FEUDIGRAPHIA.  
THE SYNOPSIS OR EPITOME OF SURVEYING METHODISED.  
Anatomizing the whole Corpse of the Faculty; Viz.  
The Material, Mathematical, Mechanical and Legal Parts,  
Intimating all the Incidents to Fees and Possessions, and whatsoever may be comprised under their Matter, Form, Propriety, and Valuation.  
Very pertinent to be perused of all those, whom the Right, revenue, Estimation, Farming, Occupation, Manurance, Subduing, Preparing and Employing of Arable, Meadow, Pasture, and all other Plots do concern.  
And no less remarkable for all Undertakers in the Plantation of Ireland or Virginia, for all travailers for Discoveries of foreign Countries, and for Purchasers, Exchangers, or Sellers of Land, and for every other Interest in the Profits or Practise derived from the complete SURVEY Of Manors, Lands, Tenements, Edifices, Woods, Waters, Titles, Tenors, Evidences, etc.  
Composed in a compendious Digest by W. FOLKINGHAM. G.  
Quae prosunt singula, multa iuvant.  
LONDON Printed for Richard Moor, and are to be sold at his shop in Saint Dunstanes Churchyard in Fleetstreet, 1610.   

¶ The Contents of the four Sections of the Art of Surveying.  

The first Section.  
entreateth of the Materials of Possessions, of the diversities of earths, Waters, Quarries, Mines, of the Crusts and Investures of Grounds with their peculiar Subduing, Manuring and Employing, of fitting several sorts of Grain, Herbs, Roots, Plants with Plots of Convenient Temper and appropriate Layer, of the Natures and kinds of Marle and Compost, of Ground-Plots, and Edifices.   

The second Section.  
showeth the Situation, Residence and lying of Grounds suiting their several Tempers, their Boundage and Neighbourage, with markable observations arising from the same; the Measuring, Calculation, Plotting and Projection of Lines, Figures, Bodies, Buildings, the Tricking of Plots and Maps with Colours, Characters, Charts, and other Compliments.   

The third Section.  
Intimateth the Natures and Proprieties of Possessions, Tenors, Services, Titles, Rights, Fees, Immunities, Descents, and other Incidents.   

The fourth Section.  
Demonstrateth how Lands and Possessions are valuable in respect of their several Issues, Rents, Perquisites, Privileges and other Accrewments, and Revenueables, duly regarding their Reprises.  
The Marshalling and digesting of the whole Survey, contriving of Field-Entries in Rough-books, Engrossing of the Exemplifications, the Surveying and abbreviating of Deeds, Composing of Terrars, Rentals, Particulars, etc.    

❧ To the Right Honourable and most Noble Lord, WILLIAM Lord Compton, Baron of Compton, Nestor's years, with the felicity of both Worlds.  
TO derive my inducements (Right Honourable) of Dedicating these shallow designs unto a Maecenas of such Supereminence, from Precedents of worthy wits and particular Obligees to eminent Patrons, my Fortunes have not so auspiciously endeared me their happy Favourite. But the Universal concurrence of good Hearts with hearty zeal (from the Verge of a vast extent) in the Centre of true affectionated praise of your worth, and prayers for your weal, hath hasted & haled-on the whole Current of my affections to run with the General Concourse of unfeigned well-willers, to congratulate your Lordship's hopeful and happy Consolidations: For such and so manifold are those worthy Attributes of accomplished Amplitude and magnified Merits dimayning from the sacred Source of true Nobility, that they have even winged my fervent Desires, (more animated with self-approument of devote sincerity then amazed with mirrors of Magnificence) to the consecrating of these my priest designments to your Honourable Patrociny. But if such Motives be incompetent to give due Colour of excuse to Intrusions so exorbitant, I beseech your Lordship give me leave to flee to the prostrate Plea of praying your gracious Indulgence for my rude Presume in daring from the remote Nadir of obscurity, to elevate the flaggie Wing of so weak a Pineon towards the Zenith of Perfection, the mark and Pitch for Skie-towring Falcons, whose Quills imped with strong Sarcells of the Grace of Greatness, are inlisened and inhabled to transcend and climbe-above the misty Vapours that cloud and Eclipse all Flights which pierce not to the Welkin of the Worthies. For who sees not that Heroes (Gods vicegerents) can dignify even the inglorious Groom, & give such Gloss, and Tincture to home-made Statues, as shall attract the Eye of wonder to magnify the potent Artists for refining & remoulding their (now) new creatures, as well as with the Touchstone of refined knowledge detrud & banish all designs, disfurnished of true & due self-worth, from the Confines of high Repute? But least in labouring, with invulgar Ingredients, to palate an ill seasoned Service, I should by tedious and unrelished Terms, impart a worse distaste, I will screw-up this Key with the prostrate sacring of myself and my poor Endeavours at the Shrine of your gracious Clemency. And so ever wishing unto your Honour the happy fruition of unconfined Felicity. I rest, now and ever,  
London at the White Hart in Cheapside, Junii. 6. 1610. Your Lordships humbly devoted. W. Folkingham.   

To the Benevolent and judicious READER.  
SHould I insist upon tedious Apologies for due approvement of the Faculty of Surveying impugned by the vulgar and shallow Disputes of refractory Opposites, which absurdly transferring their hard Imputations against it, from the faulty and defective Abuse, to the just and lawful Use of the same, do most injuriously, and unjustly traduce and scandalise this unblamable Art & all her Agents, 'tis hazard but I should hear of minda's Cynical Memento, if I incurred no harder a Censure. It is a World to see the sottish pressures urged against the admeasuring of land, yet the Use of Ponderous and Concave Measures (both Dry and Liquid) are no less commendable than Common in venting of Wares and Merchandise, and what greater iniquity in the using admeasurements in Grounds than in Graine? Cloth and Stuffs were retailed by the yard, when a sumptuous Potentate might be hosed for 3 shillings, which now will scarce hose a frugal Peasant. Bilanx est arbiter aequus; the Hand may fail in certainty of Poise, and the Eye in random sans Rule, but the Beam and Chain baulk no Truths, nor blanch Untruths; the Empirick or the Methodist, which is the better Physician? Take away Number, Weight, Measure, you exile justice, and reduce and haile-up from Hell the old and odious Chaos of Confusion. Private Intelligencers, intimating (by their roaved Aims at Quantities and Qualities) underhand and sinister informations, abuse the Lessor & wrong the Lessee, where the just and judicious Feudigrapher (who aims at competent Improvements sans pressure of the feudatory, or oppressure of the Fermor) duly and discreetly observing all particulars incident to the Plot, certifies a true Relation, by the Level-draught of whose impartial Parallels, may be produced that Mean in Rating of Estimates, which the due Port of men of Place and Eminence (no way supportable (Rebus sic stantibus) with Revenues of former Ages) doth most justly challenge. What should I speak of scanted Estimates of Acres exacted from overawed Tenants, or rated by positive Will? of the overtures of scandal raised against Surveyors by the Owners concealing of failing Contents, or vouching of Validities and Extents above the 
a Feudigraphia imposturà fit Pseudographia.  Record? of letting by Port-saile advanced by prepared out-bidding Competitors? of parcelling forth engrossed lands to under-tenants at intolerable Terms? of Riot, Pride, Plenty of People & Coin (though confined to a few Coffers) with high-enhaunced Rates of all Commodities? who is so Owle-eyed that sees not, that the extending of Rents doth necessarily dimaine from these and the like causes? Yet Tenancies (I cannot gainsay) are too oft tendered to too-Racking Valuations, the Reciprocal Regard (in some) is Choice to take by Rack, or leave a Pack, and it is so ordinary with too many Landlords (like absolute Lords and Allodists of their Lands (within the Verge at least) á superis ad inferos) Fundum hastae subijcere, the frequency of the practise grows familiar. And for Feudataries, who sees not how much they fail of true agnizing their due dependence upon Mesne Lords, 
Dwarenus.  sith Feudum (comprehending Fealty (at least) which obliges Per sacramentum sub pena foris facturae Feodi) is Res Clientelaris, & never devolves to the Successor sans original Burdens imposed by him which had Novel Fee, howsoever they now slight their Lords and amoundre their Obligence. Sed haec parerga; and to Rectify such irregularities, the Field requires a better Champion, in the mean time let every one for his own particular propose unto himself the entertainment of a good conscience. For this Tractate, I am not so arrogant to magnify, nor so unnatural to vilify my own issue, though I could retrieve Centuries of Defects, but leave it to thy favourable Censure, craving (withal) thy courteous toleration of my new-coyning of some Words, with the reviving of the obsolete and Endenizing of Foreign, sith without such privilege, an indigested Chaos of Principles and Conclusions cannot (ex novo & ex facili) be concisely contrived into a Methodical Arte. For any vainglorious Geodetor, which makes base Detraction the Trumpet to rumour, and emblason his selfe-boasted perfections, so with facility to purchase (or rather forestall) the Palm of Repute, Ore & Dente petat, & naso suspenso huiusmodi effundat Scommata: 
Quam lepidè lexeis compostae ut tesserulae, omnes  
Arte pavimento atque Emblemate vermiculato?  
What curious-quaint Emellishments diffuse?  
Musaick-Mazes-Marquetrizing Muse?   
Susque deque fero; who can be secured from base carping Blatancie? But whereunto tends this precise particularizing of Plots, Layers, Pregnances, Productions, etc. when an Artelesse Agent can (by famed Name, and absolute power to dispose) with the bare vouch of the general goodness of the Ground (sans ground of Reason or Possibility) hail on the poor Peasant to Farm and Fine according to the brave boast of his roving Esteems & absurd Ostentations, which he daignes not (nor dare they urge) by any rational instances to make probable? I aim not at the Rack nor the Slack, the qualified Mean is the Main of my Mark; and to extunde and beat-out this true Proportion, I observe the Circumstances projected: let peremptory Agents baulk instance, bar Reply, and Rack sans Rule and Reason, it behoves an honest and faithful Feudigrapher, by infallible Principles & warrantable Demonstrations, to approve himself, an intelligent and diligent-improver, not a senseless and arrogant Impostor; and what warrant more current than Knowledge founded upon the industrious search and serious observations intimated (or rather glanced at) in this Epitome? But least too large Gates should promise a fair Platform of a spacious Town, having thus borrowed leave to wade into the shallow Fords of the Faculty, I will leave the Profundities to be sounded with a Plumbe-line of more Poise and Fathoms.  
Helpringham near to Folkingham the second of February, 1609. Velle pro Posse. Thine W. F.   

The Author to his Feudigraphia.  
WHen thus I had (by peice-meale pains) compiled  
Of divers Elements thy slender Bulks,  
I deemed to have (too ominously) styled  
Thy Name so near the Pheud of Border-Hulkes,  
That thy abortive Limbs I rather chose  
In close concealment from this captious Age  
To smother ay, than rashly thus t'expose  
To Pheudists Theonine thy Pusilage;  
But a great Monarch hath those dire Combines  
Hatched in the Heart by Savage Enion,  
Calm'de with a Fame that happily Confines  
All Opposites, to sacred Union:  
So wert thou Patroniz'de by Celsitude,  
The Cryticke-Coale should not thy Brows ybrand  
For Dis-analogies strange, strained, rude,  
Nor Deviations curious-ill-scande;  
Gain then, O gain (in Lieu of self demerit)  
By heart-free Tender with true zeal replete,  
His grac'de Aspect, who truly doth inherit.  
A splendid Fame for worthiness Complete,  
To deign the Patronage I (humble) crave  
Of Worthy Compton's Noble Family,  
Whose iustly-honourd Names Shield from Deprave,  
Couch rabid Blatants, silence Surquedry:  
Then Carping Momus willbe ever-mute,  
And rather Burst with Spleen, than vent his Gall,  
The Mainger-Curre nile bawl (however brute)  
But crouching fawn, or leering void the Stall;  
Such Grace dimaines from sacred Eminence  
Ay to suppress insulting Insolence.  
Et habent sua Fata Libelli.   

THE SYNOPSIS OR EPITOME OF SURVEY METHODISED.  
SECTION. I.  
Of the Materials of Possessions, the several kinds of Earth's, Waters, Stones, Minerals: the Crusts and increase of Grounds, the peculiar ordering, mastering, manuring and employing of several Soils, the due bestowing of Grain, Herbs, Plants; with the diversity of Ground-plots and Edifices.  

CHAP. I.  
survey in general is an Art whereby the view and trutinate intimation of a subject, from Centre to Circumference is rectified.  
The Survey of Possessions (the subject of this Treatise) is the Art by which their graphical Description is particularized.  
This Survey is Symbolized and distinguished into Active and Passive.  

Active.  The Active may be referred to the Feudigrapher, and consists in Operation and Estimation.  
The Operation is Mathematical and Mechanical.  

Mathematical.  Mathematical Operation is a part of Survey by which the dimensions of the Plots propounded are performed.  

Mechanical.  Mechanical Operation is the Manual acting and projecting of the works.  
The Estimation of Possessions is Material & Legal.  

Material.  The Material part is conversant in Estimating the valuations incident to the subject, by relation to the Materials, and Elementary parts of the Plot.  

Legal.  The Legal part prescribes Methodical & juridiciall confines to the whole course of Survey: and comprehends the Symboliographie or Clarkeship, and penning of the Survey with the Rectifying of Evidences and Records.  
The several functions of these parts are diffused through the whole Process ensuing.  
And so much for the Active part.   

CHAP. II.  

Passive.  The Passive part of Survey, hath reference to Possessions, as they consist of parts Essential and Accidental.  

Essential.  The Essential parts comprehend the matter and form coincident to Possessions.  

Matter.  The Matter comprises the Elementary composition and constitution of Possessions: and in discussure thereof, the Material part is most conversant.  
The Matter is either Natural, whose state hath admitted of no substantial alteration, other than the hand of Nature hath impressed therein: or Artificial, transformed and changed from the Native and Original Habit by human industry.  
Natural matter may be divided into Appropriate and Communicate. 
Natural.   
Appropriate is that which is peculiar and proper to some certain person, place, or other particular limitation; and hath reference here to Earth and Water.  
In the Earth the Quality and Composure thereof are to be considered. 
Earth.   
In the first the Species and Habitude require to be judiciously observed.  
The Species of the Earth is either Vulgar or Precious. 
Species.   
The Vulgar is either Simple, as Clay, mould, 
Vulgar.  Moor, Gravel, Sande: Or Commixed; as Creachie, Claulkie, clayey, Sandie Earth.  
Precious Earth is that which consists of a middle Nature twixt Stones and Metals; 
Precious.  and all sorts thereof are Friable and convertible to Powder: And these are either Liquable or Not-Meltable. 
Liquable.   
The first are juices Concrete; as Salt, Alum, Bitumen, Vitriol.  
Salt (Natural) is found either in the Earth or Water. Of the first kind is Salt Armoniake, Salgem, 
Salt.  Sal-niter, and Indian Salt.  
The other sort is digged up in Fountains, Rivers, Washeses, Salt-Meeres, Sea-shores.  
Alum is either white or black, 
Alum.  The first (and best) is either Liquid or Compact.  
Liquid Alum is the soft, fat and limpid Roch (or Red) Alum.  
The Compact is either Sugar like, or Shivering.  
The black is a kind of Alum wherewith gold is purged and purified.  
Bitumen is either hard, as Asphaltus, Pissasphaltus, 
Bitumen.  Rosin; Or Liquid, as Naphta, Petroleum, Amber, Vitriol, Coppras.  

Not-meltable.  The Precious Earth's, which are not Meltable, nor indurated into Stones nor Metals, are Stibium, Azure, Auripigmentum or Arsenic, Sandaracha, Calx, Plaster, Chalk, Coale, Canole, Marle, Ochre, Terra-sigillata, or Lemnia, Armenia, Germanica, etc. Tuckers or Fuller's Earth, Argilla or clay for Pots, galley and Thank Tiles, Brick, Water and Tobacco Pipes, Purslane.  
And thus much for the Species.   

CHAP. III.  

Habitude.  THe Habitude of the Earth depends upon the inherent disposition and temperature of the same in Heat, Cold, Moisture and Dryness. For although in regard of the Cold and Dry substance and Nature, whereof the Earth generally consists, it may be said to be of one temperature; yet upon occasion of the diversity of Situations, Affinity, Intercourse and participation it hath with things of repugnant quality, it purchaseth and acquireth contrary qualities.  
And therefore it would be also pervestigated, whether it be light,, loose, soft, fat, oily, slippery, mouldering, cleaving, tough, stiff, moorie, lean, barren, fertile, water-swallowed, sole bound, constipated, or what other due or undue poise nad proportion of temper predominates.  

Composure.  The Composure of the Earth comprises the Base and upper Crust of the same.  

Base. Pregnance.  The Base of the Earth offers due observation to pervestigate the Pregnance wherewith the Earth is embowelled, whether it be Prime; as in the precedent Species; or Concrete, as in Quarries and Mines.  
In the first discover, what Rag, Freestone, 
Quarries.  Millstone, Grindstone, Syth-stone, Emeril-stones, Sanguinin-stones, Hones, Touch, jet, Slude, Slate: What Marbles, as Alablasters, Ophites, Porphyris, etc. Also what Gems, as hard Adamants, viz. the Cenchros, Macedonicke, Cypricke, Siderite: the flammid Carbuncle, purple Amethyst, green emerald, and Opal Paderas, with their Trineuned lustre: the violet Hyacinth, Sky-coloured sapphire, Lustrie Diamond, shining Topaz, starry Calchedonie, sparkling Ruby, golden Chrysolite, splendid Asterite, various Achate, horny Corneol, green jasper, pellucid Onyx, cerule Tarqueis, candid Crystal, hard Bloodstone, attracting Loadstone, white yellow and Falerne Agate.  
For the second note, what Metals or Minerals, 
Mines.  are therein generated? whether Pure as Gold, Silver; or impure as Lead, Tin, Brass, Iron, Steele, Latin, Copper, Coperas, Quicksilver, Stibium, Antimony, Chrysocolla or Boras, Minium or Vermilon natural, Sandaracha, Verdigreece, Salt, Allome, Brimstone.  
Also Coal, Canole, Colours amongst the Mineral Oar of Gold and Silver, as Silius, Azure.  
The upper Crust is the Soil or Seal of the Earth through which the irradiation of the Sun penetrating, 
Crust.  corroborates & cheers up the Native heat with temperate calefaction, which together with the infusion of moderate showers and moistures, soaked from soilings enlifens the radical humour, and doth so foment and ferment the whole Mass of Mould, that Dame Vesta is invited and extimulated to invest herself in her richest Robes of painted bravery, and to produce and power forth her Cornucopia of selected plenties.  

The Crassitude.  The Crassitude of the Sole, is diversified in several Plots, and particular Modulets, as from 3. foot, to ½ foot more or less, and is distinguishable from the Base by compacture, by quality, by colour, by extension of the roots and fibers of grass, herbs, plants. And upon this Crassitude of the Crust, together with the Quality and Habitude of the same, doth the production principally depend (although the estate of the Base (by reason of the imparture of the innate faculty) be not utterly excluded all importance of fertility) and offers due observation, what Trees, Plants, Shrubs, Grain, grass, Herbs, Weeds, Moss, and other Vegetables are in each Plot voluntarily or plentifully produced.  

investure.  And hence dimaines the investure of the earth, which gives consideration of the Growth & Repletion of productions, both Vegetant and Animal.  

Growth  In Growth, the thrivage, verdure, fruitage, prematurance etc. of particular Vegetables are regardable; as the boaling, spreading, arming, timbring & tapering of trees, branching and bearing of Plants, Bushing of Shrubs, prolation and seedage of roots and herbs, depth and colour of grass, etc. For thereby (sans further search) the Species and Habitude of the ground, wherein they grow, are ingeniously intimated.  

Soils known by their productions.  For if they prosper and thrive in burgeoning, sappines, flowers, fruit and the like, according to their several kinds, in extraordinary good proportion, it implies that either the ground is very fertile in general, or that they are implanted in Plots Sympathising with their Natures.  
As the high timbring Oak dilating mighty arms in large extent, denotates a rich and battle soil; where on the contrary, the knurly, crooked and crabbed hard sparing starveling, bewrays his barren and hungry bed.  
The large and loose grained timber of the red Oak and frusshie Ash shows a light, moist, rich & deep soil: the like doth the largeness and waterishness of roots and fruit.  
But the firm and solid grain of the white Oak and tough Ash, signifies a more fast and close ground. ½  
High grounds produce wood of a more beautifull-featherd and better grain, than the low, except in Apple trees and Pear trees.  
Rest-harrowes growing rank and rooting far abroad, intimate a fat, fruitful, and long lasting soil.  
The low stubbed Heath, argues a barren gravely cold ground, the rank and high shows it to be a more warm and tillable; and commonly the white flowered Heath hath better layer, than the purple.  
Divels-bit, eyebright and yarrow by plenty in repletion, and mean in proportion, point forth a Sandy earth, of moderate heat and moisture, and a sweet shallow and wel-swoorded Crust: and thus are these herbs frequent in the Irish Soil.  
Grounswell, Thistles, Nettles, and other weeds by their rankness show a rich tilth.  
Blackish, misliking and unkind herbs show a lean hungry and bitter, or sour ground.  
Burnt & scorched herbs, and harsh, reddish, bluish spirie and prie-grasse bewray a cold, unkind, rough, starved and baked, or soaked soil.  
Base herbs, and rough sandy stone, denotate a lean greety sandy or gravelly ground, according to the Poet: 
Nam jeiuna quidem cliuosi glarea ruris  
Vix humiles apibus casias roremque ministrat,  
Et tophus scaber etc.   
juniper demonstrates a chalky, dry and mean seat.  
The knagged Moss mats and clothes the barrenest Mountains with horned shoots, but promises that the Minerals of Iron, Lead, Tin and Coal, shall Countervail the infertiltie of Soil with the rich Ballaste enwombing the entrails of his spacious Base.  
And thus much for the observations to be collected from the growth of Vegetables.   

CHAP. FOUR  

Animalia.  THe quality of the Soil is also not obscurely intimated by consideration of the breedage of the Animals therein produced: for it is commonly seen that Cattle, Fowle, Fish, and other living Creatures do differ and vary in colour, Bone, proportion and other peculiar attributes according to their places of Breed.  
The large limbed Neat, Horse and Sheep betoken that they had their breeding in fat and rich soils. But the small and sound Sheep, clean limbed Horse and Beast of mean bigness bewrays a hard Country and shallow Crust.  
In Ireland, where the soil is not deeply rank, but moderately fertile, both in tillage and forage, their Cattle and all other living Creatures (Men & Greyhounds only excepted) are of a mean and middle stature and proportion, suitable to the soilage.  
Yet the Sheep of Cotswolde (quamuis situs sit & collinus & gracilis) are of great bone, large Necks and square Bulks.  
But according to the Nature of the Countries, divers Animals are famoused for peculiar parts: so Virgil saith.  
— Virosaque Pontus  
Castorea, Eliadum palmas Epeiros equarum;  
Continuo has leges aeternaque foedera certis  
Imposuit Natura locis etc.  
So we have the Ripon Colt, Northern Bilder, Scotch & Welsh Nags, Irish Hobby, Spanish jennet.  
The English and Frizeland steeds, Barbarian-Coursers, Cappadocian Hunters.  
The Sicilian Horse is praised for swiftness as are also the breed of Libya and Siculia, the Morian for valour and courage, the Dutch Mare is in request for the Caroche, and Thessalonian Mares for battle.  
The Parthian Horse is famed for nimbleness and dexterity in running: The Median is exceeding fair and great: the Sardinian fair and nimble: the Misseean is goodly, shapie, easy and submissive.  
The Marsh and Holland Ox is preferred for draft, the Lancashire and Darbyshire for tallow, hide and horn, and these are short legged, of square bulk and black hair, the other are tall, and (for the most part) particoloured.  
The Methol Rabbit is famed for fatness and fleshiness: the Cotswould weather for large body, deep, fine, white, and soft fleece: Norfolk Mutton for sweetness, but Lemster o'er merits the pre-eminence (though it be short) for a purely-fine, soft and crisped Staple.  
The Goats of Angori are hung with shag ground-déepe, but those of Morroco have their hair of ordinary length and refined smallness.  
English 
a For bigness, strength, and fierceness.  Mastiffs, Gaze Hounds (or Lurchers) and Tumblers, are in special request: so Westphalian Bacon.  
Russia breeds white Bears and black Foxes, and Island white Partridges, Pheasants, Falcons, and Hares. Pegu carries the Palm for Parrots, & Musk-cats, and Ceiland (nigh Calicut) for Elephants.  
The Vandal Trout is held in high esteem, and we approve Wytham and Ancam, this for Eels, and that for Pikes, English Pikes, and Oysters.  
So the Barbary and Pembrokeshire Falcons, and Tercell-gentles, Island jerfalcon and jerkin, Irish Merline, Goose-hawlke, and Cock of the wood, English Hobby, and Sparrow-hawlkes.  
And in regard of such diversities coincident to many creatures, by reason of their Countries of breed, it is remarkable to observe the several particulars peculiar unto them: as in Horses their stature, courage, cleanness of limbs, soundness and serviceableness; in sheep their bulk, depth and purity of Staple; in Neat their bone, hide, and hair, in Rabbits their fur and fatness: and the like of other things according to their kind.  
And thus much of earth appropriate.   

CHAP. V.  
WAter Appropriate is either Commorant, viz. confined within the plot. 
Waters.  Or Current, not terminated within the limits thereof.  

Comorant. Stagnant.  The first is either Stagnant, as standing Pools, Ponds, Lakes, Loughes, Méeres: Or stillant, viz: Springing or bursting forth of the bowels of the earth, as Wells, Fountains, Baths, etc.  

Fluent. Current.  The second is either Fluent, as Rils, Brooks, Rivers, springing, and appearing with their first source within the bounds of the Plot: 
Influent.  Or Influent, viz: dimayning from elsewhere, and flowing or passing by or through the precincts and confines of the Plot. And to this place may also be referred all sweeping or floating Waters, which flit and fleet to and fro with wind-catches, 
Floating.  such as be the Waters falling & descending from Uplandish countries by land-floods surrounding Fens, and other Flats.  
And both these sorts of Current Waters, though they pass thorough, and beyond both the plot and Privilege of the same, yet so far forth as they may be prescribed and entitled to the bounds or liberties thereof, they are thereunto appropriate. So much for Matter Appropriate: Communicate follows.   

CHAP VI.  
COmmunicate Matter is that which is participable to the Plot together with other Places, 
Matter communicate.  and may be referred to Water Transient and to the Climate.  
Water's Transient are Rivers, Brooks, 
Water's Transient.  Floods (whence so ever dimayning) which passing beyond the extension and privilege of the Plot are communicably imparted to it, and to some other.  
The Climate may also not improperly be admitted as Communicate, 
Climate.  in regard it may be said to be the same (and in some sort not immaterial, by reason of the inseperabilitie thereof) sans manifest change, in a greater circuit than the limits of one Lordship, or an ordinary Plot, do usually extend unto, yet in the Survey of whole Continents and vast Countries the Climate is not excluded from Appropriates: 
Latitude.  But howsoever you distinguish, it is not impertinent particularly to be penned down, viz: in what degree of longitude and latitude the Plot is situate, and also in what Air, as Pellucid, mild, subtle, clear, sweet, perceant, soon hot and cold, healthful: Or gross, close, foggy, sharp, 
air.  fenny, vaporous, unwholesome: in what proportion of heat, cold, moisture, dryness: what winds, storms, gusts, are most remarkable: what ordinary effects and accidents, are usually observed to ensue, and succeed upon immoderate falls of wet, or long continuance of drought: And what Diseases as Catarrhs, Fevers-fluxes, etc. are most frequent and common. And the like for cattle.  
And besides these and the former observations & distinctions, 
Nature of Waters.  there is a peculiar intimation to be made of the nature and goodness of Waters.  
Clay-waters are sweet, thick, fat, and potable, requiring the least proportion of Malt for Brewing.  
Waters which have a stony and grittie Current, do by straining through the same become cooler, pure, sweet, wholesome, and light of disgesture.  
Springs dimayning from thick sand, and slender gravel, quickly gather mud, and they are not durable, pebbles and gross gravel afford good and pleasant waters, were they of continuance.  
The Marl gravel, stony sand, and red stones produce best Waters.  
The red stones with Pliny carry chief pre-eminence for everlasting Springs, and water, cool and simply the best.  
But the particular notifying of the Natures of ordinary Waters, may be with facility effected by the exact knowledge of the peculiar attributes, and properties of good Water.  

Cognisance of good Water.  The best Waters are those that derive their Sources, and Originals from Rocks, or stony Fountains irradiated with the Orient-Sunne, sliding in channels of hard and compact gravel or sand, replete with red stones, or black and burnt carbuncle stones, of limpid clearness, light in poise and digestion, quick in conversion of heat and coldness, cooler in Summer then in Winter, sans taste, smell, and colour, yet readily taking tinctures and qualities infused, leaving no discoloured spots by standing simple in a clean vessel, nor excrements by decoction, by imparting neat and pure complexions, sound breasts, and clear voices to the native Inhabitants.  

Aquae Calidae.  Besides these ordinary waters, there be Aquae Calidae, other waters endued with medicinable qualities acquired by virtue of some Mineral, from whence they dimaine: as Baths, Wells, Fountains, springing from Mines of Nitre, Sulphur, Allome, Bitumen, etc.  
There be also Waters both upon the Coast and within the land (as at the Namptwich, etc.,) of so brackish a Brynage, that they will be converted to Salt by boiling. 
Brynage.   
Other waters though they be not convertable in approved measure and goodness to Salt, yet they have virtue to augment and refine salt which is boiled in them: so the Zéelanders boil Spanish salt in Sea-water, to the increase of 45. in the hundred, that of Portugal 35, and that of Brovage 25.  
Some fountains cream with a liquid Bitumen, like to the lake Asphaltus, as at Pitchford in the County of Salop.  
Now for Repletion, 
Repletion.  it intimates how and wherewith the Plot is fraught, stored and replenished both with Vegetants, and Animals: viz.  
For woods, how perviable, how penetrable, how interlaced, as Timber with Tinsel, Coppice, or underwood: what Trees, Plants, Shrubs: what Fruitage, Mastage, Gummage: what Hawlkes, Fowle, Venery, etc. are therein found and produced.  
For Pasture, and Meadow; how and with what Herbage the Crust or Sword is matted, mantled and swarthed: what decrement by Moss, Weeds, Water, Stones, etc.  
So in Waters, the kinds, goodness, and store of Fish, and Fowl, both peculiar and common, would be recorded.  
And thus much may suffice for the Natural Matter; It followeth to entreat of the Artificial.   

CAP. VII.  
THe matter may also be said to be Artificial, 
Matter Artificial.  in respect of labour and industry conferred upon or about the Subject and Adjunct of the Plot.  
These incidents to the Subject are comprehended under Tillage, and ground Plots.  

Tillage.  Tillage generally taken may comprehend all manner of husbandings of grounds, but it is here limited to Vertilage and Fertilage.  

Vertilage.  Vertilage consists in Deluage and Fictilage.  

Deluage.  Deluage is applied about preparing, and putrefying of the Earth by stirring, tossing and turning of the same, according to the Poet.  
Et cui putre solum, namque hoc imitamur arando: viz. Vt arando solum sit putre: Neque enim (inquit Columella) aliud est colere quam solvere & fermentare terram.  
And this Deluage is distinguishable into Caruage and Scaphage.  

Caruage.  Caruage comprehends all sorts of ploughing of Grounds, as well ordinary, viz. for Grain, Hemp, Line, etc. As Extraordinary, viz. for Woods, Woade, Dyers-wéede, Rapes, Cole, Saffron, Mill, Millet, Panic, 
Scaphiage.  Amilcorne, Spelt-corn, Garences, Dewgrasse, jobs-teares, Comin-séede, aniseed, Wormeséede, Cotton-séede, Canarie-séede, etc.  
Scaphage is the digging, delving, and preparing of the Soil with Spades or other handie-tooles for the sowing, setting, planting, and propagating of Seeds, Herbs, Plants, Trees, etc. and is most conversant in Gardens, Hort-yards, Hop-yards, vineyards.  
And here it is expedient to animaduert what choice, selected, and endenized Herbs, Plants, Fruits and Physical Simples be implanted & bestowed, with their Growth, Repletion, Fruitage, Fecundity, with Contrivage both of Plots and Plants.  

Fictilage.  Fictilage is the forming & transforming of the Matter in form or substance; as in making of Tile (for thack, roof, crest, gutter, paving) Brick, Pots, Tabaccopipes, Tonnel or Conduit-pipes, Glass, Purslane, and other Plasmature. If therefore the Plot do afford any Earth or Clay, which may be accommodated to such purposes, it behooves to record the same.   

CHAP. VIII.  
FErtilage consists in the enriching of the Soil, 
Fertilage.  and the Rectifying of the Production. And in pursuit of this practice, diligent consideration must be had of the variation of the Plot, from the due Habitude of a rich and battle ground; to the like and equal condition, whereof, it must be endeavoured by appropriate means to reduce the same, or at least to correct and qualify the undue Habitude in the eminentest exorbitance.  
And it shall not be amiss to particularise the Natures and qualities both of good and bad soils, to the end their distinctions may be facilized.  
The Nature and goodness of ground is divers ways be-tout and manifested; as by the mixture, temperature, 
The Nature of grounds how known.  colour, compacture, touch, weight, taste, smell, etc. together with the voluntary Production and Repletion of the Plot.  
Such a diffused mixture of Clay and Sande, 
Mixture.  moisture and drieth, heat and cold as confounds their distinctions of deriving appellation, from the eminent predominance of any particular quality inherent in the soil, carries a general approovement of goodness.  
Virgil infers the best layer for Tillage to be an Earth which is blackish and dark, not too compact, 
Black.  of a deep crust, viz. fat under the share, though it go a deep pitch, well putrefied and resolved, etc. 
Nigra fere & presso pinguis sub vomere terra  
Optima frumentis etc.   
And Mancinellus saith, it must be neither moist nor dry, waxing black after the plough, easy to be tilled, and where Rooks run fluttering after the share at the very heels of the holder, and that not of rank, but moderate fruitfulness, with which the deprecation of the Poet, doth not unfitly concur, where he shows that moist layers, are known by rank and abundant grass.  
Humida maiores herbas alit, ipsaque justo  
Laetior: ah nimium ne sit mihi fertilis illa,  
Neu see praevalidam primis ostentat aristis.  
But notwithstanding the pre-eminence given to the black and dark colour, 
Red.  some are induced to prefer the red layer, and so much the rather for that Adam (who was immediately created of Earth) importeth Earth of a red or ruddy colour: And experience also gives instance of divers such soils (though not so frequent to confirm every man in the same opinion) of wondrous worth and fertility, amongst which the Territories of the Town of Armagh in Ireland, are famoused for lasting and perpetual battlenes, as having time out of mind, as appears partly by their vast dunghills, pestering both yards and streets, without any kind of manuring, yielded plentiful increase of grass and grain, howsoever the Natives attribute this continuing richness of the soil to the special benediction of their Sainted Patron Saint Patrick.  

Compacture found by the stowage.  Some let not to conclude in commendation of the Soil upon the bare experiment laid down by Virgil for distinguishing between open and rare soils, and such as are condense & close, where he wills to sink a pit in some solid place, and to take out, and break the earth, and after to tread it in again, and if it swell above the former height, they judge it rich according to the proportion of the supereminence, if it prove even and flat, they esteem it mean, if it settle under, infertile. But the Poet commends that which is rare, and not condense, for producing of grass and plants fit for broovage, and browsage of sheep, and for Vines; and that which by filling the Fosse appears to be compact and dense, he intimates to yield large and tough furrows, and destinates it to Tillage.  
Rara sit, an supra morem sit densa requiras,  
Altera frumentis quoniam favet, altera Baccho,  
Densa magis Cereri, rarissima quaeque Lyaeo;  
Antè locum capies oculis, alteque iubebis  
In solido puteum demitti, omnemque repones  
Rursus humum, & pedibus summas aequabis arenas:  
Si deerunt, rarum; pecorique & vitibus almis  
Aptius uber erit: sin in sua posse negabunt  
Ire loca, & scrobibus superabit terra repletis  
Spissus ager; glebas cunctanteis crassaque terga  
Expecta, & validis terram proscinde Iwencis.  
And the fat soil he saith, dissolves not, 
Moulding.  being laboured in the hands, but becomes clammy, coheres, & cleaves to the fingers: and that Earth that by moulding in the hand doth cleft and cleave, and resolve into powder, or mould, argues a barren, and lean layer.  
Pinguis item quae sit tellus, hoc denique pacto  
Discimus; haud unquam manibus iactata fatiscit,  
Sed picis in morem ad digitos lentescit habendo.  
The poise and colour (saith the Poet) are evident, 
Weight.  but the scorched and noisome chillness of the soil is bewrayed by the voluntary growth of Pitch-trées, Ewes and black ivy: 
— At sceleratum exquirere frigus  
Difficile est; piceae tantum taxique nocentes  
Interdum, aut hederae pandunr vestigia nigrae. 
Taste.    
For deprehending and finding out the taste of the Earth, Virgil prescribes a general Specimen in his conclusion for trial of salt and bitter soils; viz. to fill close wicker baskets with the earth and water, and then to run and strain through the water by treading or pressing, and so by the taste of the water to judge of the Earth by the quality imparted: 
— tu spisso vimine quallos  
Colaque praelorum fumosis diripe tectis;  
Huc ager ille malus dulcesque a fontibus undae  
Ad plenum calcentur, aqua eluctabitur omnis  
Scilicet, & grandes ibunt per vimina guttae,  
At sapor indicium faciet manifestus, & ora  
Tristia tentantûm sensu torquebit amaror.   
Pontic Wormwood bewrays a bitter and barren soil, according to Ovid: 
Turpia deformes gignunt absinthia campi,  
Terraque de fructu, quam sit amara docet.   

Smell.  If somewhat before Sunset in the first rain-fall ensuing a drought, or in ear-ring, the Earth shall breathe forth an aromatical odour and sweet savour, it is held an infallible sign of a temperate fertility: And that ground which exhailes and breathes-forth exile and fumie vapours quickly vanishing, which attracts humours and selfely expels them, which invests and clothes itself with a close sword of fresh-gréene grass is parabile, gentle, and pliant for the plough, good for grain, Elmes, vineyards, and Olivets.  
Quae tenuem exhalat nebulam, fumosque volucreiss,  
Et bibit humorem, & cum vult ex se ipsa remittit,  
Quaeque suo viridi semper se gramine vestit,  
Nec scabie & salsa &c.  
Cato in two significant Epithets (sed per transennam) comprehends the several attributes, 
Pulla & Cariosa.  both of a good and bad soil, viz: Pulla and Cariosa.  
Pliny disentraverses the meaning of Pulla to imply a blackish, gentle, mellow, and tender soil, and such a one (saith he) is determined to be best, both for Tillage, and work, because by Tenera is intended a soft and pliable earth.  

Production.  And amongst other signs of a good soil, he enumerates Wallwort, Skeg-trées, Brambles, the little wild bulbous Crowtoes, (called our Ladies Cow-slip) Claver-gras, Trefoil, Melilot, Oakes, Wild Peare-trées, and Wildings, to betoken a temper appropriate for Wheat and White-Corne. And this is the more probable, if they be plentiful in number, and rank in growth. And both he and Virgil, commend the soil to be singular good for Corn, where woods have been lately stocked up: 
Aut unde iratus siluam devexit arator,  
Et nemora evertit multos ignava per annos:   
The qualities of a bad soil are implied in the Epithet Cariosa, 
Barren layer.  which Pliny explains to import a Wood-like rottenness, viz: dry, spungeous, full of holes, rugged, hoary, old, and hollow.  
And Virgil affirms, that the barren ground waxeth pallid and whitish after the ploughing: At rudis enituit impulso vomere campus.  
To these may be added salt, bitter, chauning, burnt, parched, soale-bound, choked, cold, and wet spewing grounds.  
To conclude: 
Characters of rich soils.  Out of the premises it may be collected, that the best soil in general, consists in a wel-seasoned mixture of a blackish mould which is light, déepe-fat, sweet in taste and odour, murling, pliable, mellow, of moderate warmth, not stowable in the primer continent, shining black after the share, dulcique uligine laeta, and rich in radical humour.  
So much for the knowledge of ground.   

CHAP. IX.  
THe Nature and quality of Grounds thus laid down, 
Enriching.  and the present state and Habitude duly considered, the means befitting for the Enriching of the Soil will be more evident.  
The enriching of Grounds doth consist in Clearing and Cheering.  
The clearing of the Ground is conversant in disburdening the Soil from encumbrances and annoyances, as Water, Stones, Weeds, etc.  

Surroundings.  Surrounded grounds may be won by Sewing them with competent Drains, Tunnels, Goats, Sluices, and such like, if the Water-fall be sufficient; otherwise some Enginarie aid must be assistant to mount the water by Screwes, Pulleys, Poizes, by causing Vacuums, or reinforcing of Spirits into narrow straits and Cylinders.  
And to retrieve the difference twixt the line of Level, and the Circular or Water-level; to the Earth's Semi-diameter (viz: 3436 4/11 Italian Miles) squared, add the square of the distance propounded, from the square root of their total take 3436 4/11: the Remainder is the difference.  

bogs.  Spongy and boggy grounds must be intertraced (corresponding to the Current or Descent) with Trenches of some eighteen inches breadth both at top and bottom, and where the toughness of the swarth or turf will permit some spare spaces, may be under mined; but to preserve all the sword, you may couch good coggles, al-alongst the Trenches a competent height, and the sods upon them, so the water will soak and drain thorough: And this practice is most approovable and peculiar in mildring Clay, which otherwise by shooting and melting down into open Trenches, would choke up the water-passages.  

Stones.  For Coggles, Flint, Pebbles, Shingles, and other stones hindering the ear-ring, and oppressing the grain or grass, the conceit (in Ajax) of setting able Vagrants to earn their Alms, is not unworthy imitation, whether to the lime-kiln, house, highway, pond, ford, or other use.  
For Vegetable impediments, as Bushes, Shrubs, 
Bushes. Broome.  briars, Furs, Whynnes, Broome, etc. they being once rooted up by dogging or grubbing, the Plot must be well plied with the Blow, and sewen some Crops successively after: to which ear-ring if well-soyling with good Marle, and Stall-dung be added, they will be utterly extinguished, though they be rooted in a barren, hot and dry soil, their proper element; but the cause being removed (ut supra) the effects of producing these bad burdens must needs surcease by consequence.  
The infusion of Lupine flowers in Hemlock juice cast upon Shrub roots, is said to kill them; but this is too curious.  
Linge, Heath or Hather, in salt, sandy, 
Heath.  dry and barren soils will die and decay, if the distemper inherent be reform by manurings with fat marvel, rich and rotten mould, etc.  
If they grow in gravelly cold Earth, they require Stable dung, but in gravelly cold Clay drenched with black water, Lime and Chalk work best effects, by soaking up the superfluous Water, killing the Heath and comforting the Earth.  
Brakes Brakin or fern, 
Ferne.  though it cannot be cured with avulsion, by reason of the rank power of regerminating or increase, retained in every particle of their roots, which are so recurved as they are not possible to be plucked up without some Remainders: Yet being cut down in their infancy, and cast upon their own roots, they will suffocate and destroy themselves, especially if they be therewithal Shéepe-folded and ground-fedde with ruminant cattle.  
Flags, Sedge, Rushes, 
Flags.  and other weeds abounding in boggy and spongy grounds, do wither and waste away, by the superfluous moisture which breeds and feedeth them, being drawn forth by draynage; but if the Plot be pestered with Alders, you labour in vain to evacuate the wet before the Trees or Bushes be eradicated, for their roots do naturally attract so much moisture for their nutriment, that all the ground adjacent will be eftsoones choked with a continual cold wet.  

Thistles.  But the former weeds with Thistles, Hemlocks, and all sappy weeds cut down in Wood-seare, and often mown again whilst they are tender, their roots will putrefy and rot overburdened with affluent juice wanting due and wonted passage for growth: and the Thistle stalk, must not be permitted to rest green near to the earth, for by the evaporation thereof, it will adderlike revive and root again.  

Burrs  Rich Grounds pestered with Burrs, Hemlocks, Nettles, & rank weeds are commodiously disburdened by sowing them with Hemp, Line, Mustard-séede, etc.  

Rushes.  Rushes, rank sour grass, pry and Quitch-grasse, Moss, Weeds, etc. In watery cold Clay, are destroyed with Marle, Lime, Chalk, Vraic, Soot, Coaldust, Soap and other Ashes, shavings of Horn, Burning of Beat.  

Moss.  Moss generally is destroyed with Doves and Hens-dung, and it putrefies being turned-in with the Blow: But Bushes, and Shrubs, must be also removed, for by their oft-droppings of wet retained after showers, mists and dews, the swarth or turf is so infrigidated and chilled, that being continued for or converted to meadow, or grazing, it eftsoones reassumes his mossy habit, though the Plot be not naturally prone and inclining thereto.  
But a scurffie hungry Moss and small Lung-wort, dispersed over an hot, dry, and heartless ground, is best destroyed with a slimy, and oily Marle.  

Ant-Hils.  Where Moss, Ant-hils, and Molehills do abound, it is excellent husbandry to ear it, and sow certain Crops of Oats, for they prepare all lay-grounds, especially if they be sour and soaked with wet.  
And for Ant-hils I have observed a rich increase of Oats (in an indifferent soil) sown in the very mould of the hills (being many and great) castabroad and well harrowed without plowing-up the plain turf, the summer season proving not too dry.  
The quartering of the sword of Ant-hils, casting their ballased, & plaining their Plots for pasture, are so frequent & approved, as there needs no demonstration.  
Wild Oats pestering and pilling of Tilthes, are best destroyed by Summer fallowing. 
Oats.   
And so much for Clearing of Grounds.   

CHAP. X.  
THe Cheering of Grounds consists in the curing of their infirmities, 
Cheering.  inherent naturally or by acquisition, and in the refection, and refreshing their weak and languishing virtues.  
Clayes and all grounds distempered with cold and moisture, are cured and cherished with stable-dung, 
Cold and moist.  Doves-dung, folding, burning, lime, soot, iron cinders of the furnace beat small and sown thin, and with Coal, fern, and Soape-Ashes.  
Barren hot sandy-soyles, and hot dry Earth producing parched grass and dwarffie Moss, 
Hot and dry.  do crave stal-dung, stréet-soyle, pond-mudde, rich mould, fat marvel, Mawme or River-slubbe, scourings of hedge-rowd Ditches, slimy or moorish earth or Murgeon to help all defects.  
And Virgil saith, 
— Arida tantum  
Ne saturare fimo pingui pudeat sola:   
Nor is the shéepe-folding and foddering, and the Compost of putrefied Henbane, hemlocks, leaves of appletrees, willows, etc. of less efficacy.  
Brittle and fickle Mould of mean temperature twixt hot and cold, 
Brittle Mould.  is best soiled with well rotten horse-dung.  

Spewing.  Spewing grounds over-soaked with sour moisture are well relieved by being sown with Oats, for by their arifying and drying quality they suck out and consume that noisome humour.  

Boggy.  Boggy and spongy grounds are not a little settled, fastened and firmed by frequent overflowing them with Fords or Land-flouds, 
A Paradox.  affording a fat and slimy substance or slubbe.  

Stiffe-Clay.  The stiff cold Clay craves Ashes, especially of roots stocked up, Chalk, Sea-sand, Malt dust sown thin on the tilth, lime incorporated with Stable-dung, salt.  

Soal-bound.  Crust-clung and Soale-bound soils crave Caruage for priest and peculiar jail delivery, this lightens and looseth the soil, and enlargeth and prepares way to the operation of the radical humour, and consequently serves in am of Compost.  

Chapping.  Chapping grounds, chinking, or chauming with Crannies are cured, and stiffe-cold spewing grounds, are admirably relieved and fertilized, by burning the stubble, fig, or turf; whether that by closing up the Chinks, it averts the extremities of wet, wind, frost, and Sun, whereby the seed might be suffocated, blasted, starved or parched, or the soil distempered; Or that it exhales and purges forth, and evaporates all hurtful and pernicious humours; Or that it pinguifies the soil, and imparts to the seed some secret nutrimentive power; Or that by stirring up the native heat of the Earth, it revives the radical and uliginque humour, and by opening and enlarging the obstructed passages, and veins, gives entrance to the airy spirit, and juice that quickens the grain: 
Saepe etiam sterileis incendere profuit agros,  
Atque levem stipulam crepitantibus urere flammis:  
Sive inde occultas vires, & pabula terrae  
Pinguia concipiunt; sive illis omne per ignem  
Excoquitur vitium, atque exudat inutilis humour;  
Seu plureis calor ille vias, et caeca relaxat  
Spiramenta, novas veniet qua succus in herbas:  
Seu durat magis, & venas adstringit hianteis,  
Ne tenues plwiae, rapidiuè potentia Solis  
Acrior, aut Boreae penetrabile frigus adurat.   
But generally all grounds, be they never so barren, are much bettered by burning the dried heaps of the turf or swarth delved, howed, pared, or ploughed up and dried, and after spread all over the excoriated Tilth, whether it work as aforesaid, or that according to Pliny, it burns up and destroys the Seminary of grass and weeds, which would rob and deprive the soil of the rich juices and virtues which should feed the grain.  
And the excellent effects derived from this Beat-burning, 
Denshiring.  have brought the same into such approoveable request in Devonshire, that of the frequent use and fruitful practice thereof in those parts, the name of Denshiring deduceth the original. 
meadow   
Sommer-cating doth greatly enhearten weak Meadows, and restore their decaying heat and vigour impeached by yearly mowing.  
In the North of Ireland, 
Kreating.  they do with much convenience, by kreating & shifting their Boolies' from séed-fur till harvest be inned, both depasture & soil their grounds, and preserve their grain from destruction by their cattle, and them from the Wolf and Wood-kerne.  
And the sowing of the seed of Trefoyle, or Clavers, 
Sowing of Seeds.  Melilot, Prunel, Milfoyle, Ribwort, Septfoile, Cinquefoyle, etc. Mixed with Murling Mould, doth much enrich Meadows and Pastures both in Forage and Fenage.  
Sea-sand diffused amongst infertile Tilthes, 
Sea-sand.  infuses animal power of such efficacy, that it produces Crops equivalent to burdens of very battle Glebes.  
And Rest to a mean layer, serves no less in am of Compost: Nec nulla in terra est inaratae gratia terrae:  
Also, 
Alternis item tonsas cessare novaleis  

Ashes.  Et segnem patiere situ durescere campum.   
And all Emacerated Soils are much amended with fat Ashes: 
— Neve  
Effetoes cinerem immundum iactare per agros.   
And there is so much attributed to Rest and Ashes for enriching of soils, that they are numbered amongst the three things serving to increase productions of Crops: Laetas faciunt segetes stercoratio, intermissio & cinerum sparsio.  
Of divers Ashes we have before (and shall hereafter) upon special occasions, made mention for their approved efficacy in several distempers. And Pliny reports that Ashes are in such request, for soilings near unto Po, that they burn their Horse-dung to make them; but we are too wise, holding it ridiculous to innovate, nay to imitate any thing not approved by continual practice, howsoever we have authentic records from antiquities to animate us thereunto.  

Rich Soils.  We willingly wish the fruition of soils parallel to the Territories of Bi●acium in Africa, which is so pliable to the Blow, that after a good ground shower, a sorry Ass and a silly old Trot, may roundly troth away with the Téeme, and so plentiful in production, that it yields increase one hundred and fifty fold, but we would grudge at the stubborness of the ground in a dry season, when we found it scarce tillable with a strong Téeme of Oxen.  
Or we could plausibly approve the light & easy Tilage, and rich Graynage, by Winterton in Norfolk: the Austrian soil tilled with a single horse; the fruitful Plains of Podolia where they sow but every other year (the shaked corn serving (like Rapes) for the second séedage) the Hungarian treble harvest, the fertile Meadows of Komora (Iled with Danubius) which produces grass man-high, yet far short of the Mead under a Bourne near to Salisbury, where the production extends to sixteen foot.  
The Meads of Interamna, yielding yearly four Mathes of Hay, etc. but we would not with like alacrity imitate the industrious pains of the ingenious Chemists, who by their diligent and intentive husbanding their fertile fields, support their strangely populous Territories in far greater wealth and plenty, then can be derived from their trebled fruitage and afluent vintage, without their own extraordinary industry and diligence.  
In rich soils we are slack and supine, never practising any new or invulgar invention (how probable soever) to help Nature and fertilize our fields, but we plod-on in the common Road of habituated husbandry, and so oftentimes come short of that proportion which good husbands reap in a far meaner layer.  
In barren and hard Countries, 
1. Lime.  we are force perforce urged to some industry more than ordinary: As in the Countries of Salop, Denbigh, Flint, etc. they fetch Lime stone four or five miles, to burn for battleing, and Sea-sand six miles to scatter on their Tilthes, in Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, etc. And in some parts of Hartfordshire (not to defraud the industrious of any praise due to diligent devoires) they fetch Mault-dust further, and shaving of Horn above twenty miles, 
Mault-dust. Horne-shaving.  to strew upon their Arable (though it be a good soil of itself) to kill the weeds, and cheer the soil, and thereby do much increase their Crops.  
In Denbighshire, and else where, they plow up the Crust of barren soils in thin Turfs, with a broad winged share, then dry it in round heaps, and about September, 
Burning of Beat  burn in and disperse the Ashes all over the bared and Excoriated grounds, and thereby refresh their faint and hungry sterility, to an incredible production of Oats.  
In Flintshire, they soil their sandy layers (both black and red) being seckie, 
2. Lime.  tough and wet, with lime made of a dunny grey stone, hewed forth of the Rocks and broken with iron malls (though the smooth hard beach on the Sea-shores burns to a purer white) and after burning, lay it thick upon the layer, leaving it to be slecked with the next shower, by which being dissolved and then intermeddled by the plough with the soil, it puffie-lights and party colours the same, and produces divers rich Crops; The use thereof is also well approved for their Clays in thinner quantity: but they teasil their perring wild sand with stall dung.  

Slecked Lime.  About Workensope in Nottinghamshire, their best Compost is slecked Lime (six quarters to an Acre) sown upon the Tilth, for two Crops, for Winter corn in Summer, the other contrary, and this gives good increase, not so much through the imparture of any fastening faculty, as by fastening the wild loose sand of their light, hot, and red layers: And though the small show of winter verdure gives wan hope, yet his fair May-florish revives the drooping spirits of the doubtful and wavering experimenter, with full assurance of a rich vesture for harvest.  

The quantity of Compost.  And generally for the quantity of dung, it is held best to Manure oft & little, for over dunging burns away the heart of the soil.  
The better the soils are, the less Compost they crave, but grounds not dunged grow cold and weak, howsoever some are so battle in fertility, that their ranckenes cannot with continued tillage be sufficiently abated; as the Territories of Tacape mentioned by Pliny.  
But, to speak somewhat of the qualities of Compost, there are divers kinds of dung, 
The quality.  and sundry opinions touching their goodness and efficacy.  
Marcus Varro attributes the chief esteem to the dung found in the barton's of mewed Blacke-birdes, 
Birds.  both for tillage and forage.  
Pullen and Landfowle are commended for their dung, but all water fowl rejected. 
Poultry.   
Columella commends Pidgens dung, 
Doves.  and with us it carries chief pre-eminence for due prizal of worth.  
Many give the first place to man's excrements (the Ballast of Ajax) but the excessive heat thereof would be qualified and abated with the swéeping, pare, 
Ajax.  and filth of house floares.  
Some prefer men's Urine, when hide-haire hath been soaked therein, with Lime in a Tan-fat, others commend the Urine mixed with water.  
divers affirm the Ass' dung to be best, most prepared, 
Ass.  and presently fit for the earth (whereas other dungs require time to putrefy) but Pliny is contradictory.  
But for general approovement, the Treddles of Sheep and Goats may pass for current. 
Sheep.   
Next follows the dung of Neat, 
Neat and Horses.  then of Horses and Mules.  
The Ordure of Swine is current with some for good Compost, but it seems by Columella, 
Swine.  that it best fits the Asse-pasture, whose forage is Burrs, and worse baggage, but doubtless the immoderate heat thereof burns up the radical humour of the soil. 
Lime   
For Lime I have spoken sufficiently before of the Modern use thereof, nor was it in less request amongst the Heduans and Pictones for fertilizing their fields.  
Cato prescribes an Artificial Compost of Litter, 
Compost. Artificial.  lupines, Chaff, Bean stalks, Leaves and Branches of Mast-holme, and Oakes laid to putrefy.  

Optimum Stercus.  But as Oculus Domini saginat equum, so daily experience approves Domini Vestigia to be Stercus optimum.  

Vegetables.  Dane-wort, Hemlocks, dead-leaves, ranck-wéedes, fern mown in August, Sea-wéedes etc. withered, cast on Tilthes and folded with sheep, do very much profit. And no less being cast into the Cratch-yard all Winter, and bestowed on the fallows next September and October.  

Vraic.  And Vraic or Orewood, (Alga Marina) is diversly applied for soiling. In Ireland they rot it in great heaps, from Summer to Summer, and then cast it on their Tilthes for two or three Crops.  
In Anglesey, they plow it in without putrefying for two Crops in any soil.  
In the I'll of Gersey, they dry the weed for fuel, and with Ashes fertilize their fallows no less than with Marle.  
In Cornewal they use both Orewood, Sea-sand, and Sea-flubbe for soilings,  

Sata.  The very fruits of the earth being sown do serve well for batling, as Buck-wheat or Brancke, Pease, Vetches, Beans, Fasells, Madder.  Sic quoque mutatis requiescunt faetibus arua. 
And Columella saith, Medica agrum Stercorat.  

lupines.  The sowing of lupines is no less approved for bettering the Tilth, but especially if they be turned in with the Plough, and so left to putrefy, about their flowering.  
And because white corn is commonly a soaker of the soil, the Poet counsels to sow it after Pulse and fattening grain.  
Aut ibi flava seres mutato sidere farra  
unde prius laetum siliqua quassante legumen,  
Aut tenueis faetus viciae, tristisque lupini  
Sustuleris fragiles calamos, Syluamque sonantem.  

Saffron.  Nor is Saffron inferior to fattening grain, insomuch as their bulbous roots do so enrich the ground, that after three years continuing the same with Saffron, (as Master Camden affirms) at the rate of eighty or one hundred pounds new (but twenty dried) upon an Acre, the soil about Saffron Walden, produces great store of Barley, for some eighteen years without Compost, and then again refuses not his former fruit. 
Pillars of the soil.   
But Wheat, Barley, Woade, Vetches, Fenigréeke and all Pulses, plucked up by the roots, are great impairers and soakers of the soil: And Line, Poppy, and Oats do burn and pill the Tilth. Solo virus Ciceris & Lini; the one with his salt, and the other with his hot quality. Tremelius. The Poet.  
Vrit enim lini campum seges, urit avena,  
Vrunt lethaeo perfusa papavera somno.  
And Theophrastus saith, that Oats by their dryness and multiplicity of roots, do arifie and extenuate all Soils.  
And in this place it shall not be impertinent, 
Marle.  to make some mention of Marle, sith the good approoument both of the ancient and modern use thereof is such, as may justly challenge to be had in no mean esteem for manurings.  
Pliny affirms that there are but two kinds of Marl in Nature, viz. either hard and churlish, 
Two sorts of Marle.  or gentle and fat, and these are tried by the hand: and both for grain and grass (though we say Marle kills both weeds and grass in arable) held in good request.  
And the various sorts of Marles, found out by inventive wits, do all of them fall under the two former kinds, whether they be white, red, Columbine, stony, Sandie, Clay-soyle, etc. or what others. 
Leucargilla.   
The white Clay or Marle is fat, sharp and mordant and yet the best. It is used for moist cold grounds in Magara, as our Chalk with us.  
And the white Chaulkie Clay, 
Tripela.  used by Goldsmiths lies deep in Britain, and lasteth for soiling eighty years.  
The Fuller's Chalky Clay mixed with a viscous and fattish Earth, 
Gliscomargon.  is another white Marl, and is better for grain then for grass, yet, howsoever it suppresses weeds and grass in corn (as all Marles do) the tilth, after harvest be inned, grows so growthsome that it yields an after-math, for Crowen Hay.  
This Marl continues the soil in good plight thirty years, but if it be laid on over thick it choketh the ground.  

Capnumargos.  The light red Marle intermingled with some stony gritte full of Sand, fertilizeth both Tillage and Forage for fifty years.  
In Anglesey they approved red Marl, and in some places white, to refresh and give life to the spent and tired Glebes.  
Columbine or Pigeon Marle, lies in lumps and clods, 
Pelias.  but with Sun and Frost, it resolves and cleaves into thin slakes or flakes, and serves both for corn and Hay.  
In some parts of Cheshire, they bestow forty loads of Dove-discoloured Marle upon an Acre, 
The quantity.  and this being Frost-mellowed & spread abroad, dissolves and incorporates with the Glebe, and so fattens the Sandy and hungry Soil, that it repairs the charge of three or four pound, with rich increase for twelve or sixteen years. Insomuch, as to farm this well-nigh worthless ground, they will Marle, Till, and Seed it for half the increase: And they let and set such Marled grounds, under twenty years at an incredible rate of moneys in hand.  

Stony Marls.  Stony and Gravelly white Marle, found amongst Springs and Fountains, causes infinite fruitfulness though it be rough, but if it be laid on too thick, it parches the very ground.  
And Sandy Marle serves (for want of other) chiefly in cold moist and wéely grounds. 
Sandie Marle.   
The dry Marl sorts with moist Soils, and fatty Marle hits the dry and lean.  
For Soils of middle temperature it skills not whether you use the White Goldsmith's Chalk, or the Columbine Marle.  
But generally most Marles, (saith Pliny) crave to follow the Blow, that their medicinable virtues and substance may the sooner and more greedily be attracted and received: and a medley of dung were not amiss, to correct the over-rough hardness of main Marles.  
The Vbians every most fertile grounds, with any earth digged from three foot depth, and lay it foote-thick for ten years.  
At Chatmosse in Lancashire, their uliginous and soaked Mosses do recompense their mean air with unctuous Turfs, Wood for work, fuel and Candle and fat Marl to manure their Soils.  
And were we as judicious in invention, or industrious in imitation of the diligent, as we are superstitious in plodding in habituated & accustomed courses of husbandry, we would endeavour (all idle pretences abandoned) to make several Soils serve interchangeably, 
Intersoiling  each to other in true validity of Compost, by inter-soyling or seasoning the one with the other.  
As Gravel and Chalk, Day and Sand, So light and sad, tough and friable, hot and cold, battle and barren, etc.— Yet Pliny says it is a mere folly and waste expense to lay fat earth upon lean and hungry, or dry light and thirsty upon over moist and fat.  
But land-floods, 
Water.  fat Rivers and Gusts of water participating of a slimy and muddy substance, induced and brought into Meadows and pastures in the spring by drains, dams, inversions from town ditches, sewers, ways, streets Tilthes, do very much comfort and revive them.  
So Virgil: 
— Huc summis liquuntur rupibus amnes  
Faelicemque trahunt limum.   
Also, 
Et cum exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis  
Ecce supercilio cliuosi tramitis undam  
Elicet: illa cadens raucum per levia murmur  
Saxa ciet, scatebrisque arentia temperat arua.   

The River. Nilus.  So the Egyptian Soil (though it be a black and battle layer) derives the abundant fruitfulness from the River Nile, whose inundation supplies the want of rain, and feeds and fats the Earth with the slime and mud left behind it.  
But I shall be taxed for this tedious penning of those petty experciments, and therefore I will omit to speak of the particular bestowing of Salt, Soot, Ashes and Powder of Horns, Oistershels, etc. the infusion of Lupine flowers, Wine Lées, and the like, and so much the rather because their cost or scarcity derogates from their goodness in efficacy.  
This may therefore serve for cheering of grounds, and consequently for enriching of the soil.   

CAP. XI.  

Rectifying.  THe Rectifying of Production, is accomplished by bestowing the grounds to purposes, suiting their appropriate Natures with due regard to the Sympathy and Antipathy, between Seeds and Soils, Plants and Plots.  

Sande.  The great fast Yellow Sand, is not unfit for Grain The close Sand with some earthy mixture is good for Grazing; The White and dry for Woods and Wild fruits; But a loose and light Saint swords slow and thin, yet with rest and lecking summers it yields good Corn:  
More particularly:  
Wheat craves a fat Clay (and dry to make it hard and compact) and dirty Séedage. 
Graine.   
Barley loves a mellow Clay and a dusty March. 
Barley.   
Rye suits with a Sandy soil and drowns i'th' hopper. 
Rye.   
Beans look for a strong moist Clay, 
beans.  if you expect stiff ware and great Burdens.  
Pease press for a putrefied clayey mould of mean strength.  
Vetches are fruitful in Creachie Countries.  
Lentils like well of a lean and untilde Sandy Soil and a dry season.  
lupines love dry Sand and Gravel and need no Blow.  
Oats do well in a lean dry Clay, though they peel a better and prepare a moist.  
But for rough dry and barren soils Buckwheate is best to fill the measure and manure the field.  
Spelt-corne in a fat moist layer degenerats from bad to better viz. in three years space to Wheat.  
Tear, chich and Mill love moisture, this with looseness, that with fatness, the first with leanness.  
Panic is pleased with a lean gravelly or stony Earth, so it be light and moist.  
Medica in putri solo hyeme decocto & stercorato uno satu amplius trecentis annis durat. Plinius.  
Rice requires to be sown in a fenny and waterish layer.  
Saffron joys in a free Chaulkie or red sandy soil, indifferently husbanded, but manured with Neat's and doves dung.  
Woad and Blanch would have a strong ground, and this brooks well the roughness, yea in the coldest clime, but the other must have it in good plight.  
Commin covets a layer that is fat, hot and putrefied.  
Holly, Wormwood or Wormeséede, loves both labour and a hot clime.  
caraways crave a good clean & manured ground.  
aniseed must have a black rich mellow-mould, or a battle and well-dunged earth: and those and other early sown seeds, do need a thin strowing of Horse dung to rebate the force of frosty colds.  
Mustard multiplies well in a plot replete with gravelly rubbish, but it would be moist and battle; and well tiled also for the whitish seed.  
Rapes require a broken-up lay and a rich layer.  
Hemp looks for a fat moist laboured land ploughed plain and deep.  
Line loves a mean depth, but a very fine light, gentle and fat mould, yet a lean layer refines it, and Pliny commends Gravel.  

Roots.  Roots require fat, clean, loose and light grounds, as Potatoes, Earth-nuts, Turnips; and this in sandy layers, grows more sound, firm and delicious.  
But clay produces sound, dry, delicate and large-Parseneps, and enlarges the Parslies' Root.  
Onions, Chiballs and Chives thrive well in a red short, murly and moistish earth.  
Garlic delights in a dry undunged but laboured ground.  
Showbread likes both labour and Compost: so doth teasel with flats two foot and an half deep.  
But large and long-rootes must also have their layer deep and well dunged in the bottom, if you would enlarge their growth: as for these Meateable Roots, Parsnep, Carret, Skirrot, Radish, Goates-beard, caraways, Mirrhis.  
And the like for Medicinable Roots, as Endive, Succory, Scammony, Aristolachia.  
But if you intent a plot for séedage, let their beds be incorporated in a medley of mould and dung.  
Liquerice runs down with strait smooth roots in a light loose battle and clean laboured bed of 4. or 5. foot depth and breadth well manured withstal-dung & Columbine Marle.  
Madder respects not so much the strength of the ground so it be light moist sandy free well-dunged and digged 6. foot deep and broad.  
Eringoes shoot forth long roots to a large but shallow extent, in a rough dry sandy and stony shore.  
But generally strong and long roots never Sympathise with firm hard and solid soils; nor the fibrous and slender with light and loose layers.  
Artichokes, Beets, Beans of Egypt prove best in fat moist and laboured plots. 
Olera.   
The fat Ground for Phaselles or Kidney beans and Carduus Benedictus, with moderate warmth for Corianders Mandrake and Balm, with labour for Spikenarde, with moistness and lightness for Lettuce and Purslane, with spunginess and cleanness for Asparagus, with closeness for Basill.  
The Coley-florey, Rape-cole, Muske-melon, Cucumber, Gourd, Pompion, Thorne-Apple, Apples of Love, Spinnage, Arach, Sun-flower, etc. must have horsedung labour and a fat layer.  
leeks look for a loose, plain and battle plot.  
The meanly fat with dunging and digging, for Coleworts, and Cabbage.  
Sage is suited with cold clayey Earth.  
The lean layer for Asarabacca, Time, camomile and dry for all, stony for two last, with rubbish for Capers and Orobus.  
The stony gravel gratifies Fennell.  
Rubbish with fine dry earth is a repast of best relish for the Rose, if rough brickie and hot, for Rue. 
Herbs.   
The rough dry and barren for Ploughman's Spikenard.  
Rough lean layers suit both Savouries.  
The Chalice or Chincough Moss créeps along the barren dry gravelly ditch banks.  
The dry earth for Peionie, with sand for pances, sand and stones for ground-Pines, Mullein, Egrimony and (if gravelly yellow) for nephews.  
Dry stony layers are destinate to white Saxifrage, Bugle, Lavender.  
Rosemary and jesamines ramp up in a rotten earth, mixed with rubbish or broken tiles and bricks.  
The moist layer for Conuall-lillie, pervincle, bistort, Orpon, Pimpernel and meanly fat for Mints and Calamint, with compost for Chiruill and (if old) for marjoram, if battlef or Dragons, and Liverwort, if stony for Harts-tongue, if laboured for Peniroyall, if light for Endive and Succory, if cool for Muncks' Reubarb, and Betony, if stony and sandy for Parsley, according to the Etymology.  
The Fenny waterish Soil by lakes and Pools fits Comfrey, Tornesele, Butter-Burre, Marsh-Mallow, Clowns Wound-worke.  
The Boggy, Sandy and Sunny plot, suits with Sun-dewe, Marsh Whorts.  
Spongy low grounds are good for Hops (so is a crumbling fenny layer) untrencht and wet for the Ozier-Hope which will parralel the profit of the best Wheat in a rich soil of equal extension.  
The Knot-berries and Cloud-berries climb and clad the tops of Moutanous fells.  
Marigolds, Clary, Melilot, Spoone-wort content neither for place, clime or layer.  

Trees.  And all soils are acceptable to Borage, bugloss, Violet.  
The Apple asks a fat moist mould, black and Ashcolored.  
Pears, Peaches, Wardens, a good clay.  
Plumbs press for a loose layer,  
The Apricot, a hot sand, the Cherry a cooel and moist with some mixture of clay.  
The moist plot fits the Ash, Agnus Castus, Tamariske Quince, Service.  
The Gravel if moist is best (and sand not amiss) for the Elm, if stone for the Almond.  
The Chalk layer for juniper & Yew, though this brook a light barren soil.  
Knée-holme thrives in a rough, dry barren earth.  
The stony solid Clay is for Fig-trées.  
The black soft soil for Chestnuts.  
Philberds, love dankish places, but Walnuts hate them, and wish a hot soil though mean in fatness.  
The Medlar and Corneill contend for a sand and fat crust.  
The sandy nitrous soil serves best for Dates: Sandy, light, lean and brittle for Myrrh and Myrtle: but these brook no cold Regions.  
Pome-granates, press for Compost and hot Countries.  
The Bay and Mulberry, beg a temperate air, and this earns after fat manurings, the other rests satisfied with a lean layer, so that it be solid.  
The mountainous hills, delight the Almond, Service, Fir, Larch.  
The Quince joys in the Plains, so doth beech, though Birches keep the Hills.  
But the Indian Moly replenishes the lowly Vales. 
Sun.   
divers Plants covet to bathe in Sunny rays, as the Fig, Apricot, Peach, plumb, Quince, Cherry.  
All which produce more delicate fruits being spread upon a South wall, to shield them from Northern injuries, and reflect the Sunbeams.  
Nor do many Herbs with less pursuit of affection, press for the suns enlifening comfort, as the Peiony, Goates-bearde, Sothernewood, Rue, Fennel, Lavender, Isope, Mints, Saffron, Carnations, Pinks: Also Roses, Hops, Time, Spikenerd, Sage, the great Sun flower and the Osier.  
But Turnesol with opposite eager eye all daylong gazes in Titan's face near daunted with his eye-dazing lustre according to the Poet: Herba velut Clitie semper petit obuia solemn: contrary to the Pudifetan which droops by day, etc.  In aprico quidem aëre multa faelicius viv unt, quae densa et crassa consistunt substantia, quoniam sole, ad calorem lentum suum excitandum, & adducendum indigent. 
But the shady reposure refreshes the Bay, Tamariske, Red Winter Cherry, Liverworte, Harts-tongue Betony, 
Shade.  marjoram, Smallage, Asarabacca, Showbread, Avens, Dragons, Mandrake, pervincle, Orpin, Pimpernell, Basill, Strawberries, Lovage, Spreading Time, Garden Cresses, Cúm multis aliis quorum tenuis & subtilis facultas nimia aëris tenuitate dissipatur & disperditur, ideoque denso optimè gaudent aëre.  
Yet Vegetables Sympathise with plots differing in temperature from their Natures. 
Sympathies.   
The hot and dry subtle Cedar crowns the tops of the stony and snowie-cold Mountains.  
And hot and dry Herbs are produced in cold moist soils; as Pennie-royall, marjoram, Betony, Landcresses, English Saxifrage, Marsh-mallow, hedge Hyssop.  
The dry Adders-tongue, Cowslip, Primrose, and Teasill, joy in moist and dankish places.  
The hot and dry Smallage, Bitter-swéet, & Clowns Wound-worte, delight in cold and moist ditches.  
Nor can the gravelly cold of rilling fountains, extinguish the hot and dry temperatures of the water Cress, Becabunga, Agnus Castus, Butter-Burre, Gaul.  
The Bog-berry retains his cold and dry astringence, and Rosa-Solis his hot and dry caustic quality, maulger the loose moistures of their layers.  
Calamus Aromaticus hot and dry craves a moarish couch.  
The dry (though cold) and astringent Queen of the Meadows replenisheth the watery moist plains.  
The White Poppy cold and moist, covets a hot and dry place.  
The cold Mandrake and Sycomore covet hot Regions.  
The Cucumber, Gourd, Melon cold by nature covet hot stable-dung.  
So Apples of Love, of Aethiopia, of Peru and Mad Apples relinquish not their cold and moist temperature, notwithstanding their hot regions and Horse-dung.  
Peculiar Composts are also requisite for refreshing of several vegetables. 
Composts, Peculiar.   
Rue and Sage do battle with buck or other Ashes.  
Rosemary requires Shéepes-dung, horne-shavings brickie double, Tartaror Wine lées.  
Liquerice loves Stall-dung, and Saffron the same, and Doves dung.  
Fresh mould meddled with horne-shavings, is the best bed for the Vine.  
Lime-stones fertilize both Vine and Olives, and the drooping Vine revives with the own Ashes.  
In planting of trees it is good to mix Sand-stones and old shells with the mould and dung, the reason is rendered by the Poet.  
— Quaecunque premes virgulta per agros  
Sparge fimo pingui & multa memor occule terra: 
Spiritus Intrabit & Seminaria Plantarum erigent vigorem suum.   
Aut lapidem bibulun, aut squalenteis infode conchas;  
Inter enim labentur aquae, tenuisque subibit  
Halitus, atque animos tollent sata: jamque reperti  
Qui saxo super atque ingentis pondere testae  
Vrgerent: hoc effusos munimen ad imbreiss:  
Hoc, ubi hiulca siti findit Canis aestifer arua.  
Nitre and Oil do make Beans great, tender and sooner sod.  
Semina vidi equidem multos medicare serenteis  
Et nitro prius et nigra perfundere amurca,  
Grandior ut faetus siliquis fallacibus esset,  
Et, quamuis igni exiguo, properata maderent.  
Quidam si (faba) triduo ante satum urina et aqua maceretur praecipue adolescere putant. Vino semina perfusa minus aegrotare existimant.  

Antipathies.  But as there is affinity between Plants and Plots, so is there a kind of Enmity and natural repugnance.  
The Rose and Colewort abhor gravel and sand; nor do the Chestnut and Fennel brook too sandy a layer.  
And dung itself is an enemy to pennyroyal, Rue, fern, Garlic, Flower-de-luce, plumb, Cherry, Vine.  
Neither doth Isope or Sage delight in dung or fat soils.  
And although divers Vegetables are indifferently bestowed in soils airs and climes, not so precisely suitting their proper exigence and that with good success; yet could Plots of peculiar temper be conveniently contrived, no doubt their productions would be much bettered either in quantity or quality. 
Chief Productions.   
And hence it comes that we have in chief request the Heston Wheat, Fulham Parsenep, Hackeney Turnips, Sandich Carret, Walsingham Saffron, Workensop Liquerice, Birtport Hemp, Kirton Pippin, Cambridgeshire Pearemane, English Hops, honey and juniper, Halliwel Moss, Teukesbury Mustard, Droitwich Salt.  
So foreign fruits, drugs, simples. etc., are as far famed as fetched, for pre-eminence in meliority, acquired by appropriate air and layer; as Candy Oil, Olives, Cipres, Zeilan Cloves, Palestine Dates, Arabian Myrrh, Banda Nutmegs, Malavar Cinnamon, and Pepper, Stagonian Frankincense, java Saunders, Persian Bezoar, Canary Sacks and Sugars, Oruieto Muscatel, Cracus Tobacco, China Rice, Ruber be and China-Rootes, Quito Mechoacan, Italian Showbread, Chauchinchina Purcelain, Prussian Amber, Venice Turpentine, Spanish Cordova, Malta Cottonwool, Camba Turbith, Syrian Scammony, Norway Firres, Apulian and Tarentinian Wool, Apulian Barley, Oates, Herbs, Melons, Lemons, Seville Oranges, Indian Ebony and ivory,  
So Mastic of Chios, Seen of Alexandria, Potatoes of Virginia, Zarza parilla of Peru, Lacer of Siren.  
Hic segetes, illîc veniunt faelicius Vuae,  
Arboreifaetus alibi, etc.  
Nec veró terrae ferre omnes omnia possunt.  
Experience also shows that the Change of Soils for seed, is not the least point of Fertilage; 
Change of Seed.  as to bestow Clay Corn in sandy soils and contrary.  
So the lean Vine is best fitted with a fertile soil, and the fertile with a lean.  
The thick and rank branching Vine, must be restrained from immoderate spreading with a solid and compact layer: the thin brauncher needs a battle soil to enlarge the Dilation.  
And Pliny says that in Venafrano their Vines are best fitted with a glareous soil, viz. dry, lean and creachy; but in Betica the fattest layer is fittest.  
But the exact and full knowledge of several soils with their due and peculiar mastering, subduing, preparing, compassing and employing, with their several orders and seasons for fallowing, twifallowing, trifallowing and séed-furre; as breaking-up, stirring, crushing, setting-up, casting-downe, requires more copious handling in some peculiar volume. It shall suffice in this Compendium, to have given only this superficial toutch or taste, relinquishing the pervestigation of the secrets of Agriculture to more capable and ingenious spirits.  
And hitherto of Tillage; Ground-plots succeed.   

CHAP. XII.  
GRound-plots are projectures, elevations, and all fundamental contrivances, 
Ground plots.  destinated and accommodated to some special and proposed end. And they are either Internal as Vaults, Cellars, Caves, Sinks:  
Or external, as Groves, Arbours, Bowers, Cabinets, Allies, Ambulatories, Mounts, Mazes, Snails, Cocke-Pittes, Bowling-Gréenes, Moats, Ponds, Stews, Drains, Dams, Sluices, jitties.  
To these may be added Rampers, Counter-scarpes, Ravelins, Forts, Flankers, Vammures, Curtains, Parapets, Sconces, Cavalires, palisadoes, Bulwarks, Bastions and such like fortifications.  
But I have been too prolix in the Subject: I will be more compendious in the Adjunct.   

CHAP. XIII.  

Adjunct.  LAbour and Art employed about the Adjunct comprehends the Levying and Erecting of Edifices, and Engines, in or upon the Subject or Plot.  

Edifices.  Edifices are either Principal; as Ministers, Monasteries, Churches, chapels, Palaces, Courts, Castles, Manor & Mansion Houses, Messages, Watch-Towers, Lodges, Cottages;  
Or Collateral, as Darie-howses, Conduit-howses, Stables, Barns, Granaries, Malting, Mil-howses, Dove-coates.  
Also buildings of Pleasure and prospect; as Tennis-courts, Banquet-howses, Towers, theatres, amphitheatres.  
And buildings of Monument, as Pyramids, Laberinthes, Obelisks, Statues, Tombs.  
Engines are either Military; as Battering-Rams, 
Engines.  Sows, Horses, Tortuses, Trepanes, Briccols, Towers, etc.,  
Or Civil, as Mills, for Siewing of surrounded grounds, sawing of Timber and Board, beating of Hemp, Iron-Mils, Blomaries or Finaries and Hammer Forges, Grist-milles, Gunpowder mills, Paper-mills, Fulling-mils, Shere-mils, Turne-broach-milles, Oyle-mills, Barke-mills, Madder-mills, whether they go with wind, water, hand, or horse.  
Likewise Cranes, Pumps, Aquaducts, Conduits, Goats, Sluices, Tunnels.  
And thus have I passed through the Matter, being the first Essential part of Possessions: It follows to speak of the Form.    

THE SYNOPSIS OR EPITOME OF SURVEY METHODISED.  
SECTION. II.  
Discoursing of the Residence and laying of Grounds, their increase, Boundage, and Neighbourage; and of the admeasuring, calculating and projecting of lines, surfaces, bodies, Edifices, composing and tricking of Plots.  

CHAP. I.  
THe Form Consists in Situation and Proportion of the Subject, 
Form.  and Adjunct; and in the practice thereof, the Mathematical, and Mechanical parts are most perspicuous.  
Situation, 
Situation.  may be said to be Resident, and Respicient.  
Resident Site depends upon the settling, 
primary.  laying and lying of the grounds, and is either primary viz. the Main Form & projecture of the Base and Body of the Soil, wherein it is remarkable to observe, how it is projected in Plains, elevated and liftedup into Hills and Mountains, debased into Dales and Valleys, or waving in moderate swellings and fall, ascents and descents, etc.  

secondary.  Or secondary bearing reference to a further residence of the Soil, especially if it be arable; And then we are to consider whether it be laid in due and appropriate position suitable to the quality and exigence of the Habitude.  


Selio est terra elata inter duos sulcos.  
Ridges. Flats.   Arable grounds are eared in Selions and that either Flats or Ridges.  
The first is necessarily required in light and lean land, to the end it may the better retain any enforced virtue, against the washing away by showers.  
The second are either laid in lands or Ridges large and high or round; or in Stitches.  
The lands or Ridges are fittest in fat strong and fertile grounds that be tough, stiff, binding cold and wet, lest the fatness should suffocate the seed, or the soaking cold obtunde and dull the native heat and confound the vigour thereof: and in such soils it were frugal providence to spare from the plough a grasse-balke of some competent breadth.  

Stitches.  But small Ridges or Stitches are accommodated to cold and stiff ground inclining to barrenness, to prevent constipation and binding together of the soil, whereby the seed would sooner burst with swelling, than get free passage for sprouting. And these Stitches are common in Norfolk and Suffolk, even in their light grounds, and in Hartfordshire where the Tilthes are rich: and though the Irish soil be neither immoderately cold, stiff nor barren, yet their tillage is generally eared in small Stitches, peradventure for that the soil is so apt to fast-matting and swoording.  
Pliny approves the best Situation for a rich Plot to be a plain declining into the South from the foot of a Hill: so the Poet.— Quique editus Austro. 
The best Site    

CAP. II.  
REspicient Situation hath dependence upon Boundage and Neighbourage. 
Boundage.   
Boundage is the compass and describing of Plots with their buttalls, meats, bounds and Coastage.  
Boundage is either contiguall or Remote.  
Contiguall Boundage prescribes & limits-forth the extension of lands, by immediate and selfe-continuance of the confining Boundaries; & is either simple or compound, both which may be either Active, intimating that the sensing or enclosing of the Plot appertains to the Possident; Or Passive inferring that it is enclosed or laid in severalty by the adjacent.  
Simple Boundage is Confrontage and Collaterage, both which with all other Boundages are capable of divers peculiar variations derivable from the diversity of the causes and occurrents observed in perambulation.  
Confrontage Active may enter the Plot with these or the like Epithetons, Abutting, Heading, facing, fronting, 
Confrontage  steighing, etc. Or Passive headed, faced, etc.  
Collaterage Active, as siding, surrowing, balking, 
Collaterage  dyling, haying, hedging or shawing, immounding, impayling, immuring, skirting, Girding, verging, mazing, couruing, recouruing, bordering, confining; also lying, Bounding, extending between: Or Passive.  
Compound Contiguall Boundage is more significant, as side-haying, head-shawing, etc. 
Compound.  likewise bounded, limited, prescribed, compassed, included, terminated, determinated, collaterally, triangularly, quarterly, circularly, irregularly, or as the Agent. Or more particularly, as with some angle, point, corner, or stripe pointing, shooting, running, extending upon, etc.  
And sometimes this Compound Boundage implies a mutual property or duty participable to the Conterminants', as bancking, balking, dyking, draining, sewing, sewaging, rilling, brooking, rivaging, foording, always confining the conterminants with the particle Cúm: And yet more specially, as head-diking, side-sewing, etc. and the like Passively: and any of these may be admitted into the rough-booke.  

Remote.  Remote Boundage is requisite for retrieving and manifesting the local projection of Plots in supply of the defect of memory and meats and marks contingent; and is accomplished either by Objects remarkable (invisible are improper, though our Hollanders, will needs bound their Coast-lands upon Normandy mistaking it for Norman-deep stumbled upon in some obliterate deeds, where Germany might better be admitted.) as Mountains, Hills, Towers, Stéeples, or other Edifices, Trees of supereminence and Marks, and sometimes ways, balks, hedges, Rivers, pits and such like, may effect as much being lined, ranged, rectified, opened, disclosed or cut by extension of common right-lines from fixed or noted stations.  
There is another species of this Remote or Mediate Boundage, where the Plot extends not fully to the Meets or Bounds described, but is intercepted by some small Intermediall; as baulk, Mere, bank, lane, path, Rill or such like; but this manner of Bounding, though it be frequent, is improper and defective, wanting that perspicuity which should give vive Validity to all Records.  

Degrees.  Or by Degrees of angular production observed by some Dioptrall instrument, whether by taking the angle, it makes with some permanent mark, or the swerving of the Line or Needle from the Meridian.  
For Coastage as East, Southeast, South, etc. 
Coastage.  it is inseparably incident to all Boundage, as the most Material and Essential part thereof, and in the recording thereof a vigilant and circumspect care is required to prevent errors.  
And thus much for Boundage.   

CHAP. III.  
IN Neighbourage it is not impertinent to particularise, how the Plot is accommodated for Tillage, Meadow, 
Neighbourage.  Pasture, Wood, water, Fuel, Fish, Fowle, Air, etc. as also the Confinage with Champion, woodland, other Lords and Manors, with the Commodities and conveniences derivable from the propinquity and competent distance of Cities, Towns, Markets, Fairs, Ports, Havens, Seas, Forests, Woods, Wastes, Commons, Meres, moors Rivers, Quarries, Mines, etc. by opportunity for vent and intercourse of passage for Commerce, and inter-parlée for Converse, etc. with the Ways and Venues to the same & their conveniency of Conduct, as by land over smooth, facile and firm plains, and by water, navigable Rivers, loughes, Lakes, etc.  
And this may suffice for Situation: It follows to speak of Proportion.   

CHAP. FOUR  

Proportion.  PRoportion consists in the general Model and partiticular Modulets of the Plot, and procreats Mensuration and Content.  
Mensuration is conversant in extunding the lineal extensions of longitudes, amplitudes, crassitudes, altitudes, profundities, arches, circumferences, etc.  

Lineal Fals.  Lineal dimensions are diversified according to the custom of the Country, as Inches, Palms, Spans, Feet, Cubits, etc. and their composures and graduations are from Barley Corns; as three beer-corns in length make an Inch, three Inches a Palm, three Palms a Span, one Span and ⅓ or twelve Inches make a Foot, one Foot ½ makes a Cubit, two Cubits or three Foot makes a Yard, five Feet make a Pace Geometrical, sixteen Foot ½ make a Perch, Pole or Lugier, forty perches make a furlong, whereof eight make a Mile, and these are by the Standard measure of England, though some of them in name be but confirmed by Custom.  
But the Perch in divers places is of different extent, 
Perches. divers.  as eighteen foot in some Countries, in others twenty one, in the Country of Stafford twenty four, and twenty five in the Forest of Sherewood.  
And these dimensions are found or performed either Cominus or Eminus.  
The first with Palm, Foot, Pace, Rod, Raipe: but usually the Rule is most in request for Board, 
Measures  Stone Timber, etc., and the Chain for land measure.  

Decimated  And to accommodate these for exact and expedite operation disme or divide each foot of the Rule and Perch of the Chain into decimals or Tenths, and each Tenth or Prime of the Rule into Seconds, but it shall suffice to divide the Prime of the Chain into two links, with three rings between every link to keep it from crossing.  
The second is retrieved with Plaine-Table, 
Cominus.  Theodelite, Sector, Circumferentor, Geodeticall-Staffe, etc. Or without instrument by the same Geometrical grounds.  
The first being accomplished by approach or contingence needs no amplification, but for precise keeping in the Wadd or right line.  
The Wadd is delineated either to a mark in sight or out of sight. 
Wadding.   
If the First; let the Chaine-leaders Wadd upon the mark by some intermedial eminence and at the setting down of every prick, let each man wave his mate into the right Wadd.  
If out of sight and in Champion not much swelling, 
To a Place not in view.  it is expedient to place two Assistants, the one at the mark, and the other at the eminentest Medium, and then yourself standing at (or directly beyond or short) the station given, and the first Assistant erecting some visible object, waft the Wadders into the Wadd. The like by Night with lantern or Torchlight. Or from some eminent Mount or transcendence (beyond the mark and in the same extension) surmounting or Surveying the whole tract, pursue the Wadd.  
But if the place cannot be brought within view, instrumentalize the tract at random, the difference of intersection, found by protracting the traverse or by angular comparison, shows the point or degree to be pursued.  
Now for remote lines the operation is produced by the doctrine of Triangles, one side and two angles, 
Eminùs.  or one angle and two sides being given; As to instrumentalize a distance, first point-forth two competent stations, and from the first quantulate the angle betwixt the mark and second station, and at the second station take the angle betwixt the first Station and mark: Now the solution may be wrought either by Calculation or Projection. 
Calculation.   
The first depends upon the knowledge of Sines and Tangents, and is founded upon this Theorem.  
In all rightlined Triangles the mutual proportion of one Latus to another, is such, as the Sins respecting their Angles are proportional.  
But for as much as this conclusion is more familiarly found out by protraction, I will defer, the Proposition until another time.  
By Projection: Protract or project first a line representig the stationall distance, 
Projection.  and from each extreme extend a line including an angle equal to the peculiar angle found: the intersection of these two lines demonstrates the mark, and the distances are manifested by the Scale.  
The same reason serves for heights and depths.  
And by the continued progress of such operations the Plots and Maps of lands, tenements, Cities Towns and Countries are produced, etc.   

CHAP. V.  

Plotting.  THe Plotting of lands and possessions comprehends their topographical and Mathematical Description, and Consists in Delineation & Tricking.  
Delineation is conversant in portraying the Types, Surfaces, and Schemes of the Subject and Adjunct. 
Delineation   
And for exact working of both these, the Plaine-Table is most accommodate: for the use whereof and of other instrumm●ts there are peculiar Treatises extant, and therefore I will only touch some few Rules in brief.  

Plaine-Table  To Plot with Plaine-Table.  
At each alternate angle produce diagonals for plant-lines to the antegrade station, and so compass the Plot.  
To Plot a field at 2. or more stations.  
Extend lines from each station to every mark (chaining the stationall line only)  
To Rectify the 

Plot: diagone alternate angles.  
Table: retro grave the Ruler.    
To Rectify the stationall line  
From some competent plain, instrumentalize the level distance.  
To retrieve level or horizontal lines and angles in unlevell and hypothenusal Plots.  
From 2. or more competent stations upon a plain (either natural by position or rectified from remote) in the Plot or adjacent delineate the whole Plot. 
Horizontalls'  And by this Plot to give the true content, note each line with the superficial dimensions found by the Chain.  
To Plot irregular Arch-lines.  
From the mids of the Chorde-extend a perpendicular to the Arch, or project a Triangle by producing 2. 
Irregulars.  Crures from the Chords extremes: a judicious eye (rectified with these mensurations may (ad unguem) prick down the Delineations.  
The best way to expedite the exact Plotting of mixed irregulars, and consequently of any Field.  
Plant not the Table at every Angle, 
General.  but to prevent puffing and to assure a just closing, extend from some few Main Angles (or competent stations in the Plot) Base lines (secants, contingents, parallels, etc.) for Boundaries or deleble Plant-lines, and from convenient distances in the same, distantiate every By, dispersed in the Plot, and so prick forth the Angles, Curues and Deviations.  
For Delineating of Adjuncts, as Edifices and other erections, the Prospective glass is facile & compendious, but for want thereof take this general Rule.  
Project all Plumbe-lines in Parallelizme perpendicular to a Parallel or supposed Common Base of conspicuous eminence. 
Plotting 〈◊〉 Archi●●ture   
So the Base of the Building projected in due Site, the modulets right angles by peculiar erection retain like quality in Plano ex opposito, but ex obliquo they do alternately appear acute and obtuse. Other Delineations dependent succeed by consequence, and the eye by serious observation of stationall aspect may with facility give the umbrage: but the Transposition and fore-shortening of some lines require more particular Rules, which with divers other matters I am here constrained to cut-off, lest this work intended for a Breviat, should grow unto too great a Volume.  
And therefore for this time this shall suffice for Delineation.   

CHAP. V.  

Tricking.  THe Tricking of Plots consists in Compliments, and Compartments.  
Compliments comprehend the Fly or Flies, Scale and Compass, Calendar, Characters, Colours, etc.  

The Flie.  The Fly is a Card divided into eight, sixteen, thirty two equal parts in the Limb with competent extension to show the Meridian and Coastages of the Plot.  

Meridian.  Meridian's are divers ways found-out, but most speedily and exactly by help of a Dial, or by striking a line upon your Table, or erecting poles upon your Plot in a right line, directing to the Cynosure or pole-star, when it is perpendicular to Alliot the Thil-horse of Charles-wain.  
Otherwise at the suns first cutting of the Horizon, strike a line towards the same upon your Table and erect a mark in the field-line: At the suns going down (the same day) plant your Table as before by help of the mark erected, and strike another line to the Sun from the first point: Now describe a Circle upon this stationall point to cut the two extended lines at equal lengths: The Diameter that mediates the Arch of each Sector is the Meridian, etc.  
The Scale and Compass are no less requisite, 
Scale.  and may be flourished with Fruitage or Imagery.  
The Calendar or Index serves for a Directory to expedite the intimation of particulars with signance of due Characters. 
Calendar.   
The Colours would be appropriated and suited to the several Modulets of the Plot to distinguish their Natures, Tenors, Owners, 
Colours.  or such like: 
Arable. — As  
Arable for Corn may be dashed with a pale Straw-colour compounded of Yellow Ochre, and White lead, or of Pink and Verdigreece.  
Meadows may be washed with a light Green by taking more Verdigreece and less Pink. 
Meadows.   
Pasture would be put into a deeper Green made of the mixture of Azure and Smalts with Pink; 
Pasture.   
heaths and Fens may be distinguished with deader Green derived from Yellow and Indigo. 
heaths.   
Trees may have a sadder Green composed of white Lead and Verdigreece. 
Trees.   
Bark, Blocks, Timber, Stone, etc. 
Bark.  may be fitted with Umber and White.  
Ways and Mudwals, may have white-leade with rust of Iron, or with Ochre and Brown of Spain. 
Ways.   
Water, Silver, Glass, Crystal, 
Water.  etc. may be represented with Indigo and Azure or black Lead.  
Seas may have their greenish Skie-colour expressed with Indigo (Smalts or Azure) White lead and Verdigreece. 
Sea.   
And thus, both these and divers other colours with their due proportion, may with small practice be easily produced and multiplied; And it will suffice to tract the Verges only of Land-Modulets whatsoever you please to signify thereby.  
But howsoever you bestow these Colours of distemper, they must be ground and bound with Gum-water very thin and bodiless.  
And it shall not be amiss to pounce the ground with a Stainsh Grain of burnt Allome and a double quantity of pounded Rossin both finely fearced and lightly pummiced, thereby to preserve the Paper or Parchment from thorowe-piercing with the Colours.  
Compartments are Blanks or Figures bordered with Antic Boscage or Crotesko-woorke, 
Compartments.  wherein Evidences or other Memorables may be abbreviated.  
And these may be contrived in Parallellograms, Squares, Circles, ovals, Lunaries, or other mixed or voluntary proportions compassed and tricked ad libitum.  
Under this Title may also be ranged the Lordes-Coate with Crest and mantels.  
And these Compartments with the Scale, Card and Calendar must be bestowed in cowenient spare and void places.   

CHAP. VII.  

Content.  HItherto of Mensuration: Content in general is Couchant and Crescent.  
The Couchant is either Superficial or Solid.  
The first is of Land, Water, Board, Glass and all Surfaces and Figures.  
But before we come to entreat of the Areas of Figure, it is not immaterial to enumerate how this Superficial Content is diversly distinguished for Land; as into perches, Daies-woorkes, roods, Acres, Oxegangs, Yard-lands, Plowlands, Hides.  
There be also other quantities of Land taking their denominations from our usual Coin; as Fardingdeales, Obolates, Denariates, Solidates, Librates.  
Four square perches make a Days work, 10. Daie-workes a Rood or Stung, 4. roods an Acre.  
The Fardingdeale or Farundell (Quadrantata terrae) signifies a Rood or ¼ of an Acre, 
Quadrantata Terrae.  so that if Obolata D●nariata, Solidata, and Librata, do arise in proportionable graduation from Quadrantata as the moneys do increase in valuable Estimate, then must the Obalat be ½ Acre, the Denariat an Acre, the Solidat 12. acres & the Librat 240. vide Crompton lurisd: and Regist: Origin .1. But we read Viginti libratas terrae vel reditus in Fitzh .87. and Regist. Orig. 49. and 248. importing (it seems) so much land as yields 20. s. per annum.  
So you shall read further 249. Regist. Centum Solidatas terrarum tenementorum & redituum.  
But for roods and Acres, 
Acrarum diversitas.  they differ in Content according to the power of the extent or lineal Fall of the Perch. Potentia rectae est quadratum. Et dupla, ratione quadrupla proportione.  
Yet the Surveyor, whether he be employed in Woodland, or Champion, in the Forest of Shéere-Wood, where the Acre contains above 2 ¼ of Statute Acres, in Cornewal where it amounts almost to 140. acres, or elsewhere, howsoever Customs have accrued, must make his Computation by the standard: Notwithstanding that the Lords Demaines (as appears by ancient surveys) have been measured by the 20. 
Mensura Maior & Minor.  foot Pole called Maior Mensura, and the Customary lands by a Pole called Mensura Minor viz. 16. ½ though some claim 18. foot So the French Arpent or Acre containing 100 
Arpent.  square Poles is laid-out in th'admeasurement of woods by the 22 foot Pole, & this is called the Kings Arpent, their other lands are computated by the Pole of 20. 19 ⅓ or 18. foot Poles.  
The Oxe-gang, 
Bovata. Terrae.  or Oxengate (according to Skene) called Bovata terrae contains after the original repute 13. acres but we find it more or less as the custom of the place enures, and Bovata is properly used of Lands in Gainour viz. usually ploughed.  

Librata Terrae. Virgata Terrae.  Four Oxegangs of land extend to a Pound-land (Librata terrae,) of old extent.  
The Yard-land (Virgata terrae sive quatrona terrae) varies from 20, 24, 30 acres. M. Lamberd: and it is not reputed in Demesne, but in Gainor, as are also fodi●a, minera, mercatus.  

Carucata. Terrae.  A Plow-land or Carve of land (Carucata terrae, that is, quantum aratrum arare potest in novali tempore:) is said to contain 4 Yard-land at 30 acres to the Yard-land.  

Hida.  A Hide of Land (Hida or Hilda terrae) is said to be such a portion of land, as may be tilled with one team (according to the several tilthes and seasons) in a year and a day, and so Crompton and the Author of the new Terms affirm it to be 100 acres by statute, & thereby confound Hida with Carucata, or make them little different. Others say, that every Hide of land contains 4 Plow-land at 120 acres, and 4 Hides a Knight's Fee.  

Feudum Militare.  A Knight's Fee (Feudum Militare) is so much Inheritance as is sufficient yearly for the maintenance of a Knight, and his competent retinue with convenient revenue, which in the time of H. the 3. was 15 pound; but Sir Thomas Smith (Repub. Anglorum,) rateth it at 40 pounds per annum. But for the quantity of land, M. Camden records it to be 680 acres or 800 acres. After some computations it contains 5 Hides of land, each hide 4 Yard-land at 24 acres.  
In the Duchy of Lancaster a Knight's Fee contains 4 Hides of land, each hide 4 Plow-land, each Plow-land 4 yard-land at 30 acres amounting to 1920 acres.  

Cantred Barony. Earldom.  Two Knights Fees make a Cantred, 2 canters ½ and ⅙ make a Barony, one Barony and ½ makes an Earldom: viz. 38400 acres.  
But though these proportions of land do not always hold with their titles of honour, yet their denominations continue the original institution, and howsoever they be dismembered quoad quantitatem, 
Dignities indivisible.  yet the right and dignity is indivisible, insomuch as if a Capital messsage be Caput Comitatus vel Baroniae, it may not be parceled.  
And the Relief depends upon the dignity (rather than the quantity) after the first allotment, 
Reliefs of Dignities.  viz. 100 s for a Knight's Fee, 100 Marks for a Barony, and an 100 pounds for an Earldom. Mag. Chart. But to return to the finding out of the area's of Figures.   

CAP. VIII.  
Figure's with their Calculations for superficial contents may be thus ranged. 
Superficial.   
To areate Figures.  
1. Multiply the perpendicular in the demibase: 
1. Triangles.  vel Contra.  
2. From the mediatie of the sides united, subduct each side severally; eradicate the ductat of the said mediatie and remainders. Ramus.  
Multiply the length by the breadth. 
2. Parallelograms. 3. Squares.  Idem. lib. 11.6.  
Square the latus. Idem. l. 12.23.  

* 4. Polygonons'. 5. Circles.  Multiply the semiperipherie by the perpendicular, from the Centre to the midst of one side. Idem. 19.1.  
1. Multiply the Radius in the semiperipherie. Idem. 19.2.1.  
2. Multiply the quadrated 

Diameter by 11 divide the product by 14 19.22.  
Radius by 22 divide the product by 7 19.22.  
semiperiphery by 7 divide the product by 22 19.22.    
Multiply the Radius in the demi-Arch line. 19.4. 
Sectors'. Sections.   
Turn it to a Sector (by projecting a Radius from each extreme of the chord to the Centre) then work ut supra deducting the Triangle. Ibidem.  
Add the Base to the other area's,  

Cones.  Multiply the side in the semiperipherie of the Base. 22.10.  

Cylinders.  Multiply the altitude in the periphery of the Base. 21.12. In these 2. add Basall area's.  
Multiply the diameter in the Circumference. Or the Plains Area by 4. R. 21.5. 
Globes.   

1, Multiply the Basall Area by 6.  
2. Duplicate the squared diameter of the containing Sphere.  

Cubes or Hexadhedrons.  3. Triple the square of the diagonal line.  
4. Multiply the sides double by the Triple of the side. So much for Figure or superficial Content.   
For Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Reduction, Rule of three, etc. in lines or Figures, I will refer them till the next impression, which I intent shortly to publish with much enlargement to the more complete investing of the Art, with due and appropriate Ornaments.   

CHAP. IX.  

Solid.  THe Content Solid is of Timber, Stone, and other Bodies or Figurates, whereof a touch in brief.  

Pyramids and Cones.  Multiply the perpendicular in ⅓ of the Basall Area. R. 27.71.  

prisma's Cylinders.  Multiply the perpendicular in the Basall Area. 27.6  

1 Cube the crassitude; Or multiply it in the Basal Area.  

Cubes.  3. Or the Axis in the squared diagonal line, Or the superficies in ⅙ of the altitude.  
1 Multiply the diameters Cube by 11. divide the product by 21. Ramus. 26.5.  

Gloabes.  2. Multiply the superficies in ⅙ of the diameter.   
Less than ½: Subtract the altitude from the semidiameter, multiply the Remainder by the Area of the circular base, deduct the product from the semidiameter and convexe spherical superficies multiplied together, and divide the remainder by 3. 
Globie Sections.   
More than ½; subtract the semidiameter from th'altitude, multiply the remainder by the Area of the circular base, add the product to the semidiameter and convex Spherical superficies multiplied together, and divide the total by 3.  
To retrieve the mutual proportion of Cubes or Gloabs'  
Cube the several Cubes sides (or Gloabes diameters) Multiply the Contents given by the Cube of the Figurate sought, divide the product by the Cube of the known Figurate. And so much for Content Couchant.  
Of Content Crescent in a word.   

CHAP. X.  
THe Crescent Content is of Increases renewing at several seasons, 
Content Crescent.  and thence the denominations of Aestivall and Brumal are derived.  
The first is of Corn, Hay, Line, Hemp, Rapes, woad, Fruit, Sommer-Herbage, etc.  
The second is of Mastage, Edge-grouth, Winter-Herbage, etc.  
In these Contents and Increases it is remarkable to Record their Productions both in kind and proportion; as what and how much Grass, Graine and other Growthes are usually reaped upon an Acre; how many cattle such a Plot will Winter and Summer, feed or keep, etc.  
And this shall suffice for Proportion.    

THE SYNOPSIS OR EPITOME OF SURVEY METHODISED.  
SECTION. III. Capitulating the Natures and Incidents to Possessions, Tenors, Lands, Titles, Fees, Descents, Tenants, etc.  

CHAP. I.  
HItherto of the Essential Parts: 
Accidental. Parts.  the Accidental Parts incident to Possessions are comprehended under Propriety and Valuation.  
The Propriety of Possessions intimates their particular state and condition, 
Propriety.  and may be divided into Vocal and evidential.  
Vocal Propriety denotates the Properties of particulars by due Appellation, 
Vocal  which is either Nominate or Cognominate.  
The first is derived from the Kind and Species of the Particulars, and that either General; 
Nominate.  as Upland and Maritime, Woodland and Champion, Molland and Fen-land: Or Special; as Wealdes, Woulds, Plains, Downs, Vales, Valleys, Mountains, Fels, Hills, Bogs, Baths, Spas, Mosses, Loughs, Moors, Fens, Woods, Copses, heaths, Marshes, Meadows, Pasture, Arable.  

Cognominate.  The Second deduces derivation from Form, Site, Climate, Object, Season, Person, Action or other circumstance; as Harpe-Close, Montacute, Gilden-Vale Diffrin Cluyd, Salisbury plain, West-woodes, Vale of Belvoir, Lammas Pasture, Bel-Acre, Beaumeade, Nightingale Lane, Lough Erno.  
So much for the Vocal Propriety of Possessions.   

CAHP. II.  

evidential. Propriety.  evidential Propriety deciphers the qualities and attributes coincident to the Possident and Possession: and in the process hereof the Legal part of Survey is most eminent.  

Possident.  In the Possident or feudatary his Title and Descent must be intimated.  
His Title respects either Dignity of Birth or Calling; Or Right of Possession.  

Dignity.  Title of Dignity; as King, Prince, Duke, Archbishop, Bishop, Abbot, Prior, marquess, Earl, Viscount, Baron, Knight, Esquire, Gentleman, Yeoman, Artificer, Labourer.  

Right.  Right of Possession may be divided into perpetual and Terminall.  
Perpetual is either Allodium or Feudum.  

Allodium  Allodium is an entire property and perpetual Right in Possessions without dependence; and this is proper solely to the King in Right of his Crown.  
And all the Crown land within this Realm in the days of the Saxon King Edward the Confessor are called Ancient Demesne. Kitch. 98. Book Tit. Demesne.  
And these Lands in the general Survey called Doomsday Book (made according to Geruasius Tilburensis and Ingulfus, in the time of William the Conqueror) remaining in the Exchequer, 
Terra Regis  are amongst others) recorded under the Title of Terra Regis.  
Fitzh. infers (13. and 14. Na. Br.) that no lands are to be accounted Ancient demain, 
Ancient. demain.  but such as are held in Socage.  
All other Lands within the Realm are called Frank-Fée, 
Frank. Free.  (Feudum Francum seu liberum) which is defined to be a Tenure in Fée-simple, of lands pleadable at the Common-law, in opposition to the other, whose tenants cannot be impleaded out of the L. Court.  
Feudum is that which is held of a superior by Service, Rent or both: 
Feudum.  Or Feudum or Fée is a Right consisting in the person of the true heir, or of some other that by just Title hath purchased or acquired the same: vide Bracton.  
And this is always dirived either Immediately or Mediately from the Crown.  
The first is where the fee resides still in the first Feoffée.  
The other is where the King's Feudataries do again enfeoffée others. 
Feifz and Arrierfiefz.  The French term the first of these Feifz and the other Arrierfiefz.  
Feudum is either Fée-simple or Fée-taile.  
Fée-simple is an absolute seizure to the feudatory and his heirs for ever. 
Feodum simplex.   
And though many Feudists do hold that Feudatarius hath not an entire property in his Fee, I may not conclude upon jacobutius his insinuated probabilities, that these Fees (or some of them) were at their first creation temporary and not perpetual and hereditary.  
Tantum aevi longinqua valet solidare vetustas.  

Feodum. Taliatum.  Fée-taile or Fee Expectant is a conditional seizure to the Feudatary and his heirs with limitation, and is either General or Special.  
General, is where a man is seized of land to himself and the heirs of his body for ever.  
Special, where the man and his wife are seized of lands to themselves and the heirs of their two bodies.  
The nature of this Fee is implied by the signification of the word Talliatum which the Normans make Tailler, and in Latin it is as much as Scindere: so this Feodum or Ius Talliatum doth abscinde and cut-off the before-General successions restraining them to the particular Heirs of Families, yet the local possessions are usual trans-ferred from one family to another, but Dignities whether Dative or Native are therewith neither conferred nor auferred.  

Terminable Right.  Terminall Right is either an Estate for life, as the Dowagers, grantees for life; etc. Or for Years, as by Lease, Mortgage, etc.  

Tenant.  And in respect of these and other several Rights, the Tenant is diversly taken and understood, and implies aswell the Feudatary or Owner, as the Farmor or Termer.  

Duty.  Tenant in the first signification sometimes imports duty of Tenurage: as Tenant by Knight-service, Socage, Tenant in Villeinage, Burgages, Frank-Fée, Tenens per Catapultam, tenens Nativus.  

Evidence.  Sometimes it intimates his Evidence: as Tenant by Charter, Copy of Court-Roll, Verge.  

Limitation.  Sometimes it implies the extent of his estate of right; as Tenant in Fée-simple, Fée-taile, at will of the Lord according to the custom of the Manor or by common Law.  
Sometimes it bears relation to the L. of the Fee; as Tenant in chief, very Tenant, viz. holding immediately of his L. Mesn. Tenant Paravaile, viz. the lowest Tenants, & most remote from the L. Paramount.  
There is also joint-tenant, sole-tenant, tenant in Common.  
Tenant signifying the Termer is diversified according to the exigence of the efficient causes of Possessions; 
Termer.  as Tenant in dower, by Courtesy, by Will, Lease, Copy, Extent, Elegit, Execution, Statute Merchant, or of the Staple, etc. And thus much for the Title.   

CHAP. III.  
Descent is the devolution of Possessions derived to the Heir apparent from his Ancestry, 
Descent.  by unavoidable Right and Succession.  
And this Descent is either of Blood or of Inheritance.  
Descent of Blood is either Lineal or Collateral.  
lineal Descent is conveyed down in a right line from Grandfather, Father, Son, Nephew, 
Lineal.  etc. And here is produced an Heir General.  
Collateral Descent springs forth of the side of the whole Blood or kin; as grandfathers brother, 
Collateral  Father's brother, etc. And in this case the Heir is said to be Special.  
This Descent of Blood is retrieved by derivage of Pedegrées from Ancestry, 
Pedigrees.  by inherent Birthright and lawful succession.  
Descent of Inheritance is deduced by deriving Sequences of Deeds from the Crown, 
Sequences  or from him that had Novel Fee. And both these are very requisite to be intimated for the manifestation of the Validities of Estates, whether the right dimaine from Heritage or foreign acquisition.  
And hitherto of the Possident: It follows to entreat of the Possessions.   

CHAP. FOUR  

Possession.  IN the Possession the Nature and Tenure require to be judiciously discussed and recorded.  

Eminence.  For the Nature 'tis expedient to notify the Eminence thereof, whether grand, as Honours, Courts, Castles, Manors, Seignories, Forests, Chases, Parks, Demesnes: Or Petty, as granges, Farms, Tenements, Messages, Cottages, Curtilages, Lofts, Crofts, Commons.  

Incidents.  In both these kinds diligent and particular inquiry must be had of their Incidents, by Royalties, Prerogatives, jurisdictions, Franchises, Privileges, Liberties, Rights, etc. conferred upon them by Act of Parliament, Statute, Charter, letters Patents, Grants, or acquired and confirmed by custom or prescription.  

Lordships.  Hence comes the Lordship Marcher or Royal using iura Regalia. Vide Stowe 176.  

Courts.  And Forests have their Courts of Attachment, Swanimote, Eyre or justice Seat. So Markets, Fairs, & Court of Pie-Powders for Fairs. Court-Léete (Law-day, or View of Frank Pledge) Court Baron. Also Wrecks, Swannage, Warrenage, Commonage, Piseage, etc.  

Immunities.  Immunities and Exemptions from Theolonie, Pontage, Picage, Murage, Pannage, Passage, Tranage, Lastage, Chiminage, Stallage, Caiage, etc. of all which Tenentes Honoris & Dominij de Richemonde per consu etudinem Angliae sunt quieti per totum Regnum: so other Honours have their Privileges, as Ampthil, Tickhil, Follingham, etc.  

Ancient Demeisme.  The Tenants of Manors holding freely by Charter in ancient Demeisne cannot be impleaded, nor empaneled upon Inquests out of the same Manor, and they are Toll-frée for all things concerning their sustenance and husbandry, and exempt from contribution towards the expenses of Knights of the Parliament or Shire. Vid. Fitzh. Na. br. 14. & 128.  
Infeoffing with Toll, 
Toll.  implies freedom from Custom, etc.  
With Caruage, from taxation by Carves.  
With Bruckboote, from repairing and re-edifying of Bridges, with Burghboote, from the like for Castles.  
Foote-geld implies a Privilege to keep Dogs within the Forest not expeditated or lawed sans control. 
Foote-geld.   
Horne-geld freedom from tax for Horne-beasts there.  
Waives, Weifes, or waived goods, 
Waives.  import all goods and chattels, which being stolen, are left or forsaken by the thief in his fugacie.  
Infangthef enables the L. of the Manor to judge of Felons inhabiting within the Fee. And Vtfangthef, 
Infangthef.  to judge, or (at least) to execute judgement of Felons apprehended within the Fee.  
For Accrewments to the L. of the Manor by Felons, 
Felonies.  not only their goods both Real and Personal are forfeited, but also their lands not entailed escheat to the Lord (Post annum diem & vastum) except in Gloucestershiere where the lands revert to the right heir after the King's year and day. Also in the Tenure of gavelkind in Kent, where the father to the Bough, the son to the Plough.  
Baronies enfeoffed with Theme alias Them, 
Theme.  have power to dispose of Villains their Children, goods, and Chattels.  
Abishersing, alias Mishersing, 
Abishersing,  implies both forfeitures and Amerciaments of all transgressions within the Fee, and also the immunity from like penalties.  

Blood-wit.  Blood-wit confers all Amerciaments of Courts for effusion of blood.  

Estovers.  Estovers granted out of Woods or Forests, include Houseboote, Hay-boote, and Plow-boote.   

CAP. V.  

Tenure.  OF the Nature of Possessions I have spoken somewhat: The Tenure of Lands and Tenements, is the manner whereby they are held of their Lords. Grande Cust. Cap. 28.  
In every Tenure the Confinage & Condition thereof are remarkable.  

Confinage.  The Confinage shows to what Lord, Honour, Castle, Manor, etc. the Service and Suitage (whereunto the Lands and Tenements are liable) is due.  

Condition.  The condition intimates the Nature of the service or duty which the Tenant, by reason of his Fee, oweth unto the Lord.  

Service.  This Service is by Hotoman defined to be Munus obsequij clientelaris; and this must be of ancient Commencement and continuance, sith it is not now erigible or to be created (but by the King's prerogative) as parcel of a Manor, though it may by contract be established in a kind of signory in gross.  

Manor.  For a Manor is a signory or Dominium consisting of Demesnes and Services of long continuance; and these may be comprehended under parts Essential and Accidental.  

Court Extinct.  Here note, if the Lord so dismember his Manor, as that he leaves not freeholders, or if all the freeholders save one do escheat, then is he disabled to keep a Court Baron for want of Suitors.  

Non-Parcels united.  Land may hold of a Manor by certain Services which may be Parcel of the Manor, and the land Non-Parcel; but by Escheat the Service is extinguished, and the land comes in place and becomes parcel in due consolidation.  
But foreign land cannot be united to a Manor, 
Manor divisible.  yet may a Manor be divided into divers by Partition of Coparceners.  
Nor can two distinct Manors by practice be made one in perfect Union, 
Not uniable.  howsoever such an innovation continued without contradiction, may in process of time become to be reputed one in name and use, there being no Record extant to the contrary: Yet one Manor holding of an other, may by Escheat be annexed to the same, and so be consolidated and become one in use.  
But to return: Demesnes are all such lands, 
Demesnes.  as have been time out of mind held in occupation and manurance, together with the Site of the Mansion or Manor House (called in some places Berries, Halls, Manor places, Courts and Court-houses) for maintenance of the Lords house.  
These Demesnes were called of the Saxons (who had the substance, though not the name of Manors) Inlandt (and by Bracton (lib. 4.) Bord-lands) and the Services Vtlandt in opposition, 
Out-landt how restrained.  though it may in some sort be restrained to comprehend only Lands, Tenements and Hereditaments yielding Rents of Assize (viz. original and set in certainty) as for Frée-hold, Copie-hold, 
Rents of Assize.  or Customary land; all which are Parcel in Service.  
For the Division of Services, 
Services divided.  they may be all comprehended under Chivalry and Soccage.  
Chivalry, or Seruitium Militare, 
Chivalry.  is a Tenure or Service, obliging the feudatory personally to perform unto his Lord some honourable or Martial office; And this confers to the Lord (the Heir being in Nonage at the Father's death) the Real Services of Wardship, Marriage and Relief, in am of the Personal Service, which the Heir in regard of minority is not able to execute.  
Chivalry or Knight-service is divided into Regal and Common.  

Regal. Chivalry. Capite.  Regal Chivalry is solely confineable to the King, and is properly called sergeanty. And this holds either merely and immediately of the King as of his Crown (which is a Corporation and signory in gross) and is then further called Tenure in Capite or Chief: Or mediately of the King by reason of some Honour, Manor, castle. Fitzh. Kitch.  

Sergeantie.  Sergeantie (Sergeantia or Seriantia) is either grand or Petit.  

Grande.  Grande Sergeantie is where Lands are held of the King by some noble Service, performeable by the Tenant personally.  

Petit.  Petit Sergeantie is where Lands are held of the King, to yield him annually some small military furniture towards his wars.  

Common Chivalry.  Common Chivalry is that Service which may indifferently be confined to the Prince, or to a common person; and is called Escuage (viz. Shield-seruice) which is either Uncertain or Certain. 
Escuage.   

Uncertain.  Escuage uncertain is of two sorts: First, where the Tenant is Tenure-bound at his own cost and charges, to follow his Lord in the King's wars, or to send a sufficient man in his stead, there to continue according to the proportion of his Fee: viz. after the rate of 40. days for a Knight's Fee.  

Castel-ward.  Secondly, where he is bound by himself or his Deputy to defend a Castle, so oft as it shall come to his course or turn, and is called in this case Castel-warde. Ma. Cham 20.  

Certain.  Escuage Certain is where the Tenant is set at a certain pecuniary charge (viz. 20 shillings for a Knight's Fee) in am of such uncertain Services, as aforesaid. And this loseth the nature of Knight-service, and is in effect Socage (though not merely. because it smells not of the Plough) though it still retain the name of Escuage. Na. Br. 84. Litl.   

CHAP. VI  
SOccage (Soccagium) is a Tenure of Lands obliging the Feudatary to the performance of certain inferior and husbandly services unto the Lord of the Fee, 
Soccage.  sans Wardship, marriage, Relief.  
Soccage is also capable of the distinction of Chief and Common.  
Soccage in Chief or Capite, 
Chief.  is that which holds immediately of the King as of his Crown. Praerog. 41.  
Common Soccage is that which holds of the King or some other Capital Lord, by means of some Manor. Ibidem.  
Soccage is either Frank (liberum) or Base (Villanum.)  
Frank Soccage is where in am of service in kind asumme of money is paid to the Lord. 
Franke.   
Base Soccage is a Servile kind of Tenure, 
Base.  and is divided into Villanum Soccagium, and Purum Villenagium.  
The first is, where a determinat Service is performable by reason of the Tenement, and not of the person of the Tenant.  
The other is where the feudatory is liable to uncertain and indeterminat Service at the absolute and instant will and demand of the lord 
Villeinage.  Bracton. & Na. Br. 94.  
Yet may a man sans impeach of freedom (in regard of his person) hold in Pure Villeinage; 
The person, nor the Freehold impeached.  Nor is liberum tenementum impeached to him that holds it in Villano Soccagio, if it be to him and to his heirs. Bracton.  
There be other branches of Soccage, as Burgages; Frank-Almoine.  

Copyhold.  And Copyhold (saith Kitchen 80) is a base Tenure, and was originally called Villeinage, Fitz. 12.  

Mere Copyhold.  But (to retain the modern appellation) some of this is Mere Copyhold, and escheats forthwith to the Lord by Felony. Kitch. 81.  
And some is of more eminence, and held by Verge in ancient Demeisne, according to the Custom of the Manor, being in effect a kind of Frée-hold (though reputed Copy) and yields to the King Annum, diem & Vastum upon Felony.  
Some copyholds are finable at the Lords will; and some only are liable to a certain rate, 
Fines.  and this is a kind of inheritance called Customary, not simply at the will of the Lord.  
But there is a kind of Customary Land of the Ancient Duchy of Cornwall and other places, 
Customary.  where the Tenants have no Transcripts of the entries of their admittances; 
Folk-land.  And this was called Folke-land, and the Tenants may be termed Tenants by Court-Roll, according to the Custom of the Manor.  
But where the Tenants are, by reason of the Transcripts of admittances, called Tenants by Copy of Court-Roll, there the Land is Charter-land or Bockland. 
Bock-land.  Kitch. 86.89.  
For the Definition of a Copyholder, read West in his Symbol. 1. part. 646.  
And for the various Customs of copyholders in several Manors, 'tis as needless as endless to capitulate or enumerate them in this Tractate.  
But both mere Copyholde may be converted into Fee, 
Conversion of Fees.  and likewise Fees changed from their first institution by feoffment; as out of Chivalry for certain yearly Rent into Fee-farm, sans further duty than is specially comprised in the Grant, except Fealty alone, which by probability is still on foot, because it is inseparably incident to all Tenors. 
Fealty.  For whosoever is invested in Fee, though in the fréest manner, holdeth perfidem & fiduciam, that is, by Fealty at least. Smith Rep. Anglorum. 3.  
And Dwarenus saith, that Fidelitas est substantia Feudi.  
Fee-farm is a Fee, 
Fee-farm.  and importeth a perpetuity to the investee and his heirs, for an annual Rent of the third or fourth part of the Value. Fitzh. 210. But if the Rend reserved be behind and unpaid for the space of two years, then may the Feoffour or his heirs by Action recover the Lands as their Demesnes. Britton. 66. And land thus held comes near to the Nature of Ager vectigalis amongst the Civillians.  
And hitherto of the Propriety of Possessions:  
It remains to entreat of their Valuations.    

THE SYNOPSIS OR EPITOME OF SURVEY METHODISED.  
SECTION. FOUR  
How Possessions are to be valued by reason of their several issues, Rents, Perquisites, Privileges and other profits, with particular respect to their Revenues and Reprises.  

CHAP. I.  
THE Valuation of Possessions consists in the due Estimate and Prizal of all Parts and Particulars Essentially and Accidentally thereunto belonging: 
Valuation.  And to the exact performance hereof both the Material and Legal Parts are very requisite.  
This Valuation is either Reiterant or Determinant.  
Reiterant Valuation depends upon the exact knowledge both of the Revenues and Reprises.  

Revenues.  Under Revenues (or Esplees after Ingham) I comprehend all and singular Rents, Services, Issues, and profits accrueing and renewing to the Feudist or Possident by, through or by reason of Fees and Possessions.  
And these Revenues may be said to be Conuentuall and Incident.  
Conuentuall Revenues comprise all Rents both in Esse and in Posse.  

Rents.  Rents in Esse are Receipts certain or covenanted, and payable at days and terms limited: and they are either Proper or Improper.  

Proper.  Rents Proper (whether Rent-seruice, Rent-charge, or Rent-Secke) may be for Lands, tenements, Pasture, Engines, Mills, Mines, Quarries, Warrens, Fishing, Fowling, Wood-sayles, Heath, Furse, Turbarie Mastage, (of beech, Oak, Holme, etc.) Herbage, Broovage, etc. And Rent-provision, as Beifes, Muttons, Venison, Fish, Fowle, Graine and other voluntary reservations upon grants or estates for lives or years.  

Improper.  Rents Improper are where, of an uncertain and casual commodity, a certain Rent or Receipt is by contract created & raised: as for Licences, Swan-markes, Profits of Fairs, Markets, Courts, Customs, Tollage, Pontage, Caiage, Cranage, Ferriage, Boonage, etc.  

Posse.  Conuentuall Revenues in Posse are all issues and advantages arising of Possessions not demised (though Rentable) and therefore necessarily valuable by Estimate: as Demaine-Landes, Timber, Manuells, Wastes, etc.   

CHAP. II.  

Incident.  INcident Revenues are either profitable as Perquisites, or Parallels to profits.  
Perquisites may be divided into Renovant and Dormant. 
Perquisites.   
Renovant Perquisites are Accrewments acquired by Increase and Casualty.  
Increase comprehends all profits derived from the Pregnance and Production of the Earth. 
Pregnance.   
Of the first sort are Stones, Metalline Oars and Minerals ut supra.  
Of the second sort are Wines, Pirry, Cider, Honey, 
Production.  Wax, Bombace, Raw-silkes, Hops, Sumach, Pitch, Tar, Campheire, Opponax, Taccamahacca, Caranna, Mastic, and other Gums: Likewise Drugs, as Mechoacan, Kermez, Methium, Alkanet, Agaricke, ambergris, Acacia, Lignum Aloes, Sassafras, Spikenard, Rhubarb: Also Musk, Civet, Ben, Benjamin, Castoreum, Cantarides, Cocheneil, with other Simples Fruit, roots. And Furs as Ermins, Sables, Miniver, Lewzernes, martin's, beavers, etc.  
By Casualty are intended all duties and services that be Appurtenant and appendent to a Manor, 
Casualty.  whether it be Capital or Non-Capitall.  
Under Appurtenants, may be ranged all Royalties Prerogatives, jurisdictions, Franchises, Privileges, 
Appurtenants.  Liberties, Services, Customs, etc.  
And all emoluments and advantages deriveable from them: Perquisites of Courts; as Pleas, Fines, Amerceaments, Heriots, (Service, Custom, Covenant) Releifes, Aids, Farewells, Waives, Estraies, Deodands, goods of Felons and Fugitives (by special grant) commorant in the Manor, Forfeitures, escheats, Wards (in Nonage, Idiocy Lunacy) Marriages, Villains, Treasure-trove: Warrens of Birds, Coneys, Hares, Commons of Pasture, Turbary, piscary, etc.  
appendent are Hospitals, 
appendent.  Patronages of Churches and Benefices (Valuable not in contriving commodities by Church-Chaffering, but equivalent in validity by reason of the privilege of electing or presenting a worthy Clerk, (who must be Idoneus) to succeed and supply the vacancy of the Church) Also Common of Fishing, of Estovers, of Vicinage.  

Dormant.  Dormant Perquisites are such things as are ever priest and ready at the instant command and pleasure of the Lord; as Villains & Neifes, which are always said to be Regardant to a Manor. 
Regardant.  And to this place may also be indifferently referred Salt Natural, Sande, Gravel, Marle, Earth and such other things as are always disposeable by the Possident for deriving an immediate profit or revenue.  
So much for Perquisites: Parallels ensue.   

CAP. III.  

Parallels.  BY Parallels I intent all pursuits of wild Game, which for moderate exercise of the body and delight full refection of the mind, are held in private esteem of Pursuit, or in valuable validity of the Purchase of the Pray, equivalent to profitable Accrewments. And they are either Generous, as Hunting and Hawlking: Or Plebeious, as Fishing and Fowling.  
It is therefore not impertinent to the purpose to intimate what several Games are usually found within the Precincts and Privileges of the Plot or Fee, and how the Country is accommodated for Chase, View, Flight, etc.  

Hunting.  For Hunting, Record what Beasts of the Forest there be, and how frequent: as the Hart, the Hind, the Hare, the Boar, the Wolf: Of the Chase, Bucks, Does, Foxes, Martrones, Roes: In like manner what Beavers, badger's, Otters, wild-cats.  

Hawlking.  First for Hawlking: Fowls of Warren, as pheasant and Partridge: then the Elk, bustard, Heron, Mallard, Duck, Teal, Heath-Cocke, rail, Rock-dove, Pie, Blackbird, Thrush.  
Fishing is either in Fresh-waters; as for Salmon, 
Fishing.  Trout, carp, Pike, Manat, bream, Barbell, Tench, Perch, Chevin, Dace, Roach, Ruffin, eels, Lampreys Gudgeon, Minnowes, Crea-fish.  
Or in Seas and other Salt-waters, for the Sturgeon, Turbot, Porpuis, seal, Bret, Tunie, Holibut, Mullet, Rochet, Gurnet's, Gilt-heade, Base, Dorce, Macheril, Whiteing, Hearing, Haddock, Thornbacke, Codfish, Kéeling, Hake, Dogfish, Horn-fish, Conger, Lampson, Bowman, Soles, Plaice, Butts: the Lobstar, Crabbe, Pearle-fish, Prawne, Sea and Wood tortoise Oysters, Conchyles, Winkles, Purples, Cutle, Callough, Cockles, muscles, Shrimps. Also for the Sea-Pike, carp, Troute, bream, Tench.  
Fowling may be for the Bittour, Curlewe, Mallard, 
Fowling.  Pyntayl, Stockard, Duck, Teal, Snipe, Shovelar, Stork Cormorant, Gaunt, Sheldrake, Cob, Olive, Puffin, Pewet, Yarwhelpe, Redshank, Ruff or Reue: the Godwit, Gnat-snap, Knot: Grace, Green and Bastard Plover, Quail, Dottrill, May-Chit, spa, Churre, Péeper, Grindle, Skirwingle, Sea and Land Larks: The Crane, stork, Cock of the Wood, Woodcock, Heath-Cocke, Heath-Poote, Grouse, turtle; with which the Cuckoo, and Owl, may for their delicacy be ranked: then the Ostrich, Birds of Paradise, Canary Birds, Parrots, etc.  
Likewise for Hawlkes: as the Falcon, jerfalcon, Tercel-gentle, Lanar, Lanaret, Leto, jerkin, Saker, Sakret, Marline, Hobby. And short winged Hawlkes: as the Gosse-Hawlke, and Spare-Hawlke.  
And this may suffice for Revenues: It Rests now to entreat of Reprises.   

CHAP. FOUR  

Reprises.  REprises are impositions and duties whereunto the Plot or Fee is in peculiar liable; and they are Real and Personal.  

Real.  Real Reprises are all Charges and payments imposed, whether by Custom or by Covenant, for maintenance or repair of Bridges, Sea-banckes, Havens, Sluices, jetties, Wharfes, Goats, Causeyes, Ways, etc.  
And in this Rank may be Marshaled all Resolutes Dechashes, Decrements.  

Personal.  Personal Reprises are Services, Duties, and Payments by Tenure to the Lord or Lords Mesn or Paramount: as Fealty, Homage, Escuage, etc. Court-suite, Out-Rents, Boonage, Fines, Heriots, Reliefs, Respite of Homage, etc. Or by Grant or Deed to covenants; as Rent-Charge, Extents, pensions, Portions, Fees, Corrodies, Salaries, Stipends, dowers, Annuities, etc. to Divines, Artists, Linguists, Lawyers, patentees, Feoffées, Servitors, Officers, etc.  
Valuation Reiterant is thus deciphered:  
The Determinant remains.   

CHAP. V.  

Determinant Valuation.  DEterminant Valuation concludes and determines the Right and Interest of the Possident by Alienation of the Fee or Possession.  
And in this Action, sith it is not Reiterable, it is expedient to retrieve the utmost Value and worth; to which purpose that due prizalls may be produced, estimate all particulars both in Revenue ut supra: And also Respective; as Edifices, Heire-Loomes, Engines, Timber, Tinsel, Wardships, Aduowsions, Villains, Commons, Wastes, and other things in Gross, with all Perquisites of like Nature.  
Now by opposing the Estimation of Reprises to the total Valuation, the Remanet is rectified, and the true Value retrieved.  
And thus much for the first part of a Complete Survey.   
FINIS.   

Brief directions for orderly marshalling of surveys, for accommodating of Field-entries in Rough-Bookes, for Engrossements and their Exemplifications with framing of Terrars, Rentals, Custom and Court-Rolls, Particulars, etc.  
FOr other Instructions and Precedents requisite for methodical operations in Surveying of Lands & Evidences, with formal Exemplifications incident thereunto, I must defer them till the impression of the Second part.  
In the mean time, not altogether to defraud the expectation of the diligent, I have intimated these few Inductions ensuing, which though they may seem too cursory and incompetent, to give full satisfaction and information for the due disposures of the copious remarkables, occurrent in a complete Survey, in fit Symboliographie; yet I doubt not but the ingenious Practizer may pick-forth more ample Precedents, than may seem (at first view) to be comprizable in the decurted Passages, as well of the former Tractate, as of this Supplement.  
To Survey a Manor: Out of the Series and Protasis formerly dilated, contrive the Articles (suiting the exigence of the signory) to be given in charge to the jury, and that in writing for more substantial and direct proceeding.  
The Tenants, both Feudataries and Termors, entered, the Charge ended, and their Estates summarily recorded, your Assistants ready, and all things prepared, proceed to the Survey, describing Plots and noting in a Rough-booke (in Folio) all occurrents as they fall remarkable.  
And in this practice you are not confined to imitate or insist upon the precedent Protasis or other Precedent, nor abridged of a voluntary proposition of any other judicious Method.  
The alternate Pages may be delineated into certain general and Collateral Heads for expedition, as well of the entries instant, as of engrossments to be selected, noting all Extravagants orderly in the appropriate parallel of the opposite Page; so shall you avoid diffused accumulations, which would confound and puzzle the special Head in marshalling forth particular and due contrivances.  
Nor shall it be impertinent to Kalander or characterize each Modulet of the Ploat with the rough Entrance, thereby to facilize and expedite the ingrossements incident, in contriving whereof an indigested Chaos of observations, would much intricate you, in regard the order pursued in perambulation, must necessarily be inverted in the Exemplification.  

Page. 1.  
Tenant and Character. Appellation. Place. Boundage. Mensuration. Content Improvement.    P. a. r. P. l. Hugo Belham E. Hayed. M. Tremaine 24/5. 15.2.20 10. Elwood. Greene.. W Siewing. Th. Dewhurst. 25/5. — —  — N. Shawing I Franckish.  Rent. Estimate. A. East-field. S. Shawing C. Gifford. 100 l. s. d. l.     7.10.0 150.   

Page 2. opposite.  
This Pasture is projected in large Ridges extended and declining South; the Soil is a sandy Clay of 18 inches Crust close sworded and well replete with Trefoils, Cinquefoil, Ribwort, Morsus, Yarrow, and other grazing Herbs of good growth, with a Dairy House in the N. W. corner of two good Bays, and a fair Pond 7 pole direct East from the House, springing from the West forth of a male gravel the Base of the Soil: the Hedge-Rowes are well grown and stored with Peare-trées and appletrees of good Fruit, etc.  
1. In these entries the Tenant is both expressed and assigned his Modulet with the Character.  
2. There are opponed Residence, Species, Habitude, Crassitude, investure, Ground-Plots, Edifices (Engines) tho last 3 must also be plotted.  
Now to Engross a complete Survey: 
Engrossement.  Modulize Alternate Pages, and particulate the Opposite with due observations, and characterize the Evidences.  
To exemplify the Engrossement without delineation of the Models, there is a method to be pursued in the particular Entries (according to their Eminences and kinds) of Estates and Evidences.  
In Frée-holds Record the Possident, Title, Possessions, 
freehold.  Tenure, Descent and Reservation.  
In copyholds; the Possident, Title, Possessions, 
Copie-hold.  Habendum, Fine, Reservation.  
In Leases; Commencement, Parties, Demise, 
Demise.  Habendum, Reddendo, Covenants.  
In spiritual livings; Site, Edifices, Glebe, Decimals, 
rectory. vicarage.  Reprises, Valuation, Estimate, Patronage, Incumbent.  
Meadow, Pasture, Arable, require several Contents.  
In the Entries of all save the first, the Boundage & Extent of Cartelages must-be-recorded.  
In Edifices and Engines their dimensions, matter, form, and Repair are remarkable.  
Out of the Exemplification of the whole Composition and Body of the Survey, these subsequents may be selected (viz. Terrars, Rentals, Customaries, Suit-Rolls, and Particulars) and thus framed.  

Terrars.  Digest in orderly composure, Edifices, Homesteads, Curtelages, lands, ground-plots, etc. with their qualities, sites, and proportions.  

rentals.  Compose in computable digestment all the Tenants with their Tenements and Rents in particular.  

Customaries. Suit-Rolls.  Record in fit contrivance all and singular the Customs and Privileges of the Manor.  
enroll all the Feudataries & Suitors to the Court with their Fees, Tenurage, Rents, and Services.  

Particulars.  Particularise Qualities, Contents, Rents (instant and improveable) Perquisites, Parallels and other Revenewables and Respectives, with vendible and distinct Estimates; Reduce all Reprises to a due Method and Record the Remanet.  

Sequences.  And for retrieving validities of estates, it is not impertinent to derive the Sequences in Deeds from Ancestry, and thereby to contrive Offices for the Tenure. 
Offices.   

Non-parcel.  For other the Lords Possessions comprised in the Survey, and reputed no part or member of the Manor, they require to be recorded apart in the Infra, under the Title of Non-Parcels: Vizt, Churches, Chapels, alms-houses, etc. Also Patronages, Villains, Commons, Annuities, and other particulars held in gross.  

Memorandum.  Register all Omissions under the title of Memorandums.   
FINIS.   

Errata.  
FOl. 5. line. 10. read Pederas. f. 12. l 10. r. Male. f. 14-l. 19 r. Chauning. f. 26. l 3. r. Interea. f. 36. l. 3. r. Holy Wormwood. f. 38. l 23. r. Wound-wort. f. 38. l. 25. r. Marish. f. 44.16. Cavallirs. f. 61. l. ult Pyramids & prisma's wanting in some Copies to be set in the Margin.