To the Right excellent and most honourable Lady, the Lady Marie, Countess of Pembroke. VOi, pia nympha, tuum, quem tolse la morte, Philippun, AEdentem llenas coelestis melle palabras. Italicum lumen, flower of France, splendour Iberus, Italicus Tasso, French Sallust, Boscan Iberus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Virgil, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Greekish Homer, tanto lati iunguntur 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Your honours most affectionate. Abraham France. The first Chapter of the first Book. What Rhetoric is. Rhetoric is an Art of speaking. It hath two parts, Eloqution and Pronunciation. Eloqution is the first part of Rhetoric, concerning the ordering & trimming of speech. It hath also 2. parts, Congruity and Bravery. Congruity is that which causeth the speech to be pure and coherent: & it is performed either by Etymology, which concerneth the affections of several words: or Syntaxis, which doth orderly conjoin them together. here should all Grammatical rules (as they call them) be placed: I omit them for this time, as being scarce resolved in this conceit. Bravery of speech consists in Tropes, or turnings; and in Figures or fashioning. A Trope or turning is when a word is turned from his natural signification, to some other, so conveniently, as that it seem rather willingly led, than driven by force to that other signification. This was first invented of necessity for want of words, but afterwards continued and frequented by reason of the delight and pleasant grace thereof. Sometimes these Tropes be excessive, signifying in word, more than can be true in deed, and then are they termed Hyperboles. The excellency of tropes is then most apparent, when either many be fitly included in one word, or one so continued in many, as that with what thing it begin, with the same it also end: and then it is called an Allegory or Inversion. And so much of the general proprieties of tropes: now to the divers kinds thereof. Cap. 2. Of the Metonymia of the cause. THere be two kinds of tropes. The first containeth Metonymia, the change of name: and Ironia, a scoffing or jesting speech the second comprehendeth a Metaphor and Synecdoche. Metonymia is a trope which useth the name of one thing for the name of another that agreeth with it, as when the cause is turned to signify the thing caused, the thing caused to signify the cause, the subject to express the adjunct, or the adjunct the subject. The Metonymia of the cause is double, of the efficient, or material cause: of the efficient, as when the Author & inventor is put for the things by him invented & found. Homer. 2. Iliad. — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virgil. 1. Aeneid. Tum Cererem corruptam undis, Cerealiáque arma Expediunt— and 1. Georg. Aut dulcis musti Vulcano decoquit humorem. Sir Philip Sidney in the 2. Act of Arcadia, speaking of the furious multitude. Bacchus they say was begotten of thunder, I think that ever since made him so full of stir and debate; Bacchus indeed it was, which sounded the first trumpet of this rude alarm. 2. Act. Therefore, Alas, you use vile Vulcan's spite Which nothing spares, to melt that virgin's wax, Which while it is, it is all A siaes light. 3. Act. Moore white than Neptune's foamy face When struggling rocks he would embrace. 4. Act. Philanax speaking of Pyrocles, and Philoclea. The violence the Gentleman spoke of, is now turned to marriage: he alleged Mars, but she speaks of Venus. Torquat. Tasso in his Godfrey of Boulogne: the first song speaking of Clorinda. A i lavori d' Aracne, à l' ago, à i fusi Inclinar non degnò la man superba. Sallust in his Semaine, the first day. La terre de tout temps n'est ceinte de Neptune. The 5 day. Country l'ire du ciel, et la fureur de Mars. Boscan. 3. book. Consus ondas Neptuno, etc. And here it is usual, nay necessary, for want of words, to put the authors name for the book by him made. So it is in a certain Epistle written to Boscan, lib. 3. Vendrias tu: y Hieronymo, Augustin, Parts deal alma mia à descansar, De vuestros pensamientoes. The Metonymia of the material cause is, when the matter is put for the thing thereof made. Hom. T. Il. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. Aen. 1. Spumas salis are ruebant. Georg. 2. Vt gemmà bibat, & sarrhano dormiat ostro. Aegl. 1. Syluestrem tenui musam meditaris avena. And Ludere quae vellem calamo permisit agresti. And Stridenti miserum stipula disperdere carmen. And Hanc nos, hac fragilis donavimus antè cicuta. And Agrestem tenui meditabor arundine musam. Sir Philip Sidney Act 4. Who evermore will love Apollo's quill? Torquat. Tass. 1. Song. Geme il vicino mar sotto l'incarco De l'alte navi, e de' piu lievi pini. 2. Song Alete says. Cosi potente armata in un racorre, Ch' à questi legni tuoi si possa opporre? Sallust in his history of judith. 1. Book. Dans le champ de Ragan se campent un matin Les ots des plus grands rois qu'oncques Mars le mutin, Arma d'ire et de far. Garcilasso 1 Aeglog. Espera que en tornando, A ser restituido, All ocio ya perdido, Luego veras exercitar mi pluma, Por lafoy innumerable suma, De tus virtudes y famosas obras, etc. And there. El arbour de victoria, Quae cine estrechament Tugloriosa srente. etc. Cap. 3. Of the Metonymia of the thing caused. THe Metonymia of the thing caused is when we attribute that to the efficient which is made by the efficient. And hereof come most of Poets and Orators Epithets. Homer. A. Iliad. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Et 16. Odyss. — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Vir. 6. Aen. Pallentèsque habitant morbi, tristisque senectus. 2. Georg. Auxilium venit, ac membris agit atra venena. Et 3. — artus depascitur arida febris. 4. Aen. Et cum frigida mors anima seduxerit artus. Sir P. Syd 2. Act. Nay even cold death inflamed with hot desire Her to enjoy where joy itself is thrall, Will spoil the earth of her most rich attire. Torquato Tasso. 1. Song. Dunque in te sola, ●…piglio colui, Cadera l'ira mia vendicatrice. Et 2. Ilfuror pazzo, e la discordia fera. Sallust 6. book of judith. Et qu' ore le devoir la peur tremblante donte. Boscan. 1. Siento pena tan mortal Que con ansia desy gual Me muero por me morir. Cap. 4. Of the Metonymia of the subject. THe Metonymia of the subject, is when the word that properly signifieth the subject is brought to express the thing adjoined thereunto, as when the thing that containeth is put for that which is contained, the place for the thing therein placed, the possessor for the thing possessed. Homer. 1. Iliad. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 4. Odyss. Telemachus to Nestor. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. Aen. 2. Inuadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam. Aen. 2. — jam proximus ardet Vealegon. i Vealegons' house. Aeneid. 1. Of Bitias carousing. Ille impiger hausit Spumantem pateram, & pleno se proluit auro. Georg. 2. Casta pudicitiam servat domus. Georg. 4. — dulcem nidis immitibus escam. Aen. 1. Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aquor, Ilium in Italiam portans, victósque penates. Sir Philip Sidney 1 Here you do found in truth this strange operation of Love, How to the wood love runs, as well as rides to the Palace. Torquat. Tass. 1. Song. Sic habbian tante, è tante in si poch' anni Ribellanti province à lui sommesse. And in another place. Altri Inghilterra, e Francia, & altri Olanda, E lafoy fertile Sicilia altri ne manda. 2. Of A'rmida. Mane la bocca, ond' esce aura amorosa, Sola rosseg'gia e semplice la rosa. Sallust 1 judith. The people crieth to God. Veus-tu que derechef l'idolatre Chaldee, Sous un ioug tyrannique accable ta judee? Boscan 3 Book. Los altars delante estavan puestos, Ardiendo encima d'elloes toda Arabia. Cap. 5. Of the Metonymia of the adjunct. A Metonymia of the adjunct, is, when by the adjunct we express the subject. So the names of virtues & vices are used for virtuous or vicious men: the sign for the thing which it doth signify: the adjunct of the time for the things subject, etc. Homer. N. Il. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. So in 6. Odyss. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. for Alcinous himself. V Ae. 1. Quis genus Aeneadûm, quis Troiae nesciat vrbem, Virtutésque, virósque, & tanti incendia belli? Aeneid. 1. Haud aliter puppésque tua, pubésque tuorum, etc. Aeneid. 1. Aspera tum positis mitescent saecula bellis. Georg. 1. Impiaque aternam timuerunt saecula noctem. Aglog. 1. — libet Partho torquere Cydonia cornis Spicula. Sir Philip Sidney 5. Musidorus to Euarchus. Howsoever it be, my death shall triumph over thy cruelty. Torquat. Tass. 2 Song of Olindo and Sophronia. Ma il sospettoso tèstimo periglio Tanta virtù congiunta haver vicina, Onde, com'egli volse, ambo in essiglio Oltre à i termini andar di Palestina. Sallust 5. Semain. Et qu'encor toute voix, et tout style, & tout age, Lovangeassent l'ouurier, en lovant son owrage. And 7. Clerement on conut que ta saint justice Preserve l'innocence, & chastie le vice. Boscan. 3. Pero viniendo à nuestro presupiesto, Digo tambien que el no maravillarse Es proprio de ivizio bien compuesto. And 2. speaking of Italy. La qual es una tierra muy floreciente de ingenios, de letras, de ivizios, y de grandes escritores. Cap. 6. of Ironia. IRonia is a Trope, that by naming one contrary intends another. The special grace whereof is in jesting and merry conceited speeches. This trope continued maketh a most sweet allegory, and it is perceived by the contrariety of the matter itself, or by the manner of utterance quite differing from the sense of the words, for than it is apparent that we speak but iestinglie, and not as we think. Homer. Iliad. Π. Patroclus, when Cebrion fallen from his Chariot 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Vir 4. Aen. Egregian verò laudem, et spolia ampla refertis, Tuque puerque tuus, magnum & memorabile numen, una dolo diuúm si foemina victa duorum est. 3. Aeglog. Tum, credo, cum me arbustum vidêre Myconis, Atque mala vites incidere falce novellas, etc. 8. Aeg. Mopso Nisa datur. Quid non speremus amanteat jungentur iam gryphs equis: oeuóque sequenti Cum canibus timidae venient ad pocula damae. etc. ●…digno coniuncta viro. etc. Aeneid. 2. Cui Pyrrhus, referes ergo haec, & nuncius ibi●… Pelidae genitori, illi mea tristia facta, Degenerémque Neoptolemum narrare memento: Nunc morere. And in another place. quando tot stragis aceruos Teucrorum tua dextra dedit. and Istic nunc metuende iace and quam bello Trojan petisti Italiam metire iacens. Sir Philip Sid. a continued Ironia between Pas and Nico. Nico. Who doubts but Pas fine pipe again will bring The ancient praise to Arcade shepherds skill? Pan is not dead, since Pas gins to sing. Pas. Who evermore will love Apollo's quill, Since Nico doth to sing so widely gape? Nico his place fair better furnish will. Nico. Was this not he who for Cyringaes' escape Raging in woes, first Pastors taught to plain? Do you not hear his voice and see his shape? Pas. This is not he, that failed her to gain Which made a bay, made bay a holy tree: But this is one that doth his music stain. 3. Of Mopsa. So that the pretty pig, laying her sweet burden about his neck; my Dorus, said she, tell me these wonders. In the same book Philoclea says. O kind mother of mine, said she, did you bestow the light upon me for this? or did you bear me to be the author of my burial? A trim purchase you have made of your own shame, rob your daughter, to ruin yourself. In 4. Timantus of Philanax. O notable affection, for the love of the father, to kill the wife, and disenherite the children. O single minded modesty, to aspire to no less, than to the princely Diadem. Torquat. Tass 7. Argante, says. O gente invitta: ò popolo guerriero D' Europa: vn' huomo solo è che visfida. Venga Tancredi homai, che par si fiero: See ne la sua virtú tanto si fida: O vuol, giacendo in piume, aspettar force La not, ch' altra volta à lui soccorse? In 16. Ubaldo calleth Rinaldo. Egregio campion d' una fanciulla. Sallust 1 Semaine. Composes hardiment, ò sages Grecs, les cieux D'vn cinquieme element: disputes curieux, Qu'en leur corpse par tout rond l'oeil humain ne remark Commancement, ny fin: debates que la parque Asseruit seulement sous ses cruelles loix Ce que l'astre argenté revoid de mois en mois: Le foyble estayement de si vain doctrine Pourtant ne sawera ce grand tout de ruin. Boscan 2. Book. Que ufaneza ta mana os parece Sennora poruentura, triumfando de mi sangre llevar gloria? que gran famaos procura, tender contrami solo vuestrasanna? THere is also a kind of Ironia called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, Praeteritio in Latin, a kind of pretended omitting or letting slip of that which indeed we elegantly note out in the very show of praetermission, as when we say; I let this pass; I pass it over with silence. Like unto this is that which is called of the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of the Latinists Negatio, a denial or refusal to speak, as, I will not say that which I might, I will not call you, etc. when nevertheless we speak and tell al. Homer. Il 1 Achilles to his mother. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; V 1. A Quid memorem infand as caedes, quid facta tyranni Essera? and 10. Aen. Quid repetam exustas Erycino in littore classes? Quid tempestatum regem, ventosque furentes Aeolia excitos, aut actam nubibus Irim? Geor 2. Quid tibs odorato reseramsudantia ligno Balsamáque & baccas semper frondentis Acanthi? Quid nemora Aethiopum molli canentia lana, Velleraque ut folijs depectant tenuia Seres? Sixt Aeglog. Quid loquar aut Scyllam Nisi? aut quamfamasecuta a est Candida succinct am latrantibus inguina monstris Dulichias vexasse rates & gurgite in alto, Ah, timidos nautas cambus lacerasse marinis? Aut ut mutatos Terei narraverit artus? Quas illi Philomela dapes, quae dona pararit, Quo cursu desert a petiverit, & quibus antè Infoelix sua tecta, superuolitaverit alis? Geor 1. Non ego cuncta meis amplecti versibus opre, Non mihi, si linguae centum sint, oraque centum, Ferrea vox, etc. Sir P. Syd. 2. of Musidorus. To tell you what pitiful mishaps fallen to the young Prince of Macedon his cousin, I should too much fill your ears with strange horrors: neither will I stay upon those laboursom adventures, nor loathsome misadventures, to which and through which his fortune and courage conducted him: my speech hasteth itself to come to the point of all Musidorus misfortunes. Torquat Tass. 8. Song. Taccio, ch'oue il bisogne, c'l tempo chiede Pronta man, pensier fermo, animo andace, Alcuno ivi di noi primo si veds Portar, fràmille morti, ò ferro, oh face. And, Taccio, chefu da l'arme, è da l'ingegno Del 〈◊〉 Tancred's la Cilicia doma. 2. Clorinda says. Ma taccio questo, e taccio i segni espress●… Ond' argomento l'innocentia in ess●…. Sallust 3 Semain. Que diray-ie de toy, o fontaine Sclavonne? Que diray-ie de toy, o source de Dodone? Else where, je tairay la Geiette, & le marbre, & l'ardoise, je tairay pour se coup la croupe Oromenoise. And 4. je ne veux mettre en ieu les diverses saisons, Que causa le soleil en changeant de maisons. je tairay que iamais la torch iournaliere Ne destobe à not yeux en plain iour sa lumiere. Que quelque grand eclipse, & qu'endor Alecton N'exile pour un temps des regnes de Pluton, La beequetante faim, la trahison funeste, La sanglante Enyon, & la pwaise pest, Pour des border sur nous une mer de douleurs, Et noyer l'vniuers & de sang & de pleurs. l'oublieray que la mer senslè & se diminue Parl'accroist & descroit del' estoile cornue. I remember nothing in Boscan or Garcilasso fit for this purpose. Cap. 7. Of a Metaphor. THus much of the first kind of trope in Metonymia and Ironia: now followeth the second, containing a Metaphor and Synecdoche. A Metaphor is when the like is signified by the like: so than a Metaphor is nothing but a similitude contracted into one word. There is nò trope more flourishing than a Metaphor, especially if it be applied to the senses, & among the senses chief to the éie, which is the quickest of all the senses. Homer, Il. 1. Calchas of Agamemnon. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Else where. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And of Nester. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. Aen. 4. — spem front serenas. Else where. Magnóque irarum fluctuat aestu. Aeglog 4. Te duce, siqua marens sceleris vestigia nostri Irris a perpetua soluent formidine terras. Georg. 1. Omnia ventorum concurrere praelia vidi. And, Sapè etiam immensum caelo venit agmen aquarum. And, Nunc nemora ingenti vento, nunc littera plangunt. Aegl. 3. Et nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos, Nunc frendent sylua, nunc formosissimus annus. Georg. 3. — ruúnt que effusi carcere currus. And — at fulua nimbus arena Tollitur. And, — gressus glomerare superbas. Aen. 2. Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus. Aen. 4. — est mollis flamma medullas Intereà, & tacitum vivit sub pectore vulnus. Vritur infoelix Dido, tot aque vagatur Vrbe furens. Aen. 12. — it toto turbids coelo Tempestas telorum, & ferreus ingruit imber. And there of Aeneas. — it arúmque emnes effundit habenas. And, Fulminas Aeneas. And, — nunc, nunc Fluctuas ira intus. Sir Philip Syd. 23. Son. — Alas the race Of all my thoughts, hath neither stop, nor start, But only Stellaes' eyes, and Stellaes' heart. Of Pyrocles. 1. Ar. For besides his eyes sometimes even great with tears. In the same place. And might perceive in him store of thoughts, rather stirred than digested. 2. And the extreme bents of my affection, which will either break out in words, or break my heart. Elsewhere. The muddy mind of Dametas, he found most easily stirred with covetousness. Elsewhere. Began to throw her thoughts into each corner of her invention. Elsewhere of Basilius. Each coffer or cupboard he met, one saluted his shins, another his elbows, jometimes ready in revenge to strike them again with his face. 4. Of Damet as when his wife Miso had beaten him. She gave him the wooden salutation you herded of. Torquat. Tass. 1. Song. Cio ch'alma generosa alletta, èpunge: Cio che puo risuegsiar virtu sopsta. In another place Goffredo says. Mafù de pensier nostri ultimo segno Espugnar di Zion le noble mura: Esottrarrei Christian dal giogo indegno Diseruitu cosi spiacente, è dura: Fondande in Palestina un novo regne Ou ' habbia la pietà sede sicura. 3 Song. I defensori à grandinar le pierre Da l'alte mura in guisa incominciaro. Elsewhere. Che nulla teme la sicur a testa O di sassi, ò di strai, nembo, ò tempesta. 4. Vela il soverchio ardir con la vergogna, E sa manto del vere à la menzogna. There of Armida. Esce de vaghe labbra aurea catena Che l'alme à suo voler prendè, & affrena. And in another place. En voce di Sirena à i suoi concenti Addorment are le più suegliate menti. Sallust 4. Semaine. Mes vers conceus en pain, en liesse enfantez. In the same, of the sun. Car à chaque pais dans l'espace d'un iour Tu donnes le bon soir, tu donnes le bon-iour. Boscan. 1 Amor, dolour, y cuydado, sus penas en conveniencia publicaran lafoy sententia, yo que soi el condenado, porne solo la presencia. But hyperbolical amplifications & allegories have singular excellency in a Metaphor, & therefore commonly they are here most usual: and by these hyberbolical metaphors the speech is made very lofty and full of majesty, when we attribute life and action, to dead and senseless things. Homer. Odyss. 8. Ulysses says. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Iliad. 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. Aen 1 — geminíque minantur In coelum scopuli. 10. — Pontem indignatus Araxes. 3. Aeneid of Charybdis. — & sidera verberat unda. And, Ter spumam elisam, & rorantia vidimus astra. 5 Aegl. Daphni tuum Paenos etiam ingemuisse leones Interitum, montésque feri syluaeque loquuntur. 2. Geor Sinon ingentem foribus domus alta superbis Manè salutantum totis vomit aedibus undam. 4. Georg. — Caesar dum magnus ad altum Fulminat Euphraten bello. 2 Aen. At domus interior gemitu, miseróque tumultu Miscetur, penitúsque cava plangoribus aedes Foemineis ululant: ferit aurea sydera clamour. Sir Philip Syd. 2. of Musidorus. But alas, to what a sea of miseries my plentiful tongue doth lead me? 3. of Miso. She that could before scarco go, but supported by crowches, now flew about the house born up with the wingsof anger▪ Torquat. Tass. 1. of Rinaldo. Se'l miri fulminar ne l'arme accolto, mart lo stimi: Amor S'ei scopre il volto. 2. Of Argante, parue etc. Et che ne gli occhi horribili gli ardesse La gran face d'Aletto, & di Megaera. And there. E'en cotal' atto il rimirò Babelle Alzar la front, e minacciar le stelle. 6. Song Lampo nel fiammeggiar, nol romor tuono, Fulmini nel ferir le spade sono. 8. Lampi, e folgori arde an nel regio aspetto Mentr' ei parlò di maestà, d'horrore. Sallust. 3. Sem. — mais voy come la mer Me jest en mill mers, ou ie crains d'abismer. 1. Of judith. Son palais, que sembloit d'vn front audacieux, Et mespriser la terre, & menacer les cieus. 1. Semaine, of God. Il fait de l'Ocean deces douces largesses Regorger, liberal, mill mers de richesses'. Boscan. El sentir de mi sentido tan profundo ha' navegado, que me tiene ya engolfado donde vivo despedido de salir à pie ni à nado. Allegoriis. Homer. Π Achilles to Patroclus. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Iliad Ρ. Ajax to Menelaus. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Vir. 2. Aen. of a wild ash cut down. — illa usque minatur, Et tremefacta comam concusso vertice nutat, Vulneribus donec paulatim evicta, supremum Congemuit, traxitque iugis awlsa ruinam. Sir Phil. Syd. 1. Of Pyrocles. And when with pity once his heart was made tender, according to the aptness of the humour, it received strait a cruel impression, of that wonderful passion, which to be defined is impossible. etc. And, And herewith the deep wound of his love, being rubbed afresh with this new unkindness, began as it were to bleeed again, in such sort, that he was unable to bear it any longer. The same Pyrocles when he was clad with the habit of the Amazon. Transformed in show, but more transformed in mind I cease to strive, with double conquest foiled: For, woe is me, my powers all I found. With outward force, and inward treason spoiled. For from without came to mine eyes the blow Whereto mine inward thoughts did faintly yield: Both these conspired poor reasons overthrow, False in myself thus have I lost the field. Torquat Tass 1 Tu magnanimo Alfonso, il qual ritogli Albina furor di fortuna, e guidi in porto Me peregrino errant, e frà li scogli▪ E frà onde agitato, e quasi absorto. Sallust. 7 day. Dieu est le precedent, qui par tout à justice Haute, moyenne, & basse, & qui sans avarice, Ignorance, faveur, crainte, ●…pect, courroux Ses arrests sans apple prononce country nous. 1. Tout beau, muse, tout beau, d'un si profond Neptune Ne sonde point le fond: guard toy d'approcher Ce Charybde glouton, ce Caphare rocher, Ou mainte nef, suyvant la raison pour son ours, A fait triste naufrage au milieu de la course. Qui voudra seurement par ce gouffre ramer, Sage n'aille iamais cingler en haure mer: Ains costoye la rive, ayant la foy pour voile, L'esprit saint pour nocher, lafoy Bible pour estoile. Cap. 8. Of Synecdoche of the part. SYnecdoche is when the name of the whole is given to the part, or the name of the part to the whole. Synecdoche of the part is, when by a part we mean the whole, and it is either of the member or of the special. Of the member, when by one integral member the whole is signified. Homer. 1. Iliad. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. 1. Aen. Haud aliter puppesque tuae, pubesque tuorum. Aeglog. 5. Candidus insuetum miratur limen Olympi. Sir P. Sidney 2. of Basilius. Basilius having combed, and tricked himself more curiously, than any times forty winters before. Torquat. Tass. 2. of Sophronia. Non speri più de ritrovar perdono Cor pudico, alta ment, e noble volto. Sallust. 1. Semaine. Combien d'espris subtils out le mond abuse. Pour avoir c'est esprit pour patron refusè? Boscan 3 Yarompere las ondas de Neptuno Yla proraporne contra los vientoes De Eolo? In another place. Alma gentle dignissima de impero, Y que de sola vos cantasse Homero. Cap. 9 Of Synecdoche of the special. THe Synecdoche of the special is when by the special we note the general, so we put a finite number for a great one; so the singular for the plural. Vir. 3. Geor Haud secus ac patrijs acer Romanus in armis. 4. AEg. Alter erit tam Typhis, et altera quae vehat, Argo, Delectos heroas, erunt etiam altera bella, Atque iterum ad Troiam magnus mittetur Achilles. 1. Georg. Ter centum nivei tondent dumet a iwenci. 4 AEg. mill mea Siculis errant in montibus agua. Sir P. Syd. 1. Dorus of Love. Neither he shows reverence to a Prince, nor mercy to beggar. Torquat. Tass. 1. S'egli awerra ch' in pace Il buon popol di Christo unqua si veda, Et con navi, e cavalli all fero Trace Cerchi ritor la grand ' ingiusta preda. 2. Song. Qui mill immondi Arpie vedresti, e mill Centauri, e Sfingi, e pallid Gorgoni: Molte, e molte latrar voraci Scille. E fischiar Hidre, e sibilar Pitoni: E vomitar Chimere atre faville: E Polifemi horrendi, e Gerioni En novi mostri, e non più'ntesis, ò visti Diversi aspetti in un confusi e misti. Sallust. 1. Semaine. avant qu' Ewer souflat, quel' onde eut des poissons. And, Pour lire là dedans il ne nous saut entendre Cent sorts de iargons: il ne nous faut apprendre Les characteres Turcs, de Memphe les pourtrets, Ni les points des Hebrieux, ni les notes de grease. L'antarctique brutal. le vagabond Tartarus, L'Arabe plus cruel, le Scythe plus barbare, L'ensant qui n'a sept ans, le chaissieux viellard, Y lit passablement, bien que despourueu d'art. 2. Tous ces doctes esprits, dont la voix flateresse Change Hecube en Helen, & Faustine en Lucrece. 3. Ne fait d'vne formy un Indois Elephant, D'vn mol Sardanapale un Hercule triomphant, D'vn Thersite un Adonis, & ne prodigue encore D'vn discourse impudentle losd ' Alceste à Flore. Boscan. 3. Si alli fuera Leandro Palinuro, O no fuera Leandro, claro viera Elpeligro que el tiempo amenazava. Cap. 10. Of Synecdoche of the integral. THe Synecdoche of the whole, is when by the whole we mean a part, and it is either of the integral whole, or general and universal. Of the integral, when by the whole integral we mean a part. Homer. Odiss. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Vir Aen. 1. Ardentesque avertit equos in castra, priusquàm Pabula gustassent Troiae, Xanthumque bibissent. 2. Aeg. Ante pererratis amborum finibus exul Aut Ararim Parthus bibet, aut Germania Tigrim. 10. Aeg. Nec sifrigoribus medijs Hebrumque bibamus, Sith●…asque nives hyemis subeamus aquosa. Sir P. Syd. 2. As if the stars would breathe themselves for a greater mischief. Torquat. Tass. 4. Come sonanti, e terbide procelle, Che vengan fuor de le natie lor grotte Ad oscurare il cielo, e portar guerra Aigran regni del mare, & de la terra. Sallust 1 Semaine. Combien d'espris subtils out le monde abusè. Pour avoir c'est esprit pour patron refusè? Garcilass. AEglog 1. El arbol de victoria, que cinne estrechament tugloriosa frente? Cap. 11. Of Synecdoche of the general. THe Synecdoche of the general is when by the general we intent the special, so the plural for the singular, so the Poet for Virgil. Homer. Il. 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Vir Aeg 1 Tityre tu patula recubans sub tegmine fagi. And, Ille meas errare boves, ut cernis, & ipsum Lude●… equae vellem calamo permisit agresti. Sir P. Syd. 1. Vile creature, said she, laying her hand upon her sword, force me not to defile this sword in thy base blood. And 1. So if my man must praises have, What then must I that keep the knave? Torquat. Tass. 1. Ma poi c'hebbe di questi, e d'altricori Scorti gl'intimi sensi il rè del mondo. Sallust 4. Semaine. Et nos deportemens' dignes cent & cent foits Du pleur Ephesien, & du rire Abderois. Boscan. 〈◊〉. Passando el mar Le andro el animoso En amoroso suego todo ardiendo. Thus much for Tropes, whereof the most excellent is a Metaphor; the next, Ironia, then Metonymia; lastly, Synecdoche: The most usual also is a Metaphor, than a Metonymia, next, Synecdoche, lastly, Ironia. Metonymia, Metaphora, and Synecdoche oftentimes concur together. Cap. 12. Of Figures. NOw of Figures. A figure is a certain decking of speech, whereby the usual and simple fashion thereof is altered and changed to that which is more elegant and conceited. For as a Trope is of single words, so a Figure of coopled and conjoined: and as of words, some be proper▪ some turned, so of speeches, some be simple and natural, some finely fashioned and figured artificially. A figure is either in the word, or in the sentence. A figure of the word is that, whereby the words do sweetly and fitly sound among themselves. In these figures especially consists the conceited pleasance and delicacy of speech. Cap. 13. Of verse and rhyme. THe figure of words consists either in the just dimension and measuring of sounds or words, or else in the pleasant repetition of the same. This dimension or measuring is either belonging to Poets, or used of Orators. Poetical dimension is that which is bond to the continual observation of prescript spaces. Poetical dimension maketh either rhyme, or verse. Rhyme containeth a certain number of syllables ending alike. Sir P. Syd. My heart my hand, my hand hath given my heart The giver given from guilt shall never part. Cap. 14. VErse or metre is a poetical dimension comprehending certain feet settled in certain places. A foot is a dimension of certain syllables with a strict observation of distinct time or quantity. A foot is either of two syllables, or three, and both of them either simple or compound. The simple one of two syllables, is Spondaeus, consisting of two long syllables, as, εγω· Musas: Learning: Tutta: Chacun: Obras. Or Pyrrichius, containing 2. short syllables: as, λογοσ: Deus: Pretty: oue: amiss: mia. The compound one of two syllables, is either jambus, of one short & one long, as, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: deos: revenge: tuoi: seras: aguas: or Choreus, of one long and one short, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: arma: noble: not: vaincre: porne. The simple one of three Syllables is either Molossus of three long Syllables, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Romanos: Transforming: Diviso: Effrayè: Contemplando: or Trochaeus of three short, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: legere: prettily: huomini: alme Venus: que cosa: The compound one of three syllables consists of two syllables like or unlike: the feet of two like syllables are twice two, Dactylus, of one long & two short, as, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Tityre: company: matino: alme Venus: vidamia: and Anapoestus of two▪ short & one long, as, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: flwios: monument: non era peccato: resónant: que principio. Bacchius of one short & two long, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Athenas: reserving: ritorna: rechanter: palabras: & Palimbacchius, of two long and one short, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: cantare: almighty: parlare: vers dign: estressa. Now the feet of two unlike are but two, Creticus, of a long, a short, and a long, as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Indies: impotent: vita sincera: dign vers: causa secreta: and Amphibrachus: of one short, one long, & one short, as, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: amare: disorder: amore: benign: palabra. Thusmuch of feet, by the dimension whereof a verse is made. In a verse, sometimes a vowel, or this letterm, or both be cut off in the end of a word, if the next word begin with a vowel. The last syllable in a verse is common, either long or short. There be many kinds of verses, and may be more: those that be now in use may be referred to these two general heads, a simple verse and a compound. The simple consists only of two feet, as Adonium, of a Dactylus and Spondaeus. Nubibm atris condita nullum fundere possunt sydera lumen. Fear is a greater plague to the fearful, than be the greatest plagues that he fears. The compound of more than two, as Tetrametrum of four, and Polymetrum of more than four. Tetrametrum is that which is called Asclepiade, of a Molossus, Anapoestus, and two Dactyli, as Maecenas atavis aedite regibus, etc. Sir Philip Sidney 2: Dorus. O sweet woods the delight of solitariness: O how much I do like your solitariness: Here no treason is hide veiled in innocence, Nor flatterers venomous insinuations, Nor cunning humorists puddled opinions, Nor time prattled away, cradle of ignorance, etc. Polymetrum is either Pentametrum of five, or Hexametrum of six. Pentameters bethree: first a Phaleucium of a Spondaeus, a Dactylus, and three Chorei, as Passer delitiae meae puellae. Sir Philip Sidney 2. Reason tell me thy mind if here be reason, In this strange violence to make resistance, Where sweet graces erect the stately banner Of virtues regiment, shining in harness Of fortunes diadems, by beauty mustered▪ Say then, Reason▪ I say, what is thy counsel? Her lose hairs be the shot, the breasts the pikes be, Scouts each motion is, the hands the horsemen, Her lips are the riches the wars to maintain, Where well couched abides a coffer of pearl: Her legs carriage is of all the sweet camp, Say then, etc. Her canons be her eyes, mine eyes the walls be, Which at first volee gave open entry, No rampire did abide, my train was upblowne, Undermined with a speech the piercer of thoughts: Thus weakened by myself, no help remains, Say then, etc. And now Fame the herald of her true honour Doth proclaim with a sound made all by men's mouths, That Nature sovereign of earthly dwellers, Commands all creatures to yield obeisance, Under this, this her own, her only darling Say then, etc. Reason sighs, but in end he thus doth answer, nought can reason avail in▪ heavenly matters. Thus nature's diamond receive thy conquest, Thus pure pearl I do yield my senses and soul, Thus sweet pain I do yield, what ere I can yield, Reason look to thyself, I serve a Goddess. Comes de Alcinois. Encore France se veut travailler en vain, En vain France se veut travailler encore, De chanter un amour, de chanter un Dieu. etc. Secondly a Sapphike, of Choreus, Spondaeus, Dactylus, and two Chorei, where we must observe, that after every such third verse, one Adonium be added thereunto, as jam satis terris nivis, atque dira Grandinis misit pater, & rubento Dextera sacras iaculatus arces terruit urbem. Sir Philip Sidney 1 Cleophila looking on Philoclea, speaketh to Hope. If mine eyes can speak to do hearty arrant, Or mine eyes language she do hap to judge of, So that eyes message be of her received: Hope, we do live yet. But if eyes fail then, when I most do need them, Or if eyes language be not unto her known, So that eyes message do return rejected, Hope, we do both die. Yet dying and dead do we sing her honour, So become our tombs monuments of her praise, So become our losses the triumph of her gain, Hers be the glory, etc. Remy Belleau hath some of this kind, as je fremis tremblant, le frisson me saisist, pall ie blesmis come l'herbe des champs, Sans chaleur, sans poux, d'amoreuse langueur Presq ie transis, etc. Thirdly and lastly, Elegum, or the elegiacal verse of a Dactylus or Spondaeus, in the first place, and in the third place of a Spondaeus with two Anapaesti. Turpe quid ausurus, te, sine teste, time. Sir Philip Sidney 4. Passion unto my rage, rage to a hasty revenge. The Hexameter is most famous, consisting of Dactylus or Spondaeus indifferently in all the four first places: but in the fifth place, of a Dactylus only, as Gratior est pulchro veniens è corpore virtus. And, O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori. Sir Philip Sidney 1 First shall a trusty Grehound transform himself to a Tiger. The Pentameter is never lightly separated from the Hexameter, but this is oftentimes severed from that. Hexameters joined with Pentameters be, as Nescio quid plus est, quod donat saecula chartis, Victurus genium debet habere liber. Well, but faulty I was, reason to my passion eelded, Passion unto my rage, rage to a hasty revenge. Tutta not piou, il matino chiaro ritorna, Divis il mondo con jove Caesar have. Nocte pluit tota, etc. jodelle. Phoebus, Amour, Cypris, veut saweur, nourir, & orner, Ton vers, coeur, & chef, d'ombre, de flame, de fleurs. Comes de Alsinois. Voi de rechef o alme Venus, Venus' alme, rechanter, Ton los immortel par ce poet facre. Voi de rechef, un vers animè, vers dign de ton nom, Verse, que la France reçoit, vers que la France lira. Et fais, qu'en resonant ton los, il puisse de ses vers, Par ta benign faveur, vaincre la source d'amour. Incerta autoris. Tant que seras opulens, amiss auras par chemin assez, Chacun s'enfuyra, quand miserable seras. Donec eris foelix, etc. The jambike is also very usual: which is either pure consisting only of jambikes, as Suis & ipsa Roma viribus ruit. Or mixed, which admitteth also Spondaeus, as Rex est tyranni, quisquis contemnit necem. Immeritò: Spencer. Unhappy verse, the witness of my unhappy state, Make thyself fluttring wings of thy fast flying Thoughts, & fly forth unto my love wheresoever she be. Whether lying restless in heavy bed, or else Sitting so cheerless at the cheerful board, or else Playing alone careless on her heavenly virginals, If in bed, tell her, that my eyes can take no rest, If at board, tell her, that my mouth can eat no meat, If at her virginals, tell her, I can hear no mirth. Asked why? Say, waking love suffereth no sleep: Say, that raging love doth appall the weak stomach: Say, that lamenting love marreth the musical. Tell her, that her pleasures were wont to lul me asleep, Tell her, that her beauty was wont to feed mine eyes: Tell her, that her sweet tongue was wont to make me mirth Now do I nightly waist, wanting my kindly rest, Now do I daily starve, wanting my lively food, Now do I always die, wanting thy timely mirth. And if I wast, who will bewail my heavy chance? And if I starve, who will record my cursed end? And if I die, who will say, this was Immeritò? Remy Belleau. Senarij jambici. Quand sur ta leure douce à plat ie vay succant L'ambrosine douceur qui mon ame empoysonne. Au ciel ie pense estre fait alors un demydieu, Ou quelque image pluis divine, si plus se peut, Mais ceste douceur tu detrampes si soudain De fiel, & d'aigueur, & de poison si cruel, etc. Other kinds there be, as Anacreontica, ¯ ˘ ¯ ˘ ¯ ˘ ¯ Sir P. Syd. 2. My Muse what ails this ardour? to blaze my only secrets. Alas it is no glory, to sing mine own decayed state: Alas it is no comfort, to speak without an answer: Alas it is no wisdom, to show the wound without cure, etc. Cap. 15. THus much shall suffice for poetical dimension. Now followeth that of Orators, both unlike that of Poets, and always unlike itself. In prose avoid verse, unless now and then a verse be brought in out of some author, either for proof or pleasure. The beginning or ending of a verse must not be the beginning or ending of prose. For the beginning, a little consideration will suffice, for the middle, less; but in the end the chief care is to be had, for it is most examined, and longest continueth in memory. It must therefore be sweetly contrived, that it seem not hasty and abrupt: it must also be varied and changed oftentimes, lest satiety be procured, if the same foot should in the end be continually repeated. Yet notwithstanding this diligence, it is not required that a man should be bond to the observation of certain feet any further than six syllables from the end. As I require diligence in this point, so I condemn curiosity, affectation, and open art. The end is seldom of long syllables altogether, but very oftentimes of long and short together, as three Chorei continued, an jambus with a Dichoreus. Tully so loved Dichoreus, that in one Oration to Pompeius, he used it an hundred and fourteen times. Neither must we only have regard to the quantity of the syllables, but also to the goodness of the letters, for that is a great cause of this sweet dimension used of Orators. Sir P. Syd. 1. Philanax to Basilius. I would then have said, the heavenly powers to be reverenced, & not searched into, and their mercy rather by prayers to be sought, than their hidden counsels by curiosity. In 4. of Gynoecia. She saw the rigour of the laws was like to lay a shameful death upon her: which, being for that action undeserved, made it the more insupportable, and yet in the depth of her soul, most deserved, made it more miserable. Cap. 16. Of Epizeuxis. THus much of the dimension of words: Now follow those figures that consist in the repetition of words and sounds, either like or unlike; and like, either continued, or severed: and continued, either in the same sentence, or in divers sentences: in the same sentence, it is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a joining of the same word or sound, for that one sound is continually joined to another. It is called also Palilogia, or iteration. Homer. 5. Iliad. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. Aeg. 3. — vale vale, inquit, jola. 2. Ah Coridon Coridon, quae te dementia caepit? 4 Aen. — sic sic juuat ire sub umbras. Sometimes there is a parenthesis put between, but yet the thing is all one as if there had nothing been inserted. 2. Aen. — vos (o quibus integer aevi Sanguis, ait, solidaeque suo stant robore vires) Vos agitate fugam. Sir P. Syd. 1. up, up, Philisides, let sorrows go. 1. Only jewel, o, only jewel, which only deservest That men's hearts be thy seat, & endless fame be thy servant. 2. The time is changed, (my lute) the time is changed. And, The evil is inward (my lute) the evil is inward. Torquat. Tass. 8. Arm Arm, freme il forsennato, è'nsime La gioventu superba Arm Arm freme. 12. Argante to Clorinda. Nò, nò sèfui ne l'arme àtè comfort Esser vuò ne la gloria, ò ne la morte. 12. Ma dove (oh lasso me) dove restare Le reliquie del corpo bello e casto? 19 Vieni (ò famoso rè) vieni: e là seur●… A la rocca fortissima ricoura. Sallust. judith 6. Chantons, chantons de caeur, d'instrumen & de voix Le los de dieu des dieus, le los du roy des rois. judith 2. La voix, o cas piteux, la voix del' immortel Luy command d'offrir son Isac sur l' autel. Boscan. 2. Oyd oyd los hombresy las gentes un casa nuevo qu'en amor se ofrece, amor in mi con sum deleyte crece. 3 Traedle, respondio, traedle hermanas. Cap. 17. Of Anadiplosis. THat which is in divers sentences is either Anadiplosis, or climax. Anadiplosis, redubling, or reduplication is when the same sound is repeated in the end of the sentence going before, and in the beginning of the sentence following after. Homer. Ε. Iliad. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. γ. Iliad. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. Aeg. 6. Addit se sociam, timidisque superuenit Aegle. Aegle, Naiadum pulcherrima. 6. Aenid. Deiphobum vidit lacerum crudeliter ora Ora manusque ambas. 10. Aenid. — sequitur pulcherrimus Astur. Astur equo fidens, & versicoloribus armis. Sir P Syd. 1. Over these brooks trusting to ease mine eyes, (Mine eyes even great in labour with their tears) I laid my face, my face wherein there lies Clusters of clouds which no sun ever clears. 3: O stealing time, the subject of delay, Delay the rack of unrefrained desire, What strange dessein haste thou my hopes to stay? My hopes which do but to mine own aspire. 4: And having placed my thoughts, my thoughts thus placed me, Me thought, nay sure I was, I was in fairest wood Of Samothea land, a land which whilom stood. Torquat. Tass. 8. Rinaldo han morto'l qual fú spada, e scudo Di nostra fede: & anchor giace inulto. Inulto giace: e su ' l terreno ignudo Lacerato il lasciaro, & insepulto. 19 Erminia to Tancred, lying half dead. Dopo gran tempo i ti ritrovo à pena Tancredi: e'ti rueggio, e non son vista, Vista non son da te: bench present, E, trovando, ti perdo eternament. In Amynt. 27. — hor non rammenti Cio che l'altr'hier Elpino raccontava, Il saggio Elpino, a la bella Licori Licori ch'in Elpin puote con gli occhi Quell ch'ei potere in lei dourra col canto, Se'l dovere in amor si ritrovasse. Sallust. 1. Semaine. Detousiours' le clairfeu n'enuironnent les airs: Les airs d'eternitè n'enuironnent les mers. 3. — tant & tant ardamment L'Eymant aime le far: le far aime l'Eymant. Boscan 2. No puede ser que d'cls amor eshijo, Eshijo d'el amor, mas es bastardo. And Gran tiempo ha', que amor me dize, escrive, escrive lo que en ti yo tengo escrito. 3. Atreviosè à tomar la mano de Hero De Hero la mano se atrevio à tomarla. Cap. 18. Of Climax. CLimax, gradation, is a reduplication continued by divers degrees and steps, as it were, of the same word or sound, for these two be of one kind. Homer. Iliad. 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. V aeg. 2. Torua le●…na lupum sequitur, lupus ipse capellam, E lorentem citisum sequitur lasciva capella. Sir Philip Sidney 1 Song. Loving in truth, and sane in verse my love to show, That the dear she might take some pleasure of my pain, Pleasure might 'cause her read, reading might make her Knowledge might pity win, & pity grace obtain (know I sought fit words, etc. 3. Dorus. Sweet glove the sweet despoil of sweetest hand, Fair hand the fairest pledge of fairer heart, True heart whose truth doth yield to truest band, Chief band, I say, which ties my chiefest part, My chiefest part, wherein do chief stand Those secret joys, which heavens to me impart: Unite in one, my state thus still to save, You have my thanks, let me your comfort have. 44. Song. My words, I know, do well set forth my mind, My mind bemoans his sense of inward smart, Such smart may pity crave of any heart: Her heart, sweet heart, is of no tigers kind. Torquat. Tass. 6. Sparsa è d'arme la terra: è l'arme sparse Disangue, e l sangue co'l sudor simesce. 15 Enudre à í prati l'herba, à l'herba i fiori, A i fiori l'odor. Sallust 1 Semaine of the garden of Eden. Ains d'un doux ventelet l'halene ●usquetee Coulant dans la forest par l'eternel plantee, Donnoit vigeut aux corpse, à la terre verdeur, A la verdure fleurs, aux fleurs un alme odeur. And 1. Semaine 2. day. Ci bien qu'auec le temps le ius vertement aigre Se fait moust, le moust vin, etc le bon vin vinaigre. 3. Des fontaines se font les ruisseaux murmurans: Des murmurans ruisseaux, les ravageus torrens: Des torrens ravageus les superbes rivitres. Des rivieres se sont les ondes marinieres. And, Le germe croist en herb, & Therbe en long tuyan, Le tuyau en espic, l'espic en ble noweau judith. 3. Dieu peut tout ce, qu'il veut: dieu veut tout ce qu'il doit: Dieu doit toùte faveut à cil que march droit. Boscan. 3. Tanto que d'ella sama tira y corre, D'el Istro all Tago, y d'el Tago hasta all Nilo. Cap. 19 Of Anaphora. THus much of the continued repetitionn of the same word in one or divers sentences: now followeth the severed repetition of the same sound, and that either in the same place, or in divers. In the same place, either simple or conjoined. Simple, Anaphora and Epistrophe. Anaphora a bringing back of the same sound, is when the same sound is iterated in the beginning of the sentence. Homer. Iliad. 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Vir. 4. Geor Te dulcis coniux, te solo in littore secum, Te veniente die, te decedente canebat. Aegl. 1. Pan primus calamos cera coniungere plures Instituit: Pan curate oves, oviumque magistros. Aen. 3. Sic oculos, sic ille manue, sic ora ferebat. Sir Philip Sidney. 1. And thus mine eyes are placed still in one sight, And thus my thoughts can think but one thing still, Thus reason to his servant gives his right, Thus is my power transformed to your will. 2. Old age is wise, and full of constant truth, Old age well stayed from ranging humours lives, Old age hath known, what ever was in youth, Old age o'ercome the greater honour gives. And to old age since you yourself aspire, Let not old age disgrace my high desire. Torquat. Tasso. 20. Giace il cavallo all suo signore appresso, Giace il compagno appo'l compagno estinto. Giace il nimick appo'l nimico, è spesso Su'l morto il vivo: il vincitor su'l vinto. Sallust. 1. Semaine. Tout estoit sans beauty, sans reglement, sans flame, Tout estoit sans façon, sans mowement, sansame. 1. Semaine 3 day. Qui boit le Styx sulphreux, le Phiegeton brulant, Le bourbeux Acheron, le Gocyte sanglant. 5. Of the sea. Elle a son herisson, son belier, son pourceau, Son lion, son cheval, son elephant, son veau. 1. of. Mari. Et qu'elle ensantera pour le salut humain Son pere, son espoux, sons fills; & son germane. Boscan 3 Cantavete en partiendo el clarodia, Cantavete en viniendo la mannana. Garcilasso. Por vos naci, por vos tengo la vida, Por vos he de morir, y por vos muero. Cap. 20. of Epistrophe. Epistrophe, Conversion or turning to the same sound in the end, is when the like sound is iterated in the endings. Homer. 14. Odyss 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. V aeg. 3. Si ad vitulam spectes, nihil est quod pocula laudes. Aegl. 8. Ignis ut hic durescit, & haec ut cera liquescit uno eodémque igni, sie nostro Daphnis amore. Aeg. 10. — solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra: juniperi gravis umbra. Sir Philip Sidney 1 But since it is weakness, too much to remember, what should have been done, and that your commandment stretcheth to know what shallbe done; I do, etc. There, of Dametas. O not, he can not be good, that knows not why he is good, but stands so far good, as his fortune may keep him unassailed. 10. Nay we are to resolve, that if reason direct it, we must do it, & if we must do it, we will do it: for, to say, I cannot, is childish; and, I will not, is womanish. Torquat. Tass. 1. S●… so fedeli mei, su via prendete Le fiamme, e'l ferro, ardete, & uccidite. In Amynt. 45. Satyrus in comparing Syluia to Sylva for her cruelty. Celan le selue, angui, leoni, & orsi, Dentro il lor verde: è tu dentro 〈◊〉 bell pett● Nascondi odio, disdegno, & impiettate, Fere peggior, ch'angui, leoni, & orsi, Che si placano quei, questi placarsi Non possono, per prego ne per dono. Sallust 1 Semaine. Non en temps, avant temps ains mesme avec le temps I'enten un temps confus. Boscan. 1. Los does iuntos en dannarme Hemos sido y en vencerme: Armadas para perderme: Vos comigo por matarme, Yo con vospor ofenderme. Cap. 21. Of Symploce. Conjoined as Symploce, Complexio, Comprehensio, coupling of both the other, when the same sound is repeated both in beginnings and endings. Vir. aeg. 7. Fraxinus in syluis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis, Populus in flwijs, abies in montibus altis Sir Philip Sidney 5. Pyrocles. My blood will satisfy the highest point of equity, my blood will satisfy the hardest hearted of this Country. 2. Of Musidorus. Such was as then the estate of the Duke, as it was no time by direct means to seek her, & such was the estate of his captived will, as he could delay no time of seeking her. Torquat. Tass. 9 SH' affronta insieme, horribilment urtando Scudo à scudo, elmo ad elmo, e brando à brando: Sallust. 4. Semaine. Reglant ensemblement nos moeurs, & nos humeurs, Troublant ensemblement nos humeurs & nos moeurs. Boscan. 1. Y assi està la vida mia D'el todo desconsolada, D'el cuerpo desamparada: Y fuera de l'alegria, Pues es de vos apartada. Cap. 22. Of Epanalepsis. THese repetitions be in the same place; the two following, that is Epanalepsis and Epanados, be diversly placed. Epanalepsis or resumption, is when the same sound is iterated in the beginning and ending. Virg. 2. Aen. Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa. Aeg. 1. Ambo florentes at atibus, Arcades ambo. 1. Georg. Nudus ara, sere nudus. Aeg. 4. Occidet & serpens, & fallax herba veneni Occidet. Aeg 9 Tityre, dum redeo, brevis est via, pasce capellas, Et potum pastas age Tityre. 4. Georg. Amba auro, pictis incincta pellibus amba. 2. Aeneid. — Arma viri, ferte arma. 12. Aeneid. Victus amore tui, cognato sanguine victus. And, — Socer arua Latinus habebat, Imperium solemn socer. Sir P. Syd. 5. Fear is more pain, than is the pain it fears. 34. Sonnet. They love indeed, who quake to say, they love. 3. Hark plaintfull ghosts, infernal furies hark. 3 Gynoecia. The thoughts are but overflowings of the mind, and the tongue is but a servant of the thoughts. Torquat. Tass. 18. Audace si: ma cautament audace. Torris: to Aluida. 35. Estingua tutti gli odij il nostro amore, E n●…ssuno odio il nostro amore estingua. In Amynta. fol. 87. Pari è l'eta, la gentilezza è pari. In Amynt. 70. O Dafne, oh Dafne, A questo amaro fin tu misaluasti A questo sine amaro? Sallust. 1. Semaine. Or done avant tous temps, matter, form & am, Dieu tout en tout estoit, & tout estoit en Dieu. 1. l'architecte du monde ordonna qu' à leur tour Le iour suivist la nuict, lafoy nuict suivist le iour. In the triumph of faith speaking of Christ. Parole qu' on ne peut exprimer par parole. In the same place of the mother and her seven sons slain. Mere dign des fis, fis dignes de la mere. Boscan 1 Si de amor es tu sentido Di me que cosa es amor. 3. Contemplando tras esto en las mudanças, De la mar, y d'el viento contemplando. Cap. 23. Of Epanados. EPanados, regression, turning to the same sound, when one and the same sound is repeated in the beginning and middle, or middle and end. Homer. 2. Iliad. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg Aeg. 8. — Crudelis tu quoque matter, Crudelis matter magis, an puer improbus ille? Improbus ille puer, crudelis tu quoque matter. 7. Compulerantque greges Coridon & Thyrsis in unum: Thyrsis oves, Coridon distentas lact capellas. 1. Geor Quacunque illa levem fugiens secat ethera pennis, Insequitur Nisus: quà se fert Nisus ad auras, Illa levem fugiens raptim secat ethera pennis. 4. Geor Tùm quoque marmorea caput à ceruice rewlsum Gurgite cum medio portans Oeagrius Hebrus Volueret, Eurydicen vox ipsa, & frigida lingua, Ah miseram Eurydicen anima fugiente vocabat: Eurydicen tete referebant flumine ripa. Sir Philip Sidney. Son. 7. Whose senses in so ill consort their stepdame nature lays That ravishing delight in them most sweet tunes do not raise. Or if they do delight therein yet are so cloyed with wit, As with sententious lips to set a title vain on it. O let them hearè these sacred tunes & learn in wonders schools, To be in things past bounds of wit, fools, if they be not fools. Who have so leaden eyes as not to see sweet beauties show, Or seeing have so wooden wits as not that worth to know, Or knowing have so muddy minds as not to be in love, Or loving have so frothy thoughts as easily thence to move, O let them see these heavenly beams, & in fair letters reed A lesson sit both sight and skill, love and firm love to reed. Hear then, but then with wonder hear, see, but adoring see No mortal gifts, no earthly fruits now here descended be. See do you see this face? a face? nay image of the skies, Of which the two life▪ giving lights are figured in her eyes. Hear you this soule-inuading voice, and count it but a voice? The very essence of those tunes when Angels do rejoice. 8. Son. Each day seems long, and longs for long stayed night, The night as tedious woos th'approach of day: Tired with the dusty toils of busy day, Languished with horrors of the silent night: Suffering the evils both of day and night, While no night is more dark than is my day, Nor no day hath less quiet than my night. With such bad mixture of my night and day: That living thus in blackest winter night, I seel the flames of hottest summers day. Torquatus Tass In Amynt. 22. Dafne. Cosi la gene prima, che gia visse Nel mondo ancora semplice & infant, Stimo dolce bevanda, è dolce cibo, L'acqua; è le ghiande: Et hor l'acque è le ghiande, Sono cibo è bevanda d'animali. Poiche s'e posto e posto in uso il grano. è l'u●a. In Amynt. 84. A dio pastori, Piagge a dio: a dio selue: siumi, a dio. There, 67. Padre vecchio▪ orbo Padre: achi, non piu Padre. Sallust. 2. Semaine. Immortel & mortel Adam donques nasquit. Immortel il mourut, & mortel i'll vesquit, Car avant less effects de sa rebel offence, Mourir & non mourir, estoient en sa puissan●e, Mais depuis qu'il osa de dieu l'ire encourir, 'Las, mourir il peut bien, mais non pas non mourir. come au contrair, apres sa second naissance Il aura seulement de non mourir puissance. 3. Semaine. Vigne qui cede autant à tout arbre en beauty, come tout arbre cede à la vigne en bontè. Boscan. 2. O coraçon que siempre has padecido dime tan fuerte mal, common es tan largo? Y mal tan largo, di common es tan fuerte? Cap. 24. Of Paronomasia. hitherto of the repetition of sounds like. It followeth to speak of the repetition of sounds somewhat unlike, as Paronomasia and Polyptoton. Paronomasia, Agnominatio, allusion, is when a word is changed in signification by changing of a letter or syllable. Homer. Il. 2 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 2, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 2, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 2, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 2, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 4, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. E. Il. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. I Il. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 8. Od. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 15. Od. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 16. Od. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. V 2. Geor Auia tum resonant avibus virgulta canoris. 2. Aen. Fit via vi: rumpunt aditus. 4. Aen. Longa procul longis via dividit invia terris. And, Quid struis? aut qua spe Lybicis teris ocia terris? 6. Aen. — quo non praestantior alter Aere ciere viros, Martemque accendere cantu. And, — gemina super arbore sidunt Discolor unde auriper ramos aura refulsit. And, — Fixit leges pretio, atque refixit. Elsewhere, — Tauro jove digna, vel auro. Sir Philip Sidney 1 Come shepherds weeds, become your master's mind. 2. Of Musidorus. But, alas, what can saying make them believe, whom seeing cannot persuade? 3, But nameless he, for blameless he shall be. And, Because in wrestling and in pastoral, He far did pass the rest of shepherds all. 3, Those lamps of heavenly fire to fixed motion bound, The ever turning spheres, the never moving ground. Torquat. Tass. 1. Giu ì decreti del ciel porta, & all cielo Riporta d'ye mortali i preghis e ' l zelo. 2. Nel profan loco, esù la sacra imago Susurrò poi le sue bestemmie il mago. In Amynta. — Syluia honour de le siluo. Sallust. 1. Semaine. Voir les murs & les moeurs de maint estrange empire. 4. Car ie ne pense point que tous les elemens' Peussent pour un seul iour les fournir d'alimens. judith. 2. Qu'il est autant aisè de le vaincre parlarmes, come il est malaisè de le vaincre par arms. In the Triumph of faith. La loi non par Platon, ains par Pluton ecrite. 2. Semaine. 1. De cruelles douleurs, qui tantost d'un lent pas, Tantost d'un pas hastè, nous guident au trespass. 2. Semaine 4. — Perde repos & repas. Boscan. 1. Not me falta buen remedio en esta falta. Garcilass. Aeglog 2. — accompanada De un amor llanoy lleno de pureza. Cap. 25. Of Polyptoton. Polyptoton, often falling or declining of one word, is when as words of one offspring have divers fallings or terminations. Homer. Il. 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Ν. Il. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 6. Od. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. 4. Aen. Littora littoribus contraria, fluctibus undas Imprecor, arma armis. Hunc morem, hos cursus, atque haec certamina primus Ascanius, longam muris cum cingeret Albam, Rettulit. Sir Philip Sidney. 1. Thou art of blood, joy not to make things bleed: Thou fearest death, think they are loath to dye. Torquat. Tass. 2. Olindo. Ahi tanto amò la non amante amata. 19 Moriva Argante: è tall moria, qual visse: Minacciava morendo: e non lauguia. Superbi, formidabili, e feroci Gli ultimi moti fur, l'vltime voci. In Amynt. 20. In tanto io piu ridea del suo rossore, Ella piu s'arrossia del riso mio. Sallust. 1. Semaine. L'immuable decret de la bouche divine, Qui causera sa fin, causa son origine. 2. Sem. 3. of the fall of Adam. Esprit animètout, grand dieu, qui iustement Changè de pere en iuge, as fait ce changement, Change moy etc. Boscan. 1. Descubrio nuevos tormentoes Para sentir nueva gloria. 2. Con esto me efforçè, si efforçarse se llama ser forçado: efforçando me pues, menos hiziera. Before I leave of to talk of these figures of words, I will here confusedly insert a number of conceited verses, sith all their grace & delicacy proceedeth from the figures aforenamed. Theocritus hath expressed the form of an egg, and an altar in verse, so hath Willy represented the figure of a sword, and an old Abbot, the image of the cross in very laboured and entangled verses: but let them pass, and come we to such as are more plausible. Sir Philip Syd. 4; act. a double sestine. Strephon. You goteheard Gods that love the grassy mountains, You nymphs which hunt the springs in pleasant valleys, You Satyrs joyed with free and quiet forests, Vouchsafe your silent ears to playning music, Which to my woes gives still an early morning, And draws the dolour on till weary evening. Klaius. O Mercury foregoer to the evening, O heavenly huntress of the savage mountains, O lovely star entitled of the morning, While that my voice doth fill these woeful valleys, Vouchsafe your silent ears to playning music, Which oft hath Echo tried in secret forests etc. So in the beginning of the same act. Since wailing is a bud of careful sorrow. etc. Spenser taketh the words one after another. You wasteful woods bear witness of my woe, Wherein my plaints did oftentimes resound: You careless birds are privy to my cries, Which in your songs were wont to make a part. Thou pleasant Spring hast lulled me often a sleep, Whose streams my trickling tears did often augment. Resort of people doth my grief augment, The walled towns do work my greater woe: The Forest wide is fit to resound The hollow Echo of my careful cries, I hate the house, since thence my love did part, Whose wailful want deters mine eyes from sleep, etc. Petrarch hath nine sestines, or thereabouts, one is fol. 421. Mia benigna fortuna, e'l viver liet●, I chiari giorni, è le tranquille nottis, E i soavi sospiri, e'l dolce stile: Che solea risonar in versi, e'en rhyme, Volti subitament in doglia, e'en pianto, Odiar vita mià mi fanno, è bramar morto. Crudele, acerba, inessorabil morte Occasion mi day di mai non esser lieto: Ma di menar tutta mia vita in piant●, E i giorni oscuris, è le dogliose notti. I miei gravi sospir non vanno in rhyme, E'l mio duro martyr vince ogni stile, etc. Sir Philip Sidney 1 hath a rhyme, wherein the last word of the first doth jump in sound with the middle word of the second, thus: up, up, Philisides, let sorrows go, Who yields to woe, doth but increase his smart: Do not thy heart to plaintfull custom bring, But let us sing, etc. So Petrarch, fol. 153. Mai non vo piu cantar come io soleva, Ch'altrui non m'intendeua, etc. And Garcilasso aeglog. 2. Filomena sospira en dolce canto, En amoroso llanto se amanzilla Gime la tortolilla sober el elmo, etc. Petrarch fol. 56. hath an odd kind of rhyme used in Provence, where continually he putteth six verses between every rhyme, so that the first rhymeth with the 8, the second with the ninth, the third with the tenth, etc. thus: Verdi, panni, sanguigni, oscuris, ò Persi, etc. Sir Philip Sidney 2. Philisides and Eccho. P. In what state was I then, when I took this deadly disease? E. Ease. P. And what manner a mind, which had to that hu nor a vain? E. Vain. And after. P. Then to an earnest love, what doth best victory lend? E. End. P. End? but I can near end: Love will not give me the leave. E. Leave. The like be in Erasmus his Dialogues, and Ovid's Metamorphoses: such an one is that Semicaper Faunus cur ità clamat? E amat. and. Participem vote me fore reris? E. eris. etc. In Willies Poems there be divers conceited kinds of verses, some whereof resemble those old one's, Qu an di tri mul pa os guis rus sti cedine vit H san mi Chri dull la I had almost forgotten an other old verse, inferior to none of the rest, it is this. Sacrum pingue dabo, nec macrum sacrificabo, Says Cain, in an Hexameter; which (if you read it backward) will make Abel's answer in a Pentameter, thus: Sacrificabo macrum, nec dabo pingue sacrum. Sir Philip Sidney 3 Virtue, beauty, and speech, did strike, wound, charm, My bart, eyes, ears, with wonders, love, delight. First, second, last, did bind, enforce, and arm, His works, shows, suits, with wit, grace, & vows might. Thus Honour, liking, trust, much, fair, and deep, Held, pierced, possessed my judgement, sense, and will, Till wrong, contempt, deceit, did grow, steal, creep, Bands, favour, faith, to break, defile, and kill. Then grief, unkindness, proof, took, kindled, sought Well grounded, noble, due, spite, rage, disdain. But ah alas in vain, my mind, sight, thought Doth him, his face, his word, leave, shun, refrain. For nothing, time, nor place, can loose, quench, ease, Mine own, embraced, sought, knot, fire, disease. And, The fire to see my wrongs, for anger burneth, The air in rain for my affliction weary, The sea to ebb for grief his flowing turneth, The earth with pity dull, the centre keepeth. Fame is with wonder blazed, Time runs away with sorrow, Place standeth still amazed, To see my night of ill that hath no morrow. Alas all only she no pity taketh To know my miseries: but chaste and cruel, My fall her glory maketh, Yet still her eyes give to my flames the fuel. Fire burn me quite, till sense of burning leave me, Air let me draw no more thy breath in anguish, Sea, drowned in thee, of tedious life bereave me, Earth take this earth wherein my spirits languish, Fame say I was not born, Time hast my dying hour, Place see my grave uptorne: Fire, air, sea, earth, fame, time, place show your power. Alas from all their helps I am exiled: For hers am I, and death fears her displeasure, Fie death, thou art beguiled, Though I be hers, of me she makes no treasure. These two be aswell known, as their author is unknown. Pastor, arator, eques, pavi, colui, superavi, Capras, rus, hosts, frond, ligone, manu. In English, thus. A goteheard, ploughman, knight, my goats, my fields, my foes, I fed, I tilled, I killed, with bows, with ploughs, with blows. In French, thus. Pastre, laboureur, duke, i'ay peu, beschè, submis, De rams, de pies, de mains, cheures, champs, enemis. Or thus. Pasteur, rustic, guerrier, i'ay peu, beschè, mis bas, Cheures, champs, enemis, de fueille, hay, & bras. Hadrian the Emperor of three Shepherds. Almo, Theon, Thyrsis nati sub monte Pelori Semine disparili, Laurente, Lacone, Sabina: Vite Sabina, Lacon sulco, sue cognita Laurens. Almo puer, pubesque Theon, & Thyrsis ephebus, Thyrsis oves, vitulos Theon egerat, Almo capellas. Canna Almo, Thyrsis stipula, Theon ore melodus. Nais amat Thyrsin, Glauce Almona, Nisa Theonem: Nisa rosas, Glauce violas, dat lilia Nais. The same of the battle of the Amazons. Vt belli sonuêre tuba, violenta peremit Hippolyte Teuthranta, Lice Clonon, Oebalon Alce, Oebalon ense, Clonon iaculo, Teuthranta sagitta. Oebalus ibat equo, curru Clonus, & pede Teuthras. Plus puero Teuthras, puer Oebalus, & Clonus Heros. Figitur ora Clonus, latus Oebalus, ilia Teuthras. Charus Epo Teuthras, Dorycle Clonus, Oebalus Ida, Argolicus Teuthras, Moesus Clonus, Oebalus Archas. In imitation whereof, a countryman of ours, in his sweet description of the Trojan war, hath made divers: among the rest I remember these three Stemona sternit jon, jonem proturbat Acontes, Mactat Aconta Pholus, Pholon Oebalus, Oebalon Astor, Astora Thyodamas, & Thyodamanta Lyceus. Tamisier. De far, de feu, de sang, Mars, Vulcan, Tisiphone Bastit, forgea, remplit, l'aime, le coeur, la main, Du meurtrier, du tyrant, du cruel inhuman, Qui meurtrit, brusle & perde lafoy Francoise couronne. D'un Scythe, d'un Cyelope, & d'un fire Lestrigone, Là cruautè, l'ardeur, & la sanglante faime Qui l'animè, l'eschauffe, & conduct son desseine Rien que far, rien que feu, rien que sangue reason. Qu'il puisse par le far cruellement mourir, Ou per le feu de ciel horriblement perir, Et voir du sang des scions la terre estre arrousee. Soit roville, soit esteint, soit seek par la paix Le far, le seu, le sang, cruel, ardent, espais Qui meurtrit, brusle, & perde lafoy France divisee. Remy Belleau. un berger, un cheurier, & un bowyer venus De Sicily, de Thebes; & de Smyrne congneus Des prez, & des coustaus', & des loges champestres Des brebis, des cheureaux, des boeufs: les meilleurs mistress Du flageol, du rebec, & du cornet retors, Mouton, cheures, & boeufs gardoient dessus les boards D'Arethuse, d'Ismene, & du Phrygien Xanthe. L'un le hurt, l'un lex ieux, le tierce les combats chante Des beliers bien cornus, des follastres cheureaux, Des taureaux mugissans, l'honneur des pastoreaux, Des cheutiers, des bou●iers: Aussi sur touts les prise Pales, le dieu cheutier, & le pasteur d'Amphrise D'un chapelet de fleurs couronnant le premier, D'un branch de pin le second, le ternier D'un tortoise de laurier. Mais Perot l'outrepasse Ce berger; ce cheutier, & ce bowyer surpass D'autant que les moutons, les boeufs, & les taureaux Les aigneaux, les cheureaux, & les ieunes boweaux, Ou que les bleds, les monts, & les maisons royalles Les herhes, les coustaux, les cases pastorals: Tant Perot flúste bien, fredonne, & son icy. Du flageol, du rebec, & du cornet auxi, Son Charlot, sou Amot, son Henriot, les mistress Des prez, & des coustaux, & des loges champestres. The same upon the death of Signior Bonnivet. La France, & le Piedmont, & les cieux, & less arts, Les soldats, & le monde out fait come six parts De ce grand Bonnivet, carune si grand choose Dedans un seul tombeau ne powoit estre enclose. La France en a le corpse qu'elle avoit esheuè, Le Piedmont à le coeur qu'il avoit esprowè, Les cieux en out l'esprit, & less arts la memoire, Les soldats le regress, & le monde la gloire. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Fit cignus, taurus, satyrúsque, aurúmque, ob amorem Europa, Laedes, Antiopae, Danae's. Spencer in his Fairy Queen. 2. book. cant. 4. Wrath, jealousy, grief, love, do thus expel: Wrath is a fire, and jealousy a weed, Grief is a flood, and love a monster fallen: The fire of sparks, the weed of little seed, The flood of drops, the monster filth did breed: But sparks, seed, drops, and filth do thus delay, The sparks soon quench, the springing seed outweed, The drops dry up, and filth wipe clean away. So shall wrath, jealousy, grief, love, die and decay. There be some called Serpentina carmina, because they turn and wind themselves inorbem like a snake, and their only grace proceedeth from a Rhetorical Epanalepsis: as those in Ovid, una dies Fabios ad bellum miserat omnes, Ad bellum missos perdidit una dies. and Militat omnis amans & habet sua castra Cupido, Attice crede mihi, militat omnis amans. And these in martial, Phospore red diem, quid gaudia nostra moraris? Casare venturo, Phospore red diem. And that in Virgil before, Multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa. Philelphus' of Pope Pius. Laus tua, non tua fraus, virtus, non copia rerum Scandere te faciunt hoc decus eximtum. The words turned, overturn the sense, thus. Eximium decus hoc faciunt te scandere, rerum Copia, non virtus: fraus tua, non tua laus. The same in French by L'officiall de Langres. Bien faict, non dol, los, non faveur Fait te gaigner tresgrand honneur. Faveur, non los, dol, non bien fait. Honneur tresgrand gaigner te fait. There be certain old verses that thus turned, retain the same sense still, thus. Praecipiti modò quod decurrit tramite flumen, Tempore consumptum iam citò deficiet. Deficiet citò iam etc. And these, which you must take at the half turn, thus. Odit, amat, reprobat, probat, execratur, adorat, Crimina, iura, nefas, fas, simulachra, deum: Fas, simulachra, deum, probat, execratur, adorat: Odit, amat, reprobat, crimina, iura, nefas. Or thus. Crimina, iura, nefas, odit, amat, reprobas. Marot. Dieu des amans d'amour me guard, Me gardant donne moy bon heur, En me-bienheurant prens ta dared, En la prenant naure son coeur, En le naurant me tiendra seur, En seuretè suiuray laccointance, En laccointant ton seruiteur, En servant aura iovissance. Ausonius. Res hominum fragiles alit, & regit, & perimit sors, Sors dubia, aeternumque labans, quam blanda fovit spes, Spes nullo finita avo, cui terminus est mors, Mors avida inferna mergit caligine quam nox, Nox obitura vicem reme averit aurea cum lux, Lux dono concessa deûm, cui praevius est sol, Sol cui nec furto veneris latet armipotens Mars, Mars nullo de patre satus, quem Thressa colit gens, Gens infraena virûm, quibus in scelus omne ruit fas, Fas hominem mact are sacris, ferus iste loci mos, Mos ferus audacis populi, quem nulla tenet lex, Lex naturali quam condidit imperio ius, Ius genitum pietate hominum, ius certa dei mens, Mens, quae caelesti sensu rigat emeritum cor, Cor vegetum, mundi instar habens, animae vigour ac vis, Vis tamen hac nulla est, verùm est iocus, & nihili Res. Of four Popes. Paul, Leon, jule, Clement On't mice nostre France en torment. jules, Clement, Leon, & Paul On't pertroublè tout la Gaul. Paul, Clement, Leon, & jules On't beaucoup gaignè par lour bulls. jule, Clement, Paul, Leon On't fait des maux un million. He that made the book called Pierce Ploughman, maketh three or four words in every line begin with the same letter, thus. In a summer season, when set was the sun, etc. Who so desireth to see more of this kind, let him read Accords Bigarrures, and Scaligers books de art Poetica, where he hath one verse, which he calleth Proteus, Perfide sperasti te divos fallere Proteu? Which may be turned to as many fashions as ever was Proteus; for as I remember, it is apparent by that which Scaliger there putteth down, that it may be varied threescore and ten times, keeping the self same words and sense. Cap. 26. Of figures of sentences. THis shall suffice to have spoken of figures in words: now follow the figures in Sentences, which in the whole sentence express some motion of the mind. These are more forcible & apt to persuade, than those of words, which be rather pleasant and fit to delight. Generally, as in tropes there is a certain grace, in figures of words a kind of delicacy, so in these of sentences, appeareth force and majesty. Cap. 27. Of exclamation. THese figures consist in simple speech alone, or in conferring and debating with others. In speaking alone, such as respect either the matter, or the person; the matter, as Exclamation & Revocation, or calling back of one's self: Exclamation is expressed by some note of exclamation, either put down, or understood: an excellent instrument to stir up divers affections, sometimes wonder and admiration. Homer. 3. Iliad. Priamus of Agamemnon. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. aeg. 3. O quoties, & qua nobis Galatea locuta est? Georg. 2. O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint, Agricolas. Sir Philip Sidney 3 Histor says. Lord, what by-words they speak, what spite they spit? Torquot. Tass. 1. O meraviglia, Amor, ch' à pena è nato, Già grand vola, è già trionfa armato. 7. — O vivo specchio Del valour prisco: intela nostra gente Miri, è ciascun n'apprenda, in te di mart Splende l'honor, la disciplina, e'larte. Sallust. 3. Que diray-ie de toy o fontaine Sclavonne? Que diray-ie de toy, o source de Dodone? Dont, l'vne ard les drapeaux, l'aultre, o merueille! estaint Le brondon allumé, & le r ' alum estaint. Boscan. 2. En qual part d'el cielo, en qual planeta, Guardado fue tangrande nacimiento? Qual estrella alcanço merecimiento, Para influir en cosa tan perfeta? Que principio: que causa tan secreta, Pudo tener tan alto fundamento? Sometimes despair. Homer. 1. Iliad. Thetis to Achilles. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 V 2. Ae. Namque ut conspectu in medio turbatus inermis Constitit, atque oculis Phrygiae agmina circumspexit, Heu quae nunc tellus, inquit, quae me aequora possunt Excipere, aut quid i am misero mihi denique restat? Cui neque apud Danaos usquàm locus: insuper ipsi Dardantdae insesti poenas cum sanguine poscunt. Elsewhere. Venit summa dies, & ineluctabile tempus Dardaniae. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium & ingens Gloria Dardanidûm. Ferus omnia jupiter Argos Translulit, incensa Danai dominantur in urbe. Again, Heufugenate dea, teque his, ait, eripe flammis. Sat patriae Priamoque datum, si Pergamon dextra Desendi possent, ettam hac desensa fuissent, Host is habet muros. And that, Heu nihil invitit fas quenquam fidere divis. Sir P. Syd 2. Gynoecia exclaimeth. But wretch that I am, my torment is beyond all succour, and my evil deserving doth exceed my evil fortune. For nothing else did my husband take this strange resolution to live solitary: for nothing else have the winds delivered this strange guest to my country: for nothing else have the destinies reserved my life to this time, but that only I, most wretched I, should become a plague to myself, and a shame to womankind. Torquat. Tass. 4. Armida crieth out when Godfrey had spoken. Nulla speme piu resta: in van midoglio: Non hanpiù forza in human petto i preghis: Forse lece ilsperar ch'il mio cordoglio, Che te non moss, il rio tyranno preghis? Nè già te d'inclementia accuser voglio: Perch'il picciol soccorso à me si neghis: Mà il cielo accuso, ond'il mio mal descend. Ch' in te pietate inessorabil rend. Non tu, signor, ne tua bontade è tale: Mà il mio destino è, che me nega aita: Crudo destino: empio destin fatale Vccide homai quest▪ odiosa vita: L'hauermi priva, (ohime) fù picciol male D'dolci padri in loro et a fiorita, Se non mi vedi anchor del regno priva? Qual vittima all coltello, andar cattiva? Sallust. judith 6. Bagos exclaimeth, Holofernes being slain. Malheur malheur sur nous: une slave maudite En tuant Holoferne, a tuè l'exercite Donteur de l'vniuers. judith. 3. 'Las! quel comfort nous rest? o ville miserable, L'enemi qui te ceint, t'est doux & pitoiable Les tiens te sont cruels: il te veut preserver, Les tiens te veulent perdre: il tachce conserver La vie de tes fis, & tes fis au contrair, Courant teste baissee à la mort volontaire. Boscan. 1. O vida llena de enoios, O mundo que vas assi: Que buen fuera para mi, Si yo no twiera oios Para vezoes quando os vi. Sometimes wishing. Homer 3 Iliad. Hector to Paris. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Vir. aeg. 2. O tantum libeat mecum tibi sordida rurae, Atque humiles habitare casas, & figere ceruos. 8. Aen. O mihi praeteritos referat si jupiter annos. Sir Philip Sidney. 2. O Diana said Philoclea, I would, either the cloud that now hides the light of my virtue, would as easily pass away, as you will quickly overcome this let; or else that you were for ever thus darkened, to serve for a better excuse of my outrageous folly Torquat. Tass. 7. Godsr. of Raimondo. O pur havessi frà l'etate acerba Dieci altri di valour all tuo simile: Come ardirei vincer Babel superba: E la croce spiegar da Battro à Tile. There Raimondo says. O fuss io pur su'l mio vigour de gli anni: Qual seat voi, che qui, temendo chiusi Vi state. Sallust. 5 Sem. of the Virgin and Eagle burned together. O couple bien-heureux, sur vostre obscure tomb toutiour toutiour le miel, toutiour la man tomb: toutiour toutiour vos-os soyent de Myrrh cowers, Et toutiour puissiez vous viure dedans mes vers. Boscan 3. of Hero. O si alcançasse, sospirava elotro, Tenella por muger si quiera vn'hora, Y en sus braços me resoluiesse todo, Como all solnieve, ò common cera all fuego. Sometimes indignation. Homer Il. 1. Achilles to Agamemnon. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, V 1. Aen. Heu stirpem invisam, & fatis contraria nostrie Fata Phrygûm. Sir Philip Syd 4. in Philisidis dream of Venus and Diana. I would have spoken out, but out they both did cry, Fie fie, what have we done, ungodly rebel, fie. Torquat. Tass. 9 Argillano. O vilfeccia del mondo: Arabi inerti Ond' è c' hortanto ardire invois alletti? 8. Et non fulmina il cielo? & non gl'inghiotte La terra entro La sua perpetua not? 6. Esce fuori gridando: anima vile, Ch'ancor ne le victory infame se● Qual titolo di laud alto, e gentle Da modi attendi si scortesis, e rei? Frà i ladroni d'Arabia, ò frà simile Barbara turba anezzo esser tu dei: Fuggi la luce, e uà con l'altre belue Ancrudelir ne' monti, e trà le selue. Sallust. 6. Sem. of him that gave his servant to be devoured of a Lyon. Cannibal selon, Cyclope inexorable, Puis que tu veux combler de maux ce miserable, Et pourquoy l'ostes tu, o Busire inhuman, Et pourquoy Lestrigon, l'ostes tu de ta main, Pour le liurer aux Ours, aux Onces, aux liones, Qui mile & mile fois moins que toy felonnes? judith. 6. O gofiers affames! o entrailles profondes! Tous les viures exquis de mile & mile mondes Songés par l' Abderois ne vous poutroint souler. Pour vous, ventres goulus, pour vousil faut aler, Aux Moluques chercher la fine epicerie, En Candie le vin, le sucre en Canary, Il faut depeupler l'air, & le Phoenix unique Peut à pain eschaper votre dent famelique. Boscan. 2. Que estrella fue por donde ya cai en el mundo con tanta pesadumbre? qual madre ya de vida me dio lumbre? porque me'cho tan huerfano, y assi? Quien primero holgò quando naci? qual dolour me subiò tan en su cumber? que no hall remedio en la costumbre, yoy sienta mas lo qui air mas senti. Porque no mori en el vientre o en naciendo, porque me tomo nadie ensus rodillas, criando m'entre vivos no viviendo? Forçado es ya, que vaya descubriendo, entre mis enemigos mis manzillas, y unos llorens, y otros esten riendo. Sometime derision. See that which Patroclus spoke in scorn of Cebrion falling dead from his chariot. Homer. Π. Iliad. in Ironia before. And that of Thersites in 2. Iliad. in Paronomasia before. Vir. aeg 8. O digno coniuncta viro. Aen 9 O verè Phrygia, nec enim Phryges', ite per alta Dyndima. Sir Phil. Syd. 2. Pas of his lass Cosma, whom Nico would have kissed. Kiss her? now mayst thou kiss, etc. Torquat. Tass. 7. that of Argante in Ironia, O gente invitta, etc. Sallust 1 Que vous estes, alas! de honte & de foy vuides, Escrivains, qui couches dans vos Ephemerides, L'an, le mois, & leiour, qui clorront pour tousiours La port de Saturn, aux ans, aux mois, auxiours? Boscan. See that in Ironia, though no note of exclamation be there. Sometimes protestation or obtestation. Homer. 1. Iliad. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Ο. Iliad. juno. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virgil. 2. AEneid: of Sinon. Ille dolis instructus, & art Pelasgan Sustulit exutas vinclis ad sydera palmas, Vos aeterni ignes, & non violabile vestrum Testor numen, ait: vos ara ensesque nefandi Quos fugi, vittaeque deûm, quas hostia gessi, Fas mihi Graiorum sacrata resoluere iura: Fas odisse viros, atque omnia far sub auras Siqua tegunt: teneor patria nec legibus ullis. Sir Philip Sidney 2. Nico. O fauns, o fayrees all, and do you see And suffer such a wrong? a wrong I trow, That Nico must with Pas compared be. Torquat. Tass. 16. Armida to Rinaldo. O cielo, oh dei, perch soffir questi empi? Fulminar poi le torri, e i vostri Tempi. Sallust. 1. (O ciel qu'elle many) Boscan. 3. of Leander. Boluiendo all cielo sus cansadosoios, A los mayores dioses y menores, A todos invoco congrandes ruegoes, Y a Venus ya Neptuno mas que à todos, Conlagrimas diziendo estas palabras. O santa Venus que en la mar naciste. etc. Sometimes grief and misery. Homer. 1. Iliad. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. Aeg. 1. Impius hac tam culta novalia miles habebis? Barbarus has segetes? en quò discordia cives Perduxit miseros: en quess consevimus agros. Sir Philip Syd. 1. Musidorus. O miserable wretch, whether do thy destinies guide thee? Torquat. Tass. 2. Olinda. Ahi tanto amo la non amante amata. Sallust. 5. Semaine. He! que ne vendrions nous, Pour fournir aux souhaits d'vne avarice extreme, Puis que pour un peu d'or nous nous vendons nousmesmes? Boscan. 1. O muger desconocida, O dolour, O perdimiento, Vuestromal conocimiento Me hai traido en esta vida, Que hora siento. Sometimes pity and commiseration. Homer Ρ. Iliad. jupiter of Hector. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virgil. 1. Aeneid. Mercury to Aeneas. — tu nunc Carthaginis altae Fundament a locas, pulchramque uxorius urbem Extruis, heu regni, rerumque oblite tuarum. 2. Aeg. Eheu, quid volui misero mihi? floribus austrum Perditus, & liquidis immisifontibus apros. Aeg. 1. Spem gregis, ah, silice in nuda connixa reliquit. 2 Aen. Hei mihi qualis erat, quantum mutatus ab illo Hectore, qui redit exwias indutus Achilles. And, O patria, o diuûm domus Ilium, & inclyta bello Maenia Dardanidûm. Sir Philip Sidney 2. Dorus. Alas, excellent Mopsa, consider, that a virtuous Prince requires the life of his meanest subject, and the heavenly sun disdains not to give light to the smallest worm. Torquat. Tass. 12. Misero, di che gods? ò quanto mesti Siano i trionfis, & infoelice ilvanto: Gli occhi tuoi pagheran (s'in vitaresti) Di quel sangue ogni stilla un mar di pianto. Sallust. 2. in the description of the flood. Plus il cerche la terre, & plus & plus, alas, Ill'a sent, effrayé, se perdre sous ses pas. Garcilass. 1. Aeglog. Aye quanto m' engannava, ay quan diferente era, y quan de otra manera. etc. Sometimes cursing. Homer. 1. Il. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, etc. — 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virgilius 4. Aeneid. Sed mihi vel, tellus optem prius ima dehiscat, Vel pater omnipotens adigat me fulmine ad umbras, Pallentes umbras Erebi, noctémque profundam, Ante, pudor, quàm te violo, aut tua iura resoluo. 2. Aen. At tibi pro scelere, exclamat, pro talibus ausis, Dij, (siqua est coelo pietas qua talia curet) Persoluant grates dignas, etc. Sir Philip Syd. Pyrocles to Philoclea. There is none here etc. but only the almighty powers, whom I invoke to be the triers of my innocency. And if ever my thoughts did receive so much as a faint in their true affection: if they have not continually with more and more ardour, from time to time pursued the possession of your sweetest favour: if ever in that possession they received either spot or fellowship, them let there most horrible plagues fall upon me: let mine eyes be deprived of the light, which did abuse the heavenly beams that struck them: let my falsified tongue serve to no use, but to bemoan mine own wretchedness. Let my heart empoisoned with detestable treason, be the seat of infernal sorrow: let my soul with the endlesle anguish of his conscience, become his own tormentor. Torquat. Tass 4. Armida. Ahi che fiama dal cielo anzi in me scenda, Santa Honestà, ch'io le tue leg offenda. In Amynt. 46. O chiunque ti fosti, che insegnasti Primo a vender l'amor, sia maledetto Il tuo cener sepulto, e l'ossa fredde, E non si treus mai pastore, e nimfa Che lor dica passando, habbiate pace, Ma le bagni la pioggia, e mova il vento, E con pie immondo la gregia il calpestri, E'l peregrin. Sallust. judith. 1. Plustost dessus mes piés, Terre, crevasse toi, Et dans ton sein ombreus beauty, englouti moi: Plustost, o just ciel, lance sur moi ce foudre, Dont tu mis courroucé, iadis Sodom en poudre: Que sous un voile saint, ma malice sachant je donne aux fils d'Isac un counsel si meschant. Garcilass. Aeg. 1. Salicius. O dios porque si quiera pues ves desde tu altura, esta falsa periura, causarla muerte d'un estrecho amigo, no recibe d'el cielo alcun castigo? Epiphonema is a kind of exclamation when after the discourse ended, we add some short acclamation, as a conclusion or shutting up of all in wondering wise. Homer 1 Iliad, when he had laid down the miseries of the Grecians, says thus; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virgil when he had told the causes of juno's wrath against the Trojans, concludeth thus; 1. Aeneid. Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem. When he had set forth the natures, proprieties, etc. of horses. 3. Geor he maketh up all thus: Tantus amor laudum, tantae est vistoria cura. When he had laid down the industrious nature of the busy Bee, Georg. 4. he addeth, Tantus amor slorum & generandi copia mellis. Sir Philip Sidney 3 when he had expressed the heavy departure of Dorus from his friend Pirocles, endeth thus; So much his own heart did find him faulty, to unbend any way the continual use of their dear friendship. 5. When he had manifested the inconstancy of the people, and settled perseverance of Philanax & Euarchus, he addeth; So evil balanced be the extremities of popular minds, and so much natural imperiousness there rests in a well framed spirit. Torquato Tasso 15. After the description of the divers alterations & commutations of regions & kingdoms, he says; Tantò mutar può ●unga eta vetusta. Sallust. 1. Semaine. When he had taught that there was no vacuum by examples of water, hour glasses, Conduits, etc. he shuttteth up all thus: Tant & tant à tous corpse le vuide est odieux. Garcilasso when he had expressed the transformation of Daphne, he useth this acclamation to make up all; O miserable estado, oh mal tamanno, que conllorarla, crezca cada dia la causa y la razon porque llorava. Licence also & liberty of speech seemeth to be a certain exclamation; when in the presence of those to whom otherwise we own duty and reverence, we speak boldly and confidently. For examples let these suffice till I call to mind better. Homer. 1. Il Achilles to Agamemnon. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: And that which there followeth. Virgil. 2. Aeneid. of Sinon. Ille haec deposit a tandem formidine fatur. Cuncta equidem tibi rex, fuerit quocunque fatebor, Veta, inquit, neque me Argolica de gente negabo. Hoc primum: neque si miserum fortuna Sinonem Finxit, vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget. Then. Eripui fateor laetho me, & unicula rupi. etc. By and by. Nec tacui demens, & me, for'rs siqua tuisset, Promisi ultorem, & verbis odia aspera movi. After, Sed quid ego haec autem nequicquam ingrata revoluo? Quidue moror? si omnes uno ordine habetis Achivos Idque audire sat est, iamdudum sumite poenas, Hoc Ithacus velit, & magno mercentur Atride. Sir Philip Sidney. 5. Gynoecia. I therefore say to thee, o just judge, that I, and only, I, was the worker of Basilius death: they were these hands that gave unto him that poisonous potion, that hath brought death to him, and loss to Arcadia. It was I, and none but I, that hastened his aged years to an unnatural end, and that have made all this people orphans of their royal father: I am the subject that have killed my Prince: I am the wife that have murdered my husband: I am a degenerate woman, an undoer of this Country, a shame of my children. What couldst thou have said more, o Philanax? and all this I grant. Torquat. Tass. 2. Sofronia. — ilreo si trova all tuo cospetto, Opra è il furto, signor, de questa mano, Io l'imagine tolsi, io son colei, Che tù ricerchi: e me punir tu dei. Sallust. judith. 3. The Moabites to Holofer. Seigneur, ce n'est la peur, & moins l'extremitè, Ou nous voions reduite un amie Cité, Qui nous fait ranuerser les emprises guerrieres. Car avant que quitter tes heureuses banieres, Pour toi nous deffirons tous les dieus immortels: Pour toi nous briserons leurs encenses autels: Pour toi nous franchirons le Pinot Antarctique, Et l' eternel glaçon de la contrée Arctique: Pour toi nos bras hardis entreprendont d'oter Letrident à Neptune, & l'aigle à jupiter: Pour toil fis cruel n'esparguera le pere, Nile pere le fis, nile frere le trere. Boscan. 3. Leander to Herald Yo mismo sere el barco y el remero, Y siendo el llevador, sere el llevado. Y o rompere las ondas de Neptuno, Y mi proa porne contra los vientoes De Eolo, y no me turbaran los phocas, Nime ternan las muy peynadas nimphas, Aunque Thetis alli venga con ellas, Mostrando los suspechos sober l'agua: Ni aquellos con sus rostros monstruoses, Ni aquestas con sus hermosuras blandas Divertirme podran de mi camino. Not temere los montes de las aguas, Ni el bramido d'el mar embravecido. etc. Cap 28. Of Epanorthosis. THe calling back of a man's self followeth, when any thing is revoked, and it is as it were, a cooling of that heat of exclamation whereof we lately spoke. It is either Epanorthosis, or Aposiopesis: Epanorthosis correction, is, when any thing passed is called back. Homer. 1. Il, Agamemnon, when he had railed on Achilles. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, V 2. Aen. Nec requievit enim donec Chaloante ministre: Sed quid ego hac autem nequicquam ingrata revoluo? 3. Geor Sed fugit interea, fungit irreparabile tempus, Singula dum capti circumuectamur amore. Sir Philip Sidney 2. In the Country of Thessalia (alas why name I that accursed Country, which brings forth nothing but matter for tragedies? but name it I must) in Thessalia I say there was (well I may say there was) a Prince: not, no Prince, whom bondage wholly possessed, but yet accounted a Prince and named Musidorus. O Musidorus, Musidorus! But to what end serve exclamations, where there are no ears to receive the sound? Torquat. Tass. Of Latino who see his five sons slain by Solyman Il padre (ah non più padre! ah fera sort etc. Sallust 2. Semaine. Hebrieu, non plus Hebrieu, ains semerice barbare, D'vn Lestrygon, d'vn Tur, d'vn Scytlie, d'vn Tartarus, Die moy, que pensoy tu, que pensoy tu voyant Ton temple menacè d'vne glaive flamboyant? Boscan 1 Mas para queme fatigo en escrevir mi tormento. Cap. 29 Of Aposiopesis. A Aposiopesis, Reticentia, concealing, is when the course of a speech begun is in such sortstaid, that some part thereof not uttered, is nevertheless perceived. Homer. 1. Iliad. Achilles says. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virgil. Aen. 1. Neptune. I am coelum terrámque meo sine numine venti Miscere, & tantas audet is tollere moles? Quos ego: sed praestat motos componere fluctus. Aeglog 3 Dametas. Novimus & qui te, transuersa tuentibus hircis Et quo, sed faciles nympha risere sacello. There Menal. Cantando tu illum? aut unquam tibi fistula cera juncta fuit? 5. Aen. Mnestheus, Non i am prima peto Mnestheus, neque vincere certo: (Quanquam o,) sed superent quibus hoc Neptune dedisti. 9 Nisus, Me me, adsum quifeci, in me convertite ferrum O Rutuli! mea fraus omnis, nihil iste nec ausus, Nec potuit. Sir Philip Sidney. 2. Nico. And if I better sing, let me thy Cosma kiss. Pas answereth. Kiss her? now mayst thou kiss. 47. Sonnet. Virtue awake, beauty but beauty is, I may, I must, I can, I will, I do Leave following that, which it is gain to miss. Let her do: soft, but here she comes: go too Unkind I love you not. o me, that eye Doth make my heart give to my tongue thelye. Cap. 30. Of Apostrophe. THus much of Epanorthosis and Aposiopesis which respect the matter: now follow Apostrophe & Prosopopoia which touch the person. Apostrophe turning away, is when the speech is turned to some such person to whom it was not first prepared, sometimes the turning is to men. Homer. Il. 2. Thersites turneth his tale from Agamemnon to the Grecians. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. En. 2. mdash; Nec te tua plurima Panthu Labentem pietas, nec Apollinis infula texit. Aen. 4. Quis tibi tune, Dido, cernentitalias, sensus? Quosue dabas gemitus? Aen. 6. Eruet ille Argos, Agamemnoniasque Mycaenas, Ipsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis Achilli, Vltus avos Troia, templa & temerata Minerva. Quis te, Magne Cato, tacitum: aut te,, Cósse, relinquat? Quis Gracchi genus, aut geminoi, duo fulmina belli, Scipiadas, cladem Lybiae? paruoque potentem Fabritium? vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem? Quo fessum rapitis Fabii? tu Maximus ille es unus, qui nobis cunctando rostitues rem. Sir Philip Sidney S. Philanax. But now my speech must be directed to you, good Master Dorus, who with Pallas help pardy, are lately grown Palladius. Torquat. Tass. 1. in the catalogue of the Captains. Oue voi me, di numerar già lasso, Gildippe, & Odoardo amanti, esposi Rapite? o ne la guerra anco consorti, Non sarete disgiunti, anchor che morti. Sallust. 1. Semaine. Profane, qui t'enquiers, quell important affair Peut l'esprit & les mains de ce dieu solitaire Occuper si long temps. Elsewhere, Camposez hardiment, o sages grecs, les cieux. etc. Sometimes from men, to Gods. Homer. 2. Iliad. Agamemnon, from Nestor to jupiter. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, etc. Virgil 1 Georg. Dij patrij Indigetes, & Romule, Vestáque matter Quae Tuscum Tiberim, & Romana palatia seruas, Hunc saltem everso iuuenem succurrere saeclo Ne prohibete: satis iampridem sanguine nostro Laomedonteae luimus periuria Troiae. Sir Philip Sidney 3 Dicus. Pan, father Pan, the god of silly sheep, Whose care is cause that they in number grow: Have much more care of them that them do keep, Since from their good, the others good doth flow. Torquato Tasso 11. Te, Genitor: te figlio eguale all paare, E te, che d'ambo uniti, amando spiri: E te d'huomo, é de dio, vergine è madre, Inuocano propitia à i lor desiri, etc. Sallust. 1. Semaine. C'est alors, c'est alors, o dieu que ton fils cher Qui semble estre affublè d'vne fragile chair. Descendra glorieux des voutes estoilees, etc. Boscan 2. O poder eternal y sober ano quien sanara con propria diligencia, sila salved no datu largo mano. In Apostrophes are contained poëticall invocations. Homer. 1. Iliad. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virgil. 1. Aeneid. Musa mihi causas memora, quo numine laeso, Quidue doleus regina deûm, tot volvere casus Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores Impulerit? tantae ne animis caelestibus irae? 1. Geor — vos o clarissima mundi Lumina, labentem calo qui ducitis annum, Liber, & alma Ceres— 4. Geor Quis deus hanc; Musa, quis nobis extudit artem? etc. Sir Philip Sidney. 1. Dorus. O Muse historify Her praise, whose praise to learn your skill hath framed me. Torquat. Tass. 4. Mà di tu Musa, come i primi danni Mandassero à Christiani, & di quai parti: Tu'l sai, & di tant opra à noi si lung Debil aura di fama à pena giunge. Sallust. 1. Semaine. Mais o Muse, di-moy quells sont tousces oiseaux, Qui quittent, pour voler, les iongs, & les roseaux? Boscan. 3. O polimnia agora el tiempo pied, que te buelua a pedir algun socorro conque des a mi canto un nuevo aliento. Sometimes to a dumb and senseless creature, sometimes to brute beasts. Homer. 24. Iliad. bringeth in Andromache speaking to the dead corpse of Hector. Virgil. Aeglog. 2. Et vos o lauri carpam, & te, proxima Myrte: Sic positae quoniam suaves miscetis odores. 1. aeg. Ite meae, foelix quondam pecus, ite capellae, Non ego vos post hac, etc. Sir Philip Sidney. 2. Alas poor Lute, how much thou art deceived, to think that in my miseries, thou could est case my woes, as in my careless times, thou wert wont to please my fancies. Torquat. Tass. where Clorinda and Tancred fought in the night. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 profondo, obscure seno 〈◊〉, e ●…d ' oblio fatto si grand: 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 ●…'l tragga: e'en bell ser●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 spieghis, e mand: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 lor●…, etrà lor glaria Spl●…da del 〈◊〉 alta memoria. 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 del 〈◊〉 care 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sparso, e nobilossae. etc. 12. Argante. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, che prometta 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●…cielo: e se'nciò manco: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 capo, io lafoy vendett●… 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 homicida France. Sallust. Hebd. 3. Semaine. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, o terre, o terre portegrains, Porte-or, porte-santè, porte-habite, porte-humaine. etc. Boscan. 2. Cantion si de muy largate culparen, Respond les que sufran con paciencia, Que ungran dolour à todo dalicencia. Sometimes this figure is used in the very beginning of a speech; but not often: as by Tully, where he turneth from the Senators, and exclaimeth against Catiline's insolency. How long Catiline, etc. Cap. 31. Of Prosopopoia. PRosopopoia is a feigning of any person, when in our speech we represent the person of any, and make it speak as though he were there present: an excellent figure, much used of Poets, wherein we must diligently take heed, that the person thus represented have a speech fit and convenient for his estate and nature. A Prosopopoia is either perfect, or imperfect: imperfect, when the speech of some other person is but brought in by the way and lightly and slightly represented. V Aeg. 6. Cum canerem réges & praelia, Cynthius aurem Vellit, & admonuit: pastorem, Tityre, pingues Pascere oportet oves, deductum dicere carmen. Sir Philip Sidney of Dametas. At length, staying, he came a little nearer her again, but still without the compass of blows, holding one leg as it were ready to run away; & then fallen to scolding and railing, swearing, it was but a little bashfulness in him, that had made him go back, and that if she stayed any longer, he would make her see, his blood came out of the elder shepherds house in that Country. The perfect Prosopopoeia is, when the whole speech of any person is fully and lively represented; wherein we must make both a fit and orderly access too, and regress from the same Prosopopoeia. Homer 2. Iliad. describeth Thersites excellently, and there giveth him a fit speech for such a parsonage. So he maketh Patroclus appear in sleep to Achilles. 5. Iliad. So 1. Iliad. Patroclus bringeth in Peleus Achilles' father, speaking thus. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. This is as it were the preparation; the speech of Peleus followeth. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. This is the Prosopopoeia of Peleus, which is thus left off; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virgil. Aeneid. 1. Of Aeneas. — & dictis moerentia pectora mulcet. O socij (neque enim ignari sumus antemalorum) O passi graviora! dabit Deus his quoque finem. Vos & Scyllaeam rabiem, penitusque sonantes Accestis scopulos: vos & Cyclopea saxa Experti: revocate animos, moestùmque timorem Mittite: forsan & haec olim meminisse iwabit. Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum Tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas Ostendunt: illie fas regna resurgere Troiae: Durate, & vosinet rebus seruate secundis. Talia voce refert, curisque ingentibus ager, Spem vultu simulat, premit altum cord dolorem. So of Achemenides 3 Aeneid. Cùm subitò è syluis, macie confecta suprema Ignoti nova forma viri, miserandáque cultu Procedit, suppléxque manus ad littora tendit. Respicimus: dira illwies, immissaque barba, Consertum tegimen spinis: at caetera Graius, Et quondam patrijs ad Troiam missus in armis. Isque ubi Dardanios habitus & Troia vidit Arma procul: paulùm aspectu conterritus haesit, Continuitque gradum: mox seize ad littora praeceps Cum fletu, precibúsque tulit. Per sidera testor, Per superos, atque hoc coeli spirabile lumen, Tollite me Teucri, quascunque abducite terras. Hoc sat erit. Scio me Danais è classibus unum, Et bello Iliacoes fateor perijsse penates: Pro quo, siscelerias tanta est iniuria nostra, Spargite me influctus, vastóque immergite ponto. Si pereo, hominum manibus perijsse iwabit. Dixerat, & genua amplexus genibisque volutans Harebat. Sir Philip Sidney 1 Of Musidorus clad in shepherds weeds. She might percetue a far off one coming towards her in the apparel of a shepherd, with his arms hanging down, going a kind of languishing pace, with his eyes sometimes cast up to heaven, as though his fancy strove to mount up higher; sometimes thrown down to the ground, as if the earth could not bear the burden of his pains: at length she herded him with a lamentable tune sing these few verses: Come shepherds weeds, become your master's mind, Yield outward show, what inward change he tries, Nor be abashed, since such a guest you found, Whose strongest hope in your weak comfort lies. Come shepherds weeds, attend my woeful cries, Disuse yourselves from sweet Menalcaes' voice, For other be those tunes which sorrow ties, From those clear notes which freely may rejoice. Then power out plaints, and in one word say this, Helpless his plaint who spoils himself of bliss. And having ended, she might see him strike himself upon the breast, uttering these words. O miserable wretch, whether doothy destinies guide thee? Torquat. Tass. 3 Godfrey to his Soldiers. Il saggio Capitan, che l'ardimento Solite loro, in essi hor non comprende: Cerca con lieto volto, è conparole Come gli rassicuri, è riconsole. O per mill perigli, è mill affanni Meco passatis in quelle parti, e'en quest, Campion di Dio, ch'à ristorare i danni De la Christiana sua fede nasceste, Voi, che l'arme di Persia, è i Greci ing anni E i monti, è i mari, el verno, è le tempest, De la fame i disagis, & de la seat Superaste: voi dunque hora temete? Dunque il signor, che m'indirizza, è move Già conosciuto in caso assai più ●io, Non v'assicura? quasi hor volga altrove Lafoy man de la clementia, e'lguardo pio. Tosto un difia, che rimembrar vi gious Gli scorsi affanni, è sciorre i voti à dio. Hor durate magnanimi, è voi stessi Serbate, prego, 〈◊〉 i prosperi successi. Con quest detti le smarxite menti Consola, è con sereno è lieto aspetto: Mà preme mill cure egro è dolenti Altament riposte in mezz' alpetto. Sallust. judith. 2, God to Moses. Vniour que cet Hebrieu sur Oreb menoit paitre Les laineuses brebis de son beau pere jetre, Il voit, tout effraié come un rougeatre feu Sans amorce s'espend en un halier toufu: D'où sort avec grand bruit une tell parole Qui soudain fait trembler & la terre & le polo. jesuis cil qui seul est, seul fut, & seul sera: Cil qui de rien fit tout, & qui fort reduira S'il veut, le tout en tien. jesuis le grand, le just, Le beau, le bon, le saint, dont la dextre robuste Balance l'vniuers. jesuis le tout-puissant, Qu' Abram seul adoroit: qui d'vn fleau puissant Destrui mes enemis, & qui benin, fa grace A ceux qui m'ont pour Dieu voire à toute leur race. Si doncques mon vouloir. Va-ten, despeche toi, Fai scavoir de ma part à ce profane roy, Qui tient les tours de Memphe, & la grass campaign, Que le Nil debordé de son flot rich bagne, Qu'il assranchisse Isac. Et de peur que le roy Incredule ne mettent en doubt ton enuoy, jeveus que sur les fleurs ta houlette alongee, Pour confirmer ta charge, en serpent soit changee. Boscan. 3. of Hero. Ella movida entonces con mas sana, Nise dexollevar por donde el quiso, Nisobre el manto le sufrio la mano, Mas buelta sober si congrave gesto, Semeiantes palabras d'estas dizo: O hombre que veniste por mal tuyo A este templo, a des lustrar mi houra, Sin entender quan gran locura emprendes. Not sabes tu que soy sierua de Venus, Y virgin, y por virgin que la siruo? Not sabes tulos hombres de mi sangre Que ti castigaran, si saben esto? Y no sabes tambien que estoy criada Engrande encerramiento con mis padres? Y que nunca salit querer llegar Allecho virginal, es cosa dura: Vete y iamas parezcas do estwiere. Esto dicho callà common vencida, Conlagrimas venidas à los oyos Pero bueltas atras luego en un punto. By this figure we sometimes make dumb and senseless things speak. So Homer. Τ. Iliad. makes Xanthus Achilles' horse speak. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, etc. And endeth thus. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Virgil. 3. Aeneid. maketh the Images of the Trojan Gods appear to Aeneas in sleep, expounding the Oracles, instructing him in his way, etc. And there, the chief of the Harpies, Celeno speaketh thus. una in praecelsa consedit rupe Celeno, Infoelix vates, rupitque hanc pectore vocem. Bellum etiam pro caede boum, stratisque iwencis, Laomedontiadae, bellumne infer paratis? Et patrio insontes Harpyas pellere regno? Accipite ergo animis, atque haec mea figite dicta. Quae Phoebe pater omnipotens, mihi Phoebus Apollo Praedixit, vobis furiarum ego maxima pando. Italiam cursu petitis, ventisque vocatis Ibitis Italianm portusque intrare licebit: Sed non ante datam cangetis maenibus urbem, Quàm vos dira fames, nostraque iniuria caedis Ambesas subigat malis absumere mensas. Dixit & in syluas pennis ablata refugit. Sir Philip Sidney 5. Philanax to Euarchus. And give me leave, excellent Euarchus, to say it, I am but the representer of all the late flourishing Arcadia, which now with mine eyes doth weep, with my tongue doth complain, with my knees doth lay itself at your feet, which never have been unready to carry you to the virtuous protecting of innocents. Imagine, vouchsafe to imagine, most wise & good King, that here is before your eyes the pitiful spectacle of a most dolorous ending tragedy. Wherein I do but play the part of all this now miserable province, which being spoiled of her guide, doth lie like a ship without a Pilot, tumbling up and down in the uncertain waves, till it either run itself upon the rock of self division, or be overthrown by the stormy winds of foreign force. Arcadia finding herself in these desolate terms, doth speak, and I speak for her, to thee not vainly puissant Prince. That since now she is not only rob of the natural support of her Lord, but so suddenly rob, that she hath not breathing time, to stand for her safety: so unfortunately, that it doth appall her mind though she had leisure, and so mischievouslie, that it doth exceed both the sodaines and unfortunatenes of it: thou will't bend thy arms unto her, and as a man, take compassion of mankind: as a virtuous man, chastise most abominable vice; and as a Prince protect a people. etc. Torquat. Tass. 20. Emiren to the Soldiers. Credi, dicea, che la tua patria spieghis Per la mia lingua, in tai parole, i preghis. Guarda tù le mie leggi, e i sacri tempi: Fà, che io del sangue mio, non bagni, e lavi, Assicura le vergini da gli empi, E i sepolcri, e le cineri de gli avi. A te, piaigendo i lor passatis tempi, Mostran la bianca chioma i vecchi gravi, A te la moglie le mammelle, e'l petto: Le cune, e i faghis, e'l marital suo letto. 16. He makes the Parrot to speak. Volafràgli altrivu, che le piume hà sparte Di colour vari: & è purpureo il rostro: E lingua suoda in guisa varia: e part La voce si, ch' assembra il sermon nostro. Quest'iui alhor continuo con arte Tanta il parlar che fà mirabil mostro. Taequero gli altri ad ascoltarlo intenti: Efermaro i susurri in aria i venti. Deh mira, egli canto, spuntar la rosa Dal verde suo: modesta, e verginella, Che mezzo aperta ancora, e mezzo ascosa: Quanto si mostra men, tant' è piu bella, Echo poi nudo ilsen già baldanzosa Dispiega. Echo poi langue: e non par quella: Quella non par, che desiata innanti Furio da mill donzelli, e mill amanti. Cest trapassa, all trapassar d'un giorno, Da la vita mortale il fiore, e'l verde, Ne perch faccia indietro Aprilritorno: Si rinfiora ella mai, ne si rinuerde. Cogliam la rosa in su'l mattino adorno Di questo di, che tosto il seren perde: Cogliam d' amor la rosa: amiamo hor quando Esser si puote riamato amando. Tacque: e concord de gli augelli il choro Quasi approvando. Sallust. 2. Semaine. That of the Serpent. Ingress. Le dragon pur forcer l'humaine fortress, etc. The Speech. Eve second honneur de ce grand , etc. Regress. avec l'ayr de ces mots l'infidele viper Souffle un air venemeux au sein de nostre mere, etc. 2. Semaine. 6. Of God seeing the tower of Babel. Ingress. Quoy voyant l'eternel, etc. Speech. Voyez, dit il, ices nains, voyez ceste racaillè, etc. Regress. Celadit, tout soudain sespand confusement, un ie ne scay quel burst par tout le bastement. Cap. 32. Of Addubitation. TThe conference or debating followeth, and it is either in ask, or in answering. In ask be contained deliberation, and occupation, or preventing and meeting with an objection. Deliberation is, when we ask and inquire in consultation wise: then when we have thus for a while held the auditors in suspense, we determine of some what either more or less contrary to their expectation. Deliberation is either in Addubitation, or communication. Addubitation or doubting is a kind of deliberation with ourselves. Homer χ. Iliad Hector. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And so forward, for it is all excellent and containeth thirty linei more. Virgil. Aeneid. 4 Dido. Sic adeò insistit, secémque ita cord volutat. En quid agam? rursúsne precoes irrisa priores Experiar, Nomadúmque petam connubia supplex Quos ego sum toties iam dedignat a maritos? Iliacas igitur classes, atque ultima Teucrûm jussa sequar, quia me auxilio juuat ante levatos, Et benè apud memores veteris stat gratia facti? Quis me autem, fac velle, sinet, ratibúsque superbis Irrisam accipiet? nescis, heu perdita, necdum Laomedontea sentis periúria gentis. Quid tum? sola fuga nautas comitabor ovantes? An Tyrijs, omnique manu stipata meorum Insequar? & quos Sydonia vix urbe revelli, Rursus agam pelago, & ventis dare vela iubebo? Quin morere, ut merita ei, ferróque avert dolorem. Sir Philip Sidney. 2. Gynoecia. Yet if my desire, how unjust soever it be, might take effect, though a thousand deaths followed it, and every death followed with a thousand shames, yet should not my sepulchre receive me without some contentment. But, alas, sure I am not, that Cleophila is such as can answer my love: and if she be, how can I think she▪ will? since this disguising must needs come for some foretaken conceit. And either way, wretched Gynoecia, where canst thou find any small gtound-plot for hope to devil upon? Not, not, it is Philoclea his heart is set upon, if he be a he, it is my daughter which I have born to supplant me. But if it be so; the life I have given thee, unnatural Philoclea, I will sooner with these hands bereave thee of▪ than my birth shall glory she hath bereaved me of my desires. In shame there is no comfort, but to be beyond all bounds of shame. Torquat. Tass. 4. Armida. Che, poiche leg d'honestate e zelo Non vuol, che quì si lungament indugi? A cui ricorro intànto? oue mi celo? O quai contra'l tiranno haurò rifugi? Nessun loco si chiuso è sot'il cielo Ch'à l'or nons'apra: horperche tanti indugi? Veggio là morte, & silfuggir è vano, Incontr'à lei n'andro con questa mano. In 16. is a singular addubitation of Armida when Rinaldo fled. And in 22. another of tancred, when he perceived that he had slain Clorinda. Sallust, that of judith is most excellent, judith. 6. judit, c'est à ce coup (dit elle) que ton bras Doit deliurer jacob: Mais non, ne le fai pas. Si, fail: mais non sai: voi laisse cete crainte. Tu veus donc profaner l'hospitalité saint? Cen' est la profaner, plus saint elle sera, Quand par elle ma main les sains garantira. Mais sans honte iamais le traitre ne peut viure. Traitre est ceil qui trahit, non qui ses murs deliure. Mais country les meurtriers le ciel est irrité. Tout homme qui meurtrit n'est meurtrier reputé. He▪ n'est il pas meurtrier cil qui meurtrit son Prince! Holoferne est tyrant, non roy de ma province. Mais quoi? dieu maintenant le nous done pour roy. Celui n'est point de dieu, qui guerroie sa loi. Tons pewent etre donc des tyrants homicides? jahel, Aho, Ichu furent Tyrannicides. Voire, mais il leur fut command du seigneur. D'vne pareille loi le sen sorcer mon coeur. 'Las! pour saire un tel coup, ton brace à peu de force. Assés fort est celui qui l'Eternel renforce. Mais aiant fait le coup, qui te garentira? Dieu m'à conduit ici, Dieu me ramenera. Que si dieu te deliure es mains des infideles? Mortle Duc ie ne crain les mors les plus crueles. Mais quoi? tu souleras leur impudicité? Mon cors peut etre à eus, mais non ma volontê. Boscan. 3. Leander. O flaco coraçon despuestes que osaste, Emprender la masalta y peligrosa Empresa, que iamasse haya emprendido: No osaste tu mirar Hero en el templo? Not osaste tener eventa consus oios? No osaste declarar te por su sieruo? No osaste de recebir la merced grand, Que so valer te hizo en admitirte? No osaste en fin tan alto levantarte, Que pudiste alcanzar merecimiento, De ser en breve tiempo su marido. Pues si esto osaste que ay que osar agora: Thames quiça d'el mar lasbravas ondas? Not temes mass aina el fuego ardiente, Que abrasando t'esta dentro en tu alma? Implacable es la mar, pero impacable Es mas el fuerte amor que en ti esta ardiendo. Confia coraçon de l' alta Venus, Pues que en la mar nacio, y en ella reyna, Que se hizo el effuerço, que tenias, Quando muy en tu seso alla en el templo? Dezias à tu Hero mansament: Yo rompere las ondas de Neptuno, Y la proa porne contra los vientoes De Eolo? mas fue entonces prometello Visto el lugar ado lo prometiste, Qu' es agora cumplir lo prometido. Mira do està tu lumbre a la ventana, Centelleando assi tan vivament, Que en su centellear muestra lla mart. Espera te tu gozo, y tu te tardas? Tu mayor bien te aguarda, y tu no buelas? O coraçon tu estas alla en tu cuerpo, Not me detengas mas aca este mio, Recogete en tu fuego, y passa l' agua, Salta en la mar, ten oio à la tu lumbre, Ella te llevara por do quisieres, Sin que llegues tus plantas à las ondas, Hasta dexarte puesto entre los braços, De aquella para quien naci en el mundo. And that of Albanio, Aeg. 2. in Garcilasso. Cap. 33. Of Communication. COmmunication is a consultation, or deliberation with others. Some such thing is in, 2. Il. in Thersites his speech. Virg. 4. Aen. Anna refert: o luce magis dilecta sorori, Solane perpetua maerens carpère iwenta? Nec dulces natos, Veneris nec praemia noris? Id cinerem, aut manes credis curare sepultos? Estò, aegram nulli quondam flexêre mariti, Non Lybiae, non ante Tyro despectus jarbas, Ductoresque alij, quos Africa terra triumphis Dives alit: placitóne etiam pugnabis amori? Nec venit in mentem quorum consederis aruis? Hinc Getulae urbes genus insuperabile bello, Et Numidae infraeni cingunt, & inhospita Syrtis: Hinc deserta siti regio, lateque furentes Barcaei: Quid bella Tyro surgentia dicam, Germaníque minas? Dijs equidem auspicibus reor, & junone secunda, Huc cursum Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas. Quam tu urbem soror hanc cernes, quae surgere regna Coniugio tali? Teucrûm comitantibus armis Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus? Tu modò posce deos veniam, sacrisque litatis, Indulge hospitio, causasque innecte morandi, Dum pelago desaevit hyems, & aquosus Orion, Quassataeque rates, & non tractabile caelum. Sir Philip Sidney. 2. Philoclea. Alas how painful a thing it is to a divided mind, to make a well joined answer? how hard it is to bring inward shame to outward confession? and how foolish, trow you, must that answer be, which is made, one knows not to whom? Shall I say, o Cleophila? alas your words be against it: shall I say prince Pirocles? wretch that I am, your show is manifest against it. But this, this, I well may say, if I had continued, as I aught, Philoclea, you had either ever been, or never been Cleophila. You had either never attempted this change, fed with hope, or never discovered it, stopped with despair. But I fear me, my behaviour ill governed, gave you the first comfort; I fear me my affection ill led, hath given you this last assurance. If my Castle had not seemed weak, you would never have brought these disguised forces. Not, not, I have betrayed myself, it was well seen I was glad to yield, before I was assaulted. Alas, what then shall I do? shall I seek far fetched inventions? shall I seek to lay colours over my decayed thoughts, or rather, though the pureness of my virgin mind be stained, let me keep the true simplicity of my word. True it is, alas, too true it is, o Cleophila, for so I love to call thee, since in that name my love first began, and in the shade of that name, my love shall best be hidden; that even while so thou wert (what eye bewitched me I know not) my passions were far fit to desire than to be desired. Shall I say then, I am sorry? or that my love must be turned to hate, since thou art turned to Pirocles? how may that well be, since when thou wert Cleophila, the despair thou mightest not be thus, did then most torment me? Thou hast then the victory, use it now with virtue: since from the steps of virtue, my soul is witness to itself, it never hath: and pledge to itself, it never shall decline. No way to make me leave to love thee, but by making me think thy love unworthy of me. Torquat. Tass. 2. Olindo. Come i ministri all duro officio intenti Vide, precipitoso urtò le genti. Alrègrido: non è, non è già rea Costei del furto, e per follia se'n vanta: Non pensò, non ardi, ne far potea Donna sola, e ' nesperta opra cotanta. Come ingannò i custodi? ò, de la dea Con qual arte involo l' imagine santa? S'il fece, il narri: io l' ho signor, furata, Ahi tanto amo la non amante amata. etc. Sallust. Heb. 1 Semaine. Profane quit' enquiers, quell important affair Peut l'esprit & les mains de ce dieu solitaire Occuper si long temps? quells souci l' exerça Durant l'eternité qui ce tout devança: Veu qu' à si grand puissance, à si haute sagesse Rien ne sied point si mal qu' une morn paresse? Sache, oh blasphemateur, qu' avant c'est univers Dieu bastissoit l'Enfer, pour punier-ces perverse le sens orguilleus en iugemens appelle Pour censurer ses faits, la sagesse eternelle. Quoy? sans bois pour un temps viura le charpentier, Le tisserau sains toil, & sans pot le potier: Et l' owner des owriers, tout puissant & tout sage Ne pourra subsister sans ce fragilè owrage? Quoy? le preux Scipion pourra dira à son droit Qu'il n'est iamais moins seul, que quand seul il se voit: Et dieu ne pourra point (o ciel qu'elle many) Viure qu'en lougaron, s'il vit sans compagnie? Quoy? des sages Gregeois l' honneur Pryenien Dira, que luy merchant, chemine tout son bien: Et dieu, qui richement en tous tresors abonde Sera necessiteus, sans le tresor du monde? Cap. 34. Of Praeoccupation. PRaeoccupation is when we prevent and meet with that which might be objected, and do also make answer to the same: of the first part it is called Praeoccupation, or the laying down of the objection, of the second, subjection, or answering thereunto. So that commonly it hath a kind of prosopopoia adjoined unto it. This preventing therefore is either indirect, most fit for beginnings, and more used of Orators than of Poets. Virg Aeg. 2. Nec te poeniteat calamo trivisse labellum: Hac eadem ut sciret, quid non faciebat Amyntas? Sir Philip Sidney 2. Cleophila to the inconstant multitude. An unused thing it is, and I think not heretofore seen, Arcadians, that a woman should give public counsel to men, a stranger to the country people, and that lastly in such a presence a private person, as I am, should possess the regal throne. But the strangeness of your action makes that used for virtue, which your violent necessity imposeth. For certainly a woman may well speak to such men who have forgotten all manlike government: a stranger may with reason instruct such subjects, that neglect due points of subjection, and is it marvel this place is entered into by an other, since your own Luke, after thirty years government, dare not show his face to his faithful people? Torquat. Tass. 2. Aletes to Godfredo. Ma force hai tu riposta ogni tua spe●e In quest squadre, and hora cinto siedi: Ques, che sparsi vincesti, uniti insieme, Divincer anco agevolment credi. Sallust. Heb 2. Semaine. Pourtant ne cuide point que cest excez reduise Rien du corpse à neant: seulement il desguise Leur form en cent façons, sans que le corpse des corpse Perde ou gaigne rien, soit dedans soit dehors. Car tout ce qui se fait, se fait de la matter, Qui dans l' antic rien fut faite la premiere. Tout ce qui se resoult, en elle se resoult. Boscan. 3. Leander to Hero. Not pienses que te traygo à la memoria Estas historias, por traer te exemplos, Que donde la razon esta tan clara, Escusado sera qualquier exemplo: digolo por dezirte lo que passa, Porque no y errs contra la que sirues, Que gran error seria, si tu errasses. 3. Que diremos agora de Leandro? Que diremos? sino que padecia Los mismos acidentes y dolores. Or full & direct, that of Musid. to Phila. is full & perfect, in 5. But you will say etc. Boscan. 2. Buenoes' amar, pues common dana tanto? Grangusto es querer bien, porque entristece? Plazer es dessear; common aborrece? Amor es nuestro bien, porque da llanto? Effuerço amor; pues common causa espanto? Por el amor el bien d'el alma crece, Pues common assi por el ella padece? Como tanto contrarios cubre un manto? Cap 35. Of Sufferance. THus much of ask. Now in answering there is either Permissio, sufferance, or Concessio, a granting or yielding unto. Sufferance is when we mockinglie give leave to do somewhat. Homer. I Il. Agamemnon to Achilles. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 And after, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. 4. Aen. — Nunc & jove missus ab alto Interpres diuúm fert horrida jussa per auras. Scilicet is superis labour est, ea cura quietos Sollicitat: neque te teneo, neque dicta refello. I, sequere Italiam ventis: pete regna per undas. Sir Philip Sidney. 1. Pyrocles. If you seek the victory, take it, and if you list, triumph: have you all the reason of the world, and with me remain all the imperfections? Torquato. Tasso. 16. Armida to Rinald. flying. Vattene: epassa ilmar, pugna, etravaglia. Struggi la fede nostra. In Amynt. 28. Segui, segui tue stile, estimata che sei. Sallust. Hob. 1. Semaine. Composer hardiment, o sages grease, les cieux D'vn cinquieme element: disputes, curieux, Qu'en leur corpse par toutrond l'aeil humain ne remarquae Commancement, ny fin: debatez que la parque Asseruit seulement sous ses cruelles lois Ce quel' astre argenté revoid de mois en mois: Le foible estayement de si vain doctrine Pourtant ne sawera ce grand tout de ruin. Boscan. 3. Leander to Hero. Las virgins yran tras su Diana En soledad de vida por los yermos: Tu, y las que estays à Venus consagradas, En lecho conjugal aveys de veroes. etc. Cap. 36. Of granting. Granting is when we iestinglie admit of any speech or argument. Virg. Aen. 10 Italiam petijt fatis authoribus: esto. Aen 7. Flectere si nequeo superos, Acheron a movebo. Non dabitur regnis (esto) prohibere Latins: At trahere, atque moras tantis licet addere rebus. Sir Philip Sidney. 5. Philanax. But yet even of favour, let us grant him thus much more, as to fancy, that in these foretold things, fortune might be a great actor, perchance to an evil end, yet to a less evil end, all these entangled devices were intended. But I beseech your Ladyship, my Lady Timopirus, tell me what excuse can you find for the changing of your lodging with the Duchess, that very instant she was to finish her excerable practice? how can you cloak the lending of your cloak unto her? was all that by chance too? Torquat. Tass. 2. Aletes. Hor quando pure estimi esser fatale, Che non ti possa il serro vincer mas: Siati concesso, è siasi à punto tale, Il decreto deal ciel, qual tu tell fai. Vincer atti la fame: à questo male Che refugio, per dio, che schermo haurai? Vibra contra costs la lancia, è stringi La spada, è la vittoria anco ti fingi. Sallust. judith. 3. je ne puis, ni ne veus (respond le governeur) Nigher que nous n'aions offensè le siegneur. Folly est notre counsel, notre promise est folle, Mais quoi? nous ne powons fausser notre parole, etc. Boscan. 3. Mas sea todo en fin common à ti plaze, tenga sennora el number que le dieres este dolour que l'alma me deshaze. Sea so number tal qual tu quisieres: etc. This figure delighteth very much when we grant that which hurteth him to whom it is granted, as it many times falls out in contentious disputations. Thus much of Elocution in tropes and figures: in all which observe this one lesson, the more the better: yet with discretion, and without affectate curiosity. THE SECOND BOOK. 1. Cap. Of utterance or pronunciation. OF Elocution which was the first part of Rhetoric, we have spoken already: it now remains to talk of Utterance or Pronunciation the second part. Utterance is a fit delivering of the speech already beautified. It hath two parts, Voice and Gesture, the one pertaining to the ear, the other belonging to the eye. A good voice is to be wished: but although it be but mean, we must have care to keep and better it, that whatsoever we utter, it may be pronounced with a voice fit for the thing delivered. The voice must be neither too low, nor too high, but mean: for as the one disgraceth all contention and earnest speech, so the other bewrayeth a brawling disposition. Nothing is either better for his voice that speaketh, or more pleasant to the ears of them that hear, than often changing: nothing more hurtful to the one, or harsh to the other, than continual straining without intermission. To brawl in the beginning with a shrieking voice is rude and unmannerly. It is best to begin with a submiss voice, and so ascend by degrees as occasion serveth. The consideration of voice is to be had either in severed words, or in the whole sentence. In the particular applying of the voice to several words, we make tropes that be most excellent plainly appear. For without this change of voice, neither any Ironia, nor lively Metaphor can well be discerned. By that kind of voice which belongeth to whole sentences, all kinds of figures and passionate ornaments of speech are made manifest. In figures of words which altogether consist in sweet repetitions and dimensions, is chief conversant that pleasant and delicate tuning of the voice, which resembleth the consent and harmony of some well ordered song: In other figures of affections, the voice is more manly, yet diversly, according to the variety of passions that are to be expressed. A sharp voice is that in Homer 1 Iliad. before in licence. Virgil. 1. Aeneid. Ilioneus his voice is first mild, then sharp, and so by degrees enhanceth itself. O regina! novam cui condere jupiter urbem justitiaque dedit gentes fraenare superbas, Troes te miseri ventis maria omnia vecti Oramus, prohibe infandos à navibus ignes: Parce pio generi, & propius res respice nostras. Non nos aut ferro Lybicos populare penates Venimus, aut raptas ad littora vertere pradas: Non ea vis animo, nec tanta superbia victis. Est locus, Hesperiam Graij cognomine dicunt, Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere gleba, Oenotrij coluêre viri: nunc fama, minores Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem, Huc cursus fuit. Cum subito assurgens fluctu nimbosus Orion In vada caeca tulit, penitusque procacibus austris Dispulit: huc pauci vestris adnavimus oris. Quod genus hoc hominum, quaeve hunc tam barbara morem Permittit patria? hospitio prohibemur arenae: Bella cient, primaque vetant consistere terra. Si genus humanum, & mortalia temnitis arma, At sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi. Rex erat AEneas nobis, quo iustior alter Nec pietate fuit, nec bello maior & armis: Quem si fata virum servant, si vescitur aura AEtheria, nec adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris, Non metus, officio ne te certare priorem Paeniteat, sunt & Siculis regionibus urbes, Armaque, Troianoque à sanguine clarus Acestes. Quassatam ventis liceat subducere classem, Et syluis aptare trabes, & stringere remos, Si datur, Italiam socijs & rege recepto Tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumque petamus. Sin absumpta salus, & te▪ pater optime Teucrûm, Pontus habet Lybiae, nec spes iam restat juli, At freta Sicaniae saltem, sedesque paratas, unde huc advecti, regemque petamus Acestem. Sir Philip Sidney. 4. Nay, said Philanax, speaking a loud, & looking with a just anger upon the other Noble men, it is now season to hear Timantus idle slanders, while strangers become our Lords, and Basilius murderers sit in his throne. Sallust. judith. 1. Mais le vieillard Cambris, prince au rest tresdous Groaned, tremble, pallit de'vn lovable courrous: Et rompant ce propos, d'vne vehement language, Le courage effraié des princes accourage, Plustost dessus mes pies, Terre, crevasse toi, Et dans ton sein ombreus, beauty, englouti moi, Plustost, o just ciel etc. As before. A bitter, angry, choleric, and furious voice is that. Homer. 1. Iliad. Agamemnon. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. 4. AEneid. of Dido. Talia dicentem iamdudum aversa tuetur, Huc, illuc voluens oculos, totumque pererras Luminibus tacitis, & sic accensa profatur. Nec tibi diva parens generis, nec Dardanus author Perfide, sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens Caucasus, Hyrcanaque admorunt ubera tires. Nam quid dissimulo? aut quae me ad maior a reseruo? Num fletis ingemuit nostro? num lumina flexit? Num lachrymas victus dedit? aut miseratus amantem est? Que quibus ante feram? iam iam nec maxima june, Nec Saturnius haec oculis pater aspicit aquis. Nusquam tuta fides. eiectum littore, egentem Excepi, & regus demens in part locavi: Amissam classem, socios à morte redemi. Heu furijs incensa feror: nunc augur Apollo, Nunc Lycia sorts, nunc & jove missus ab alto Interpres diuûm fert horrida jussa per auras. Scilicet is superis labour est, ea cura quietos Sollicitat. neque te teneo, neque dicta refello. I, sequere Italiam ventis, pete regna per undas. Spero equidem medijs, si quid pia numina possint, Supplicia hausurum scopulis, & nomine Dido Sapè vocaturum sequar atris ignibus absens: Et cùm frigida mors anima seduxerit artus, Omnibus umbra locis adero: dabis improbe panas: Audiam, & hac manes veniet mihi fama sub imos. Especially there. — Proh jupiter, ibit, Hic, ait, & nostris illuserit advena regnis? Non arma expedient, totaque ex urbe sequentur? Diripientque rates alij navalibus? ite, Ferte citi flammas, dato tela, impellite remos: Quid loquor? aut ubi sum? qua mentem insania mutat? Sir Philip Sidney. 3. Gynoecia. O said Gynoecia, how good leisure have you to frame these scornful answers. Is Gynoecia thus to be despised? am I so vile a worm in your sight? Not, not, trust unto it, hard hearted tiger, I will not be the only actor of this tragedy. Since I must fall, I will press down some others with my ruins. Since I must burn, my spiteful neighbours shall feel of my fire. doest thou not perceive that my diligent eyes have pierced through the cloudy mask of thy disguisement? Have I not told thee o fool, (if I were not much more fool) that I know thou wouldst abuse us with thy outward show? will't thou still attend the rage of love in a woman's heart? The girl thy well choose Mistress, perchance shall defend thee, when Basilius shall know, how thou hast sotted his mind with falsehood, and falsely sought the dishonour of his house. Believe it, believe it, unkind creature, I will end my miseries with a notable example of revenge: and that accursed cradle of mine shall feel the smart of my wound, thou of thy tyranny, & lastly I confess myself of my own work. Torquat. Tass. Torrismondo speaketh so almost in every part of Torrismondo. Sallust. judith 2. — O prophet effronté, Di moi quelle Sibylle, ou Trepiè t'a dictè oracles certains? quel daemon t'a fait croire Que furles Syriens Isac aura victoire? Aster, Meur, meur donques mechant: de tal ingue saussaire Et de ton double coeur reç oi le deu salaire, etc. Homer. 1. Il. Achilles to Agamemnon. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, etc. Virgil. 2. Aeneid. Aeneas. Talibus insidijs, periurique arte Sinovis Credita res: captique dolis, lachrymisque coactis, Quos neque Tydides', neque Larissaus Achillet, Non anni domuêre decem, non mill carinae. Where, in the last verses every thing must be dilated and produced, the mouth opened, the vowels drawn out, that the Trojan calamity may there especially appear. Sir Philip Sidney 1 Philanan to Basilius. Not he can not be good, that knows not why he is good, but stands so far good, as his fortune may keep him unassayled: but coming to that his rude simplicity, is either easily changed, or easily deceived, and so grows that to be the last excuse of his fault, which seemed might have been the first foundation of his faith. Torquat. Tass. 4. Pluto. Tartarei Numi, di seder più degni Là sour ' ill sole, and èl'origin vostra: Che meco già dà i più felici regni Spinse ill gran caso in quest horribil chiostra: Gli antichi altrui sospetti, è t ferisdegni Noti son troppo, èl'alta impresa nostra: Hor colui regge à suo voler le stelle, Evoi siam giudicati alme rubelle. A moderate, temperate, and stayed voice is that: Homer 1 Iliad. Calchas. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virgil. 2. Aeneid. Priamus to Sinon. Quisquis es, amissos hinc tam obliviscere Gratos, Nostereris: mihique haec edissere vera roganti: Quò molem hanc immanis equistatuêre? quis author? Quidue petunt? quae relligio? aut qua machina belli? Sir Philip Sidney 2. Cleophila to the people. Hear therefore, o Arcadians, and be ashamed. Against whom hath this zealous rage been stirred? Whether have you bend these manful weapons of yours? In this quiet harmless Lodge there are harboured no Troyans your ancient enemies; nor Persians, whom you have in present fear. here lodge none but such, as either you have great cause to love, or no cause to hate. etc. Chapter 2. Of the application of the voice to several affections. THese things be common almost to any kind of affection: now a word or two of peculiar voices appliable to certain affections. In pity and lamentation, the voice must be full, sobbing, flexible, interrupted, as Homer. Ρ. Iliad. jupiter. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. etc. Virgil. 4. Georg. Of Eurydice. Illa, quis & me, inquit, miseram & te perdidit Orpheu? Quis tantus furor? en iterum crudelia retrò Fata vocant, conditque natantia lumina somnus. jamque vale. Feror ingenti circundata nocte, Inualidasque tibi tendens, heu, non tua palmas. 1. Of Venus. Atque illum tales iactantem pectore curas, Tristior, & lachrymis oculos suffusa nitentes Alloquitur Venus, o qui res hominûmque deûmque Aeternis regis imperijs, & fulmine terres. Quid meus Aeneas in te committere tantum, Quid Troes potuêre, quibus tot funera passis, Cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis, etc. Sir Philip Sidney. 3. Philoclea to herself. Ah silly soul, that couldst please thyself with so impossible imagination. For Tasso and Sallust. See misery in Exclamation: and see also Addubitation. Boscan. 2. Hero to Leander. Mi dulce bien, mi dulce esposo, y dulce Coraçon mio, por quien todo me es dulce, Pudiste tu mi bien tan gran trabaio, Y peligro passar common has passado? Pudiste tu romper las fuertes ondas Con la blanda ternez dessos tus pechoes? Y pude yo ponerte en aventura De perderte en unpunto, y de perderme? Puede ponerte yo en tanto peligro, Como ha' sido passar, lafoy mar anado? Si fuera tu enemiga, que pudiero Hazer mas contrati de lo que he hecho, etc. In anger, shrill, sharp, quick, short. Homer. 1. Iliad. Agamemnon to Chryseis. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virgil. 1. Aeneid. Neptune. Eurum ad se Zephirúmque vocat, dehine talia fatur. Tantane vos generis tenuit fiducia vestri, jam coelum terramque meo sine numine venti, Miscere, & tantas audetis tollere moles? Quos ego: sed prastas motos componere fluctus, Post mihi non simili poena commissa luetis. Maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro, Non illi imperium pelagi, saeuúmque tridentem, Sed mihi sort datum: tenet ille immanta saxa, Vestras, Ewer, domes: illa se iactet in aula Aeolus, & clauso ventorum carcere regnet. Sir Philip Sidney 3 Of Basilius. And therefore bending his brows, as though he were not a man to take the matter as he had done; What, said, he, shall my Wife be my Mistress? Think you not that thus much time hath taught me to rule her? I will mewe the Gentlewoman till she have cast all her feathers, if she rouse herself against me. And withal he walked up and down, nodding his head as though they mistook him much, that thought he was not his wives master. In fear and bashfulness, contracted, stammering, trembling. Such was Tullyes' voice in most of his beginnings. So Helena to Priamus, in the Trojan Tower Homer. Iliad. 3. And, Ulysses to Nasicaa Alcinous his daughter, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. etc. Virgil. 3. Aeneid. Aeneas of Andromache. Vt me conspexit venientem, & Troia circum Arma amens vidit: magnis exterrita monstris Diriguit visu in medio, calor ossa reliquit, Labitur, & longo vix tandem tempore fatur: Verane te facies, verus mihi nuntius affers, Nate Dea, Vivisne? aut si lux alma recessit, Hector ubi est? dixit, lachrymasque effudit, & omnem, Implevit clamore locum, Sir Philip Sidney 2. Philocea. Alas how painful a thing it is to a divided mind to make a well joined answer? Sallust. judith 6. judith to Holophernes. Si tossed qu'ils sont dehors, Holoferne caresse La tremblante judit. Cease o grand Prince, cease, (Dit lafoy veufue) & pourquoi te veus tu tant hater De cuellit le dous fruit qu' on ne te peut oter? Mé toi donc daus le lit, ou, pont te heureuse, prendre, Tes dous embrassemens', ie ne faudray me rendre, Quand i'aurai decharge de tant' d'habillemens' Mon cors brulant d'amour, & flairant d'oignemen. Boscan. 3. Aristeus. Tu lo sabes Protheo, respondio el moço, Tu lo sabes muy bien, pues nada puede A tu grand saber ser escondido. Yo vengo aqui por mandamiento expresso Del'alta divina sabiduria, Y vengo te a pedir algun socorro, A mi calamidad tan miserabile. In joy, gladness, or pleasure, tender, mild, sweetly flowing. Sir Philip Sidney. 3. Musidorus when Pamela slept. Lock up fair lids, the treasures of my heart, Preserve those beams, this ages only light: To her sweet sense, sweet sleep, some ease impart, Her sense too weak to bear her spirits might. etc. Sallust. judith. 6 judith. Ouures (dit elle) ours: car dieu nostre grand dieu A froisse cete nuit la force Assyriene, Et haussé iusq'au ciel la corn Isaciene. In anguish and grief of mind without compassion, a hollow voice fetched from the bottom of the throat, groaning. Homer. 1. Iliad. Achilles. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. etc. Virg. 1. AEneid. AEneas. — o terque quaterque beatos Queis ante ora patrum Troiae sub moenibus altis Contigit oppetere▪ o Danaûm fortissime gentis Tydide, mean Iliacis occumbere campis Non potuisse? tuaque animam hanc effundere dextra, Saevos ubi AEacidae telo jacet Hector: ubi ingens Sarpedon: ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis Scuta virûm, galeasque, & fortia corpora voluit. Sir Philip Sidney. 2. Gynoecia. O Deserts, Deserts, how fit a guest am I for you? since my heart is fuller of wild ravenous beasts, than ever you were. Torquat. Tass. 4. Ahi, quando mai la Tana, ò'l Reno, òl' Istro, O l'inospite mare, ò'l mar vermiglio, O l'onde Caspie, òl' Ocean profondo Potran lavar occulta, e'ndegna colpa Che mi tinse, e macchio le membra, e l' alma? Vivo anchor dunque, e spiro, e veggio il sole? Ne la luce del mondo anchor dimore? E reason detto, e cavalier m'appello? La spada all fianco io porto, in man lo scettro Anchor sostegno, e la corona in front? E pur v' è chi m'inchina, o chim ' assorge, E force anchor chi m' ama: etc. And a little after. Ma che mipuò giovar, s'io non m'ascondo A me medesmo? oime, son'io, son'io, Quell che fuggito hor sono, e quel che fuggo: Di me stesso ho vergogna▪ e scorno, & outa, Odioso a me fatto, e graùe pondo. Che giova, ch'io non oda, e non paventi I detti, e'l mormorar del folle volgo, O la'ccusi de▪ saggis, ò i fieri morsi Di troppo acuto, o velenoso dente? Si la mia propria conscienza a immonda Altament nel cor rimbomba, e mugge, S'ella à vespro mi grida, & à le squille, See mi sueglia te notti, e rompe il sonno, E mill miei confusi, e trifti sogni? Misero me, non Cerbero, non Scylla Cosilatrò, come io ne l'alma h●r sent● Il suo fiero latrar, non mostr●, odd angus Nel' Africa arenosa, odd Hydra in Lerna, O di Furia in Cocito empia cerasta Morse giamai, come ella road, e morde. In desiring, soothing, flattering, yielding, gratifying, a smoothing and submiss voice. Homer. 1. Iliad. Thetis. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, etc. Virg. 1. Aen. Ad quam tùm juno supplex his vocibus usa est. AEole (namque tibi, etc. Aeneid. 4. Dido. Mene fugis? per ego has lachrymas, etc. 1. AEneid. AEolus yielding to juno. AEolus hac contra: tuus, o Regina, quid optes Explorare labour, etc. Elsewhere Aeneas to Dido. O sola infandos Troiae miserata labores, Qua nos relliquias, etc. Sir Philip Sidney. 3. Gynoecia. By the happy woman that bore thee, by all the joys of thy heart, and success of thy desire, I beseech thee, turn thyself into some consideration of me, and rather show pity, in now helping me, than in too late repenting my death, which hourly threatens me. Torquat. Tass. 12. Clorinda dying to Tancred. Amico, hai vinto: io ti pardon: perdona Tù ancora: all corpo nò: che nulla pave: Al' alma si, deh per lei prega: e dona Battesmo à mè, ch' ogni sua macchia lave. In quest voci languide risuona un nonso che di stabile, e soave Ch' alcor gli serpe: & ogni sdegno ammorza: Egl' occh● à lagrimar gl'inuoglia, e sforza. Sallust judith 4. Holofern. Le tyrant lui respond, o dorure du monde, O dame egalëment bell, honest, & fecund, Vous soiés bien-venue, & tou iour puissies vous Auee contentement seiourner avec nous. Si vous m'estes autant fidele & veritable, come à l' oreille, & l' oeil ie vous trowe agreeable, je veus dor-en-avant-adorer ce grand dieu, Qui seul est adorè de vostre peuple Hebrieu: je veus que vous soiés dor-en-avant la dame Non de mon sceptre seul, ains aussi de mon ame: je veus que desormais vostre nom soit conu Et del' Ebre, & du Ganges, & del' Istre cornu. Boscan. 3. Leander. O Neptuno, que a ti quiero boluerme, Y tornar otra vez à suplicarte, Por estas tantas lagrimas que vierto, Por el mal entranable que padesco, Por lafoy veiezy el llanto de mis padres, Por el afrenta y por la muerte de Hero, Por los dolores que de amor sentiste, En el amor de quantas te he nombrado, Que ataies esta mar que anda boluiendo, A levantar sus poderosas fuerças, Contra un hombre tanflaco y tan cuytado, Como agora yo estoy en esta arena. This shall suffice for the framing of our voice both in single words and also in whole sentences. The practice and exercise is all in all: learn therefore some such speech wherein are contained all, or most varieties of voice, and oftentimes use to pronounce the same in such order and with as great heed as if thou were to utter it in some great assembly. Walking a little after supper, anointing, moderation of diet, and such like bodily pleasures keep the voice in temper. Cap. 3. Of action or gesture of the whole body. hitherto of voice: now of gesture and action, which is both more excellent and more universal than voice: as belonging not only to those that use the same speech, but generally to all people, yea to beasts and senseless creatures, as the very pictures which being dumb, yet speak by gesture and action. The gesture must follow the change and variety of the voice, answering thereunto in every respect: yet not parasiticallie as stage players use, but gravely and decently as becometh men of greater calling. Let the body therefore with a manlike and grave motion of his sides rather follow the sentence than express every particular word. Stand upright & strait as nature hath appointed: much wavering and overcurious and nice motion is very ridiculous. Cap. 4. Of the gesture of the head, eyes, lips, etc. THus much of the whole body: now to the parts, and first the head. The holding down of the head, and casting down of the eyes betokeneth modesty. Homer. 3. Iliad. of Helena. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, etc. Virg. of Dido. 1. AEneid. Tum breviter Dido vultum demissa profatur, Soluite cord metus, Teucri, etc. And 3. AEneid of Andromache. Deiecit vultum, & demissa voce locuta est, O faelix una ante alias Priameia virgo, etc. Sir Philip Sidney. 2. of Philoclea. At length Philoclea, having a while mused how to wade betwixt her own hopeless affection, and her father's unbridled hope, with blushing cheeks, and eyes cast down to the ground, began to say. My father, to whom I own myself, and therefore must perform all duties unto. Torquat. Tass. 2 of Alete when he came to speak before Godfrey. Mà la destra sipose Alete all seno, E chinol▪ capo, epiego à terra i lumi, E l'honoro con ogni modo à pieno, Che disua gente portino i costumi: Commincio poscia, e disua bocca uscieno, Più che mel dolci, d' eloquentia i fiumi, O degno sol, etc. 4. Of Armida speaking to the same Godfrey. Esta a inchinollo riverente, epois Vergognosetta non facea parola Mà quei rossor, mà quei timori su●● Rassicura il guerriero, e riconsola: Si ch'i pensati inganni all fine spiega In suon, che di dolcezza i sensilega. So did Ulysses cast his eyes on the ground. The countenance must turn with the body, unless we cast aside the face in token of detestation or abhorring any abominable thing. Homer. Π. Iliad. of jupiter. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And Ζ. Iliad. of Pallas. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. 3. Aeneid. Achemenides of Polyphemus. — dij talem terris avertite pestem. 3. Georg. Dij meliora pijs, erroremque hostibus illum. 1. Aen. Of Pallas being angry. Diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat. The shaking of the head noteth grief and indignation: sometimes also compassion. A nod is a token of a grant. Homer. 1. Iliad. jupiter to Thetis. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. etc. The same jupiter, Iliad. Ρ. when Hector had the spoils of Patroclus. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, etc. Virg. 1. Aeneid. juno. Tum quassans caput, hac effudit pectore dicta, Heu stirpem invisam, etc. Sir Philip Sidney. 1. Pyrocles. In so much that shaking his head, and delivering some show of tears, he thus uttered his grief: Alas, said he, Prince Musidorus, how cruelly you deal with me▪ To make often gesture with the head alone is forbidden. But the chiefest force of the head is in the countenance, and of the countenance, in the eyes, which express livelilie even any conceit or passion of the mind: as therefore the face & countenance must be comelilie and orderly composed, so the eyes very diligently are to be regarded. Homer. 3. Iliad. Menelaus. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, etc. So, 1. Iliad, of Agamemnon. chafed. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. There of Achilles. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 4. Of Ulysses and Diomedes. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg 2. AEneid. At pater Anchises oculos ad sidera latus Extulit, & caelo palmas cum voce tetendit, jupiter omnipotens, etc. Sir Philip Sidney 2 of Gynoecia. Insomuch that having a great while cast her countenance ghastly about her, as if she had called all the powers of the world to be witness of her wretched estate, at length casting up her watery eyes to heaven; O son, said she, etc. Torquat. Tass. 12. Leuò all fin gli occhi'e disse, ò dio, che scerni L' opre più occulto. Sallust. judith 6 of judith. Etant donc de ce point saintement resoluë, Verse le pole elle eleve & ses mains & sa veuë: Et puis à base vois pry ainsi l'Eternel. O bon dieu etc. Boscan. 3. of Leander. Boluiendo all cielo sus cansadoes oios, A los mayores dioses y menores, etc. The lips, nose, chin, shoulders must be also carefully looked unto and decently moderated; the particular ordering is left to every man's discretion. Cap. 5. Of the gesture of the arm, hand, fingers, etc. THe casting out of the right arm is as it were an arming of the speech, & becometh continued and flowing sentences, where the very speech itself seemeth to power forth itself with the stretching out of the arm. Homer. 1. Achilles to Calchas. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virg. 4. Dido. Sed mihi vel tellus optem prius ima dehiscat, etc. Sir Philip Sid, 3. Gynoecia. The savagest beasts are won with service, and there is no flint but may be mollified: how is Gynoecia so unworthy in thy eyes? or whom cannot abundance of love make worthy? Torquat. Tass. 4. Godfredo to Armida. Ben ti prometto, e tu per noble pegno Mia fe ne prendi, e vius in les sicura, Che se mas sottrarrem dal grogo indegno quest sacre, e dal ciel dilette mura: De ritornaris all tuo perduto regno (Come pietà m'essorta) haurem poi cura: Hor mi farebbe la pietà men pio, ganzi il suo dritto io non rendessi à dio. Sallust judith. 3 judith. Tous peches sont peches: mais ce peché surpass Tant d'enormes forfeits, dont notre aveugle audace Fait guerre au sacré ciel: car par lui le seigneur Est come degradé de'ses titres d'honneur, Pour les communiquer aux pierres cizeleés, Aux trones, aux masses d'or subtilement moulées. Garcilass. 1. Aeg. Salicius. Con mi llorar las piedras enternecen sum natural dureza y lafoy quebrantan, los arboles parece que se inclinan, las aves que m'escuchan, quando cantan. Con diferente vozse condolecen, Y mi morir cantando me adeviuan. Las fieras que reclinan, su cuerpo fatigado, dexan el sossegado, suenno por escuchar mi llanto triste. Tu sola contra mi t'endureciste, los oios aun si quiera no boluiendo a los que tu heziste, salid sin duelo lagrimas corriendo. Without the hand the gesture is nothing, yet a moderation is to be had in the gesture of the hand and fingers, that it rather follow than go before and express the words. V Aen. 12. At pius Aeneas dextram tendebat inermem, Nudato capite, atque suos clamore vocabat, Quo ruitis? quaeve ista repens discordia surgit? O cohibete iras, etc. And there of Turnus. Significatque manu, & magno simul incipit ore, Parcite vos Rutuli, & vos tela inhibete Latini: Quaecunque est fortuna, mea est etc. There is no gesture of the left hand alone, but the left hand joined with the right is fit for addubitations or doubts, & obtestations or prayers, & very much frequented. Home. 1. Iliad of Achilles. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. There, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Virgil. 1. Aeneid. Aeneas. Ingemit, & duplices tendens ad sidera palmas, Talia voce refert: o terque quaterque beati, Queis ante ora patrum, Troiae sub moenibus altis Contigit oppetere, etc. There Sinon. Sustulit exutas vinclis ad sidera palmas. And Cass. Ad coelum tendens ardentia lumina frustra, Lumina, nam tener as arcebant vincula palmas. 2. Aen. At pater Anchises oculos ad sidera latus Extulit, & coelo palmas cum voce tetendit, etc. 3. Aen. — tendoque supinas Ad caelum cum voce manus. And, At pater Anchises passie de littore palmis Numina magna vocat. 4. of jarbas. Multa iovem manibus supplex orasse supinis, jupiter omnipotens etc. Torquat. Tass. 13. of Godfredo. Giunge le palm, e fiamme gianti in zelo Gli oechi rivolge, e parole all cielo. Padre, e signor, etc. Sallust. judith. 2. Dress droit vers le pole, & ses mains, & says ieus, Puis parle en cete sortè: o grand dieu qui presides, etc. The clapping of the hands is fit for the stage than the court. Thus much of the whole hand: the parts follow: the middle finger meeting with the thumb and the other three stretched out, is an urgent and instant gesture. The former finger stretched out doth point at or show, when the other three are closed and kept in with the thumb. In expostulating or declaring of any thing, this former finger doth affirm and assure, when it is somewhat inclined and bowed down, the whole hand now and then somewhat lifted up, and tending towards the shoulders. If it be turned directly down towards the ground, it urgeth. That gesture is very fit for modest speeches and bashful beginnings when the 4. first fingers a little going together in the end, the hand itself is brought not far from the mouth or breast of him that speaketh to those that hear, & then after turned downward, and somewhat spread abroad, it loseth again. Cap. 46. Of the gesture of other parts of the body. FOR the other parts of the body, no man is almost ignorant of the unseemly gesture of them, as, to cast out the belly & breast: yet to strike the breast is not