Physical and approved Medicines, aswell in mere Simples, as Compound observations. With a true and Direct judgement of the several Complexions of Men, & how to minister both Physic and Medicine, to every several Complexion. With the making of many excellent Unguents, and Oils, as also their applications, both for Gargarisms & Inflammations of the Face, and other diseases incident to the body of Man, aswell chirurgical as Physical. With The true use of taking that excellent Herb Tobacco, aswell in the Pipe by fume, as also in Physic, medicine and chirurgery.  
LONDON Printed for Matthew Lownes, dwelling in Paul's Churchyard, at the Sign of the Bishop's head. 1611.   

To the right Worshipful Sir Edmond Carey Knight.  
YOu may peradventure wonder (most worthy Sir) or if not yourself, yet many others (I am sure) will, why I, being an old man, and in my declining age long since, would be so inconsiderate as to set pen to paper, and write a discourse of Tobacco. But I pray you give me leave to speak for myself and to answer both the one and the other. Isocrates (the famous Orator) wrote the sweetest and most eloquent Oration of his, called Panathenaica, after he was fourscore years of age: and the same is reported of the divine Plato, who continually studied, and wrote of divers points in Philosophy when he likewise had passed the Eighty year of his age, and so continued to his dying day, as john Pierius in Oloris Hieroglyphico saith. The famous lawyer Baldus began to study the civil Law at three of the clock in the afternoon (at what time king Deiotarus began to build a Civity) I mean, when he was an old man: and yet having an excellent, prompt, and pregnant wit, and a natural inclination to that kind of study, he became the most excellent man of his time. And although you will grant old men to be subject to many imperfections and weaknesses, yet on the other side you must confess, that young men are much tainted with lightness, inconstancy of mind, and overmuch folly. Indeed old men are not so strong, quick, sprightful, and deliver as the younger sort are: but yet in counsel, wisdom, experience and judgement, they far outstrip them; and by these virtues, not by the other, noble and glorious enterprises are achieved and brought to pass: and this questionless was the true cause that moved Augustus Caesar that mighty Emperor, to make choice of no Captain that was under threescore years of age, in his whole army. But why I, being of these years, should take in hand to write of Tobacco, I know deserveth wonder: but the truth is, that being long detained prisoner in the King's bench, more upon malice of some few, than any merit of mine own, and there seeing all sorts of people taking the fume of this herb without any difference of age, condition, sex, or respect of natural constitution of any particular body, I then began to write a little of it for my own recreation (my mind being then fatigated with other serious affairs, and carried away with other distractions) little thinking that that which then I wrote for my own private delight, should ever come to be a pretty volume, as now I perceive it is. Which after I had done, I acquainted some of my friends with the same, who instantly importuned me to commit it to the press.  
There is no man now adays, nor heretofore hath been, that ever I could either see or read, who hath not writ too partially of this plant, and not distinctly and plainly, as (I hope) in this small work I have done. Besides, I have added my own censure (though very sparingly) of the writers hereof, as well strangers as those of our own country. I have further discoursed of the diversities of names given to this plant, with the nature and qualities thereof, to what diseases or griefs it is most appropriated, and with what forms it is best prepared & with what correctors; which I suppose few or none hath attempted: and yet whatsoever others herein have brought to light, though it be never so little, I have sincerely given them their due worth & honour, so far forth as the merit of their virtue deserved. In the kingdom of Castille in Spain, as Carolus Clusius writeth, there is such great plenty of Ledon (a kind of wild rosemary) which of the inhabitants is called Ardivieia, as there this is grown to a common proverb: Quien all mont va, ymas no puede, Alomenos ardivieja. Hoc est: Quicunque montem accedit, potius quam inanis redeat, vel Ardiviejan (plantam vilissimam) colligat. So rather than I will sit dronishly idle, will be doing of somewhat, yea, though it be to write but of so mean a subject as Tobacco. Some beside may also imagine that I do nothing; but Aranearum telas texere, that is, in a frivolous matter, and of small moment, spend infinite and curious labour: so that I had more need sometimes to crave pardon for my long discourse about this subject: wherein though many things may want to the satisfaction of an affected and searching head, yet I am sure here is enough to warrant the discharge of my good will, and to repel the censure of the scrupulous. Facilius est reprehendere quam imitari: and some can reprove without authority, which will not allow proofs with authority: such they think their credit is with some people, as Pythagoras was amongst his own scholars, who thought Pythagoras' speech a sufficient warrant to prove any thing, only alleging, Ipse dixit. I doubt not there be many Pythagoreans, that stand too much in their own conceit. But to speak truth, and to make no better of myself than I am, I am far unlike Pythagoras, my words carry no such weight of credit, as that my bare affirmation should bar any man the liberty of contradicting me: I am rather like the Duke of Venice, who of himself can do little, and is like the Priest at Mass which putting on his golden garment, and making a goodly gay show, seemeth to be a great man; but if any come unto him and crave some friendship at his hands, he will say, you must go to the Masters of the parish, for I cannot pleasure you otherwise than by preferring your suit: and so it is with me.  

Cum relego, scripsisse pudet: quia plurima cerno,  
— me quoque qui feci, judice, digna lini.   

When I re-read, I shame I write: for much I see,  
Myself, who made them, being judge blotted to be.   
And therefore (right Worshipful) fearing the like censure upon me, that hath happened unto others, I have presumed to dedicate these my labours unto you, & to shield them under the patronage of your noble name, trusting that as you have always been not only a favourer, but also a supporter and maintainer of learning and learned men, so you will accept in good worth this rude and compendious treatise, defending it as a patron, & receiving it with good will as from a well willing friend. Thus with increase of Worship, prosperous health, and Gods graces, I commend you to the Almighty.  
Your Worship's most humble at commandment, Edmund Gardiner.   

To the Courteous and friendly Readers.  
THere be some, I make no question, which in this judging world will censure me, either to be too idle, and to have little else to do, or imagine me too curious for committing to the press this little book: whose critical censures, & biting stings I do little esteem, so that I may hear or know, that these trifles as they are accounted, will do any good. Many faultfinders, envious carpers, and malicious sycophants (for malice is ever working of mischief: & what is it that cankered Calumnia cannot invent?) will readily reprehend, but this chiefly that I have been too open in publishing medicines. But friendly and indifferent Readers, I for your sakes will sustain willingly this blame, and for your good & contentment will be ready to undergo more, and meekly to submit myself (if cause so require) to a provoked patience. I send forth this work to you that are studious and desirous of learning, not to sophysticall mountebanks, cozering quacksalvers, & such like false juggling deceivers with their paradoxical innovations: whose country soil is to them a wild cat, and who abuse all good arts wheresoever they come or abide. I must confess that I have used some store and variety of examples, not thereby to vindicate to myself much reading, to arrogate to myself great learning, or that I coveted my diligence to be praised. For I desire to be cured of ignorance, which I cannot be unless I confess the same: and that diligence deserveth but a slight and bare commendation, if any one of his own accord shall voluntarily take upon him a needless, vain and unnecessary labour. But this was my scope, this the whole drift and mark I especially aimed and shot at, that seeing the fume of this Indian Tobacco to be usedly and abusedly taken of all sorts of men, all condi●ions and estates, to show according to my simple skill the true use of it, and to remove out of their minds the errors that many are possessed if not bewitched withal, and to bring both their minds and bodies to a better temper and moderation: which thing as hitherto, for aught I know, hath not been performed by any, nay scarcely attempted. But now perchance whilst I labour to please all, I displease all: If it be so, jacta est alea, the dice are thrown. If any saying here displease any queasy stomached Tobacconist, for remedy thereof, I would wish him to pass lightly by it for fear of further offence. Physic is a large profession: and every one as he is affected taketh one or other part to be illustrated, set forth, and brought more to light by his labour and industry: one in the Anatomy as Caspur Bauhinus, Solomon Albertus, Gabriel Fallopius, Andreas Vesalius, and Arantius of Bononia. Another in the history of plants and knowledge of Simples, as the most learned Master john Gerard Citizen of London, Carolus Clusius, Andreas Matthiolus, Rembert Dodoens, and others: A third in Fishes as Rondeletius; and others, in other huing creatures as Conradus Gesner, and some in Minerals, as Rodolphus Agricola, have been found singular. And surely they are not to be denied their due commendation, who in other smaller matters of Physic have done something, as namely those that have corrected books, have made commentaries upon ancient authors, and translated out of the Greek and Arabic tongues into the Latin or our own vulgar. In this so great a harvest of fertile wits, and expense of time, wherein many men and the same very learned and well practised have taken pains, one thing remaineth undone, that no man in my judgement hath sufficiently entreated of this Plantnamelie Tobacco, which is so much in use amongst all English men. For either they do commend it too much above measure, attributing to it so many great and excellent virtues, as I think is scarce possible to find in any one herb, or else on the contrary they were so far out of the way, as that they altogether contemned and discommended it: so that that which was to be well liked, they have quite omitted, and that which is plain, evident and manifest to all men's senses, they have quite either denied or marred: for  

— Quid nobis certius ipsis  
Sensibus esse potest, quo vera ac falsa notemus?   

What can more certain be than sense,  
Discerning truth from false pretence?   
But if this my labour may be gratefully accepted, as with good will it is offered (as I doubt it not, if you please to censureiustly thereof) I shall be encouraged thereby to publish and set forth in our native language, other works entreating more copiously and fully of Physic, and no less needful to be knowneand published. So I wholly refer myself to your favours and courteous constructions, still resting  
Yours in all kind affection, Edmund Gardiner.   

The names of all those authors and learned men, whose authorities are cited in this present work.  

A Ristoteles.  
Alciatus.  
Andrea's Thevetus.  
Aegidius Eurartus.  
Auicenna.  
Augerius Ferrerius.  
Alexander Trallianus.  
Apianus.  
Aetius.  
Andrea's Matthiolus Semensis.  
Amatus Lusitanus.  
Albertus Magnus.  
Banisterus.  
Carolus Clusius.  
Cardinalis Cusanus.  
Cornelius Celsus.  
Carolus Stephanus.  
Cornelius Tacitus.  
Catullus.  
Dion.  
Diodorus Siculus.  
Galenus.  
Guido Pancirollus.  
Garceas ab Horto.  
Galfridus Chaucerus.  
Dioscorides.  
Guilielmus Camdenus.  
Fracastorius.  
Hesiodus.  
Homerus.  
Hypocrates.  
Hieronimus Cardanus.  
Hercules Strozza.  
Herodotus.  
Guilielmus Clusius.  
Vlrichus de Hutten.  
Laurentius joubertus.  
Horatius.  
johannes Langius.  
johannes Leo Afer.  
johannes Gerardus Anglus.  
johannes Liebaultius.  
johannes Heurnius.  
johannes Baptista Porta.  
johannes Hollerius.  
johannes Bruerinus.  
junenalis.  
Lucretius.  
josephus Quercetanus.  
Ludovicus Vertomanus.  
Petrus Bellonius.  
Titus Livius.  
Terentius.  
Ronssaeus.  
Paulus Aegineta.  
jultus Palmarius.  
Theodorus Zuingerus.  
Strabo.  
Publius ovidius.  
Martialis.  
Paracelsus.  
Suetonius Tranquillus.  
Mercurius Britannicus.  
Richardus Hackluit.  
Nicolaus Monardus.  
Petrus Pena.  
Mathias de Lobell.  
Seneca.  
Vergilius.  
Plinius.  
Theophrastus.  
Philon.  
Philaretes'.  
Xenophon.  
Tibullus.    

In commendation of the Author.  

AS far as Boreas' claps his brazen wings,  
So far thy fame grave Gardiner shall fly.  
Pleasure and profit both thy rare Work brings.  
Who rightly reads, will say as much as I;  
That thou of all dost yet deserve the praise,  
And to be crowned with a crown of bay.   

One, with disgraceful and despiteful words,  
This sovereign Simple basely discommends:  
A second, lofty glorious terms affords,  
And grace too great unto this Simple lends.  
Both are extremes. The golden mean is best:  
Which here thou keep'st: thy Work excels the rest.   

Rejoice, O Britain, that thou hast broughtforth  
A Gardener of such admired skill.  
Thou showest the virtue, the effect and worth,  
Of this rare Simple, the good use and ill.  
Then use it well, for Gardiner's good sake:  
And from his Garden a choice flower take.   
Io: Serl●.   

Edward Michael, In commendation of his learned friend Master Edmund Gardiner.  

THe Author well deserves the Type of fame,  
To be conjoined to his honest name,  
For setting forth (unto his countries view)  
Tabaccoes' praise now in his brightest hue.   

In am whereof, the guerdon he doth crave,  
Is but a kind respect of him to have.  
For, all his pains, taken for your delight,  
Is for to show Tabaccoes' use aright.   

Read then his work, with judgements brightest eye:  
And thank him kindly: Thus with me reply;  
Gardener Adigu: thy Work deserves such praise,  
As few men give, in these our latter days.    

The trial of Tobacco.  
MAny men have, many times, set forth to the public view of the world, divers books entreating specially of one subject, and those either in praise or dispraise of the matter they wrote of: but yet amongst all writers or exscriptors there have been in my judgement no treatises so often divulged, so greatly discoursed of, and presented to the eyes of the world (especially of late time) as those, that discourse of Indian Tobacco, one liking, another discommending and dispraising, according to the several whirls of their affections, either in part or in whole, this famous plant: so that a man may not inaptly say of it, as Virgil the Poet doth concerning the diversity of opinions for the admission of the Grecian devised horse into the walls of Troy.  

Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus.   

The wavering multitude, as each man finds,  
Consists of many and contrary minds.   
Virgilius Aeneid. 2  
And in respect of the Writers, Patrons, and defendants of this rare plant on both sides, I may not unfitly use this saying of Horace:  

Caedimur, & totidem plagis consumimus hostem.   

We by our forces are beaten, if not stain,  
We with as many strokes waste them again.   
Horat. li. 2 epist. 2. 29.  
There is such hard hold and tough reasoning on both sides.  
Now although I be Medicorum minimus, yet you must remember it was said of old: Scribimus indocti, doctic poemata passim, seeing no other to undergo this task, I have boldly adventured to unbuckle myself (for you know who is so bold as blind Bayard) I have I say not being thereto commanded or compelled, as the answer to the book called Work for the chimney Sweeper was, but of my own forwardness, and the desire I had to satisfy the world herein in some sort: protesting, (as in the inferiournes of the style may well appear) that neither vanity of glory, nor self presumption, (being of many the most unworthy to have enterprised this task) nor other private respect, than duty to my good friends (that have requested this at my hands) and zeal to my loving country men, hath made me to publish this book. For I saw the discourses herein in my poor understanding to be faulty, defective and halting, considering that one side too much extolled the virtue of this plant, and another side as much on the contrary abased contemned & rejected it. So to give some satisfaction to both sides, I have made choice of the middle, being as I take it, the more secure way, thou it be a very hard matter to keep right in the mid-path, and to decline neither to the right nor to the left hand.  
Just a pari premitur veluti cum pondere libra,  
Prona nec haec plus part sedet, nes surgit ab illa.  
Tibul. li 4 heroic. ver. 4.  
In English thus:  
As when an even scale with equal weight is peized,  
Nor falls it down this way, or is it that way raised.  
Wherefore to perform that precisely which I have promised solemnly, & seeing this discourse must be sent abroad & committed to the hands, the eyes, the noses, the ears, the minds & the judgements of a great number of all sorts, I will first begin with one that is furthest off it, Monardus a Spaniard of Seville, who hath written very largely of it in his treatise of the west Indian Simples: but because he is already translated into English, I will (left I should seem actum agere) refer that which he hath very large, to his own volume. For that which he hath gathered is likewise sound in other Authors, whereof hereafter you shall hear more, when we come to discourse of the virtues of Tobacco. Charles Stephen, and john Liebault, & Andrew Thevet all three Frenchmen, have writ of this plant, and so hath Aegidius Eurartus. Carolus Clusius likewise in his comment upon Garcaeas, Destirpibus et Aromaticis Indicis, and johannes Baptista porta in his eight book, and eleventh chapter of his Natural Magic do highly commend this plant, as a thing most excellent and divine. But amongst them all, and from them all for his admirable knowledge in plants, our own Countryman Master john Gerard Citizen and Chirurgeon of London hath carried away the palm, as best deserving it, to whom I may well apply that saying of Lucretius:  

Qui genus humanum ingenio superavit & omnes,  
Praestrinxit stellas, exortus uti aetherius sol. 
Lucret. l. 3    

Who from all mankind, bare for wit the prize,  
And dimmed the stars, as when skies sun doth rise.   
Another likewise of our countrymen, calling himself Philaretes', hath lately writ a book against Tobacco, entitled Work for Chimney-sweepers: which book, another hath friendly and modestly answered. In the beginning of Philaretes' book one I. H. hath made these discommendatorie verses against Tobacco.  
Pity it is such smoking vanity,  
Is England's most esteemed courtesy.  
Oft have I heard it as an old said saw,  
The strong digesting hungry Camels maw  
Brooks stinging nettles, and the vilest weeds,  
That stinking dunghills in rank plenty feeds:  
But 'tis a toy, to mock an Ape indeed,  
That English men should love a stranger weed.  
To whom E. G. maketh answer.  

Fie, fume at fumigation,  
And fret at thy own nation,  
It wants not approbation,  
That drugs should work purgation,  
Oft times more worth in vilest weed,  
Then in manured Garden seed.  
It is no toy, but truth indeed  
That one soil should another need.   
Philaretes' seemeth to infer in his second reason and some other places of his book, that by the frequent use of Tobacco, we ought justly to suspect and fear the same to be a mighty drier, decaier and witherer of our radical and unctuous moisture: and in respect thereof breedeth consumptions: But yet it seemeth (by his leave) not so much to breed hectike fevers and consumptions, as appoplectike and cephalical passions, because many abusers thereof have died suddenly: and we see that the brain doth suffer from it by protopathie, rather than by deuteropathy, the organ whereby it is received being so near a neighbour to the brain. I wonder it is not discussed how it puffeth up & plumpeth some, when he concludeth that it wasteth and dissipateth the unctuous moisture, & substantial nourishment, by dissipation of natural heat, and decay of spirits in our bodies.  
The same Author likewise (though a man of excellent learning, exact judgement and reading) seemeth to urge too far, when in his seventh reason against Tobacco, he sticketh not to affirm, that this herb seemed to be first found out and invented by the devil, and first used and practised by the devils priests, and therefore not to be used of us Christians. But I will both answer him and the Spaniard Monardus (from whom he hath fetched his ground) at one word thus; that it is certain that the devil did not find it, but Nature gave it, and Nature doth nothing in vain, according to that protrite axiom in Philosophy, Natura nihil fecit frustrà. If the devil did find it, yet we may esteem it as well as hidden treasures descried by spirits at the request of wicked men. But in my opinion we ought to judge of the infinite power of Nature with more reverence, and with more acknowledgement of our own ignorance and weakness. For, that it was a plant created by God, when first even by the word of his mouth all things were framed, I judge it not amiss for any man to say and think: and there is no scholar so meanly learned, but will by reason convince them both, and read a lecture of contradiction against them upon the progress of Nature's works; having his virtues and faculties infused into it from above, whereby many find great ease and comfort as well as by other plants and Simples. For unless God himself had been the author of it, why should it be endued with such noble and excellent properties: for  

Ni Deus affuerit, viresque infuderit herbis,  
Quid, rogo dictamnus, quid panacea iuvent?   

If God help not, and into herbs infuse  
A working power, in vain we medicine use.   
Aristotle (the monarch of our modern learning) seemeth not to speak awry, when he saith: Multa sciri posse, quae nondum scita sunt. Many things may be hereafter known, which as yet lie hidden in the deep dungeon of obscurity, not manifested; as the quadrature of the circle, and the many virtues both of this and other herbs, not yet known to the world: which hidden and secret virtues though at this present they are not revealed to Nature's interpreters, yet hereafter they may: so that we may rightly conclude: Maximam partem eorum quae nescimus, minimam partem eorum quae scimus aut scire possumus, to which purpose Cardinal Cusanus hath writ a book De docta ignorantia: Wherefore I suppose none will be so mad to imagine that such a noble plant could come by chance, or be invented by the devil, whose excellent virtues the profoundest can scarce perfectly understand. By this we may see the wonderful works of God, how that he can make things strange, great, and incomprehensible and wonderful to man's judgement. Therefore it is a thing impertinent, to seek out the causes and reasons of some things, as many men do, and daily go about to do, for there are many secrets in Nature, the knowledge whereof is reserved and kept to the only creator: also of many other that might be here alleged: but for that it is not my argument, I omit it to come to the rest.  
Philaretes' my good friend saith, that Tobacco is hurtful because it is hot and dry in the third degree, which Monardus (saith he) and others have affirmed to come near to the third degree of excess in either quality. But it seemeth not so hot because it blistereth not, nor yet exceedingly heateth, and that deletery malignity which he adscribeth to it may be quintessential, although not elementary. And with him I will not deny, but that some malignity (out of question) is in Tobacco, yea, I will add further, that there is in it some poison also, as there is in some other strong and vehement purgers, but yet it may be with cordial and cephalical aromatikes allayed as well as Scammony, Elaterium, Euphorbium, Coloquintida, turbith and some others. Besides, divers medicines do either retain, loose, or change their force and power, according to the divers constitutions of those natures to whom they are given. For it is a hard matter to find any remedy that may do absolute good, without some slight touch of harm, unless by art it be refined. Thus you see I have been a little bold to trump in my friend Philaretes' way, where I thought he tripped, esteeming him yet for no less than a lover of virtue and honesty, as his name importeth, and a man of good judgement and learning. But I will come into my path again, and acquaint you first with the diversities of names & titles given to this herb, and so will I pass to his virtues and properties.  
This herb with the Franks or frenchmen hath been most commonly known by the name of Nicotiana, because one Nicot a French Ambassador to the king of Portugal, sent this herb first into France, and so gave it his name.  
Others again, that by tradition have noted the means from whence they received this herb, have called it Herba Reginae, and Queen mother herb, for that when Monsieur Nicot had first knowledge thereof, he sent and commended it to Katherine de Medici's, the Queen mother of France, (who died before she had reeled up her spindle) and she first caused it to be planted in that kingdom.  
Others there be that do term it Hyoscyamus Perwianus, Henbane of Peru, Herba Sancta, or Sacra, and Sana sancta Indorum: but upon what ground I know not, unless it be for the singular virtues and faculties that are found in this plant, as by the same reason Lignum Indicum or Gutacum is called sanctum, because it is so helpful, and restoreth to cure a great many sicknesses and griefs; as the learned in Physic do very well find. We know indeed by practice, that an infinite number of diseases are cured by Tobacco, even à capite ad imos usque pedes, from the crown of the head to the very feet: so that in regard of his noble virtues, it was thought necessary that it should be entitled with some glorious name, as we also see done to others. For Philon the Physician called his Alexipharmacal medicines, Deorum manus: and at this day Physicians have graced & nobilitated some of their compositions with splendidous titles; calling one Manus Christi, another Benedicta Laxativa, Catholicon a third, and some others by the strange and superstitious names of pulvis sanctus, Gratia Dei, Apostolicon, unguentan Paulinum and the like, as Vlrichus de Hutten, a Knight of Germany hath writ in his book De Morbo Gallico, & the 6. chap. It is also entitled Petum: & Lobelius, & Peter Pena do make it a kind of Symphitum: and other while a kind of Hyoscyamus luteus: but yet they stick somewhat at that. So having discoursed of his several names, we will make a step to his description, his secret and rare qualities; and not forgetting by the way, to tell beside of the hurt some receive thereby, with the true and right use also. And first you shall hear what Carolus Clusius saith.  
Nicotian (saith he) so termed of the French, of the Spaniards Tobacco, of the Brasilians Petum, hath been long used of the Indians, especially of the inhabitants of Hispania Nova, for the curation of wounds. It was brought but a few years since into Spain, rather for the decking up of their gardens, as being a strange plant and seld seen, more than for the hidden virtues of the herb: but now it is much more famous by reason of his rare qualities then for his elegancy and beauty that it carrieth in a garden. The common people of India usually term it Picielt: for the name of Tobacco first came from the Spaniards, because there was such plenty of it grew in a certain Island called Tobacco, according to the name whereof they have christened it.  
Andrew Thevet saith, that the Americans have a secret herb which they name in their language Petum, the which most commonly they bear about them, for that they esteem it marvelous profitable for many things: this herb is like to our bugloss. They gather this herb very charily, and dry it within their little cabanes or houses. Their manner to use it is this: they wrap a quantity of this herb being dry, in a leaf of a palm-tree which is very great, & so they make rolls of the length of a candle, and then they fire the one end, and receive the smoke thereof by their nose, and by their mouth: they say it is very wholesome to cleanse and consume the superfluous humours of the brain. Moreover, being taken after this sort, it keepeth the parties from hunger and thirst for a time, therefore they use it ordinarily. Also when they have any secret talk or counsel among themselves, they draw this smoke, and then they speak. The which they do customably one after another in the war, whereas it is very needful. The women use it by no means. If that they take too much of this perfume, it will make them light in the head, as the smell or taste of strong wine. The Christians that do inhabit there, are become very desirous of this perfume, although that the first use thereof is not without danger, before that one be accustomed thereto: for this smoke causeth sweats and weakness, yea, foaming at the mouth, sudden falling down, and convulsions, as I have seen in some. And this is no such strange thing as it seemeth, for there are many other herbs and fruits that offend the brain, though that the taste of them be pleasant and good to eat.  
Pliny showeth, that in Lyncestis there is a fountain that maketh the people drunk, that take thereof: Likewise another of Paphlagonia, which as Ovid saith in the 15 book of his Metamorphosis will cause a man to be no less drunk than if he had copiously quaffed a great deal of wine. His words be these: 
Quem quicunque parùm moderato gutture traxit,  
Haud aliter titubat, quam si mera vina bibisset.   
This I know will not be received of all men for truth, and yet Philosophers do witness that there is in Esclanonie by Apollonia, a fountain coming out of a rock, whereas is seen to proceed a flame of fire, whereby all the waters adjacent are as boiling. They have in divers places of Hisp. Nova many hot springs of water, as above all other I have seen in the Province of Mechuacan. In a plain field without any mountain, there is spring which hath much water, and it is so hot, that if a whole quarter of beef, be cast into it, within one half hour, it will be as well sodden, as it will be over a fire in half a day. I have seen half a sheep cast in, & immediately it hath been sodden, & I have eaten part of it: & this hath the learned Hackcluit set down in his book discoursing of the voyages of the English nation, by the relation of Henry hawks a merchant, who lived three years in Nova Hispania. I will proceed a little further in relating strange things in nature. In Bactria in the City of Boghar, there is a little river running through the midst of it, but the water is unwholesome, for it breedeth sometimes in men that drink thereof, and specially in them that are there borne, a worm of an elle long, which licth commonly in the leg betwixt the flesh and the skin, and is plucked out above the ankle with great art and cunning.  
Diodorus Siculus reporteth, that in Egypt there was a pool, the colour of whose water was vermilion, which being drunk would reveal secrets. Strabo speaketh of a fountain in the City Leuca, of a most horrible smell. Besides, this is very strange, that there is a fountain besides Haslea, which never riseth but early in the morning, at high noon, and at the shutting of the evening. And if therein any evil thing be cast that may corrupt the same, Theodorus Zuingerus mentioneth, that for certain days after it will not rise at all. There is a fountain in Salmac in the country of Caria, which as Strabo writeth, maketh men effeminate and lither. That of Aphrodosium in Pyrrhea, causeth barrenness, as Pliny noteth: and such like a man man may easily find, if any will take pains to read over the book, entitled Britannia, written by that most learned and famous gentleman master Wil Camden (the best antiquary of our age) he shall there I say, have plenty whereat to admire, & peradventure to give satisfaction to that which here I have set down for truth.  
Some, I doubt not, but will imagine this not to be true, but altogether false, the which I have spoken touching the natures and strange qualities of these waters, and of this herb Tobacco, as though Nature could not give such power to things; yes truly and far greater, as she hath also given to beasts according to the diversities of countries and regions. Wherefore then should it leave this country of America, (wherein God included the greatest gulf of mankind) void of such a benefit, being naturally proper to it, and being temperate without comparison more than others? As in generality, Africa yieldeth the best Mules; Europe the best Lions, (as Herodotus and Pliny make report) only to be found between the rivers Nestus and Achelous: the one coasting Abdera a city of Thracia, the other being a flood of Epyrus, separateth Acarnania from Aetolia. So in particular, we find England yieldeth the greatest store of good sheep, wool, tin, and lead: Muscovia the best Bees, yielding honey and wax in plenty, and the best furs. Wherefore a learned Physician is to observe, what store of vegetables, either of woods, trees for fruit, or plants, the country yieldeth: for every country hath his commodities and singularity of them, fitted by the providence of the eternal God. As we read of in Asia and Virginia, singular Cedars and Pine trees: So we have experience, that for fir and Deal trees, Denmark, Bohemia, Pomerania, Russia, Norway, and the Newfound land, are notorious. For Vines, France: for apples, pears, plums, and such ordinary fruit the realm of England. For oranges, lemons, pomegranates, and such like, Spain and other hot countries: for Oil and Olives, Candia, etc.  
As for the second, concerning things hid in the veins and womb of the earth (for what shall we need to enlarge this discourse with the huge woods to be found in Germany, Bohemia, Muscovia, and Ireland, or with the notorious vegetables of other nations) namely, the mines of metals, and fossiles, whereof there are such sundry species, as it may seem impertinent of us to be further touched, considering so soon as they are discovered, they be committed to writing.  
Some beside will not grant this to be true, but altogether false, that Andreas Thevetus writeth, that Tobacco keepeth the Indians from hunger, and thirst, for a certain time, although that our Epicureall Tabbacconists will sufficiently refute the contrary: for they will say, and for a need swear to it, that they can live a whole week together, neither eating nor drinking any other sustenance. And if they will not be contented with this our witnessing and affirmation, let them read Herodotus, which in his second book, maketh mention of a people in Africa, living only with herbs. Apian rehearseth, that the Parthians being banished, and driven out of their country by Marous Antonius, lived with a certain herb that tookeaway their memory: nevertheless they had opinion that it did nourish them, though that in a short time after they died. Master Stephen Burrough did see some Lappians eat rock weeds as hungerly, as a cow doth grass when she is hungry. I saw them also (saith he) eat fowls eggs raw, and the young birds also that were in 
Cleanly.  the eggs. The Indians will live seven or eight months in the war with meal made of certain hard and dry roots, in the which some would judge that there were no nourishment or sustenance at all. And they will tell strangers, who arrive in their coasts, that they have heard say of their fathers, that before they had the knowledge of the best roots, they lived but with herbs, and wild weeds, & roots like brute beasts. There was they say, in their country a great Charaiba, that is to say, a Prophet, the which came to one of their young maidens, and gave her certain great roots, named Hetich, showing her, that she should cut them in pieces, and then plant them in the earth: the which she did and since they have always continued from father to son: the which roots have so well prospered, that now they have so great abundance that they eat little other food, and it is as common with them, as bread is with us.  
The old Poets and ancient people of the world did conceit, that the Gods themselves did feed upon nothing but Nectar and Ambrosia; yea, and that some of them had worse commons, & meaner meats, as they write of Romulus (who being a God as they say) lived upon turnips. But, I think, that they rather alluded unto the poverty and simplicity of feeding that was used in former ages, wherewith Romulus was so well acquainted. The Poet Martialis seemeth covertly to insinuate, that they eat the same meats in heaven, wherewith in earth they were enured to feed upon, in these verses:  
Haec tibi brumali gaudentia frigore rapa  
Quae damus, in coelo Romulus esse solet.  
Therefore ought not the Story of this Gentleman Tobacco, be thought so strange, for men to live withal, as thought the like had never been heard or read of in histories, and times forepast. The people of the East and West India have divers kinds of fruits proper only to those regions, as Nature bringeth them forth, and yet they live long, and well disposed, being strong and of robustious constitutions: yea, they will live (I mean the people of America) a whole week together with one groat, which neither the Spaniard, nor any nation in the world can do, as Petrus Martyr saith. And for their long lives, we may read in the learned Hackluit, discoursing of the voyages of the English nation in far distant parts of the world, who introduceth the example of the King of Balloboam, being one hundred and threescore years of age, when captain Candish arrived at the Island of java Minor, and yet he was living after that many years, at that time when the Hollanders travailed thither to the town of Bantam, which is the furthest part in the world from this realm of England, being measured geometrically. Therebe many who think it strange, that some nations live only with fish: and yet he that is but meanly travailed in Histories knoweth, that the poorest sort among the West Indies, live more with sea-fish, and other like meats than with flesh. The same is true in this our Isle of Britain, especially among the Cornish men and Scots: yea, our elders in times past lived only with fish, as many sects in religion both in these days, and in former ages did. The laws of Triptolemus (as Xenophon writeth) did defend and forbid the Athenians the use of flesh. Therefore it is no strange thing to live with fish only. First, in our Europe, and before that the ground was tilled, men lived more hardly without flesh or fish, having not the mean to use them, and yet notwithstanding they were stronger, and lived the longer, being nothing so effeminate, as now in our age.  
Americus Vespusius, one of the best Pilots that ever was, coasted almost from Ireland unto the cape of Saint Augustine, by the commandment of the King of Portugal, the year 1501. And since another Captain the year 1534. sailed unto the region named of Giants. In this Region between the river of Plate, and the straight of Magellane, the Inhabitants are very mighty, named in their language Patagones', Giants, because of their high stature, and form of bodies. They which first discovered this country took one of them finely, being twelve foot long, who was so uneasy to hold, that 25. men had enough to do about him: and for to keep him, it behoved them to bind his feet and hands in their ship, notwithstanding they could not keep him long alive, but for sorrow and thought (as they say) he died for hunger. Thus you see I have plainly showed that people dwelling in some regions, though faring hardly, and poorly nourished, yet notwithstanding are men both of good complexions, of personable and heroical, nay Giantlike statures, and long lived. And this may seem to be a little beside, though not altogether out of the way.  
Trinidada Tobacco hath a thick, tough and fibrous 
Description of Tobacco, or Sana sancta Indorum.  root, from which immediately rise up long broad leaves, and smooth, of a greenish colour, among which riseth up a stalk, dividing itself at the ground into divers branches, whereon are set confusedly the like leaves, but lesser: at the top of the stalks, stand up long necked hollow flowers of a pale purple, tending to a blush colour; after which succeed the cods or seed vessels, including many small seeds, like unto the seed of marierome. The whole plant perisheth at the first approach of winter: in hot countries it is sown all times of the year, but when it first sprouteth up, it must be defended and preserved from cold, and planted near unto a wall for the beautifying thereof; for, in such hot Regions as Spain, Naples, and Africa, it continueth green a whole year together, as Buglossum semper virens, Telephium minus semper virens, Rossmarie and the bay tree with us in England do.  
It was first brought into Europe out of the provinces 
The place.  of America, which of some (though I know no reason for it) is called the West Indies, in which is the province or country of Peru: but being now planted in the gardens of Europe, it prospereth very well, and cometh from seed in one year to bear both flowers & seed. The which I take to be the better for the constitution of our bodies, then that which is brought from India, and that growing in the Indies, better for the people of the same country; notwithstanding it is not so thought nor received of our tabackians: for according to the English proverb, far fetched, and dear bought, is good for Ladies.  
Tobacco must be sown in the most fruitful grounds 
The time.  that may be found, and carelessly cast abroad in the sowing, without raking it into the ground, or any such pain or industry taken as is requisite in the sowing of other seeds, as I myself have found by proof, who have experimented every way to cause it quickly to grow: for I have committed some to the earth in the end of March, some in April, and some in the beginning of May, because I durst not hazard all my seed at one time, lest some unkindly blast should happen in the sowing, which might be a great enemy thereunto.  
It is hot and dry, & that in the second degree, as Monardus 
The temperature.  thinketh, and it is withal of power to discuss or resolve, and to cleanse away filthy humours, having also a a certain small adstriction, and a stupefying, or benumbing quality, and purgeth by the stool. And Monardus thinketh that it hath a certain power to resist poison. And to prove it to be of hot quality and temperature, the biting quality of the leaves doth show, which is easily percived by taste. Also the green leaves laid upon ulcers, draw out filth and corrupt matter, which a cold simple would never do. The leaves likewise being chawed, draw forth fleagm & water, as doth also the fume taken when the leaves are dried: which things declare that this is not a little hot. For what things soever being chewed, or held in the mouth, bring forth fleagm & water, the same be all accounted hot, as the root of pellitory of Spain, Saxifrage, master-wort, betony, and hyssop, with other things of like power. Moreover, the benumbing quality hereof is not hard to be perceived: for upon the taking of the fume at the mouth, there followeth an infirmity like unto drunkenness, & many times sleep, as after the taking of Opium, which also showeth in the taste a biting quality & therefore is not without heat; which when it is chewed and inwardly taken, it doth forth with show, causing a certain heat in the chest, and yet without troubling of wits, as Petrus Bellonius in his third book of singularities doth declare: where also he showeth, that the Turks do oftentimes use Opium, and take one dram and a half thereof at one time, without any other hurt following, saving that they are thereupon taken, as it were, with a certain light drunkenness, vertiginie, or giddiness in their brains. And Hollerius in his practice telleth us, that he knew a Spaniard take half an ounce of Opium, and yet neither death, nor death's harm followed. So also this Tobacco being in taste biting, and in temperature hot, hath notwithstanding a benumbing quality.  
Hereupon it seemeth to follow, that not only this henbane of Peru, but also the juice of poppy, otherwise called Opium, consisteth of divers parts, some biting and hot, and others extreme cold, that is to say, stupefying and benumbing: if so be that this benumbing quality proceed of extreme cold (as Galen, and all the old Physicians hold opinion:) but if the benumbing quality, or faculty, doth not depend of an extreme cold temper, and that in the fourth degree, but proceedeth of the essence of the substance; then may Tobacco be both cold, and also benumbing; of temperature, hot and benumbing, not by reason of his temperature, but through the property of his substance, otherwise then a purging medicine, which hath his force, not from the temperature, but from the essence of the whole substance.  
Before I proceed any further to show against what sicknesses this herb Tobacco most prevaileth, I will first briefly declare, what sickness is, and how many sorts or kinds thereof there be, that I may be the better understood in the discourse following. Sickness (then) is an evil affect contrary to Nature, hindering of itself some action of the body. Of sickness there be three general kinds, whereof the first consisteth in the parts similar. The second in the parts instrumental. And the third in both parts together.  
The first kind is called of the Latins, Intemperies, that is to say, evil temperature: which is either simple or compound. It is simple, when one quality only doth abound or exceed too much, as to be too hot, or too cold. It is compound, when many qualities do exceed, as when the body is too hot and too dry, or too cold and too moist. The second kind is called Mala constitutio, that is to say, an evil state or composition: which is to be considered, either by the shape, number, quantity, or site of the member, or part evil affected or diseased. The third kind is called, unitatis solutio, that is to say, the losing or division of the unity: which as it may chance diversly, so it hath divers names accordingly. For if such solution or division be in a bone, than it is called a fracture. If in any fleshy part, than it is called a wound or ulcer; in the veins a rupture; in the nerves or sinews, a convulsion or cramp; and in the skin, an excoriation. Again of diseases, some be called Long, and some Sharp and Short, termed of the Latins Morbi acuti, which be perilous, and do quickly kill the body. The Long do carry a greater time with it. And yet moreover there is sickness by itself, and sickness by consent. Sickness by itself, is that, which being in some member, hindereth the action thereof by itself. Sickness by consent, is derived out of one member into another through the neighbourhood and community that is betwixt them: as the pain of the head, which cometh from the stomach, because they communicate and impart their damages from one to another by certain sinews, passing and being common to either of them.  
Thus the learned Physicians which write of man's body do divide sickness. Now if any man will curiously dive and search into the nature of these, Tobacco being given in his due time yieldeth no small relief and comfort; for according to the old saying:  

Temporibus medicina valet: data tempore prosunt:  
Et data non apto tempore vina nocent.   

Physic at times doth help: give wine in season,  
It also helps: too much brings out of reason.   
And Seneca saith: In morbis nihil est magis periculosum quam immatura medicina: in diseases there is nothing worse or more dangerous than untimely giving of medidicines, and out of due season. And again, this saying of Livy agreeth thereto. Et scio medicos, plus interdum quiet, quam movendo atque agendo proficere. For according to the times and seasons of the year, the qualities of medicines are to be considered. For some are more familiar to some bodies at some seasons of the year, then at othersome again and fitter applied to amend and correct the distemper of parts, and to expel evil juices. For who knoweth not that the spring is accounted the holesomest: which Galen calleth temperate, but Paulus Aegineta (his Apo) Aetius and the Peripatetikes affirm to incline rather to hot and moist (for there is nothing in Nature absolutely temperate) and this season is most agreeable to the best habit.  
It is for the most part good for sickly constitutions, or at leastwise, it hurteth not: for as Hypocrates in his third book, Aphorism the twentieth, saith, it causeth madness and black jaundice, leprosy, coughs, ringwormes, morphues, or stainings of the skin, and many ulcerous pustules, and break out with pains of the joints: not so much through the fault of the air, but through the strength of Nature, being then fortified and made more lively by the temperate heat of the spring to expel superfluities, and to separate naughty humours, & to thrust them forth to the more ignoble parts. The same heat helpeth likewise Nature, being readily disposed & willing to make a secret and insensible transpiration thorough the body, by which it ought to be expurged and avoided. So that the nature of this season ought to be regarded, as well in the often taking of this medicine Tobacco, as in others also: so that I judge it not the safest to use Tobacco at this time, unless by the advise of the learned: for to take it without difference and immeasurably as some abusers do, must needs do hurt, and I am sure a great deal in some of these forerecited griefs.  
Summer is hot and dry, subject to bilious or choleric diseases. The beginning of the summer admitteth the diseases of the spring: but the midst breedeth usually, continual and burning fevers, bleareyednesse, tertian agues, vomiting of yellow choler, choleric fluxes of the belly, pains of the ears, and ulcerations of the mouth: putrefactions of the lower parts; especially when the summer besides his heat, is inclined to overmuch moisture, and that no winds blow, and the weather be dark, fowl, close & rainy, or that pincerna pluviarum, I mean the south wind, which bringeth much rain, doth much blow. And red and angry weals by means of much and often sweeting, being either choleric, sharp, or biting, do abound. For they sting and gnaw the skin, making it ytchie, angering, and exasperating it after the fashion of some sore. So that in this season, and for these remembered griefs, no man, I trust, will grant Tobacco to be very wholesome. But if any spitting Tobacconist be so much bewitched, as that he still must long after it, and cannot refrain, he shall hear the Epigram of the noble Poet Hercules Strozza, which he wrote against a great Gourmandizer or belly God. Let the Tobacconist be his own interpreter, or make what moral he please, and thus it is.  

Saepè bibis, quò saepè vomas, & saepè voracem  
Distendas miseri corporis ingluviem.  
Quin si fortè tenax stomacho cibus haeserit, hunc vel  
Dextra, vel in fauces indita penna ciet:  
Tanquam sis genitus perdenda ad vina, nec ulli  
Te natura alij finxerit officio.  
O dignum laqueo facinus; quodcunque voratur,  
Turpiter ingeritur, turpiùs egeritur.   

Thou quaffest oft, to vomit much: by which thy riotous guise,  
Thy bursten belly strouteth out, in strange and monstrous wise.  
And if by chance thy meat within thy stomach sticketh still,  
Thou straight dost seek to force it up, with finger or with quill:  
As though (belike) Nature thee made only to drink down wine,  
Beast as thou art, and to no other thing did thee assign.  
Hang such a slave: what ere goes in 'tis filthy out of doubt,  
And crammed into his greedy gorge, must needs go filthy out.   
Autumn is dry and somewhat cold, very unequal, that is sometimes hot and sometimes cold. It is evil for those (as the spring is) that have any consumptions or putrefaction of the lungs, (for cum folia decidunt & germinant, moriuntur tabidi:) It causeth for the most part very deadly griefs and diseases, yea and many of those that were rise in summer, likewise quartan agues, and wandering swellings, and hardnesses of the spleen, dropsies, stranguries, fluxes of the belly, pains of the hip or haunch, squinsies, shortness of breathing, Iliaca passions, epilepsies, frenzies, and melancholical passions. So that in this season which we call the fall of the leaf, we must not too often use Tobacco, unless with great wariness & advise of the learned: and for this season, a man may say of Tobacco in some sense, as Hesiodus speaketh of his father's dwelling place or the village called Ascra, that it was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Hyeme mala, estate molesta, nunquam bona. Evil in winter, bad in summer, but never good.  
The winter quarter is cold and moist and phlegmatic, very subject to distillations, pleurisies, inflammations of the lungs, lethargies, stuff in the head, murres and pose, coughs, pains of the breast, sides and loins, vertiginies, swimming or giddiness of the brain, and apoplexies. So that in most of these, it must of necessity be concluded, that Tobacco is a noble medicine, and fit to be used. For you see that in complexions and men's natures, some are well and indifferently affected, and others again either well or ill in winter. And so much for this.  
Now as good regard and consideration is to be observed, and kept in Tobacco taking, concerning the seasons of the year, so likewise the same precise order is to be observed for complexions. All they therefore that either of the nature of their own bodily state, are of a dry complexion, or by any defect in their parents at their birth & procreation; or finally, by any accidental mishap or custom of living, as by want of food, thought, watchings, heaviness of mind, or immoderate labour have commonly bodies slender and thin; and their skin (where dryness is great) scurvy, rugged, unseemly and lank, swart and yellow, that are faced like Death, and lean as a rake: and to conclude, that are in all respects resembling the physiognomy and shape of Envy, described by ovidius, must in any wise banish Tobacco far from them, as a thing most pernicious.  
Pallor in o'er sedet, macies in corpore toto,  
Nusquam recta acies: livent rubigine dentes: 
ovid. lib. 2. Metam.   
Risus abest, nisi quem visi movere dolores:  
Nec fruitur somno vigilantibus excita curis,  
Sed videt ingratos, intabescitque videndo  
Successus hominum, carpitque ac carpitur unà.  
In English thus.  
A face like ashes pale and wan, A body scraggie lean,  
A leering look, and teeth all furred with dross and filth unclean:  
Her stomach greenish is with gall, her tongue with venom fraught:  
And never laughs, but when mishap or harm hath others caught.  
No wink of sleep comes in her eyes: and rest she none can take;  
For fretting cark and cankered care her watchful still doth make.  
Full sore against her will it is that any man should thrive,  
Or prosper in his business: for that doth her deprive  
Of all her rest and quietness: thereat the hellish Elf  
Doth stamp and stare, doth fret and fume and pines away herself,  
And to herself a torment is: for, seeking to annoy  
The wealth and state of other folks, herself she doth destroy.  
So then as the case standeth, seeing that Tobacco is so hurtful to dry complexions, it must of necessity be very good and wholesome for those men that are of moist constitutions: for he that is of this temperature, hath a body soft, not rugged and rough, white skinned; his veins and joints not standing out, nor greatly appearing; his hair plain and flat, and for the most part thick withal. Their taste and smelling, and other objects of their senses be blunt and gross. And if withal they be cold, they are for the most part, in mind and wit doltish and dull, slothful and lumpish: finally, neither by nature, neither by use, forecastfull, sharp-witted, nor crafty: by reason their natural heat is languishing and feeble, and drowned with moist and cold humours: and therefore also their memory is very faileable, oblivious, & nothing at all (in a manner) retentive. Their speech, as likewise their pulses, and manner of gate, slow and dull. And because commonly they be assailed with many and sundry diseases, for that they be given to sit still, loving their ease and idleness, whereby many crude and raw humours are heaped up in their bodies, it must needs be granted that Tobacco being hot and dry in quality, must of necessity do them much good; and even no less than labour and exercise doth in wasting waterish and cold superfluities. For sluggishness and sloth (as witnesseth Cornelius Celsus) dulleth the body, but labour and exercise maketh it firm and lusty: the one bringeth old age before the time, and the other making youth to last long. And therefore strong motions and exercises, and likewise taking Tobacco are more requisite for these persons: for otherwise cold and moist humours would too much increase, and heat quail and be enfeebled.  
But I purpose now briefly by the way, to show the nature and conditions of a hot and dry complexion, and of choleric persons, and finally by what marks and tokens they are to be perceived, discerned, found out, and known, to see whether Tobacco be fitting these kind of people or no. And first to speak of the outward signs. A body of this constitution is hot, slender, lean, musculous, of decent bigness, and mean stature: of colour they be brownish, aburne, or somewhat ruddy, specially when their angry mood is up, or their bodies set in a heat with exercise: and some be pale and yellowish. Their skin rough: their heartstrings and veins big and apparent, and not lying hidden under the flesh: their tongue rolling at pleasure, ready and flowing in utterance: their hair black, and in some curled and naturally frizzled, whereas the heat and dryness is very great and vehement: their noses (for the most part) are crooked like a Hawks bill, they have tongue at will, and are as Iwenalis' the Poet fitly saith in his 3. satire.  
Ingenium velox, audacia perdita sermo  
Promptus & Isaeo torrentior, obiter illos  
Esse putes quemuis hominem; tum dicier aptè  
Grammatious, rhetor geometres, pictor, aliptes,  
Augur, schenobates, medicus magis omnia novit.  
In English thus:  
Of dapper wit, and desperate bold, fine phrased with gallant grace:  
More eloquent than Isaeus, for every time and case.  
Each person can they aptly play, At each art can they aim,  
At Grammar, Rhetricke, Geometry, Painting, and for the game,  
At soothsaying, and cunningly upon a rope to dance;  
At Physic, Magic, ripe are they and free of every Haunce.  
And therefore sithence those persons are of hot complexion, and that in their bodies yellow choler is predominant, which is compared very aptly to fire, it must needs fall out, that tobacco being a hot plant, is very hurtful to them, & in no wise to be used; for this is not the way to subdue and alter, but rather make one more choleric and hot. For if a man should still cherish and nourish it with his like in temperature, he should do nothing else but Flammam oleo extinguere, as the proverb is, quench the flame with oil, and add fire to flax by exusperating the distemperance, and increase the tyranny of this hot humour, by making it the more vehement. So that in dry & hot bodies we must have no refuge or succour to tobacco, considering that in constitutions that be quite contrary, we find that it doth much good. For we see that if men have their stomachs surcharged with abundance of loathsome, clammy, and tough phlegm, Tobacco doth scour and cleanse it away more than any other, and (if tabacconists say no more than may be warranted for truth) than all other helps, and means whatsoever. Tobacco consequently doth much good unto all such, whose heads are filled with moistish vapours: for those fumes or reeks, striking upwards as in a stillatory, grow into a thick, and snivelly phlegm, whereby through coldness of the brain, the parties become subject and open to sundry diseases, as the pose, murr, hoarseness, cough, & many others; of which sort is the rheum or distillation of humours from the head, wherewith in Romney marsh, and divers places of Essex, Kent, and the Isle of Ely, both rich and poor, high and low in winter season are much troubled, and find by experience to be true, and yet many of them be very healthy, and as sound as a bell.  Praecipuè sanus, nisi quum pituita molesta est. 
Horat. li. 1. Epist. 1.  
In English thus:  
In perfect health and thoroughly sound,  
But when that phlegm doth much abound.  
Insomuch that I am sometimes driven into an admiration, to consider how such abundance of filthy humours should rest in the head, which Nature one while at the mouth, another while at the nose and throat, expelleth and purgeth.  
Because the cold complexion is clean opposite and contrary to the hot constitution: and for that this is the worst of all others, and furthest from that state which is best: I will address my next speech to speak somewhat of it; to the end, I would have men resolved whether Tobacco be wholesome for them or no. And because cold is clean contrary to heat, it must of necessity be concluded, that Tobacco is very wholesome for cold complexions serving as a help in the office of concoction and digestion, considering that in this state of body there lacketh heat sufficient, and the other powers and faculties natural, are not able for the weakness of the instruments and organs, to attract and digest that nourishment that is moist, nor to make it like and consubstantial with the body and members.  
I have known many of this complexion, that through gross and clammy glewish phlegm, have gotten the Lethargy, or drowsy evil, the Apoplexy, the cramp, palsy, and wry mouths. There is none of these persons, but he aboundeth, and is replete with much phlegm, and phlegmatic excrements, which maketh them lumpish and sleepy, forgetful, slow of body and mind, and pale coloured, except sometimes at the coming of their especial friends they be heated with wine or good Tobacco, and thereby have dumps driven out of their minds: for by this means their colour is made fresher, and all drowsiness banished and chased out of their minds.  
As the time of the year and different complexions; so likewise the custom and frequent use of Tobacco is to be regarded. Some have reported, that it little availeth, and that it profiteth a hot complexion nothing at all: but experience (the mistress of wisdom) hath not showed it to be injurious to either. For if a man have been often enured to the taking of it, it can do no such great harm, as it doth in a man that taketh it seldom; for, Consueta mala minùs sunt infensa: accustomed evils are the less hurtful or offensive: and Custom is another Nature; and we ought, as Hippocrates saith, to have no less regard unto it, than to our own proper and engrafted temperament. Gaudent naturae consuetis semper. And again, Consuetudo plurimum potest, repentináque ab ea digressio non parùm oblaedit corpora. Com. 2. in prognost. Cap. 11. Consuetum quod est, bonum est, vel saltem minùs nocet iis, quae naturâ quidem innoxiâ sunt, sed nunquàm in consuetudinem pervenerunt. For, as the same Galen in another place saith of meats, we may likewise say of medicines: Ciborum vim & naturam ab experientia quisque sua magis quam à ratione dijudicet, Com. 4. de v. r. in c. 89. And again, Ventriculus amplexatur ea & longè faciliùs concoquit, quaecunque cum voluptate assumit, aversatur autem ea quae displicent: unde nauseae, flatus & fluctuationes subsequuntur. Com. in Aph. 38. lib. 2. For we find by experience, that if a man in time of health have accustomed himself to the continual drinking of cold water, and hath felt no offence neither in his liver, bladder, stomach, nor any other part, it is manifest that he findeth ease and relief by that which another not acquainted withal possibly cannot: yea, Physicians which proceed by reason and experience do confess, that there is a great force and virtue in Custom, lively showing the nature of every particular body, which, as I said even now, Hypocrates himself expressly averreth, writing that a moist diet is best fitting for those persons that have any Fever; adding yet further, Especially (saith he) to children, & such as have been long used and acquainted themselves by custom to such a diet: and consequently we must yield somewhat to custom; for he saith, that bad meats and drinks being accustomably taken, are far safer than others, if a man should suddenly alter old custom, and take others far holesomer. For if one dine, which hath not used himself to it, he is by & by made weaker, heavy, dull, lumpish, lazy, & sickish: and if besides this he take his supper, he shall soon feel windiness, sour belchings, and looseness of the belly; for the stomach being replete and overcharged with such an unusual burden, which before was wont to be dry and empty, now swelleth, distendeth, and with pain stretcheth itself out. So yet again there be some labouring men, which having stomachs like Ostriches will digest iron, and fall to their victuals thrice in a day without any bones at all: for, jeiunus stomachus rarò vulgaria temnit. Hungry dogs will eat thirty puddings, as the Irish man said. There be others found, which will make a good large dinner, but take no suppers at all, (and chose) so that if contrary to custom they do sup, they shall find themselves to be troubled with heaviness in the belly, so that they cannot sleep without much tumbling and tossing. So then my conclusion is, that if one have but accustomed himself to take Tobacco, he must not suddenly leave it, but by degrees. So that it is no marvel, if any not acquainted with taking the fume of this herb, if it cause a vertiginie or giddiness in the brain, epileptical accessions, inclinations to fainting and sounding, headache, dimness of sight, and other different effects, as I have often seen. We may say the like of wine, ale, beer, and the like, to which divers men are not enured but by long custom.  
How great the force & power of this cruel tyrant Custom is, that creepeth in by little & little, insinuating and conveying himself slily into our natures, so that at length he will be so malapert, as to vindicate the whole rule and government of our bodies, prescribing and limiting new laws, even such as itself pleaseth, and abrogating old ancient orders, constitutions, and fashions, Theophrastus in his 9 book de Histor. Plantar. Cap. 18. plainly showeth by the example of one Thrasias, who durst venture to eat whole handfuls of Helleborus albus: and of Eudemus Chius, who sitting one day in the open market, took two and twenty potions of the same Helleborus, and after that went to supper, and dispatched his other ordinary affairs & business, without any vomiting or perturbation of stomach or body. He had by degrees accustomed his body to it, by first taking a little at once, & afterwards he increased the quantity by little and little, until at length he durst take so much thereof as was incredible, and never felt hurt.  
Sat hence therefore that neither reason nor Philosophy can bridle or overrule the power and force of custom, it is no marvel though man's body be over-mastred therewith: which in my conceit ought to be a good lesson to many Physicians, to regard and mark well the proper constitution and state of every man's body, & to what he hath been most inclined or accustomed, being withal very diligent and careful to administer nothing rashly, and at adventure (as many blind medicine-givers' and receitmen do) neither yet any desperate or unknown thing unto any; for such, are no better than murderers before God, if their Patients prove not well under them. Neither let covetousness overrule them, as those Physicians and Surgeons that dally with men's bodies to get much money: but let every one account it his duty to do good to all. And in so doing, they shall find God their Physician, not only of their bodies, but of their souls: whereas otherwise the saying of our nation may be applied fitly unto them, Physicians cure yourselves.  
The leaves of Tobacco at this day be only in use (although for want of them, some do make use of the seeds) and because they would have them in a readiness, they thrust them thorough with a needle and thread, and so have them to dry in the shadow: and afterwards at their pleasure, use them either whole, or being brought into powder. Because of his heat and dryness, it must needs make hot, resolve, mundify, & a little adstringe, as one may easily judge by his virtues that hereafter follow.  
The dry leaves of Tobacco are good to be used, taken in a pipe set on fire, and sucked into the stomach, and thrust forth again at the nostrils against the pains of the head, rheums, aches in any part of the body, whencesoever the original doth proceed, whether from France, Italy, Spain, Naples, India (being all pocky hot countries) or from our familiar and best known diseases. Those leaves do palliate and ease for a time, but never perform any cure absolutely: for although they empty the bodies of humours, yet the cause of the grief cannot be so taken away. But some have learned this principle, that repletion requireth evacuation, that is, fullness craveth emptiness, and by evacuation assure themselves of health: but this doth not take away so much with it this day, but the next bringeth with it more; as for example, a Well doth never yield such store of water, as when it is most drawn and emptied. Myself speak by proof, who have cured of that infectious disease a great many, divers of which had covered or kept under the sickness by the help of Tobacco as they thought; yet in the end have been constrained, to have unto such a hard knot a crabbed wedge, or else had utterly perished.  
Phlegm in man's body, as it is divers; so diversly it must be altered: for being by nature cold and moist, it easily is converted into thickness, or hard & tough sliminess, and in regard of his tenacious quality, it is very difficult to be removed: for it doth not very easily give place, either to the virtue expulsive, or yield to an attractive medicine. And to cause it to be pliable and yielding, there be five things required; namely, heat, siccity, attenuation, abstersion, and cutting or dividing, which we call incision: all which properties Tobacco is furnished withal, and adjudged fit to be used in all tough and viscous humours wherewith the body is overcharged.  
Mercurius Britannicus in his third book De terra Australi antehac semper incognita, in the description of a certain country, termed Morovia (where none but fools dwell) I suppose that it lieth near Portugal, for that country is reported to abound with fools, as England is said to savour of vanity; he wondered (I say) at one thing and mused above the rest, and that not without just cause, that many of the Inhabitants there do live neither upon bread nor meat, as other nations for the most part do, but only on the smoke of a certain unwholesome herb, which they taking at their mouths, forthwith again thrust forth at their nostrils, seeming as it were, so many smoky attorneys. Many men stand in doubt, neither can it be fully resolved whether the coxcombly Morovians learned this fashion from the poor naked Indians, or the Indians from them. There be some hold opinion, that certain Indians dwelling near unto Torrida Zona, were the first inventors and finders out of this smoky medicine, that inwardly also they might turn black: for you must imagine, that their Morian-black huc pleased them wondrous well, and they judged it no reason that the inward parts should any whit differ or vary from the outward.  
Howsoever it be, this is certain, that when their noses are filled, their purses many times are emptied, and the patrimonies of many noble young Gentlemen, have been quite exhausted, and have vanished clean away with this smoky vapour, and hath most shamefully and beastly flyen out at the master's nose. But yet this may seem very strange, yea as strange as the rich man's kitchen in Cheapside, which had no fire in it for sixteen years together, that whilst these lusty younkers and tabacconists elevate their noses on high, snuffing up the fume very gallantly, that their kitchens in the mean space have been key-cold. They that chop away their patrimonies for the vanishing smoke of Tobacco, are scarce so wise as Glaucus, who was so mad headed, as that he would needs change and give away his armour of gold, which was prized to be worth one hundred Oxen, with the iron armour of Diomedes, that was scarce worth nine Oxen. The famous Poet Homer maketh mention of this bartering in the sixth of his Iliads, in these words; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Id est, Aurea areiss, centenaria novenarijs: or as Alciatus hath translated it, lib. 2. Praetermiss.  
Proqúenovem centum, preferro tradidit aurum.  
He gave away one hundred for nine, and gold for iron.  
Some use to drink Tobacco (as it is termed) for wantonness, or rather Custom, & cannot forbear it, no, not in the midst of their dinner or supper: which kind of taking is unwholesome, & very dangerous, if not slovenly; although to take it seldom, and that physically may do some good, and is to be tolerated. Othersome there be that spend whole days, months, times and years (for the most part) in Tabacco-taking, not sparing to take it even in their bed, seeking by all means possible to hinder and pervert the course of Nature, and natural order: which thing is both a great misspending of precious time, and a great empairer of bodily health, accelerating by these disorders their own deaths, before either Nature urge, Malady enforce, or Age require it.  
Wherefore we ought ever to remember that golden Aphorism of reverend Hypocrates; Non satietas, non fames, non aliud quidquam bonum est, quod modum excedit. And again, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Hoc est: adeoque in universum nimium, Naturae bellum indixit. A man may have too much of his mother's blessing. It was death for any magistrate, or any one placed in high authority and office amongst the people of Locris, to drink any wine; unless for health's sake, the Physician had prescribed to the contrary: so I could wish the like law to our huffsnuffe Tabacconists, that misspend the flower of their youth in this smoking vanity. Thus you see that Tobacco is a fantastical attracter, and glutton-feeder of the appetite, rather taken of many for wantonness, when they have nothing else to do, than of any absolute or necessary use, which is much to be discommended: but I commend the syrup above this fume or smoky medicine.  
Surely, if we did observe time, and the golden mean (so much spoken of) Tobacco itself is no more to be disliked or rejected, than Boleti escalenti, because the emperor Claudius Caesar died with eating of them; whereof both Pliny in his two and twenty book, chap. 22. Cornelius Tacitus in his twelfth book, Suetonius Tranqaillus in Claudio. cap. 44. and Dio in his 58. book make large mention. The Story is this: There was in times past, as there is now adays, a kind of Fungus esculentus, a kind of Mushroom, which was thought to be a dish fit for Princes in regard of their delicate taste and wholesomeness, yet at length it grew infamous, because Agrippina the empress poisoned Claudius Caesar her husband with them, either he surfeiting through his greedy eating, as King john did with eating of Lampreys, as some of our histories report, (for both these Princes took a singular delight in either of these meats) but some say, the King died with pears; some, with plums; but most hold that he was poisoned by the hands of a pole-shorne Monk of Swinsted Abbey in Lincolnshire: the like is supposed, that the wicked woman added a little poison to these mushrooms, because she would be rid of her husband the Emperor, to the intent to settle the government, and to set the crown upon her own sons head Nero, who indeed succeeded Claudius in the Roman Empire. Hence proceeded those quips and taunts of Iwenalis' the famous Poet, who lived in those days, against these kinds of mushrooms, called of the, ancients, Boleti: in his first Satire.  
Vilibus ancipites fungi ponentur amicis,  
Boletus domino: sed qualem Claudius edit  
Ante illum uxoris, post quem nil amplius edit.  
And in the sixth Satire:  
— minus ergo nocens erit Agrippinae  
Boletus: siquidem unius praecordia pressit  
Ille senis, tremulumqúe caput descendere jussit  
In coelum.—  
Hence also proceeded that bitter taunt of wicked Nero his successor, terming Boletus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, hoc est Deorum cibum, the meat of the Gods; because Claudius Caesar died with eating of them, and the superstitious gentilism imagined that their Caesars or Emperors after their deaths were translated into the number of the Gods.  
From hence likewise it was, that Martialis uttered this imprecation: Boletum, qualem Claudius edit, edas.  
And this common versicle is not yet quite forgotten: Boleti lethi caussa fuêre mei.  
But it is a thing not so much to be wondered at, that poisons have been foisted amongst mushrooms, and mixed also with other meats; for we read in histories, that they have been given in Sacrifices. For Victor the third Bishop of Rome was killed with poison that was conveyed into the chalice, whereof he drank when Mass was celebrated, not without the scoffs and mockery of his enemies, who said, It was a very divine draft that sent Victor in such post haste without much ado to the joys everlasting.  
In this point therefore, I would frame unto our Tabacconists this hortatory admonition, that they keep a moderation in receiving the fume thereof, and that likewise they take it not, in case it be infected with some poisonous quality, as it many times is, lest this Epitaph be inscribed on their graves:  

Here lieth he had lived longer, if  
He had not choked himself with a Tobacco whif.   
Tobacco of all men is concluded to be a very wholesome medicine, for rheums, pains of the head, etc. and yet in the use of Tobacco, and such hot medicines there must be a great discretion that all be done in due season, and rationally: for if so be, that one use hot medicines very much, and a long time in passions of the brain, he shall do more hurt than good, inducing a neshnesse, softness, or flagginesse of the muscles and fleshy parts; their fibres being relaxed, the proper nutriment of the muscles being dissipated and exhausted, and another excrementitious and waterish humour coming in place, that is nothing apt to nourish, so that many times weakness of the sinews do proceed from these causes: for the strength of the sinews consisteth in a mediocrity of siccity. Furthermore it bringeth an astonishment, benumbing or senselessness of the brain, causing as it were a resolution both of sense, motion, and of all the actions of the brain, besides fluxes of blood at the nose, the veins being loosened, faintings or swoonings by a dissipation and wasting of the spirits, and resolving of the membranes.  
The Priests and enchanters of the hot countries, do take the fume thereof till they be drunken, that after they have lain for dead three or four hours, they may tell the people what wonders, visions, or illusions they have seen, and so give them a prophetical direction, or foretelling of the success of their business: but the Devil is a liar, and the father of that faculty, his end is horror, his mean abuse, and his intent mischief.  
The weight of four ounces of the juice of Tobacco being drunk, purgeth both upwards and downwards, and procureth after a long and sound sleep, as I have learned of a friend by observation, affirming that a strong countryman of a middle age, having a dropsy, took of it, and being wakened out of his sleep, called for meat and drink, and after that became perfectly whole.  
Here, since we have begun to speak of purging, I think it not besides the way, and our business in hand, if I tell you that which most concerneth purgative medicines. First therefore it must be certainly known, whether those bodies that are to be purged be first rightly prepared, or not. There must therefore regard be had, if you will have them rightly purged, you must first give them some gentle preparative. And for this purpose it is required, that the body abound not with crude & indigested humours; that the liver, spleen, lungs, and other noble inward parts have no inflammation, and the like; as when the vein is exceeding hot burning and red, and the Patient have a strong Fever: for in these and the like cases, purging medicines must not rashly be given. So that there are three things necessarily to be observed in every right purgation of the body: the freeness and liberty of the passages, preparation of the matter offending, & the power and strength of nature.  
Nicolaus Monardus saith, that the leaves of Tobacco, being made hot, are a present remedy for the pain of the head, for an inveterate headache, and for the pain of the head called the megrim, that hath been of long continuance, if so be the pain proceed of any cold, windy or waterish humours: and they must be often applied and laid to, until the grief be clean gone. Before the application of this kind of remedy, some use to anoint the head with oil made of the flowers of oranges: & not having that, I think, Oleum costinum, irinum, oleum Euphorbij, Oleum anethi, and Chamaemelinum, or some chemical oil of thyme, or fennel seed, or calamint were not amiss. It ought to be taken physically (not foolishly) in a pipe, for the same purpose once in a day at the most, and that in the morning fasting, against pains of the head, stomach, and griefs in the breast and lungs: against catarrhs and rheums, and such as are troubled with colds, murres, the pose, and hoarseness.  
The same herb and fume, is proved to be singular good against the toothache: for it doth not only cease the pains of the teeth, which proceed of any cold cause, the tooth being first cleansed and scoured with some linen cloth, dipped in the juice of this herb, and a pill made of the leaf being put into the tooth, but also hindereth and restraineth corruption and rottenness of the same from any further increase. And this standeth with good reason: for if the pain either of the head or teeth proceed of cold, and this herb being of a hot and drying quality, must needs make against it, provoking, stirring, and moving thereby the expulsive faculty, or melting the humour contained and bred in the brain; or else drawing to it especially from the former ventricles of the brain into that part, which by reason of the use, is called Infundibulum (which is nothing but a deep cavity in the forepart of the third ventricle of the brain, which at length goeth above the seat of Sphenoides:) we may not unfitly term it, the brain tonnell, for from thence the humours fall into the mouth, and by that means are purged, and voided away.  
I myself know a man yet living in Northhamptonshire, being very much and a long time vexed with pain and coldness, especially in the hinder part of his head, who having tried the skill and medicines of many Physicians, and nothing at all prevailing, he was at length counseled to take Tobacco in fume; which he yielding unto, after a while all the pain vanished away. And this standeth with good reason: for the Tobacco looseneth the phlegm, and those pituitous humours that are bred in the head and breast, drying and coroborating the brain very notably. And if this man had taken Tabaco, with ungula caballina, iris, thus or sulphur in fumigation, nothing could have been devised more excellent.  
For confirmation of this, john Heurnius in the first book of his method, ad praxin, telleth a story of himself, how plentifuly it draweth slimy and pituitous humours from the mouth and nostrils, by taking the fume in a narrow pipe: for (saith he) it searcheth every corner of the brain, and is carried into the ears: and I dare boldly avouch, that this herb is specially and peculiarly appropried to the brain, being by a most easy passage carried thither, washing, purging, and clearing the brain from all corruption and filthiness: for about a year since being much pained with the toothache, I boiled this herb in water, adding to it some chamomile flowers, and holding a spoonful of this warm decoction in my mouth, I did presently spit it forth, and so doing certain times together, about two hours after, the pain somewhat abated. The next day following, when (as my manner was) I went to a garden I had in the suburbs, and there bending down my head to pull up some grass or weeds, there dropped, and flowed down in great quantity from my nose a great deal of moisture, as yellow as saffron, or a Kites foot, having the very sent of Tobacco, and forthwith all the pain of my teeth ceased. In all my life, I cannot call to remembrance, that either blood, or any other superfluous humour, besides phlegmatic and waterish superfluities, ever came out at my nostrils; but never in all my life did I see any thing more yellow, than this moist humour was that issued from me at that time.  
So this being granted, I can see no reason, but that one may safely use this as a Suffitus, or a wholesome hot perfume, as well as we do myrrh, mastic, pitch, Styrax, frankincense, turpentine, Castoreum, Laudanum, the gum of juniper, cloves, and the like being cast upon the coals, and used for the griefs abovesaid. But peradventure some will object and say, that Tobacco is of an ingrate & unpleasant sent, so that many thereby are brought to fainting or swooning, even by the smell thereof. To whom I answer, that it is true: and yet notwithstanding, I think a Calf with one eye may easily see, that some of these forerecited medicines have a far more noisome, I may say loathsome smell, than this Gentleman tobacco hath.  
The judgement concerning sweet scents in divers men, is divers; nothing almost being common one with another: so that quot capita, tot sensus, look how many sundry different visages and faces, so many discrepant judgements, concerning the excellency of this or that odour. For with one, the sent of Cinnamon is more fragrant than that of musk. With another, cloves seem to surpass them both. To another, a Rose is held more odoriserous than any of them all. So that concerning the diversity of sweet smells and savours, you shall ever have diversity of judgements: so that when all the cards are cast up, this must be the full decision, and final determination, that those things must be chosen, which be most familiar to every man's nature, whether meats or medicines, and those to be refused that be contrary.  
Galen the Prince of Physicians, in his Method of curing, doth affirm, that there be certain medicaments, which by the propriety of their nature & virtues, do more properly respect one part than another: as for example, Agrimony, Hepatica nobilis, absinthium, and all kinds of Endive or Succory, direct their virtues more specially to the liver, then to any other part or particle of the body. Glans unguentaria, germander, capers, Scolopendrium, & Ceterach called milt waste for his effects, tamariske, Cortex salicis, dancus, scordium, calamint, asarabacca, & some others respect the spleen peculiarly. Saxifrage, betony, calcifraga Anglorum, otherwise called Perchepier, polygonun selinoides, the roots of Smallach, of Dancus, fennel, berries of juniper, and the seeds of melones, the reins, and ureters. The fit and proper medicines for the breast and lungs, are, the roots of fennel, of horehound, hastula regia, Scabious, Reisins of the sun, figs, Hyssop, thyme, oak of jerusalem, liquorice, barley, and fussilage, called of some blind Physicians farfara. Mints, cinnamon, wormwood and galangall, are excellent for the stomach. For the Heart, saffron, bugloss, borage, balm, roses, basil, sanders, pearl, the Bezoar stone, and gold itself: for as old Chaucer the English Poet saith of one of his Pilgrims a Physician, that travailed among the rest to Saint Thomas of Canturburie, and that very truly;  
For Gold in Physic is a cordial:  
Wherefore he loved Gold in special.  
Penirial, mugwort, savin, calamint, peony, myrrh, saffron, borax, are medicines fit for some women's griefs. Celandine & eic-bright respect the eyes. The sea onion, Chamepithis psillium, and hermodactils, direct their virtue chiefly to the joints. Staechas, Laurus, rosemary, the male pionie, misseitoe of the oak, galangall, Castoreum, betony, margerome, sage, and our Tobacco, do especially respect the brain.  
We must also know that there be some medicines which of their own proper nature are offensive to some particular parts, either by some manifest quality that is in them, or by some hidden property. For the often use of Thus, Mel Anacardinum, and the herb called balm (wherewith Bees are so much delighted) do offend the brain, perturbing the rational faculty. Vinegar is hurtful to the lungs and uterus. Fat things offend and subvert the stomach, causing a loathing or detestation of meats and drinks. Sweet meats and fruits cause tumours and swellings in the liver and spleen. Colewort, parsley, and hempseed hurt the eyes. Teuksburie mustard, and all sharp things will have a man very soon by the nose: the Virginians, and other people of America, cannot endure it, for if the eat any mustard with fish or flesh, they will make many a sour face at it. Quicksilver, as it is thought, is a great enemy to the brain of man, but more properly to the ears. The often eating of leeks, will corrupt the teeth, & lytharge hurteth the tongue. The fume of Hearts or goats horn being burnt, causeth a convulsion to any that is troubled with the falling sickness: and the same is reported for a truth, if any epileptical person be wrapped in a Goat or Deeres skin, and some say that the fume of Sulphur worketh the same effect.  
Neither is it to be pretermitted, that there be some medicines, which being externally applied, do bring both speedy, and certain help and health, which being taken into the body, do much hurt, and endanger the life. For example sake, the use of verdigris, aes ustum squama aeris, Cadmia, Pompholyx, lethargy, ceruse, & the like all these are used with good success to outward ulcers & sores: which notwithstanding must not be taken inwardly, for any ulcer within the body, but in stead of them, Hyposistis, the flowers and rinds of Pomegranates, balaustians, galls, Terra Lemnia, Sumach, the juice of Roses, Acacia, and the like, which are of great virtue for the curation of inward ulcers, never offending the stomach, liver, or any other of the inward parts.  
It would be too long to set down all things that might here in this place be inserted: and although my ciesight be not so good as Linxius, who from the promontory of Lillibey in Sicilia, did discern and see the ships in the port of Carthage; yet I am sure, by that which I have introduced, one may plainly see, that a true Physician ought to have the faculty and natural knowledge of every thing concerning diseases, or wounds in the body or mind of man. For the remedying of all which, there are two things requirable; namely, the simple knowledge of every living and inanimate thing, whether of minerals, vegetables, sensible Animals or of man, and the experience how each of these in several countries, and bodies have their certain operations. And seeing without doubt, God hath planted in the world means (either of Simples or of Compounds) to remedy any sickness, or cure any wound, although the knowledge or means do not always sort to ones desire, yet is not the true means to be neglected. And though God have fitted every climate and country with good means, to relieve the ordinary diseases and grievances of men: yet we see for want of knowledge in Physicians, either how to use the Simples of their own countries, or how to compound them aright, according to the dose of every body natural, they are enforced to search into other countries for aid.  
For, though we have, as other countries, many singular things to remedy the decay or disquiets of Nature; yet seeing the Simples of other countries, for some particular bodies and griefs, are more natural than many compounds of our own, and the skill is less to apply them, why should not Necessity make Physicians travel for knowledge, as the old wife for need. We see the artificial Bezoar-stone to be less profitable for some bodies, than the natural. The feigned Sanguinis Draconis, than the right which is brought from Africa: and our own Tobacco in England or Europe, then that which naturally groweth in America; for the difference of climates and soils alter much the natures of every thing. And so of such like adulterate resemblances, which necessity and men's gains have laboured and arted. But lest I should seem to wander too far in the wilderness of Nature, I will now return to Tobacco again.  
The suffumigation of Tobacco being taken, is a good medicine for the starkness or stiffness of the neck, called Tetanus, and for any pains or aches in the body, proceeding of the cause that Tetanus doth.  
The juice or distilled water, is very good against Catarrhs, the dizziness of the head, and rheums that fall down to the eyes, for stuffing in the head or nose by means of cold, against the pain called the megrim, if either you apply it under the temples, or take one or two green leaves, or a dry leaf moistened in wine, and dried cunningly upon the embers, and laid thereto.  
Sternutatories, especially those which are made of Tobacco, being drawn up into the nostrils, cause sneezing, consuming and spending away gross and slimy humours from the ventricles of the brain. These kind of remedies must needs do good where the brain is replete with many vapours, for those that have a lethargy or vertiginy, in all long geiefes, pains and aches of the head, in continual senselesses, or benumbing of the brain, and for a hicket that proceedeth of repletion.  
Rec. Piperis,  
Zinziberis, ana ℈ i.  
Pyrethri,  
Foliorum siccorum tabaci, ℈ ij.  
Trita naribus inspirentur ante cibum.  
Another Sternutamentorie.  
Rec. Foliorum siccorum tabaci, ℈ iis.  
Zingiberis,  
Pyrethri, ana ℈ iss.  
Radicum Hellebori albi, grana 6.  
Puluerisata commisceantur, & fiat sternutamentorium.  
Ex fistula naribus parùm infletur.  
Those sternutatories which are very forcible, vehement & strong, as Euphorbium, Helleborus albus, & the like to these, must not be blown up into the head, but rather put into a box, the same being a little shaken, & so holding it to the nose, to draw up a little at once. But Tobacco is not so violent, and therefore may in my judgement be safely put in practice. Besides, sternutaments are not so fitting, where the brain or head, the breast and lungs, do abound with very crude or raw humours and superfluities; by reason that they do move, trouble, and shake those parts too much, and too vehemently, which ought rather to be moderately comforted, warmed, and suffered to be let alone quietly, that those crude juices might the sooner come to better digestion, and then afterwards to be spent and carried away. For otherwise the brain and chest with this preposterous proceeding will be the more stufsed and overcharged. But when the humours there settled, are come to some concoction, then sneezing medicines are taken with good success, and do prevail very much.  
It is therefore ever the safer course, rather to use Simples then compounded medicines, because of their exceeding force and violence. To end in a word, sneezing, as Cornelius Celsus (our Latin Hypocrates saith) in diseases of the lungs is very dangerous.  
Thus than you plainly see, that all medicines, and especially Tobacco, being rightly and rationally used, is a noble medicine; & chose not in his due time with other circumstances considered, it doth no more than a Nobleman's shoe doth in healing the gout in the foot, or a precious Ring a cramp in the finger, nor a Diadem the pain in the head, or as Lucretius the Poet saith;  

Nec calidae citiùs decedunt corpore febres,  
Textilibus si in picturis ostróque rubenti  
jacteris, quam si plebeia in vest cubandum est.   

Fevers no sooner from thy body fly,  
If thou on arras or red scarlet lie  
Tossing, then if thou rest  
On coverlets home dressed.   
Tobacco cleareth the eyesight, and taketh away the webs and spots thereof, being anointed with the juice bloud-warme.  
The oil or juice dropped into the ears, and the fume likewise received into the ears, is good against deafness: a cloth dipped in the same, and laid upon the face, taketh away the lentils, redness and spots thereof.  
An Errhine or Nasale for stuffing in the nose, and for defect of smelling.  
Rec. Piperis.  
Pyrethri,  
Tabaci ana ʒi.  
Olei naturalus balsami q. sufficit ad incorporandum.  
Cum melle q. s. fiat Nasale.  
Another Errhine.  
Rec. succi Tabaci, ℥ i.  
Olei amygdalarum amararum ʒi.  
Masticis subtiliter pulverisatae ℈ i. misce.  
Trahatur naso dum ore reddatur.  
This that followeth is good for an old pain in the head, and sharpeneth the eyesight.  
Rec. Succi tabaci vel sanae sanctae Indorum,  
Cicla, betonicae, ana ℥ i.  
Bulliant cum vini albi ℥ ij.  
Oxym. scillitic. ℥ ss. Fiat errhinum.  
Another.  
Rec. Sinapi. gr. 5.  
Pull: fol. sicc. tabaci.  
Piperis albi, ana ℈ ss.  
Ladani,  
Cerae, ana ʒiss. misce. Fiat Nasale, pyramidis vel tent. forma.  
When we are to use strong Errhines or Nasales, the mouth must be full of water. If after the taking of these kinds of medicines, the nostrils do smart or suffer much pain, then may it be taken away or diminished, either with woman's milk, oil of violets, or unguentum Rosatum. They that have sore eyes, must not deal with them, nor yet they that either have, or are subject to ulcerations in the nose, or such persons who suffer much headache caused by the French pocks: for if they be too busy with them, their noses perhaps may in the mean space be in danger of falling down flat. Neither must these Errhines, or Nasales be compounded of any venomous matter: for so there may grow ulcers, and filthy sores in that part. Lastly, when you take them, there must care be had that the nose be not filled too full; lest that respiration, and drawing in of the breath, be thereby letted or hindered: nor yet to be used (especially in deafness or dullness of hearing) but when the body aforehand sufficiently is prepared and purged, as Alexander Trallianus the learned Physician saith.  
The leaves of this herb being decocted in water, are good against the pains of the breast, an old cough, asthma (the nature of which disease is to stop the passage of the wind and make us breath uneasily) and the griefs which arise of cold and waterish humours.  
In like manner an celegma, linctus, or lohoch, made of the decoction of the herb is excellent good against the same griefs. Sometimes the fume cureth those that be asthmatike, but than it is necessatie that the body first be cleansed, if occasion so require.  
A syrup made of the decoction of this herb with sufficient sugar, and so taken in very small quantity, dischargeth the breast from rotten and phlegmatic matter.  
But here in these cases we must provide carefully aforehand, and well see to it, and beware that we use not these Suffumigations and smoking perfumes of Tobacco, where there is any spitting of blood; for the small veins through the acrimony of suffimentes are opened: neither yet are they to be used in dry diseases of the breast: and when they are to be most used, the whole body ought first to be purged.  
Now for my own conceit, I have proved that Tobacco being taken with styrax, calamita, and the powder of tussilago or colts foot, helpeth these fore-remembred griefs. And to this, besides mine own experience, you shall have the testimony and attestation of Mathias De Lobel and of Peter Penor, two learned men, in their Herbal entitled, Stirpium adversaria nova, expressly affirming that there is not a more effectual or speedy remedy against the consumption of the lungs, and such as be asthmatical, and such griefs also as proceed from plenty of tough and viscous humours. And And thus would I prescribe it:  
Rec. Foliorum sanae sanctae Indorum.  
Styracis.  
Sandarachae.  
Terebinthinae.  
Mastiches. ana partes aequales.  
This medicine being rightly used, will deserve due commendation, in regard it helpeth those which are short wound, or have any slimy and phlegmatic humours grown to matter or suppuration. It also doth much good to pleuritical persons, and likewise for the cough. For a very moist breast, the leaves of Tobacco applied, are proved to be singular, without any other thing added to them. For those medicinal means that do adstringe, or be of a very drying quality, are not rashly to be laid upon the breast.  
I knew myself a very learned Gentleman dwelling at Buckworth in Huntingtonshire who had long languished of an Orthopnoea; so that by reason of too many slimy and waterish humours which distilled down from the brain into the chest, his lungs were so choked, that he could not breath, but by holding his neck upright, insomuch that many times, especially in the night season, he was in danger to be suffocated: by means of which, and his extreme cough, together with an extenuation of the whole body, he was adjudged Tabidus of most Physicians that visited him, yea and to be almost past all hope of recoveric, and one of the Physicians being first asked his opinion, concerning the sick Patient, cast out these words:  

Virtus lassa cadit, soluuntur frigore membra,  
Vitáque tartareas fugit indignata per umbras.   

Faint falls his courage, and his limbs do fail for want of heat.  
His life disdaining, packs to hell, where Pluto hath his seat.   
And because I being his familiar friend, and one that was best acquainted with his whole course, and order of Physic & diet, which was both rationally prescribed, and diligently taken and observed, yet nothing taking effect that was administered, when all men thought he would have died, he was at length counseled to take Tobacco in fume: which he daily did, and only by this way by little and little, he recovered his former health and strength of body. His friend before spoken being a Doctor of Physic, and he who had cast forth the two former verses, seeing the sudden mutation, and wondering at the good success, he thus again pleasantly and conceitedly answered.  
Mors aderat, cymbámque Charon remósque parabat:  
Asseruit medicina senem iam aetate trementem,  
Restituitque novas effoeto in corpore vires.  
In English thus:  
Now death appears, and Charon ready stands  
To give him passage with his boat and oars:  
But Physic frees the old man from his hands,  
And him afresh to life and strength restoares.  
They that have seen the proof hereof have credibly reported that when the Moors and Indians have fainted either for want of food or rest, this hath been a present remedy unto them, to supply the one, and help the other.  
The use of masticatories or apophlegmatisms, are much commended, and fitly practised against the affects and passions of the head, teeth, and windpipe: and specially they correct inveterate hurts and maladies, and such as be of long continuance, such as be dullness or dimness of the eyesight, deafness, pustules of the face & head, & when the nostrils have any ulceration in them, to avert and take away their flux of humours. And to effect this, these that follow are much commended, videlicet, Hyssop, the roots of Iris, acorus, gentian, ginger, and galangal, but chiefly Tobacco: I will set down some form of these masticatories, that you may take your choice where you please.  
Rec. Zingiberis,  
Caryophillorum ana ℥ i.  
Sanae sanctae Indorum,  
Piperis ana ʒss.  
Staphisagriae ʒij.  
Mastiches, ℥ i.  
Fiant pastilli addita cera, vel ʒij. cortic. cappar. addduntur.  
Another Apophlegmatisme.  
Rec. Sanae sanctae Indorum,  
Mastiches, ana ℥ i.  
Ex cera in pastillos avellanae magnitudinis formentur.  
An Apophlegmatisme is also made of moist things, when as the decoction of sharp things is held in the mouth, as thus:  
Rec. Sanae sanctae Indorum,  
Thymi,  
Origani, ana p. i.  
Vuarum passarum,  
Staphisagriae, ana ʒij.  
Cubebarum, ʒiij.  
Sinapi, ʒj.  
Coquantur ex aqua.  
Gargarisms also are much used for all passions of the mouth, and the Almonds, for inflammations, and to deterge and cleanseslimy and phlegmatic humours, and for ulcers: and for these causes, Tobacco must of necessity be commended, and put in the first rank.  
A Gargarism to cleanse tough and viscous phlegm.  
Rec. Fol. tabaci, m. i.  
Flo. steehadoes.  
Flo. rorismarini, ana p. i.  
Glycyrrhizae rasae, ℥ i.  
Passularum,  
Ficuum, ana paria decem.  
Coquantur in aqua hordei integri.  
In colat. liss. dissolve mellis ros. col. ℥ iiij.  
Misce.  
Another Gargarism for putrid, rotten, and filthy ulcers of the mouth.  
Rec. Foliorum tabaci, ligustri,  
Rosarum rubrarum,  
Rubi bati,  
Rubi saxatilis,  
Fragaria sterilis, ana q. v.  
Coquantur omnia in vase sictili novo ex aqua, & fiat gargarisma.  
Another Gargarism for the Almonds of the throat that are inflamed.  
Rec. Foliorum rubi Idaei,  
Foliorum tabaci,  
Trifolij acetosi, ana q. s.  
Coquantur in aq. q. s. ad tertias.  
juricolato add syr. aceto. Simplicis, ℥ ss.  
Syrupi myrtillorum, ℥ jss Misce..  
These gargarisms are of notable force and virtue to intercept, and stay the fluxion of humours into any part, to hinder inflammations, to cease pain, to cleanse, deterge, and bring to curation all ulcers, and soars in the mouth oriawes.  
A gentle Gargarism for these intentions.  
Rec. Sanae sanctae Indorum,  
Serpilli, ana m. ss.  
Caricarum pinguium, ℥ ij.  
Aquae q. sufficit. Fiat coctio.  
Rec. Huius decocti, l. ss.  
Oxymelitis simplicis, ℥ ij.  
Misce.  
If you will have it a little stronger, then mix some spices with it, mustard-seed, and the like: or in stead of water, take the juice of sage, calamint, hyssop, or costmary, with Oxymel scilliticum.  
But here lest I should seem to be too prodigal in the praises of Tobacco, I must (by the way) advise you to be very wary & circumspect in the using of it in masticatories, and such medicines as be Salivam ducentia: and first that if you mix any other ingredient with it, you must be very careful that they be all of a pleasing odour and smell, that they may be held in the mouth the longer time without any loathing detestation, or irksomeness. And secondarily, we must be very precise in altogether abstaining from Tobacco, in case there be any ulcers of the mouth or throat, likewise in inflammations of the lungs, and in hot sharp rheums and catarrhs, that distill or drop down right into the lungs: so that Tobacco must not be prescribed to any that is subject, aptly disposed, or in danger to fall into any these fore-rehearsed griefs and passions, neither yet is it rightly used in ulcers of the lungs, lest the humour through an evil custom might fall down thither; but in this case, errhines for diversion sake are fitter, which are a form of medicines, ordained to purge the brain at the nose. And this I take to be the chiefest, and most safe course to be observed in the administration of this famous Tobacco, for these griefs above repeated.  
If after the using of these Masticatories, or any Apophlegmatismes, any thing cleaveth to the roof of the mouth or palate, it is to be washed or rinsed with some warm water, or rather in some decoction of liquorice and barley.  
There is also another thing especially to be observed, concerning masticatories and errhines, that they all ought to be of a hot and sharp quality and nature, and besides that, of a pleasant taste and sent, because thereby the spirits animal, may the better be refreshed and comforted, and likewise that the expulsive faculty may the more readily and lively be stirred up, and provoked with such things as be of a sharp and piercing operation and virtue, to fetch away that tough slime, or other thick humours and gross superflaities contained in the head. Neither ought they to have any malignity, or evil quality in them, such as be coloquintida, scammony, & turpethun: for the membrane of the mouth is all one, & of the very self-same substance with the tunicle of the stomach; the mouth therefore and the Oesophagus being hurt, and offended, they do easily communicate their damages to the stomach. And hence it proceedeth, that such persons will complain oftentimes that their meats which they have received, do seem unto them to be both bitter, and of a stinking and unsavoury taste.  
Galen saith that we must altogether refrain from these errhines and masticatories, unless necessity urge thereto. And do you not think there is an extreme necessity, when through an intolerable and vehement pain of the head, there is danger feared of an apoplexy, epilepsy, blindness, or the like? Will not a greater danger and hurt redound to the whole body by means of any of these, them there will by offending the mouth with any distasteful sent or ingrate odor? Wherefore I conclude, that even of necessity, we must sometimes bring them into use.  
We must abstain from such things as be very ingrate & unpleasant, as staphisacre, juice of Tithimals, of the wild cucumber, & Tobacco, being to many the worst of them al. So then when all the reckoning is cast up, as Galen in the seventh of his Method affirmeth, the properties, qualities, & natures of every particular man's constitution & temperature, ought thoroughly to be considered & sifted. You shall find some men, that if they go about to dispatch any business in the night, to which they have not been accustomed, they cannot by any means fall to any rest or sleep. Some again there be, that if they taste of any thing that carrieth but the bare name of a medicine, forth with they will so abhor & loathe it, as they cannot choose, but must needs disgorge themselves, rejecting all that is in the stomach: which thing (saith he in the first book of Aliments) is partly to be referred to custom & partly to be attributed to the proper & peculiar nature of every man's temperament. And he introduceth an example of Arias the Peripatetic, who being by nature of a thin & slender body, & having the mouth of his stomach very cold, so that upon every little occasion of cooling it, he would strait ways be taken with an hicket, & by means thereof, durst never be so hardy as to drink or taste cold water, at length being taken with a fever, & constrained of some physicians contrary to his custom to drink cold water, he presently died. And yet with others again, we see it falleth not out so; for unless you boldly give them to drink some cold liquor fit for them you shall very speedily bring their life into great danger: For 
Hic satus ad pacem: hic cast rensibus utilis armis.  
Naturae sequitur semina quisque suae.   
For as I have touched a little before, there are some men found, who can by no means brook, or away with sugar, honey, oil, or vinegar, and the like, wherewith notwithstanding a great many do feed full savourly, and are thereby well nourished and refreshed. The self-same thing is to be observed in taking this or that medicament.  
I know some of such divers and different natures, that they are more offended with Cassia fistularis, than with Rhubarb or Agarick. Others again there be that can more easily away with Diagredium, being corrected, then with Rhubarbe; at whose smell, yea, and many times, at the very naming of it, they are so disquieted and moved, as they are ready to cast up all in their stomachs. In some persons a Glister worketh very strangely, causing such a garboil, rumbling and rolling, that it many times (ascending upwards) cometh out the wrong way, I mean at the mouth: and yet you shall have the same persons nothing squeamish at the taking of any Purge, though never so bitter or loathsome in taste. Othersome cannot endure a Suppository, which will easily admit a Glister. We shall see some in other matters, and enterprises, to contend even with the most valiant, that dare venture life and limb, that cannot yet endure the letting of blood; and even before the instrument touch them, their hearts will turn into livers, and so fall down in a swoon: whereas weaklings; milksops, and spider-catchers, corner-creepers, and cowards in other matters, and meacockly women will suffer and endure a very large quantity of blood to be taken from them, without any shrinking, the least pain, trouble or disquiet that may be.  
By all which it is plain and manifest, that the nature of every sick Patient is to be well considered, and the proper curation to be fitted to him; and again, because the propriety of each man's nature and complexion is ineffable, and cannot aptly in words be uttered, nor in any exact science be comprehended or described, I pronounce and adjudge him to be the best Physician of every grief, and sickness, which hath already acquired, and attained unto such a certain way or method, by which he can both readily know and discern the temperaments, and natures of men one from another, and by a good and rational conjecture, prescribe fit and convenient remedies. For, to think that there is but one common and beaten high way to cure all persons alike, as blocke-headed and dunstical Empirics, and quacksalvers imagine, is mere madness. For why? a common and general man is not cured, but each one particularly: one having one distinct temperature, and another man being endued with another particular nature, and different constitution. So then to draw to an end of this discourse, because I have been carried beyond my compass further than I thought, our chief study and care must be, to know certainly of what temper every man's body is. For medicines do either retain, lose, or alter their virtue and qualities according to the divers natures of each several constitution, to whom they are given. And this, besides our own practice, may be further confirmed by Hypocrates, l. 3. de Morb. Ac. where he flatly telleth us, that melicratum in some persons is diuretike, with others diaphoretike, and with some again it causeth purging. And so may we say of our Tobacco, that with some it is accounted and esteemed to be of an excellent sent; but others again cannot endure it. And thus I will stop my course a while in my full career.  
The leaves of Trinidada Tobacco, being warmed under the embers, never shaking off the ashes, and applied and laid often warm to the stomach, do much help the great shivering, or exceeding shuddering coldness thereof, and windiness in the same.  
Some for the coldness and wind in the stomach, use to take the green leaves, and bruise them in their hands (provided that first they be a little anointed, or dipped in oil) and then make application to the stomach.  
The leaves of Tobacco being bruised, and put to steep in vinegar, and applied as an unguent upon the stomach, are found by experience to be very good against the obstructions of the stomach and spleen: on which parts again the leaves warmed, or a linen cloth dipped in the warm juice thereof, must be laid on: but in defect of the leaves, the powder of Tobacco being made, and wrought up with some common unguent that is aperient or opening the obstructions of these parts is much commended, if so be that the obstructed and swelled parts be therewith a good while anointed.  
The women of America, commend this herb in all crudities, rawness, and ill digestion of the stomach, especially in children, and such also as be of riper years: and they use first to anoint the lower parts of the belly with common oil, & then the leaves being roasted under the embers, to be applied to the same forepart of the stomach, and also to the back directly against the same. These leaves thus roasted and applied, do much soften, and gently purge the belly, provided always that you do renew, and refresh them, so often as need is.  
An Unguent for a cold stomach.  
Rec. Oleorum, Macis,  
Menthae,  
Absinthij, ana ʒij.  
Galangae,  
Garyophyllorum, ana ℈ i.  
Corticumcitri,  
Calami aromatici, ana ℈ i.  
Sanae sanctae Indorum, ʒss.  
Cerae novae quod sufficit.  
Fiat unguentum.  
You may to this unguent add a little musk if you please. But if windiness and cold have much prevailed and proclaimed open war to the stomach: then for sureness sake, after the application of the former unguent, it will not be amiss to lay on it this or the like Scutum.  
Rec. Sanae sanctae Indorum,  
Absinthij,  
Maioranae siccae, ana ʒjss.  
Caryophyllorum,  
Ligni aloes, ana ʒj.  
Seminum foeniculi,  
Baccarum lauri, ana ʒijss. with a little cotton stitched, quilted or interbasted between two fine linen clothes or silks, with laces or strings tied or sowed to it, (as will be fittest) let it be applied to the region of the stomach:  
Or this Sacculus to be thus prepared for the coldness, and windiness in the stomach and spleen.  
Rec. Foliorum sanae sanctae Indorum,  
Florum chamomillae, ana m. i.  
Foliorum pulegij regalis,  
Centaurij minoris,  
Absinthij, ana ℈ iiij.  
Seminum Rutae,  
Sem. Erucae,  
Nasturtij hortensis,  
Barbareae, ana ʒjss.  
Beat them all into gross powder, and of these make a Sacculus, as before applying it to the place affected.  
Another Sacculus which is good to resolve and mollify, fit to be used in a dry and schyrrous spleen.  
Rec. Salis communis,  
Seminis cumini parùm torrefacti, anam. ss.  
Florum meliloti, m. i.  
Fol. sanae sanctae Indorum, m. i. ss.  
Radicum ebuli, ℥ i.  
Seminis thysselij, ʒ. v. Misce. Siccentur in tegula, & tenui include liuteo, fiat Sacculus ad formam splenis, qui, usus tempore, acerrimo aceto, in quo candentis molaris lapidis frustum extinctum sit, rigetur. Of these make two bags, to be applied to the spleen, one after another.  
In making of any Sacculus to be applied to the stomach, the powders must not exceed one ounce and a half; for oftentimes ʒuj are sufficient.  
This plant then, as you hear, by the testimony of M john Gerard, Carolus Clusius, and other learned men, cureth wind, coldness, and stopping of the stomach and spleen; in regard that as all men by sound experience find, it consumeth moist and waterish humours in all parts of the body, taking away, and cleansing the superfluous sliminess, and such other like tough and congealed matter, which caused loathing of meat, and other oppilations: so that this herb rightly used; must needs disperse wind, in regard of his hot quality, stirring up an appetite, and desire to meat, by reason of that mild and gentle adstriction, and cleansing virtue it hath. So that he which is well acquainted with the noble qualities, and hath made true grounded experience, concerning the right use of this plant, needs not be so solicitous to run, and gad in all haste to the good town, when his belly acheth or is gripped, for a pint of maluefie, a penny pot of sherie-sacke, hippocras, aqua vitae, rosa-solis, or Doctor Stephen's water, to heat their maws, when they are a little troubled with gripings in the belly by means of wind: Or yet to have ready in their closerts and studies, nutmegs, or ginger condite, diatrion pipereon, sugarcakes and jumbles, manus Christi, aromaticum rosatum, and the like, much less to buy plasters, or unguents. And yet we must, as I have praemonished, not be too knack-hardy in the use of it: but withal this proviso must be carried in mind, that in the imbecility & weakness of the stomach, we do ever commix withal such things as do strengthen the liver, either because from thence the natural spirits be diffused, scattered, or let run into the whole body, or at leastwise because it is the shop of blood. And when by means of a very hot liver, a cold flux of humours annoyeth, we must by all means possible refrigerate the liver as the cause, and then the stomach will so much the more easily return into his own temper and nature. So that in this case, Tobacco is not so excellent as many suppose. Lastly, in the application of hot remedies to the stomach, moderate adstringents must be commixed.  
Tobacco is given with good success to such as are accustomed to swoon, and are troubled with the colic and windiness, against the dropsy, the worms in children, the piles, & the sciatica or gout in the haunch, or hip.  
Some will think it strange, that it will cure panting and beating at the heart, and Syncope stomachica, as I have found by practice, that it hath remedied these griefs: and yet others I have known, that found so little ease thereby, that even by coming into the place, where the fume is received, they will be ready to faint, and fall into a swoon, or utter failing of strength. Well then, for resolution hereof, we must moreover consider, and add to my former discourse, that by the particular nature of each singular individual under the species of man, is manifestly to be discerned the incertainty of the accidents; yea, and in some sort of the human senses also: for who would not wonder, that Demophon one of the Squires that was Carver to Alexander the Great, how that contrary to the nature of all other men, he would grow hot and warm in the shadow, and would shake & quiver for cold in the sun? And Andron the Argive would travel throughout the most dry, & barren sandy places of the deserts of Lybia and Africa, without enduring of any thirstiness.  
Others there have been, who only by seeing, yea, and by smelling of Coleworts, onions or garlic, have fallen into a swoon, and some again by the only fume and smell of Tobacco. And Matthiolus that learned Physician in his Commentaries upon Dioscorides, doth assure us, that he himself knew a man in whom this was natural. And albeit it be most certain, that the hemlock be a most strong poison, and that the noble Socrates was poisoned therewith in the city of Athens; yet doth Galen assure us (in the third book- De Simpl. med. fac.) that there was an old woman in that same town which did feed, & live upon the same herb. And I myself know many countrypeople that will not stick to give the posset-drink thereof without any curious respect of quantity to any their friends that are vexed with hot or burning fevers. What flower is more pleasant and odoriferous, than the Rose? and yet Auratus Lusitanus telleth us, how he knew a man, who by the only sight of a Rose, would fall into a swoon: and of this nature also, as I am credibly informed by men of no small reputation and gravity, was the late Lady Henneage: yea, her skin (as some say) would blister, if any part of her body had been lightly touched with a Rose, either damask, red, or white.  
Some there be that do not love flesh, others cannot away with fish, and another whom I was well acquainted with, dwelling at Ashdon in Essex, could never abide the taste either of fish or flesh. Some do abhor cheese; and there be some men, to whom fruit is so hateful, that if they do but see any to eat thereof, they will be enforced to fall a vomiting. Some again have an excellent quick and sharp sight in the night, and in the dark, as had Tiberius Caesar, and jeronimus Cardanus, and they can see but very little and badly in the day. Others be that will swallow glass, metal, wool, bricks, and other such like things, and (which is almost incredible) by the heat of their stomach, will be able to digest them.  
There be three things generally which do make meats, and nourishments, which of their own nature are hurtful, to be more pleasant, and less offensive: that is to say, use and custom, the pleasure and delight that one is possessed with, and a strong and firm stomach: forgood and wholesome meats, if the stomach cannot away with them, do subvert, and cause a loathing, and abhorring in it: and again, if the stomach be very weak, it easily refuseth and rejecteth meats of quick and easy digestion. In like manner concerning odours and smells, with all men, nor yet with the most, the savour of Tobacco cannot be unpleasant, nor produce such strange and fearful effects.  
A Cerote against worms.  
Rec. Myrrhae,  
Aloes, ana ʒj.  
Pul. fol. sanae sanctae Indorum,  
Sem. abrotani, ana ℈ ss.  
Cerae, resinae, an q. s.  
Fiat ceratum.  
A lineament against the worms in children.  
Rec. Succi foliorum sanae sanctae Indorum, ʒiij.  
Pulueris scordij,  
Aloes, ana ℈ ij.  
Olei communis, ℥ i.  
Cerae parum.  
Misce & fiat linimentum.  
Now follow such other medicines as are made of Tobacco, & first concerning the Sciatica. For it is found by experience of the learned, that it mitigateth the pain of the gout, if the leaves be roasted in the hot embers, and applied to the aggrieved part. For pains likewise of the joints the tender leaves of Tabbacco, or Nicotiana, being bruised and applied to the place, until it begin to look red, are singular. In like sort a Cataplasm performeth the same effect, and is more effectual than the former, being thus made.  
Rec. Radicum Althaeae,  
Rad. liliorum,  
Iridis, ana ℥ i.  
Foliorum sanae sanctae Indorum, m i.  
Florum chamaemeli,  
Meliloti,  
Summitatum anethi, ana p. i.  
Seminum lini,  
Foenugraeci, ana ℥ ss.  
Cymini,  
Baccarum lauri, ana ʒiij.  
Croci, ʒss.  
Axungiae anserina.  
Medullae vituli,  
Bntyri,  
Olei liliorum quantum sufficit. Fiat Cataplasma.  
This Cataplasm is emollient, and softeneth tumors, it digesteth and assuageth pain, and resolveth and discusseth wind. These Cataplasms are seldom administered but where the body is first purged.  
A Fomentation that addeth strength to the weakened parts.  
Rec. Foliorum sanae sanctae Indorum, m. i.  
Foliorum rosmarini,  
Staechados,  
Chamaepiteos,  
Hyssopi,  
Nasturtij, ana m. ss.  
Coquantur ex vino austero, & cum spongijs fiat Fotus.  
For pain in the joints or hippe-bone, an excellent Cataplasm.  
Rec. Lactantio is, l. i.  
Micas duas panis albi.  
Coquantur, et add  
Pulueris tabaci, m. ss.  
Croci, ℈ j:  
Vitellos duos ovorum,  
Olei rosarum,  
Olei Chamaemeli, ana ʒuj.  
Fiat Cataplasma: et bis die applicetur calidè.  
A Suffumigation to be taken when the joints are much loosened, or relaxed with too much moisture.  
Rec. Foliorum sanae sanctae Indorum, m. ij.  
Foliorum lauri,  
Fol. Saluiae, ana m. i. ss.  
Hyssopi, Betonicae.  
Verbasci, ana m. i.  
Coquantur ex vino: lapides igniti hoc conspergantur.  
Manè & vesperi admittat hunc vaporem loco calido.  
After he hath received the fume or vapour of these herbs a good while, so soon as the Patient is ready to come forth, let him strait ways go to his warm bed, and take one dram of excellent treacle in hot posset-ale: so being covered very warm with clothes, let him sweat one hour, two or three after it, as his strength will endure.  
Experience by some persons a few years since hath brought to light, that Tobacco resisteth and breaketh the force of poisons, and especially that most dangerous venom, wherewith the Cannibals do anoint their darts, and arrows: for before the virtue of this was known, they were wont to cast the powder of Sublimatum on their wounds. Now the Spaniards knew well, that it would overmaster and infringe the power of poison, and that by these means: It fortuned that certain Cannibals sailed in their canowes to S. john de Porto Rico, of purpose to kill those Indians and Spaniards they found there, with their in venomed shifts. So arriving at the place appointed, they forthwith slew the Indians, and some Spaniards, wounding many other: and wanting sublimate to cure their wounds, a certain Indian taught them to wring and press out the juice of this Tobacco, and to apply it to their wounds, and after they had done this, to take the leaves being braised, & so to lay upon the wounded place: which being done, strait ways the pains abated, and all those symptoms, accidents, passions or effects which do usually accompany such envenomed wounds, the poison and venom thereof (I say) was by this overcome and utterly vanquished, and the wounds perfectly cured.  
So from that time forwards, men began to put in practise the leaves of this plant against strong & deadly poisons. And the Catholic King himself (I speak as a Romist) having a desire to try the virtues of this herb, caused a dog to be wounded in the throat, & with the poison that hunter's use, the place to be rubbed and anointed, and within a while after, good store of the juice of Tobacco to be dropped into the sore, & the leaves also being beaten or bruised to be laid over, and bound close to the wounded place, and by this means the poor dog escaped the danger, not without the amazement, and wondrous admiration of all that saw or knew it. In like manner, it being applied to venomous and pestilent carbuncles, botches, or sores, it bringeth a hard crust upon the place, and so absolutely cureth them. And against the bitings or stingings of poisonous beasts, or any venomous living creature they are a present remedy.  
They affirm and hold for certain moreover, that a man in France (having a sore ulcer orapostume, caused by the evil of Naples or Spain, (choose which you will, all is but one, for the best of them is but Hydra malorum, as Auger Ferner saith) that we in plain good English call, the great Pocks, or, the French something, by the applicatiof the leaves of this plant, was immediately cured thereof. This is Morbus contagiosus, though not Pestilentialis: & I must confess, that I am somewhat backward in believing of this, and therefore I will leave every man to his own liberty of believing or refusing this. But for the former example, I dare boldly say: for besides a King's testimony, you shall have the attestation of sundry good merchants of this City of London to confirm as much. And I can see no reason why, but that the decoction of our own country Tobacco should as well, and to as good success be used in the plague, & other poisonous sicknesses, as tormentil, burnet, the wild Angelica, and that of the garden, dictamnus, marigolds, butter burr, Carduus benedictus, S. john's wort, Morsus diaboli, Scabiose, gentian eye bright, water germander, vinca pervinca, juniper, and bay-beries, with a hundred the like. And a medicine in the plague thus prepared, I should judge to be very effectual.  
Rec. Pulueris radiois Angelicae Hortensis vel syluestris, ʒj.  
Theriacae optimae, ʒj ℈ ss.  
Aquae stillatitiae, sanae sanctae Indorum, ℥ iiij.  
Aceti optimi, ℥ ss. Misce.  
This is to be taken warm at one time, and presently to go to bed and to move sweat: let the sweat be continued gently and easily four or five hours, or more if strength will endure, and keep warm after for two days.  
If a sore do appear, then make a pultes with wheaten bread, two handfuls, sweet butter ℥ ij. of the leaves of Tobacco, and the herb called devils bit, of either half a handful, with sufficient water make a pultes. After it is made, put to the pultes vi. onions roasted under the embers, and mingle them. Lay of this hot to the place, and shift it twice or thrice in a day.  
An Unguent for a pestilent Carbuncle.  
Rec. Foliorum sanae sanctae Indorum, m. i.  
Contundantur addendo vitel. Oui unius  
Cum salis, zss.  
Unguent. Basilisco. zij. Misce.  
Fiat instar unguent. & applicetur super Carbanculoes.  
Aqua Theriacalis ad Pestem.  
Rec. Liquoris stillatitij sanae sanctae Indorum, l. viii.  
Antidoti Mithridatici Damocratis, ℥ vi.  
Cardui benedicti,  
Scordij,  
Galegae, ana m. ij.  
Macerentur simul per noctem, posteá destillentur, s. a.  
Cap. ℥ iiij pro vice..  
But here a great doubt and controversy may arise, whether as sometimes we see one poison to be the expeller of another poison; so in like sort, whether one stinking savour, and graveolent or ill odour, and vapour of some pestilent breath or air, may be the proper amulet or preservative against any such poison, to be hanged about the neck: for at this time let it be granted (to please some) that Tobacco is of no good smell or sent and that it is a little poisonous. For we see some daily in the time of any general or grievous infection of the plague, for avoidance thereof and for preservation sake, will smell unto the stinking savour of some loathsome Privy, or filthy Camerine and sink; and this they make reckoning is one of the best counter-poisons, that may be devised against any pestiferous infection: for their nature being enured to these, they will afterwards not seem to pass for any pestilent malignity of the air, and dare boldly adventure without any prejudice, or impeachment to their health, into any place or company whatsoever. And to persuade us the more easily to this, they object to us for example sake, those women that spend their days continually in hospitals for Pilgrims, & for poor travelers, who are accustomed to every abominable savour of the sick; whereof we shall never see or very seldom, any of them either to be taken, or die with any pestiferous infection, though never so dangerous. In like manner, there be some that in time of the greatest heat and rage of the Pestilence, do kill dogs, cats, and other like creatures, suffering them to be cast, and lie rotting and stinking in corners of streets, cross paths, and where many ways meet, thinking that by these means, the rotten, stinking and evil vapour that from them is carried upwards, filleth the ambient air, and so either drinketh up, consumeth, or else quite altereth the pestilent infection thereof. After which sort we read, that in times past a certain Physician freed Scythia, now called Tartary, from the mischief of a most dangerous pestilence.  
I am not ignorant, how that sometimes one poison is the preservative against another poison, and the flesh of vipers (which entereth into the famous composition of Mithridatum) to resist and quell, not only his own, but even the venenosity of other Serpents. There is not a presenter remedy for one that is dangerously struck of a venomous Scorpion, than the oil of Scorpions itself. There be many living creatures that have certain hid properties against divers evils: and so we see that experience hath given the knowledge of many medicines, of the which none can give any certain reason. Wherefore I would that some would experiment those of our own country, and compound some Theriaca or alexipharmacal medicine of our own plants, which the everlasting God hath given to our own use: the which to my judgement would prove more excellent, far better, and more sure than vipers (though never so well corrected) of whose flesh partly, is made and composed the famous electuary, called Theriaca magna; knowing that it is not sure to use vipers, because of their deadly poison that they bear, whatsoever others say.  
But to return from whence I have a little digressed, I will not deny, but that such persons as have been acquainted and accustomed to a bad and unwholesome stinking air, or any pestilent malignity, but that they will smell unto, & easily endure any thing that may be imagined worse than any stink itself or carion-like smell, without either danger, trouble, or any displeasure at all, and do reck so little of the plague when it rageth most, as I have seen some, & known more, even fasting and without fencing their heart or spirits with any antidote, to have buried more than two hundred, whom the plague had bereft of life. And yet this I say, that Tobacco is not so perilous as some would make the world believe, but that amongst the proper curations and alexiteries against any pestilent infection, this obtaineth not the last place.  
Galen in his third book De Alimentorum facultatibus, plainly showeth, that in his days there were Egyptians that fed as savourly on Serpents, as othersome did of eels. The newfound world nourisheth great store of Serpents and Lyzards of a marvelous greatness, the which are easily taken of those country people without danger: yea the Neigers eat these Lyzards, so do the Indians of America, both these and also the lesser ones which are of the bigness of a man's leg. And who hath not read (though from long journeys large lies are afforded) what Peter Martyr of Angleria in his Decades hath written? And Laurentius joubertus, de Cutis capitis affectibus, will resolve us, that the Americans, and their neighbours do the same.  
About three degrees and a half from the equinoctial, there is found a river that cometh from the mountains of the country named Camia, and another more less named Rhegium, the which bear and bring forth very good fish, also Crocodiles very dangerous: as the rivers of Nilus and Senega, and they eat them as we do venison, as john Leo in his description of Africa saith: And Andrew Thevet in his description of the newfound world, agreeth with him saying, that the Americans food for the most part, is roasted after their manner, as rats of divers kinds, and great ones, a certain kind of toads greater than ours, Crocodiles, and others that they roast al-whole, with the skin and the bowels, and this they use without any difficulty: yea these Crocodiles, and great Lyzards be as great as a pig of a month old, the which is a fine meat (as they say that have eaten thereof:) These Lizards of America are so privy, that they will come near unto you, & take their repast, if that you will take it without all fear or difficulty. Their flesh is like a chickens flesh, and they kill them with shooting at them with their arrows. And if tobacco were half so bad as any of these, I trow the dispraisers thereof might then with full mouths, and full cheeks except against it.  
It cannot be denied, but that Tobacco hath some malignity, yea, some naughty and venomous quality in it, in respect that it produceth such a strange swimming, vertiginie or giddiness like drunkenness in the brain, with foaming at the mouth and swooning, yea, lying as it were dead, or in a trance for a certain time, when any almost hath first taken it, and yet at length after their bodies have been acquainted and enured to it, there hath no such passion or effect followed, though it hath been taken by them in a very large quantity.  
Whereupon doubtless, we must conclude, that even of strong poisons, some men may very well be nourished, and conveniently fed, especially if they be assumed moderately, and by degrees a little at once: as Lewes Vertoman writeth of the King of calicut, whose father so enured him to take poison, that he was fed and nourished therewith, and with nothing else all his life time: so that when he intended to put any of his noblemen to death, he would but cheaw, and bite in his mouth a certain fruit there growing, called Chofoles; which being done, he would spit them in the face of him with whom he was offended: who presently after being poisoned with this stinking breath, would go home and die. This King (as the forenamed author saith) had four thousand wives, but he never lay with any of them but one night: for the next day day she was found dead, only with the poisonous breath of the King. So that hereby, by these examples we may learn, that poisons and strong medicines may by degrees be overcome by the virtue and strength of nature, & be converted into a profitable nourishment of the whole body, as all Physicians allege; sithence there is nothing that nourisheth, but that which is first concocted, & digested, by the power & benefit of nature.  
Custom is of great force in our meats: and that many have been fed only with poisons, john Bruyerni, de re cibaria, lib. 1. cap. 22. plainly showeth. So in times past the people called Psylli, and the Marsi would without danger, both handle, and eat Serpents. Hollerius reporteth of a Spaniard that would eat half an ounce of Opium at one time: we in England must not exceed twelve grains, and in Poland two grains only will kill a strong man, so that he shall never arise, till the trump of the Archangel awake him. johannes Heurnius saith, that he hath seen divers slaves at Naples in Italy, which would devour a very great deal of Meconium: and others again would as fast eat poppy without any sensible hurt thereby. And as I have partly touched before, we read of one Tharsias an Apothecary, and many shepherds in Greece, who would take into their stomachs whole handfuls of Helleborus albus, or Neesewort, without any danger at all, digesting them very well. Eudemus of the Island of Chios, would do the same, without any purging downwards, as Theophrastus assureth us: & yet with others we know, that it procureth vomiting mightily, & that with extreme danger, & hazard of life, if it be not well corrected, & given to strong complexions, and robustious constitutions, and not to nice and delicate persons.  
We read in histories of a maid of excellent beauty, that was only fed and brought up with the deadly poison of Napellus, who was presented to Alexander the great by the king of India, to the intent he should be ensnared in the inextricable labyrinth of her beauteous phisnomy: whom when Aristotle his master had thoroughly viewed and beheld, he forewarned the king of the danger, and the bait that was laid to ensnare him. Neither was he therein deceived in his judgement, for though the king refused her company, many other sprightful lads and lustie-bloudes being alured and bewitched with her company, they all died by that abominable poisonous and destroying vapour or hurtful breath which came from her body, as johannes Langius in his Medicinal epistles hath also remembered. This maid did well enough with this herb Napellus: and yet the force and faculty thereof is so deadly both to man, and also to all kinds of beasts, that if any do eat thereof, their lips and rounges swell forthwith, their eyes hang out, their thighs are stiff and their wits are taken from them, as Auicenua writeth in his fourth book. Yea the force of this poison is such, that if the points of spears, darts, or arrows be touched or anointed with the same, they bring deadly hurt to those that are wounded therewith. So that if strong poisons through custom may be turned into the profitable nourishment of our bodies; how much more, such Simples, that be but as it were a little hurtful as Tobacco is.  
The like may be said of meats and medicines: some men will eat and continue with feeding on Cassia, as familiarly as if all their life time they had never taken delight in any otherthing: and yet with others again it is accounted very loathsome, and bringeth gripings, wring, and much torment to the whole body. In some persons, Manna turneth wholly in choler: and it gently looseneth the belly in others. Some will very easily digest beef, or any meats of harder digestion, whose stomachs again do abhor the flesh of hens, rabbits, and the like: & if they chance to eat of them, they turn into sour belchings, and are quickly corrupted in their stomachs, lying there stinking, as in a filthy puddle. Therefore whatsoever is familiar to any particular man's nature; and wherewithal he is most delighted, never be afraid to give the sick, although in others it may not be tolerated. But to return again into my path from whence I have a little digressed.  
Although all men, and all countries are not alike subject to, and hurt by the pestilence (for China which is the greatest part of the habitable world, in which there are (as some Histories report) seventy millions of people, being scarce so many in all Europe, wherein (as I suppose) God hath included the greatest gulf of mankind, is not subject to this dangerous disease, nor yet many parts of Africa, as john Leo a Moor borne in the Kingdom of Granada saith) yet we know and feel, that all those countries that lie open to the sea, or be situated right against the South, or lie much open to that point, are more dangerously infected than others that have not the same site of place for their dwelling. And likewise those that dwell in hot and moist places, poisoned with filthy or misty exhalations, are more vexed and plagued, than more open and champain countries, or those that be more mediterrane. And again, amongst men they are more cruelly handled, which being of a hot and moist temperature, and such as be full of gross and corrupt humours, having such bodies as be ready to run over with plenty thereof, are more subject to putrefied agues, than cold and dry complexions, and such as have but small store of humours, and the same very fine and pure. For overmuch looseness and largeness of body, even as too much adstriction maketh a way for the pestilence.  
But it will be necessary, and to our purpose in hand, and worthy the labour and pains taking, more deeply to enter into, and to make a larger rehearsal into this discourse, and leisurely by peece-meales, as it were to cut and minse the same. Although therefore the pestilent poison without exception, no less violently setteth upon, as well the richer as the poorer sort, and assoon dispatcheth those of sturdy and able bodies, as meacocks, milksops, and weaklings, and such as be great, strong, quarry, big, well set, handsome timbered, and such as we call well proportioned and of a just temperature and making (neither too slender nor too gross) as well as those that are sickly, queasy, and abounding with cacochymical humours, and upon men as women, old and young, hot complexions as cold, moist as dry (for to all alike it proclaimeth open war:) yet nevertheless it often cometh to pass, that upon some it sooner layeth hold, and killeth more speedily, than it doth upon others. For first in respect of ages, we find by common experience, that Infants are more endangered thereby, and take it sooner than children, and these sooner than young men, and younger more than those of riper years, and women are more often subject to this grief than men, and chiefly those that be with child, and such as are not monthly expurged.  
Of complexions likewise, that temperament which is hot and moist, or cold and moist, is oftener and easilier overthrown, than either the hot and dry, or the cold and dry complexions. And for the same reason, the sanguine, and the phlegmatic constitution are most in danger, and are more subject unto this grief, than either choleric, or melancholic persons, and do sooner die withal. The cause of this variety is the superabundant, corrupt, or filthy humours subject to putrefaction, or corrupt and filthy blood, which is easily infected with the contagion of the air receiving pestilence. And this is the cause, that those who are much subject to sickness (although that some will falsely maintain, that either the French Pocks, or the quartaneague, is a Supersedeas to the plague) and cacochymical bodies, do sooner feel the hurt thereof, and are put into further hazard than such as be exquisitely sound, and in perfect health: and those that use nourishments which breed evil juices and humours in the body, than the contrary, or such as be of easy concoction; and such as surfeit, pamper, or cocker themselves too much, more than those that behave themselves temperately, and use a moderation in their expenses and manner of living, as some say they do at Florence in Italy.  
To shut up all in a word, those that keep good rule living continently, are freer from this plaguy infection, than such as live after their own pleasure, wilfully, and luxuriously: and they that keep home, less than such as gad abroad, being accounted good fellows, loving to frequent much company, do less feel this poisonous disease. Now although by this that I have said, one may easily gather, why Tobacco should be good in some constitutions, (I mean in hot and moist, and cold and moist) and why not in othersome so wholesome: yet for all that, this must be taken warily, namely, that we use not Tobacco (for purgation sake especially) nor yet any purging medicine in the beginning of the plague, or yet if they be taken with any flux or looseness of the belly; for of these thus affected, there is scarce the hundredth person that escapeth with life. I know well what Fracastorius, Palmarius, and many others have written, and enforced themselves sometimes too far concerning these points, & as they imagine they have attained the truth. As for me, it is not my purpose at this time to censure others in this judging world, but only I thought good to speak thus much by the way, seeing it is not quite beside my intended scope, as touching our Tobacco.  
The juice of Tobacco boiled in sugar to the form of a syrup, and inwardly taken, driveth forth worms of the belly, if withal a leaf be laid to the navel. It cureth also the Piles, and the Dropsy.  
An Unguent for a Dropsy.  
Rec. Succorum sanae sanctae Indorum, ℥ viii.  
Cortic. med. Sambuci,  
Chamomillae,  
Tithymali, ana ℥ ij.  
Succi violarum,  
Radicum Cucumeris agrestis,  
Mercurialis macis,  
Laureolae,  
Colchici Anglici,  
Fellis tauri,  
Aloes hepaticae, ana ℥ iij.  
Diagredij, unc jss..  
Cum olei olivar. lib. iij. & Cerae albae. lib. i.  
Fiat unguentums. artem.  
An Emplaster for the same.  
Rec. Stercoris vaccini,  
Sterco. Caprini, ana ℥ viii.  
Macerentur per horas vi. in acet● vini albi & siccantor.  
Tum Rec. aluminis rochae,  
Salis nig. torrefac.  
Sulphuris flavi, ana ℥ ij.  
Succi tabaci, ℥ vi.  
Foliorum Soldanellae, unc jss..  
Seminum Anisi,  
Foeniculi,  
carvi, ana unc. i.  
Farinae lupinorum,  
Orobi, ana unc. i.  
Terebinthinae, unc. ij.  
Picis navalis, unc. xii.  
Axungiae porcinae, unc. iiij.  
Fiat Emplastrums. artem.  
Syrupus optimus ad Hydropicos.  
Rec. Foliorum sanae sanctae Indorum. m. vi.  
Hyssopi sicci,  
Pulegij regaelis,  
Ceterach (seu asplenij) anam. i. ss.  
Calamenti minoris, p. ij.  
Seminum Anisi,  
Seminum urtica,  
Sem. Anethi, ana ʒiij.  
Galangae,  
Hellebori albi, ana ʒiiijss.  
Asari,  
Agarici, ana ʒij.  
Rad. Angelicae hortensis,  
Rad. iridis,  
Costi,  
Amomi,  
Polipodij quercini, ana ℥ i.  
Let all these be beaten to powder, and infused in six pints of the sharpest wine vinegar for three days space in the open sun, in a glass vessel. Afterwards boil them in a double vessel with a gentle fire to the consumption of the half, then strain them, and add to them of Mel rosarum l. i. Sacchari l. ss.  
Boil them again to the consumption of the vinegar, and aromatize it with saffron, ginger, and mace, ana ℈ ij.  
Fiat Syrupus secundum artem.  
A convenient purge in a Dropsy.  
Rec. Seminum sanae sanctae Indorum, ʒj.  
rhubarb. ʒss.  
Diagridij, gr. ij.  
Syrupi ros. sol. cum agarico ℥ i. cum aqua destillati tabaci, quantum sufficit.  
Fiat potio. Detur post digestionem convenientem.  
An excellent Sacculus to discuss wind, to remove the colic, and is very effectual in a tympany.  
Rec. Foliorum sand. sanct. Indorum, p. iiij.  
Florum Chamaemelorum,  
Summitatum anethi, ana p. i.  
Cymini,  
Cariola, ana ℥ ss.  
Baccarum Lauri, ʒiij. Make two bags of all these being quilted or interbasted, so that they may cover the most part of the belly.  
Tobacco is a present remedy for the fits of the mother, it mitigateth the pain of the gout, if the leaves be roasted in hot embers, and applied to the aggrieved part, and likewise a Cataplasm made only of the leaves of Tobacco being boiled in milk with a little comin-seede with the yolks of two eggs and saffron, ℈ i.  
An Unguent to take away all pains of the Gout.  
Rec. Succi foliorum san. sanct. Indorum, ℥ viii.  
Axung. porcimasculi,  
Axung. caponis, ana unc. ij. Misce.  
Put all these into a glass, stopping and luting it close with paste, and set it in the oven for eight or nine hours, make an Unguent. This also helpeth such as be troubled with cramps and convulsions.  
A Cataplasm also or Pultes made of the roots of marsh mallows, Tobacco leaves, some line-seede, and crumbs of bread is much commended in the gout: and if a little oil of worms be added to it, nothing can be devised better. Some do also greatly praise a medicine thus prepared, for the gout.  
Rec. Olei cannabini l. ss.  
Vini albi, l. i.  
Foliorum sanae sanctae Indorum, m. ij.  
Bulliant ad consumptionem mediaepartis.  
The leaves of Tabac. in the low countries are used against scabs, & filthnesse of the skin, & for the cure of wounds: but some hold opinion, that they are to be used only but for the cure of wounds, and to hot and strong bodies: for they say, that the use of Tobacco is not safe in weak and old folk: and for this cause (as it seemeth) the women in America, as Thevetus saith, abstain from the herb Petum or tobacco, and can in no wise endure it.  
Against redness of the face.  
Rec. Lithagyri argentei, ℥ i.  
Cerusae albissimae, ʒiij.  
Caphurae, ℈ ij.  
Aquae stillatitiae san. sanct. Indorum, ℥ ix.  
Aceti albi, ℥ ij.  
Let them settle six hours together at least, than filter them, and every day twice or thrice wet the face withal.  
Another against cancerous ulcers, and redness of the face.  
Rec. Plantaginis,  
Circaeae Lutetianae,  
Sanae sanctae Indorum,  
Albumin. ovorum no. xii,  
Aluminis, l. ss.  
Mix them together, and let them be distilled: but it is best, first to infuse them together for twelve hours space.  
There is an oil to be taken out of the leaves of Tobacco, that healeth merry galls, kibed heels, and such like. Tobacco doth likewise scour and cleanse old and rotten ulcers, and bringeth them to perfect digestion, as Nicolaus Monardis saith.  
The oil or juice dropped into the ears is good against deafness: a cloth dipped in the same, and laid upon the face, taketh away the lentils, redness, and spots thereof, as thus:  
Rec. Olei sanae sanctae Indorum, ℥ i.  
Sulphuris in pollinem redacti, ℈ ij.  
Misce sine foco.  
Ad guttam rosaceam, or a sauce phlegm face.  
Rec. Cerusam q. v. & ponatur cum aqua stillatitia tabaci ad solemn, vel cum succo eiusdem herbae: quae sicca adijciatur alia, dum fiat albissima & fiant pilulae. Soluatur una ex aqua tabaci, et illinatur facies.  
For an old or inveterate sawce-fleagme face.  
Rec. Caphurae, ʒij.  
Boraces, ʒij.  
Pulueris subtilissimi foliorum s●n. sanct. Indorum, unc. ss.  
Misce cum succo limonum et melle despumato.  
souse it as an ointment daily.  
It is used against poison, and taketh away the malignity thereof, if the juice be given to drink, with some Theriaca or Mithridatum, or the wounds of venomous beasts be washed therewith.  
Tobacco prevaileth against all apostumes, tumours, inveterateulcers, botches, and such like, being made into an unguent or salve, as followeth.  
Take of the green leaves of Tobacco l. iij. ss. Stamp them very small in a stone mortar.  
Olei olivarum l. ij.  
Set them to boil in a brass pan, or such like upon a gentle fire, continually stirring it, until the herbs seem black, and will not bubble, nor boil any more: then shall you have an excellent green oil: which being strained from the dreggie refuse or feces, put the clear and strained oil to the fire again, adding thereto of  
Wax, l. ss.  
Rosin, ℥ iiij.  
Turpentine, ℥ ij.  
Melt them together, and keep it in pots for youruse to cure inveterate ulcers, apostumes, burnings, green wounds and all cuts, and hurts in the head.  
Tobacco is also good in burnings and scaldings with fire, water, oil, lightning, or such like, being boiled with hogs grease in form of an Unguent, which I have often proved and found most true, adding a little of the juice of Pomum spinosum, or thorn apple leaves, spreading the same upon a cloth, and so applying it.  
Ronsseus, in his ninth Chapter, hath stoutly strived to show all the Indications very exactly, for the curation of all ulcers in the legs, and other parts that happen to those persons, which are troubled with the scurvy, or rather scorbute. And although that these ulcers are happily remedied with sudoriferous medicines, especially with wine extracted from the flowers of Antimony, and with Sanguis Antimonij, with Turbith Mineral, and other spagirical liquors (for by these, that redundant humour which feedeth, and causeth the ulcer, is not only dried up, but also perfectly conglutinated and soldered) yet the business would more happily proceed, and the cure besooner perfected, if there were in my judgement certain vulnerary herbs added to them, such as be Sanae sanctae Indorum, Pyrola, Alchimilla, Consolida Sarrasenica, cochlearia, sanicula, Nummularia, and others of the same virtue. And thus would I make a Balsamum, for the curation of filthy ulcers coming by means of the scorbute.  
Rec. Foliorum Nicotianae sive Peti Brasilianorum,  
Consolidae Regalis,  
Betonicae Pauli,  
Ophioglossi, ana m. iiij.  
Nummulariae,  
Persicariae maculosase,  
Chelidoniae maioris, ana m. i.  
Florum fug. daemonum, m. i. ss.  
Centaurij minoris,  
Flo: Chamaemeli, ana m. i.  
Radicum consolid. maioris &  
Rad. althaeae recentium, ana ℥ viii.  
Lumbricorum terrestrium vino maluatico lotorum, unc. x.  
Incisa et contusa circulentur, Pellicano Hermeticè ferruminato inclusa, in libris duabus olei vetustissimi, et l. i. terebinthinae abietin. per tempus trimestre. After these three months space, distill them in a Retort with a mild and gentle fire. In the distilling add unto it, Tegularum, ℥ xx.  
Rec. Huius destillati, l. i. ss.  
Vernicis, unc. vi.  
Axung. human. unc. viii.  
Mumm. communis contrite. un. vi.  
Mastiches,  
Myrrh.  
Aloes,  
Thuris,  
Styracis liquidi, ana unc. vi.  
Destillentur adhuc semel, cum laterum in puluerum redactorum l. i. Postea add  
Oleorum petrolei,  
Olei è terebinthina,  
Olei è granis juniperi, ana ʒiij.  
Puluer. aeruginis, unc. i.  
Fiat Balsamus artificialis viridis.  
And of the same virtue is this that followeth.  
Rec. Terebinth. unc. ij.  
Thuris unc. ij.  
Aloes,  
Mastiches,  
Caryophyllorum,  
Galang.  
Cinnamomi,  
Croci,  
Nucis mosch.  
Cubebarum, ana unc. i.  
Aquae. stillattit. san. sanct. Indorum, et  
Aquae Hordei, ana l. i. Destillentur.  
An excellent Iniection to deterge and cleanse ulcers, especially those that happen in the scorbute.  
Rec. San. sanct. Indorum, m. ij.  
Ligni sancti subtilissimè puluerisatis, et  
Corticis eiusdem, ana unc. ij.  
Aristoloch. long.  
Centaurij minoris,  
Absinthij,  
Equiseti,  
Eupatorij,  
Saniculae.  
Foliorum myrti,  
Pimpinellae, et  
Consolidaemed. vulnerariorum, ana, m. i.  
Corticum thuris,  
Myrrhae,  
Sarcocollae, ana ℥ v.  
Vinirubriodoriferi, l. iij.  
Mellis despumati, ℥ iiij.  
Boil all these together, and when it is strained, make an iniection into the ulcer, adding to it of the best Aqua vitae ℥ i. for every time that you use the iniection. Or else, if to the former decoction, you add of aqua vitael. ij. & distill them all together in a glass limbeck in Palneo Mariae, you shall have an excellent water, to deterge, cleanse and conglutinate filthy, hollow, stinking, or sordidous ulcers.  
This ointment also following, will perform the same effect.  
Rec. Succi san. sanct. Indorum, lib. 5.  
Mellis electi, ℥ iiij.  
Farinae hordei, unc. ij.  
Myrrhae elect. ʒij.  
Terebinth. unc. i. ss.  
Boil all these together, and make an Unguent to dip, or arm your tents withal, that shall be put into the cavities of any ulcers.  
Paracelsus the fuliginous Alchemist, in his first book, Chirurgiae Mag. tract. 2. cap. 9 plainly describeth the same virtues to be in that oil which he there calleth, Oleum antimonij rubicundum. In like sort Oleum aeris, Oleum Saturni but chiefly Shall Saturni album brought into powder, distilled in a retort with a very clear fire, until all the spirits be vanished, and the water after that separated from the oil per Balneum: for within a few days it perfectly cureth those ulcers, which of some are esteemed for incurable, especially those that follow any scorbutical sickness.  
Master john Gerard the most learned Herbarist of this age, in his great History of plants, describeth an excellent balsam, surpassing in my conceit all the forerecited: which here in this place I purpose to set down, in regard of the many and notable virtues that are in it. I do make (saith he) of Tobacco an excellent balsam to cure deep wounds, and punctures, made by some narrow, sharp, and sharp pointed weapon: which balsam doth bring up the flesh from the bottom very speedily, and also heal simple cuts in the flesh according to the first intention, that is to say, to glue or soldier the lips of the wound together, not procuring matter or corruption unto it, as is commonly seen in the healing of wounds. The Receipt is this:  
Rec. Oleirosarum,  
Olei Hypericonis, ana l. i.  
Foliorum tabaci in mortarin contusorum, l. ij.  
Boil them together to the consumption of the juice, then strain it, and put it to the fireagaine, adding thereto of  
Venice Turpentine ℥ ij.  
Olibani,  
Masticis, and ℥ ss. in most fine & subtle powder, the which you may at all times make into an ung or salve by putting thereto wax and rosin to make it a stiff body, which worketh exceeding well in malign & virulent ulcers, as in wounds & punctures. I send this jewel to you women of all sorts, especially to such as cure and help the poor and impotent of your country without reward. But unto the beggarly rabble of witches, charmers, impostors, and such like cozeners that regard more to get money, than to help for charity, I wish these few medicines far from their understanding, and from those deceivers, whom I wish to be ignorant herein. But courteous Gentlewomen, I may not for the malice that I do bear unto such, hide any thing from you, of such importance: and therefore take one more that followeth, wherewith I have done very many and good cures, although of small cost, but regard it not the less for that. And thus it is:  
Rec. Foliorum tabaci, l. ij.  
Axungiae porcinae, l. i.  
Stamp the herb small in a stone mortar, putting thereto a small cupful of red or claret wine, stir them well together, cover the mortar from filth, and so let it rest until morning, than put it to the fire again, and let it boil gently, continually stirring it unto the consumption of the wine, then strain it, and set it to the fire again, put thereto of the juice of the herb l. i.  
Terebinthinae venetae, ℥ iiij.  
Boil them together to the consumption of the juice, then add thereto of the roots of Aristolochia rotunda, or birthwort in most fine powder, ℥ ij. Sufficient wax to give it a body, the which keep for thy wounded poor noighbour. This also helpeth & healeth the old and filthy ulcers of the legs and other parts.  
Tobacco is used of many men in outward medicines, either the herb boiled with oil, wax, rosin, and turpentine, as before I have set down; or the extraction thereof, with salt, oil, balsam, the distilled water, and such like, against tumours, apostumes, old ulcers of hard curation, botches, scabs, stinging with nettles, carbuncles, poisoned arrows, and wounds made with gun, or any other weapon.  
Thus have you heard what the learned & skilful Chirurgeon, and Herbarist Master john Gerard, a man of unreprovable authority, saith of Tobacco, and yet I think he will not say, that it fitteth all persons alike: for I suppose, that it is nought for Alchemists, Brewers, Bakers, Smiths, cooks, furnace-men, more than for fishermen, and such waterish people. All things have their season.  
Imponit finem sapiens & rebus honestis.  
Juvenal Satyr. 6.  

A wise man may use moderation,  
Even in things of commendation.   
And I may say my Pater noster out of season:  

Diversos diversaiwant, non omnibus annis  
— omnia conveniunt. 
Cat. eleg. 1.    

divers delights to divers men: Nor to all,  
Do all things at all years convenient fall.   
The leaves of Tabac. being applied upon green wounds, stayeth the flux of blood, & soldereth & glutinateth them: and if the wounds be very great, they must first be washed with white wine, and so the lips of the wound be joined together, the inyce of the leaves must be sprinkled or caston, and the dry leaves being bruised belayed all over upon the wounded place. And the next day following, and from day to day, this order must be strictly observed, until it be perfectly brought to cure, observing withal a true regiment in our diet and order of living.  
Doubtless, this is a rare miracle of Nature, and a wonderful virtue, that is in this cotemptible little plant, or rather esteemed to be so wild, base, and contemptible. For if any one be newly and dangerously wounded, and that the miserable party feeleth a bleeding unto death, what is a more noble medicine, or more ready at hand, than Tobacco, to bind hard upon the wound, to stay the inordinate effusion of blood? Questionless, if we were as diligent and greedy to search out the true properties and virtues of our own domestical remedies, which we buy of others so dearly, we would not enforce ourselves with such eager pursuit after those of foreign countries, as though things far fetched off, were better than our own near at hand; or as though nothing were good and wholesome, unless it came from Egypt, Arabia, China, or India. Surely, unless there were some wild woe me in our brains, or that we we were bewitched, and possessed with some fury, we would not so far be in love with foreign wares, or be so much besotted, as to seek for greedy new Physic, and physical means, considering that one poor plant, tobacco, will (being rightly used) do more good for the staunching of blood, the curation of wounds and ulcers, the hindering of sanies, slime or slough to grow in any sore, to abate and quench swellings and pains, to conglutinate, and consolidate wounds, more than a cartload of Bole fetched out of Armenia, Sarcocolla, Sandaracha, or that earth which is so much nobilitated by the impress of a seal, and therefore called Terra Sigillata, the clay of Samos, the dirt of Germany, or the loam of Lemnos. For Tobacco hath a moderate adstriction, it soldereth, joineth and closeth up wounds, nor suffering any rotten or filthy matter to remain long in them.  
And in regard of these excellent virtues and qualities, it quickly cureth bleeding at the nose, the hemorrhoids and other bloody fluxes, whether of the opening of the mouths of the veins, their apertions, break, or any other bloody evacuation that too much aboundeth, being either given by itself, alone in some wine either inwardly, or outwardly, or commixed with the bloodstone, Crocus Martis, and other the like remedies fit for the same intentions.  
Laurentius joubertus describeth an Unguent, which is of singular force, made of Tobacco, for the curation of wounds, scabs, and the disease called Scrofules, or the King's evil: yea, for that same knotty scourge of rich men, and the scorn of Physicians, I mean the gout, which as some learned men hold opinion, can by no means be remedied, yet feeleth mitigation and diminution of pain, and curation also only by this admirable medicine, whose description in this place, I will rightly set down, and thus it is.  
Rec. Foliorum sand. sanct. Indorum, l. ij.  
Axungiae porcinae recentis diligenter lotae, l. i.  
The herb being stamped or bruised, let it be infused a whole night in red wine, in the morning boil it with a gentle fire with the axunge to the consumption of the wino. Then strain it very hardly: and that being done, add to it of the juice of Sanae sanctae Indorum, l. ss.  
Resinae abiegnae. unc. iiij. Boil them again to the consumption of the juice, and toward the end of the boiling, add to it of  
The roots of Aristolochia rotunda in powder, un. ij.  
New wax so much as is sufficient.  
So make it up into the form of an unguent.  
If you would have this Unguent in the form of a Cerote, then increase the weight of the wax, and you have your desire.  
Truth the daughter of Time hath brought to light, that Tobacco strangely cureth old ulcers or sores, and mortifications or gangrenes, if the juice of the leaves be dropped upon the places, and the leaves first bruised, and applied thereon, without any other curious application or anxious mixture; the body being first purged, and the redundant peccant humours, being first duly evacuated, by the advise of some learned Physician, and a vein opened, if so be it be thought needful, with keeping of a strict and orderly kind of diet: for Nullum est tam potens medicamentum, quod praestare eam quam pollicetur opem potest, si ratione victus aut perturbetur aut non adiwetur. There is no medicine so effectual or of such sufficient virtue only by itself, to cure any disease, and to expel sickness, and restore to health, if by the order of diet, & regiment of life, it be either hindered, or not somewhat helped.  
Furthermore, it is found by long practice, that it is very available and effectual, not only for the cure of ulcers in men, but also in brute beasts: for throughout all India strange and many sores do plague their oxen, and other cattle, which by reason of the exceeding and superabundant moisture of the country, do putrefy and swarm with worms: on which poor beasts they were wont heretofore to insperge sublimatum, being destitute of better remedies: and because the price of this was at a very high rate in those places, it oftentimes so fell out, that the medicine cost more, than the silly beast which was to be cured was adjudged to be worth. Wherefore having experimented the faculties and properties of Tobacco in men, they transferred the use thereof to the curation of rotten, stinking, and such corrupt sores of beasts as were full of crawling worms, and they quickly found that the juice of the herb being dropped into the place, did not only kill worms, but also cleanse and mundify the ulcers, and afterwards bring them to perfect cicatrisation: and for the same cause the Americans ever carry about them some of the powder of it.  
I know a certain man that had an ulcer in his nose, out of which there issued forth a virulent or filthy matter or sanies, not without great suspicion of some contagion, or infectious sickness: who by mine advise dropped in some of the juice of the leaves of Tobacco, and when he had done so twice together, a great many worms first came forth, and after that fewer, and lastly after a few days the sore was absolutely cured, and no worms never after that issued forth: yet the parts that were consumed, and eaten away could never again by any art be thoroughly restored.  
This plant being hot and dry in the second degree, as some would have it, doth by means thereof undoubtedly purge and cleanse: and so it may heal either ulcera putrida aceorrosiva in naribus, and Noli me tangere, so named because it resembleth (as some imagine) a cursed shrew that must not be touched when she is angry, for than she will be, Calcata immitior hydrâ: therefore I suppose it is not good to wake an angry dog; and when a mischief is well quieted and brought asleep, it is good to go your ways, and say never a word.  
The newfound Alchemists of our time take upon them to make quialibet ex quolibet, weaving and unweaving daily the luckless web of Penelope: without either reason for their mystery, or great reward for their labour: and yet johannes Liebaultius writeth that there are which distill water of the green leaves of Tobacco in alymbecke of glass, which water is no less singular in all effects, and passions, than the very juice, helping all wounds, sores, and bruises, even restoring to men which by some adventure, or by some poisonous malignity and vapour, have lost their nails, new ones by washing that part with the water distilled, and after wrapping them up in fine linen clothes dipped in the water. So that it is no marvel if the people of the newfound world, which we commonly call the West Indies, do make such high reckoning of this herb: for there are found divers populous nations in far differing climates, that lived for the most part upon filthy and loathsome poisonous Spiders as also of grasshoppers, pissemires, lyzards, and night-bats; and an ugly toad was sold for six crowns in a time that all such meats were scarce amongst them, which they boil, roast, bake and dress with divers kinds of sauces. Albertus Magnus mentioneth a maid, who accustomed her stomach to live only upon spiders. I should judge that Tobacco were good for these kind of people. But yet this seemeth more strange, that some of these people have been found among these nations, to whom our usual flesh, and other meats were mortal and venomous. Great is the force of custom: Huntsmen will watch all night in the snow, and endure to be scorched on the hills: Fencers bruised with sand-bagges or cudgels, and do not so much as groan. Aristotle speaketh of one Andron the Argine, that he would travel all over the scorching sands of Lybia without drinking, which is impossible for any other to do.  
In like manner may we say of our Tobacco: for as use is the most effectual master of all things; so we see that Tobacco breedeth such passions in some, as though they had received some strong poison, & yet others that are poisoned, do find it to be a good preservative against poison In some it causeth fainting & swooning; with another, utter dejection of the strength: with others again it worketh a contrary effect. I may say, it is like wine. For many other over-shoot themselves with fuming wines, & yet the liquor may be all one, and yet not work the same effect in all: for some sigh, others smile, some are dumb and silent; others attentive, and full of words: some embrace, others fight: some sleep, others sing, according to the divers humours of their bodies, and instincts of nature. So the fuming vapour of tobacco will cause some to be drunk, & to have a reeling giddiness in their heads: others again on the contrary, say, that it expelleth drunkenness, & all swimmings in the brain. In some, tobacco causeth vomiting; in others again that I have known, it performeth the contrary effect by strengthening the stomach, staying vomiting, & causing a good appetite. Some, if they take Tobacco much, are transported with rage and choler, so that you shall see & hear, inflammation & fiery redness of the face, unwonted oaths, chase, unquietness, and rash precipitation.  
Ora tument ira, nigrescunt sangainevena,  
Lumina Gorgonco aeviùs igne micant.  
In English thus:  
The face through anger swells, the veins grow black with blood,  
The eyes more fiercely shine than Gorgon's fiery mood.  
Yea, in some great Tabacconists, you shall see them staringly wild, their face troubled, their voice frightful and distempered. They foam at the mouth, they startle and quake, rage and ruffle, and words escape them, that they afterwards repent. But in others again it causeth a pleasant humour, and clean contrary usages, humours, and passions. Tabacconists and Tabacco-companie keepers have in my opinion, but slightly harped upon this string, no more than they have upon others of the like or greater consequence: so that by their variety of conceits, and instability of their humours, and opinions, they do (as it were) lead us closely by the hand to this resolution of their irresolution.  
Some there are also, who (to speak like a Chemist) do distill oil of Tobacco, per descensum, which oil these authors (agreeing with the Paracelsians) prefer before all other applications, either's of leaves, juice or powder, because the quintessences (quintessence is no other thing but a quality, whereof we cannot with our reason find out the cause) and extractions drawn out of the simples, are the subtle spirit, and have the purest virtue, and faculty of the substance from the which they are drawn.  
This oil is much commended against the toothache, the coughs, and the rawness or coldness of the stomach, and the disease called the Mare.  
Many of the Africans are tormented with the toothache, which as some think) they are the more subject unto, because immediately after hot pottage, they drink cold water: as john Leo in his first book saith.  
In Africa likewise, those which are of a sanguine complexion, are greatly troubled with the cough, because that in the Spring time, they sit too much upon the ground. And upon Fridays I had no small sport, and recreation (saith the same johannes Leo) to go and see them. For upon this day the people flock to Church in great numbers to hear their Mahometan sermons. Now, if any one in the sermon falls a coughing, or a neezing, all the whole multitude will do the same for company, and so they make such a noise, that they never leave, till the sermon be quite done: so that a man shall reap but little knowedge at any of their sermons. I should think it good ●that these kind of people would take either the fume, powder or distilled oil of Tobacco for their untimely and unreasonable coughing, and neezing: and since they are so much subject to the toothache (as I said before) there is no man but will deem it far better for them than for us who are vexed with none of these maladies, and yet take it excessively.  
The powder of Tobacco is an excellent dentifrice, or cleanser of fowl and rusty teeth, making them to look very white, by scouring away all that sordes, clammy, & stinking matter that sticketh unto them. There be nations who endeavour to make their teeth as black as jeate, and scorn to have them white, and in other places they die them red, and these sorts of people need not any Tobacco for this intent.  
For stinking and rotten gums in the disease called the scorbie, and in sore mouths, there is nothing better than Nicotiana, being taken in a gargarism, which is published by julius Palmarius, and it is also set forth not many years since by Master Banister in a book, which he calleth his antidotary chirurgical.  
Rec. Hordei integri, p. ij.  
Sanae sanctae Indorum,  
Morsus gallinae,  
Eupatorij,  
Plantaginis,  
Rosarum rubrarum, ana m. i.  
Boil all these together in aquae lib. iiij. till the one part be consumed, then add thereto  
Mellis rosacei,  
Serapij rosarum siccarum, ana ℥ iij.  
Aluminis usti,  
Calchanti usti, ana ℥ ss.  
Boil all these with a walm or two, and so let it cool, and then keep it to your use.  
Because I have made mention of a strange disease, called in English the Mare, of the Grecians Ephialtes, and of the Latins Incubus, which (as I said) the extracted oil of Tobacco cureth: I will declare briefly what is meant thereby.  
Ephialtes then, or the Mare, so called of Physicians, is a disease of the stomach, concerning which read Paulus Aegineta. lib. 3. cap. 16. Many, which are taken with this disease, imagine that a man of monstrous stature sitteth on them, which with his hand violently stoppeth their mouth, that they can by no means cry out, and they strive with their arms and hands to drive him away, but all in vain. Some led with vain fantasy, think him who oppresseth them, to creep up by little and little on the bed, as it were to deceive them, and anon to run down again. They seem also to themselves to hear him. This disease of the nightmare, is also called by another name, Puigalion, or Puigamon. It cometh by means of certain gross and thick vapours, which do partly intercept, and hinder the free passage of the spirits animal: by which mean, difficulty of speaking and breathing, do proceed, with a perturbation of the sense and motion of the whole body. Now this dreadful grief (which some being much deceived, thinking that it must only proceed of witchcraft) is chiefly remedied with the extracted oil of Tobacco, a few drops taken in sack or maluesie, after the stomach be first accordingly, by the rules of art, expurged from those superfluous humours, which are the true cause of the disease.  
The oil of Tobacco for a cold and moist stomach, is far better than oil of pepper, oil of aniseeds, the extracted oils of Fennell, Commin, Mastic, Cloaves, or Calamint: and if an Electuary were made for this disease called the Mare, I suppose this to be-excellent.  
An Electuary for an over-cold and moist stomach.  
Rec. Pulueris aromat. r●s. maioris ex descriptione  
Gabrielis, ʒij.  
Puluer is electuar. diacalaminthes, ʒj.  
Diatrion piperij, ℈ ij.  
Conseruae anthos & rosarum Damascenarum, ana ℥ ss.  
Sacchari optimi, unc. i. ss.  
Serapij de mentha quod sufficit, ut fiat elect. liquidum. Add  
Olei tabaci chymici gut as aliquot.  
Dosis unc. ss. per horam unam aut alteram ante pastum.  
I have discoursed sufficiently (as I judge) of the virtues of Tobacco for inward diseases of man's body: now will I proceed to his effects in curing those that happen outwardly: and first there is prescribed unto us this Unguent.  
Rec. Of the choicest, and most substantial leaves of Tobacco, lib. i.  
Beat them in a mortar of marble, and after that take of Axungia porcina, lib. ss.  
Let it be refined and clarified, and without fault: so this being melted, add to it the Tobacco, and set it over a soft fire to seethe deliberately, and leisurely, until such time as you find the waterish humidity of the Tobacco to be vapoured away, and that the mingled substances retain the force of a perfect Unguent. Reserve this for a singular and medic enable good Unguent for sores, ulcers, carbuncles, tetters, and likewise to dissolve tumors.  
There is also another in use, which is this that followeth.  
Rec. Terebinthinae,  
Resinae,  
Ceraenovae, ana unc. iij.  
Melt them together, and then add to them of Tobacco prepared as before, lib. i. mix them together, and after with a slow fire set them to incorporate, seething together five or six hours, until the waterish humour of the Tobacco be clean evapourated. After this is done, strain it through a coorselinnen cloth, that may be very strong. After all this, take of Venice Turpentine l. ss. infusing it into these things before said, without any more boiling of it, but yet stirring it continually till it be cold, afterwards preserve and keep these as precious Unguents. This surpasseth the former in all cold griefs, to amend and ease the swelling pains and aches of the gout, Sciatica, and the like, helping and comforting weak and resolved sinews, and cicatrizeth.  
Master William Clowes, a skilful Chirurgeon of London in his book of observations for curing gun-shot, describeth an excellent Unguent of Nicotiana very like unto the former, which he learned, as he affirmeth, of a very learned man both in Physic and chirurgery, which he said had wrought wonders above belief, but I (saith Master Clowes) found not that excellency in it, which he promised, and I looked for: nevertheless, I acknowledge it a medicine not to be disallowed: and this is the order of making of it, as the Physician appointed.  
Rec. Foliorum Nicotianae, l. i.  
Let the leaves be well stamped, and after strained out as strongly as possible may be, then add thereto  
Ceraenovae,  
Resinae,  
Olei communis, ana ℥ iij.  
Let all these boil together unto the consumption of the juice, then add thereunto terebinthinaevenetae, ℥ iij. boil all a little together, and reserve it to your use. But this Unguent sinceit was first known, is greatly bettered, chiefly by josephus Quercetanus, and others also.  
Moreover with the foresaid descriptions, there is also another in use, and more necessary for wounds made with gun-shot: and I have approved it in many other cures: and thus it is truly prescribed, and published.  
Rec. Succi de Peto, lib. vi.  
Adip is ovini, lib. ij.  
Olei communis, lib. xii.  
Terebinthinae venetae, ℥ xii.  
Resinae pini, lib. i.  
Masticis, ℥ ij.  
Colophoniae, lib. ij.  
Cerae, lib. i.  
Vini albi, l. i.  
Misce & fiat unguentum secundum artem.  
Let not the Succus of Petum be put in, before all the rest be well relented together, and then strained into a clean pan: and being molten, put in the juices to the rest and boil it till the juices be all consumed. Then strain it again, and reserve it to your use. This Unguent doth notably incarn and mundify.  
You shall here, in the closing up of this my discourse, have prescribed two singular ointments of my own invention, wherewith I have performed many great cures, and thereby have won both crowns and credit.  
Rec. Herbarum, sanae sanctae Indorum, m. iij. 
unguentum Sanans nostrum.   
Quinqueneruiae,  
Saniculae, ana m. ss.  
Consolidae mediae vulnerariorum,  
Bagulae,  
Solidaginis Saracenicae, ana m. i.  
Beat and temper them all with barrows grease, l. i. and of the best oil olive, l. ss. and add to them Vini albi. l. jss. to be boiled the space of one hour. Afterwards strain them, and add to them of wax, l. ss.  
Resinae,  
Terebinthinae, ana ℥ iiij.  
Misce & fiat Ceratum.  
This doth notably heal.  
This other that followeth is both sanative and mundificative, and this is the true description of it.  
Rec. Terebinthinae, ℥ ss.  
Vnguenti aurei, 
unguentum nostrum Sanans & mundificans.   
Vnguenti tabaci prius descripti, ana ℥ ss.  
Myrrhae,  
Mastiches,  
Sarcocollae, ana ʒij.  
Succi Tabaci, ℥ jss.  
Cerae,  
Resinae, ana ʒiij.  
Mel is, ʒij.  
Olei Hyperici q. sufficit.  
Cum vitell. ovorum no. ij. Fiat unguentum.  
Thus much as touching Tobacco, though not so much as others perhaps might, and I could have done; but yet so much as I thought worthy to be noted and written, for to satisfy and content the gentle good will of the loving and courteous readers, if that it please them to take as great pleasure, and patience to read it, as I have taken pains after my long endurance in prison of the king's Bench, to set it forth. Which thought never to have done, had it not been for the earnest solicitations and importunities of my best and dearest friends. I am sure that some will find this my discourse too long, others too short and trifling, and peradventure upbraid and cast in my dish the saying of the famous Poet Terentius in his Comedy entitled Heautont. Act. 4. sce. 1.  
Naeiste magno conatu magnas nugas dixerit. 

This fellow sure with much ado,  
Hath told great tales and trifles too.    
But if there be any such faultfinders, quarrell-pickers, corner-creepers, or spider catchers, I will leave both them and their figurative flouts, wherewith they are accustomed to hit men over the shins, and end this my discourse with the Poet Martialis, lib. 13. Epigram. 21. against all such detractors.  
Nasutus sis usque licèt, sis denique nasus,  
Quantum noluerit ferre rogatus Atlas:  
Et possis ipsum tu deridere Latinum,  
Non potes in nugas dicere plura meas,  
Ipse ego quam dixi: quid dentem dente jwabit  
Rodere? carne opus est, si satur esse velis.  
Ne perdas operam, qui mirantur, in illos  
Virus habe, nos haec novimus esse nihil.  
In English thus:  
Suppose you were long nosed, suppose such nose you wear,  
As Atlas, if you should entreat him, would not bear:  
That you in flouting old Latinuses can be fine,  
Yet can you say no more against these toys of mine,  
Than I have said: what boot is't, tooth with tooth to whet?  
You must have flesh, if you to glut yourself be set.  
Lose not your pains, 'gainst them who on themselves are doting:  
Keep you your sting? we know these things of ours are nothing.  
FINIS.