding, so forcible is it, and of such efficacy, that it is thought to advance the poor patients to the mount of felicity. I am of this opinion and judgement, that extreme madness kindleth diseases in the mind, because that it worketh in them certain opinionative imaginations, and phautasticall impressions, which by no means can be extermined and cast out of the closet of the mind, except virtue vouchsafe assistance: she purgeth, she cleanseth, she heals, she restoreth. Now, of certainty, (yea Abderites) 
* As if he had said: what of far you me money? I tell you that I sell not my cunning for coin  if I were willing to wax wealth, if. I had a desire to gather riches, & to scrape transitory trash together in a dunghill heap, ten talents should not tempt me to come to your city. To the puissant prince of the Persians', whose people are not poor, & whose subjects possess riches in plentifulness, I had not denied to go, when I was sent for thither, to appease the pestilence, which among them was outrageous: But, because that country was at de●…aunce and daggers drawing with the land of Graecia, I withdrew my will, made dainty of my labour, at no hand consenting to secure them, in such a putrefying and festering contagion, and with all my might and main that I was able to make, I was an adversary to the Barbarians. Now, without all controversy, I would blush and be ashamed, to receive money of a king, yea of such a king as is at enmity & variance with my native country, considering that I, being as it were a defender of Graecia, have been so far from having money in estimation, that as a thing most con●…omptible and vile, I have cast it away from me, and thereof made no account. And why? Because to rake up riches, is not to be wealth and worthy: 
* Wherein for the doth consist, is here to be learned.  for the invaluable mysteries, and secret ornaments of virtue, consist in justice, and in integrity of life: not in metals and minerals, digged out of the bofome of the earth, but in those things that are apparent, that are manifest, that are object to the eye, and fall within the view of the sight, I mean in outward actions, and commendable behaviours. What will you then think? will you say that it is of equal discredit, to cure the diseases of a sick friend, and to salve the sore of a wounded f●…e for money, measuring an excellent profession, with so vile a recompenco? as for me, I mean so to moderate mine actions, and in such order to direct my doings with discretion, as that my labour shall not be laid to loan for lucre: because I reap no advantage, by ministering Physic to patients in perplexity. I am 
* For till such time as he made his voyage to Abdera, he thought certainly that Democritus was mad in deed, as it was reported.  sorry to hear that Democritus is phrentique: who if he have recovered, & be restored to his former health, know you that I esteem of him, as of my friend: and if he be molested still, with that mischiefous malady, yet being delivered, by wholesome receipts and preserning electuaries by me ministered, from the danger of his disease, understand you that friendship between us shall be augmented, and love enlarged. I hear that he is constant, that he is of a virtuous and laudable behaviour, that his demeanour and usage is such, as to the common wealth he appeareth a precious juell, and a principal ornament.   

Hypocrates to Dionysio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Being determined to take his journey to Abdera, he writeth to Dionysius to oversee all things in his absence: the excess of virtue worcketh no manner of annoyance. Towards the end of the Epistle, he writeth concerning his wife, over whom he desireth Dionysius to be careful: taking occasion, upon a certain conceit of icalousie, to discover the corrupt natures of women, if they be let alone to live at liberty: Other circumstances are here and there, through the whole Epistle, to be considered.  
Either stay for me (good friend) at Halicarnassus, or els●… by making more speed, prevent and over go me. For I must of necessity, address my journey to Abdera, for the benefit of Democritus: unto whom, in this his sickness and disease, I am desired, and earnestly entreated, with a common consent of his citizens, to come, and minister medicines to his maladies. The affection of 
* The Pronoune (whom) hath relation to the Abderites, for so the sense infereth albeit the words be somewhat prepost●… rously placed.  whom is such, as in words it can not be expressed. For every one of them, as if they were but one soul, but one life, but one body, are infected all at once with one sickness: upon which occasion, it is to be thought, that they stand all in need of some wholesome remedy. Will you hear mine opinion? Now doubtless, I think, that it is not a disease, but a certain exceeding and immoderate desire after learning, knowledge, wisdom and understanding: or, to tell the plain truth, not an unmeasurable desire, but so supposed of the ignorant and unskilful. For, the desire of virtue, being honest and honourable, though it be 
* Not as though virtue could be in ex tremitie, (for every extremity is inclinable to vice) but he means suppositively, if it were so that virtue could exceed.  excessive, yet is it not noisome, yet is it not hurtful, yet is it not infective. As for the opinion which is sprung, touching this sickness, from whence floweth it, or from what other fountain doth it burst, then from the blunt and dull capacities of them that give judgement. Every one thinketh with himself, that there is ercesse, where one hath that in abundance which another hath in scarcity. So, the timorous and fearful coward, thinketh valliantness and prow●…sse to be an excess: and the covetous gatherer, thinketh no less of liberality: Thus every defect and want of weal, esteemeth every virtue to be a vicious extreme. As for myself, when I shall see him, talk with him, and hear what he sayeth, the matter shall be more manifest unto me, and more plainly revealed to mine understanding. Wherefore, friend Dionysius, do your endeavour to come: for, till my return, here your abode shall be: my will is that you have the charge of all my matters, and that above all things, the city be committed to your government. Furthermore, because I see that this year can not choose but be healthful, keeping the natural accustomed course, and considering the scarcity of sicknesses that do reign or rather range, I would that you prepare yourself, speedily to be present. For in my house shall be your convenient dwelling: my wife for this time of mine absence, shall have her abiding with her parents: unto whom nevertheless 
* This charge given by Hypocrates to Di onysius touching his wife ●…auoureth of jealousy.  have an eye, that she lead her life in continen●…ie, lest lacking the wont pleasure of her companion, she join with others in works of wantonness. And although from her young years, she hath been chaste & honest, having had progenitors civil and courteous: having a sire like a man indoede, yea such a sire, as hath vices in hate and detestation: yet because he is aged and full of hoary hairs, neglect not your charge, considering, that 
* The proneness of women to lewdness set down in brevity.  a woman is so lewd of nature, that she needeth daily and hourly correction: she groweth out of order, she forgetteth temperance, and waxeth incontinent, shouting and springing still like unto a tree, except she be looked unto, and kept in subjection. Mine opinion, in this case, is, that in the oversight and charge of a woman, the service of a friend is seasoned with more diligence, than the service of a father: For se●…blable affection of kindness, is not in friends and parents, which is an occasion offentimes, that due time of ministering correction is neglected. For end, that man (in my mind) is endued with the greater wisdom, who is not blinded with affection: provided always, that he be not churlish, but gentle.  
Far you well.   

Hypocrates to Cratevas.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Writing to Cratevas (a Physician, by profession, as it should appear by the course of his Epistle,) he commends him, first, for his knowledge and cunning: Anon he falls into mention of Democritus, whose disease he discovereth: inferring such matter as to circumstances and offered occasions seem most agreeable. Lastly, he entereth into a discourse of herbs, and so taking occasion to speak as knowledge gave him utterance, in matters not impertinent to his purpose, he concludeth.  
I Am not ignorant (friend Cratevas) that in knowledge concerning the virtue of herbs and plants, you are to be compared with the best: hereof I am assured, as well by your own study in that science employed, as also by the famous report of your 
* For a man taketh after his progenitors, either in things tending to praise or dispraise.  ancestors, who in that profession were excellent: in so much that I must needs confess, nothing in you to be wanting, wherein your father Cratevas, and your Grandsire flourished. Now therefore, discover your cunning, and giu●… a taste what you can do: for doubtless, necessity inforeeth. Gather herbs and send them to me with all speed possible, for one man's benefit and commodity, 
* Or, of his country called an Abderite, but having to name Democritus.  by country an Abderite, but by name Democritus. The whole city complain that he is phrentique, and fallen into stark madness, which if it be as they report, he had need take some purgation, to expel the cause of that difquieting disease. But, although we believe, that medicines and healthful receipts are not needful: yet notwithstanding, it is the point of a wise and skilful Physician, and such a one as esteemeth his credit, never to be unprovided: but (as he aught) to have all things in readiness, and nothing to seek when it should be occupied. I have many times marveled, at the wonderful virtue of herbs whereof you had good store, as at the nature of all things, the disposition of all creatures, & the goodly situation of the earth: which is the mother of all living beasts, of plants, of trees, of food, of wealth, of riches, & of all things requirable for the vs●… of men. Which commodities, I would the earth did not afford at all, for than should not insatiable desire have such liberty: neither should the Abderites, supposing me to be a hireling ready to serve for a reward, being in deed by profession and practise a Physician, 
* Thinking that money hath me at commandment: then the which I esteem nothing of less ●…alue.  tempt my service with ten talents. I would (friend Crateva) it were in your ability, to weed out by the roots, the bitter plant of covetousness, and greediness of gain, that of the same not so much as one branch, sprig, leaf nor seed be remaining: that as well the minds of men may be cleansed from the cogitation of vices, as their bodies purged from noisomeness of diseases: But these things are to be desired, sithence they are not so easy to be performed. Now, to turn my talk to you again, touching the matter first named, I would have you persevere and continued your exercise, gathering such herbs and plants as grow in high mountains, in lofty and haughty places inclined to no moistness, where the earth hath thickness, and the air finesse. For, what these have in them by virtue of attraction, is forcible to prolong life. Nevertheless, touching the flowers of such herbs, as spring by the sides of lakes, fenny soils, watery grounds, near to the flow of rivers, or such places, as we call brooks and springs, they have not in them such efficacy and notable operation: such quickness, and sweetness, I am well assured. Wherefore such herbs, out of which you strain and wring the juice and moisture, procure to be conveyed unto me in glasses: but such herbs, whose flowers and leaves must do us service, put into earthen vessels, well covered and close stopped, lest, feeling the blasts of the wind, they wither, die, and loose their proper virtue instilled into them by the providence of Nature, for medicinable compositions: Thus when you have done, send them unto me, with as much speed as you can make. Moreover, I can not but fall in consideration of the season of the year, being now the Spring: a time, than which for the purpose, none more convenient: so that I am constrained of necessity, to take upon me, the cure of the foresaid mad malady. For, as procrastina 
* And yet ne●…, s●…ch due deliberation must be had and used, that ●…eme ritie and rash●… haste making▪ be avoided: For as the one is dangerous so the other i●… commodious.  , but that he shall be re●…ored to his forme●… 〈◊〉 and safety in whom, if there be any defection, any want of that which aught not to 〈◊〉, it is to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉, some other cause 〈◊〉▪ For, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as we are mo●…tall and subject to 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 it is not, for us to be ●…ched with an universal knowledge: I mean, there be 〈◊〉 infinite whereof we are ignorant: to the perfect understanding, of the which, because we can attain, neither by diligence, nor yet by any other means; it cometh to pass, that we are lead into uncertainty. We must therefore be doing, sithence in us appeareth ability: fo●… such as are endangered, are not sufficient to compass that, which is in our power to comprehend, who many times, covet that with earnestness, which is not granted unto us to perform. All our actions a●…e leveled, and directed in manner, unto two ends, the one is Man, the other is Art: the first is variable & of no assurance, the other is tied to certain rules, precep●…es, and observations: in which two, a third thing also is required, and that is, fortune or good success. Because that humo●… which is clean to be purged, and so clean that no dregs remain: and those diseases that are to be cured, that they grow not again, is not perfectly in our knowledge: and we many times, ministering medicines, have present consideration to the stomach, that that be diligently purged, measuring ou●… medicines after the nature of the patiented, of whose disposition we are ignorant, and in the constitution of who●…e body we have no experience. For, the nature of men are divers, and sundry be their complexions●… and every nature hath his proprieti●…, & (as it were) 
* Proper qualities engraffed: for that is the meaning of Hypocrates in this place.  a peculiar inheritance. Furthermore, some herbs are infected with the 〈◊〉 of Serpents, which they cast out, and thereby make them empoisoned. Such kind of herbs take heed of: for in ●…éede of medicine they work mischief, in place of health they draw endanger: except some sign appear in them, a●… an yl●…auoured black colour, or else some rank stinking s●…uour. So that Art and cunning itself, by the means of Fortu●…e, is oftentimes deceived. Wherefore, such purgations as proceed by the receipt of Helleborus, have in them somewhat more certainty: the which (as it is reported) * Melamp●…s used to restore Praetus: and Anticyreus to heal Hercul●…s. But in curing Democritus, we will come to no such remedy: only wisdom shall be the most effectual medicine that can be ministered in this his present passion.  
Far you well.   

Hippocratos to Damageto. This Epistle is historical.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Democritus, by nativity an Abderite, a philosopher of his time, most famous and excellent, being weary of house keeping, and overcharged (as it were) with tediousness of keeping company with his citizens, giving over that careful life (as I may rightly term it) and burdened with business, got him ●…to a desert plac●…as an Eremite or wilderness wanderer, not far distant from the city▪ Abdera, and there leading his life, fallen a laughing at what so ever 〈◊〉 saw done. Which strange thing the citizens his countrymen noting, supposing that he was distracted, and rob of his right wit●…es, to speak plain, phrentique and mad, sent in embassage to Hypocrates Cous, (a man in the profession of Physic and practice of that Art, most renowned) to come to Abdera, and to take upon him the curing of Democritus. Hypocrates being won to the satisfaction of their desires, both by embassage, and also by letters signified, saileth to Abdera: and being there arrived, and abid●…ng with his patient, certifieth Damagetus, (to wl●…ose credit▪ in his absence 〈◊〉 committed the eustodie of his house, and the whole charge of all things else to him belonging) both of the doings and also of the sayings touching himself, and the above named Democritus: as appeareth in this present Epistle, next and immediately following.  
THe suctesse of all things (friend Da●…agetus) was answerable to our suspicion. For why, 
* For having seen him, and also hard him, he reporteth other wise than he suppose●… of Democritus.  Democritus was not distracted or out of his right wits, but was of a more excellent mind than all other men, and far beyond the rest in perfection of judgement: by whose means we are made better acquainted wi●…h wisdom: and others also, by and through our procurement, endued with the more knowledge. I have sent you your ship back again (best beloved) which as it may rightly have the name to pertain to Aesculapius: so, next unto the ensign of Sol, I would have you place the cognisance or badge of Salus: because my voyage which I took in hands, having wind and weather at will, a swift bark, and provided to the purpose, was prosperously performed. For the very same day, wherein I made pr●…mise to set forward (such was my happy success) I arrived at Abdera: and being there landed, we had conference with the citizens, who were gathered together in a cluster at the gates of the city, gazing and tooking on us, as on a world's wonder. This multitude did not consist only of men, but also of women, both old and young, and (by the Gods I swear) there were among them children of tender years, in whose countenances, a certain sadness of mind was represented. These were in such taking, as if Democritus had been outrageous indeed: who was nothing so, 
* How Demo crit us, who was thought to be mad, was occupied.  but at the same instant, was earnestly addicted to Philosophy, and in contemplati●…n with wisdom. So soon as they saw my person, they began somewhat to recover, staying themselves (by reason of my coming) upon the sure anchor of hope. ●…ut Philopoemenes besought me with instancy, to take my ●…odging at his house: with whom to be entertained, it was agreed upon by consent. But I said to the Abderites, that I had nothi●…g 〈◊〉 do, save only so visit Democritus: which words when they herded me utter, they gave me gr●…at praise, and they themselves also were surprised with souden joy. Then they conducted me through the mids 
* Or, of the chiefest street where most concourse of people use to be.  of the market place, some following, other some going before, & the rest clustering about me, all giving great shouts, & outcries with one voice, Mighty jupiter tho●… gre●…t Ki●…g secure us, assist us. I hearing this noise, exhorted them to have good hearts, and not to be discouraged, sithe●…e there was no cause at the time, of mischief to be feared: & though there were, yet noverthelesse, tha●… it was in 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 re●…edied, which words when I had spoken▪ I departed For the house was no great distance from that plac●… & to say the truth, the City itself was of no great compass or 〈◊〉▪ 〈◊〉 to the walls and for 〈◊〉 whereof, Democritus inhabited. For, right against the turret of the town, there was a mighty mountain or huge hill, plentifully planted, in 〈◊〉 order, 〈◊〉 poplar trees, of 
* The poplar trees grew high & thick together.  notable tallness: and passing thickness, & from the foresaid turre●…; Demo●…s might be ●…cried. He ●…ate under a Plane tree, with spreading boughs and green leaves, all alone, coarsely arrayed, pale co●…red; like one almost famished, his beard sha●…n: thus like an He●…mite, face he upon a stone in sleed of a stool, in solitariness, the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 friend of company: On his right hand out of the hill 〈◊〉 a pleasant spring, which made a ge●…tle & softly ●…unde: with the falling of the sweet streams. Above this hill, as it may be conjectured, was a place consecrated to the Nymphs, a place (I say) overshadowed with vine branches, growing in the place, not 
* Not planted by men's hands but growing of Nature.  by means artificial, but by appointment natural. At the same moment or prick of time, Democritus had upon his knees, or in his lap as he sat, an exceeding beautiful book, wide open, & other books round about him, upon the green ground. He had also, gathered together, as it were in a drove, much cattle, many of which, he did rip, cut, and mangle: sometimes sto●…ping forward or leaning down, he▪ written a running hand: & otherwhiles again restraining his pen from paper, he sat s●…ill, as a man full of muses, and earnest in contemplation. Thus when he had done, anon after he arose, walked up and down, his head being fraught with myllians of imaginations, 
* For he was making an Anatomy. to the end he might attain to the knowledge of the constitution and composition of man's body.  he beheld the bowels of the beasts whom he had anatomised, took a view of their entrails, having so done, laid them every one in his proper place passing orderly, and sat down again to his painful pens exercise: The Abderites, that stood round about me (as it were in circular manner) being sore surprised with pensiveness, gored with grief, and tormented with stings of sorrow, could scarcely re●…raine from weeping, at the view of such a spectacle: See, see (say they) the fashions of Democritus: look on the present state of his life: behold his strange behaviours: would not any man judge, by marking his usage, that he is phrentique, and utterly dispossessed of reason? For he is not master of his own will: over his own deeds he hath not power: he is altogether ignorant whereabouts he is busied. Among these people, in perplexities of perturbations entrapped, one being disposed, more manifestly to declare Democritus his madness, 
* The perples ities of the Ab derites, who would none otherwise be persuaded, but that Democri tus was as mad as the devil of hell: or worse.  made a harsh squeaking noise, & cast out many shrill shrink, like unto a pititull mother, bitterly lamenting the dead body of her child, lying in the coff●…n, put into the sepulchre, and raked up in clods of earth, all exequys convenient, done unto the putrefying carcase. Anoth●…r maketh outrageous exclamations, and tragical outcries, howling most hideously, as if the dear child of his own body, and bringing up (before his own face, & in his own presence) had most unmercifully been murdered. These extreme passions of mind, with tongue not untestified, when Democritus had herded, simpe●…ing and smiling, he began somewhat leisurely to writ, and wagged his head too and fro: wherein he had some meaning. Then said I, you Abderites shall in this place make your tarriance: & I myself adventuring to go near unto him, will, both by his communication & gestures of body, soon attain to the perseverance of his grievous ag●…nie, if (at lest) he be in any passion. When I had thus spoken, I attempted to climb the s●…éep & slippery hill, but scarcely could I come at him, I felt the ascending up so laborious: howbeit, when I approached somewhat near him, his pen went passing swiftly upon the paper: I stood still, & gave attendance, till such time as he had finished his writing. Then he, staying the speedy course of his hand a little, & beholding me not far off out of presence, said, God speed friend. And you also (said I) O Democritus, with whom, in wisdom, no man is comparable. Then he having in himself a souden conceit of suspicion, because (as I suppose) he called me not by my name, as I did him by his, demanding of me what my name was? For (said he) through ignorance of your name, I called you by the common term of friend, used at meetings in greeting to strangers & such as be unknown. I made him answer, that my name was Hypocrates, & that by profession I was a physician. Whereupon, he inferred this question, saying, what, of the race of Aesculapius? of his line are you descended? The praise worthy report of your noble name, in the practice of physic, hath this long time, been blazed among us, & is most famous. But, tell me, (good friend) what occasion constrained you, to seek access hither? 
* Democritus entertaineth Hippocr●…tes.  sit down first of all, and then we will confer. See, here is a heap of leaves, green, soft, & to sit upon easy & n●…t unpleasant: for such seats they be as by luck are allotted, more to be accepted, then to be refused. When I had taken my place, according to appointment, he put forth another demand, & said: Declare unto me evidently, whether the business, whereabouts you have come hither be public or private: for, to disburden you of all doubt, I am disposed to exhibit unto you so much dutifulness and service, as mine ability shall grant me by permission. Then shaped I this answer: the cause of this ●…y coming, was to see & hear you, whom I had learned by common voice to be a philosopher of great fame, & flourishing in wisdom. Your own country ministered this present occasion, in whose behalf, I bear the office of an Ambassador. Then says he yet again: you shall first taste the benefit of our courtesy & entertainment. Then, I being desirous & earnestly bend, to take trial of him in all points & circumstances, as narrowly as I could comprehend, albeit, I s●…we in him no signification of madness, but manifest arguments & tokens of soberness, began my communication with this que●…ion. Do you know a citizen of this your town, named Philopoemenes? why said you not rather, the son of a devil, whose abiding is 
* The name of a brook near to the which was his dwelling: as if one of us, noting our friends house, said thus: he dwelleth by Alderman bury conduit or some such like speech.  near to Mercury's brook. But (friend Democritus) let min●… entertainment be seasoned with more courtesy▪ & tell me first of all what it is that you writ so busily at this present. Then he pausing a little space, said, it was a pamphlet entreating of madness. Whereupon I fallen into these words with a certain admiration: O mighty jupiter, you writ a treatise for citizens, not out of season. For what citizens? (says he. Democritus (said I) my tongue overruns my knowledge, I say nothing, for being unadvised in my language, I took no heed how those words escaped. But what thing do you writ touching madness? who made me this wise answer: what else, but what it is: how, in the minds o●… men it is engendered: & by what means it aught to be cured: for which purpose, I have ripped open, lanced, cut & mangled, these beasts that you see bathing in their own blood, not that I have the work of omnipotent. jupiter in contempt & detestation, but for that I am ear nest to know the places, where the four natural humours be settled, & specially the place & property of melancholy. For, of this you are not ignorant, y● melancholy being predominant, or more abounding than that other qualities, moveth men to madness, which humour is not wanting in any of us, by the ordinance of Nature, although in some it have more, & in other some less quantity. For the surplusage of the same, what is it else but a mere malady or sickness, which being of itself good & necessary, is, other while, changed into 
* Into that which is noisome, pestilent dangerous & hurtful.  a contrary? Then said I: Out of doubt (Democritus) your words descent not from truth, neither seem they repugnant to reason. Wh●…rfore in my judgement, blessed is your condition, whose fortune is 〈◊〉 favourable, as to live in that liberty of quietness, the benefit whereof we are not suffered to enjoy. Upon these words of mine, he mou●…d this question, demanding of me, what should hinder me, more than him, from the use of such felicity. To whom▪ I ma●…e this answer: 
* An enumeration of such impediments & lets, as stop men ●…rom the use of contem plation: which is here called Felicity, or happiness.  Because my lands, my children, my debts, my cures, my servants, my wife, and other worldly matters wherein I am overwhelmed, cut me off from the profit of that prosperous opportunity. Immediately upon these words, the man (according to the accustomed course of his passion) fell into a loud laughter: and shortly after refrained from that souden motion. Then said I: To what purpose laughed you in that order Democritus, tell me? what judge you of the words which I uttered: were they approvable, or were they disalowable? upon this demand he laughed out of measure. The Abderits, who standing aloof and beholding his behaviour, clapped with their hands, and gave a shout: some smote themselves on the heads unhappily: other some buffeted themselves about the face piteously: and some again plucked their hairs up by the roots most rigorously. For, as afterwards they gave me to understand, Democritus laughter was never so excessive. Then began I to speak again to the man, and said: I am desirous, most prudent Democritus, to learn the reason of this perturbation, or affection: 
* For he suspected that De mocritus had spied some va nitie in him that was rebukeable.  whether the presence of my person, or the utterance of my words, ministered unto you cause worthy of laughter: ●…o the intent, that I being by your admonition instructed, may see mine amiss decently reform: or else, that you being ●…ked, may abstain from such fondness, which to a man is as great commendation (being unreasonably used) as the having of a quality that deserveth reprehension. Then saith he: Now, without all controversy, if you could control me and my manners, you should heal me of such a sickness, as you did never any since you practised physic, by ministering to them medicinable compositions and receipt. Then said I again: what man, may you not be controlled? Is it not an absurd thing, and to reasons rule most ●…isagréeable, at the deaths of people, at their diseases, at their madness, at their slaughters, or at any thing wo●…se them these (if worse may be) chancing in the course of this mortality: moreover, at marriages, festival day●…s, education of children, rites of consecration, holy ceremonies, honourable magistrates, high authorities: finally, at what thing else besides that beareth the name of that which is good and commendable, to use a continual laughter, or an immodera●…e géering? For, at the estate of such as are to b●… 〈◊〉, you fall a laughing: again, at their ●…ondition towa●…s whom you should show your sel●…e joyful, you use the like behaviour. Wherefore upon th●…se premises, I see entrance to this plain conclusion, that between good and evil, you make no diff●…rence. Then said he, your asserti●…ns are repugnant neither to truth nor reason: but, notwithstanding the course of this your communication, how cunningly so ever you seem in your dealing, yet in the cause of my madness, your knowledge is blind ignorance: to the understanding whereof, if it be your fortune to attain, you shall carry away with you the advantage of a greater benefit, than this your embas●…age can coun●…eruaile: namely, this my laughter: whereby 
* The benefits of Democritus his madness: if all men were mad in that manner, it would turn to their own avail.  you shall work this effect, as well in others, as also in your own self, increase of wisdom, & prudence in great plenty. In consideration whereof, you will (peradventure) make manifest unto me, for mine instruction, the mysteries of mingled medicines, and the practice of Phys●…cke, suspecting with yourself, that m●…n buify their brains, about matters wherein they aught not ●…o meddle, hunting after such things, as are not worthy of a creature endued with reason, but deserving unmeasurable laughter. Then said I▪ By the God's immortal, if all the world witted not that they are subject to sickness, neither yet known the means in diseases of danger to seek after remedies, wha●… might a man else judge of it, then as bewitched, and deprived quite of reason. Then said he: Indeed Hypocrates, the ignorance of the world is gross & palpable: for, touching Nature their skill is but superficial, and like a shadow destitute of substance. O, Democritus, (said I) these things shall you teach me at times convenient: For I much mistrust, lest while you are occupied in detecting the ignorance of this world full of vanity, you will also interpose and sauce the same with laughter. Now therefore, discover the occasion of the same, and deli●…er unto me a plain discourse of the trade and order of your life. He casting upon me a ●…ower visage, and a stern look, said: you suppose, that of my laughter there be two causes, that is to say, a good, and ●… bad, As for me, thus much I am to say, 
* A caus●… that moved D●…mo critus to l●…ughter: were the vain studies and practices of men, tending wholly to ●…anitie.  that the man who is a l●…mpe or mass of foolishness, is the only occasion of this motion: yea, at him alone do I laugh, in whom ignorance is graffed, in whom virtuous exercises are not lodged, who in all his purposes and practices, playeth pra●…ckes of puerilitie and childishness, consuming himself with labours, vain, noisome, and superflu●…us. For, such a one, breaketh into the bosom of the earth, openeth the secret bowels of the same, being embouldened thereunto, by insatiable covetousness, which is always feeding like a greedy worm, and never satisfied. Such a one searcheth the very heart and entrails of the ground, for gold and silver, unceassantly. And to the end that the greater store of goods, might fall into his possession, sithence he is cloyed with carefulness, he spareth no labour to fulfil his felicity. One while he setteth his servants and hirelings with matto●…ks and spades to dig deep pits in the ground: in which kind of work and sweeting toil, so●…e are s●…aine with the sudden ruin and fall of a banck●…: othersome, being as it were bought & sold to that laborious kind of life, spend their days in that allotted torment of toil, as in their natural countri●…: thus while they search for gold & silver, they search for dust & sand: they rake up clods of clay in a confused heap, as it were a muckhil: they cut the secret sinews of the earth, melt the very marrow, and open the ●…idden veins, making their great grandam L●…terr ' a plain Anato●…e, than which wrong worse they could not work, against their sworn & deadly enemy. He, whom they wonder at and also reverence, they tread upon with their trampling feet: what great cause i●… there offered hereby of laughter? That part of the earth which is hidden, they desire: and that part which lieth open▪ they despise. Some buy hounds, some buy horses, s●…m purchas●… an infinite deal of land, & while they seek to be other man's lords and masters, they become vassals to themselves, and drudging servants. Over hasty be they to enter wedlock, & as speedy shortly after to sue a divorcement▪ Whom they love, him in semblable manner they hate. They beget children, & yet forsake the faith & pity of parents. This kind of carefulness, is mere vanity: yea it savoureth wholly of absurd dealing, of dealing (I say) nothing differing from mere madness. They ●…all at variance between themselves, they deal blows one to another, as it were in battle: against th●…ir parents they raise rebellion: they lay trains of treason to overthrow their princes: manslaughter they esteem as a mockery. 
* Itum ●…st in viscera te●…ae: They dig, and delve the gro●…d Th●…t vantage may be f●…nd. says the Po●….  They dig the ground like greedy metal mongers, & insatiable searchers for sil●…er: when they have got that which they gaped after, they fall to purchasing: they sell the fruits of their lands with lucre: and still for money is all their chopping & changing. Alas in what labyrinths do they loose themselves: in what filthy puddles do they wallow. He that hath not money in possession, studieth by what means he may satisune his desire: & a●…ter h●… hath caught that within his claws, after which he was ever yawning, he is so far from putting the same to any commendable use, that he reapeth thereof no benefit to himself, insomuch as he burieth it in the g●…ound, thinking it safe from the purloining robber, if there it be hidden. These perplexi●…ies of foolish people, when I precisely ponder, when I consider these circumstances touching the manners of men, circumspe●…ly: when I behold these undiscrete behaviours, wherewith they are imbrued, I cannot but burst out into laughter. Moreover, men quarreling & falling at dissension one with another, rack laws, violate and abuse politic orders: 
* If truly spoken, in his time, then (no doubt) much more agreeable to veritio in these our days.  For they are so addicted to kindling of controversies, the citizens are disquieted, brethren set at variance, and parents rob of their due reverence. These lew●… & unhonest properties they put in ure, for things transitory, that vanish, things of no valour, things that be bore shadows, things I say, wherein they have no interest, or right of possession, but like Tenants at will, enjoy them at their lords pleasure. They are en●…ious one to another, deres of violence, murderers, ●…oes to their friends, & to their parents unthankful. Trifles, not endued with life, are beautified at their expense: to dec●… adorn senseless toys, they spare not their riches▪ in buying siatuys or standing images, they spend their substance, because they appear unto them, not to be spechle●…: But yet they that tell truth simply and without pre●…ence, have these kind of people in hatred & detestation. Their desire is to devour that which is another's: For the 
* None content with his estate▪ while they make profit the end of all their actions.  inhabitants of the land, seek ways to wealth by the sea: and Islanders covet the commodities of the continent, or firm ground. Thus they make profit the end, whereunto all their endeavours, and practices are referred. While they advance valliantness in feats of arms, they themselves, being in batter, are subdued of their own affections, wherewith the eyes of their minds being bleared and blinded, they lead a life void of all wisdom, counsel and discretion. Seeing these forecited causes, how should I abstain from thi●… motion of mind, whereat you marvel, sithence they themselves refrain not from foolishness, but one man's abuse worketh another's missdemeanour. For, he that persuadeth himself to be endued with the virtue of soberness, de●…ideth him that is addicted to drunkenness. One abhorreth him whose heart is haunted with Venus, while he himself is annoyed with a more dangerous disease: Some scorn at such as venture their lives and goods upon the swelling seas: and some again on that other side as fast, make a mock a●… such as frame themselves to the trade of tillage, while (in deed) they themselves, as ●…ore blemished with blame, deser●…e extreme laughter: For, as well their words as their deeds be at disagréement. Democritus (said I) you have spoken very aptly to the purpose, neither is it possible, for any man, with more effectual reasons, than you have used, to express the frailty of this our life, subject to innumerable inconveniences: But yet, domestical business, matters of controversy in law, and affairs of the common wealth, wherein men cannot but be conversant, limit us within the laws of necessity. For 
* Then is it mee●…e and connenient, we should therein occupy & exercise our selves, whereunto we be called & appointed.  Nature hath not given unto men their es●…ence & being, to be congealed and frozen in idleness, to slug and snore in the couch of carelessness, but to acquaint himself with exercises, and still to be doing: for that is the end of our nativity and creation. But, many times and often it chanceth, that, from these arts and occupations, the beautiful flower of vain glory s●…ringing, the minds of men, although their reason be perfect and sound, are neue●…thelesse commonly deceived: who take a trial of all the means they can imagine, to defend and save themselves from falling: but in such blindness & 〈◊〉 dar●…knesse being dispossessed of perseverance, they c●…nnot avoid th●… fall whereof they be in danger. 
* As if he should h●…ue s●…d: there is not so mu●…h as one man that do●…th so mean or 〈◊〉.  For what man is he, that in his loans for lucre looketh for death, looketh for separation of this life, looketh for deprivation of successi●…, looketh for loss o●… lands, looketh for sinking of ships, looketh to be disherited of royalty, looketh in battle to take the foil of his enemy? Fnally, looketh for the lack of any thing that to him is good and com●…odious, sythence no man presupposeth with himself, that one day he must needs fall without remedy. For, one with another, is carried away with hope of that which is good: as for that which is evil, they raze it out of their memories. Wherefore, to touch this your laughter, is it agreeable to these ●…ircumstances lately mentioned? You have (says he) but a blunt head of your own, & your opinion doth differ much from my judgement, sithence you measure the motions of mind, and the quality of quietness by ignorance. For the very same things that you a●…firme, if men framed themselves to follow, with an upright conscience, they should in short time be delivered from all annoyance, and cut off all occasio●…s ministered unto me of laughter. But, in consideration of those things, which they count the foundation and main pillar of their life, and which wanting, they are in belief that life cannot consist, in their own madness they are blinded, and lacking discretion and perse●…erance, refuse to be instructed, as learners, in that whereof they are ignorant. For 
* The wa●…ering and wand●…ring asfections o●… people, as unstable as the wind●…, or as 〈◊〉 as a weather cock.  the swi●…t, the sudden, and the often changing of things that daily do chance, and the continual course of fortune, ministeth to every man, counsel to serve his turn, sufficient. In a thing of certainty and stayed condition, they are encumbered with infinite affections, now co●…eting ●…his, and now desiring that; whereby no frui●…e or profit is to be gained: so that in fine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 out, that they being overwhelmed in mad'st of mischiefs, lament their follies with too late repentance. But he that attempteth nothing without consultation, he that knoweth himself and hi●… own condition, is so far from falling, that throughout the whole race of his lise, he is not in fear of any such hazard: and examining his own estate, keepeth himself con●…ented with a competent stay, not letting lose the bridle of liberty to his concupiscence, or craving the which is so far above sufficiency, that it is plain superfluity: such a one (I say) representing Nature the nurse of all men▪ passeth his time in plenty and abundance: For, as in a body of a good complexion, the danger of a disease is quickly perceived: so in the greatness of prosperity, nothing can be long continued: and in adversity, what man's mind is matched with valliantness, it is manifest and apparent. Many, not seeing those things that lie (as it were) before their feet, perish in the fondness of their affections: and such things, on the other side, that be as bright as the clear Sun shine, they behold, as darckened with a misty cloud. And though the whole course of man's life might be a mirror or looking glass, wherein to view things necessary to be d●…ne, and things inconvenient to put in ure, whereby, afterclappes & perils that in process of times may chance, are prevented: yet notwithstanding, their eyesight faileth them, and their understandings wax so much the more blunt and duller. These causes, and the like move me to laughter. Foolish men 
* And yet they will not be ●…aught to frame 〈◊〉 to wisdom.  feel the smart of their folly daily: yea, when they look not for it, than it falls upon them: They are pinched with the punishment of their own naughtiness, of their own covetousness, of their own spitefulnesse, of their own maliciousness, of their own craftiness, of their own deceiptfulnesse, of their own envy, and of other untameable perturbations of their minds, rebelling against reason, the fort of which, o how hard a matter it is to assault, but much more uneasy to batter down or overthrow. To be short, 
* Ignorance hath the rule of every man's li●…e: no marvel then, though they 〈◊〉.  Ignoiraunce ruleth every man like a Queen or Empress: For when they 〈◊〉 opinion perversely, they stand in contention with their sophisms and captious conclusions. ●…ertue, which belongeth to the beautifying of manners, they disgrace i●… most preposterously, in that they make pleasure the foot path which they follow, and lying the race wherein they keep their running, setting as much by laws as an old shoe latchet, or by a thing most vile and contemptible, which to be no untruth, that they are charged withal, this giue●…h in evidence sufficient: For one finds fault with another's ignorance, while in the mean season, he himself is voyd●… both of seeing and hearing: which two senses, are the most principal in man, a creature endued with reason, to foresee things to come, and to be wise in things present. This being unto them a goad of grief, yet notwithstanding they 〈◊〉 themselves in the same webs of woe: For 
* The v●…nitie of men's minds▪ carried away with inconstancy, and not setting themselves to a ce●…taine trade, science, and estate.  one while they curse Navigation, or the Art of sailing, yet, forthwith and anon, they adventure the S●…as. They leau●… of the use of Husbandry, and by and by, fall to tillage again. They put away their wives, and enter again into wedlock. They bui●… their children whom they have begotten▪ and immediaely thereupon raise up new issue. They desire old age, and when they have it, they find fault there withal. Their counsel is not constant, for no state is to their contentment. Kings and Princes approve the life of a private Commoner. Commoners allow the lives of lusty Cour●…iers. They that have too much leisure and have little to d●…e, praise such as have business wherein to be occupied. Contrariewyse▪ such as have asfaires, wherein to be exercised, commend those that live at ease and pleasure, as having attained a condition of more assured safety. Rich men prefer the trade of poor men, as the better of the twain: poor men wish to be wealthy, supposing meed much more worth than need. Thus, every man is led awa●… in sensuality, and not so much as one among many and 〈◊〉, will address himself ●…o learn a life of quietness and tranqui●…itie, which, though i●… be plain, easy to attain, lightsome, and nothing slippery, yet to set their feet in so pleasant a path, not so much as ●…e hath the heart or the courage. But to go a contrary way, a way (I say) that is hard and tedious, it is a worlds wonder to see, how they run headiong: passing through which (for the number of them that frequent it, is great) they blow, and pant like discomfited soldiers, whom their enemies pursue even to the slaughter. Those that are supposed to be the first, are reputed the last. Some being (as it were) manciples to impudence, having their own loves in suspici●…, satisfy their flaming affections, with stolen delight of another man's wanton. Another is tormented with the incurable disease of covetousness. Other, like bloodsuckers, wound the very bowels. Others again, being puffed up in the pride of their nature, advance themselves to the haughty heavens: anon, the burden of their vices pressing down their shoulders make them tumble down to the bottom of hell. Some dig for metals and minerals to erect stately buildings, wherein they reap pleasure most plentifully: shortly after repentance followeth their performed labours. They cancel and cut in pieces the laws of friendship, 〈◊〉 the sweet sap of the same, into most bitter iuy●…e of envy. Their neighbours cannot live quietly by them, without disturbance: all which specified enormities, flow 〈◊〉 the corrupt fountain of covetousness. They 
* Men in their variableness and ignorance (which is exceeding grosle and palpable) compared to children.  differ nothing from young children, whose age is a hindrance, that they can at●…mpte nothing with wisdom and counsel: such things as carry a countenance of pleasantness, they throng after with violence, to none other end, then to staunch their greediness: to staunch said I? when the nature of their concupiscences is such, as it will never be satisfied? therein not to be compared to any beast, that lacketh the light of reason. For, Brutus beasts wanting the gift of understanding, when their appetite or lust is satisfied, they beaten ease and quiet, for a season, not seeking further to have more when they are once filled. No Lion hath been herded of at any time, to hide gold in the secret celles of the earth. So long thirsteth the Bear, till he have water sufficient. So long devoureth the ravenous Wolf, till he have enough, and having enough, taketh his rest, till lust requireth sustenance again: so long doth the Leopard range, till he have his prey, and having eaten to staunch his hungry maw, seeketh no further: so long feedeth the Bull till his belly beefull, and then forsaketh he his fodder: But 
* All creatures are content: only man is insatiable and hath never enough.  man is never satisfied, day and night he desireth, and never is content. Beasts and birds cease from the act of engendering, a whole years space almost: man is evermore busy in that bodily pleasure, and like a bottomless hell hath never enough. Whether will you that I laugh at him, that lamenteth his lewd loves, from the enjoying and sweetness whereof he is excluded, when his substance is consumed? Whether will you that I laugh at him, who putteth all that he is worth, and more too, in adventure on the tossing and tempestuous floods, having before cursed the sea with a thousand execrations, when he suffered shipwreck? Whether will you that I laugh at him, who fraughteth his ship with heavier and weightier burdens, having bewailed the loss of such wares as he had before imbarcked? O Hypocrates, 
* As if he had said, these vain studies and en devours of people deserve exceedingly to be laughed at and mocked.  seem not these and such like things in thy opinion, worthy of exceeding laughter? I would therefore, that a stronger remedy be prepared: for this emplaster is too gentle. But as fortune falls, our sore is none such as it should stand in need of salving: and therefore spare your pains, lest, employing it where it aught not, you reap an ill recompense? Your progenitor Acsculapius may serve for an example sufficient, who when he had by his medicinable confections, reserved the benefit of healthfulness unto mortal men, was blasted from heaven with souden lightning, for his presumptuous enterprise, reaping that terrible punishment, for a recompense. Do I seem in your judgement, to be frentique, & rapt beside myself, who to the intent I might sift out the cause of madness & understand the reasons of the same, & see upon what occasions it springeth, make a slaughter of cattle, and mangle them in this order as you see? But the cause thereof, men themselves aught to search most seriously. For 
* The words of a Pagan Philosopher, but (undoubtedly) well worthy of christians to be diligently m●…rked, for the sh●…me of their sin, and the amendment of their lives.  the whole world, as you perceive plainly enough, is replenished with grudging envy, & repining emulations, the contagious sicknesses, & festering sores, the putrefied botches and irksome scabs of vices, all grow to a huge heap. What think you of man himself? is he any thing else, even from his conception & nativity but a very dunghill of diseases? Look upon him with a circumspect eye, consider of his estate and condition by degrees: in his infancy, he is fit for nothing: in his childehod, he is wanton disposed: in the pearl of his youth he is foolish, resisting to be ruled by a tutor: in his lusty years, he is at his own swinge, & will (in no wise) bite any longer on the bridle: he is ambitious, and over busy in many matters, in his manhood: in his old age he doteth & walloweth in wretchedness, having spent the whole course of his former life, in vanity, without reason: for, man is miserable even from his mother's womb. Some swell in wrath and furiousness: some delight in bawdry and lasciviousness: some live upon rapine & unthriftiness: some spend all their inheritance, and fall into beggar linesse: finally, one with another is totally inclined to naughtiness. O Hypocrates if I might have liberty & leave, to make souden entrance into man's houses, to see how they are occupied, whereupon they spend time & leisure, if (I say) I might have permission also, to bewray their covert behaviours, abroad to open view: you should see some stink with surfeiting: some inglutting so immoderately, that they fall a vomiting: some so full of wine, & intoxicated with Bacchus' berries, that they be drowned in drunkenness: some suffering anguish & torments of tediousness: some tempering empoisoved potions: some putting in practice means to work mischief: some piteously plagued with the colic passion: some up to the hard ears in their disports & merriments: some 
* Or, inventing some q●…el to his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  penning infamous libels to the discredit of his friend: some swelling in arrogancy & pecoklike pride, all these falling from their right wits: and many more enormittes, besides these that I have named, should you see: yea and far worse, bearing such swinge & sway in the minds of men, that they seem to be in an extreme madness. For, both 
* A world of wretc●… 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉.  young and old one with another, make this their daily practice, & continual occupation, to ask, to deny, to swear to forswear, to labour, to lie, and all for filthy lucre. Some whet their teeth upon sugared dainties: & some are pined away with famishment: some bury their riches: & some again, set light by that which they possess, lifting up their minds to the benefit of greater affiance: some are past shame and honesty: some are pinchpenies & notable niggards: some are always gleaning, and never make an end of harvest: some are drowsy dottrelles: some are lazy lubbers: some are stately and insolent: some look as big, as if they had eaten bulbeefe: some have a conceit, that they are lusty gallants: some take pleasure in hunting: some in hawking: some in riding: some in pictures: some in pearls: some in writing: some in bearing embassage: some in fight: some in religion: some in triumph: some in bloodshed: some in spoiling, which the most part make their accustomed trade of living. All these being led perforce with a certain violent motion of mind, have their several exercises: one runs to battle on sea: another to skirmish on land: another to husbandry: another to courts of plea: another to be an orator: another to be a judge: another to be a player: another to intemperaunce: another to slothfulness. etc. These and such like peevish practices of men, when I do behold, as they are void of reason, and full of folly, so I can not but laugh at them accordingly. Besides all this, the profession 
* Parcially spoken: for he himself was a physician, and therefore this complaint might seem less to be regarded.  of Physic is with them in no reputation: for they are too too curious and delicate of hearing. They call wisdom madness, and soberness outrage. I have herded myself by report, of diverse that being in sickness, affirmed with open mouth, that the art which you profess and practise wrought them very great annoyance: whether they spoke this of maliciousness, or of unthankfulness: these words they uttered. For such as be deceased, if it so chance that they recover, and be set at liberty from the danger of their sickness, they do either give all the thanks to the Gods, or else to fortune: moreover, many a one being of an overthwart and perverse inclination, repined at them with hateful hearts, at whose hands they have received many a benefit, and they take the matter heinously, that it should be thought, that they stand in need of another's help & succour. Some there be that lie lulling on the soft pillow of sloth, being far from cunning and knowledge, as 
* Meaning, heaven from hell.  jupiters' king doom is distant from Pluto's dominion, fall at variance nevertheless with such as excel them by as many degrees of Art and experience, as the bright beams of the Sun, pass the dim and dazzled light of the Moon. Their judgement dependeth 
* Which the brute and unreasonable beast doth partake in like manner.  upon sense only, although they will not be won, to bewray so much by motion of mind, nor confess themselves to be of that sect: and this springeth from envy principally. Neither are you ignorant, that such toys bear a swinge in the world, and which you yourself have i●…sued, through the force of certain affections of the mind, that are not to be dissalowed. Fashion 
* In consideration of the extreme follies and vanities, which I have rehearsed.  and frame yourself therefore to laugh with me, sithence true knowledge is not to be found among mortal men, sithence it is driven into irrecoverable banishment, and sithence they are such friends to folly, wherein let them continued to their own contentment: & having spoken these words, he fallen into a souden laughter. Now undoubtedly, (dear Damagetus) the man seemed to me like an Angel, or rather like a God: and I being oblivious, or not remembering his former shape and resemblance, said thus unto him. Most courteous Democritus, my singular interteinour, I will carry into Cos my country, presents of great excellency, which I have received since mine abode with you, in this your blessed bower. For, according to the full measure of your wisdom which is marvelous, you have received me honourably, sumptuously, and delicately. I will now return, sounding with the trump of report, your incomparable praises, who following the infallible footsteps of thy forerunner 
* By whose direction whosoever is lead and guided, he 〈◊〉 not err, he cannot swar●…e  Nature, swaruest not from the truth, neither in deed nor in word: And since mine inclination, is (by you) discovered, in such sort as I perceive what in me is to be reformed, I will altar and change my qualities, and become of a contrary disposition. For, both the hour exhorteth me, & the regard of your body counseleth me thereunto. To morrow I am determined to visit you again in this same place. Thus when I had spoken, I arose, he being in a readiness to follow after me. Upon this, there approached toward me, a cer ta'en man, I wots not from whence, to whom I gave my noting tables, & so went my ways, making all the speed that I was able to the Abderites, who awaited my return, beholding all this while, the above named behaviours, from a lofty place, as if it were from a turret, or a castles top. To whom when I was come, thus I spoke: 
* The report of Hypocrates concerning Democritus, after conference had together.  You Abderitish citizens, much thanks is given you, for this your embassage: For I have both seen, & also had conference with Democritus, a man so furnished with knowledge, and enriched with wisdoms wealth, that he alone, can make men sober, moderate grave and continent. These things had I to writ touching Democritus (dear friend Damagetus) which I give you to understand, with towardness of will, no doubt to the contrary.  
Far you well.   

Diogenes to Hipparcha.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He writeth to Hipparcha, a favourer of his sect and profession, willing her to continued unvariable, even to the end, in those precepts of Philosophy, which she had learned: showing her ways and means to keep her from doing the contrary.  
I am much delighted in 
* Hipparcha: a woman of hi●… acqnaintaunce, given to the study of Philosophy.  you, and the joy which you minister unto me exceedeth measure: and why? because you, being a woman give yourself to the knowledge of Philosophy, maintaining our opinion, with the preciseness whereof the minds of men are amazed. As therefore your beginning is praiseworthie, so do your uttermost endeavour to make an answerable ending: which unto you shall not seem so hard to compass, I am well assured, if you frequent the company of Crates, a man endued with rare wisdom, and serve not from the documents and precepts of us, the authors of Philosophy. Writ often unto us, for letters have in them much force and virtue: yea not less effectual be they then present reasoning and conference.   

Diogenes to Hipponi.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He writeth his opinion briefly touching death: showeth that as a man is before he is begotten, so is he when soul and body be separated, whereupon he exhorteth Hippo not to be touched with any terror of things to come hereafter, adjoining his reason: lastly, he concludeth with his own fantastical determination.  
YOur will is, that I writ somewhat unto you, touching death and the grave, after mine own judgement, as if you should not prove a perfect Philosopher, except we teach you, as our scholar. I am therefore of this opinion, that it is enough for us, to lead our lives according to the prescript rule of nature and virtue, which thing is not beyond our capacities to comprehend. And as for things after death, I think they are then, even as they were before their life.  
For, as a man is 
* As is he had said: man before he was endued with life, was nothing: so, after death he is (in like manner) nothing.  before his birth, so is he after his death. Let not the fear of any thing to come, turn you to disquietuesse of mind, sithence you shallbe senseless and quite void of life and feeling. As for me self, I have determined, when I am dead, to have my staff lying close by my carcase, that what beast, bird, or vermin so ever come to do me harm and annoyance, I may ehace them away.   

Phalaris to Pythagoras.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Writing to Pythagoras, the Philosopher, to come unto him, he beginn●…th first, with the difference of both their estates, showing that daily keeping company, and use of conference, will make things that be contrary to grow to agreement: he seemeth also, to excuse himself of such reports, as were blazed abroad touching his unmerciful tyranny: and so, wishing to be with 〈◊〉, concludeth.  
THe principality of Phalaris, differeth many degrees from the Philosophy of Pythagoras: yet notwithstanding there is no cause to the contrary, but (though things be in such case) we may take trial & experience of ourselves For, it may so fall out, that conversation and daily keeping company may draw those things into an unity, wherein there is exceeding great contrariety. 
* The opinion o●… Phalaris concerning Pythagoras the Philosopher.  We, (according to the report that is noised abroad of your worthiness,) take you to be a man of rare knowledge, and in your faculty most excellent, neither will we otherwise be persuaded. I would not have you give judgement of our doings, till you be further instructed. For, the false opinion which is conceived of me, doth so move me, that I am not a little offended. I cannot have safe access unto you, because of the tyranny, whereof I am accused. If I should come unarmed, & without defence of Guard, I were easily taken of mine adversaries: if I should come furnished with harness and weapon, and a band of soldiers attending on my person, I should be suspected. As 
* Persuasions to mo●…e him to come unto him.  for you, the case standeth in no doubt or danger: For you may have passage unto me, and suffer no annoyance: you may lead your life in my company, with out occasion of terror: and of my doings you may take due trial, no manner of inconvenience unto you redounding. If you behold me as I am a tyrant, you shall rather find me a private commoner, than one advanced to such a kind of government: and if you consider of me, as of a private person, yet so shall you find me, as having somewhat incident of necessity to a tyrant. For, I can not by an●… means, possess this principality, 
* His people and subjects were so intractable, so 〈◊〉 and so rebellious.  without cruelty. And surely, if humanity and gentleness, may (without peril) accompany tyrannical regiment: then, not only in consideration of other circumstances, but for this cause also, do I wish to be with you. For by your admonitions, I shall attempt a way to rule with more clemency, if, together with the precepts of Pythagoras, truth be so united & linked, as I may have promise to lead my life in quietness, & assurance of safety.   

Phalaris to Locrito.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This letter of consolation is written to Locritus, whose son wa●… slain in battle. The comfort which Phalaris doth minister unto him, is drawn from three several reasons: The first, from his valiantness: the second because his death was honourable: the third, from the integrity of his life. Finally, he exhorteth Locritus not to be overmuch grieved for the loss of his son.  
IN that you take the death of your son, so sorrowfully, you are undoubtedly 
* For the Father is touched with natural pity to complain for the loss of his child, being the fruit of his own bowels.  to be pardoned: Yea, I myself pity your case, as much as may be, and considering the same, am no less grieved than any other of your friends what soever, although I seem in a much harder condition, for this cause, that I know this to be true, that with such as be overwhelmed in Seas of anguish, and suffer extreme torments of adversity, bore words are not available. Nevertheless you aught to be comforted, and this should be a Sovereign consolation unto you in this calamity. First, because your Son died in the quarrel of his country, like a valiant Martialist: secondly, because in the very triumph and victory, his death, was most honourable, according to the appointment of his destiny: and lastly, because his life was so upright, that the same was blemished with no stain of filthiness, 
* 〈◊〉 Death m●…king an 〈◊〉 of his ver●….  his death in soughten field finishing his noble virtues. For, it is a thing very uncertain, whether a good man's life may be changed to a worse: For in things belonging to man, Fortune (for the most part) and not their own wills, hath Dominion: Whosoever, therefore, dieth without reprehension, his estate is most honourable, most glorious, and triumphant. Persuade yourself so, that you have received of him recompense sufficient, both for the benefit of his generation, and also for the gift of his education, 
* A full & a no 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ac●… 〈◊〉 our 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  sithence he persevered in virtue and honest behaviours, even to the last day of his life: and let this be your requital, to to take his death in such sort, that you fall not into extremity of passions.   

Phalaris to Polydeuces.  
TH●… ARGUMENT.  
The state of a Tyrant is in this Epistle plainly expressed, wherein Phalaris complaining of his unruly people, chooseth rather to live in solitariness, then among such subjects, whose delight is in disquietness.  
YOu seem to marvel (as it appeareth by your letters) at the alteration and change of my life, in that I heretofore exceeding in courage and boldness, far beyond the custom of Tyrants, mistrusted no company, but put my life in all man's hands, as doubting no danger: now contrariwise, such a mutation to follow, that my very friends, and nearest kinsfolks, may not have access to my person. As for me self, so 
* Because every one was ready to cut his throat or to have a slash at his sl●…she: for he was had in wonder full detestation among his people.  fearful am I, and so attainted with timourousnesse, that I am persuaded to live in solitariness, as an Hermit wandering in the wilderness. For we find faith (sound and assured faith, I mean, and not such faith as being cloaked with dissimulation, proveth plain treason) not only fainting in all men, but failing also in such as we accounted our friends and favourers. In consideration of which premises, perceiving myself wrapped in labyrinths of troubles, and having to the uttermost, taken trial of all things tending to mine avail, I have now at the last, made mine election and choice, preferring the inhabitable woods and comfortless caves of the 
* People of Africa, called by the name of the countries which they inhabit: L●…bya & Numidia: of them Geographers writ largely.  Libyans and the 
* People of Africa, called by the name of the countries which they inhabit: Libya & Numidia: of them Geographers writ largely.  Numidians, before a life led in company, and common concourse of people. For, as the present state of things is, I see much more safety to ensue a life led among Lions: more sweetness to solow 〈◊〉 taken among serpents, then among people of this age wherein we live, whose delight is chief in tumults and upprores. We have taken trial, even till we be weary, by many and divers alterations of fortune.   

Phalaris to Polycleto.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
To Polycletus a famous Physician, unto whom he did writ often, is this letter directed, wherein he commends the man's knowledge and honesty (having good cause so to do: for he dealt in such sort●… with him, when he had him in cure, that he esca●…ed dau●…ger whereunto he was two ways in subjection, that his 〈◊〉 w●…s preserved:) to whom he sendeth large gifts, of his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, supposing them insufficient to requited 〈◊〉 his deserts.  
I Am in doubt (Polycletus) whether I should rather wonder at thy 
* At his cun●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Phalaris 〈◊〉 his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: which was brought to a very low ebb: At his faithfulness●…, beecaus●… he being tempted with large bribes and rewards to dispatch & make away the king in his sickn●…sse, yet would not commit such a horrible villani●… against his patient.  cunning in the practice of Physic, or mer●… at thy 〈◊〉 and honesty in behaviours: For, by the virtue of thy Physic, thou didst restore the health of a 〈◊〉 that was much impaired: and thy manners overcame the rewards of a bloody slaughter. By the benefit of these two singular ornaments, flourishing in thee, & grounded upon i●…stice, thou sau●…dst me from two shrewd shippewrackes, namely, from the violence of a disease incurable, and from mine enemies, whose conceived malice is unappeasable. For, it lay altogether in thy hands, to have dispatched a Tyrant in his sickness: But it seemed that thy meaning was not to play the manquil●…er, sithence, what medicines so ever thou ministredst unto me, made much for the restitution of my health and safety: albeit thy faithfulness in fulfilling the office of a Physicyan for thy patientes a●…ayle, impaired thy own profit and commodity, which should have been very great. But, such was the goodness of thy nature, that thou wouldst in no wise prefer an unjust reward, before justly deserved praise: s●…thence, peradventure, that occasion of time, had fit cause of due dispatch and working my death, by reason of that sickness. What commendation therefore can I give thee, that is counteruailable with the singularity of thy virtue and 〈◊〉, considering thy usage towards me, (when my life lay in thy hands, to ●…aue me, or kill me, at thy will and pleasure) so faith fully testified. Of this one thing I am assured, that thou haste attained to that ripeness of understanding, and perfection of skill in this thy faculty, which may well ●…eféeme that God, by whom the Art of Physic was first invented and put in practice. But, I hau●… sent unto thee, (together with the commendation of thy knowledge, and the praise of thy faithfulness) certai●…e pledges of my good will towards thee inclined: namely, 
* The gifts and rich●… rew●…es that Phalaris sent to Polycleto his Physician.  a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 made of pure Gold, two standing cups of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from the fashion of this time: ten couples of SATURN'S cruses: twenty young Maidens whose 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 never stained: and fifty thousand pieces of Ath●…men 〈◊〉. furthermore, I have written to Teucer, that in the dispensation and ordering of mine affairs, he should pay you the salary and wages, that is given to the governors of my fleet, the guard of my body, and a Captain ever hundrethes. A small and ●…lender recompense (I confess) for so singular a benefit: but think upon this, that to my small signification of thankfulness, this mine own confession is to be added, that I am utterly ignorant, how, or by what means I might bring to pass, that my rewards should counterpoise thy merits.   

Phalaris to Perosthenes  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He pardoneth (of his ●…lemencie) two women, the wives of two men that were rebels and Traitors, upon the view of their valiantness: wherein he quiteth himself of the name and property of a tyrant: for, in a tyrant what sparkle of pity rests, a●…ter the apprehension of an offender against his person.  
YOu have sent unto me women prisoners, condenned wretches, being the wives of Eubolus and Ariphantus, rebels against our person: whom although I was determined to have committed to the executioner, that he might do with them according to the definitive sentence of judgement: I have yet notwithstanding, altering my former appointment, pardoned them, and vouchsafed them their lives: you marvel, no doubt that I could quench the coals of mine anger kindled against them so extréemly: but if you once hear the occasion, of this change in me upon such a souden, issuing from an 
* The valiant hearts of two women, being, prisoners, over came his 〈◊〉, and tu●…ned his ty●…nie to p●…y his cruelty to clemency. etc.  incredible nobleness & valiancy of their minds, you shall have greater cause to wonder. For, when I demanded of them, whether they were accessaries & of counsel with their husbands, to work me mischief: they answered with bold affirmations, that they did not only give their consents, but that they were fully intended also, to take up weapon against the tyrant, & in their own people to offer him violence. Again, when I asked them, what injury I had done them, either little or great, whereby they should attempt such an enterprise. Their answer was, that they knew no private wrong that should i●…cite them to such a deed: but a public & universal injury they anouched, whereby they found themselves so stoung, and pricked, that they could not refrain from seeking remedy▪ This public, or open injury, this wrong that was universal, and touched the estate of every man, they said, was this: 
* A forcible cause to kindle coals of reb●…llion.  Because a free city was forced to serve. Again, being demanded, what punishment their hatred & hostility which they showed against me with such outrage did deserve, they made this answer: that they thought death a fit reward for their offence. In consideration of which circumstances, & perceiving also their valiant hearts, & soldierlike stomachs, how little they regarded to dye, I deemed them worthy to live, and therefore spared them, and gave them both pardon. Wherefore, whatsoever you have in your hands, that you took from them, at such time as you sent them unto me, like prisoners, restore them, vndiminished: that they may have no occasion of injury offered them, whereby they should, against us and our dealings, raise any complaint.   

Synesius to Anastasio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He writeth unto one that neglected the duty of a ●…reende: therein showing the course of the world, that in a man's welfare he shallbe favoured, but in his misery quickly forsaken. Lastly, he seemeth not to dis●…alow mutual sufferance of sorrow (an opinion maintained, in manner, of the most: for that it is naturally engraffed that one man, much more one friend should bemoan another friends ill fortune, or else what place is left for compass sion?) in saying that the one half of his sorrow is diminished, if his friend be merry.  
NOt 
* Two very friends that wished well one to another.  Amasis' doubtless, (who white he showed himself very loath to lament the calamity of 
* Two very friends that wished well one to another.  Polycrates, to whom he wished happiness) sent unto him an assurance of friendship, at such time as he was forsaken of fortune: but even then, wh●… he was in the per●…e of his prosperity. Whereby he gave a manife●… testimony, that his heart would have been heavy, & his eyes ready to gush out bra●…kish tears, if misery had prevented so comfortable a message. But, in you the contrary appeareth: who, so long as fortune vouchsafed us her favour, remained with us, as not discontent with our condition: but so soon as she withdrew her 〈◊〉, & ●…unged her smiling countenance into a sour visage, than did you leave us sticking in the mire, as forlorn and forsaken. For, such as have come out of 
* A country in Europa, bordering upon Macedonia. Mela. lib. 2. & Pliny. lib. 4. cap. 11.  Thracia, having had resort unto us, & some communication also upon occasion in●…erchaunged, have made unto us this report, that such is your dealing now in absence, as that you cannot afford 〈◊〉 word, not, not so much as a good thought. What is this else, but to be at defiance with friendship, and to take up weapon against us, as a soldier of hatreds host. It had been sufficient, not to be touched with compassion in our misery: but to aggravate and increase sorrow, where grief should rather be assuaged, is a token of no relenting nature: Amasis might not allow it, nor any man else like well of it, sithence it is against all humanity: but peradventure in this doing, you see better to your own commodity. Well, do what you will, so that your doings be not destitute of delight & a merry motion of spirit. For, the one half of my sorrow, shall seem to be diminished, if you do not languish, as I waste in anguish.   

Synesius to Theotimo.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
To a singular Poet named Theotimus, this letter is written by Synesius, wherein is first signified, (by comparison of Simonides & Hiero) that commodity did spring from the acquaintance, which was between him and Authemius: he endeth with a commendation of the same Theotimus, for his excellency in the Art Poetical.  
Hiero 
* King of Sy●…acuse: of whom Aelianus, in Var. histor. lib 6. of the same there was another, an Athenien.  had more commodity, by keeping company with Simonides, than 
* This Simonides was the first inventor of the Art me morative: Cic. in Ora. he devised also these double letters in the Greek alphabet (namely 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as says Eustathius. etc.  Simonides had by using the familiarity of Hiero. Even so (by the heavenly virtue which governeth the friendship wherewith we be united, I swear) thou art not more happy by being acquainted with Authemius, than Authemius is, by the benefit of knowing your person. For, what maketh more for the honour of a man in high advancement, and supported with power, then to have such a friend, as is faithful and unfeigned? such a one, I am certain, Theotimus is, a man passing courteous, and with God most acceptable. But in this point you do exceed & go beyond Simonides: in that Simonides measured his service by profit and advantage: Again, in this you agreed, & seem to shoot both at a semblable mark: in the 
* This Simonides was the first inventor of the Art me morative: Cic. in Ora. he devised also these double letters in the Greek alphabet (namely 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as says Eustathius. etc.  Simonides commended Hiero to everlasting memory: and in that also the Poesies of Theotimus, so long as any Grecians shall be left on live, have made Authemius famous by the report of every man's mouth, famous I say in the ears of all, that shall hear of his person. It is his part to seek the increase of the Romans renown: & it is your duty to extol his name with the instrument of your profession. For, to the practice of Poetry, is granted (as it were by divine influence) the wreath of worship, & the garland of honour, the excellency whereof, most evidently in you appeareth.   

Dionysius to Philoxeno.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He declareth how glad he was, when he received a letter from his friend Philoxenus: adding moreover, that his joy would have been the greater, if (as he wished) he might enjoy his presence. Furthermore, to win the more credit of friendship, he useth a comparison of two lovers, whose delight is to see and talk one with another. Lastly, he concludeth that tokens are a fitt●… thing to keep acquaintance in custom.  
THe letter which you sent unto me, was both wished & welcome: and I would, that as I saw the 
* Or, that as I saw & read the letters of your running pen, so I might also hear your lively voice.  characters of your hand, so I might (to my full contentation) hear your lively voice. For, if I might once obtain my desire in that case, I should reap pleasure in more plenty: like to a young man, whose comfort is then passing great & sw●…te, when he seeth & talketh with a fair damsel whom unseignedly he loveth. And this fruit of delight we do also reap, that when absence of person, and distance of place, hindereth us from visiting and keeping company with them, whom heartily we love: to have their 
* Which representing them whom we love, we might still have them, by continual view of their pictures, in fresh remembrance  pictures in our sight, that by one means or other (though somewhat slender) we might suck some solace: and gather, though not the whole & perfect harvest, yet some gleanings of pleasure, in our beloved. And surely, tokens are meet things for this purpose, in mine opinion: which I esteem so much more in value and price, as I do your person, from whom they were received.   

Dionysius to Abramio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He declareth the occasion of his long linger, before he did writ: excusing himself by the allegation of two circumstances, name lie, opportunity of time, and good order of inditing. He signifieth also, that his mind continueth unchangeable, so that there is no cause of fainting in friendship to be mistrusted.  
IT is a thing necessary and convenient, that such as writ to virtuous and honourable personages, should have a regard both 
* To opportuniti●… of time because it is a circumstance of every wise man to be observed: of a decent and convenient order, lest want of discret●…on be detected.  to opportunity of time, and also to a plausible method, or good order of inditing. For, it is an offence unsufferable, to take a thing in hand, wherein not only rashness and want of advisement is bewrayed: but virtue also with homelines of style and baseness of phrase is abused. In consideradion whereof, we have been constrained to make delays, and find occasion of doubtful conceits. We seemed as though we had quite cast off all remembrance of friendship, in that by the mutual recourse of letters, we did not visit one another. The cause therefore of this impediment, being understood, you have not to suspect, but that our friendship remains still steadfast, and that I (for my part▪) am in mind unvariable. I think you ●…il not mislike of my doing in this case, nor suppose my delay worthy of rephe hension, having in it so slender a shadow of security an●… carelessness. Wherefore be mindful of us: For, so to do, 
* Or, is both to you and also to me, not profit only, ●…ut pleasure also.  is to me both acceptable and pleasa●…nt: and to you also profitable and requisite.   

Libaniu●… to ●…zalo.  
TH●… AR●…VMENT.  
H●…e comm●…ndeth Izalua for certain●… behaviours of courtesy, which ●…e reckoneth up by 〈◊〉 office●…: he finds fault with him for too much libe●…ie of tongue, exhorting him to amend that misdemenour. Lastly he acknowledgeth himself thanckful for the receipt of ●…rtaine benefits▪  
THe trade of life whereunto you are accustomed, as it is sim ply the be●…t, so for the profession of Philosophy it is the fittest: For 
* Necessary lessons, for all such to learn as intent to at ta'en the true knowledge of Philosophy.  yo●… do what you can, to live ●…prightly, and accor●…ing to the rule of wisdom. You entertain strangers: you secure the needy▪ you give true sentence in deciding controuers●…es: you keep your conscience free ●…rom the corruption of brtherie. Nevertheless, as you are in the premises to be praised, so in this following circumstance you are to be rebuked, in that you have not the ability of reason, whereby to bridle your tongue▪ which oftentimes is busied in vain talk, too too abus●…uely. In this case therefore, you annoyed your friends, who feel themselves grieved, through your fruitless and immoderat●… tattling. Wherefore, these are to admonish you, to frame yourself to an amendment of this 
* A tongue given to vain talk & needless language▪ a foul fault▪ and here rebuked in Izalo, in whom other honest be haviours were not wanting.  foul fault, that you may become meeter metal for the image of Virtue, & more apt to receive the precepts of Philosophy. You shall not cease to writ unto me, touching all things, whatsoever you please: because it is my wont fashion, to certify you of all affairs and business done among us, which I perceive necessary for you to understand. I am fully persuaded hereof, that as I have a regard of your commodity, so you are touched with a consideration of my profit: For, you are the man, of whom I have received many benefits, in recompense of the which I tender thanks immortal. be careful of your own health from day to day, let your mind be discharged from all cumbersome cogitations: and possess all pleasure after your own hearts desire.  
Far you well.   

Libanius to Rupino.  
¶ TH●… ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle is made by Libanius, and of him invented ●…or imitation, & example, to make the like: not left as a testimony, e●…ther of his own, or of his friend's misfortune: so the name of 〈◊〉 i●… surmised.  
ALas, with what waves of wretchedness, are we ouerwhe●…med, by keeping company with that unhappy Hermogenes. 
* By these exclamations & pitiful complaints, he showeth what a sore plague it is, for any man to keep ill company.  In what gulfs of mischiefs are we drowned, into what dangers are we brought, by acquainting our selnes with his execrable conditions. Better had it been for us to have rolled the stone of Sisyphus, with weariness: better to have been tormented with Prometheus, e●…en with the g●…awing of a greedy vulture: better to have thyrsted and famished in abundance of tooth●…ome de●…icates, and pleasant streams of lively liquor: better to have pitched our tents next to Pluto's pavilion, then to have used the 〈◊〉 of such an infamous fellow, who is to the earth a 〈◊〉, and an idle burden, and one whom the heavenly ●…habitants (the immortal Gods I mean) are offended withal, and account accursed. Then so, in what labyrinths of w●…es are we lost, in what seas of inconveniences we sail, to the utter shipwreck of our honesty and honour: in what pits of perplexities we be plunged: in what snares (almost inevitable) of unluckinesse we be entangled, except that by the direction of virtue (as it were by Ariadne's line) we be rescued. This it is to touch pitch: this it is to taste wormwood: this it is to posse in puddles. Wherefore, I would wish, that upon the perusing of this epistle, you be circumspect: not to▪ merous and rash to intrude yourself into any company: but deliberating with yourself, how you may join in fellowship, and save yourself from prejudice.  
Far you well.   

Seneca to Lucillio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This 〈◊〉 doth partly admonish, and partly disuade: for he exho●…teth to constancy of mind, and to stick to certain exercises of learning: he disuadeth also, from reading the works of divers 〈◊〉: which coun●…ell is proper to young beginners, sithence it is a kind of 〈◊〉 tender 〈◊〉, to be meddling with many writers. He exhorteth also to study approved books, and such as abound with the pleasantness of the latin tongue, out of which 〈◊〉 must be le●…rned, and committed to memo●…ie. He that i●… well mon●…ed is not thought to be rich, but he to whom a little is enough.  
BY the cyrcumstances of your own letters, and by the reports that I hear of you, I conceive good hope of your doings. You shi●…t not from place to place, neither do you trouble yourself with change of reading: this turmoiling is the token of ●… mind disquieted. The chiefest argument of a settl●…d and well ordered mind●…▪ is (as I think) if it can stand fast by itself▪ and be not subject to alterations. Have a regar●… (in any case) that th●… 
* Reading ma ny ●…ens works without order breeds varia blenesse.  reading of many authors, and tumbling over the valumes of divers writers, draw not after them the discommodity of ●…ckle headiness & variableness. If you be 〈◊〉 to reap some fruit of your labour, which may continued and rest in your mind vnremou●…ble, you must tie yourself to certain studies and exercises, choice & change being avoided, which 〈◊〉 in disorder and confusion. He is no where, that is every where. The life of trauel●…rs is stra●…ge to consider, for they b●…e such as even now we named▪ they have many harbours, but no friendships: even so, it ●…areth with them, that acquaint their wits with all writers, not applying their minds to certain that be special▪ 
* Neglecting in the mean●… space, th●…ir own commo ditie & benefi●…: whereof they should oh therwise taste the swe●…nesse▪ ●…f they used leisure i●… the●… labour.  but with post hast a●… it were, pass●… over what soever 〈◊〉▪ under their 〈◊〉 gers. That meat is unprofitable, & ministereth to the body no measure of nourishment, which so soon as ●…t entereth in to the stomach, is 〈◊〉 & pr●…sently 〈◊〉 out a●…aine. Nothing is more noisome & hurtful to the bodies of m●…n, than the often change of 〈◊〉 and curing remedies. That wound never groweth to a scar▪ which is not ply●… with plasters. That young plant doth not prospero, which is always removed. Nothing is so profitable, as that it doth good in a moment or the turning of a hand. The much meddling with many books, is a spoiling of the wit. Wherefore, sithence you may not read as much as you have, it is sufficient if you have as much as you may read. But, me thinks I hear you say: 
* A supposed question.  Due while I will be doing with this book, another while with that, and thus I will frame me self to choice and variety of writers. 
* The answer or resolution.  It is the point of a loathing stomach to taste diversity of dishes, which are so far from nourishing the body, that they fill it with crudity and raw humours: Wherefore if you read, read such authors as be notable and approved: & if you be desirous of choice, then have backward recourse to those books which you did first peruse. be not without some 〈◊〉 against poverty: and of remedy against death, be not ●…tterly 〈◊〉: neither would I have you unprovided, it haply 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 disperse their infecting properties. And▪ 〈◊〉 over many leaves and lines, learn one goo●… 〈◊〉 for thi●… own commodity. This is a practice of mine own, ●…omething to hold fast, among many things that I have read. For, I ●…m wo●…t to enter int●… others tents, not as one y● wou●… ru●…e away, but as a spy for advantage. Merry 〈◊〉 (●…aith 〈◊〉) is a goodly treasure: but ●…uch kind of 〈◊〉 (●…ay I) is not poverty, howbeit merry it is notwithstanding. For 
* But very few or none, be there that can away with want: & therefore, where i●… Seneca his supposed wealth?  whosoever can agree well with poverty, y● m●…n doubtless is rich & wealthy. Who is poor? not he that hath little, but he that coveteth more to that which he hath, he is needy: For what availeth it him▪ how he hoard up in his co●…ers▪ how he rep●…enish his garners, how much he ra●…e together by extortion, how much he poll & pill by vsuri●… and loaning, if that which he yawneth after be another mass goods: If he make reck●…ng of that which is to be got, & not o●… that which he hath already in possession? You ask me a que●…ion, namely, what measure 
* A demand answered.  there is in riches. I answer you, that the first is to have no more th●…n is nece●…arie and the second is, not to be without that which is sufficient.   

Seneca to Lucillio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He teacheth that it is an undecent thing, for an aged man to wax childish, and to grow again into infancy: moreover that death is not to be feared, sithence, we see very many, that set light thereby, through the ●…orce of their perturbations, as through the passion of timorousness or fear: & through the concupiscence of carnal pleasure. Lastly, he setteth down the common course of man's nature, together with the law whereunto we are tied, even in our birth and nativity.  
AS you have begun so continued: make speed to the uttermost of your ability, that you may enjoy the benefits of a well ordered and disposed mind: which you shall t●…e longer enjoy, as you are 
* For nothin●… doth more pervert the minds of men▪ then wickedness and vice.  less subject to the infection of vice. Incomparable is the pleasure, which is purchased by the contemplation of a perfect and pure mind, of a mind (I say) free from all stains & blemishes. You remember with what gladness of heart you were surprised, at such time as you, having cast off your 
* When you had outgrown the age of a child, & came to man's 〈◊〉.  child's coat, put on your long side gow●…e, and were waited upon to the common place of plée: look to reap joy in great plenty, when you leave your childish conditions▪ and when Philosophy admitteth you into your manhood. Even yet to this present day, not only childhood, but (a thing somewhat grievous) childishness remains in us, and hath an abiding: and surely, it is so much the worse, because we bear the countenances of old grey beards, and yet have r●…igning in us, the vices that be proper to children: and not proper to children only, but also to very infants. Children fear light toys, infants fear counterfect follies, we fear both. Consider I pray but a little, & you shall soon understand this matter: ●…ome things are less feared, because in other things, greater occas●…on of terror is offered. It is (say you) a 
* Yet many cast away themselves upon light occasions (as he says himself) and what is that but to contemn the benefit of life.  hard piece of work to persuade the mind of man to contempt of life. Do you not see, upon what trifling causes, death of divers is despised? One hangs himself under his sweet hearts window with a twyned halter: another throweth himself headlong from the top of an house, & breaketh his neck, because he would no longer hear his angry master's brawling. One cuts his own throat, lest he should be brought back again to service, after he hath played the runagate: and another leaps into the water, not to swim, but to be drowned, because he is pi●…cht with poverty etc. Now, think not you, that the nobleness of virtue will do as much, as too much timorousness hath done? Let your daily & continual meditation be, 
* According to the counsel of the word w●…itten: Memorare novissima, & non peccabis in e●…ernum: Remember thy ●…nd, if thou will't not sin eternally. etc.  to forsake this wretched life with a well willing heart, which many hold in as much assurance and certainty, as a running stream is stayed by weeds and shallowness. Some waver between the fear of death, and the torments of life: live they would not, & die they cannot: wherefore, so rule your life, that the same may be free from such kind of carefuln●…sse: so moderate and dispose it, that you may be able to shake ●…ff all cumbersome cogitations. Not good thing is a comfort to a man, except his mind be prepared willingly to sustain the loss thereof: and nothing that is lost, breedeth less anguish, the●… the loss of the thing, which when it is lost, cannot be recovered. Wherefore arm yo●…r self 
* This force must be wisdom, wherewith whosoever is furnished, the same is able to with stand and endure all mise●…es whatsoever.  with force sufficient, to withstand all assaults of misery whatsoever. Trust not quietness to far; and of prosperity be not too bold, through the bait of vain●… confidence: lest you afterwards taste the bitter bane of repentance. The sea is not always calm, in a moment of time it rageth with a storm. Call to remembrance, the examples of such, as in their own houses have been dispatched, as with open violence have been murdered, as by privy deceipts have perished: and you shall found, that as many masters have been slain by the hands of their servants, as there have been offenders put to death at king's commandments. These and such like circumstances aught to occupy a place in our brain, upon these things we aught to study and deliberate, if we look to live, till our last day and hour, without troublesome thoughts: if we wish the approaching of death not to be terrible, the fear whereof filleth all our life with disquietness and vexation. But, to finish mine epistle, take this poesy▪ of flowers gathered out of other man's gardens. poverty used according to the prescript laws of nature, is great riches: and what limits nature hath assigned & tied us unto, you are not ignorant: namely to hunger, to thirst, to sweat, to aware chill, against which infirmities she hath also appointed remedies. It is a bootless toil, to adventure the seas: it is lost labour to follow the camp: that which nature requireth is easy to be got, and is bought for a small price: but things superfluous require tedious travail.  
Far you well.   

Seneca to Lucillio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He commendeth Lucillius for continuing at his book. He 〈◊〉 out true life Philosophical, that is, the life of such as live more sparingly & ba●…ely then other: that they may perform that in behauiou●…▪ whereof they make an out ward ●…hew, and representation.  
IN that you continued so earnestly at your book, setting all things aside, and ●…irecting all your thoughts and actions to this one marc●…e, namely to become better day by day, as in years you do increase, I allow it, & I cannot but rejoice: In which your approvable procedings, I do not only exhort you but also beseech you, to persevere. Hereof I admonish you, that you do nothing after the ma●…er of them, whose desire is not to do good, but to be gafed upon, si●… hence such acti●…s 
* Because they be (commonly and for the most part) leavened with vain glory.  deserve due reprehension. Let not your hair grow out of order, to the disfiguring of your head, nor your beard be uncombd & rough, to the marring of your favour & countenance. The very name of Philosophy, although it be moderately used, is much envied among a great number. Let not your go●…ne sit upon your back 
* Which curiosity might be left to women, in whose apparel and garments, not so much as a plight must stand amiss.  too nicely, nor yet wear it too slovenly. Let us not conceive this erroneous opinion, that the judgement of frugality or thriftiness, consists 〈◊〉 gold, s●…uer, or the muc●…e of this vading world. Let us be so occupied, as that our actions may tend to a better life▪ then the common sort of people do ins●…e: howbeit, not a li●…e c●…ntrarie to there's: for in so doing, we shall drive away from us such as 〈◊〉 would aw●…nd, that they will be loathe in any thing, to take us for an example. Let us have a regard, that the things▪ whereby we would grow in admiration among men, be not ridiculous, trifling toys, and fruitless. Let the scope of our determination be, to frame our lives according to the 
* For that is a ready way to annoyed error and offence, which otherwise, by not regarding her rule, we are like to incur.  rul●… of nature. To desire delicate & nice vanities, is the point of prodigality. Philosophy requireth thriftiness, and not lavash spending. Let our life be governed, between good behaviours & usual manners. Let our life be in sight of all men, and from the knowledge of any man, let it not be kept it secret. Shall we do as other do? Why, then between us and them there shallbe no difference. Let them have occasion to wonder rather at our people and usages, then at our store and provision. A wealth man (no doubt) is he, who applieth earthen vessels to semblable service, as he would pots of silver metal: and he is altogether as rich in like manner, who useth silver plate as he would use vessels of clay clods. It is an argument of an 
* As saith the Poet: Th'envious heart doth boil in hate To see another●… happy state.  enui●…us heart, not to abide that another should have riches. But, to the ●…ntent that I might communicate with you, th●…s days ●…duadntage, I have, in our Cato his short sentence, found the end of our desires. Thou shalt cease to 
* Or▪ to mistrust.  fear (says he) if thou cease to hope. How can these twain, say you, being of such diversity, agree in equality? It is even so (friend Lucillius) although they appear to have in them contrariety or difference, yet are 
* Or to doubt  they joined together, like two coupled with one and the self●… same chain. And as the shadow doth follow the body ●…rom place to place: even so these two, how soever they seem discrepant or diverse, keep one another company. Hope followeth fear, and fear followeth hope. Mavy of our own goods work our annoyance.  
Far you well.   

Seneca to Lucillio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
That Philosophy rejecteth none, but offereth itself to all indiffer●…ly▪ and without exception. He speaketh somewhat touching true nobleness: & decla●…eth who he is that deserveth th●… name of a right noble gentleman.  
YEt again you make yourself of no account nor calling: and you complain that your luck is overthwart. I tell you that Philosophy hath not respect to the person of any man: she offereth herself indifferently to every one's embracing. Socrates' ruffled not in his robes of magistracy. Cleanthes was a water drawer, Cleanthes played the gardener, Cleanthes let out his hands to hire. Philosophy made Plato famous and honourable, being before but base in degree. Why then should you cast doubts of despair in your mind, as though there were such impossibilities, that you should never aspire to the like worthiness? Who is a Gentleman? Who is a Noble man? Even he, who of nature, is appliable to virtue. The court replenished with vain shows of bravery, maketh not a noble Gentleman: but the mind which wrestleth and overcometh fortune, in what condition of life soever, perf●…rmeth that function, maketh (I mean) a right noble Gentleman.  
Far you well.    

The extract of Epistles out of Paulus Manutius, and other late writers, most meet for imitation.  

Paulus Manutius to Francisco Vargae Orator to Charles the fifth of that name, Emperor. etc. and Philip his son king of Spain.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He complaineth of his present occasions of sorrow, namely, the sickness of his wife, his children and his brother at one instant, He commends the virtue of reason, which so ruled him, as that he was an able man to moderate and measure his passions of sorrow. He praiseth Francisco Varga, for sundry peculiar and special properties: touching whose person, and the person of himself, he useth many words, even to the conclusion of his epistle.  
THE remembrance of your singular courtesy, and exceeding great gentleness, doth put me oftentimes in mind of my duty: this duty which remains in me towards you to be performed, in consideration of distance of place, and absence of body, is writing & sending letters: which long since I had procured unto you to have been directed, but that I was intercepted and hindered with most grievous and sorrowful thoughts. For, 
* A complaint containing a catalogue and brief summa rye of his calamities.  in those same things which you know to be most dear and right precious unto us through the whole course of our life, and with which none are to be compared: even in them fortune hath begun rigorously to afflict me, namely, my wife, my children, and my brother, at one and the self same prick of time (in manner) being sore invaded with sickness: and as for me self, I am not free from anguish, but am a partaker with the rest, in my portion of trouble. For 
* An argument grounded upon necessity.  my mind being s●…rprised with sorrow, and hewed with heaviness, how is it possible that my body should continued in healthfulness? Nevertheless, sore so much as your counsels of comfort stick in my memory, heavenly hope, (whereunto you refer all things,) maketh me valiant, in suffering the miseries of this mortality: and (surely) except I had followed you my good guide & captain, and haled in my leaking bark into the haven, at ●…ase (a while) to harbour, no doubt, the main seas of mischiefs, and souden tempests of sorrows, wherewith I was miserably ●…ossed, had quite overwhelmed me, and wrought my remediless dispatch. 
* That i●…ration of one word▪ signifieth the vehement passion●…▪ of his mind.  See, see, how uncertain the success of our purposes be, and how those things which w●… imagine & persuade ourselves, will chance none otherwise th●… we are in expectation and desire, fall out overthwartly, yea, chance clean contrary to our account and reckoning. I took upon me▪ a journey, into the coasts of this country, not without great expense of charges, not without sore burdens of labour, in hope that I should recover my health, which sickness had impaired: I forsook 
* I think he meant Rome, for there he lead a great portion of his life.  a fair and famous city, I gave over my necessary affairs and weighty business, I was content to withdraw me from your company, whereon (I am persuaded) the chiefest and worthiest portion of mine estate dependeth: these incomparable commodities, are so far (notwithstanding) from being recompensed and counterpeised with other advantages, that many crooked chaun●…es have succéeded, which if they were referred to the sense of feeling, might (not undeservedly) be called by the name of misfortunes, torments, and inconveniences. But, because reason ruleth the inward passions of my heart, when outward smart doth sting me, and work my great grief: I am so much the less discomforted. This 
* The benefits which reason yieldeth to such as love and in brace reason●…  reason instructeth me, that nothing is to be counted evil, but that only which falls on us through our own default: this reason teacheth me, that judgement in things incident to this transitory life, is doubtful and not assured: this reason instructeth me, that nothing in this world continueth in one state, but is subject to ebbs and flows of change: this rea●… resolveth me, that even adversities, miseries, calamitie●…, ●…ough they draw us nigh the gulf of despair and destruction, suffer a soudeine alteration, and that from them flow flat contrarieties, namely, prosperities, happiness, and choice of commodities. Again, that those things which put on a pretended show and vizard of felicity, (to speak more familiarly) which in our opinion are embalmed with blessedness, turn into most bitter extremities of vexation and wretchedness, that is to say, banishment, poverty, beggary, shame, reproach. etc. In this cogitation and consideration, when my mind is occupied, I feel myself inwardly somewhat refreshed, & as the measure of my ability will give me leave, I take unto me that kind of courage, & valiantness of stomach, which in time of Fortunes frowning, & glooming clouds of overthwart chance, doth most gloriously shine and glister. Touching which virtue, as many traditions are left registered, by the pens of most excellent philosophers in writing: so none of them all are to be compared with C. jesus the pledge of our redemption, the prince & 
* Christ jesus an especial pattern of fortitude and valiantnes●…e.  pattern of heavenly philosophy, the author and wellspring of true and perfect godliness, who was (him self) a most lively example and express image of the same: whom if we be content to acknowledge our master, & to his teaching (as scholars) submit ourselves, we shall soon learn and vnderstan●…, what valiantness is indeed: and we shall 
* Who would not then (except ●…e be wholly and altogether a wretched worldling) be glad of gracious cious a guide.  quickly perceive, where lies the plain and infallible pathway which leadeth to the true and perfect attainment of all right commendable Arts, and praise worthy professions. And (undoubtedly) my good friend Francisco Varga, in that you accounted all other studies but lost, in comparison of this whereto you give all the preferment, I can not but for this special occasion, have you in singular reverence, countenance and estimation: ye●…, I must needs think of you more honourably, for the cause above cited, then for the office of your Oratourship, by the virtue whereof you deal in all the affairs and business of Caesar, the most ●…ictorious and noblest emperor that hath lived in wealth of th●… Venetians, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. For, 
* A singular commendation given to Fran cisco va●…. by P. 〈◊〉.  in the sel●…e 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ●…ich you ●…t th●…s ●…resent ●…ioy and possess●…, o●…her 〈◊〉 ●…ntlemen (in y●…ur ●…ualt▪ bu●… I ●…aue 〈◊〉 hear●…●…o much a●… o●… one, that hath been y●…ur supe●…ur▪ 〈◊〉, after my departing from you, yo●… will not thin●…e no●… bel●…e, ●…owe often my ●…art, 
* By this phrase of speech he testifieth the unseinednesse of his aff●…ction.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 your words, and the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, though 〈◊〉 th●…ngs here where I do now 〈◊〉, ●…ere 〈◊〉 to mine ●…wn wish & will, yea, if I were 〈◊〉 ●…at 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as by the 〈◊〉 & access 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉) it could not be made better▪ If I say, I sailed with full sail 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 of felicity, as I am almost drowned in the depth of irrecoverable danger and distress: yet notwithstanding, my life 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…ith 〈◊〉 of joyfulness and delight, because I be●…ng absent from you a great distance, taste the swéetene●…e of yo●…r exceeding gentl●…nesse, find myself inwardly comforted, with the memory of your prudent and hoalsome counsels, reap marvelous fruit and advantage, by the precepts and admonitions which you ha●…e uttered, v●…ry available (no doubt) and necessary, for the leading of my lif●… 〈◊〉 
* Not as though his behaviours were to be amend●…d, but that in ●…uffering sorrows, he should show himself a wise man: for i●… is undecent, and unseemly that a man should be ou●…rtrodē wi●…h g●…ef and such like c●…sualties.  〈◊〉 and séemelinesse, in health and safety. I begi●…e 〈◊〉 ●…o 〈◊〉 ●… greater ●…iking, than I have 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉, ●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an●… improve my former 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 my ●…welling and house keeping in B●…rnacum mar●…e. Your ●…ngular ad●…ertisements, your friendly forewarnings, your honesty and your good will, call me home again to keep house in the city. As for f●…nnie 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 seru●…th, 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 t●…me th●…t place is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) if I be troubled with 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to resort for my pleasu●…e. In the mean while, I will so see to 〈◊〉, with due obseruatio●… o●… di●…t and abstinent 〈◊〉, as shall make best for my commodity: and peradventure it will 〈◊〉 fall out in tra●…t of time, because All things depend upon God's providence, that I may wax lusty again, and recou●… my health in 
* Where I am now resident and abiding.  Venice, within the walls of mine own dwelling, having my friends round about me, with whom●… I may rejoice, and li●…e in such sort, as to my contentation is most agreeable, that no necessity of the weather, no occasion of season, shall constrain me to remove: which if I may obtain, you shall find me (if it please yo●… to admit and like w●…ll of my presumption, and hope of your humanity and gentleness, as I know you do not think it 〈◊〉) a familiar companion, in man●…r ●…n ordinary guest, and a con tinuall chamberfellow: and (doubtless) with this confidence I am wonderfully comforted, succoured and supported.  
Far you well.   

P. Manutius to Hieronymo Faleto Orator to Hercules Duke of Ferraria.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
●…ing much moved with angry passions, against one (belike) of whom he was ●…bused, and i●…iuriously dealt withal, he 〈◊〉 to Hieronymo Faleto the Duke of Ferraria his ●…ratour, wi●… whom he was w●…ll acquainted, desiring him to be hi●… s●…ccourer and assistant, otherwise, he saith, his luck will be but 〈◊〉: lastly▪ he maketh mention of a book which he written conce●…ing four kinds of common wealths, and so concludeth with ●… 〈◊〉 farewell.  
THe words which (not long agone) you uttered, have t●…ken root in my remembrance: and how much the more diligently, I call the matter into s●…crete consideration: with so much the more earnestness and speediness, I have 〈◊〉 all 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, all my 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 new 〈◊〉 ●…nd 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉. For, 
* He was c●…rried away with the stream of his 〈◊〉 on's & 〈◊〉 motions, wh●… h●… did i●…dite this Epistle.  I am 〈◊〉, tornien●…, and 〈◊〉 dealt withal, 〈◊〉 the hands of a n●…ghtie varlo●…, yea, a●… t●…e hands of su●…h a wicke●…●…ellow, a●… in 〈◊〉 (I 〈◊〉) is matchless●…: He i●…●…ot content to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but ●…e 〈◊〉 me in such 〈◊〉, despigh●…, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 co●…teth me a vi●…e person, an●… su●…h a on●…●…s i●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 o●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
* A defence of his, 〈◊〉 a●…d vpright●….  shoe lea●…her, wh●…n he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 fo●… an●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 come unto 〈◊〉. Surely 
* Note his mod●…stie and mildn●…sse: for he was destitute of neither of both.  I 〈◊〉 nothing to ●…y self: I play not th●… part of an 〈◊〉, ●… ta●… not 〈◊〉 any thing contrari●… to custom●… an●… order: I hau●… no●…ing in myself, neither of●… 〈◊〉, nor yet by 〈◊〉 (●… must 〈◊〉 confess) whereo●…●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 swel●…. with vain glory●… Nevertheless, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 eue●… 〈◊〉 away, with the 〈◊〉 of right 〈◊〉 and honourable men, that have dai●… lie ●…ecourse ●…nto me, and think not 〈◊〉 to step oue●… and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 my 〈◊〉 Eu●…n y●…u, ●…riende 〈◊〉 (you I say, bo●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
* Hercules' Duke of Ferraria: ●…o whom M●…rcellus Palingenius did d●…dicate his zodiac of lif●….  most 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, an●…●…ne of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 amo●…g t●…e Nobl●…, to who●…e 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of special 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 importa●…nce ●…re committend▪ wh●…se pen i●… oc●…upied in writing histori●…all 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the ●…nowledge of laws, most 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 well ●…hose that were mad●… long since in aunci●… yea●…es, 〈◊〉 those als●… wh●…che have been en●…cted of la●… 〈◊〉) 〈◊〉 me the courte●…e, to repair unto my h●…use, (which I 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ascribe ●…o your good and gentle ●…sposition) and that not 〈◊〉: there to spend the time away in sweet an●… 〈◊〉 co●…unication. 
* A suppositi●… appliable to his purpose.  You will, per●…, say, It is a 〈◊〉 thing to be conte●…d, t●… be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of a ●…aughtie and ●…ewdly inclin●…d ●…erson▪ I●… 〈◊〉 no less (undoubtedly) than you say: but it is ●… far worse 〈◊〉, for a ma●…●…o lose that which is his own, and to be (in manner) ●…obbed. If your wisdom, deal●… not in this matter, & provide a plaster for this 〈◊〉 sore, all the fr●…ite, all th●… profit, all the advantage of your 〈◊〉 hath suffered 〈◊〉 wrack, & is lost without 〈◊〉▪ For, 
* By this proverbial speech he giveth to note, with what a naughty and overthwart man he had to deal.  I may sooner▪ 〈◊〉 Hercules his club 〈◊〉 out of his 〈◊〉, then get mine own money out of the 〈◊〉 of this 〈◊〉 holdfa●…. Wherefore let the commodity which I hoped ofter, through the benefit of your labour, be restrained to my use and serui●… or else, let him, that gapeth greedily after our undoing, 〈◊〉 of the sauce of sorrewe which we 〈◊〉, and let all fellowship 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, with the overthrow of many. Howbeit, when I 〈◊〉 the eye of my consideration upon the goodness of your nature, when I examine in my secret conscience, your authority, and the passing benevolence 
* Or, whereof I have been a da●…y partake  whereof I have been a 〈◊〉 communicant, I feel myself fastened upon the infallible anchor of affiance: I do as it were underprop my mind with piller●… of promises, making due account, that all things will 〈◊〉 to my quietness, to my commodity, & to mine enriching▪ It shall be your good deed, only and alone, to restore our a●…eted estate, to amend and repair that which is in decay, to comfort that which y●…fortunes storms hath shaken: and 
* The injury which he suffered was (helike) intolerable: and that made him so hot and choleriqu●….  as for this petty fogger, this false fellow that is in no credit or 〈◊〉▪ being a man of the meanest degree, a very ●…lot, and fraught with all kind of vile vices, such a one as is most unworthy to be partaker of our fellowship, & deserveth not so much as to come in our company, not not to hear our communication, we will thrust him out as a wrangler, that he may 〈◊〉 him co●…tes of mischief with whom to be conversant hereafter, and with like lewdly disposed people lead his life, wal●…wing in the filthy puddles of wickedness, being separated from us, that have humanity and honest behaviour, courteous usage, and friendly fashions in reverence: that 
* Which every virtuous man will do, without grud ging.  p●…ferre (I say) virtue before all advantage. In the mean season, exerc●…e yourself in reading that which so often and so iustantly y●…u required. A part of our book entreating of four common wealths, which I wish to be by you authorized and allowed, when I am at leisure (which that I may be I will do what I can) my purpose and intent is, to finish the whole volume (if else where I can not) in your Manor of Bellombra. From our house. etc.  
Far you well.   

P. Manutius to Christopher Madrutio, Cardinal.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He is altogether in praise of Christopher Madrutio, whom he commends, not so much for his good fortune, as for his singular virtue: he extolleth him for sundry circumstances, and among all the rest for this one, because he doth not himself alone highly esteem of virtue, but also showeth his liberal nature in ad vancing and furthering such as be of a virtuous disposition: lastly, he giveth him thanks for the good report that he giveth him, whereupon he infereth the gracious offer of his friendship, whereof he promises to show himself a receiver not unworthy.  
IT is reported unto us, that you do both speak, and also 
* Which aught to minister greater cause of joy and gladness, for how much more is the excellency of the person commending: so much more is the comfort of the person commended.  think of us passing honourably. It is an excellent thing to be praised of a princess' mouth, yea, and of such a prince, with whose fortune virtue is so worthily coupled, that in either of them he is to be counted peerless. As for myself, thus much I confess with out dissembling, that I did always reverence your person, yea long before I had either spoken with you, or seen you. I was much moved with your excellent exercises, and with the certain rumours of the people spread abroad in all places, touching your incomparable commendation. I did not so much wonder, if any man praised you for your riches, for your nobleness, for your 〈◊〉: these things are common to a great number, and ●…ore to be desired then to be extolled. But when I herded of those ornaments of an invaluable price, being your own in proper possession, 
* Which opinion I conceived upon necessary reasons.  I counted Christopher Madrutio, such a man, as had vertu●… in high estimation, and singularly honoured the same himself: besides that, so bountiful of nature, that he bestowed most large and rich rewards upon such as he perceived semblably disposed: 
* Special praises ascribed to cardinal Chri stophero Madrutio.  an intertainer and harbourer of the sciences liberal, a maintainer of them, & as it were, their foster-father, at such time as (I can not tell whether I may justly say, by y●●…ruell dealing of destiny, or through the iniquity of the time, or else through the proffered injuries of naughty people) it suffered uncomfortable banishment: finally, a searcher after the sound substance of glory, and not after vain shadows of temporal renown, which many hunt after with insatiable desire, but he contemneth as trifles and transitory toys. At what time I herded 
* The conside ration whereof could not but kindle reverence in the mind of a man virtuously inclined.  these things, I was inflamed with an earnest affection, to declare my special dutifulness, and to present you with a manifest and most assured testimony of mine obedience unto your highness to be exhibited, for the fruits of your goodness which I have oftentimes, and divers ways digested. But to trouble so noble a Gentleman, with vain and unnecessary letters, (who doth not only with power and majesty, but also with justice and uprightness, govern the chiefest cities in Italy, and the sundry estates of many people,) I suspected that it was the part of a man bewitched with extreme foolishness: or else of one that is drowned in the whirlpool of shamelessness. But▪ ●…thence your talk touching me, hath been uttered in my praise and commendation, I am ready to catch occasion while it is offered, and I tender to your highness, great & infinite thanks, both with my heart and also with my voice: as well for that it hath pleased you to vouchsafe me the worthy witness of your judgement, which none, I am certain, doth improve and disallow, sithence among all men it winneth great authority: as also for that through the virtue of this your courtesy and undeserved gentleness, yond do as it were, set a door wide open unto me, to enter into possession of your ●…auour and friendship: whereof that I may seem worthy, howsoever in other respects I am insufficient, yet notwithstanding I will do mine endeavour, with all singularity and dutifulness to deserve the same, sounding abroad the report of your virtues incessantly, that I be not thought altogether an unworthy receiver of such a notable benefit. Which thing, although in times past I have neglected, being thereunto provoked through the force of mine own judgement: yet notwithstanding, I mean hereafter to do it with more courage and diligence, being constrained there unto by the operation and working of your exceeding gentleness: which to continued unuarible from this day forward, and so for ever, not only your accustomed constancy, but your natural goodness holdeth me fully persuaded.  
Far you well. From Venice.   

P. Manutius to Jo. Sambuco.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
After he hath made mention of his inward sorrow conceived through the death of his young son, be beginneth to be comforted with the remembrance and consideration of his friends counsel: he declareth his infallible affiance, touching his joyful estate of heaven, after his transmigration out of the labyrinth of this life: he showeth what kind of life true wise men do embrace: he signifieth what great odds there is between Sambucoes his condition, and his own estate: he complaineth of the benignity of princes, which in old time flourished, but is now banished: crieth out against the vanities of men and their inordinate usage: lastly, he lamenteth the miserable case of learning, detecting therewithal the hypocritical dealing of divers men, and their notable dissembling: this being done, he maketh an abrupt conclusion.  
AFter that the heavy and ruthful news of my sons death, had pierced into mine ears, I was so full of grief, sorrow, and anguish of heart, that I remembered mine own mortality, and considered also that his entrance into this wretched world, was like the state of a sojourner in a common Inn, that when so ever it pleased God, to call him out of this painful pilgrimage, he might pass into the paradise of heavenly pleasure, the joys whereof are not subject to corruption, but coupled with everlastingness. And though this lamentable luck, had so wounded my heart with weapons of woefulness, that I should have fallen down, as one overthrown and vanquished: yet notwithstanding, I should have recovered, tasting the prudent precepts of your learned letters, wherein you discourse right worthily, how lamentations should be allayed, and heaviness of heart assuaged: wherein while you occupy 
* Your brain or your wit, and your pen, the one to invent and devise: the other to writ and set down your meaning.  your head and your hand, you give manifest declarations of your good and virtuous disposition, well beséeming a true and unfeigned christian: and towards me, you show most assured warrants of benevolence and hearty good will. But (friend Sambucus) by the experience of many foul misfortunes, I have learned to contemn and to be at des●…aunce with blind Fortune herself, who shall never have the power to deprive me of those things which she can not give (well may she dispossess me of 
* Because all outward things (the external ornaments of the body, and the abilities of the same, which are called corporal faculties, excepted) are said to be the gifts & goods of Fortune.  transitory vanities) neither is it in her ability to bestow upon any man, an upright mind, a true meaning conscience, honest and virtuous purposes, love and reverence towards God, and such like precious ornaments. I despair not of my son, he is in exceeding good case, I am not otherwise persuaded: he enjoyeth the company and fellowship of angels, of holy men, blessed martyrs, and innocent souls: the cares of this world do not choke him, wherewith a great number are stoung and strangled. He is not carried away with vain hope, as many be in their misery: he is not a slave to fear, wherewith innumerable multitudes are tormented in the flower of their felicity, lest it should whither, and then they to incur the inconveniences of alteration: He is free from all these molestations, they touch him not, they have no power to invade him, or do him violence. But, we wretched people, that are said to be alive, in whose eyes nothing appeareth more glorious, than the enjoying of a counterfeit and deceivable light, which is nothing indeed but a very vapour and the shadow of a vapour, and hath a time assigned wherein it shall vanish, with how many myllians of miseries are we tormented, tossed, and turmoiled to and fro, not unlike a ship upon the sourging seas? we labour, we take care, and what though we obtain the end of our desire, and the scope of our travel, our life must have a time to cease. Wisemen, I mean not such as be worldly wise, but those that be wise to God ward, are wont to wish, what? a long life? nay, but a good life, and such a life as is not repugnant to virtue, whereunto I (in semblable manner) contend and do what I can to aspire, hoping that I shall in the end obtain it, to my full contentation and hearts ease. For nothing doth so much occupy my mind, and draw away my cogitations, than the desire to frame and fashion myself orderly in that trade of life, whereunto I am appointed, and in such due and convenient sort to continued the course of my years, that I may be able thereof both to God himself to tender an account, and to men also to give a reckoning: this is my meditation: this is the mark whereat all my purposes and intentes are leveled. Wherefore, in that you call upon me, not to withdraw, but rather to apply my pen to writing, (I must needs say the truth as it is) my determinations and counsels, are established with your judgement: and you (undoubtedly) in giving me this exhortation, do as many more beside, to whose desires I could (peradventure) show myself satisfactory, if I were not otherwise, with the burden of my private and domeslitall business, hindered. But, I beseech you, measure not my leisure by your vacations and times of pausing: considering the estate of us both: you have all things ready at hand, you need not doubt of their uncerteintie, you have them at commandment and service, without cumbersomenesse: as for me, mine estate is far otherwise, mine own industry is my provision and maintenance, none other succour have I: that is my only and alone supportation, the staff and stay of my children, the prop and main post of all my household and family: thus to do I am constrained, and if therein I show myself dissolute and negligent, I must needs forsake all humanity: and if I be as careful, diligent and circumspect in seeing to the charge thereof, as I am bond in conscience, then must my exercises at my studies cease of necessity, which require a mind free from all kind of worldly thoughts, and not a mind clogged with cares, & quite ouer●…yed. 
* A supposed objection, whereunto followeth a full answer, touching his own estate.  But you will say (peradventure) your own studies will be your advantage, they can not but afford some profit, they will be your sufficient purueyance. Sing this song to others, that do neither know manners of people, nor seasons of time: the sound thereof should not so sink into mine ears, I will not be persuasible thereunto, sithence I am one, that in either of both have not wanted experience. The bountifulness of princes, which in ancient time most prosperously flourished, it is now wasted and withered. The greatest part of men, what do they? even follow vain fancies, toys, and transitory shadows: they love nothing that hath in it * sap and substance: they set not their affection upon that which is renowned, they care not, neither have in any account, that which is honourable & excellent. You shall see some, 
* Telluris inutile pondus: as the Poet says. 

Great burdens to the ground,  
That doth their life maintain:  
Not good in them is found,  
But vices fond & vain.    good for nothing that is virtuous and honest, much like unto Caterpillars devouring the revenues and increase of the earth, being thereunto, even from their birth, appointed and ordained: spending and confuming, wealth, riches, treasures, lands, possessions, hereditaments, etc. in excessive belly cheer, and pampering the paunch, far beyond the bounds of Epicurisime. You shall see othersome, so married to mischief, and wedded to most detestable wickedness, that they do not only waste their wealth & all that they have, in consuming the increase and crop of the ground, by means immoderate, but also (which they count nobleness and valiancy) in committing that which tendeth to the destruction of people, in preparations for battle and bloodshed, which draw after them most miserable and manifold calamities, wastefulness and spoil to arable lands: setting on fire whole towns and cities: and to one man wrapped in woeful wretchedness, by another's want of wit, loss of life, an irrecoverable casualty. Thus while the minds of men wander in wildernesses of enormities, the 
* By Muses in this place, speaking figu ratively, he means learning: For the Muses were the Ladies of learning, as not so much as the most ignorant, but knoweth.  Muses famish, they starve, they perish with want of maintenance, they are thrust out of house and home, and turned (as it were) a begging, from post to pillar, through their cruel usage, who as they aught principally, so they might most liberally have seen them succoured. Furthermore, what a shameful and detestable thing is it, that some under the pretence of a liberal heart, hunt after their own honour and advancement, having in their mouths that virtue whereof they have no portion, so common & familiar, as though they did highly love it, esteem it, and had it in reverence. But thus far sufficient, and too much peradventure.  
From Venice. Far you well.   

P. Manutius to Benedicto Accolto, Cardinal.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
First he complaineth of his tedious journey, and also of his sickness, both which turned him to trouble, and made him prolong his time of writing. The greatest part, and in manner all the Epistle, containeth a commendation and an acknowledgement of Benedicto Accolto his courtesy, with certain professions of his own thankfulness: both which, the one in his friend, the other in himself, he continueth even to the last line of his letter, and thereupon (immediately) infereth his farewell.  
SO soon as I returned to Venice, although I was somewhat weary with the 
* Two great occasions of intermitting the writing of letters.  tediousness of my journey, vexed with the 
* Two great occasions of intermitting the writing of letters.  sickness which afflicted me, grievously enough, when I was at Ferraria, being not yet delivered and set free from anguish: yet notwithstanding, the 
* Two forcible provocations to take pen in handeand fall to indite epistles.  exceeding greatness of mine obedience, and special dutifulness which I acknowledge to your highness: and 
* Two forcible provocations to take pen in handeand fall to indite epistles.  the remembrance of those benefits which to my profit and comfort, have had issue from your goodness, constrained me to writ an epistle to your worthiness: which kind of service, how often I am bond to show and to discharge with diligence, I am not ignorant For, in somuch as it pleased you, even the very same day, that I had access and entrance to your favour & friendship, not only to be careful of my commodity & furtherance, but also bus●…e and painful in procuring my promotion if my will be no less toward than it aught to be, if I am loath to be thought unworthy of those honest studies whereunto ever since I was a child, I was addicted, then must I circumspectly cast mine accounts, that I may be able and sufficient, to give manifest and evident assurances of your readiness to do me good, & deliver testimonies of certainty of your forward will to work my preferment: to comprehend which enterprise, that my desire may be somewhat satisfied, I see none other remedy at this present time to be used, then to devise and to direct 
* Which may deliver unto you, the true message of mi mind.  my letters unto your person. If ever mine ability be answerable to my desire, I will do mine endeavour to make full recompense: and yet nevertheless, I will let slip no time wherein I may give some trial of acquittance. In the mean season, I will not only confess myself to be your debtor, and that unfeignedly: but mine own tongue shall bear witness of the same, with my conscience in all places and in all companies, and that not unwillingly. 
* He maketh it a matter of great account to have the friendship and favour of such a one, as is not only in au thoritie, but also furnished with the precious ornaments of virtue, and learning.  For what can redound more to mine honesty, and to mine honour, then that you, being a man furnished with all virtuous ornaments, possessing a stately room of authority and excellent dignity, discerning the secret dispositions of man's several natures, by the soundness and certainty of your judgement, should pretermit and let pass, no kind of courtesy, no kind of friendly usage, which might tend either to my commodity, or to my commendation? Now undoubtedly shall I disclose the truth without hypocrisy? there was never any thing so available as this, to make us grow in credit among men through this praise worthy opinion of learning and honesty. Wherefore, as mine intent was to tread in the same path, which my father before me had passed through, and worn with his frequent and often going, leading directly to the triumphant tower of renown, as (I say) I framed myself by my father's example; to be thus exercised: so now, through the incitation & encouragement of your courteonsly conceived opinion, I will be the more earnest, & advised, to make it mine accustomed practice: unto which opinion, I fear greatly, that I shall not be able to afford answerable service: and thus much I knowy ● it is no easy thing, nay, it is as hard a matter as can be, to see the same satisfied, with such measure of dutifulness, as is requisite. Nevertheless, because I lead my linger life in such order, that so much time and leisure, as my weakness of body doth permit, I bestow at my book, and (as it were) desire to quench the continual thirst wherewith I am attainted, draw liquor out of the self same springs & rivers, from whence even the chiefest and the greatest instruments of your renown took their beginning. I build upon sure hope & steadfast confidence, that all men shall think your benefits well bestowed: and that you yourself (in like manner) shall perceive (though it be somewhat long) that the amendss which I am to make, are not to be contemned, nor lightly to be regarded: till the accomplishment and performance whereof, it is my duty, 
* Which is the duty of a thankful man and upon such a one a benefit cannot be ill bestowed.  to remember your singular benevolence, yea so to remember it, that I never forget it: and it shall belong to your courtesy, to continued for ever that goodwill which of your own accord you have applied to the procurement of my profit, that in the same, by the same, and through the same, I may not be destitute of my desired succour: y● one of which, I mean to the uttermost of my power, to see accomplished: and touching the performance of the other, (such is the incredible bountifulness of your noble nature) you are not to be admonished.  
From Venice. Far you well.   

P. Manutius to Hieronymo Capilupo, Bishop.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This epistle differreth very little from the former: for though in words it vary, yet in sense it doth very little disagree: the sum and total effect thereof, consists in the acknowledging of benefits received: whereunto are annexed certain significations of his own thanckfull heart: In the conclusion of the epistle, he promisseth to show himself recompenceable to his power, though not with like recourse of benefits, yet with giving thanks.  
THe 
* He be ginneth still with the confession of a thankful heart.  ancient duetifulnesse, which I own to your reverence, taking beginning and root, from the gracious ornaments of your noble nature, required (undeubtedly) to writ some thing unto you in an epistle: but there were hindraunces always in these purposes, whereby I was both amazed as mistrusting, and discouraged as not daring to take in hand such an adventure: namely, the dignity and worthiness of your calling, and the excellency of your person. For, I was carried into thoughts of uncertainty, and conceived an inward revoking fear, lest in sending vain and trifling letters, to such a man, upon whom continual burdens of great and weighty business do attend, I should show and bewray the point of an impudent and shameless fellow. But now I will declare my mind truly and unfeignedly: I find fault, and do almost even accuse 
* Which is in some so aboun dante, that it turneth to their discommodity: where fore modesty in measure & with reason, is commendable and also profitable.  my modesty: because, while I am consulting and deliberating to writ to your reverence, and yet bring not the accounts of my determinations to performance, it cometh to pass (in the mean season, these delaying causes being used) that your 
* Which is in some so aboun dante, that it turneth to their discommodity: where fore modesty in measure & with reason, is commendable and also profitable.  humanity outrunneth, and recovereth much ground of my duetifulnesse, although I am full loath, that your benevolence, should suffer further trial (whom I know, to be a man for the excellency of your virtues, right praise worthy, whereunto I may not, neither can aspire) considering that even in this which you have already done (being a principal point of your good will towards me, & then the which I esteem nothing more precious,) not idle proof of your bounty, (in partile requiting whereof, I remain a debtor,) appeareth. Wherefore, as I am ashamed and repent me of my bashfulness, in that I had not the audacity and boldness to writ to your reverence, not not even then, when my will and desire was in exceeding great towardness: even so I feel myself marvelously delighted, in this comfortable & joyful declaration of your wonted kindness, together with the commendations which it pleaseth you to bestow upon me, in your praising Epistle. And surely, I would not you should think, that I have either attempted, or accomplished any thing without mine unwearisome labours, and incessant watchings (which deserved well liking, and not controlling contempt) that I was in hope to reap any other advantage, or to obtain any better reward, than I have already recovered, through the judgement and testimony of you, and such as be like you: Prelates (I mean) of high calling, and for their virtue most renowned: which if I have got, I think me self well recompensed, and I triumph therein, and rejoice. But if you do so commend me (which indeed I may suspect) as if by your words you would encourage me, fainting (as it were) and waxing weary in the race which I have to run: yet notwithstanding, even thereby, as with a principal benefit, you bind me to have you in reverence: fythence, if any thing in the world be forcible and effectual, to persuade and provoke me, it is your authority, wherein that working chiefly consists. Wherefore, I will so order my doings, and therein use such diligence, that I may be thought, truly to interpret and expound the meaning of your epistle. For, I will be more industrious, more circumspect, more earnest and painful, to obtain those things, which whosoever doth purchase and possess, he cannot but enjoy the pension of perfect praise. And to turn the residue of my talcke to your highness, whom it hath pleased courteously to visit me with the embassage of a most loving letter, and voluntarily (without the help of any mediator) to grant me free passage and access to your friendship, which a long time I desired, and now at length to the full delight of my heart, I have obtained, if I be not able to make sufficient recompense for such special benefits as I have received, (sythence I own more to your goodness, than it is possible for me to discharge, and see fully paid) yet will I (at lest) not show myself 
* Jest all that you have done for my weal, should seem utterly lost & cast away.  unthankful: and I am content, in consideration of ability, to remain your debtor, but in respect of my will and desire, I will do what I can, that my duty be not unsatisfied.  
From Venice. Far you well.   

P. Manutius to Francisco Commenduno, Cardinal created.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Writing to a certain Cardinal, a friend of hi●…, whose name is Francisco Commenduno, he beginneth his letter with an interjection of joy, or a kind of speech importing his inward gladness, through the honourable estate of F. Com. conceived. He giveth a short note (by the way) of such things, whereby men ostentimes are advanced: among which he maketh mention of virtue, which being jest regarded, is also jest available to prefer such men, of whom she is possessed: he praiseth P. Pius the fourth of that name: showeth that rewards & punishments are the maintenaunces of all well ordered commonwealths: praiseth him, for sundry considerations, to whom he writeth this epistle: professeth that he was exceeding glad, when he was informed, that he was made Cardinal, and so concludeth.  
O Most happy and glorious day, which hath ministered unto us perpetual pleasure, comfort knit to continuance, and everlasting joyfulness. O most blessed day, being the 
* On which day he was created C●…rdinall: for which advancement, he had to thank P. Pius the fourth.  fourth of the Ideses of March. For, upon that day it pleased our Gracious Lord, and high bishop, with other worthy Prelates and excellent men, to nominate and created you Cardinal, which thing all good and virtuous men most heartily desired. Let us now stop the course of our complaints. Let us not say that virtue is unprovided of a place, which heretofore hath been the lamentable song of a great number: and surely, not wichout just occasion. For some have been advanced to degrees of stateliness, through the nobleness of their birth: othersome have grown in countenance by the means of their riches and possessions: and some by one thing some by another, have crept up to authority: only Virtue hath been to a very few an instrument and help to preferment. This blemish and offensive inconvenience is now abolished, and the ancient custom of high bishops, which very few have observed, that long hath been desired, by and through the wisdom of P. Pius (the fourth of that name by succession in the seat of supremacy) which is so excellent, that it can never be sufficiently commended, is renewed. Which being come to pass, I am assured, that according to the full measure of perseverance and knowledge, wherewith you be stoared, you are not to be taught, what belongeth to the function whereunto you are called, nor yet what things your present dignity requireth, or to your life past virtuously governed, is agreeable. Thus much I have to say, and I may boldly affirm it, that with one heart tongue & voice, all good men throughout the whole commonwealth, rejoice & are exceeding glad, for this your advancement: & that they give infinite thanks, with all reverence, to our Gracious Lord and chief bishop, for that it hath pleased him, in these troublesome and dangerous days; to choose such a sure prop and substantial pillar (as you) to stay up the Church, when it was like to fall, and ready to run to ruin: offering unto you this honourable room, whereunto you are now elected, of his own voluntary motion, not being required: bestowing upon you (I say) this place of pre-eminence, which 
* Francisco Con menduno, preferred before many gentlemen of a good house, to the dignity of a Cardinal.  to diverse noble Gentlemen, earnestly labouring and making great suit for the same, he thought more meet to be denied, then to be granted. You know that virtue hunteth not after rewards, neither doth it arrogate and take to itself any external thing, wherewith to be adorned and beautified. Nevertheless, if in that due administration of two specialties (namely Punishment and Recompense) the safety of the commonwealth consists, as Philosophers & men of exceeding great wisdom and learning, have left witnessed in writing: good cause then (no doubt) there is to rejoice in both, sythen●…e to virtuous men the very best advauncementes that be, are largely given: and that wickedness is so noted and revenged, that none hath to vaunt himself of his ill doing, nor yet to make reckoning that in offending he should escape unpunished. In consideration whereof, you, as well as other, have necessary cause greatly to rejoice in this your honour, and not to make light account of such a benefit, deserved, & yet 
* Wherein a testimony & proof of your worthiness appeared.  not desired, though for the commodity of the seat apostoticall, you refused no labours, albeit passing burdenous: you withdrew yourself from the adventure of no danger. You cast all your care, fixed all your thoughts, had your mind wholly occupied, and your travel altogether employed, in the maintenance and preservation of all, none excepted. So soon as it was advouched unto me for a verity, that you were choose and created Cardinal, I was immediately swallowed up (as it were) in a gulffe of gladness. My hear●… was so inflamed with joyfulness, that it triumphed: yea such was the plenty of my pleasure, that it is not possible with pen to be expressed: howbeit, though it be so abundant, as the tongue seemeth an insufficient instrument to testify it: yet notwithstanding in 
* Which is able to comprehend that, that neither tongue nor pen can express.  thought and imagination it may be comprehended: if it would please you to call in examination, the greatness of my goodwill, which remaineth at all times vndiminished: and the reverence I have of your person, daily increasing, as your honour is enlarged, through the brightness of your virtue. Which that you would do, I beseech you most instantly.  
Dated at Rome the twelve. of the Kalends of April. Far you well.   

P. Manutius to Carolo Borromeio, Cardinal.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Having a certain petition to Carolo Borromeio a Cardinal, which he is desirou●… to have furthered, he renueth his suit: whereunto he seemeth to be drawn by necessity, not being so venturou●…, by reason of his bashfulness & modesty, to move it to memory. Howbeit taking stomach and (as the Proverb says) heart at gras●…e, after many things uttered in the Cardinal's commendation, he proceedeth in his petition, which is nothing else, but that he might live quietly in Rome: for (be like) some there were that sought his disturbance.  
SUch is your bountifulness unto me plentifully testified, and the perfect experience that I have of your conditions, that I cannot put you in mind, or rather, that I may not claim performance of those things, which unto me, not once nor twice most courteously you promised. And surely, 
* He confesseth the softness of his own nature and his exceeding modesty  such is my nature, that I am ashamed to crave that the second time, to the attainment whereof, I have once already played the part of a suppliant, although it touched mine estate so narrowely, that thereupon my making and marri●…ge seemed to depend. Nevertheless, I labour not in mistrust, that the renewing of an old suit, willbe tedious in your hearing, sythence it is the suit of such a man, specially, as doth exhibit unto you singular reverence: besides that, as showeth himself, according to the measure of his imbecility and weakness, not unmindful of your surpassing praises. 
* A reason following of verity, but ●…ot of nece●…itie.  It is a thing much to be wished, that such as covet principal benefits, should either have in themselves, a sufficiency to serve their contentation: or else should be in great credit and favour with such princes, nobles and Gentlem●…n, whose words and authority are most effectual, for their poor suppliants furtherance. In the want of which two things you do not wade, as wise men hold opinion. For you are by nature, marvelous prone and inclinable, to those things which are most precious and honourable: besides that, this your readiness and aptness, being coupled with singular policy, and not separated from virtue, doth so purchase the favour and well liking of your Uncle, our * Metropolitan, a man fraught and furnished with all wisdom and understanding, that he thinketh nothing to good to bestow upon you, but doth, as it were, load you with burdens of benefits: and hath committed to your charge and credit, a great par●… of his weighty affairs, (such is the opinion and good liking that he hath conceived of your singular worthiness) to the intent that by the communicating and imparting of them, unto you, he might be some what eased. Wherefore, embrace and make much of this acceptable time, as best beseemeth your gravity, or rather so keep it, that you loose it not, sithence it is your good and gracious luck, therein to have interest. The 
* these words are to be meant of himself: for ●…e was belike in some trouble, wherewith he was so disquieted, that ●…e forgatt (in manner) accustomed service & dueti●… to his benefactors.  misery of the ti●…e, hath wéeded out all wonted well deserving: which if it shall please you to plant a new, and to see that restored, which you have already attempted, and will (I hope) also accomplish, you shall mount up to the heavenly Olympus, even by the self same steps, that your predecessors before you have ascended, leaving behind you such a monument of honour and worthiness, as no age, no succession of years shall waste and consume. And as touching mine own person, thus much I am to say: that if it be my happy chance to obtain that by your means, which doth wholly rest in you, or wherein (at lest) you may do much to the purpose, namely that I may live at Rome to the contentment of my mind: (for what man would willingly lead his life in such a place, where things are so preposterous and overthwart, that disquietness, and a worse inconvenience followeth?) I will do the uttermost of mine endeavour, yea I will peradventure bring to pass●…, that such a singular benefit shall be thoroughly acknowledged: and though for lack of ability answerable to my will, I might s●…eme accusable of ingratitude: yet daily & continual remembrance of your goodness, from which I will never revolt, shall plead me excusable of unthankfulness.  
Dated at Rome the 4. of the kalends of November. Far you well.   

D. Erasmus Roterodamus to ●…lermo Burbanco, Secretary to the right reverend the B. of York, and Cardinal.  
¶ THE ARGVM●…NT.  
He beginneth his epistle with a sentence, touching friendship: commending Ilermo Burbanco for his courtesy and kindness, which ●…ee professeth on his behalf to be undeserved. Reckoneth up by name diverse Gentlemen, with whom he was in fau●…ur: where, by the way, he calleth himself happy, and rich, becaus●… he hath the goodwilles and freendeship of such as he 〈◊〉: commends (by the way) the Lord Cardinal, in th●…t he vouchsafeth to make wise men of his counsel: Then toward his conclusion, he says, that as he hath well-willers, so he hath adversaries, noting also that he had rather have a very few (so they be●…●…ertuously disposed) to be his friends, then to have the hearts of many, being viciously inclined. For end, he wisheth malicious and envious people a better spirit than they 〈◊〉 to possess●… and so wrappeth up all with commendations.  
TRue is 
* In the acknowledging of thankfulness, this, or the like begin ning is usual with 〈◊〉 of Epistles.  his love and unfeigned, that measureth not his good will●… with rewards: but loveth freely, not looking for recompense: but you have loved Erasmus, whose deserts are not to make any challenge to kindness, with such constancy, with such zeal and earnestness, that it is not possible to pick out one man from among a great multitude, that loveth him more sincerely, more heartily, or more faithfully, whose merits might make just claim to such exceeding kindness. How singularly did you love me when I was resident in Rome, giving you no occasion of exhibiting such courtesy: and therefore, being so much the more bound unto you, in special dutifulness, I have not suffered your undeserved humanity, to wax cold in me, not not a little to languish: sithence between us there have been, these many years, often and sundry re●…ses of fréendely services, which once ceasing, friendship must needs be in danger of a consumption, O 
* This is somewhat 〈◊〉▪ mently spoken & may ●…herefore 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉 ●…ith 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 cred●…t ●…f ki●…nesse.  hear●… appointed even from thy creation to harbour kindness, towa●…des whom if I should not show some 〈◊〉 of goodwill again, then do not I desire, that men should say of me, how I bear my fr●…d and beloved, about me in my body. And here by the way the old a●…ge or proverb must not be unremembered, whi●…e sayeth, that 
* M●…nus manum 〈◊〉 so 〈◊〉 the pro●…erb  one good turn requireth another. My friend Montioy hath made you privy, what good will he doth bear me, and the desire of you both, inclined to do me good, hath procured me many friends and favourers in o●…e family. For what should I else conjecture to be the occasion of so gracious a benefit? and what is there in me that 〈◊〉 ha●…e in it such force and effectual woorkinge, th●…t it 〈◊〉 kindle the affection of 
* He rehearseth the names of 〈◊〉 gentlemen that were his 〈◊〉▪ tours an●… favourers.  M. T. Lovel, the mo●…e wise and learned Civilian, towards mine vnwort●…ie person? Or that 
* He rehearseth the names of 〈◊〉 gentlemen that were his 〈◊〉▪ tours an●… favourers.  M. R. Tonicio, a man of rare 〈◊〉, should pro●…esse and put in practice, such apparent tokens of conceived ki●…enesse? Or that 
* He rehearseth the names of 〈◊〉 gentlemen that were his 〈◊〉▪ tours an●… favourers.  M. F. Phil●…ppo a young Gentleman of great hope and towardness, should afford me such singular favour? What should I stand ●…eckoning up in the number, 
* He rehearseth the names of 〈◊〉 gentlemen that were his 〈◊〉▪ tours an●… favourers.  M. Francisco, the Physician, whose courtesy, is not newly kindled, but hath been long a burning? What should I make mention of 
* He rehearseth the names of 〈◊〉 gentlemen that were his 〈◊〉▪ tours an●… favourers.  M. D. Samsono, a man of incomparable knowledge, than whom a faithfuller and fréer heart can not be wished? What need I repeat 
* He rehearseth the names of 〈◊〉 gentlemen that were his 〈◊〉▪ tours an●… favourers.  M. Gonello, h●…m whom I accounted, not as a friend, but esteem even as the half of my life. Among the rest, what should I 〈◊〉 to name 
* He rehearseth the names of 〈◊〉 gentlemen that were his 〈◊〉▪ tours and favourers.  M. Clemens, to whom 
* He rehearseth the names of 〈◊〉 gentlemen that were his 〈◊〉▪ tours an●… favourers.  S. T. Moor hath discovered a few sparkles of his benevolence towards 〈◊〉? What should I stand adding further to t●…ese whom I have recited, 
* He rehearseth the names of 〈◊〉 gentlemen that were his 〈◊〉▪ tours an●… favourers.  M. R. Pacaeo, who both in promi●…ng and also in performing, proveth himself a most trusty & faithful Pylades▪ What should I setdowne in this r●…gister, the Right Reverend 
* Sometime Bishop of Dy●…rham.  C. Tonstallo, whom I may compare with the best of them, that in ancient time have been highly commended for the sincerity and unfeignedness of their friendship? O happy man that I am, blessed with abundance of richesse: O most honourable family through whom I am made a communicant of such special ben●…fites: O right Noble and renowned 
* He means the Bishop of Yo●…ke, to whom thi●… B●…banco was 〈◊〉.  Cardinal, whose wisdom admitteth such men to be of his counsel: whose table is furnished with such stars that cast so glorious a brightness. But (good God) how entirely do they love Erasmus, in what account and rep●…tation they have the man, considering that his meri●…es have not been such, as that they should purchase this unmeasurable good will. Howbeit, as these men are my favourers and love me (I thank them) exceedingly, so Eras●…us is not without many an open and a secret enemy, 
* He excuseth himself by report of his own merit●…s and behaviour.  although his usage hath not deserved such doggish dealing: and I pray God, these seeds of envy b●… not further scattered, and so taking root, increase to greater inconvenience. I am at this point, for so I think it best, to please a few and let the multitude alone, and these few whom I would gladly please and so enjoy the advantage of their favour, I wish them to be such as are virtuous. This done, I rather desire as I say, to have the favour and goodwill of a few, so that they be commendably disposed, then to have the friendship of an infinite number, whose malice is infected with many 
* The words following, next and immediately, expound those words plainly.  a foul and ugly disease: as for example, with grudging hatred, the very canckar and Caterpillar of all kindness: with frowardness and wilful folly, the adversary of wisdom and advisement: with backbiting and slander, the professed enemies of honesty: where with while they acquaint themselves, wishing well to none, they inda●…age themselves, they wound themselves with their own weapons: but to such malicious people we wish a better mind, and a more tractable nature. Be you my deputy in mine absence, and commend me to every one of my friends, by name particularly.  
Dated at Louane, in the kalends of September. Far you well.   

D. E. Roterodamus, to S. T. Moor high Treasurer to the King's Majesty.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He commends to S. T. Moor, Lord Treasurer of England, a sreende of his, named Conradus Goclenius, a man (by his report) of singular learning and praisewoorthie p●…operties: who having but a bore maintenance, in consideration of his worthiness, which deserved far better, Erasmus is moved in mind to writ for his preferment, having such a special regard of modesty, t●…roughout the whole course of his letter, which is in deed pe●…itorie, that he seemeth not to crave at all, when he craveth most earnestly.  
I Can not 
* This Epistle in the form●…r part thereof, commends S. Thom●… Moor 〈◊〉, for his courteous & 〈◊〉 nature.  but highly commend (Right noble & Honourable) this your well disposed mind, in that you seek to enrich yourself with nothing so much, as with friends faithful and sincere, on whom the most part of your pleasure & hearts delight, you are persuaded (and that not amiss) doth depend. Some there be, that are marvelous circumspect, lest they should be deceived, with counterfeit pearls, precious stones, and metals of value: you contrary wise making none accounted of the admission of such transitory richesse, think yourself to be (as you are in deed, who calleth it in doubt?) wealthy enough, yea to swim in abundance of all necessaries, if among all other your possessions, you have one faithful friend and vn●…eigned. Neither is there any man to be found, whose mind conceiveth more pleasure in casting a pair of dice, in playing at tables, in riding and running a hunting, in the sweet and comfor●…able so●…nde of musical instruments, than you reap pleasure in having free talk and liberal communication with one that is learned, and endued with understanding. And although you have plenty and store of this kind of substance, yet notwithstanding, because I know thus much, that 
* Those words are not to be taken in an evil but in a good sense.  the covetous man's heart is always greedy and evermore unsatisfied, and for that also I consider, that you and I have had (oftentimes) passing fortunate success:: I thought it not amiss to commend unto you, and as it were to deliver into your possession, one special man, whom you might love with all your heart, and to have him in singular estimation: the man, whom I mean, is named Conradus Goclenius a Westphalian: which kind of country people, as there be of the common sort, very many that be ignorant and uncivil: so there are to be found among them (as we have had experience) many that be of a noble nature, fraught with all manner of learning, and in knowledge most excellent. There is no kind of people more painful, able and willing (I mean) to sustain labours, none in manners and behaviours more trusty & deserving credit, none for simplicity plainness & uprightness in dealing, more to be commended, or at lest wise, they principally praise worthy. You are not ignorant that in Louane there is erected & founded a College, wherein 
* Whereupon it was named Collegium trilingue, the three tongued College.  three several tongues or languages are professed: in that College it was his happy luck, to read in the open schools in Latin that thereby he purchased to himself passing praise and commendation, and procured to his hearers exceeding great profit by his learned lectures: yea the whole University hath reaped singular advantage, by his readings. Besides that, he is a man of such a mind and gentle spirit, so honest and upright in conversation, and not destitute of any thing that is requireable in humanity, that the same concurring, and as it were running hand in hand with his wonderful knowledge, that he maketh 
* A thing deserving singular commendation.  such to love learning exceedingly, and to have it in reverence, as before could by no means digest it, by reason of their continual loathing. He●… hath (moreover) a pleasant invention and a subtle, whereof he hath given substantial significations, yea, in those exercises, that are usually prosecuted in the common schools. He hath in him also very many, (and the self same approvable) merry conceits, savouring altogether of Athenien delightsomeness: and for pleasant histories, pretty fables, and such like gifts in times convenient not unnecessary, he may contend and strive even with you, for the masteries. In versifying, he hath a peculiar majesty, and grace: his devices are not darkened with misty clouds of doubts, the conveyance of his matter is manifest and perceivable: to conclude, the soil of his invention, memory, and judgement, is so ordinarily ploughed with practice and experience, that in all his doings he is plentiful and delectable. There is no Argument, no matter (I mean) so barren, so to be misliked, so undisputable, but if he have it in handling, it shallbe both pleasant and profitable. In writing proese, he is so like, or rather so unlike himself, that a man reading and marking his method and style therein, would think that in versifying he is but a smatterer, and not that scarcely. As for fréendely behaviour, he is of the right mould, none to receive so worthy a stamp more appliable: and surely, if you do enter acquaintance and familiarity with him, thus much 
* He had full expe●…ence & proof of his qualities in friendship, or else he would not have used such earnest words, specially, to a man of so high a calling.  I dare able, that you need not to fear the violating and breaking of the same, through any kind of casualty: though we see it doth chance most commonly, that such as are of a faithless nature, being hollow hearted, and in subjection to the f●…rce of their unbridled and es●… ranging affections, for every light occasion run into an apostasy or revolting from friendship, cracking in sund●…r the conditions of that covenant, which with the seal and subscription of faithfulness, was never confirmed: and yielding themselves in obedience, to their own vain minds, and deceivable desires. But in the behalf of him, thus much I am to avouch, that he is constant, that he is not ambitious, that he is not greedy of vainglory, that he is no revenger of suffered injuries, and that there is no pleasure, but he knoweth how to use the benefit thereof with measure: so far is he from surfeiting in excess: His forbearing an inward hate and envious mind against any man: he is so far from understanding & being acquainted with the mischiefs of such a monster, that never so much as once dreamt of the shadow of the same: such is the goodness of his nature, in all points most worthy commendation. As for keeping company with him, somewhat I can say, that he is gentle, loving, easy to be dealt withal, far from frowardness, and such like rebukeable conditions, so that his friendship can not but be alloweable. Furthermore, he careth not for gain, he setteth light by lucre and advantage, though his estate and calling be but indifferent: and having (in deed) nothing beside bore findeing, apparel, and books. Now, Sir, if our Lords, they of the Temporalty, and they also of the spirituality, had learned to exhibit unto learned men due and deserved honour, as 
* The Italians make much of learning and learned men: where in they deserve greatly to be praised.  among the Italians it is not ●…nprouided, then (no doubt) Goclenius our friend had wanted no manner of wealth, but should have had in present possession mountains of Gold and Silver, and aboundanuce of all other necessaries. But now, after their long sleep and slugging, they are awaked, and every noble man, is desirous and careful, to have his children trained and brought up in learning, albeit among gallant courtiers, there is none that is learned in deed, but M. G. Halloinus, who is so far from reaping any profit thereby, that he hath had none other reward for his labour, but envy and grudging stomachs: Nevertheless, ere it belong (I hope) he shall gain by the bargain, and recover great commodity and preferment. Now, I have this considencein you, that hereafter, when you are better acquainted with Goclenius, there shallbe occasion on both parts, as well yours as his, sufficiently offered, to give me hearty thanks for this my 
* Because special benefit is like to ensue thereupon.  good motion: as chanced but of late in M. Francisco Craneveldio, who is so deeply in your books of accounts, and with you all in all, that after a sort I do, in manner, bear him an inward grudge.  
Far you well.   

D. E. Roterodamus, to the Right renowned, King Henry the eight, King of England. etc.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
In this letter are specified three principal points: in the first he commends learning and knowledge, but specially that learning and knowledge wherein Christ is glorified: in the second he praiseth the kings highness, for refourming religion: in the third is mentioned an adversary of his, against whom he complaineth, and sendeth a book to the kings maiesti●…, written against the same his adversary▪ Finally, he wisheth good success●… to the Kings proceedings, and concludeth with a petition to his grace, for the continuance of his wont favour.  
Most high and mighty King, sithence a great part of the life of man, and of the felicity thereupon attending, consists in learning and knowledge, which how much in this blind time of ignorance, 
* Learning & knowledge.  they are sought to be defaced by a company of bussardly pezantes, so much the more are they to be supported by the favour and countenances of Kings, Princes, and Nobles, towards whom, thereby, in process of time, singular advantage is like to grow. And because there are diverse kinds of exercises belonging to learning, of which not so much as the lest is to be neglected: so principally and above all other, those 
* About the d●…e of this Epistle, resourmation began in the English Church.  studies are chief to be seen unto and regarded, which are necessary for the advancement of godliness, and available for the increase of Christ's glory, our sovereign Lord and Monarch full of majesty: in this respect, I wish with all my heart, ●…ea in the ferventness of my zeal I desire it, that all other Kings, Nobles, and P●…eeres, would follow the example of your puisaunce, and make your doings the pattern, to frame all their actions and inventions accordingly. Some there be that do so, and I hope the number of them hereafter, will multiply, so that you shall not want disciples, you being so worthy a schoolmaster. Small is my knowledge (I must needs confess) and little (yea whose so ever is lest, mine is lesser) is my learning: nevertheless, howsoever be the measure of mine understanding, so God be my good guide and gracious comforter at all times, and in my necessity, as I refer all my doings to the glorifying of his name, and make his honour and praise the aim whereat I level, all that I have hitherto written, or hereafter shall writ, while I am able to put pen to paper. Undoubtedly, even till this day, all godly minded men allow and well like of our doings: and among all other, the P. Grace doth count them worthy acceptation. How be it 
* Such there be in the world, at this day, that have their close cor ners to lurk and lie in.  some privy nippers there be, and close whisperers in the world, who taking their pleasure of custom in old léeze & thick dregs, can in no wise frame their stomachs, to the digestion of this our new and wholesome wine. There are not many of these malicious men, that are thus fettered in extreme folly and blockishness: nevertheless, though there be of them but a very few, yet with most accursed & execra●…le hearts they have conspired against learning and religion: yea, they wish, though it were to their own harm and detriment, that the reformation of things amiss in the church (at the prosperous flourishing whereof they grudge and are aggréeved) might come to nought, and have no good success. The suggestions, and vehement persuasions of these men (as by conjecture I gather) have drawn one Ed. L. to rail against us with outrageous language: and they themselves not having the audacity and boldness of spirit, to come upon the stage, have got this youngman, being desirous of vain glory, to play all the parts throughout the whole interlude: I would he had otherwise set him sel●…e a work, in writing & devising: or else I would it had been his fortune to have been born in another country, and not within the coasts of England. I own nothing to the man: howbeit, 
* Erasmus giveth an example, in himself, o●… Christian charity.  as it is the duty of one Christian to another, I wish him well, though he wish me ill, and worse to himself. I own to the English nation, more than I do own to any other Region. I present to your highenesse a little book, wherein I make him answer, ye●… void of reprocheful speeches, taunting terms, and all unreverend usage of the tongue: which book if he peruse and examine, he shall soon see, how with himself he is at contrariety and disagréement. I would not have him turn to the filthy vomit of his cont●…melious and shameful language, if he love his own honesty and honour: and as for argument, to reply upon mine assertions, to bring any, I know he is unable and insufficient. In the penning and compiling of the same, I have bestowed almost forty days: 
* He seemeth sorry & grieved, in occupying his pen (as by the course of his words, is to be conjectured) so unnecessarily.  which time, I would I had spent, either in the extolling of your incomparable nobleness, and encounterable valiantness: or else in the advancement of the glory of my Messiah Christ: so might I (in deed) have been better occupied. I beseech Christ jesus, the most mighty, to favour and further your majesties godly and religious proceedings, to give them fortunate and happy success, and that it would please him, to grant me the use and benefit of this life, but till I have given some signification and testimony, how much I am bond to your highness, for your unspeakable goodness: whom I beseech, like an humble Suppliant, to vouchsafe me your Grace's poor Client, with your accustomed favour.  
Dated at Antwerp.   

D. E. Roterodamus to King Henry the eight, King of England. etc.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
After his duty done in most obedient manner, by way of greeting, he declareth what pleasure he took in the gift which the King bestowed on him: in the commendation of whom, he spendeth the best part of his Epistle, praising principally his liberality to learning: this being done, he reporteth honourably of the kings court: wisheth the King a long and a prosperous reign: toucheth briefly, in how short a time he is constrained to set out the new Testament, which he turned into Latin: & lastly dequeatheth himself and his service to the kings commandment.  
GRéetinges and immortality most gracious King. etc. Your majesties gift, for diverse considerations, was most worthy acceptation, either because in respect of itself, it was of great value and price: or because it came from a king, 
* By iterating that same one speech, he noteth the worthines●…e of the King's maiesti●….  yea, from such a king, whose nobleness is passing famous, both for the love that he beareth to all honest & virtuous exercises, and also for his invaluable treasure and abundance of all kind of riches: in whose opinion & judgement to be allowed and liked, it is far greater honour, than to be made Lord and possessor of much gold and silver. Nevertheless, I had it in high estimation and reverence, for this cause principally, that I accounted it to be, as it were, a certain pledge or assurance of your Grace's wonted good will, never declining from Erasmus, whom as your majesty most bountifully entertained into favour, so most honourably your highness hath enriched him with many rewards. And as though this seemed, but a thing of small reckoning, to the intent that your affection & love towards learning, might be more manifest and apparent, it pleaseth your highness, 
* By that all go●…cal clause, he magnifieth the King for his love and lib●…alitie to learning.  to open the sluices of your gracious goodness, that the rivers of your liberality running abroad, many a dry and simple soil, is thereby abled, to yield plentiful fruit: I mean, that your majesty, of your own accord, give many pensions to the maintenance of learning, and not only many, but the self same also very large: among which number of them that have tasted the sweetness of your Grace's liberality, I am one, to whom your highness hath offered a yearly living, the profit whereof I might enjoy for term of life: which sithence it is so freely given, I may not seem thereof to make a refusal, being the gift of such a Noble and Renowned Prince, within the compass of whose dominion I could find in my heart, to live and dye, (though I were not rewarded:) under such a Prince full of valiantness, I would gladly employ my service, without hope of pension: with whom there is such respect of people in their worthiness, that how much one excels another in learning and knowledge, in uprightness of life, and virtuous conversation, 
* These words give to note, that the king, had a respect and consideration, where, & towards whom, he showed favour & good liking.  in so much the more favour is he, in so much the more credit, countenance, and estimation with his Sovereign: whose court being replenished with famous men, furnished with all kind of understanding, is a lively example of Christian discipline, in so much that every University repineth at it, that it should so flourish out of measure. I beseech the most mighty Monarch, whose kingdom is eternal, and power infinite, that it would please him of his goodness, to continued this your well disposed mind, that it never become subject to alteration: to bless you with the long possession of your kingdom, in health, wealth, and all happiness, that under the scept●…r and government of so excellent and Conquerous a Prince, it may flourish in all true felicity. We are constrained to publish the translation of the new Testament, with in the space of a four months: that work being dispatched and rid out of my hands, I and my labours are all and wholly at your majesties commandment.  
Dated at Louane, the seventh of the kalends of May.   

Io. Ravisius Textor, to N. L. Maluerino.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This letter, not being sent of Textor to any manner of person: but made and invented for the behoof of young scholars, runneth altogether upon the dispraise of idleness: the whole ●…cope of the ●…ame may serve for Imitation, and may rather be called a Theme, than an Epistle (as many more may be of his making) though he giveth it that name and title. After he hath showed (to the supplanting of idleness and sloth) how all creatures, as well heavenly as earthly, attend on their calling, and do such service diligently and ordinarily, as is to them appointed, he draweth toward an end, using reasons of persuasion to avoid such a vicious annoyance. Lastly, he writeth in that sort, as if one young scholar were encouraging another young scholar, to some scholarly exercise, & imagining that audience is present ●…o hear what they have to say, ●…e feigneth to one of them a declamation, whereof he setteth down a methodical and proper beginning.  
THe statute enacted by 
* Amasis, a king of Egypt. There was also besides him, (●… Herodotus w●… nesleth) another of the same name, who was captain general of D●…ius his army of footmen against the Cy●…eneans ..  Amasis the Egyptian king, and at his commandment solemnly proclaimed, is most commendable and praiseworthie, whereby it was provided that all, and every one, lining within the limits of his lands, should be called to a yearly account, and give a true reckoning to the magistrate of the Province, where they lived, how they spent their time, and whereupon they were maintained: which who so did not, he was 〈◊〉 to suffer sharp and extreme punishment. Unto which singular law and most politic ordinance, the custom of the 
· Wise men of India. Cic. Tuscul. quest. lib. 5.  Gymnosop●…stes of India, seemeth 〈◊〉 agreeable, among whom such as by their daily labour, brought to their Parents none advantage, should loo●…e their midday's meal for their negligence and idleness. With certain Islanders in Spain, named 
* Of them, Pliny. lib. 3. cap. 5. Silius. lib. 5. Flo. lib. 3. cap. ●…. Diod. sic. lib. 6. Plin. lib. 8. cap. 55.  Bal●…ares, this was a use and received order, that the mother should show the son a mark to shoot at, which if he did hit with his arrow, than had he for his desert, meat measurablie ministered: but if he failed, and was either short, or go, or wide, in directing his shaft, than was fasting the penalty of his amiss. For, as in the common games played and practised at Olympus, none is to challenge the garland of victory, but he that is called lawfully to give a testimony of his activity, and passeth all the rest in the trial and proof of those exercises: Even so, he is not worthy to live, who like an idle and ●…outhfull Drone, doth nothing that deserveth life. In all the Elements and other celestial bodies, God or Nature hath set them in such estate, that they are never idle, but still occupied in the ●…ffices, whereunto by and through divine providence they are a●…igned. The Heaven itself, which encompasseth the whole world, moveth itself orbicularly, that is, in circle. The 
* The two com●…ortable lights of the world.  Sun and the Moon, have their distincte seasons, wherein they run their course turn by turn, according to eternal appointment: to the one is committed the government of the day: to the other appointed the guideing of the night. The winds, keeping convenient places and regions, blow with continual blasts. The signs of the Zodiac, one with another, observe their prescript times of circular moving. The Sea, when the winds cea●…e puffing, is allayed with calm●…nesse: when they cast out blustering blasts, it is stormis and full of roaring outrage: it giveth increase of fish, for the food and sustenance of man, without intermission. The earth lying barren and fruitless, in the comfortelesse time of 
* Winter and Summer, contrary seasons.  Winter, maketh a large amendss of that idleness, with yielding a goodly and gallant 〈◊〉 in the pleasant season of Summer. Trees and plants, so soon as they feel the time of the year approcheing, which serveth to bring forth fruit, they conform themselves to the nature of the time, and yield their increase accordingly: they receive sap through out all and every part of them, they ●…hoote forth their blossoms and buds: their Pears, their Apples, th●…ir Citrons, their Pomegranates, their clusters of Grapes, and every tree in his peculiar kind, their several fruit, in due and convenient order 
* Persuasions to move men to shake off unprofitable idleness: and to frame themselves to be thristily occu pied.  The Oak yieldeth akehornes: the fyl●…ert yieldeth Nuts: the Hawthorne, the ivy, the Baytrée and the Olive, yield berries: the Service tree, the Medler tree, yield their fruit accordingly. Not so much as the pricking Blackthorne, the hedge bush, the Briar, the bramble, which are wild, but give their increase, as nature hath ordained. But among all other trees, plants, and Herbs, let us busy our brains about the marking and considering of the spreading Uine: let us occupy our cogitations and wit, in the weighing of the precious Pearls which it doth yield, to the singular comfort and delectation of man's heart. Let us prudently ponder with what faithfulness, and trusty service, the earth, being the mother of all things, embraceth the seed cast into her bosom, nourisheth it with the milk of her own paps, ministereth convenient fustenance unto it, that it springeth up and groweth gaily: whereby it turneth to the succour of man in due season, having received ripeness: and thus doth the earth apply herself to the maintenance of all creatures: for without it, where shall the creeping things of the ground, vermin, and such like, (that we may begin with those creatures, which in our estimation a●…d thinking are most vile and irksome) have 〈◊〉? where shall the birds of the Air find their necessary nourishment▪ where shall the fish of the Sea be succoured? Or what should become of the water, if it were not imbancked with the earth? should not all kind of cattle, that live by the benefit of the ground perish, and be hunger-starved? Finally, should not a creature most excellent, for whose commodity all these forecited graces were given, consume with famishment: How bountiful a servitor is the earth, to the husbandman? what usury doth it pay for that which it borroweth? How doth it enrich the husbandman with all manner of increase? with Wheat, with Rye, with Dates, with Barley, with Beans, with Pease, with lupines, with Lintelles, with Uetchesse, with Millette, & all other kind of pulse in great plenty and abundance? What 
* Reasons of experience to prove his purpose.  shall we say of the year itself, and the four quarters of the same, which we know to be the measurer and meater of our life and all our doings, when hath it reuoulted from the qualities wherewith naturally it is endued? what man is able to affirm, that he ever saw the Spring tide without March Violets, Primroses, and other pleasant flowers? What man can say, that ever he saw Summer without Grain, Berries, and quickening heat full of comfort? what man hath so impudent and shameless a countenance, as to affirm, that ever he see a harvest unfurnished of fruit? what man can say, that ever he saw a Winter season with out ysickles, without hoar frosts, without snow, and such like cold 
* Under that word: lightning, thunder, fires in the element, rain, wind, snow, hail, dew, & such like things, my sts fogs, earthquakes. etc. are to be understood.  meteors? Do not the very Months throughout the year, successively and in due order, perform their several offices? who at any time can prove the contrary, and dares say that this invielable ordinance and everlasting appointment hath been broken? wherefore, if so be that all these creatures, some being of most excellency, other some of baseness, and some again of indifferency, show such obedience and dutifulness, in accomplishing the laws and statutes, which nature (not with out singular providence) hath made, and from all beginnings enacted ratified, and established, all & every one of them in their kind, some to yield increase, and some again to other services not unnecessary, were it not an intolerable shame, that 
* Man, the Lord & King over all creatures.  Man (whom God hath made Lord and Owner of all these special benesites) should lie tumbling upon the bed of ease, and shroud himself, head and ears, in 〈◊〉: that he should (as it were) putrefy and ●…ott in idleness, and tear out the term of his years, till be enter into old and crooked age, in occupying himself about nothing that is profitable? to run ou●… his race, not reaping any advantage, because labour is too hard meat for his nice stomach to digest? Finally, that he alo●…e, among the rest, whom he should so far excel, as God surpasseth him, should dye like a beast in dishonour, not leaving behind him, of his former life orderly lead, any commendable testimony? What man is there, that will think this allowable: who can like of it? but such béetell headed lubbers, as neither have in them discretion, reason, wisdom, judgement, nor any other property praiseworthie●… sythence br●…te beasts, that be estranged from reason, and other creatures endued with life, leave unto us certain testimonies of their sustained labours, which are in our sight as it were looking glasses, wherein to view and behold the foulness of our slothfulness. 
* What beasts they be, none can be so igno rant & blockish, but may perceive and testify.  Some beasts there are, which unto us are most profitable, by yielding the increase of their bodies, for our succour and maintenance: and as they are unto man principal benefits, so to themselves and to their kind, they are most loving and tender: very few or none at all, are there to be found, so barren and fruitless, which yield not some commodity or other for our behoof. If we seek a proof hereof in fish, that live by water, we shall see a manifest example. The fish called Balena, nourisheth her young with milk: the fish called Shafalus bringeth forth eggs: the Dolphin feedeth her young with milk in like manner, and that abundantly: when the Springtide approacheth, they couple, and they bring forth in the Summer season: the fish called Echinus, bringeth forth eggs: the fish called Hippocampus, is a present and sovereign remedy, against the biting of a mad dog: and as all these love their own kind tenderly: so they are by one means or another, serviceable to man. Now let us see the kindness which rests in the fowls of the air, which is wonderful: and let us mark their qualities, for they are strange. The Eagle ●…ryeth her young oves against the bright sun shine, which clear light and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, if they cannot abide, she forsaketh them, and accounteth them no better then of bastard birds. Pigeons bring forth two eggs, the first a cock, the second a hen, in forty days they conceive and breed. The cock bringeth forth l●…ng eggs, the hen round eggs: the cock also bewrayeth the breaking of the day, by his crowing, and awaketh the 〈◊〉 headed lubber to his daily labour. The Peacock doth sit abróode of twelve eggs. The 
* A strange property of natural affection described in the swallow.  swallow bringeth forth four young one's, whom she fostereth and feedeth in true measure of equity and love, beginning with the elder, and so keeping order in the residue. Now I will descend to other living creatures, and what is to be said in this case, concerning the beasts of the field, you shall likewise understand. The Ore is a fellow labourer with his master, he aswageth the tediousness of his sweeting travel: they are husbandmen, for they till the land, they draw the plough, they furrow the soil, they carry the crop of the ground into the Barn, and other services do they, so that we find special benefits redounding to us, by and through the use of their ministery. The sheep is s●…orne and yieldeth her will, which is woven & wrought to make us wearing garments: they are ●…eade and slain, that their flesh might turn to our nourishment: they love their young bleating lambs, to whom they give suck most tenderly. The be flieth about the fragrant field, and the sweet garden, gathering of every flower somewhat, to carry to her hive, where she laboureth in making honey. The hog is fat fed, with oakehornes and other meat, of purpose to become our sustenance. 
* johannes Ca ius, in his letrer sent to Con radus Gesnerus, showeth at large the properties of dogs, their several kinds and services.  The dog is a diligent dorekéeper, a circumspect watchman, a necessary servant: driveth away the ravening. Wolf from the flock, lest there should be a spoil and slaughter committed: they keep, preserve, and defend our houses from thieves, vagaboundes, lewd fellows, robbers, and false knaves, who watch opportunity, leisure and time convenient, when they might (to their contentation and fulfilling of their desires) put their mischefous devices in practice. The Cat frayeth away rats, mice, and noisome vermin, and haunteth every chamber though it be never so secrets. Thus while I look before me, behind me, beside me, now on this hand, and then on that hand, I find nothing, but is occupied and that most diligently, in performing those things whereunto by Nature they were appointed. I find 
* What a shame is it then for man being endued with reason, (or at lest aught to be) knowledge and understanding etc. should give himself to idleness?  nothing that loveth sloth, that is inclined to idleness, but every creature in his kind, doing their duty, in that service whereunto they are allotted accordingly. What then, (that I may yet at the length come to my purpose) should we do, to whom the light of reason so graciously is given? What (I say) should we busy our heads and hands about? Wherein should we be exercised? Are we brought to so low an ebb of discretion, and to so high a flood of folly, that we are content to be overcome of brute beasts, whom we aught to excel (for how do we pass them, or how can we be better than they, unless we have the use of those benefits which we are ●…uriched withal, in such convenient order, as it be cometh our calling and condition?) in reason, understanding, majesty, worthiness, nobleness: Finally, in all other things belonging to our Nature? Let us not so wallow in the waves of idleness, that at length we be overwhelmed. Let us not use the society and fellowship of lazy sloth, with satiety and excess, lest at last we be so entangled in her snares, that we find no way to unwind ourselves again. Nay rather, let us follow the example of painful 
* Apelles a noble painter of the country Cos, an Island in the Acgean sea: of him Quint. lib. 12. de instit. orat. Plin. lib. 35.  Apelles, of whom Pliny maketh mention, who was such an enemy to idleness, that his pencil was never dry, but still drawing a line, in one colour or another. Let us abhor to resemble that slothful sloven, who lead all his life in the country in such order, that he differed nothing from a dead carcase, lying in the grave. The year hath run his course. The ground hath yielded her crop. Ortchardes have given the increase of their fruit. The Garde●… hath given Violets, Roses, marigolds, gilly-flowers, Cornashions, and whatsoever else is pleasant in savour and smelling. The Uinetrée hath yielded her purple grapes, by clusters: and all trees have afforded their fruit, in abundance: only we miserable wretches, are behind hand, and have not paid our yearly rent, which if we pay not, then are we not like to make any claim or challenge for a quittance. 
* Having dealt before with examples: Now he falls to admonitions, exhortations, persuasions, etc.  Let us (for shame) start out of the cabbine of this carelessness: Let us shake off this slothfulness, and now at length (though somewhat late, yet Better late than never,) call to remembrance, what reproach and infamy doth flow from idleness. Let us call to consideration, what an ignominious name, we are like to purchase, if we wink at such a foul and loathsome vice: if (I say) we will not see it in ourselves, and do what we may, to have it redressed: let us call to memory, what hazards and inconveniences hung over our heads, being ready to fall upon us, for this our dissoluteness and negligence. Let us spring out of our nasty nests of sluggishness: Let us leave sleaping in idleness: Let us catch the plough by the handle, and fall to furrowing: Let us take it by the tail, and think no scorn to toil: Let us lift up lustily the mattock and the spade, and fall to delving: Let us take the axe, the wedge and the béetle, and settle our selves to cleaving and riveing: Let us get a hedgebill and fall 
* As well in bodily exercises, as in them also that beelong unto the mind: for in so doing we shall reap singular commodity.  to repairing broken fences, about fields and pastures: Let us play the practitioners within our own houses, in declameing, reasoning, and discoursing, about questions and causes of learning, that we may be able to speak in the Senate, and to defend Milo against his adversary: to prevail against conspiring Catiline, and to thrust him out, and his farthel of troubles, that he breed no more annoyaunces to the Common wealth: to support and maintain Cluentius, that he be not abused with too much injury: to further the cause of the Orphàn and fatherless, that they may not utterly be forsaken, as forlorn and succourless: to expel oppressors, extortioners, unjust persons, whose whole delight is in devising mischief, and putting the same in execution: to be profitable members to the body of our natural country, within whose vowels we are so tenderly and lovingly included and clasped: to resist the usurping potentacie, and outrageous rule of thundering Tyrants. Let us try what we can do, a few of us gathered together, not contemning one another's infancy and young knowledge, but allowing one another's weakness of wit, which, though it be but raw, yet in tract of time, (there is no doubt) it will wax riper. Let us challenge one another, who can do best, for the obtaining of victory. Let us stretch our invention, and search every corner of our brains. Let us rub off the rustiness of our tongues, that our utterance may be pleasant and eloquent: this let us do before we come in place and presence of stately counsellors, of subtle headed Lawyers, of curious attourneiss, and such like fine fellows, that be 
* Curiosity 〈◊〉 speaking, or sine and affected speech, not wanting in many.  very dainty and circumspect in speaking, lest any word should escape them, unaptly and unproperly placed: and to whose ears, it is a thing, than which a worse cannot be named, to babble beside the book: considering that what soever is uttered in such men's hearing, must be done in print, as we say in our common Proverb. Behold, the head master of the school lysteneth what we have to say: he waiteth when we will buckle ourselves to our business: his ears are ready to receive our reasoninge: his hands are prepared to take our written papers: he refuseth not to bestow upon us his present service and love. The Usher, with as much modesty on the other side, is willing to give us the hearing, and to determine the controversy. The rest also of our instructors, are in a readiness to lysten attentiucly: men of great learning and singular understanding: they look upon us with a favourable countenance, and with a smiling face promise' us their benevolence. We must not be afraid to take upon us this adventure: why should we avoid so profitable and so commendable an experience, having at this present so gentle an audience. We have no cause to suspect, that-they will scoff and mock at our doings, though we should speak scarce eloquently, smoothly, finely, plaustbly, pleasantly, artificially, and Orator like. Let us give the onsett to this exercise.   

¶ The poem of a Declamation.  
MOst learned audience, you are not ignorant, that even 
* The declamation: or rather the poem and beginning of the same, worthy to be marked of young scho lers, & fruitful to be followed.  knowledge itself, hath a kind of infancy, and that Marcus Fabius began with his first elements and principles, before he had that name and title, which in process of time, he deserved. The strong Captain and valiant warrior, was once wrapped in swaddling clouts, and lay crying in a wicker cradle. Those grave and wise counsellors, that are props and pillars of Prince's places, and the columns or main posts of the weal public, though now for their knowledge and policy, they draw the minds of people into an admiration: yet the time hath been, wherein they had their first beginning, going to school, and learning their Alphabet or A. B. C. Will you require that at the hands of a simple child, (whose wit is but weak, whose understanding is slender, whose judgement is raw) which beseemeth Cicero that incomparable Rhetorician? Will you lay a heavy and weighty burden, upon the necks and shoulders of a young beginner, of a weakling, of an infant, which is able to make Demosthenes sink under it, and falter to the ground? Not, but you must have due regard and consideration of years. For 
* The first men by'r of the clause followeth of necessity: but the last is not always grounded upon certainty: for we see the contrary proved by daily experience.  old age is not endued with the strength and lustiness of gallant youth: neither is youth furnished with the wisdom, counsel, gravity, and experience of sober old age. etc.  
Far you well.   

Macropedius to Chrysogono.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This epistle containeth three parts in respect of the people, namely, him to whom it is written: him by whom it is written: and him in whose behalf it is written. In consideration of the matter, it containeth four parts: in the first is comprehended the seeking of goodwill, by circumstances: In the second the causes that moved him to writ, etc. In the third, he praiseth Gualtero, whom he commends to Chrysogono, etc. In the fourth he toucheth the matter itself, by circumstances, well worthy of reading▪ marking and learning.  
BUt that I know of a certainty, your singular benevolence, not tending to mine avail alone, but freely testified to the profit of all such as love learning, albeit they be meet strangers: I should be in doubt (friend Chrysogono) to interrupt the quietness of your studies, through my temeriritie and rashness. Nevertheless, sythence I am not ignorant, that for the renewing of old friendship, your desire is rather to be solicited, then, to the utter vanishiug of acquaintance, not at all to be visited, I armed myself with audacity: and in my friend's behalf, I confess me your suppliaunt. My well-willer Gualtero, at whose hands you receive these my letters, is one whom I do most ardently love, and (for his singular kindness unto me always professed) exceedingly favour. For, 
* Which good nature in him so apparent & plentiful, kindleth in me the more loving affection.  ever since the time of his infancy, he hath exhibited unto me, as to his father natural, passing reverence, duetifulnesse, and obedience. This man, understanding undoubtedly, that I was one of whom you did well think and esteem, and hoping also by the mediation of my letters unto you, to get your favour and furtherance, béesought me instantly, to writ unto you in his cause, that his suit might be satisfied: although I mistrust not the modesty of the man, his honesty, and virtuous behaviours, but that, without our commendable certificate, he is like enough to please and prevail. For, he is a proper youth, descended of well disposed parents, though somewhat base in degree, and with substance not so well furnished. His education and bringing up was so good, as it cannot be misliked, and from his tender years till this present day, he hath been not only inclined to learning, but 〈◊〉 ben●… the way, with a ●…esire (in manner) irreu●…cable: insomuch that, through his own diligence, employed in exercises of knowledge, and the good success which the Gods have granted him, in his proceedings: he hath reaped such pro●…te, both in poetical conveyance, and also in the fa●…ultie of R●…etorique, that there is not so much as one comparable to him, among all our scholars. For, 
* As who said: there is nothing so hard and difficult, which passeth his capacity.  what is too hard for him to compass (as you shall perceive quickly if you take experience) whose wit is s●… quick, and of so ready a capacity? His manners deserve commendation: for, no man hath seen him i●…oderate a●…●…eate and drink: no man hath taken him play●…ng any ●…ranck of l●…wdnesse, like a wanton: no man hath 〈◊〉 him 〈◊〉 or fight: no man hath taken him quarell●…ng and complaining: but he hath always been obedient to his parents: dutiful to his friends: tractable towards his teachers: gentle to all his companion●…, and therefore beloved: ●…hat ●…éedes multitude of words in this matter? Such a young 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is, as good men do ●…oth love and laud. 〈◊〉, at such 〈◊〉 as he left our schools, & providing to study in your University, having none acquaintance in Louane, whose friendship & conference he might use, was desirous, that through mine industry and labour, means might ●…ée made, ●…o 〈◊〉 ●…uour with one or other, to whose wisdom, coun●…ll, ●…elpe and assistance, he might commit himself: and above all other, did choose you, whom he knew but by report, to ●…ée to him in steed of a father or governor: Which thing, sythence you want no ability (friend Chrysogonus) to perform sythence (I say) you may without any discōmodi●…ie redoun●…g to your own person, take upon you this char●…e, execu●…e this office sim ply, justly, and according to the rule of a r●…ght conscience, to the greater increase and advancement of your virtue, 
* What could he say more, in the behalf of Gualtero to Chrysogono, them in this present 〈◊〉 is compris●…d.  I beseech you hearty, that you will ●…ouchsafe this young man, the benefit of your patronage and countenance, in penury, in plenty, in prosperity, in adversity, in weal and woe, finally, in all chaunge●… and chances, even as you would do to my 〈◊〉 and kinsfolks, if necessity required, that they should have recourse ●…o your assistance: that in so doing, he may understand, how the friendship between us is not so frus●…rate, but that the commendable report wh●…che I have sounded in your ears, touching his credit, hath had very good effect. I, on the other s●…de, will strain mine ability in such sort, towards the requi●…ing of so singular a benefit, on us both bestowed, tha●… of your well doing, repentance shall not be the reward: but one day (albeit, to tie friendship to promis●…s of duty, seemeth a thing not to be allowed) to reap such fruit, as shall not be unworthy of your bene●…lence. For, I will be your debtor, and Gualtero shall be as deep in your books of reckoning.  
Far you well.   

Macropedius to Hieronymo.  
TH●… ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle is a persuading Epistle, and it consists of five necessari●… parts. In the first is contained, the person of him, whom Macropedius doth per●…uade, with the circumstances thereunto belonging. In the second, his narration, which is short and compendious. In the third, 〈◊〉 & arguments pertaining to his 〈◊〉 ●…urpose. In the fou●…th, a confut●…tion of contrary allegations. In ●…he fi●…th, the conclusion, wherein he endeavoureth to win the mind of Hieronymo, to the accomplishment of such things, as are comprehended in his Epistle.  
ALthough (well beloved friend) there is no doubt of your wisdom, which floweth in you abundantly: yet I can not choose (if I have any desire at all, to satisfy 
* The con●…ide ●…tion of which two ci●…cūstances, con●…raine me to cease from ●…lence.  mine own thankfu●…nesse, for your singular courtes●…es, plen●…fully on me bestowed) but freely declare unto you, such things as tend both to your worship, and also to your safety. And for so much as, we consider the estate of others, more precisely than we do ponder our own, I am bound of duty, to minister some counsel, (though homely, yet hoalsome) unto you (my well-beloved friend) by whose words, seasoned with the salt of wisdom, I have been comforted. Your brother Theodoricus, not many days since, told me, not without great heart grie●…, that you have forsaken your book, applied yourself to an occupation, and that you will not be weyned from that untoward purpose of your own, neither by parent's admonishment, neither by friends exhortation, neither yet by any inward motion of care touching your own honesty, your own commodity, their present condition, or the greatness of their former expenses, laid out in hope, that in s●…udie you would have made continuance. Wherefore (my Hieronymo) if my counsel may win with you any authority, then would I wish you to change this preposterous determination, and forsaking all ●…laueishe ha●…dicraftes and drudging trades of occupation, stick still to your tackling: and as you have begun, so proceed, so likewise end, in the study of humanity I mean, in the knowledge of liberal sciences, whose commendation have no limited measure, but surpass all the praise, that can, either be ascribed, or devised: and which, next and immediately after virtue, deserveth before all things in the world, sovereignitie and preferment. To the embracing whereof, you aught to be appliable, not only in respect of 
* Though those wo●…des ●…e ●…poken in 〈◊〉, y●…t may they ser●…e for a ge●…erall 〈◊〉.  your parent●…s, to whom (even by the law of Nature) you are straightly ●…ounde to be obedient: or for that you are entreated so to do, by such as bear you good will, being indeed your very friends, whose requests you aught not lightly to regard: but in consideration of honesty, and discharging of your own dutifulness, than which nothing is more to be approved, nothing more profitable, nothing wherein you should be more delighted. For, if ho●…estie mo●…e you▪ which in all well disposed people should work singular effects, what thing then can be named, 
* Nothing is to be compared with learning and honesty.  comparable to learning & honesty, which all wisemen, many years ago, had in great price and estimation, although in excellency they were matchless, and had, even from heaven above, their original? what thing can be more honest than that, which maketh a difference between you, and such as are so●…ed in sensuality, in blockishness, in uncivilitie, and mere barbarousness? what is more honest, then that, which if it want in men, they are no better than brute beasts, carried away with the force of their appetites, and not lead by the rule of reason? what is more honest, then that, which bringeth you to the c●…ntemplation of celestial spirits, of the true and 
* The majesty of God, which the reason of man can not reach●… unto: but in spirit it is somewhat tasted and percei●…ed.  incomprehensible eternity, to the understanding of things supernatural, and to the most comfortable embracing of virtue, wherewith what man so ever is not furnished, he may be compared ●…o a filthy swine, whose service tendeth to the filling of the paunch, praying upon worldly vanities, and gaping after the gaudiness of this transitory earth, heaven and heavenly riches, in the mean season, had in contempt? If you seek pleasure and delight, you shall find the same so linked to learning, that I am much in doubt, whether there be in learning, more honesti●… or sweetness. For, what can there be, which is tempered with more del●…tation, then to keep continual company with the Muses: and to enjoy thy pleasure (as it were in a bedchamber) with chaste Ladi●… learning? what can be more fraught with joy, then to have their friendship, that never flit, but follow thee, or rather, go even hand with thee, and tread foot by foot? If you are in the field, they offer talk: if you are within the house, they are at your elbow: they rest with you: they take pains with you: heaviness shall never haunt your heart, while your mind is marching with the Muses. In their conversation is no tediousness, no 〈◊〉, no unswéetenesse. If you consider of things profitable, (which many do now and then) more than such things as savour of honesty, or be tempered with delight: then would I know, 
* Which is so excellent, that nothing therewith is counterpeisable.  what thing in worthiness can co●…teruaile learning: nay, what thing is more requisite and necessary? For, the want of this, bringeth ignorance of virtue, ignorance of philosophy, ignorance of things divine, ignorance of things devised by the head of man: and what but ignorance doth the lack of learning breed in so much as, in whom this faileth, he can neither understand, teach, nor interpret. Take learning from among men, and what ensueth but disorder? what followeth but mere confusion, and a hotch potch o●… precious juells▪ with vadeing shadows, and uncertain vanities? Take away learning from among men, and how shall the common wealth be administered? Take away learning from among men, and how shall your house and family be governed? Take away learning from among men, & how shall trades mechanical, occupations (I mean) be maintained? take learning from among men, and shall not domestical rule suffer ruin and decay? what shall become of all things else, incident to so religious a profession? how shall consolation be ministered to the diseased? how shall the offender be reprehended? how shall the virtuous and upright liver be rewarded? how shall these duties, and insinite more, be accomplished, if among men, no place be left for learning? If you seek riches, (which a virtuous man should contemn) what man having been learned, hath lacked? If 
* He li●…eth in his co●…ntrie, That hath an oc●…upation: W●…he reasonable bo●…tie, ●…to his contentation. as sayeth the ancient & vs●…all proverb.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. every country maintains the crafts master, then why should you otherwise think, but that your learning, is of sufficiency, to supply your necessities, wherewith, far beyond any artificers ability, you may profit and prevail: but not without labour, say you, not without sweeting, not without wring, not without pains taking. For, say you, The condition of men, even from their generation, is, in their own sweat to earn their own meat: the law of Nature, or rather, of God, in this case so provided. I grant, your words do agree with truth and reason: nevertheless, shall I think that your wit is so ch●…ldish, that your discretion is so feeble, and your understanding is so base and gross, to take this for the meaning of that divine ordinance, namely, that in bodily sweat and labour only, men are born to provide for their living? doth not 
* Labour and learning ind●… solubly lin●…ked: wherefore tryants and loiterers that love not labour, can ne●…er obtain learning.  exceeding great labour accompany learning? is stud●…e without pains? did you attain●… the knowledge, which you have already got, without i●…dustrie and travel? Not: labour followeth learning, as the shadow doth follow the body, and yet in that labour is no loathsomeness. Are men idle, and like unprofitable drones, are they free from pains taking, neglect they labour, after they have lodged learning in the castles of their memories? Not: they are still occupied: they are in one exercise or an other delighted: One instructeth the people in things whereof they be ignorant, another teacheth children their first elements, their A. B. C. (I mean) the seed of all sciences: and the principles of sundry professions: One giveth counsel to the distres●…ed, and is ●…arnest in pleadable controversies of law before a judge: another employeth his labour in curing the sick, in searching wounds, tempering o●… plasters, conjecturing of urines, op●…ning veins, and such like offices belonging to physic and surge●… rye: Thus you see, labour and learning are indissolubly lin●…ked, wherefore (friend Hieronymo) now at last to e●…de my long letter, considering the weak disposition of your body, when but a little labour is more than you can suffer, I pass it over with silence: and sithence, there is within the whole compass of the world, no special thing counterp●…ifable with learning, nor valuable with wisdom and knowledge, either for honesty, profit, or yet for pleasure & delight: you shall revolt from your unadvised and rash intent, not so much for my counsel in this behalf ministered, but for the very truth's sake, which at this present in my letter, I have discovered: and 
* Drawing ●…wards the conclusion of his epistle, he falls to exhorting, wher●…in he vs●…th p●…oper reason●….  you shall according to the ableness of your discretion, and the ripeness of your judgement, frame yourself to learned exercises, wh●…re to your capacity is ready, and from one ●…cience to an other you shall proceed, as it were by degrees, as well to the increasing of your knowledge, as also to the confirming of the same. Let not your f●…thers desire, in this case, lie frustrate: let not your mother's moist tears be fruitless: let not the int●…eataunce of your friends, and well wil●… be unregarded, & let not the confidence of your friend●…s in general, be dece●…ed. You can not (for h●…nestie) I am sure, deny to do as we give you counsel, but you must needs set our persuasions at naught, and acc●…unt of us as of people n●…t es●…éemed, & (as I may well say) contemned.  
Far you well.   

Macropedius to Mossellano.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
A form of an Epistle called, Conciliatorie, wherein he craveth acquaintance with one whom he never knew, but by report: it consists of three special members. In the first is contained an enumeration or rehearsal of his virtues to whom he writeth etc. In the second is contained his petition, wherein he craveth acquaintance. etc. In the third, is contained certain circumstances touching his own person, which tend to his purpose, all which are mentioned in such order, as arrogancy is avoided.  
I Can not tell (sir) how it cometh to pass, that men excelling in virtue, in wisdom, and in learning, draw (as it were) divers into an admiration of themselves, and are so deeply planted in the favour of some, that 
* So great a desire breedeth in them of their compa●…e, for their learning sake.  they will never be in quiet, till they have taken up a lodging, lying somewhat near them, notwithstanding the distance of place is very great, whereby they are separated. I received your exercises, your verses I examined, and surely (I speak without flattery, I would not have you otherwise to think) I have not read any thing wherein more learning is showed, or more ●…loquence used. I have herded great report of your mildness, of your modesty, of your gentleness, of your honesty, finally of other the excellent ornaments, and ines●…imable jewels of your mind, in so much that I can not, but (as it were) offer myself impudently and without shame, to 
* Or, to be acqua●…nted with you.  your acquaintance and friendship, of a mere voluntary motion. I crave thus much therefore at your hands, that it would please you to admit me (though an unprofitable friend, though unlearned and ignorant, though a stranger to you, and unknown) into the number of your friends, and to enter my name into the register of your acquaintance, that I may not be destitute of one, so long as I have you, with whom I may use familiar conference, and reason pleasantly. I dare not promise' you any benefit of great learning, to be looked for on my part. I 
* Speeches of much modesty and mildness.  dare not make any vaunt of virtue remaining in my mind: I dare not put you in hope, of any rare riches of knowledge and understanding, to make account of: (none of which I acknowledge in me to be harboured:) but I promise' you perfect love, I promise' you a faithful heart, I promise' you mutual good will, and this I offer freely. You shall find me such a friend, as slatterie shall not attaint, as hypo●…risie shall not seduce: such a o●…e shall you find me, as to whom you may be bold to commit most secret counsels: such a one (I say) as is no 
* Which is an insa●… l●…ble proof of unfeigned friend ship.  less careful for your commodity, than he is circumspect for his own advantage: Far you well, and to him that loveth you exceedingly, make recompense with a lively requital.   

Macropedius to Theodoro.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle is expostulatorie, wherein he calleth Theodorus to reckoning, why he writeth not to him: considering, that for te●…e l●…tters, he deserved one. It consists upon three p●…rtes, because it passeth from friend to friend. The first controlleth him for negligence of duty. etc. The second showeth reasons, why he aught not to be insolent. etc. The third contei●…eth an excuse of his doings, with an exhortation that he should not neglect ancient friendship.  
WHat impediment was ●…here (my friend Theodorus) that you have not written so much as one letter unto me, ●…ince Christmas, considering that I have sent you half a score by my friend Tribonius? Is that old acquaintance which did knit us twain in an unity, so frozen and consumed in you, that you can scarce vouchsafe a friendly greeting? If I 
* As if he had said: I have not been behind hand in any office belonging to ●… friend.  had been behind hand in duties of courte●…ie, if I had not used means to maintain our acquaintance, if I had omitted intercourse of letters wherein you were named, and (not a few times) remembered: ●…inally, if whatsoever I did, concerning you, had not made for your avail: then could I be well content, that you should wax strange, and it should not so much make me muse, that I grow out of your acquaintance. * Have not I (even from the very swaddling clouts) nourished thee, and seen thee well brought up in the years of thy youth, have I not thought of thee, as of mine own brother: nay rather, have I not loved thee as dearly as the son of mine own body? what then should be the cause that I am blotted out of the book of your remembrance, & that my name is razed out of the register of your acquaintance? how cometh it to pass, that for my good deeds, I reap such ill pay? doth nature allow this dealing? doth honesty dispense with it? doth conscience accounted it uncontrollable? What law, either holy or profane, what commendable custom among men, what ill disposed people opinion, and corrupt judgement, can excuse this your silence: nay, can not but condemn this your insolency? at 
* As if he had said: your protestations in times past differ much from your practices present.  what time you parted from me, you made an other covenant, contrary to this your present usage: you promised (indeed) that which you have not performed. But, for as much as I can not, for all this, be persuaded that I am forgotten, or that of very negligence you pass not for my friendship, but rather that some infirmity, or some thing hapening against your hope and expectation, restrained you from writing: I am to request thus much at your hands, that yet now at 
* Meaning the suspicion of ingratitude or unthankful n●…sse, which among all other vices, deserveth the name of a 〈◊〉.  length, once after so long an intermission, you will vouchsafe to visit me, though but with one Epistle, serving as an answer to those many that I have sent you heretofore: in so doing you shall disburden my mind of a great and foul suspicion.  
Far you well.   

Macropedius to Sadoleto.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
To Sadoleto is this Epistle written, wherein is contained an accusation, by way of friendship intended. etc. a commendation also of Soph●…onius, who for good will in admonishing a lewd fellow of his unthriftiness, was but ill rewarded for his labour: an in●…ectiue (the same being short and somewhat sharp) against him that is accused: lastly, an exhortation to him in whose hands it lieth, to see the ill behaviours of his son reformed, and punished: This Epistle consists of four parts in respect of the people. First, him that complaineth: the second, him to whom the complaint is made: the third, the party accused: and the ●…ourth, ●…he party abused. etc.  
FOr as much, as I have learned by common voice, that you are a man not only endued with wisdom, but also of a very good and upright conscience, besides that of a rare disposition to virtue and virtuous exercises, I hope you will not be offended, if I, being touched with a certain brotherly kindness, discover unto you the crimes of such as be of your affinity and consanguinity (notwithstanding I am unknown unto you, and a mere stranger) to the intent that he which hath done amiss, may be alured to amendment: or that you (if by any means it may be brought to pass) may (yet in time) save your good name from the blemish of rebuke, and your worship undamnified. For, it is the duty of a good man, to wink no more at the faults of his kinsfolk, then at the misdeeds of such as are neither of his alliance, nor yet of his acquaintance: and no less to punish such as are near to him by degree of blood (so far forth as law pronounceth sentence) than such as unto him be altogether. unknown. We are enjoined by a precept from the supernal prince, to have a regard of our honest report: for that (saith mine author) shall continued with thee, when thousand treasures passing precious, shall vanish and consume. Not many days ago (as it was told me of a certainty) 
* which word being englished, noteth a man of temperance, conti nence, wisdom knowledge, honesty, and much virtue: such aone was that Sophronius, of whom he writeth.  M. Sophronius (whether he be your son or not, I can not directly affirm) a young man, out of question, very well disposed, and one whose behaviours are answerable to his name, for he is wise, discrete, sober, and courteous. This young Gentleman, rebuking some what sharply (I pray you let not my words stir you to anger) your son for divers abuses, after sundry admonitions & friendly warnings given him, for the avoiding of vicious annoyances, and among all other his misdemeanours, for the filthy abusing of his body with courtesans and common strumpets, for his inordinate belly cheer, and beastly surfeiting, to the intent that he and all his friends might escape the gulf of infamy, and keep their estimation from stains of reproach: procured unto himself, by speaking the truth without dissimulation, a doubtful inconvenience: namely, malice and mischief. For, anon after he had rebuked your son, with mild words and humility of spirit, (wherewith nevertheless his choler extremely boiled) to the end he might appease this outrageous perturbation in your son, he made a supper which might content any honest man (for the cheer was not so homely) albeit, the fare (peradventure) was not fine enough, but over gross, for the mouth of such a delicate ruffian: to this supper your son being invited, came accordingly, and like a malicious villain, dissembling his cankered stomach, and poisoned heart, with hypocritical pretences, when the table did (as it were) sound with pleasant merriments, when the cup went from hand to hand in most friendly fashion, and when the guests, at that instant▪ gathered together, were in the midst of their pleasantest conceits, what doth the varlet your son, but (even like a thief that useth violence for his avail) 
* Goodwill & courteous entertainment cur rishly recompensed.  with naked sword in hand, falls upon Sophronius suspecting no harm▪ as he was putting the pot to his lips ready to drink, and wounded him to the very skull: yea, he had cleft his head in two pieces, if the pewter pot which was between the sword and his head, had not broken the force of the blow as it fallen. Thus much I thought it good to certify you of, that in perusing this Epistle, you may see the shameless usage of your son, and so provide in due time, that to himself he bring not destruction, & to his kindred an ignominious name▪  
Far you well.   

Macropedius to Nicasio.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He writeth to Nicasio, a friend of his, upon occasion of his young children, whom he is very desirous to have virtuously and learnedly brought up, and that he may make his matter good, wherein the whole sum of his letter consists, he beginneth with the commendation of learning: showing how necessary it is in the life of man: and what inconveniences ensue the lacking of so singular an ornament. Lastly, he concludeth with an exhortation to the said Nicasius, whom he moveth with divers reasons, to satisfy his mind, in that whereof he writeth.  
AMong all things that be in the use and possession of man, deserving commendation, 
* Learning described and set out according to her ex cellencie and nobleness.  Learning (in myn●… opinion) is worthy of the chiefest praise that can be given: by the benefit whereof, he in whom it is lodged is so lightened, that the darkness of ignorance can not make him stumble: besides that, it is a special help unto him at all assays, an excellent ornameut full of worship and honour, and such a purveyance as shall never be spent or wasted. This noble gift of learning, ever since the foundation of the world, was bestowed on men, among whom it continued in degrees of ages & posterities, never losing any part of her brightness, but even to these our days and times, hath reserved the same vndiminished. A thing it is, so necessary in the life of man, that it can no more be missing, then can meat, whereby the body is nourished. For, if man representing an heaue●…ly figure, be not beautified with the jueis of learning, nor enriched with virtue, what little difference (I pray you) is there between him and brute beasts, in whom reason hath no rule? we live as beasts do, we move as they do, we go as they do, we use our outward senses as they do, we enjoy the pleasure of our appetites as they do, only learning and dertue, are the things that make a difference between them and us, by the which we bear the resemblance of a more worthy, namely a di●…ine, nature. And surely, if we will give any credit to poetical inventions, these twain, (Learning & Virtue,) are the two virgins of heavenly descent, which promised 
* The son of jupiter & Alcmene: Macrobius says that Her cules is the sun: and that by the. 12 ●…abours which he sustained, nothing else is signisied, but the yearly course of the Sun through the. 12. signs Zodiacall.  Hercules, being a well disposed young gentleman, if he would embrace, and have them in estimation, such honour as never should wear out of memory, such glory and renown as should be joined to immortality. Between these twain, there is such affinity, that the one is abased if the other be absent, because the one increaseth the others dignity, when they be both present, and keep continual company. And, if I may speak what I think without offence, learning is the mother of virtue, because from her principally virtue doth proceed: Learning giveth understanding of all things, as well of heavenly precepts and Oracles, as also of all other sciences by the wit of man invented, out of which, as out of a clear and hoalesome spring, we can draw nothing but that which is virtuous, but that which is honest, but that which in all respects is allowable. And, to the intent you may not be ignorant, what credit and worship is won by learning, the next way is to consider the contrary, that is to say, what discommodities follow ignorance: for the nature of opposites is such, that the one by the other is made manifest. Ignorance is such an impediment in man, from attaining those benefits which tend to his special behoof, as a greater can not lightly be named: this breedeth such blindness in him, that he is utterly void of that judgement, which maketh distinction between things to be desired, and things to be avoided: it taketh away the right use of election and choice: it maketh him unacquainted with civility: it engendereth in him rusticalitie or clownishness: it maketh him unmeet metal for the impressions of virtue: it maketh him unfit for good company: it doth kindle in his mind, forgetfulness of himself: yea, the greatest duty of all other, is, by ignorance, withdrawn from him, and that is the knowledge of God, from whom he received the incomparable grace of his creation: finally, what enormities be there, 〈◊〉 ignorance doth (as it were) pile them up one upon another, whereby all ability, to compass that which is praiseworthy, and commendable indeed, is brought to nought, and quite turned out of possession. But the commodities of learning, are not only manifold and divers, but they are also singular and necessary: sithence, in consideration of itself, it is soon gathered, what a treasure it is, and how expedient the happy having of the same is, not only for that it procureth private profit, but also because the whol●… common wealth, reapeth thereby special advaunatge: in so much that I am in doubt (I tell you truth) whether in the world universal, there be any thing more requisite in the life of man, any thing of equal worthiness, any thing so behoveful, any thing more noble and honourable. If you take learning and knowledge from among men, what d●…e you else make of a public body, but a stable of Asses, a wilderness of Bears, Wolves, and beasts untameable. Take 
* What confu sion and disorder there is▪ where learning is lacking.  learning away, and what shall become of h●…alsome laws, which are the sinews and bones of every common wealth? shall not that foul monster ignorance, with her sister confusion, enter in and make spoil of all goodness? if this do once rule the roost, learning is as much set by as a bench whistler: laws, and execution of laws cease, and lie gasping under foot. The innocent is not defended. The oppressed persons cause is not supported. Arts and sciences are not maintained. Finally, nothing that maketh for the profit of the people, is regarded: and these be the inconveniences that ignorance engendereth, with an infinite number more, too tedious to recount. O what 
* In the commendation & advancement whereof none can speak suf ficiently.  an excellent thing, therefore is learning, whereby all these disorders are redressed, all these abuses abolished, and reformation of things amiss, introduced, and set in sure possession. By learuing, the common wealth is rightly governed. By learning, the true use of laws and statutes, are executed. By learning, the Prince is taught to favour his people: the subjects to be loyal to their sovereign. By learning, due order is observed in all offices. By learning, domestical affairs, household matters (I mean) are well governed: children virtuously instructed: the whole family well provided and seen unto. By learning, men of mean condition grow in countenance, and by the credit which they get by their knowledge, are advanced to degrees of honour. Learning maketh hard things easy. Learning maketh doubtful things perceivable. Learning is a comfort in adversity. Learning keepeth men from waxing insolent in felicity: yea, and to be short, then is the possession of learning most pleasant and profitable, when a man is solitary, and (as it were) forsaken. Wherefore, 
* after his promise longed commendation of learning (in the praising whereof, too much is too little) he falls to persuading  ●…thence the comm●…dities of learning be such, as the like unto them can not be found among men, I am to give you counsel, that (for the advancement of your own present to perpetual renown, and the purchasing of perpetual praise to your posterity) you will, not only show yourself a good patron to learning, a favourer and furtherer of such as apply themselves to learned faculties, whereby in time they grow to be necessary instruments in the common wealth: but that you will also, sithence you are a father o●… children, whose towardness in their tender years, promises great hope of singular gifts, hereafter to be showed, so provide and see to their vertu●…us education, that like young plants, under the diligent hand of a painful and running Gardener, they may spring up, and fructi●…ie in such decent order, that you their father (through the benefit of the learning and knowledge, which by your careful means they have attained) may have iu●… cause to rejoice, at the happy success of those labours, which in training up your younglings, were employed: that I say you may in th●…m be comforted: that they may see and perceive in what duties of obedience they are bound, to such good parents, by whose bounty it is come to pa●…se, that they are enabled, both 
* Which been fites, learning breeds and bringeth, to such as love and embrace it as we see by daily proof and expe●…ience.  to aspire to preferment themselves: and also to be means, that others be ●…urthered. Thus if you do, as I have put you in mind, persuade yourself that you can not be more virtuously disposed: that you can not bestow a more excellent thing upon your children: ●…or this (though you should dye in poverty, which hard fortune be far from my friends and favourers) will be a sufficient patrimony to maintain them in their youth, and to secure them in their age. Besides that, when your bones are putrefied in the grave: yet so long as the pledges of your presence are to be seen and viewed (your children I mean) the memory of you shall flourish, and such fame shall follow your name (though your bo●…ie be dead) as never shall cease to sound your praises, among people far and near: that by the mirror of your doings, they may be won, sembl●…bly to see their youths taught and instructed, that for their well doing, they (as you have already before them) may reap an everlasting commendation.  
Forget not, and Far you well.   

Macropedius to his Sovereign, N. O. P.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
In this Epistle following, it is Macropedius his desire to set down a perfect platfourme of a prince▪ wherein (under the person of Alexander, whom he comme●…deth, as well for outward as inward qualities) he showeth what manner of person, a King or Emperor aught to be. He beginneth first of all, with the infancy of Alexander, which ministered manifest and manifold probabilities, of things which came afterwards to pass. He proceedeth with his younger years, and declareth how he was then disposed. Lastly, he concludeth with his estate when he came to the possession of the kingdom, after his father Philippes decease: in all these digressions, and discourses, under the example of Alexander, showing how a prince aught to apply himself, if he intend to be famous, & after his death, yet to live among people.  
ALexander * king of Macedonia (whom I have determined, 
Whose name is so noble, & his deeds so renowned, that who hath herded lest of his fame, may sun judge of his inconquerable valiantness.  above all other Princes and Emperors of his time in the world, to praise to your majesty, my most gracious sovereign, and that in few words, lest I should seem too tedious, in recounting his worthiness, whose noble deeds, give a sound, loud enough to his commendation,) descended of the loins of Philippe, who possessed the Macedonishe Monarchy, next before Alexander his son, and lawful successor. His mother's name also was Olympias, a Queen much commended in histories, and a passing goodly La●…ie. But if you esteem it a thing not so precious, nor so much sending to the praise of any person, to come of an honourable house, to have princes to his parents, to be a Gentleman born, to have this title or that of dignity, because (as you say) not the place where a man is born, nor the stock from whence he draweth his descent, should so much commend a man, as his own virtues, and inward qualities of his mind, whereby he is indeed highly advannced: hear therefore that which you can not choose but praise exceedingly, and not lightly regard like smoke or shadows. This Alexander, even in his infancy gave many and the self same most assured significations of excellent gifts, naturally engraffed in him: yea, and above all other, of prowess and magnanimity he showed manifest proofs, insomuch, that the Macedonish 
* Soothsayers or wisemen, expert in the art of divination and foretelling things to come.  magicians, upon circumstances made a conjecture, or rather a prognostication wherein was certainty, that he should be a whip or scourge to all Asia. Touching the order of his education, histories most plentifully make sundry and strange declarations: For, he was not only trained in exercises of activity, but also in the knowledge of sciences liberal, and specially in Khetorique and Philosophy: than which two necessary stays, the first serving the body, the second serving the mind, nothing for a king or noble man more convenient. In activity he did excel (considering his person, and his descent): For it is said of him that in running he was singular, and in riding not to be amended: and though his father Philippe, in this last quality, did wear (as they say) the golden spurs, yet his son Alexander did better deserve them, sithence his knowledge in that Art, was (as it seemed) much more assured, and his cunning grounded upon better experience. As for other properties to the body belonging, it is no question to be asked, whether he had them or no: For, it is not an unlike reason, that he, in whom the greatest and the best things were to be found, should want the jest and the base. Concerning his person, his complexion, his proportion, and such like things requisite in a noble man, they did all concur in him, and nothing did lack that might make him amiable. He was ruddy coloured, much like the damask rose, not only in his face, but throughout all and every part of his body: insomuch that whosoever looked upon him, and beheld his countenance, they might well marvel at the uniformity that nature kept, in frameing so goodly a creature. His complexion was of the perfectest, and soundest, & as for his proportion and making, there was nothing in him that was out of square, but every joint and limb, both in measure and in place, very formal, and passing handsome. This 
* Alexander commended for the ornaments of his mind.  Alexander, as he was furnished with external gifts, beautifying and well beséeming his body: so his mind was garnished with all manner of understanding. For, as he was a Prince of rare renown, so had he to instruct him, a Philosopher without peer, (Aristotle I mean, of whose fame all places of learning do ring at this day) who taught him not only moral precepts touching humanity, but other secret sciences, which he did impart but to a very few, the same being special people, among whom Alexander was one. O happy Prince whose luck it was to have such a master: and O no less fortunate Philosopher, in whose lap the lot fallen to have so noble a scholar. No doubt, this was the God's foreappointment: For, as 
* He means Alexander the king: and Aiistotle the Philosopher.  these twain were incomparable, in consideration of the ornaments, wherewith they won immortal memory: so neither of them lost their labour, not Aristotle in teaching, nor Alexander in learning, but the one and the other did reap convenient profit. But what need I heap up so many words in this matter, my pen hath not the power to paint out that puissant Prince, in such lively colours as he deserveth. 
* For it passeth my capacity to draw out his portraiture in suf ficient livelynesse.  Lysippus the cunning ingraver must be sent for: and Appelles the famous limmer must be fett, to accomplish this curious piece of work. We had need of a Cicero or a Demosthenes, both tried Rhetoricians, to set him out with their blazing eloquence. Maro and Homer must take in hand to writ in heroical Verses, the virtue and nobleness of him, whose worthiness when I examine, I see such odds, between the majesty of his person, and the homeliness of mine invention, that I think it more available to keep silence, and so avoid blame, then by saying little, and the same super●…ciall, to incur reprehension, for attempting that, which I am not able to compass. Nevertheless, because every man hath knowledge delivered him, as it were by weight and measure, it is my part to employ, that which remaineth in me, insemblable proportion: and therefore (most Gracious Sovereign) according to mine ability, I will proceed in commending my Alexander, as I have already begun, lest I should give occasion to your highness, that I have taken upon me a piece of work, whereof I cannot be the master. To pretermitte his infancy, to let slip his younger years, both which were never destitute, of most honourable behaviours, and to come to his riper age, to come to that time wherein he gave singular manifestations of his valiantness, which was never separated from policy, it is a world to consider the victories which he obtained, to recount the countries which he subdued, to number up the people whom he drew to his subjection, to make rehearsal of his strange adventures, finally to declare the manifold ways which lay wide open unto him, to good fortune, and the getting of every thing, according to his own will, whereby be purchased that rare title of Empire, to be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Magnus, Great and mighty, it would 
* Because an epistle should be short, and trussed up in a few lines.  exceed the due proportion and length of an epistle, draw the vain of mine invention dry, breed wearisomeness to you in reading, and seem rather to savour somewhat of the nature of an history, which rippeth up circumstances to the very proof, leaving little or nothing unremembered. What Prince in power hath ever been herded off, comparable to Alexander? What king in his adventures hath had more happy success? On whom have the Gods and Goddesses more smiled, that he should strike such an astonishment of his own person into the minds of people, as to be thought and named jupiter, and not Alexander the son of Philippe and Olympias? When he was twenty years old, he was admitted to the Sceptre of the kingdom, and had in his hands the Macedonian Monarchy, after the decease of his father, who was slain of 
* A young Gentleman, of Macedonia, & a gallant cour ti●…the occasion why he slay king Philippe, is mentioned in Trog. and other historiographers, to long here to insect.  Pausanias: who being no sooner installed in the seat royal, and wearing the Diadem of empire, was much troubled with commotions of his people, & such as aught to have been most loyal and obedient to their league lord & king, made insurrection and played the arrant rebels, seeking not his dispossession only, but also his destruction: nevertheless, he esteeming these tumults but as vain shadows, was so far from being carried away with the conceit of fearfulness, (the next and ready way to cowardice) that with boldness of heart, and constancle, he suppressed them all, and that in very short space, confirming to himself the true service of his subjects, and winning the favour of his Peers and Nobles, that he could not but prospero in all things which he attempted. He besieged the city of Thebes, overcame it, & did ransack it. By concluding peace, he reconciled unto himself & his people, the Athenians. He discomfited Darius and his whole army, took his wife & children prisoners, whom he used very parcially, nay, very mercifully, considering that he had juster occasion to execute tyramnical violence, then to show any sparkle of compassi●…. He behaved himself in all his warlike enterprises, like a puissant Martialist, having virtue his forrunner, and Fortune his weighting maid. Pamphylia, Cilicia, Pisidia, Phrygia, Paphlagonia, Cappadocia etc. fell into his dominion, & thus most miraculou●…y were the bo●…ds of his kingdom amplified & enlarged. He passed over the ●…oud Issus & came to Damascus, tolte Cyprus, all Phenicia, Tyrus excepted: which city, when he was assaulting, there appeared unto him in his dream, Hercules calling him by his name, and offering himself to take him down from the walls. Another thing appeared also unto him in his sleep, a Satire playing with him, whom when he would have caught, it ran away from him: nevertheless, at last it came voluntarily, & yielding unto him, was taken in his hands. This last dream, being put to expositors, to be interpreted, was thus understood, that by the division of the word Satyrus, the dream did import this meaning, namely 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Tua Tyrus: The land of T●… 〈◊〉 sea●… yflown At 〈◊〉 d●…sire, shallbe thy own●….  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: The city Tyrus shallbe yours. After that he took Gaza, a great and stately city in Syria: he conquered Egypt, in which country, he was desirous to leave some monument of himself, that the memory of him, and his people, might flourish throughout all posterities. This city he called after his own name, which he built in such a plot of land, as a better, neither for pleasantness, nor commodity, might be choose in all that region. Thus proceeding from worthiness to worthiness, from renown to renown, mounting as it were by steps, he become so famous, that all the world herded of the deeds of Alexander, counting him rather a God, than a man. So 
* He draweth to his conclusion, wherein he maketh an application of that which is before spoken  then your Grace may see by these confused and disordered discourses, packed together in praise of a right praise worthy Prince, what a valiant spirit he was directed withal in all his adventures. How far he was to revolt from manhood, not not when he was in extremity of danger, but withstanding all inconveniences, thorough the good guiding of virtue, and the favour of fortune, that never failed, he purchased a name of noblenessé, which remaining in the registers of many Chroniclers and writers, may serve for an incitation, or encouragement to other kings and Princes, to follow his steps in puisaunce and martial exercises, though their luck be not like his, nor the success of their labours so fraught with happiness. Now, to end with that, wherein I should have begun, namely, the ornaments of his mind, which proved him a noble gentleman in deed: it is manifest in all that was written of him, how studious and painful he was, to be seen in the knowledge of the sciences liberal, and no less earnest and desirous to put that in experience, wherein he was instructed. The learning of 
* Which consists in the precepts of mor●…ll Philos●…phie, whereof Aristotle wrote a learned wo●…k called his Ethics.  things tending to humanity, what goodly effects wrought it in his heart, yea even in the heat of war when the force of his anger should have plucked him violently to revengement, than was he passing appliable to compassion, in somuch that he did both forgive and forget offences committed against his majesty, albeit they were oftentimes done to work his own mischief. In the mysteries of nature he laboured so diligently, being taught of Aristotle, that there was kindled in him such a marvelous delight, that he could not abide, others to be communicants and partakers of that which he knew, but himself to have the understanding of that only and alone, whereof others should be ignorant. In the art of Physic he did profit wonderfully, not in that only which consists in speculation, but in that also which is altogether occupied in practice & experience: in so much that when he was but sixtéene years of age, he was able to do such things, as men of greater age, and longer practice, could not compass, neither by knowledge nor cunning. Thus your Grace seeth the express picture of a prince, to whose paths I would wish you direct your footestepps, if you mean to be a partaker of his praise.   

Ch. Hegendorphinus, to Laurentio Czocho.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This epistle is written to Lau. Czo. not as a dehortation unto him, to leave the foul abuse of drunkenness (for he was a sober young man, & such a one of whose virtuous disposition Hegendorphinus, and others had good hope:) but it is sent unto him, as an example or precedent to make the like epistle in dehorratorio genere, if occasion so served him to writ, either for excercise sake, or otherwise.  
IS 
* A poem or beginning expostulato●…e wherein he reasoneth with authority.  it a good hearing, think you, that you are never from the Alehouse, nor the Tavern, but like an Epi●…urean porket, wallow day and night in the dregs of dronckennesse? Have you not the wit, and discretion to perceive, how foul and filthy a vice it is? and how unseemly a quality for any man to use? There is but one thing that maketh a difference between a man and a beast, and that is Reason: in this property of the mind, he excels all other creatures, as far as the glory of the heavens passeth the vileness of the earth. This gift of reason, by the benefit of the Gods given unto you, for your own avail, you do most miserably abuse, by ingurgitating and pouring down your throat continual streams of delicat●… wine and strong drink: insomuch that the light of reason, being greatly dimmed, & in manner clean put out, you differ very little from a filthy swine. What meanest thou man? what sweetness dost thou found in tumbling thee self in such a loathsome vice? Is all thy judgement consumed through thy excessive abuse? Hast thou not one sparkle of perseverance left, to examine and take account in thy own conscience, what inconveniences give attendance upon drunkenness? Doth not the huge arruie of mischiefous maladies, whereof Pliny in his 
* Pliny lib. 4. de Naturalib.  Naturals maketh an enumeration or rehearsal, make thee afraid to frequent the same? Of drunkenness (saith he) come hanging and blabber cheeks: from drunkenness proceed diseases in the eyes, as bloudshotts, etc. From drunkenness proceedeth trembl●…ng hands, spiced with the Palsy, not able to hold a cup of wine from spilling: from drunkenness do proceed terrible and fearful dreams, unquiet sleeps etc. These things would be considered. What 
* As if he had said: your adversaries will take an occasion, by your misdemeanour, to give you a very ill report.  will be the communication of your adversaries, and the usual talk of such as bear you no goodwill? What will be the words of such as mark your missdemeanours? Yea, what will your best friends say, when they hear of this your beastly behaviour? See, will one say, this fellow could take upon him to disuade us from drunkenness, who should be unto us as a burning Beacon, to give us warning to béeware of abuses: and who is more immoderate than he? who is given to excessive swilling so much as he? Whooe swerveth so far and wide from sobriety as he? He is never from the I●…e bush: his lips are always stained with the 
* With wine. For the grape is called the berry of Bacchus, whom Poets feigned to be the God of wine.  juice of Bacchus his berries. What a shameful report is this? Do you not remember, that the property of drunkards is to keep nothing in secret, but with the Terentian Parmeno, to blab abroad in the hearing of all men, whatsoever is told him in silence, though it be a thing of never such weight & counsel? I say no more but end with this caveat: Take heed that you forsake drunkenness, and fashion yourself to soberness, if you mean to keep the credit and opinion of a wise man, and the report of one that is honest.  
Far you well.   

Ch. Hegend. to Laur. Cz▪  
THE ARGUMENT.  
By this short letter, he teacheth how a letter of request should be made by one friend to another, if the one may reform that wherein the other is abused: imagining his argument or matter of a Sycophant, or vain lying merchant, whose study it is to carry tales up and down from ear to ear, that truth might be falsified.  
I 
* A letter of petition and complaint.  Have a request to your goodness (right worshipful sir) wherein I would gladly be satisfied. So it is, that a certain Sycophant, and ●…alse varlet, well enough known unto you, overcloyeth me with many and continual troubles: in consideration whereof, because upon sundry considerations I see it available, I have thought good to open the matter unto you, as to one that favoureth not any such deceitful & lewd fellows, to the intent you may take him in hand, suppre●… his ●…awcinesse, and make him leave off his mallapertnesse, that I, through your benefit, may find an end of disquietness. Can any thing be seasoned with more justice, than one friend to take another friends part, to defend and maintain him against the backbiting, slanderous, and hellish barking of a maliciously disposed Sycophant? And surely, I cannot see what you may do with more facility and easiness, sythence a countenance of your authority, may redress this abuse. Do but so much as give this 
* By whose means I am so molested▪ vexed, & disquie●…ed.  naughty fellow warning, to rule his spiteful tongue: and to leave his opprobrious speeches, and raseallike raylinge. This may you do passing conveniently, at such time as he cometh to sal●…le and visit you, as he is accustomed: and I am yours in what you please, at service and commandment.  
Far you well.   

Ch. Hegend. to Laur. Czoc.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
A letter of imitation, made, in Suasorio scribendi genere, wherein Hegendorphinus goeth about by counsel and reason drawn from that which is dishonest, from that which is discommodious, from that which is hard and laborious, from that which is not necessary, from that which is wicked, from that which is dangerous, and from that which is unpossible, to win his friend's mind, from the trade of a merchant, and to frame himself to some facul●…ie of learning.  
ALthough (my bes●… beloved friend) you are of sufficient wisdom to be your own counsellor: yet notwithstanding, in consideration of my 
* Which in a true hearted friend, cannot but show fruit suff●…cient.  singular love and special kindness, wherewith I tender your safety, I cannot smoulther silence in a cause of constraint, but needs must impart unto you for your profit (as I hope) my private opinion touching your determination and purpose. It is reported unto me, that you mean to be a merchant venturer: I am sorry that you should so employ the time and your labour, yea I would (if I could) disuade you from this intent. Consider with yourself that your substance and wealth is not very great, and therefore you cannot deal frankly in traffic: and surely, the trade of merchandise, except it be sumptuous and costly (according to the authority of Cicero) it is lightly to be regarded: yea it is to be thought a kind of pedlary exchange, to buy that at the merchant's hand, which shortly after is set to open sale: what gain or advantage do they reap by their chopping, changing and intercourse of traffic, unless they lie most odi●…usly? neither is there any thing in the world more beastly and dishonest, than vanity etc. Thus saith Cicero. Furthermore, 
* An enumeration of such hazards as merchants & occupiers are ●…ubiecte unto.  set before your eyes, the dangers which pursue you from place to place, whether you ride, whether you go on foot, or whether you sail. If you carry money with you in your budgett, you are in a thousand hazards. For, either you are like to lose them and your life likewise, in the swelling waves: you are in peril of Pirates and Rovers to spoil you: of cuttethrote thieves and knaves by land to rob and take them from you: what should I talk of the stormy showers that you must suffer in your journey or voyage: what should I talk of thunder, lightning, blustering blasts of winds, hail, and other tempests, whereunto you be subject when you are abroad. I will say nothing of the labour that is employed in bargaining: of the toil in packing: of the pain in shipping, of the care in conveying your wares and merchandise home to your own house. These inconveniences well considered, it is great marvel, if you abhor not the trade of a merchant, as much as you abhor an Adder or Toad. But 
* A supposed objection where to followeth immediately after a fit resolution or answer.  peradventure the gain that ariseth by occupying, pleaseth you marvelous well, so that you think it in no wise to be misliked. But weigh with yourself on the other side, with what drudgery it is got, with what small regard of upright dealing, honesty or conscience. For, you buy a thing good cheap, for a small price, and in manner a trifle: you cell the same again to your Brother too dear and out of reason. See I pray you, is this kind of gain to be liked? is it to be commended? Nay, is it not to be detested, is it not to be abhorred, hated and despised? what if you lose by one kind of ware, or two, more than you shall recover again in many? what if you have not money for present and ready payment, whereby you are forced (because of credit and forbearaunce) to give a greater price, for that which you buy, than you take by their utterance, yea, many times it cometh to pass, that in thus bargaining you are so far from being a saver, that you are a great loser. And what if it so chance (as peradventure it may) that most men buy such ware as you want, whereby your merchandise lie upon your hand, in your storehouse unfold: where is your gain become now in these hard cases? To conclude, what need (in God's name) have you, to give yourself to such an uncertain trade, so dangerous, both in consideration of loss of goods, and in respect of loss of life in like manner? What man, are you not 
* As i●… he ●…ad said: being learned as you are, what need you tie yourself to a trade or occu pa●…ion.  learned? have you not knowledge in the scienc●…s liberal? are not these a sufficient purueyance, in what place of the world soever you chawce to travel? For (as saith the proverb)  

No land there is but doth maintain  
Each Noble Art with goodly gain.   
Why do not you apply yourself, to some one kind of profession, or other, wherein there is certainty & stay of living? as for example, Physic, or the Law, which of the twain you do best like? By these you shall soon and safely mount to be rich and woorshipful, whereafter▪ I know you hunger and thirst, like to one that is famished for want of necessary sustenance: wherefore, if you mean, that I shall continued towards you, mine accustomed favour and friendship, change this your perilous purpose, and determine otherwise to shift in the world.  
Far you well.   

Ch. Hegend. to Laur. Cz●…cho.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle, being in d●…liberatiuo genere, runneth altogether vpo●… persuasions. The whole sum of the letter doth signify thus much. One friend being desirous of another good friends estate, giveth him counsel (because he was learned and well seen in the liberal Arts) to frame himself to the study of the civil law: and to the end ●…e might per●…uade himself thereunto, he useth sundry reasons, drawn from sundry Rhethorical places▪ a●… for ●…xample: first from that which is honest. 2. Fron that which is pro fi●…able. ●… From that which is possible. 4. From that which is necessary. ●…. Fron that which is easy. 6. From that which is pleasant o●… delight some. etc. It may serve ve●…y well for 〈◊〉.  
I Hear say (my good friend) that you are consid●…ring with yourself upon what kind of profession, it were best to be●…ow your time & labour. Surely, if it please you to admit the counsel that I shall minister, which is both freendely and profitable, above all other faculties, I would wish you to be a 
* A professor o●…stu lient of the Civil law, which yeeld●… great advantage.  Civilian. For, then this profession what can be reckoned more honest? what can be imagined more honourable? By the benefit of this, you may secure the distressed, you may maintain the right of the Orphan, you may defend the wronged widow, and what is there that belongeth to justice and equity, but you may put it in experience? And what (I pray you) can be more necessary? take out of Cities and incorporations the civil Law, and what will follow but an overthrow of common wealths, a displacing of order, a confusion of estates, and other incon●…eniences? you are not ignorant (I suppose) of Cicero's words, had in his Oration pro Cluentio, wherein he says: That 
* Ci●…r. in orat. pro. A. Cluentio: as I remember, he speaketh there of lawe●… in general, not meaning any certain especial kind of Law.  the Civil Law is the bond of the City, it is the foundation of freedom. For (says he,) look what our bodies be, when the soul hath forsaken them, even that is a City, wherein are no Laws: these laws, are to the common wealth (as it were) members, limbs, joints, sinews, veins, blood, soul and spirit, the use whereof wanting in a City, no good can ensue. Lysten yet a little further, and hear what the same Orator saith, in his plea for Caecinna: There is nothing, that aught to be maintained with such care, diligence, and circumspection, in any City and incorporation, than the civil Law: which being abolished and put to silence, what man is there that can have certain knowledge, what is his own right, and what is another's interest? The civil law laboureth wholly to this end, namely that every City be brought into such good frame & order, as a better can not be devised: so affirmeth mine author Alcinous. Lo, now you see the necessity of the civil Law. As for the credit, the countenance, the favour, the estimation, and the honour which it doth bring, who is there but is able to testify? To pretermit & pass over a great number, who by this faculty have been advanced: what shall we think of 
* There were many Gentlemen, 〈◊〉 by the name o●… Mutius, touching whom, Rapha ●…l Volaterane hath spoken somewhat largely.  Mutius Scaevola, who by this profession grew in exceèding reputation, among the Romans, in so much that his house was called Oraculum Civitatis, the Oracle of the whole City? A certain Sabine, descending of a simple stock, and being therewithal in like manner very poor, was made a Knight of the Noblest order, by Tiberius Caesar, for none other cause, then for that he was a learned and skilful Civilian: yea, to this state of honour attained he, when he was aged, being almost (as it is registered) fifty years old. 
* Whom Nero commanded to be put to death because he bore the name and gave the badge or cognisance of the same Cassi●… that slay 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉. Pompon.  Caius' Cassius Longinus, by and through the same science, become very worshipful under the forenamed Tiberius, and under Claudius he was created and made Lord Precedent of Syria. Now, if so be the thing whereat you lay the level of your thoughts and purposes, be gain and commodity, than I say unto you, and that out of the book, there is no profession that affordeth larger advantage, no trade that yieldeth the like profit: which words of mine to be true, that usual verse, although it haut in one syllable, manifestly affirmeth, saying:  

Galene gives richesse and substance good store:  
justiman gives honours and titles of glore.   
D●…o you not see, that the simplest Lawyer of all, he who in comparison of other, is but an Idiot, to live like a Gentleman, in ability to maintain his house and famili●…, to bear a port and countenance. etc. So that there is no cause (as far as I can conjecture) whereby you should be discouraged, and driveu into dumps of doubtfulness. The study of this science, is marvelous easy, if a man be sufficiently armed and furnished with the knowledge of other Arts: and 
* An enume●… of such 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 as make 〈◊〉 for the 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉.  ●…thence you have tongue at liberty, that is, utterance at pleasure: sithence you are more eloquent than eloquence is itself, sithence your memory is curtain and i●…fallible, sithence your judgement is sound 〈◊〉 not to be dissalowed: what hardness can there be in studying the civillawe? Nay rather, what can be more easily learned, especially of you, in whom is such ripeness of learning? Here unto is to be added, as not unworthy the consideration, that the whole substance of this science, is contained in certain books, not infinite and innumerable, so that it is but a kind of pastime for you, to attain the knowledge of the same with perfection (which you can not but do, if you apply your mind thereunto) whereby you may in time, grow to be a second Scaevola: in the studying of this Art, this caveat must be had, namely, to take unto you one certain writer: you must not do, as a great many do in these days, who whiles they are busy with this book of law, and that book of law, following the interpretations and notes of diverse men, they themselves be uncertain which chief to imitate, and their counsel, in the mean while, is no furtherance to their clientes. To be short, in the understanding and perfect knowledge of the Law, there is a certain sweetness and delectation to be gathered. For (that I may use the words of Cicero) if any man conceive pleasure in the study of foreign and strange things, let him have recourse to the Civil law, let him search the priests registers, let him look upon the twelve tables of antiquities, whereby the ancient customs of the Romans, their diverse kinds of exercises, and their trade of life are discovered: and he shall find much and manifold matter, in the which he may be delighted. Go too then: sithence there is no faculty, than the civil law more honest, none more necessary, none more profitable, none more easy, for end, none more pleasant: you shallbe counted as very a dawcocke and dizzarde as ever was 
* This was not Corocbus the Athenien, of whom Pliny lib. 7. cap. 56. but the same whom Virgil speaketh 〈◊〉. 2. Aeneid.  Coroebus, if to the profession and practice of the same, you show not yourself appliable.  
Far you well.   

C. Hegendorphinus, to Laur. Czocho.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He setteth down an example, how to writ an epistle in demonstrativo genere, concerning the commendation of some worthy and famous deed. The places, from whence, he borroweth his reasons, are these. From that which is honest and honourable, from that which is hard and ●… karse venturable. etc. All which belong to the confirmation of his purpose.  
MAny are the Noble deeds of arms of the Romans, but among all other, this carrieth away the pearl of praise & renown: that 
* Of whose valiantness diverse authors have written: and among the rest Valerius Max imus.  P. Decius, for the preservation of his country which was in irrecoverable danger, offered his own life (than which nothing in the world more sweet and precious) to a gaping gulffe, & that of a voluntary motion, to be swallowed up and devoured. For, what could he attempt savouring of more honesty and honour, in consideration, either of his private estate, or in respect of the whole body of the common wealth? In consideration of his own private person: because it is no small argument and token, of a courageous hearted man, of his own accord, to push upon the pikes of death: because it is a manifest testimony, of a valiant spirit, not to love life, (than which among men nothing more dear,) but to forsake it, & that most willingly, that others by his death might enjoy the benefit of life. He did not put himself into this horrible adventure, upon temerity and rashness: but being warned so to do by a vision in his sleep, or rather being so admonished by revelation from heaven, he was not wayward to show himself conformable to such forcible representations. In respect of the whole Common wealth: because it can not but be honest and honourable, that a good and virtuous man dieth, for the deliverance of his country, from an inconvenience. Let us proceed and consider what commodities did redound to the Common wealth, by this his deed of valiauntuesse. He saved the life of many a Noble Duke: 
* The fruits and commodities which ensued the valiant death of P. Decius.  he wrought the safeguard of many a conquerous captain: he sent home the army with victory and triumph: to the Romans he purchased everlasting renown: for end, to his own self, he won a name of immortal majesty. He may (of right) challenge to himself this singular title, to be called Pater Patriae, The father of his Country. What should I here stand in rehearsing the danger of the enterprise, what should I do spending the time, in putting you in mind of the hardness of the adventure? How terrible a thing it was, that he so courageously attempted, you may gather by the circumstances. 
* As who said: there is none but thinketh and persuadeth himself that life is passing sweet.  What man is there but loveth his life? & good reason: neverthe less, what is he among a myllian, that is not surprised with sorrow, when he seeth that soul and body must be separated? yea, this parting in sunder, maketh the valiant man's heart to quake and tremble. Howbeit, this Noble Gentleman, understanding by revelation, that if he enjoyed life, the whole common wealth was like to be marvelously molested, did choose rather, of his own life to make a resignation, then that his country, which he most tenderly loved, should fall in the greedy jaws of devouring desolation. 
* And specially lusty Gentlemen & gallant Courtiers, who should be a spectacle and pattern to the rest.  All noble hearted men therefore, setting before them, this worthy fact of Decius, let them put in practise some part of his prowess, if they mean to be partakers with him, of his perpetual renown.  
Far you well.   

Conradus Celtis, to N. Patritio.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He exhorteth N. Pat. a young Gentleman being in warfare, & desirous to return home to his country, to continued still in battle, and as he hath begun, so to persevere. To prove that there i●… no loss, but gain got by absence from one's natural country, he useth the example of Medea. Lastly he concludeth with a short sentence out of Euripides.  
IN all the Epistles that I send to your captain and governor, I see good and necessary occasion offered, not to pretermitte your commendation: touching which I must say somewhat, even with an upright judgement, and evident witness, of my benevolence towards you always inclined. First, I would wish you to set aside 
* Wherein to be busy and occupied, is a thing ●…arre unsitte for your p●…rson, and degree.  all trifling affairs, and vain follies: shake off that delightful desire which you have, to be conversant in the City: and thereunto labour to aspire by continuance and virtue, whereto you have once given assays to mount already: Fie man, mi●…se not of your adventure. Let Medea be a pattern and example for you to follow, who although she were a nyc●… and delicate Lady, at what time she returned home to her country, after a certain time of absence expir●…d, and being asked the question of Matrons and ancient Gentlewomen, how she liked thereof: she made them this answer to their d●…maunde: says she: to get virtue and honour, it is a goodly thing (doubtless) to be absent from one's country. For, many when they are far distant from their native soil, ●…inde themselves thereby much benefited, and their doings and dealings (in such a case) are more allowable. Contrariwise, many that have spent their years at home, have been so far from being therefor●… commended, that they have incurred rather a great mislikeing, in the number of whom, it had been your luck to have been reckoned, had not we perforce thrust you out, and urged you to attempt that, wherewith you were very loath to meddle. But we will defer these matters till 
* When we sha●… have 〈◊〉 leisure, 〈◊〉 ●…etter op●… to 〈◊〉▪ & 〈◊〉.  another time, intending to writ of them largely, when we are at more leisure. And because I have taken upon 〈◊〉 to represent the person of ●…uéene Medea, I think it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to put you in re●…embraunce of this sentence:  


* A sentence taken out of Euripides.  That wise man's wit is naught but vain,  
Who for himself no good can gain.   
Look to your health: and far you well.   

Conradus Celtis to Hasilina Eudemia.  
¶ TH●… ARGVM●…NT.  
In this epistle he setteth down an example, how one that is in love should writ to his beloved: beginning first with a certain affection of mind somewhat 〈◊〉 to 〈◊〉: (whereby ●…oe 〈◊〉, that men being b●…nded with love, must, if they mean to get her favour, feed her with f●…re speeche●…, tend●…ng 〈◊〉 th●… praise of her person: for therein women conceive a passing pride, and are much delighted) then falling into a complaint of her cruelty, and his misery: after that he falls to entreating and to promising: by which he doth nothing else, but set down a precedent or an example, (as I said) how he should writ that is in love, and would obtain goodwill for his ki●…dnesse.  
I Can not but sigh and be sorrowful, so often as thou comest to my remembrance. 
* He describeth the beauty and comeliness of his love, a ●…aire Damsel, in re peating the occasions of his perturbed▪ and vexed mind,  I can not but feel me self much pricked with grief, while I thin●…e upon thy golden glistering hairy locks: when I think upon thy most comfortable countenance: when I think upon thy crimson cheeks: when I think upon thy sugared lips: when I think upon thy neat proportion: when I think upon thy sweet tongue: finally, when other heavenly ornaments wherewith thou art enriched & beautified, of●…er themselves to my cogitations and memory. But (O cruel and blo●…die woman) thou regarde●…t not my wa●…ling words: th●… hast no compassion upon me in my perplexiti●…s: thou sufferest me to pine away in grievous agonies: thou lettest death swallow me up, th●… art art so full of unkindness. I wots not how i●… cometh to pa●…e, whether by the frowardness of my fortune: the vnhappin●…sse of my destiny: the cro●… of my luck: or the cursed hour of my birth and nativity: to which of these, I may best ascribe it, I am uncertain: that I loving thee so exceedingly, can not obtain so much as one lovely look: not so much as one wanton wink: not so much as one privy token of goodwill, whereby I may feel myself refreshed. I send thee a lamentable letter, a letter written with tears. 
* He pleadeth like a suppliaunt, for pity and compassion▪ a thing not out of use and custom with lovers.  Alas, be not so savage, be not so cruel, be not so merciless: repair unto me, sit by me, talk with me, and let me enjoy thy company. For what thing is more pleasant, what thing is more ●…electable, then that we two should live together, should love together, should embrace one another, and minister long required recreation one to another? Our age is not far spent, gifts we want none to bestow upon thee, thou hast our heart wholly in thy perpetual possession.  
Far you well, and have me in remembrance.   

Conradus Celtis, to Paleologo Constantinopolitano.  
THE ARGVM●…NT.  
This Epistle ●…eacheth, how one should indite a letter of consolation to his distressed friend. The order which he useth in his example is this. First he beginneth with the person of himself, showing that his sorrow is such for his friends sak●…, that he had no less need himself to be succoured, than his friend by his counsels & exhortations to be comforted. Then he proceedeth, showing that he aught not so much to be grieved, for his pre●…ent loss, because others in times past, have been, partakers of the like. Lastly, he giveth him counsel to shake off sadness, persuading him to hope, and not to despai●…e.  
Although I have more need to be comforted, then to minister consolation to such as be grieved: yet notwithstanding, in consideration that nothing doth so much molest me, as 
* At the remembrance whereof▪ I feel myself assaulted with much sorrow and anguish.  the thought of your loss and ill luck, I can not choose but earnestly exhort you, and heartily beseech you, for the special kindness which knitteth our two harte●… together, that you would not be discouraged, but show yourself to be manful and valiant: I would have you to consider the condition whéreunto all men are subject, the ma●…folde miseries wherein we be wrapped, and the unhappy times wherein we are born and conceived. Your virtue (Man) your virtue hath done you more honour, than your fortune hath wrought you disworship: and though by the last, your riches are diminished, yet by the first your estate is advanced. For you have ob●…eined that which many men have not got: and you have lost that, whereof many a Noble Gentleman (in like manner) hath been deprived. Then, sithence it is so, let not grief and heaviness of heart, bring you into such thraldom, as that you should forget 
* Which is, no●… to relent at any molestation & trouble, but to endure all with patience, forbearaunce, & valiancy.  the duty of a courageous man. You are not the first that have suffered ship wrack: you are not the first upon whom fortune hath frowned: you are not the first whose flower of felicity hath been soudenly blasted: then why should you so yield to sorrow, as though there were no hope of after joy? why should present heaviness so vex you, as though by future comfort, you were not to be revived. The Sun is not always darkened with clouds: the Sea is not always tossed with a storm: the winds do not always bl●…steringly blow. The Winter Frosts do not always endure: no more should your grief heaviness and anguish be continual. You have had the name of a wiseman, and not without desert: show not yourself therefore in time of necessity, when wisdom should show herself in bravest and brightest beauty, an undiscreet person, wanting wit, judgement & reason. 
* Words of com●…ort and consolation proverbially used.  Remember: there is nothing that is perpetual, the hard rocks consume in time, so doth iron, so doth the hard flint: & think you that your fall is so sore, that you are never like to rise, that your ebb is so low, that you are never like to have a f●…l tyd●…? I warrant you I▪ though you wade betwixt hope and despair●…, 〈◊〉 uncertain yet, where your lot will ligh●…, yet▪ because 
* Hope and Despair  despair is a sign of 〈◊〉, and hope an argume●…t of valiantness, lean to the one, and forsake the other: for in despair there is no succour, in hope there is some comfort.  
Far you well.   

Conradus Celtis, to Marco Cardinali.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
An example or precedent to make a letter of commendation, for the furtherance of a man's friend, if n●…de so require▪ wherein first he confesseth the benevolence of him to whom he writeth, and so maketh an entrance into his purpose. Then he moveth the matter itself, and nameth the person for whom he laboure●…h. Lastly he concludeth with a repetition of his request, showing therein a certain earnestness.  
B●…use the proofs of your benevolence unto me, are not only manifold, but also manifest, in so much that they are s●…led with 
* A ●…mber 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ meani●…g innumer●…ble, and exceeding the ord●…r of accounts.  a thousand testimonies: therefore it cometh to pass, that many have recourse unto me, requiring that I would be a mediator for them unto you, that upon the ●…ght of their commendable report, signified unto you by letter, it wo●…ld please you to be their furtherer. Wherefore, among all other, in whose behalf I am to entreat, and make reque●…, F. Francisco, a very friend of mine, and a Citizen no less honest than worshipful, cometh to my remembrance. This man hath a younger brother, very modest in behaviour, and virtuously disposed, and such a one, whom we can not but like and love: he it is whom we commend at this present to your courtesy, & goodness, desiring you to stand his faveurer and furtherer. 
* This manne●… of concluding is familiar and usual, with the best ●…hethoricians, in this kind of lipistle.  You shall do me an exceeding gre●…t pleasure, if he may understand by some assurance, that my letter of commendation, written unto you in his behalf, hath been for his profit & preferment.  
Far you well.   

Jo. Ludovicus Vives, to Idiaqueo etc. Secretary to Charles the fift.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle containeth a Catalogue, or rehearsal of such as have written Epistles heretofore. Some of the he commends, othersome he dispraiseth, showing wherein they deserved liking, and whorein again they were worthy of reprehension. His meaning is that their authority is rather to be used, whose Epistles carry away most credit: and who they are, the Epistle manifestly declareth.  
having written unto you a method, or platfourme of inditing letters, not that I thought, thereby to be your teacher, (for I am not ignorant how exquisitely you have the knowledge of that faculty) but because my desire was, that under the protection of your name, this small Epistol●…call treatise, written and devised by me for the instruction of the ignorannt, might be published: I thought it not amiss, after many precepts given, for good order keeping in making a letter, to say somewhat touching the Authors of Epistles. And to begin with the Epistles of 
* Writers of no less excellentnesse than auncientnes●…e.  Plato and Demosthenes, because they are most ancient and but a very few in number, I omit with silence. As for the Epistles of 
* A man, in his kin●…e of profession, without match.  Tullre, although we ha●…e diverse of them re●…erued unto our own use, even till this age (as it were through many tempests, and dangers) wherei●… as he excelled all other writers, and specially the 〈◊〉, in cho●…en words, fineness of phrase, and eloquence of style; so in them are many things to be learned, both touching matters of common wealths, and private precepts tending to judgement and wisdom: yet notwithstanding, many of them were lost, but how many, it is uncertain. The Epistles of 
* A dark & mystical Philosopher, crab bed & harsh, yet profound and learned in writing.  Seneca are full of Philosophy. The Epistles of Pliny are necessary for use and exercise: both in consideration of men's private business, and in respect of affairs tending to the weal public: nevertheless in both points, because Cicero is the better, I count him the rather of the twain to be choose. Pliny in his Epistles, is short, pleasant, ready, abounding with apt, sententious clauses, and marvelous convenient, for quick witted youths to read and peruse, when they send letters one to another for practise sake, savouring of an eloquent vein, though the matter and Argument be not so weighty: among the Grecians there are found some, whose Epistles are read here and there, in diverse writers volumes, among whom Lucianus is one, whose Epistles are 
* So are they also short brief, and compendious  plain and easy: and the Epistles of Philostratus, which are fuller of painted words, then beseemeth the matter wherein he is conversant. The Epistles of them both, to say the very truth, are vain, trifling, and serving to small purpose. The Epistles of 
* A christian Philosopher, of Pentapolis in Africa, precedent of Ptolemais. etc. Suidas. he was a great writer  Synesius, are not a little laboured in, and chief for Metaphors, which he most useth. There are also Epistles of Basilius, Gregorius, and Libanius, and many more, brief and witty (I must needs confess) but yet more meet for common Schools, and men to read for pleasure, when they have nothing whereaboutes to be occupied: then fit otherwise in matters of weight and importance. But let the Grecian writers pass, and let us come to the Latins. After Caius Pliny, by succession of time, were many Christian writers, not only more learned than the residue of their profession, but excelling all other whatsoever without controversy. 
* Ancient Fathers of the Church, epistoliographers, or writers of epistles  Tertullian is mystical, obscure, dark and hard in his method of writing. Cyprian is not so doubtful and entangled in his style, though he were of the same Country and Region. Augustine is somewhat smother than the other twain, but not so eloquent and curious. Hieronymus is pathetical and vehement, as though he seemed to be always directing his talk to judges, sitting upon matters of life, and death.  
Ambrose is somewhat milder and nothing so earnest: in some places, nevertheless perplexed and cumbersome to be understood. Symmachus, neither by the haughtiness of his Argument, nor yet by the fineness of his phrase, could win fame and credit with 
* Or with them that such ceeded him from age, to age, by degrees of times.  his posterity. Sydonius Apollinaris Aluernas', is so enigmatical, so dark and misty (as I may term it) that a man can scarce tell where to find out his meaning: in so much that he obtained not the favour and well liking of his hearers, because (in deed) he deserved no such benefit. A long time after these, Franciseus Petrarcha, appeared as it were a bright shining star, in thick and palpable fogs: this man is somewhat long and tedious, curious also therewith all, and not void of difficulties, drawing to his method, very many observations out of rusty and mouldy antiquaries. After him succéeded Gasparinus: who (among many other seniors) was the first that set pen to paper, in Italy, to writ latin Epistles: whose letters, even for this cause, deserve to be read, because they are reckoned in the number of them that be learned. After this man followed diverse others, a●… 
* A catalogue of late writer●… or at leastwise of no great antiquity or auncientnesse  Leonardus Aretinus, not all of the finest: the two Philelphes, namely the Father and the Son, prettily garnished with painted words, but in uttering wise sayings, not so full of grace or majesty. Then Poggius the babbler, the trifler, the railer. Pius Socundus pontifex, whose name was also Aeneas Silvius, had a good natural invention and style of his own, but he wanted Art. Aegidius Cal●…ntius and Campanus, neither of them are to be contemned, although one of them séem●… vainglorious and arrogant. Sabellicus in all his doings is like himself, both for copy of matter & words, & also for facility, easiness, plainness, and pleasantness. Pomnonius Loetus, being desiro●…s of the purity of the Lati●…e tongue, refused 
* Whether his r●…susal discerned come men●…tion or reprehension, shall rest (for me) in controversy.  to study Greek writers, because he would not make a mingle mangle, of the properties of two several languages, and so corrupt the one, with the other: his words that he used, were choose, and his style was clean, and not to be amended. Io. Picus, and Angelus Politianus, embrace them both, for they are not unworthy of credit with the Reader, though he be never so dainty and delicate: neither of them is to be dissalowed▪ One of them passeth in sweet sentences, carrying with them matter of weight, worthy to be considered, the ot●…er for his witty invention and pleasantness of style, is not to be neglected: yea, he is much to be esteemed 〈◊〉 all 〈◊〉, save only for his 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 an 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 due order.  greediness of glory and 〈◊〉, which maketh him (many times) to wander out of 〈◊〉 ●…ust limits of an Epistle. He occupieth his pen 〈◊〉 then in toys, and conceits of his own immagi●… or fancy: again, in some things wherein he shew●…th ●…reat learning▪ knowledge and gravity, he may seem scar●…e delightsome: because in a trifling matter, of no weight nor importance, he bestoweth much labour, to give a show principally, of his fine compa●…ing wit and eloquence: quipping and nipping such, as dissalowe of his doings. These things like young heads passing well, and therein they delight themselves, as it were in questioning and reasoning for the mastery: but to men of more gravity & judgement, they appear as mere ridiculous, and not approvable. The tender and younger wits, in whom reason hath not yet taken fast root, are infected with two vices, very dangerous and noisome among men: the one of them, is 
* An affection not proper to younger wits only, but often times also inci dent to more settled heads.  vainglory or a●…rogancie: the other is bitter railing and 〈◊〉 abuse of the tongue: by reading such Epistles: which is so much the more odious and to be abhorred, because such bitter bra●…ling, and wrangling words, spring from very small and light causes, yea from such, than which more vain and vile cannot be: as upon a letter of the Alphabet: upon a syllable: about a vowel, about a consonant, about a liquid: about a double: about the scanning of a Verse: about the understanding of a sentence, etc. Yea, many times by reading such trifles wherein more words are uttered, than wit is declared, the manners of young learners are disordered: wherefore they are not to be regarded that set down such frivolous fancies, of their own running invention. In Hermolaus Barbarus, there is more gravity, & more knowledge of Arts bewrayed 
* Commendation wonn●… by desert.  in his writing, then in any one beside, I admit no comparison: nevertheless, I must needs say, that he is somewhat intricate, and hard to be understood. Among these, the counterfect Philosopher Marsilius Ficinus showeth himself, 
* A proper & pleasant comparison.  like unto a sea Gull among a sort of fair swans: this man's epistles savouring of Platonical questions and reasons, though in matter they be pithy, yet in words and phrases they want beauty, and delight not the reader. The epistles of Franciscus Picus, although they are not fully so sine and eloquent as his Uncles, yet in consideration of their style, they are not to be dispraised, because it is good and not blame worthy: and in respect of the weighty sentences, which he doth use, they deserve to be commended: but this man lacking luck, did also lack well liking. Rodolphus Agricola, if he had amended his own doings, if his own works had fallen under his correction, he might have worn the wreath of worthiness with the chiefest, and the best, among the ancient writers: and why? Because of the soundness of his knowledge: the deepness of his learning: and the perfectness of his judgement. We saw (of late years) the epistles of joannes Capnio, both 
* Or, in the gloss of their glory, and the blemish of their beauty: that is, when they were most famous, and when the prosperous upspring of other writers was an occasion that his wont worthiness with read and wasted.  bred (as a man may say) and also buried: the common consent of the learned sort, did so much mislike them that they did quite condemn them: how then could they continued long alive? Nay, how could they but quickly dye? for, ere many months were expired, they grew out of credit. Christophorus Longolius, being too too curious in imitation, marreth the readiness of his natural invention. He hath many of Cicero's words, which whether he observe of a good meaning, or for a fashion, it remaineth to be decided as a case of doubt? This is once true, the sense of his epistles may be amended, and made better & sitter for his phrase, because in small matters he useth great and thumpiug words, wherein is no good agreement. For, it is not sufficient and enough for him, with exceeding diligence to imitate the words and the phrase of Cicero, except he had also expressed Cicero in all other points. 
* By this Allegorical speech he means nothing else, but that Long. took more upon him, than he was able to perform in imitating Tul lie.  Should he feign to himself a weal public, and imagine the government of the same, he himself being but a private man, and shut up close in an odd corner, far unlike a man allotted to such a calling? Wherein he deserved as much to be laughed at, as if he had put upon him the attire of a Giant, and had spoken his words with a feigning voice like a Giant, to the end men might believe ●…e was indeed a Giant: nevertheless, he is not altogether not to be regarded: but for his words sake, wherein he cometh somewhat near Tully, deserveth to be read. All the writers of epistles in this age, they are but ●…enche whistlers to Erasmus Roterodamus, and Gulihelmus Budeus, who in deed, excel all their predecessors, that lived either in the days of their syers', or their grandsire's, in wisdom, in learning, in eloquence, in variety of writing and choice of invention: and either of them in his peculiar style, and proper kind of exercises, notable men both, and singular. Erasmus is easy, plain, perceivable, and never swerving from his accustomed vein. * Budeus is delighted in a new, strange, and unusual order of writing, which is more meet to be wondered at, then to be followed. The epistles of S. Paul, are too lofty, to mystical, to deep, and profound, so that it is not seemly for us, to measure them by our judgement. And thus have I run about a round row of writers, and have showed wherein they are to be marked: it remains to choose the best approved, & to let the other alone as less necessary.  
Far you well.   

Christophorus Longolius to Petro Michianello.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He excuseth himself of intermission or ceasing from writing to his friend Petro Michianello, in the constancy of whose friendship he confesseth himself much comforted. To conclude, he showeth that his love is so far from being reptoved, that it is augmented. Lastly he giveth a short reckoning of his estate.  
THe coming of 
* Some Gentleman and friend of his.  Antonius Francinus unto me was simply and of itself most pleasant and joyful: yea so much the more delightsome was it, and fuller of gladness, because by his report unto me made, I was certified that you continued the benevolence and remembrance of courtesy, which old acquaintance requireth, and approved frendshipp challengeth. For surely, I was surprised with a foul suspicion and motion of mistrust, lest you 
* Or, having ●… 'gainst me some conceit of displeasure. for my delaying and putting of my letters etc.  having taken an offence at my long intermission, and ceasing from writing, had alienated your mind, and so suffered the same to be estranged from accustomed kindness: with which doubt I was the rather troubled, because in a thing which I promised to do the last year in a letter, I have cracked my credit. But into the dangers of those times, upon a sudden, I am tumbled, which have not only cut off all liberty of coming unto you, but have also not given me so much leisure as to sand: with the allegation of which probable causes, although I did suppose myself not inexcusable, and that you could not but admit such impediments as, I might not withstand: yet thus much be you persuaded off, and well assured, that the report which our friend 
* Whom in the beginning of his epistle he nameth.  Francinus made to me, touching the constancy and unuariablenesse, of your goodwill towards me inclined, was most delectable, and so singular a comfort, as a greater might not be wished. For, thus be you fully resolved of my nature, that with such reverence I remember you in your absence, as that not only any part of my love and affection towards you is diminished, but the same also, how much soever it hath been in measure and proportion, is through a longing desire of your company and presence, so kindled and increased, that I make reckoning of nothing so much at this instant, as I do of the sight of your person, in comparison of whom 
* An earnest protestati●…n ●…o give testimony & witness of his hearty affection and kindoes.  I set light by all things else beside, whatsoever. I would writ unto you a discourse of the trade of my life, and the order of my studies, but that I have already communicated and showed the same to Francinus, upon condition, that he should certify you thereof, by word of mouth in every respect, as by me he was informed▪ Wherefore he is to give you understanding of all manner of circumstances more precisely: thus much in brevity, lest I should seem to say nothing to the purpose. Such is my life (through the bountifulness of God) as I am therewith contented: such is my quietness, as therewith I find my heart singularly delighted: for end, this comfort of conscience I have in like manner, that if 
* Or, that if a Christian man's mind may be contentable.  a Christians mannes mind be not defective, then am I not forlorn, wretched, or miserable.  
Far you well. At Patavium, the 7. of the Calends of July.   

Ch. Longolius to Francisco Belino.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Between Ch. Longolius and Franciscus Belinus, as there was great●… and familiar acquaintance, so there was no great distance of dwelling (for so the brief of the epistle seemeth to import) insomuch that they had often meetings and talkings together: Now Franciscus Belinus promising Longolius to come to him home to his house, (where he was looked for of Longolius) but being not so good as his word, he is therefore charged with unkindness.  
HOw desirous you were to visit me to day, I am not able to declare, at whose request made unto me but yesterday, I was willing to he entreated, giving attendance at home. in mine 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of purpose to look and tarry for your coming▪ I 
* Or, I found & felt myself much grieved with the expectation and hope of your coming.  was much troubled with 〈◊〉 and looking 〈◊〉 you▪ but it makes no matter, you are not like to escape scotfree, and as for 〈◊〉, which peradventure you will make by reason of the great showers, I mean to admit none. For the more fowl the day was, the more blustering, and the more tempestuous▪ ●…omuch the more meet was it, to be spent in friendly company, and familiar communication, which might have mynistered occasion of delight. Now, thorough your offence it is come to pass, that I did not only want your presence, whereupon a special portion of my pleasure dependeth: but did lack, in like manner, 
* A man of great fame & worthiness, tho●…ough the notable learning & knowledge wher●…with he was endued.  Petrus Bembus his meeting, with whom I would have been marvelous merry, this day chief, wherein I was at such leisure. For, I was fully determined to have go to him, and to have spent away the tedious time, in some talk, if you had not been so car●…estly in hand with me yesterday, to tarry within the walls of mine own house, in hope of your company. Thus much I did mean to let you understand, to the intent that hereafter, I should not be deluded and mocked with vain expectation, of your coming: beside that also, to the end you might allege (if you can) some other impediment which cut you off from keeping company, beside rain, lightning and thunder excepted. For, I think that you are neither tongu●… tied, nor unprovided, what to say for yourself in this behalf, though such be your degree, that whatsoever you allege by the way of excuse, it is not of me to be dissallowed or despised, unless (perhaps) you use these or such like words, that our company and conference is not with you, in such great account, that you should in stormy weather, and dirty ways, set all aside, and come tripping to me in your silcken sleppers. But, of durtiè way you are not to complain, for you might have go all along the 
* O●… galleries▪ both interp●…etations are tolerable.  cloisters, and so escaped the showers: again, the rain did not fall continually, but at certain times, now one shower and then another, so that you might have found the means to have come and seen me, according to promiss. But I will omit this matter, desiring rather to 〈◊〉 informed by your own mouth, for the more certainty: Do what you can (if not to your own hindrance) that we may meet and 
* Belike they were not far distant one from another.  talk together after supper: For I have in my head to tell you, that which I am desirous to discover.  
Far you well.   

Ch. Longolius to Nic. Draconi.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Writing to N. Dra▪ he certifieth him first of all●… of the ●●ceipt of his letters: telling him that in reading them he was delighted: commendeth by the way somewhat at large, the famous Orator & Rhetorician M. T. Cicero▪ both for his eloquence, and also for other his singular ornaments of Art and Nature: exhorteth D●…aco to excercise himself in reading and studying▪ so learned a writer's works: annexeth the commodities that grow by labouring in so notable an Author: From thence he descendeth to particular affiyres, touching him and his friends: giveth him thanks, for his readiness to do him pleasure: says somewhat of one Fuluius a Student: and lastly maketh a discourse of certain pleasant delights, whereof he wisheth himself a partaker.  
Even then (as also long before) I began to labour & long after your friendly letters, when in good time, namely on the ninth of the Calends of August, they were delivered unto my hands: in reading whereof, among all other circumstances therewithin contained, that one thing was most pleasant, yea so effectual was it to make me glad and joyful, as I saw nothing to that end so forcible: and what was the thing wherewith I was delighted? Even the assurance which I got by the sight and style of your writing, that you are more diligent, than you 
* You have ta ken pains at your study in times passed very diligently: but the order of your style and phrase, gi' veth evidence of your exceeding earnestness, therein presently employed.  have been wont, in studying the works of Mar. Tul. Cicero. For undoubtedly, there were in your epistle, divers and sundry appearances, whereby I gathered, and that manifestly, the thing to be 〈◊〉 which I have affirmed ●… 〈◊〉, shall I ●…ell you further ●…●… did so well like of your letter▪ that from the beginning to the ending, I cannot but give this 〈◊〉 that it sauo●…red altogether of Cicero's phrase, 〈◊〉 w●…th fineness and sweetness, I do highly commend your purpose, and inde●…our, instantly exhorting you, 〈◊〉 as it were, hastening you forward in your running race) to excercise yourself in the works of this approved Author. For, if the knowledge of the Latin tongue, be obtained, not so much by private practice at h●…ame, or by public pleading in the common place, as it is by usual training our minds in the books of famous and learned writers: to whom then may we submit ourselves as Scholars, then to him, who by the judgement and general voice of all ages, hath the name to be more eloquent than all the best lea●…ned: and more learned, than they all that are thought most eloquent? I am of this opinion, doubtless, that it is a thing unpossible, that any man should sufficiently paint out in pure and picked Latin tearme●…, the inventions of his own brain, having not diligently and attentively laid to his lystening care and labour for the 
* In which two fingular 〈◊〉 requisi●… 〈◊〉 a Rhetorician, C●…cero excelled. 〈◊〉 writers of all ages.  fynenesse of Tully's phrase, and his * variety of 〈◊〉 Again, touching him that is buisily and studi●…usly occupied in reading and marking his style, this is my judgement, that although his knowledge be but indifferent, yet 〈◊〉 it is like in time to come to pass, that even by that indifferent knowledge, he shall grow to greater understanding, and in the end shall become to many, a very mirror▪ More●…er▪ if the knowledge which he hath be but simple and small▪ nevertheless, through the due observation and marking of his master, he shall use such on orderly conveying of such things, as he deviseth in writing▪ that through the whole course of his doing, none shallbe able do find any thing amiss, and blame worthy. I 
* In wh●…t respect Longolcommendeth Cicer●….  do not reverence Cicero in this respect so much, because heè excels all other authors that ever have been in any age, both in pleasantness, and also in plentifulness of words and matter: But because such is the subtlety of his 〈◊〉, so per●…ect and exquisite of judgement, that with him there is none to be compared: besides that, in disposing and aptly placing that which he hath devised, by the help of his wisdom and the benefit of his knowledge, that nothing can be imagined more meet, nor to the purpose better agreeable. To the forecited qualities, right worthy of commenda●…ion, a third is to be added, namely 
* A rare gift, and therefore deserving peculiar prai●…e.  the method & form of his style in writing, mere angelical and heavenly, which as in eloquence it is singular, so for the easy understanding of the same, it is meruaylo●…s and matchless: insomuch that even those things which are pouldered with most gravity, and polished with most beauty, seem smoothly & mildly to offer themselves to the reader's capacity, and not to savour of any curious labour therein employed, t●…ough they be tied to the observation of numbers in syllables. It shallbe your part therefore (even as you do) to have 
* Tully he means, of whom, and touching whom he hath commendably written.  this man in estimation and reverence, and so far forth as your ability will permit, let him be a precedent & example for you to imitate and follow. For, although you cannot (be your study never so great & your labour never so earnest) aspire to the perfection & fullness of his praise●… yet notwithstanding, it shallbe no small commendation unto you, nor lightly to be esteemed, if you draw towards him that is most excellent, though you come not near him by a great distance: it shall I say make much for the advancement of your name, if you be next him, though but in the third or the ●…ourth degree. But I am fallen from my determination, sythence it was my meaning, to answer your letter. I could not well have kept in silence, that which I have somewhat largely declared, to the intent I might give you a signification, of my good liking and well allowing of your endeavour in Tully's works employed. Wherefore 
* He ●…cheth certain specialties contained and mentioned in his friend's letter.  to let that pass, and to come to your epistle●… in the which, whereas you say that your authority was to Fuluius peerless and little available, he signified the same unto me in his own letter: whereby I found me self delighted twooe sundry ways, both because you were disburdened, of that trouble, (for I am certain that it could not but be cumbersome to you, both at this time to come into the city, & also to be drawn from your purposed studies) & because those of your affinity, had showed themselves reasonable to their brother. Howbeit, there remains behind a certain cause deserving the duty of giving thanks, in that you promise, that you will hereafter, and are ready even now, i●… the matter so require, for my sake to ●…traine your ability. I would have you to confirm Fuluius, in the good mind wherein he is now, touching 
* Or, being disposed to his book, & the love of 〈◊〉.  a student's life, this must you do by ●…aire persuading means, whom, when you have encouraged and established in that his towardness of will, sand him back again to us as soon as may be, with sufficient proui●…ion and maintenance. For you (if you be wise, and as I take you to be) never remove from the place where you be harboured, sithence you enjoy such an heavenly life, in comparison of which, my leisure, my liberty, and all my quietness, seemeth unto me unpleasant: and yet you would not believe, how happy and blessed I think myself sometimes, through the use of this benefit. To be raised out of your bed early in a morning, with the chirping noise and sweet singing of birds: to be encouraged to sit down to your study, and to bestow a few hours at your book: to rise out of your chair and walk about the flelds bravely beautified with flowers, herbs, and blossoms: to fetch a climbing course up and about the pleasant and delightsome hills: Then, after your return from walking, to betake you to your accustomed companions, and with them to have conference, till the heat of the day decline and be overpast: or else, all noontide to solace yourself in the refreshing shadow, or else to be exercised with shooting in a crossebowe, and to make trial how you can level at a mark. Sometimes to mount on horseback, and go abroad a hunting: then to sit close at your book, for a while, and when you are weary with reading, nay, when your reason hath persuaded you in a measure of study, (for 
* By that clause he meaneth nothing else, but that in lea●…ning is no loathing, except it be in a loytere●….  the Muses are such pleasant companions, that the more we frequent them, the more desirous we are to use them, ●…o far they be from breeding loathsomeness) than you have your dainty suppers provided, and dish upon dish presented to t●…e table: After that, you have your fine walks, in places of pleasure, and therewithal communication seasoned with the leaven of learning: to c●…clude and shut up all in brevity: you have your sweet and delicate sleeps in your comfortable chambers. I would I were dead, if these ●…e not such rare delights, to me specially, as that I could find in my heart, if I witted where to have them, even to sail ever seas, but even to see them: and what I would then gladly do to enjoy them, may soon be ●…uspected. 
* A protestati on of hearty goodwill and friendly af●…ection.  Day and night I think, nay, I wish that I had wings, that I might flee unto you. Wherefore, see that you look for me about the Ideses ●…f September. For I mean (by God's help) at that appointed day, to be present with you: neither will I go forward with the rest of my determined peregrination and voyage, before I see the event and full success of my labours, and the whole trade of my life: that is, till I have part of your pleasures, a few days, in your gay green meadows.  
Far you well. Dated at Patavium.   

Ch. Longolius to ja Sadoleto.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
He confesseth what pleasure he conceived by the letter which M. A. Michael received, from Sadoletus, to be conu●…yed unto him: prefereth the bounty of his nature before performance of promises: acknowledgeth himself to continued mindful of Sadoletus his courtesy: discovereth the occasion why he rather chooseth to devil in Pata●…ium, then in the city of Rome: declareth that when his troubles be untwisted, he will visit Sadoletus: Lastly, he concludeth, with the moving of a petition, in his former lett●…r mentioned.  
THE letter which M. Antonius Michael sent me the last day from 
* The situati●…n whereof, together with the ancient descent of the people there inhabiting▪ i●… to be read in every geog●… pher.  Venice, minis●…red unto me a great signification of familiarity between us both, and a manifest proof of your good liking of me: of our familiarity, in that you persuade your sel●…e to be excusable, and that I will not burden you for the long delaying and silence which you used, before you writ unto me: of good liking, in that you be desirous to have me lead my life with you, and to turn all that is yours into my use and service. But surely, although such be my condition at this present, that nothing unto me could seem more worthy acceptation, than the receiving of letters from you: yet notwithstanding, here●…f I would not have you ignorant, that your good will and kind heart, is to me in more price and estimation, than the p●…rfourmaunce of all promises: not for that by them you give a testimony and declaration, to outreach mine opinion (for I have been always resol●…ed thus in mind, that what soever might be looked for at the hands of a v●…rie friend, should, (nothing to the contrary) pass from you unto me, that 
* Though ●…he seed, ostentimes, upon things of gr●…t 〈◊〉 and uncerteintie.  hope in her account might not be unsatisfied) but because I reading and perusing your Epistles, might in them see and beh●…ld a most lively representation of your liberal and bounti●…ull nature. In consideration whereof, I yield you infinite thanks, as by duty I feel myself constrained: and also, that it will please you to continued this your accustomed kindn●…sse, to my behoof, I beseech you most earnestly. For, I trust so to escape the rocks of forgetfulness and unthankfulness, which have caused many a one to suffer shameful shipwreck, that I shallbe able enough to perform and accomplish as I hope, with daily dutifulness and continual recourse of courtesy, all such service as your deserts do exact and require. In that you say, you see no cause, why I should rather desire to devil at 
* A city in ●…talié, now called Milan, foun dead by Antenor a Trojan Duke whose ancient tumb or sepulchre is there remai ning to be seen.  Patavium, then in another house within the city, to the end I may keep in secret, the inward grudge of my heart, and not discover my hidden thoughts touching the city, I tell you truth, that if the world did laugh upon me, as it doth upon you, I would not pass a 〈◊〉 in what place I spent the time that I have to live. As for you that have all things about you, which are necessary and requirable, it makes no great matter, sythence in any country wheresoever you come, you are able to maintain yourself in wealth and honour, according to the nobleness of your fortune, and the worthy calling where unto you are allotted: but my condition and estate is far otherwise, that even in this plenty and abundance of all things, I am so far from bearing any port, or having a train of men to dance attendance upon me, that I am not of ability sufficient, to find a poor lackey to do my necessary service: and what should I then do (think you) at Rome? But, for so much as it pleaseth you, to offer me the use and commodity of your house, that is, to draw me thither where you be resident, I will not show myself so untoward, as to refuse the benefit of your proffered courtesy, neither will I show any sign of such foolishness, as to labour longer in the lack of your familiarity, which I have desired most hearty, yea, so earnestly, as nothing above it, whatsoever. But because 
* Matters of necessity, belike, for so it may be conjectured.  my matters are brought into so narrow a straight, that they can not with such ease, nor yet with such speed, be set at liberty, and obtain a larger scope, I have not as yet to writ any thing upon certainty to you, of my coming: so soon as I have untwinde myself out of the briars, I will give you informatien. In the mean seas●…n, remember I am so affected in mind, that I wish with all my heart to enjoy your bountifulness, and your familiarity: moreover, the same petition which I made unto you in my former letter, I renew again in this: namely, that through your friendly furtherance (when you are at convenient leisure) I may have access to our 
* He means the P●…in whose favour this Savil doletus was, and might therefore do much in his friends be●…lfe.  supreme Bishop, and with him obtain favour, by the means of your commendation tending to my credit. Thus much I crave at your hands, and that most instantly.  
Far you well. Dated at Patavium: the third of the Calends of August.   
¶ Thus far out of later Epistoliographers.   

The last extract of Epistles, belonging to this Panoplie: out of M. Gualther Haddon, and M. Roger Aschame: Gentlemen of late memory, for their rare learning and knowledge, very famous.  

M. G. Haddon, to the right noble and honourable the Duke of Northumberland.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle sent to the Duke of Northumberlande, was written in the name of the whole university of Cambridge: wherein occasion is taken, first of all to commend the Duke's worthiness, both by land and sea, testified. In consideration whereof, together with a certain hope conceived of his courtesy and gentleness, they offer and give him, with one consent and agreement, the office of the Chauncelourship: (for, if that be not the sense of the words, I can not tell what should be meant by their chief magistrate) for the receiving whereof, he useth divers persuasions and reasons.  
GOD hath enriched you (Right noble Duke) both with the excellent 
* with goodly virtues, to the increasing of your honour and nobleness.  ornaments of mind, and also with gracious gifts belonging to the body: he hath advanced you to high honour, and placed you in a degree of singular dignity, to the end you might be a beautifying to the other parts of the common wealth. For your industry, your diligence, your valiantness, etc. hath flourished both on land and sea, at home and abroad, in war and in peace: in so much that there is between your labours sustained on sea, a certain strife and variance, with them that you have endured on land: and your domestical commendations are at dissension with your foreign praises, for superiority: and the stormy skyrmishes of bloodshedding battle, 
* O●…, wherein you have showed manifest testimonies & as●…urances of your valiantness.  from which your puisaunce hath not been withdrawn, contend with your doings in time of peace and quietness for the more worthiness: neither is it possible to attain certain knowledge, whether your enemies abroad stand in more fear of you, in consideration of your prowess: or citizens at home bear you more love, in respect of your often proved goodness. It is not easy to judge, whether in playing the part of a captain in fought field, or in discharging the office of a wise Senator in court and counsel, 
* Because in both, your excellency appeareth, to the admiration of a great number.  you express the more nobleness. Wherefore, sithence the manifold virtue wherewith you be adorned, spreadeth itself, both far and near: and opening unto itself a passage throughout all and every part of the common wealth, offereth to some full and flowing founteines: so to us (as we hope) it shall be so favourable, as to let the rivers of your bounty, run to our behoof: it shall vouchsafe (we doubt not) govern by gravity and sage counsel: rule by wisdom and policy: defend, support, and maintain, with authority: this our little (but learned and not lightly to be regarded) common wealth. Upon a certain affiance conceived in our hearts, of your clemency and goodness, 
* The head & body of the whole Vniver sitie.  we have with a general consent and universal voice, committed to your nobleness, the chiefest office in our University, and made you our high magistrate, as not repining to tender, to s●… worthy a person, obedience in ample manner, and convenient order. In the which thing, we are not discontent, that our wills should be priest and applyaunt to do your commandment and pleasure: but not so ready to allow and pay you any pension and reward. For, it is not requisite, that by our means you should reap commodity: but it is rather necessary and expedient, that through you, we should be partakers of advantage. And though we ourselves have a denial, yet to our letters made in the behoo●…e of learning, be gracious to give a grant, unto which, in their petition, albeit you be not satisfactory, yet in respect of their humble supplication and intretance, 
* Which is both honest & honourable.  let them in the sum of their desire and suit, have full effect and performance. Great are your possessions, great your revenues: great also, yea, very great is our want of that which is necessary: we crave not your riches and substance, but 
* In this clause the sum of their request is come prized.  your authority and countenance: which for so much as it may deservedly challenge immortality, it shall therefore be so much the more worthy of the Arts and sciences which among us are professed and published, wherein doth consist as it were a myr●…our of majesty, continued from age to age by incessant succession and perpetual memory. Our petition appeareth to have in it an orderly proceeding: for sithence, the rest of the common wealth hath by you been administered and governed: vouchsafe therefore 
* He means the university in the behalf of the which he written this letter.  this our common wealth with semblable authority, this our common wealth (I say) last in date, but first in price, coming and offering itself voluntarily to your nobleness. Now know the cause, now understand the matter, if you were ignorant thereof before: and if you knew it. yet understand it again. The charge and maintenance of learning, to whom doth it belong, but to Princes to Dukes, and such as are placed in stately seats of principality? for the supportation of such things as are most precious, pertaineth to those that are of 
* Among the number of whom you are to be reckoned.  most worthiness, of most honour, of most nobleness. If it be so, then accounted our letters worthy acceptation, and like a favourable patron, let them (as clients) have access to your person: of which if it shall please you accordingly to consider, to esteem and deal with them after the measure of their worthiness, it shall so come to pass, that in manner of recompense, they shall advance your honour with monuments of eternal memory: & for the present helps, adiumentes, & furtherances which by and through your goodness are thereon employed, they shall make requital with such future benefits as shall never vanish, but bear 
* For learning maketh full satisfaction, in time, to all her benefactors, savourers and advancers.  brave blossoms throughout all ages: yea, they shall make large restitution (esteeming your good deeds but borrowed and lent) and far surmounting that which they received. Lose and set at liberty the tongues of our studies, our mute Muses make to speak & sound their triumphant voices, that by the tr●…mpe of their utterance, sounding far and near, the fame of your worthiness may pass through all places, which having already the goodly possession of all other praise worthy ornaments, needeth no further advancement by any thing, but only the notable and renowned testimony, the undoubted assurance, the special and perdurable warrant of nobleness, from our Arts and sciences redounding. May it please you now at the length, (Right honourable) 
* To bring that to pefecti on, which you have attempted & begun.  to finish the building whereof your own worthiness hath laid the foundation, which as it hath in martial exploits, warlike adventures, matters of policy, and affairs tending to good government, been sealed with sundry and certain testimonies and assurances, so to make the advancement of learning and knowledge, the end of your purchased renown, that the lightsomeness and beautiful brightness of the same, being made gloriously to glister (by the means of your honour and nobleness) all 
* For as the bright beams of the sun driveth away darkness: so doth learning chase away ●…g noraunce.  mists and fogs of ignorance, may be driven away out of all the corners of this kingdom: that by this benefit (the promoting of learning, I mean, wrought by your procurement) you may win singular renown to your own person, and perpetual praise to your posterity. God give your honour prosperity and happiness in abundance.  
Far you well.   

M. G. Haddon, to the right honourable, the Lord Robert Dudleie, Earl of Leycestre. etc.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Writing to the Earl of Leycestre that now is, he taketh the beginning of his Epistle from his own person: then exhorteth him to bestow his convenient leisure in the study & learning of the sciences liberal: bringeth in an erroneous opinion, long since held of the ancient Romans, and answereth the same by the authority of Cicero: thereupon he taketh occasion, yet again, to exhort him to the study of Arts, reckoning three several things not unmeet for his person: and to the intent his words might carry the greater credit and countenance, he useth examples, both foreign and domestical, one among the rest drawn from her own highness (I mean the Queen's majesty, now in possession of the English Empire) in the mention whereof he toucheth sundry circumstances: Lastly, he concludeth with a special exhortation, wherein he showeth his lo●…e to GOD Almighty, to his sovereign▪ and to his country.  
THat 
* divers excel lent epistoliographers have used this ky●…d of beginning and among all other that I have read and remember, Erasmus to sun dry Gentlemen. etc.  my service is so acceptable with your honour, I see good and substantial cause to rejoice: and sithence I see it hath such happy success, I will not be sla●…ke in continuing the course thereof, even for the time it is allowed of you, and is thought answerable to your will and pleasure. How much mine ability is inferior to your honours commendable report, so much is and aught your favour and courtesy to minister unto me the more delectation: in which point, I shall never give sufficient testimony of the love which I bear you, till I have s●…t abroad in open view of the world, some singular monument: and sounded in the ears of people, an especial kind of melody, whereby it may not only be known and understood, but also sealed and assured, what benefits I have received of your honour specially, and of yours in like manner generally. In the mean season, as I may, and as I can, I will be your 
* He means for the increase of knowledge: it is not other wise to be understood.  fauo●…rer and furtherer, that so much time may be bestowed & confecrated to tearning & study, as the affairs of the weal public, & your necessary business do afford: and though it be not so much as you would, yet let it be as much as it may. In the ancient years of the Roman common wealth, it was an opinion of a great number, an opinion (I say) which prevailed not a little in those days: and the self same, as yet, even in the Courts of Princes, hath taken too deep root, 
* An opinion then which a more absurd and repugnant to reason can not be maintained.  that the knowledge of Arts and sciences is nothing necessary to Noble men, neither that they aught to tie and entangle their minds in such toys and trifles. But ●…he authority of Cicero, leavened with great gravity, and pouldered with wisdom, is at contradiction with this barbarous opinion, that Noble men at their meetings should not be mute and tong-tyed: neither that they aught to spend the time in vain prattle tending to no purpose, but that as their degree is high and honourable: so is it convenient and seemly, their knowledge should be answerable. Wherefore, although you have not full leisure, to apply all your labour to the study of Arts and sciences, yet must you so acquaint yourself with them, and as it were 
* The line next and immediately before going, showeth the sense and mea ning of that allegory.  dye your wit in their unchangeable colours, that in every liberal science, you may have a certain sight and judgement: especially in those which are most plausible, popular, and praiseworthy, as are for example, eloquence, the civil law, and histories. But, in this kind of study, it is peerless to give you exquisite precepts, because you have attending upon you, one for the same purpose, sufficiently furnished, the benefit of whose service you have in use. 
* Or, wherein you have well and wisely promise ●…ided.  Wherein appeareth a perfect proof of your prudence and providence: For, you shall not▪ find, among all your rich and precious possessions, any one thing of the like value and estimation, if he be such a man indeed, as by your letters unto me directed and delivered, I do gather. In that, after the example of Neoptolemus, you impart a little leisure to Philosophy, it is well and not to be misliked: For, that leisure, shall procure unto you great profit, and nolesse pleasure. But the life of Neoptolemus, as it was never free from weighty affairs, but always occupied in matt●…rs of importance; besides that, still busied in battle, skirmishes, & conquests, like a right Martialist: so I must needs confess, the trade of your life to be accompanied with much business, but how it is warlike I see not, neither would I wish it to be so, I tell you truth. And yet 
* The comme●… tariographer: he was called julius, of the mou●…th julie, wherein he was made L. dictator: or, because in that month he was born, as it is reported.  julius Caesar, which was a Monarch of the world universal, even in the midst of extreme heat and rage of battle, brought over with him, into this English Island (then called Brittany,) Trebatius the lawyer, to the intent he might not lose, not not that little leisure, but by the use of the same, reap some learning. 
* A noble Ro mane: of whom Atheneus some what largely writeth.  L. Lu●…ullus, in that most dangerous conflict, which he adventured against Mithridates, was so far from forgetting Philosophy, that for the continual increase of wisdom, he had a Philosopher in his company, throughout all his journeys, to the end that the course of his studies should not be hindered. Of * Alexander the great, it is not unknown, with what daily diligence he herded Aristotle his master. But these be old ancient examples, and also foreign. I will bring you home to our own country: yea, even to the heart of the court, and I will set before you a principal pattern, after the which (as I suppose) you are very well content to frame yourself precisely. You see that 
* The Queen's majesty that now is (God prospero and preserve her highness) painful and studious at her book: a notable example, & not lightly to be regarded.  her Majesty hath matters manifold and innumerable whereabout to beat her brain, and yet you are not ignorant, how her highness is addicted to study, and with what a desire she longeth after learning. When I am in the court, and consider this, I am somewhat ashamed of myself. For so often as I have recourse to her highness, I find her commonly at her book, and yet such resort and daily attendance is there on her Grace, and such a multitude of suits of all sorts, that it is to be thought her Majesty hath not so much leisure, as once to think upon learning. But of this her earnest and diligent 〈◊〉, that way employed, she hath reaped profit plentifully, namely, the knowledge and understanding of all things, in which she is able foe reason and confer with men of learning: besides that, great glory, yea, such glory as is linked to everlastingness: because she, being but a woman, is so provided of al●… furniture belonging to learning and wisdom, that all other noble men, Princes, and potentates, may rather stand musing and marveling at her majesty, as at a worlds wonder, than set her highness before them as a precedent, or an example to imitate and follow. And 
* The praise of the queens▪ majesty still continued, for the variety of her goodly gifts in ●…undrie tongues & languages.  as her Grace's gifts be exceedingly commended in these quarters, among foreign people and strangers: so likewise, her passing praise, as well for the learning wherewith she is endued, as for the sundry languages also whereof she hath understanding, is spread abroad and published, by the report of such people, as in whom wisdom and judgement is not wanting: and this her praise being noised far and near, is so far from perishing, that it is perpetual: and the flower of her fame doth never cease flourishing. If 
* An effectual persuasion, grounded upon a special and singular example.  you will be appliable to the like diligence and continuance in study, as this excellent Lady and péer●…lesse prince accustomably useth, it can not be, but you must needs be a communicate of the like renown, and in the chiefest commendations that can be attained, have your deserved portion. But while I call to remembrance the nobleness of your person, I find this my long exhortation to be a peerless lesson: because, to love learning cometh wholly to you 
* Sithenc●… your progeni●…ours were favourers and furtherers of learning and lea●…ned men.  by inheritance. For, your father, although he himself was unlearned, yet he was a great favourer and furtherer of such men as were learned: which to be no untruth, by this proof is most apparent and manifest, because he made so much of me in consideration of that same uncertain shadow of learning which in me he perceived: for the sound substa●…uce of learning, he could not see in me, sythence thereof I was void and destitute. Furthermore, john of Warwick the elder brother, was so inflamed with an earnest 
* The commendation of a worthy gentleman.  love to learning, that in comparifon thereof, he had all things else in less account & estimation: next whom, though your brother, who even now is aduaunc●…d to his honour, eni●…yeth the self same titles of dignity and nobleness, be not endued with the like abilities of knowledge, yet is he affected with equal measure of love and good liking towards learning: in so much that he giveth none the hearing with more readiness, than he doth such, whom he is persuaded to pass others in wisdom, judgement, and understanding. Touching 
* He turneth his talk to the Earl of Leycester▪ wherein is much matter to be marked.  your person I will say nothing, specially in presence: only thus much in conclusion shall be added, that since God (of his gracious goodness) hath planted you in place of promotion, far above the degree of other men: necessary it is and requisite also, that you be circumspect and diligent, first to pray unto God with humbleness of spirit, and to do him service continually, from whom all things flow as from a full fountain: secondly, that you spare no labour, but do the uttermost of your endeavour, that with the knowledge of all sciences, you may be absolutely furnished, that through so precious and available a benefit, you may have in you▪ ability sufficient, both to perform to your prince that dutiful obedience, which you own to her highness, and to discharge the service which is due to your country: than which thing only and alone, I accounted nothing more pleasant and acceptable, employing therein what so ever I can at this present, or hereaster shall be able to compass. From Brugesse. Far you well. Nothing is of me more wished and desired, than the continual health and prosperity of my 
* He means the Queene●… Maiesti●….  sovereign Lady and gracious mistress, and next unto her highness, the welfare and good estate of your honour: Wherefore, in that you certified me of both, you showed a point of special courtesy, and you did even as much as I was able to require.  
Once again Far you well.   

M. G. Haddon to Sir Thomas Smithe, Knight. etc.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He beginneth with a testimony of love, and a comparison of both their conditions, wherein he proveth to be great inequality, by sundry circumstances: he toucheth both their estates, as well his own being the writer of this letter, as also his to whom it was, written, showing that they can not long continued, albeit they be contrary: he toucheth the miseries of this life, showing (by the example of a ship governor to his purpose aptly applied) tha●… we aught not to struggle with necessity, neither yet to disallow of what soever is appointed us by God's good providence: Lastly, he concludeth with hope, saying, that death which is always nigh & at hand, (like a●… haven to harbour us) will make an alteration of this wretched life, for a life happy and blessed.  
BUt that I love you much, I would bear you a grudge, sythence between your present fortune and mine, there is such difference and inequality, as to me it is a great grief, but to you an exceeding joy. For, you have got at one time, the love of your country, the favour of your Prince, a wife, friends, leisure with pleasure, and the 
* For at the same time he was ambassador into France, as the title of the Epistle importeth.  honour of an Ambassador: as for me, such is mine unhappy fortune, and matchless unluckinesse, that of all these consolations belonging to the life of man, I am voyde and destitute: yea, I am so entangled and wrapped as it were in a certain labyrinth, that not Dedalus himself if he were alive, could find a way to get out again, after he is once entered. But your happiness can not be of long continuance, nor yet my●…e unluckinesse everlasting: and why? because 
* The life of man, even from his infancy to his decrepit age, full of variableness & misery.  such is the frailty of our nature, and the variableness of our condition, even from our birth and generation, that no part or parcel of our life is pitched upon perpetuity and steadfastness, but shaken to shivers with a thousand sundry and uncertain chances. Wherefore, even as Governors of ships, keep that course in sailing which they can, not that which they would: and cut the waves as they are furthered with a merry wind: even so let us frame our study and labour, to that whereunto we are constrained by necessity: and show ourselves not discontent, with that whereunto we are appointed by God's gracious providence, because 
* For there is no striving against the stream: God's ordinance & fore appointment none is able to resist.  we must be ruled thereby, there is no remedy, how so ever we seem to wrestle and withstand. Furthermore, let us fasten ourselves upon the sure anchor of this most certain and infallible hope, that although we be overwhelmed, and as it were in manner sounke, in seas of miseries, though we be tossed too and fro with most outrageous storms and tempests of troubles, incident to this wretched life: yet 
* Death, the port or haven of peace and quietness.  death (being the port of peace and quietness) is never far from us in these dangerous extremities, by and through whose singular benefit, we shall be removed out of the ruinous cottage, of this world fraught with vanities, into heavenly houses and most blessed abidings, where eternity and everlastingness reigneth, where we shall live in all pleasantness, seeing, feeling, hearing nor tasting any thing whereat to be offended and grieved. In the mean space, God of his goodness, bless you with perfect health and long life, to whom I commit you and all yours, what soever.  
From Brugesle.   

M. G. Haddon to M. Thomas Henneage. etc.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
Writing to M. Thomas Henneage, with whom he had special familiarity, he beginneth his letter with an occasion taken of the benevolence and kindness▪ which between them was not untestified. He saith that friendship must not be considered, according to the number and greatness of gifts: but after a man's mind and goodwill. He commends him for maintaining the memory of his father in law, lest in time he should be forgotten▪ by having his picture (as I think) in lively proportion and represented▪ twyting (by the way) such a●… set out their friende●… after their death, much otherwise then thy were of person, when they e●…ioyed life. Finally, after a short commendation of his solitariness, compared with that wherein Scipio took pleasure, he concludeth.  
YOu own me nothing (most dear and well-beloved friend) but love and well liking, wherein I would have you my 
* So ●…hall the fort of our friendship & familiarity remain invincible.  continual debtor. Our deserts, if they be examined and weighed, are yours, being of so much the more account and worthiness, as they are in their kind, and their due time considered: but in contracts and bonds of vnf●…eigned friendship, benefits must (at no hand) be called in reckoning: only the heart and mind of a man is to be marked and esteemed, which in either of us, as well you as me, hath (in mine opinion) been most agreeable to our ancient acquaintance, and well beséeming the old friendship, that of long time we have professed, and by the use and conference of many and sundry things established. In that you are careful not to forget your father in law, your so doing (in my thinking) is not to be disal●…wed: but in that you give him his own proper likeness, and not a false and counterfeit: your doing is so much the more to be approved. For, 
* He discommendeth them that cause the pictures of their predecessors, and of such as they loved when they were alive, otherwise to be painted them they bore semblance or likeness.  I could never conceive well of those v●…ine and light headed people, who commend to their posterity after their funerals (more like flatterers than friends) such whom they loved and favoured: as though they that be living, had quite razed the dead out of their remembrance: or as though the irksome ghosts were delighted after death with the publishing of a tie, which none in their life time, being of an honest & virtuously disposed nature, can abide, but rather abhor it, and have it in contempt and detestation. I like marvelous well of your solitariness, because it hath in it a certain semblance of the solitariness wherein Scipio took pleasure, who was never more busy, then when he was best at leisure: or if you have nothing wherein to be occupied, yet you escape many discommodities of all sorts, whereto young gentlemen a great number of your state and condition are subject. To morrow I will visit you, in the evening, if you be at your house. In the mean season reap the fruit of your studies, enjoy the benefit of your 
* The right using and well ordering where of, procure great inc●…ease of learning & knowledge.  books and solitariness, than which two specialties (with your wives sweet company, and your friends comfortable acquaintance) you shall found nothing in this life, of more worth, value, account, and estimation.  
Far you well.   

M. G. Haddon to M. T. Henneage.  
TH●… ARGVM●…NT.  
As he began his former epistle, to the self same Gentleman, with a commemoration of friendship and goodwill: even so he ●…keth the same occasion in this letter, as a fit entrance to other circumstances. Then, he maketh mention of 〈◊〉 matters, wherein they were both careful, which notwithstanding were hindered by the means of one, against w●…ome he●… took stomach: he toucheth a specialty concerning Germani●…, which I leave to the reader's conjecture to gather if he can: something (belike) it was, that belonged to the common we●…lth. He speaketh much concerning his wife, whose death he lamenteth: he seemeth to be sorry for her highness sickness, thereupon inferring an exclamation and 〈◊〉, against the ●…roked and accursed condition of this life. Lastly, he concludeth with a prayer to God, for her preservation, briefly teaching (as it were in a word) the remediless misery that England should suffer, if it pleased God, to call her highness out of this vile earth, into that glorious heaven.  
I Doubt not that the friendship which hath flourished so long between us, and hath wanted no assurances of dutiful courtesy, hath taken root with such deepness, and is grown to such perfection and rypenesse, that no tempest of violence can have the power, to displace a●…d pluck it up, so long ●…s we do live. I know you be grieved, for that our matters have no more forwardness: for they are not private but public, and in such cases (as I can tell well enough) you have a special care and regard to have them furthered, and with the like affection in that behalf, aught every good and well disposed Gentleman to be touched. Mine opinion 
* Or, there is no disagreement between your opinion and mine: O●…, you think one thing, and I think the ve●…ie same.  is aunswearable to your conjectures, but in such sort and order, that I think D. himself, to be a great impediment in this point and an hindrance, than which man, if you judge any thing more troublesome and untoward, you are in a wrong belief, your opinion is erroneous. Touching that which you tell me out of Germany, I rather wish it then look for it: of mine accustomed sentence in this matter, you are not ignorant, from the which nothing hath the power to pull and withdraw me, but one only thing, which that I might see and behold in presence, I am most desirous. For, in this case, I am altogether 
* To believe no further than I see: the next and ready way not to be deceived.  Dydimus, to give credit no further than mine eye sealeth an assurance. That there is some hope, in the mean while offered, it is well: ●…nd I am glad to hear so much I tell you truth: not for min●… own sake, whose life is not long to last, as for the comm●… wealths cause, which I would, if I could, make immortal. I thank you for my son, to whom I can wish nothing of more worth, then that he should be like his mother, than whom (in my judgement) nothing hath any time been more pleasant, and more profitable. 
* By the ingemination and twice repeating of one thing, ●…ee signifieth the pas sion of his ●…inde.  I would to God she had lived, I would her life might have been excused by my death: and yet she liveth I doubt not, yea she liveth everlastingly: But I, ever since I was without her, have been no better than a dead ghost: yea I suffer death daily, in consideration that the staf●…e of mine estate is taken from me, and the comfort of my whole life utterly lost, as you remember and can testify, and I at this present would forget (if I could) very gladly. But it is more than I can do, or then I shallbe able to do, while I have a day to live: not, I may not so much as think upon her, without weeping. The health of our 
* By this exclam●…tion he testifieth how heartily he loved her highness: so aught ●…l subjects to do, be their degree never so haughty and hono●…rable.  Gracious Lady▪ and good mistress, as it appeareth is somewhat shaken. O * miserable and ●…ost cruel condition of this our life present, which is always assaulting either with sicknesfe or with death, such worthy persons, as without whom it is impossible to live. So that we are always either in grief, or else in fear, and at that stay are we like to continued still, till that last & lightsome day be come, which into the hearts of the rascal rabblement striketh sadness and terror: but contrariwise, filleth the minds of good men, and ●…uch as be wise in deed, with all joy and pleasantness. God of his infinite mercy, preserve and keep at all assays, my most excellent & matchless mistress, by whose death (chance when it shall chance) the ●…lower of all womankind shall fade, and England shall have a most dolerous wound, yea a wound irrecoverable, and smarting with continual anguish. This I leave to you that be of younger years: as for me, I am in great hope, that after I have waded out of the woes of this world full of wret chednesse, I shall meet her 
* There to wear a crown of immortality, blessedness, and everlasting feliciti●…. Amen.  in heaven. Commend me to your good wife. From Brugesse the 15. of the Calends of julie.  
Far you well,   

M. R. Aschame to the Queen's majesty, his sovereign Lady, Elizabeth by the grace of God etc.  
¶ TH●… ARGUMENT.  
Writing to the Queen's majesty, he beginneth very Rhetorically, with a comparison of he●… highness, wherewith he was discouraged, and her goodness whereby he was emboldened to writ to her majesty. He toucheth himself, upon consideration of duty to be 〈◊〉 to hi●… gra●…ious prince. He m●…keth mention of two thi●…ges, namely knowledge and dignity, (a goodly accouplement) which in her majesty are not wanting: he showeth that the one should be joined with the other, which he proveth by examples, as well Poetical as Historical, and that doth he in brevity. Lastly, he co●…cludeth with a short exhortation and a prayer.  
MOst excellent Lady Elizabeth, I have laboured long in doubtfulness of mind, whether I should be more discouraged in consideration of your 
* Because of yo●…r Majesty, i●… th●…t you are a Queen, etc.  highness, or more imbouldened in respect of your 
* Because you are favou rabble, l●…berall, v●…rtuous. etc.  goodness, to present you with an epistle. But after I had made up my full reckoning & account, & thoroughly considered, how mindful it hath pleased you to be of me in mine absence, and what singular gentleness and courtesy I have tasted oftentimes in presence, I did rather choose to be accused of writing out of season, then to be convinced, in any point of unthankful silence: and I am better content that my too much duty should be reprehended, then as one that is toungtyed to be reproved, 
* The experience and trial of her highnes●…e bo●…ie, min●…stred unto his h●…art ●…at boldness and confidence.  sythence I am most assuredly persuaded, that my letters are so far from being cumbersome to your highness, that they cannot but be welcome to your goo●…nesse. And although I have in●…nit occasions, wherein to occupy my pen touching your majesty: yet do I nothing with a more towardness and readiness of heart, then in showing me self glad and joyful for your sake, in that I see you daily busied in beauti●…ing and making more glorious, those so great & incompar●…ble ornaments of 
* Or, o●… body and mind: ●…or so the words may (in mine opinion) not unaptly be interpreted.  Fortune and Nature, with such unbatterable bullworkes and singular safegardes of learning: whereby whether your true renown shallbe the more enlarged, or the worthiness of your capacity, together with your unknown diligence, by the report of all people, more commended, it is a matter of doubt and uncertainty. And although thi●… your majesties purpose and intent, in coupling excellent knowledge with passing dig●…ie, hath (as I am net ignorant) Plato the famous Philosopher for an insample and precedent: yet nevertheless, thus much I do know, and I may boldly affirm it for a truth, that through 
* Nobleness of wit & singularity of ●…udgment commended in her 〈◊〉.  your own noble wit and singular judgement, you prospered exceedingly: that by the conference which you had with the most worthy gentlewoman, the Lady Champernowne, you were also much furthered: and that by the precepts and instructions of my G. Grindall, you reaped no small benefit and advantage. We read recorded both in true histories, and also in ●…eigned poesies, that before the age in which Plato lived, every notable and virtuous Prince, took unto them one Philosopher or other, in wisdom and judgement famous, to whose counsels and advertisements, they applied themselves through the whole course of their life, accustomably. This to be no untruth, the fabulous inventions of Poets testify, saying, that jupiter used the advise of Prometheus and Agamemnon of Nestor. By histories also the same is to be verified: for it is read, that Hiero used the counsel of Simonides: and Pericles of Anaxagoras: whereby we have to learn this fruitful lesson, as well I mean by the excellent deeds of most noble Princes, as also by the wise and grave precepts of profound Philosophers, that 
* A detection of his own opinion, 〈◊〉 upon the examples before going.  nothing aught to be of more account and estimation, than that power and principality should be always linked to singular knowledge and great learning. And to what end are these words spoken? not as though I seemed to withdraw you 
* Whic●… are so fa●…re from being to be found in your Grace, that the contrary is of you embraced and followed.  from linger delays, but rather to encourage you in your voluntary towardness & readiness in running the way to learning, and to give you, now that you are even at the end of your worthy race, as it were with shouting & clapping of hands in token of exceeding joyfulness, your deserved praises. In which notable course of commendation and renown, there are none, with whom you should 
* Because you ha●…e not your equal, neither yet your superior.  contend and strive for maysteries, victory and triumph, but with your own peculiar person. As therefore (most gracious Elizabeth) you have done already, so continued & persevere, that you may daily outgrow yourself in dignity and excellency, and that through the glory of your learning and singular knowledge, the nobleness of your birth may be the more renowned: than which worthy deed, nothing can better beseem your royal estate, nothing can be more wished and desired of such as bear your Grace goodwill: nothing can purchase greater praise in the judgement of this present age: neither can any thing be left more of force and effect, to set the minds of such as shall live hereafter, by succession of years, more a museing.  
The 
* A familiar & usual conclusion o●… well wishing.  Lord jesus prospero and increase your highness from day to day in virtue, knowledge & nobleness Amen.   

M. R. Aschame to Sir Th. Smithe. etc.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
He maketh a commemoration or rehearsal, of such notable benefits, as Sir T. Sm, received by and through the bountifulness and liberality of the University of Cambridge (he means not corporal benefits, benefits I mean belonging to the body, but inward benefits of the mind, as learning, knowledge etc) thereupon inferring a persuasible reason, ●…o move him to the performance of deserved du●…tie.  
IF you be the man (right worshipful) on whom this University of Cambridge, hath bestowed all her abilities: if it hath practised upon you, all duties of reverence and godly affection: if it hath furnished you with all kind of knowledge and learning, with all manner juells and ornamente●… of her Commonwealth: if she have sowed in you only and above all other, the seeds of her renown: if in you especiallyshée hath fixed the affiance of her safety and good estate: 
* Note his necessary consequent, inferred upon the enumeration & rehearsal of the forecited circumstances.  Go to then, think and consider with yourself what you are bond to pay her back again, for such invaluable benefits: call your conscience to a straight account & reckoning, what the University, what the learning and understanding, what the weal public, what Almighty God himself for such singular assura●…nces of kindness and bounty, whereby your worship so flourisheth, doth of right require. The University doth deny you nothing: nay what is it that she hath not beautified and enriched you withal, sithence she hath bestowed upon you, all things, whatsoever she herself possesseth: in consideration whereof she doth not simply and without cause crave a good turn again, but requireth such service as might counterpoise her deserved duty. She doth not set before you some one particular cause, but she putteth her own self in your credit: and all things unto her belonging the committeth unto you: neither is it needful, that she should discover unto you her counsels, sithence you know them all thoroughly, yea, be they never so privy and secret. 
* In this his persuasorie speech, he giveth a testimo nigh of the passing love & of f●…ction which he did bear to the University of Cambridge.  Do that therefore you know: let your will labour with your ability, and that which you own of duty, see discharged: so shall you bring that to pass, which good learning, which the University, which the common wealth, which Religion, which Christ and your prince look for, at your hands to be accomplished and performed.  
jesus prolong your life many years in health and prosperity.   

M. R. Aschame to Sir joh. Cheek. etc.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
The course of this epistle (wherein sundry circumstances are touched about learning, and the commodities of the same, in one Gentleman of great fame and worthiness, appearing:) giveth me to conjecture, that the meaning of the writer was, only to move Sir john Cheek (to whom this letter was directed) to be mindful of the University of Cambridge, and unto the same, to continued beneficial. The reasons which he useth are all grounded upon persuasion.  
Among all the number of notable men (Right worshipful) that have had entrance into the Common wealth, by the benefit and furtherance of 
* He means the University of Camb●…idge the garden plot of Arts and Sciences. etc.  this University, you are one, (whom before all other,) this University hath in more countenance and estimation when you are present: & in more reverence and admiration when you are absent: upon which, you have béestowed, in the time of your presence, and impart now also in the time of your absence, more than any other besides, whatsoever. For, at your being in the University, you gave notable and singular pre●…eptes of learning and knowledge, for all others instru●…ion: and such examples of wisdom and judgement, for others imitation and following, unto which while many were appliable, they reaped great profit: howbeit 
* Sir john Cheek his deserved commendation.  few or none grew to the like perfection and ripeness. There is not so much as one among us all, so ignorant but can testify, neither yet so envious that can avouch the contrary, that this happy and blessed success of our studies, these sweet founteines of all our exercises in learning, (whereto many have attained and also tasted, by their great labour, pain, & hope) to have flowed from the praise of your excellent wit, from your safeguard, from your example, and from your counsel: so that these monuments of your humanity, of your wisdom and of your learning, imprint in our minds, an cuerlas●…ing remembrance of your most worthy person. As 
* Wherein he showed himsel●…e a true & a right noble Gen●…leman.  for the helps and furtherances which the University hath always had, both for the more certain supply, and the perpetual maintening of the same in fame and dignity, through your means they are more than either all our favourers beside could conceive, or we ourselves might look for at any time, wherein to have our portion. For, while 
* He means king Edwa●…de the sixt of most famous memory.  the kings majesty, being of you taught and instructed, hath such a love and regard to learning: what others also in like manner, by and through your counsel, will, or aught to do for the behoof of our University, we are not ignorant. This our hope have we, and this our lesson learn we, out of your Plato, to that vi●…ious and ill disposed king Dionysius: nevertheless, the profit and advantage of the same we have, but of late, thorough your help and assistance, sufficiently proved in our most Virtuous Prince Edward. Wherefore, sithence such recourse of mutual duty, such assured service of bounty, so many bonds of gentle and liberal deservings, have passed between you and the University, to begin with the remembrance of your infancy, and so forward to the praise of the worship and dignity which you do now possess and ●…nioy, 
* Th●…t which he saith here to sir john 〈◊〉, may likewise be said to other Gentlemen, a great number.  there is n●…t in you to be found any one benefit of Nature, any one comm●…ditie of lab●…ur, any one commendation of wit, any one supp●…rtation of Fortune, any one ornament of renown, but our University hath been a procurer and furtherer of the same to your profit, or else a partaker thereof with you, to her own glory and honour. We doubt not, but our University may hope for, and also command you this service, considering the goodly & precious jewels, wherewith she hath enriched you, that you would continued to the uttermost of your power and ability, a maintainer of her dignity, as you yourself arise by degrees to advancement. We do not commit unto you, the cause of one particular person, but all our causes in general, wherein we hope, you will bestow no less labour, then either you aught in our behalf to employ, or as we look for at your hands to be performed.  
The Lord jesus be your preserver and keeper.   

M. R. Aschame, to the two young Gentlemen M. john, and M. Dominicke Vacchan, brethren: and their sister M. Mabell Vacchan, the flower of Virginity.  
After his salutations ended, he excuseth his delays of writing: wherein he bestoweth a good part of his letter: all the rest of his letter toucheth th●… praise of the young gentlemen & young Gentlewoman to who he written. So that the whole sum of this Epistle, may be reduced unto two heads or principal points: The first, an excuse: the second a commendation: the excuse touching his own person: the commendation tending to other, in this his Epistle specified. Lastly he concludeth with a prayer to God, to prospero them and their doings.  
Most happy children descended of most worthy Parents, commendations. etc. In that I have not hitherto answered your letters, which are unto me for many considerations and causes, most acceptable and pleasant, 
* Or, it is not, for that you are worn out of my remembrance nor yet because in the performance of my duty I wax lose and dissol●…te.  this my delay is not to be imputed to forgetfulness, nor yet to be ascribed to negligence of duty. I can not complain of want of matter, wherein to be o●…cupied in writing, because in great abundance I have had it offered: neither can I excuse myself with want of opportunity & convenient leisure of sending, because it hath continually been proffered: so that the de●…alt remains only in me, why these commodities have not been used: not because my goodwill and loving affection towards you, is diminished: but because I seemed (in mine own thinking) these last months past and expired, with all kind of learning somewhat offended. But having entered again into favour and reconcilement with learning, I took pen in hand, devising with myself, how I might, though not wholly have all my former silence excused: yet notwithstanding in some respect at lest touching the same be pardoned. I confess, that great is my fault, and much am I to be blamed, for being so long silent: as for mine opinion otherwise then I aught of you conceived, wherewith nevertheless I am so sore charged, I acknowledge none at all. For 
* By an earnest obtestation he declar●…th the reue●… opinion which he conceived of them to whom he written this Epistle.  I pray God all the Muses may be angry with me for ever, & bear me an endless grudge, if this hath not always been my judgement concerning you, that you are very rare examples of virtue and learning: yea, especial patterns, not the like to be found in this our present age: nor yet herded off in the days of our predecessors many years already passed, and long since expired. I marveled, yea upon good occasion I marveled, that you, being but young Gentlemen, and 
* M. Mabell Vachan, a virtuous gentlewoman.  your sist●…r also a young Gentlewoman, continuing within the walls and compass of your Parents dwelling, daily tasting the sweetness of your mother's loving kindness, and living in the sight of all bravery and gallantness, could attain to such singularity & excellency of learning, knowledge, and judgement, as many have laboured for with earneftnes, but very few have got for all their painfulness: & that also, you having entered into more ripeness of years, are content to bestow your time in 
* Cambridge and Oxenford the two lamps of England, for learning, know ledge. etc.  the Universities, with hard and sparing diet, where nothing is to be found, that may to learning be a hindrance: but all things in a readiness, that it may iucrease and have sufficient furtherance. You are deceived therefore, if you think this my marveling is to be referred to any doubt concerning your ability, and not rather to pertain to the praise of your wits, to the commendation of your knowledge, and to the advancing of your education and bringing up. For, at these three things, namely, the worthiness of your wit, the manner of your knowledge, & the order of your bringing up, made me wonder at you exceedingly. All the praise that belongeth to your wit, it is your own, by you it is purchased, of you it is possessed, because the use and service consists in virtue: the commendation of your knowledge and learning, 
* To you, for the readiness of your wits & quick capacities: to him for his painfulness & diligence in tea ching. etc.  is common both to you and to your instructor: for as he is therein to challenge a part, so you have (in like manner) a portion. The praise of your education and bringing up, is to be ascribed to your parents. For, in consideration of your wits, I have seen therein a rare towardness, a voluntary readiness, & a continuing painfulness. In your instructor or teacher, I have allowed sufficient ableness, and also his faithfulness. In your Parents, I have commended both their wisdom and their bounty: their wisdom, in that they were so well advised, & so circumspect, in 
* Wherein appea●…eth the wisdom and true love of Parents to their children.  the goodly & virtuous bringing up of you their children: their bounty (which I perceived in them not only plentiful, but also principal) for the great costs and charges which they sustained, to have you grow to that perfection of understanding & learning which you have got. These circumstances when I called in consideration, I could not but in the very front & beginning of my letter, use this gracious greeting, rightly & meritoriously to name you, 
* The beginning of his letter, which was his salutation or greeting.  Most happy children descended of most worthy parents: for which happiness sake, both redounding to you, & also to your parents, I am right glad & joyful at my heart: to you, in consideration of the great and singular benefits which you do now reap, & are like hereafter to enjoy: to your parents, in respect of the unme asurable gladness, which they shall conceive by & through the exc●…llencie of your learning▪ & which you again on the other side shallbe filled withal, by weighing their providence, wisdom, and goodness, tending wholly to your commodity. wherefore, touching the duty which unto me belongeth, 
* Promise' of duetifulnesse touching his own person.  I will as I have hitherto, continued a ready beholder of your course a daily exhorter of you to persevere and persist in your diligence, an especial commender and a wonderer at your virtue: yea, for the full satisfying of my judgement concerning your people, I will also live in most assured confidence and certain expectation, of that honourable advancement, which such a course, such a diligence, such nobleness of virtue, seem to deserve. For, 
* Note the order of his drawing to a conclusion of this his letter.  through this course so discreetly begun, through this diligence so constantly employed, through this virtue so happily obtained, nothing is to be looked for, but that which is singular, but that which is precious, but that which is honourable, but that which is excellent, so far as I can discern & perceive: which thing that it may come to pass, yea, that it may come to pass within a short time, he (no doubt) who is both the well head of all wisdom, the author of all diligence, and the giver of all happiness, 
* Or, will grant of his gracious goodness. etc.  say Amen: who prospero you and ●…our studies continually, and fulfil your parents good hope, with much joy and long gladness. God. etc.   

M. R. Aschame to the right worship full young Gentleman, Barnaby Fitzpatrike.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
Writing to a young Gentleman, of good countenance in the cour●… (as the Epistle testifieth) he exhorteth him to love learning, and for the increase of the ●…ame in him, to spare no labour. And that his persuasions might carry the more credit, he useth reasons drawn from the person of the Gentleman to whom he writeth, whom while he exhorteth, he commends: to the same purpose and effect, he bringeth in the right noble & virtuous King Edward the sixt, for an example, worthy to be followed. Lastly, he concludeth with two several prayers to God, the one for the King's majesties prosperity, the other for the young Gentleman, whose name, in the titl●… of this Epistle, is declared.  
ALthough I am not to learn (Right worthy Barnaby) what a 
* Which is an in●…allible proof and 〈◊〉 arg●… meant, that you are a virtuously dispo sed Gentleman.  vehement zeal and fervent love you bear to learning: yet notwithstanding I have purposed and attempted somewhat to assault you with letters of persuasion, both because it was your own request and desire I should so do: and because (at such time as I was with you in presence,) my promise in that behalf made unto you, might not be unperfourmed. And sithence there be many encouragements, and reasons of force, which may much move you to the love of learning, and the embracing of knowledge, namely, the notable towardness of your own wit, the convenient time of your age, the excellent hope of your ●…iligence, this place of preferment, which above the rest, you possess in the kings majesties Court, and the singular precepts and instructions, which you want not for your furtherance, though every one of these, severally, are of force sufficient to mo●…e you exceedingly, yet aught they not all being joined together, so to stir you up, to forstowe no time towards the attainment of such a benefit, 
* King Edward the sixte with what goodly gysts of min●…e he was endued.  as the nobleness of wit, st●…die, virtue, learning and knowledge, which in our worthy and renowned King Edward daily appeareth (you yourself seeing and bearing witness) and moste gloriously glistereth: a better pattern of diligence, a more perfect example of learning, a more manifest hope of praise and conunendation, you cannot set before you to follow. Your promise was to writ back again unto me, which shall not of you be neglected, either for being as good as your word▪ or else that I may see, by your own signification, how well you handle your pen, and how diligently you exercise your wit. A more convenient bearer, than he is to whom I have delivered this present Epistle, you can not require. I have sent 
* Or, Copies.  examples to the kings Majesty, and the rest of that noble and gallant company. 
* He kni●…teth up his letter with an earnest prayer, wherein he giveth witness of his well wishing heart.  Christ jesus, grant of his gracious goodness, that my Lord the King, may excel his father in renown, his instructors and teachers in understanding, and that the multitude of his years in possessing the Empire, together with his flourishing felicity and happiness, may exceed and pass the prayers of his English subjects. And the same Christ jesus, of his large bounty, increase in you continually, the goodly gifts of virtue, learning, and nobleness, abundantly.   

M. R. Aschame, to the most noble Gentlewoman, Lady Anne, wife to the Right honourable, the Earl of Penbroche.  
THE ARGUMENT.  
This Epistle consists of three members: the first is gratulatory, touching the person of himself and his friend, M. Mid. the second is petitorie in the behalf of M. Pin. the third is exhortatorie and laudatorie, as by the course of the words and the matter may be gathered: so then, it is apparent, that this is, and may be called Epistola mixta: the reasons why, are manifest, & need no declaration.  
THe 
* From the acknowledgement and confessing of benefits received, he falls orde●…ly to his petition: which is a very good & 〈◊〉 way towards the atteinment of his purpose▪ for in showing his own thankfulness, he winneth further f●…uour & well liking.  great benefits which you have bestowed upon M. M. and the greater good will which you have testified unto me, require infinite thanks at my hands, Right Honourable Lady. But, sithence your estate is so haughty & high, & my degree on that other side of such inequality, that you may better bestow new benefits, than I pay old thanks: yet notwithstanding, I rejoice exceedingly, that this kind of courtesy, is at this present, of your Ladyship to be craved, wherein your Gentleness is more priest & ready to give a grant, then is my labour to ask and desire. My request is, that M, P. may enjoy still the fruit of your bountiful favour, and furtherance, as he hath hitherto had the same in use, to his special advantage. And although, I am well assured, and know it for a verity, that you will have him in such acceptation & countenance, as that he shall not stand in need of my commendation, sithence he is of sufficiency by himself, to obtain all things tending to his avail: yet notwithstanding thus much I crave in his behalf, yea. I crave it with instancy & earnestness, even as though the matter pertained to mine own person, that he may have the benefit of your Ladyshippes' favour and assistance, to 
* Or, he may perceive, and I also understand.  the Queen's majesty, whereby he may be persuaded, and I also a●…sured, that by the means of this my petitorie Epistle, your old accustomed goodwill, unto him a long time continued is by the putting too of a new trial of favour, not diminished, but increased. Wherefore, you must be as careful, as circumspect, & as diligent as may be, even to the uttermost, that both the 
* By the enumeration o●… these 〈◊〉 circumstances he mother veth and come mendeth.  goodly gifts of your wit and knowledge, the learned precepts of your teacher, the passing examples of N. your brother, and the footsteps of your most worthy Father which you tread and follow, should move and stir you up to the embracing of learning, to the purchasing of praise, and to the attaining of Nobleness. I do not occupy my pen to writ in this order, as though I should seem to 
* Which is so far in you to be ●…ound, that your for wardness is wonderful, and to be continued should want no in couragement.  withdraw you from lingering, but rather in this your forward running to give you encouragement: & that I might be thought not so much to take upon me the office of one that exhorteth, as to discharge the duty of one that rejoiceth, albeit my letter hath that notable verse of Ovid for a precedent and example.  

Who so exhorteth you that to do,  
Which you to do intent,  
While he exhorteth, the words he speaks  
His own deeds do commend.   
I fear I am to tedious. Thus much doth only remain, & rest behind, that it would please you to writ back again, if it be but in three words, by this young Gentleman my good friend & well wiler: your letter shallbe unto me most certain testimonies & undoubted assurances, both of your increase of knowledge in the latin tongue, & also of the favour and goodwill which you bear me. Commend me (I pray you) to that worthy Gentleman 
* Gentlemen with whom he was well acquainted and familiar.  T. S. & Win. if his name be not out of my memory: the sweetness of his manners, and the delightsomeness of his ●…ehauiours, have taken more deep root in my remembrance, then can by any force be pluck up and loosed.   

M. R. Aschame, to M. F. Alane.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
A wo●…thie and learned epistle, deserving to be read, and to be born in remembrance, written by M. R Aschame, to a Gentleman of his acquaintance: wherein first he 〈◊〉, that there be three things, wherein the life and estate of man consists: to which three (after he hath spoken his mind accordingly, as he thought good upon circumstances) he joineth two more, no less necessary, than the three first, which he declared. The occasio●… of writing this Epistle, was a book which he made and sent to M. F. Alane. The specialties whereof the whole letter (from the beginning to the ending) doth treat, are these: Beauty, Richesse, Dignity, Learning, a●…d Freendeshippe. In this Epistle, he showeth fine inuentio●…, proper disposition, and sweet eloquence.  
THere be three things (my F. Alene) which throughout the whole course and trade of man's life, are of exceeding great force, and with a certain majesty bear general rule & dominion: 
* Three specialties whe●…upon this whole Epistle runneth.  Favour, Money, and Hon●…ur. On favour attendeth pleasure: from money proceedeth profit: and to honour pertaineth an high degree of dignity: for of these three things the ignorant people of the ancient world in consideration of their advantage: or else, learned Poets many hundred years ago, through their wisdom, and knowledge, imagined to be three several Gods, who had the bestowing of these sundry benefits. For, they made 
* Venus gives beauty: Plut●…s gi●…es 〈◊〉: jupiter gives honour  Venus' Lady and Queen of beauty and favour: they made Plutus Lord and King of Richeses and money: and they made jupiter Emperor of honour and majesty: afterwards, in tract of time and pr●…cesse of years, to the self same things, yea, in the very schools of Philosophers, the name and title of the best and chiefest Good was assigned: and by the opinion of all wise men it was assented unto, that in these three, very great force, virtue, and effectual working did consist. Wherefore (my F. Alane) sithence I know it well, that 
* Or, that you ha●…e a singular and special regard. etc.  you are a notable and earnest beholder of comeliness and favour: sithence it is my desire, you should abound in wealth and richesse: sithence I am of this judgement touching you, that you are bread and born to the possessing of worship and dignity: I was so much the more willing and toward, to offer you 
* Some book which he had written, and bestowed upon the Gentle man to whom he written, as a gift of his good will, & a token of kindness.  this book: by the use and service whereof, you, (to whom I bear a singular and special goodwill,) shall enjoy to your full contentment, all the three things within named, most happily, most blessedly. For, you shall view and behold, in this book, as it were in a bright glass, without spot, and blemish, sundry beautiful, famous, and comely shapes, not such stately, proud, and disdainful pieces as we see daily, but such as be choose, picked, and sorted out for the nonce, such I say as are not vnworthi●… the majesty of an Emperor: these you may behold freely, without controllement, without hindrance, with safety, without danger, without mistrust, without grudging, without jealousy, without suspicion, without wantonness. etc. Here you shall see to the delight of yo●…r heart, and pleasure of your eye, the countenances of virgins and matrons, excelling Venus herself, in beauty and amiableness: braw●…ing mothers, threatening stepdames, rigorous hus●…ands, angry 
* Men that go a wooi to one woe man, betwi●… whom commonly, there is emulation and hatred.  rivals, shall not stop you from the sight of this so passing a pageant & spectacle. Walls, doors, bars, bolts, locks. etc. shall not be able to keep you out, or forbid you entrance. Here, you shall have provided for your ready possession, of richesses great plenty: not the pearls, not th●… jewels, not the millians of mines, which 
* A King of Lydia & son to Halias: this man in the vain conceit of his riches (which were in deed unmeasurable) called himself the flower of felicity, o●… the pearl of prosperous estate.  Croesus gathered together: but the abundant treasure of every city and town, yea of the world universal, for your enriching: in so▪ much that what soever the frugality and thriftiness of good and well disposed people, have provided in time of peace, and tranquillity: or the force of the mighty & violent got in time of war and bloodshed: or the lawless l●…st of tyrants wroung for their own lucre, by extortion and iniuri●…▪ here you have it ●…eadie purchased, ready prepared: and therefore you may take full, right, and quiet possession. Now, touching h●…nour and dignity: what more perfect patterns and more tr●…e examples can you have, either, fit to be followed, or worthy the wondering, or deserving to be praised, than those of the Caesars and the Augustes, most virtuous and victorious Nobles. And to the intent (my F. Alane) you may plainly see and perceive, that I mean no deceit, but good faith and just dealing, that I mock you not with words of vanity, but that I give you such ornaments as are true in deed and not counterfecte: lo, these beautiful shapes, and amiable favours, are of this right kind and property, that they blind not the mind at any time with painted pretences, shows, shadows, and foolish allurements, outward gayness and bravery: but ●…ll the heart always, with true delight, with perfect pleasantness, with such joy as is not idle in operation and working: 
* This clause is to be referred to that which goeth 〈◊〉, where 〈◊〉 speak●…th 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 fa 〈◊〉, and not to th●…t which followeth, (though the oh ue●…●…wartnes of the words seem to offer such sen●…) where he talketh of plea●…ure and delight,  not being deceivable of nature, not varriable in time, not withering through the heat of the sun, not consuming by the soaking of sickness: but continuing v●…chaungeable, constant, vndiminished, safe, and sound for ever and world without end. These rich●…sse, which I bestow upon you, shall neither work mine impoverishment, in giving▪ neither shall they tend to your harm and am●…oyaunce, in taking: and as I part from them, without any loss or damage to myself procured: so on the other side, they shall of you, without labour be possessed, without fear be preserved, & without envy used. As for the pathway, which is deciphered and set forth in this book, it shall lead you directly, to honour and dignity, it shall make you a ready entrance to an estate of worthiness, you shall pass at pleasure without combersomenesse, and in sa●…etie void of danger: that you may (by and through the benefit of that book,) enjoy the most happy and right blessed degree of dignity, which is of Cic●…ro, in the beginning of his Orator highly commended, but of himself for all his praising, never obtained. Unto the three principal commodities, which I have forecited, two other, of no little value and ve●…tue, are anne●…ed: namely, 
* In the be ginning of his epistle he named three ne cess●…rie things belonging to man's life, whereunto he ioyne●…h other two: learning & ●…reendeship. etc.  Learning, and Friendship: the worthiness of the one, is in this book discovered: the other, by and through the mutual recourse of hearty kindness, and unfeigned goodwill, not untestified. And what part or portion belonging to learning, is there (I pray you) of more excellency, of more importance, and of more pleasaunt●…esse, than a cunningly compiled, and a learnedly con●…eyed history, lively representing to the mind a●…d judgement of the reader, such matters of policy, touching the civil estate: such valiant acts, (I say) and noble deeds of arms, as have by most renowned Kings, and passing puisa●…nt Emperors, not only been adventured, but also accomplished●…ot only attempted, but also finished: not only stoutly a●…d lustily taken in hand, but also gallantly and graciously br●…ught to performance. 
* Or, which being ref●…rred: or, which pertaining: or, belo●…ging. etc.  Which having relation altogether, to th●… lea●…ing of humanity, and▪ civil behaviours, it will not one●… unto you, whose mind 〈◊〉 wholly addicted, and 〈◊〉 ven to that trade of life, be pleasant and delectable i●…perusing: but in practising also, it will be fruitful and profitable. Touching the fréendeshippe, wherein we be joined together, I 
* A signification of his warynesse and circum●…pection.  will speak so sparingly, that my meaning in a few woord●…s may be delivered: left, whi●…es I gi●…ing an evident proof of the towardness of my will▪ in set●…ing out your deserved praise and commendation, might seem by the way, through want of advisement, to commit some offence, worthy of blame and ●…eprehension. For such people, whose wills are at agreement▪ whose de●…ires draw both under one yoke, and whose vows and covenants also, in some points, are leveled and di●…ected to one mark, can not but deserve commendation, can ●…ot but 〈◊〉 reprehension. Now, to have the benevolence and favour, of all 
* It should seem▪ that wh●…n he i●…dited this Epistle, his continua●…ce was in▪ th●… Princes Court.  in this gallant Court, it is a thing wherein I do rejoice: and to have the goodwill and well liking, of a certain number selected & several, it is a thing, whereof I reap passing pleasure: but to be in fréendeshippe, credit, and countenance with you, o, it is a thing of me most heartily wished, and principally desired. For this kindness towards me conceived: this bounty of yours, which to my profit and benefit, hath never been but appliable: I have by so many and so sundry ways, seen put in proof and trial: I have thereof had so often assurances, that 
* Worde●… of confidence, wherein while ●…e maketh the of his own affection, he confirmeth to himself his friends kindness.  there is none, of whom I make more account, in whom I have faster affiance, or upon whom I ●…are further presume and persuade my mind with promises, than you only and alone, both for mine own avail, and also in the behalf of my friends and alleys. And for so much as many, (and not so many in number, as strong and effectual in virtue) be the links of love and good will, which knit us together, yet none (in mine opinion and judgement) is in deed of more certainty and endurance, or more pleasant, joyful, and acceptable to us both, as the use and ●…ecourfe of that favour and furtherance, which a Gentleman of no less courtesy than authority, hath to either o●… us most largely and liberally testified, and thereby bound●… both of us jointly, in most assured dutifulness, in ●…onsideration of his goodness, to be declared and discharged. Wherefore to draw to an end: if 
* His artificial conclusion containing a recapitulation of the forecited circumstances, in bred vitie.  beauty, void of vain allurements: if richesse, free from clogging carefulness: if dignity, wherein lurks no danger: i●… learning, which is never without the company of pleasure & profit: if friendship be of you so regarded, that thereof you make due reckoning: if all the forecited circumstances be of you not dissalowed, be loved, be liked, be desired and followed, then am I in good hope and confidence, that my purpose and pains, in presenting unto you this my book, shall not be blamed, sha●… not be rebuked. The 
* This is his usual and accustomed order of ending.  most mighty and gracious God, be your preserver and keeper, prolong your life in health and prosperity, and grant of his goodness, that the wishes and wills of either of us, may soon b●… satisfied.  
Far you well.   

A letter, or supplication, of M. R. Aschame, which he made and written, in the behalf of the prisoners in Ludgate, at the coming of king Philippe into England.  
¶ THE ARGUMENT.  
A supplication invented and written by one, in the name, and for the behoof of many, (for I may better call it by the name of a supplication, then of an Epistle, although it have a room among the rest of the letters whereof he was the Author) to King Philippe when he was arrived and abiding in England: wherein after complaint made of their misery and wretchedness, which endured imprisonment in Ludgate, he reckoneth up certain particular causes among an infinite number incident to such whose trade and occupying is in merchandise, which brought them into such perplexities of poverty: useth allowable excuses for the avoiding of ill suspicion, and the defence of honesty and plain dealing: setteth down the total sum of the debt, the parci●…litie and bountifulness of their creditors, and the number of prisoners. Lastly, after supplication made to King Philippe for discharge and deliverance, he concludeth with a prayer to God for his prosperity. etc.  
AMong 
* This his Proditor eme or beginning, was drawn from occasions offered, as from the t●…me then present. etc.  so many goodly sights and shows in this City wherewith your eyes be pleased: among so many joyful gréetinges: wherewith your ears be delighted: have a regard to the voice and groaning lamentation of such as be poor and distressed, on whom to take pity and compassion, your heart (as we are in hope) willbe moved: the voice is a voice of joy and gladness: but the grienous mourning bewrayeth misery and wretchedness. For, we do all rejoice even with all our hearts, at the coming in of your Majesty into this Realm, which was of many much wished and greatly desired: again, we specially (as we must needs) mournfully lament our own misery, and fall a groaning, through the lot of unluckinesse, wherewith we are grieved. For, miserable men are we, and swallowed up (as you see & perceive) in misery itself. But because this our present miseri, hath had issue from the frowardness of 
* The frowardness of Fortune, and not their own fault, the cause of 〈◊〉 distress.  fortune, and not from any heinous offence of us committed: because we are cast into this comfortless calamity, not so much through our own fault, as the injury of other, and their enforced wrong, therefore with more boldness of spirit and confidence, we make supplication to your majesties goodness, sythence we cannot personally appear, nor come within the presence of your highness: whereupon with a lamenting voice, and in writing witnessing the woe of our wret●…hednesse (which we can only do at this time, and in this place) we call upon your exceeding ●…lemencie, to be comforted: and to your gracious goodness we make our moan, to be delivered. This 
* He means L●…dgate.  place (most prudent Prince) is not a prison or gail to receive villains, thieves, and such ill disposed people: but it is in deed, according as it is named, the prison for such people as poverty and distress hath attainted: within the walls whereof though we be now kept & enclosed, yet have we not been thrust in of others, but of our own will and accord have therein taken up our lodging: which we have done to this intent and purpose, 
* An honest ●…xcuse for the ●…uoyding of suspicion.  not that in so shifting, the smart of punishment might be avoided: but that by and through hope of better luck hereafter, we might be relieved: for luck only & alone, hath laid us up in this lamentable lodge. We are citizens of London, who in times past, have lived in sufficient abundance and plenty of all necessaries, in worship also, credit, and countenance, among men of the same calling and condition: and I trust, our life hath ●…eene so orderly & honestly lead among our neighbours and acquaintance, that the same is not to be reprehended: but now (
* ●…●…ēthesis including an 〈◊〉 of such casualti●…s, as make men (whensoeu●…r they chance,) to h●…ue a shrewd fall, and greatly to 〈◊〉.  such are the overtwhart chances incident to the trade of merchants, such is the often change of our english coin, such are the sundry robberies of French rovers, committed on sea, such are the losses, shipwreck and sinking of goods through the storms and tempests of the outrageous and swelling waves, such are the great usuries & exactions of creditors, such is the unsaithfulnes & deceitfulness of debtor not deserving to be trusted) through ill hap we are tumbled into this mis●…rie, owing unto others such large sums of of money, that except we be discharged of the payment of the same, & be set at liberty, through the benefit of your heavenly help, and singular goodness, we are like to lie and rot, in filthy, loathsome, & comfortless imprisonment. And 
* A defence grounded upon witn●…sle, not to be neglected.  that we have not through our own default, & inordinate usage, run into this danger of being in debt to other men: but that either the tempestuous & stormy sea, or the spoil & violence of enemies, or the fraud & deceitful dealing of such, to the trial of whose credit we have been content to stand, hath driven us into this extremity, we are able to bring no worse witnesses, than the same men, to whom we be indebted: who, perfectly knowing & thoroughly understanding, that our fléeing to this place for present refuge and succour, issued not from a desire & meaning to do others wrong and injury, but from a mere mischance and ill luck, 
* Occupiers in d●…unger of much los●…e & many mischances.  common to such as occupy merchandise, & have intercourse of traffic, and calling to remembrance the estate of man's life, how frail it is, how brickle, how uncertain & variable, show themselves favourable thereupon unto us, & bountiful, that they are content to take two thousand pound in full payment 
* The sum of the debt, & the number of the prisoners.  for ten thousand pound, & a greater sum, which we being 
* The sum of the debt, & the number of the prisoners.  thirty in number, own them upon good assurances, and to give us a clear discharge of the overplus. Wherefore (most worthy prince) in consideration of your 
* 〈◊〉 ●…ending wholly to per●…sions: where in he playeth the pa●…t o●…●… suppliant,  special bounty: of your most blessed coming & entrance into this relme, & this royal city: of the great hope and confidence, which not one man particularly, but all people throughout England generally, conceive and have of the issue of your body: we beseech your majesty, that it would please you to take compassion upon us, in this our lamentable cas●…, most wretched & succourless: & by the sweet & comfortable trial of your most gracious liberality, 
* The end of hi●… supplication ma●…e in the behalf of the prisone●… of 〈◊〉,  restore us again to our perfect estate and liberty. The Lord God almighty & most merciful, so incline and turn your maies●…ies heart to pity, for the 〈◊〉 a●…d avail of us poor prisoners in distress, that we may with the prophetical prince and princely Prophe●… David, first to God omnipotent, then to your highness, sound this sacred sentence 
* The end of hi●… supplication ma●…e in the behalf of the 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉,  Propter vocem & gemitum pauperum nunc exurgam, di●… dominus: at the voice & mourning complaint of the poor & consort less, I will arise says the Lord. Wherefore, such hope as we aught to have, in this so happy a day: or in you so blessed and gracious a Prince, we are bold to build upon: promising and persuading ourselves in heart, that the thing which with such earnes●…nes is desired, shall in semblable manner be obtained.  
The 
* He concludeth with prayer for the prosperous estate of king Philip: the date of this supplication m●…y be soon learned, by just account of the years, beginning at the year. 1554  Lord God grant you a long life, many children, a prosperous Reign in this Realm of England, Power and Dominion over the world universal, & also preserve your highness in perpetual happiness. Out of bonds and imprisonment, the 18. of Aug. 1554  
FINIS.   
¶ Thus far out of Master Gualther Haddon, and Master Roger Aschame: with whose Epistles we will end this our Panoplie.   

Imprinted at London, for Ralphe Newberie.  
Anno Domini. 1576.