❧ The Treasure of EVONYMUS, containing the wonderful hid secrets of nature, touching the most apt forms to prepare and destyl Medicines, for the conservation of health: as Quintessence, Aurum Potabile, Hippocras, Aromatical wines, Balms, Oils Perfumes, garnishing waters, and other manifold excellent confections. Whereunto are joined the forms of sundry apt furnaces, and vessels, required in this art. Translated (with great diligence, & labour) out of Latin, by Peter Morwing fellow of Magdaline college in Oxford.  
❧ Imprinted at London by john Day, dwelling over Aldersgate, beneath Saint Martin's.  
Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum.   

john day to the Christian Reader.  
Considering with myself (loving Reader) many and sundry times, how that nothing is so desired, so acceptable, or so necessary in the time of dangerous infirmities, and pearel of bodily health, as to preserve those that are free of sickness from the violence of the same, and to restore the sick, weak, and languishing patient unto his former estate and pristinate health, which thing is performed by the noble and excellent knowledge of Physic: and again, how that this Art is exercised, yea of famous and learned men, which with out any great profit to the patient, or worship to the minister, because their medicines are negligently prepared: I thought it my part, by this my travail and expenses, somewhat to serve herein thy necessity. Wherefore, I have caused this precious treasure to be translated into our usual, and native language, that like as all men are subject to sickness: so in likewise all men may by this occasion learn the way unto health. And because th'author (whose name I spare to manifest, for fear of envious detractors) do in many places of this his work, send the Reader unto Philippe Vlstadius & Brunswick: therefore I will with expedition (if this my labours shall be thankfully accepted,) also publish them, sparing neither labour, diligence, or charges for to bring them both to their perfection, and also thy necessary use. As touching the excellency of the preparing medicines, the utility springing thereof, and the argument of the work, because it is exactly set out by the author in the preface following, I will leave to trouble the further herein. Far most heartily well in Christ. At London the ii of May. 1559.   

The preface of the author to the Reader.  

i Of the invention of liquors and oils distilled.  
two Of the scope and end of this book. Whereof more also shallbe spoken about the end of the Preface.  
iii The praise of them that can be content to make common the best and most effectuous medicines they have.  
iiii How much the dressing and manner of preparans availeth in every thing.   
THe Art of distillation (which they call Chymia, Alchimia, Alkimia, Chemia Suidas calleth it, and Alchemia) hath invented many profitable things for man's life, and in Physic also certain marvelous things, and praise worthy, if a man prepare them right and diligently. For the lack of knowledge, Covetousness or negligence of Physicians and common Apothecaries is the cause why many such preparations are set little by: and worthily, if you respect that which they prepare: unworthily, if ye mark the Art itself, which certes is most excellent and most profitable: which seemeth to be the cause why it lay hid so long, and began to come in ure very late. Some ascribe unto Hierom of Brunswick, which about lxx years past practised Physic at Argentyn, the original of getting out waters, as they call them, and liquors and oils out of simple medicines by the strength of fire: but they are much deceived, for this Art was not invented by him, but written in our Dutch tongue and first set out by him. In mine opinion this invention is so ancient as the invention of the very Chymia, which I suppose was celebrated first and put in writing by men that used the punical or else the Arabic tongue, a little after the age of the Grecian Physicians, Of those I speak that writ almost the latest, as Aetius, Oribasius, Actuarius, Psellus. In certain libraries in Italy even at this day, are there extant certain writings of Chymia by certain late Grecians, namely a certain Philosopher called Stephan: all so a book entitled of the changing of metals, which communlye are called Chymia, or Arcymia. There is also a book to be had of Alchymia made by Auicenna unto Assis a Philosopher. Geber (the Nepheu of I can not tell what great Mahomet) who is celebrated as a captain and prince of this science, what age he lived in I can not easily say. Although I judge him not to have been the first in ventor of this Art, but one that brought it to light and renowned it. This man in his work entitled Summae perfectionis, discoursing excellently and disputing many things of distillation generally, writeth that divers manners of destilling are known almost of all men, even as an ancient invention, yea in his time also, no new thing. Certain late writers declare the writings of Alchymia not only of Albertus Magnus, S. Thomas, Rhaza, and Auicenna, Arabik Physicians, but also of Aristotle, Plato and Solomon, at the least wise mention to be made by them of it: to whom I give small credence, not that I think this study to be the newer, but certes that it was either unknown to these philosophers or mentioned in no place. Some there be that expound feetly and wittily all the feinings of the Poets, and chiefly that of the golden fleece, sought by the Argonautae, unto the multiplying of Gold or Art of enterchaunging of metals. Some also ascend higher, and make the first men by and by after the beginnidg of the world, authors thereof. Some simplely make it most ancient, and affirm that no certainty is to be had of the first inventors. At Padway in Italy in our time was found a most ancient monument, namely an earthen pot, having written upon it this Hexasticon.  

Plutoni sacrum munus ne attingite fures,  
Ignotum est vobis hoc quod in urna latet.  
Nanque elementa gravi clausit digesta labore,  
Vase sub hoc modico, Maximus Olibius:  
Adsit foecundo custos sibi copia cornu,  
Ne praetium tanti depereat laticis.   

This sacred to God Pluto (thieves) ware that ye touch not,  
Unknown is it to you all, this that is hid in a pot.  
For the elements hath ishut up digested with much pain,  
In this small vessel the great Olibius certain.  
Plenty with thy fruitful horn as a guard be thou present,  
Lest the price pearish of this liquor most excellent.   
Within this pot was an other little pot with the inscription of these verses.  

Abite hinc pessimi fures  
Vos quid voltis cum vostris oculis emissitiis?  
Abite hinc vostro cum Mercurio petasato caduceatoque  
Maximus maximo donum Plotoni hoc sacrum facit   

Away from hence ye mighty thieves, trudge else where & go by,  
What seek ye with your spying eyes, why do ye por & pry  
Hens with your hatted Mercury, and with his rod also.  
This gift is sacred by the greatest unto the greatest Ploto.   
Again, within this little pot was found a light yet burning between two Phials, the one of Gould, the other of Silver, full of a certain most pure liquor, by the virtue whereof they believe that this light had burnt many a year, as did noote in their collections and gatherings of old ancient inscriptions or Poesies Petrus Appianus and Bartholom eus Amantius Hermolaus Barbarus also in his Corollarium or addition upon Dioscorides made mention of this same thing, whereas he entreateth of waters in commun. There is also (saith he) a heavenly water, or rather divine of the chemists, which both Democritus and Mercury Trimegistus knew: calling it sometimes a divine water, sometimes a Seythicall liquor, sometimes pneuma, that is, spirit of the nature of the firmament, and of the fift essence or substance of things: whereof potable gold, and that philosopher's stone much spoken of, but not yet fond, consisteth. Hereupon also is the name given unto the art calling it Psammurgicall, and mystical, and Annophysiall and holy, and greatest: as though it had certain secret letters, and such as it should be convenient to keep and restrein the profane common people from. This kind of liquor, as I suppose, doth the Epigram signify of late found within the field of Padua nigh unto the village called Atesta, made upon earthen or brick metal, and therefore frail, and broken unwares by the hands of a man of the country digging the ground in the same place. The remembrance whereof least it should pearish we have added hereunto the very words. This holy gift to the God, etc. as before. Therefore it appeareth that the study of this Art was of most antiquity amongst the Barbarus nations, but derived unto the Romans and Greeks somewhat late, nether before peradventure that the Romans obtained the dominion of a great part of the world: or if sooner yet covertly & retained amongst a very few. Cicendulae that shine in the night (saith Cardane) teach us that a liquor may be made that may shine in the dark. It is made certes by the putrefying of those things that have most erceding brightness, light & perspicuity. I doubt not but it is possible to be made, whereof and how, I am uncertain. But these things are almost besides our matter, saving that it might seem utterly that the way to sublimate & destil, as they term it, hath had his original of the Chemists, & continued also always which their art: was opened unto the men of our part of the world then first, when as the world being made known bithimpery of the Romans, sundry kinds of spices also & divers medicines unknown before to the men of Europe, & to the Greeks & Latins also, began to be brought in: and afterward also more, what time as the Mauritans & men learned in the Arabik tongue & doctrine, possessed a great part of Spain, whereby certain books of learned men came unto us: & amongst the latter sort, as I think, the works of one Bulcasis Benaberazeris who in the place where he intreteth of the preparation of medicines, teacheth also of many things to be sublimated & distilled. About the age of the same man almost, I think johannes Mesue was famous, whom we read to have lived about the year of our Lord. 1158. But be mentioneth none other destild waters than of Roses & Wormwod. Men say Auicenna flourished the year of our Lord. 1149▪ who also speaketh of Rose water destild. The usa of metalli things sublimated is far more ancient, at the least wise touching the tradition or tretises of authors, & like wise is the use of oils that are made by descension or downward as in Rasis & Aetius. A certain man (whose name I spare to rehearse,) writ of late that these manner of distilled liquors were not unknown to the latter Greek writers, using this argument, that distilled liquors are sometimes named in the writings & works of Actuarius, And in deed he nameth in some places Rhodostagma, as in his julep against the cogh: & a little following in an other julep intybostagma. But which these words is signified nothing else than a simple syrup of Roses or Endive. Rhodostactum doth Agenita describe in his. 7. book, y t. 15. cha. with these words. seethe ii sextars of the juice of Roses that nails whereof are taken away, one sertar of honey skimming it till the four part be consumed. Ye a little before also he describeth Hydrorosatum rosed water, that also far differing from a destiled liquor, or water destild for it consisteth of four pounds of Roses the nails taken away .v. sextaries of water: two. sextaries of honey. The Arabians also or their expositors, when they speak of the water of any plant, they understand the decoction of it in water: and likewise Nicolas Myrepsus that writ in Greek of the compositions of medicines, whom it appeareth to be a very late writer, by the barbarous words that he useth very oft: wherein I marvel this, that no mention is made by him of waters or oils prepared in Chymistical instruments. Only the oil Capnistum or smoked, that is distilled by descension, doth he describe, as Aetius also. Moreover, the things that the Chimistes make may I comprehend in ii kinds for the most part, that they be either liquors or Massy things, the liquors again are either watery or oily: and these either airy or fiery. The Massy things, are either such as rest in the bottom: or such as are carried upward: and that ii ways, either as pure bodies and substauces, as they which they call sublimated, quick silver. etc. or Sout for the remedies of the eyes with Physicians. There be also other artificial manner of preparings, wherewith the purest and most effectual part in medicines is drawn out, and as it were the form is separated from the matter.  
And although I am not greatly travailed nether in the Chymistical nor in the other manner of preparings, but by the way have got the kuowledge of certain things, partly by mine own experience in some things, & partly of myfrends: yet what so ever and how much so ever this is, I will communicate it with the studions of Physic: not as though I intend to teach perfectly and absolutely the very Art of destilling and preparing of other things, but as it were writing unto such as now already are not all void and without knowledge of these things, having either experimented themselves or red other men's writings. For I have nothing so exrellent or secret, but I covet it might goe abroad to the public and common profit, and although in small wealth, yet have I been ever of nature ready to communicate and make any man privy of any cunning I had, which some refer unto simplicity or childishness, other some better to the liberality of my disposition. There be some that do utterly cloak and keep secret their things, and that divers kind of men: some for Ambition, that they may have wherewith to excel and pass other men: some also for covetousness, to get gain thereby: other thorough the ignorance of the ancient writers, as though there were not put in writing either the same or far better by men of antiquity, which now are despised of many, and a foolish and unsatiable lust is there always to find out new things. There wants not such as think, great and effectual medicines should be kept secret for this cause, least uncunning men, as many practitioners be, without all reason almost, and all learning, might abuse them, and convert those things which are invented for the health of men, to their destruction. To such would I answer, As no kind of evil aught to be committed for this intent that any good thing might follow thereof: so that which is good ought not to be left undone, least some evil might ensue, for the world shall never be without them that will abuse good things and profitable inventions. But good men, simplely such good things as they have, they make them common, and will not stick nor cese to do so because they fear, that certain lewd persons may do hurt thereby. But I will leave of this disputation, thy do I protest sincerely & as I think withal my heart, that I covet by my example to stur up learned and good Physions, that laying apart all Ambition, Covetousness, Ignorance, Envy, if they can bring any excellent thing unto our profession, that they would do it gently and publicly. As for the unlearned certes, they in ministering not only these great and effectual medicines, of which sort we shall put divers in writing hear, but meats also and most common drinks, out of time, do hazard and bring men's lives many times to diseases and death: and it is well known that Hypocrates writ how our Ptisan ministered not in due time, was the cause of death to a certain man sick of the Pleurisy. These therefore ought to be left partly to their ignorance, partly to their lewd malapartnes. But they that have need of the Physician are to be admonished to do that in Physic, that all men are wont to do in all other Arts: that is, to choose good Physicians, and learned, and such as exercise and practise this Art by their profession, both with reasons, as a part of Philosophy and also in the very actions and doings of cures. But I return to the purpose. The preparing therefore (as I say) is of the greatest moment and weight in every matter. In rhetoric utterans, gesture, and pronunciation more almost move the minds of the hearers, than the very argument that is handled. Hereupon it cometh that things put in metre and in numbers, do delight so greatly: which if a man utter in proos, they shallbe taken for cold, dnl and solishe. Hereof cometh it that one being asked the question what was the chiefest thing in an orator, answered pronunciation: what was the next and the third: the same. Shows and plays, that they delight the hearers and beholders so greatly, it is much more long of the form and manner of their forniture and preparance then of the matter played or showed. In like manner in the very things and works, the form, the fashion, figure, manner, aswell of nature as of Art, finally a certain preparation is more marked and commended then the matter. Likewise in physsk, the cunning to prepare things aright, and the descression to minister them aptly, have the greatest moment and skill most. Nether is it of greater force what thou ministrest, then in what manner. And although there be many circircumstances to be considered, that thou mayst exhibit the medicine aright, yet the manner, and the preparing is with in the medicine, and is at it were the form thereof and part the other circumstances are without it, as time, place, and such things as are to be considered about the sick-man. But letting pass other ways of dressing and preparing at this present, we will only touch those, by the which all the virtue and faculti or operation is separated from the substance of the medicines, so that the more liquid and moist, the more pure and subtle part of every remedy or medicine, may be bad severed and drawn out from the gross and earthy part: whether it be gathered into a liquor drawn out of the same remedy or medicine or into an other certain ertarnall. etc. which the barbarous writer Arnold calleth Eruirtuare to outuertevat, or Excorporare, to outcorporate. Furthermore, if sumthings shall seem to be written somewhat curiously or double diligently, ye must consider that such pertain not to the Physicians of the common people and poor fooke, but to such as abound more with riches and ease, & have plenty of servants, or such as remain in Princes or King's courts: or also to Philosophers, that busily search out the marvelous mutation and virtues of natural things, and in them delight themselves. To conclude, let no man marvel that so great and long commendations and praises are added to certain medicines, as unto the Quintessences as they call them, to Aqua vities, & made ba●mes, and that unto some marvelous virtues are attributed, as to sharpen the wit and memory, to conserve the senses and youth. etc. When as even by the ancient Greeks & Latins also we read such effects and operations to be ascribed to treacle and other preservatives and compositions, specially by the Arabians unto divers things, yea even of Galen also unto treacle. There be some that I will not avow, and whose credit I leave to the authors, whose names I writ every where. But it is said before already, that we writ all these things for the learned and discreet men, which for the most part shall judge more easily how much credit is to be given to every thing. Although in very many it is not sufficient to be furnished with learning and judgement, except experience and practice be joined also therewith. But I make an end hear of my Preface.   

The authors alleged in this Book.  

AEgidius book of ix. or ten liquors distilled, in the which I find many things which are also in the book of Raimund Lullus of waters.  
Aetius Amidenus.  
Albertus Magnus.  
Alexander Benedictus.  
Andrea's Furnerius book in French of the decking and of man's nature.  
Antony Guainerius.  
arnold de Villa Nova or Newton.  
Auicenna.  
Barthol. Montaguana.  
Bulcasis some call him Albucasis.  
Brudus Lusitanus.  
Dioscorides.  
Epiphanius Empericus book written, not printed, of medicines, a Physician that had travailed in Grekelā● whom I knew when I was a young man.  
Geber a Chemist.  
Gualterus Ryffius dutch book of destillations.  
Hermolaus Barbarus.  
Hieronymus of Brunswik, that writ first in Dutch of distilled waters.  
Hieronymus Cardanus.  
jac. Hollerius de materia Chirurgica.  
jac. Silvius commentaries upon Mesuen, and a book of preparing and composinge of simple medicines.  
Io. Almenar of the French disease or pocks.  
Io. Brasescus.  
Io. Ganivettus.  
Io. de Rupe scissa, look in Raimund Lullus.  
Io. Genrotus a french book.  
Io. Manardus.  
Io. Mesuae.  
Io. Tagautius Metaphras up on the Surgery of Guido, de Cauliaco.  
Io. de Vigoes' Surgery.  
Marianus Sanctus a Surgeon.  
monks commentaries upon Mesue.  
Nicander.  
Nicolas Massa of the French pocks.  
Nicolas Myropsus.  
Peter Andro Matthaeolus Senenfis book of the french pocks, and Italian commentaries upon Dioscorides.  
Petrus Aponensis.  
Philip. Vlstadius Coelum philosophorum, that is, heaven of Philosophers.   
Raimund Lullius book notable good and very learned, of Quintessence which was printed once at Argentin, & of late at Norinberge, but differing in many things. I have ii written copies, and other ii I saw with a friend of mine, which all did differ amongst themselves & from the printed. I did see also the book of Quintessence of joannis de Rupe scissa, almost throughout word for word agreeing with the same, that it might seem that Lullus writ out of his, or else that some man fathered it falsely upon Lullus, if so be it he writ afore Lullus, as we read in the Dialog of joannes Brasescus. Yet Symphorianus Camperius noted that Lullus or Lullus flourished the year of our Lord. 1311. But Io. de Rupe scissa the year. 1340. Trite.  

A book of the same Lullus, of waters. Look before in Aegidius. Rasis.  
Remaclus F. Lymburgensis, that writ of those distilled waters that be in common use.  
Rogerius Bacho of the virtues of Aqua vitae, according to the xii signs, which book some not truly ascribe to Arnold de villa no. Serapio.    

A Table of the chapters contained in this Book.  

WHat distillation is, and of divers forms and kinds. 1.  
Of the virtues of liquors distilled generally. 7  
Of the manifold use of liquors distilled, both in Physic, and otherwise. 15  
A way to purge and make clean troubled waters. 17  
Of Balneum Mariae generally, and of those distillations that be done by vapours of hot water and in horse dung. id.  
Certain excellent simple waters distilled in Balneo Mariae, first of plants then of bea. 24  
Of rose-water. 38  
Of waters▪ distilled of beasts, or of their parts, or excrements, and first of all of the hole beasts. 49  
Of vessels and divers instruments belouging to distillation. 51  
Of the matter for vessels of distillation: and first against leaden and brazen vessels. 57  
Of furnaces. etc. 61  
How to close vessels and to defend them, both with clay and otherwise. 61  
Of the preparation for distillation. 67  
Of the rectification of liquors distilled. 73  
Distillation by a filter or a list of woollen cloth. 75  
Of burning water or single Aqua vitae, and of the strength thereof, and manifold use. 76  
Of the strengths and virtues of Aqua vitae 82  
Of such things as be distilled dry, put into any liquor. 89  
Of quintessence of remedies. 94  
How the quintessence of all things may be drawn out, to minister them or the virtue of them, to men's bodies. 98  
Of the drawing out of the Quintessence from wine. 102  
How quintessens may be drawn out more easeli and with les cost, for poor men's sakes, out of the same. 104  
In what places Vlstadius teacheth in his heaven, teacheth to draw out divers quintess. 106  
A marvelous water that hath a contrary operation to Aqua vitae, which may be called cold quintessence. 107  
Of the extracting & drawing forth of all the virtues of Chelidonia, or Selandine: by the which example, every man of any understanding, may use to draw out the virtues also of other plants. 110  
How Quintessence is drawn out of fruits, as Apples, Pears, plums, Cherries, chestnuts. 1●6  
Out of flowers, herbs and roots. idem  
Of quintessence of man's blood, eggs, flesh, and Honey. 117  
Of quintessence of metals. 121  
Of the drawing out of quintessence from Antimonia, lead, whit lead 122  
Of divers kinds of Aqua vitae composed. 124  
Aqua vitae against Pestilence, proved and used with great and marvelous success by a certain Physician of our time of Solodurn in Helvetia the year of our lord 1547. In so much that scarcely every tenth of them that received it, died. 128  
Two compositions of Aqua vitae. 125  
What medicines be mixed with Aqua vitae, without any distillation first within the body, then without. 141  
A water to wash the parts taken with the palsy. 145  
Of distilled waters composed, but with other, than with Aqua vitae. 146  
Certain composed waters, to be distilled other of the medicines by themselves: or which well springe water. 135  
Of waters of virtues or golden water. etc. 155  
A water of certain remedies for short. etc. 163  
A water for the stone. 165  
Certain waters composed. idem  
Waters of Capons. 168  
Waters composed for divers diseases, within the body chief, whereof some are made of medicines and juices, whiles they be yet new, other are infused and put into the juices of plants or waters destild, whai, or blood 170  
An approved water for the sores of the rains & bladder. 171  
A water composed 172  
A water against the Pestilence. etc. 174  
Of purging medi. 175  
Gold potable or. etc. 177  
Certain waters composed. etc. 183  
Certain waters for the eyes. 185  
Of waters of swiet savour. 187  
rose-water with musk Saffron, cloves. etc. 189  
Waters of swiet. etc. 192  
Waters distilled called Cosmeticall. etc. 195  
Certain waters destild for the garnishing. etc. 200  
Certain Cosmetical things. 207  
Waters for the dying of the hears. etc. 208  
A way to distill swiet waters & effectual. etc. 211  
Distillation in ashes 213  
Of Rosaries, that is to say instruments. etc. 218  
Of oils destild. etc. 222  
How oil must be drawn out of spices. etc. 225  
How oil is drawn of woods. etc. idem.  
Of oils of flowers. 232  
Oils of sedes. etc. 237  
Certain oils of sedes 239  
Of oil of the berries of juniper. etc. 242  
Of oils of guns. etc. 246  
Of oil of Turpen. etc., 249  
Oils of barks. 251  
Of oils that are drawn out of woods. 254  
Of true balm, and an tibalm. etc. 261  
Of balm made. etc. 268  
Of balms that. etc. 285  
Of oil of the parts of beasts or excrements. 289  
Of oil of metals. etc. 290  
Of Aqua fortis. etc. 320  
Of the liquors. etc. 325  
Of certain massy. etc. id  
Of certain other. etc. 338  
Of divers oils. 339  
Of oil of Tartarum, that is the dry Lies. etc. 351  
Of oils of the yolks of eggs. 354  
Of Perfumes. 362  
Of certain juices 367  
Again of the juice of black Elieborus etc. 375  
Of the juice of the flower Deluce and Rape. 378  
Of decocted things. 381  
Of made wine, & mixed with medicines 383  
Of Aromatical wines that is made of spices. 392  
Of swiet wines spiced. 396  
Three ways to make Nectar. etc. 401  
Of spiced wines with burning water. 404  
Of certain other Aromatical wines, specially such as are made by hanging a little etc. 406  
Of Artificial wines, which resemble the taste of strange wines. etc. 407   
The end of the Table.   

❧ What Distillation is, and of divers forms and kinds.  
DISTILLATION not distillation (as learned do write) is the drawing forth of a thinner and purer humour out of a juice, by the force of heat: Silvius. Distillation by ascension or going upward, is when the vapours or fume is carried up and be there gathered together into water & so drop down: The same author. Moist things put into a body (for so do they call the bigger vessel, from whence the vapur is lifted up) by the force of heat are extenuated into a vapour, which gathered together by the coldness of the head or other thing, into water, is received for the most part, by a channel or gutter made in the brinks of the head, and so dropeth down and destilleth by the noos (for so do they communly term that part of the head, very near resembling man's noos, both in fashion and in use) into some vessel set under for the purpose, men call it a receiver or a urinal: Silvius. Certain like things nature hath wrought, both in exhalations above in the air, specially them that be moist, and also in rheums destilling from the head both of men & certain other beasts, unto the lower parts. Therefore of a plant or any other substance ordained to be distilled: what part of it is most meet to be extenuated and fynet (that is the purest part, the lightest, the thinnest, the moistest, and the most superficial part next unto the uttermost parts of the body) being first of all fined by the force of heat, is lifted up: next such other parts as in puernes cum nigh to the first and last such a moisture of the things as is more gross that held together the earthly parts, a certain fatness and oylines, by a stronger force of the fire, is separated, and taken up wholly: which once clean drawn forth, the body remaineth dissolved and brought into ashes. Out of all manner of plants therefore, and beasts: Yea out of all parts of them both, a certain raw waterishness, and as it were a fleumatick and excremental part, is first drawn out: then cumyth forth that which is better digested and more pure: last of all an oylines: which also even out of the very bones may be gotten, and not only out of massy parts: saving that certain parts are of so scleuder and thin substance, the they yield up almost all their moister strength at the first. moreover, all this drawing out of humours, is done with heat. For that kind of Distillation, that is done by a shred of woollen cloth, (they call it a filter) or by gravel, a raw earthen vessel, a vessel of ivy try (Pliny, I think, writes of the wode that is called Smilax, how it willet sype through water mixed with wine, and kiep the wine still: which I once proved & found it true) but this is no distillation in deed, except unto such as speak improprely. For that which is properly called destilation is done by heat: and that from the son, or of fire, corruption and rot tens: By the son, as certain men have invented, to draw of flowers a kind of water, very near to themselves in smell and other pleasant qualities. By fire, that is, by flame that come of aere and of aereal bodies: or else by burning cools, that are made of earth or earthly bodies enkindled, distillation is made, either by no other thing betwixt, or by the means of hot water, or also by the vapour and feume of the same, by fine sand or dros of metal polished and made plain.  
moreover the flame itself, aswell as the cool, is divers, not only in respect of that it is great and little, but also of the wood whether it be rotten and doted, or sound, stinking, or well smelling: green or dry. Besides this it is a great matter what bigness the furnace be of, what fashion, what joining together. Also the cool of smothered and half burnt wode, giveth a certain strong savour, and a quality far unlike to the things distilled: as we see it doth to things boiled and otherwise prepared therewith. therefore let the cools be all fired, and halfbrent, that the ill savour be expired before that the thing to be distilled be committed unto them: specially if it be received into the body: for in such things as are to be used without, it forceth less, all this saith Silvius. In the distillation of wine the four elements ascend up in their order: the lightest, subtilst, and hottest first, that is, the fire: secondarily the air: thirdly water: the earth remaineth in y● bottom: and likewise I judge in the distillation of vinegar. In more gross & earthly things, yet moist also, which besides the watery parts, have also some gross and such as may be made thick as in the tears that run out of tries or gums, in ioyces, in rosin and in honey, that which is more watery is carried up first, the airy parts next, the fiery last of all, the earthy parts remain in the bottom: and if the fire be any thing bog they are burnt. In metals, the same are resolved into vapours, and congealed together, stick to the alembic, the colour changed into whit, as quick silver, arsnike. etc. Saltpetre. etc.  
The nature of fire is to diminish (as Cardane saith) either by breaking dry things into pieces, as when it bringeth gravel into dust: or by melting, as metals: or by separating the subtle and pure parts as in distillations. It chanceth in distillations notwithstanding, that a thing shall both be extenuated and mixed with an other, when as they are done with a moist heat, not with fire. For a heat both extenuateth and mixeth with moisture. This is done sometime by setting the vessels in hot water: which is called Balneum Mariae. The best kind of distillation next unto this, is in horse dung. Then by ashes: the best in this kind, is by the superfluous refuse of olives, after the oil is priest forth, for it being a hot & moist matter, will retain his heat very long, yea a great meany of months: and so much the longer than the kurnels of grapes, because the substance of the olives is thicker & fatter. But none of these ways is able to melt metals, but they must needs have fire. Albeit as the most vehement and fervent distillation is done by fire: so is it unmiet for mixture and true attenuation, or fyning: and the way by ashes is almost like unto it. for if a man will put things distilled by fire unto their own dregs and mixed them together, he shall perceive the quantity for quantity, heavier than they were afore, and drier also. Therefore fire doth not truly attenuat and lessen in deed, but that nature which digesteth & mixeth the hole substance. Wherefore through their purity, all join together in one, and the thing mixed, is made thicker: notwithstanding that is composed and made of the most subtle and the purest parts. Therefore in natural digestion and siething, which to melt the hardest things, hath also the force of fire, and the strength of soft and easy bath in extenuating and lesning the same: the more gross and massy parts on broken into pieces, which can not be brought to pass with fire.  
The heat of the first degree, which is moderate, as of horse dung, and Balneum Mariae, is called the heat of digestion, resolution, putrefaction, maceration, and of circulation, whereof we shall speak more in place convenient.  
Of divers ways to destil by sublimation with water and without water, look within in Rose water, out of Bulcasis.  
Of distillation generally G●ber an Arabian, writ certain things in. 1. 4. 50. chapter of his book called Summa perfectionis. Where he reasoneth excellently of many things chief of the difference and divers affects of distillation by water and by ashes. In the same book. 39 chap. he teacheth of sublimation, why it was invented: and so forth in the. 40. chap. what sublimation is and of three degrees of fire to be observed in it: and in the. 41. chap. of the moderating of the fire in sublimation: and how the reason of that thing is understanded, by putting wool of wode, or bombice in to the upper hole of the aludel. Of choosing of wode the. 43. chapter.  
Brunswick Such common things as are put into a rose still, to be distilled, it is best not to put much in at once, lest they that be nethermost be dried away and burnt, those that lie above remaining yet almost hole, and as they were put in. And chief if thou distill any precious or odorife rous things, it shallbe better to put in new, the ofter, and so shall the water flow more plenteously.  
Such herbs flowers and other plants and growing things, as are to be distilled, aught to be gathered when they are perfectly ripe, chief while the moan encreasith: when the wether is fair, and in the day time to be laid in y● shadow, to be cut, and if need require, to be brosyd also, and by and by to be distilled.   

¶ Of the virtues of liquors distilled generally.  
MAnarde in his Epistles. 15. book 15. chapter, saith thus: when I perceived in the common waters that are distilled out of plants by fire, nether the smell nor the taste remain, but many times the contrary (for the water of wormwood I perceived to be sweet, of Mint and basil, came water rather stinknyge than well smelling: whereby I well perceived that the water alone had not the same virtues that the hole herb had) I began carefully to muse, and to consult also with those that of such waters are called communly chymici, by what devise both the smell and the taste might be preserved in these waters, that is found in the hole herb. It were long to write all the ways, which I proved to find out these things: yet one will I touch, which seemeth to me to be the best and the easiest way. That is by the vapour and smoke of hot water, in a double vessel. etc.  
Silvius. Waters distilled, retain and kiepe still the virtues of the simples wheroute they be drawn: saving that they are more pure & strong, the oftener they be distilled, which we prove in the water of wine, for the most part, very seldom in other things.  
The virtues of licore distilled, some do alter and change either by smering the head of the still with some matter, as honey, Laudanum and such like, or else by putting it in the nose of the still, which serveth for the most part, to the grace of the smell: for they bind musk, cloves, Caphura and such like in bundles, and put them in the top of the nose, that the licore passing thorough these matters, may get a swiet savour.  
A doubt. If so be it that fire maketh all things hot and dry: all waters gotten by distillation, aught to be hot and dry. Nether doth the watery substance disprove this, for when as brenning water is such, it doth both burn and mightily make hot and dry men's bodies. Again, all waters be cold and moist, as long as the substance hath the upper hand. But nether of these is always true: yea, some of these are more like unto those things wheroute they be taken, as rose water, both in smell, taste, and operation. A vial of plantain water, is able to staunch blood, where so ever it run forth. Water of Lettuce can not do the same, although it be much colder. A certain man of late endeavouring to increase his memory infused and steeped balm for the space of three days in white wine, then lightly wring out the wine, distilled a water, by the drinking whereof, he thought to recover his memory. But having a hot liver, had almost destroyed his health. And this manner is called of the philosophers, to set Stars in the sky.  
Therefore men be wont to axe whether these waters retain and kiep their own proper virtues and strength. We once said, whiles we entreated of the evil manner of curing, that they are no strengths nor virtues, because they are destitute of savour and taste. For water of wormwood, nether smelleth like wormwood, nor is bitter yea that is more wonder, it is somewhat swiete. Yet burning water (to speak nothing of Rose water) well declareth that there is a certain virtue and efficacy in waters. For if you will say it is such because of fire: how cometh it to pass that none other water is like it? for this doth marvelously make hot, drieth, pierceth, hath a sharp smell, & burneth. It is plain therefore now, that there is strength and virtues in waters: but not in all waters, nor equal with that they be drawn out of. for what things soever have a thin substance joined with cold, give a water not unlike to themselves, as the Rose. They that have a thin and hot substance, give a like water, but burning withal, as wine and certain metals. Such as have a gross and hot substance, give an unlike water and an evil, as wormwood. Such as have gross and cold, they give unlike, but not evil, as the Gourd. According to this reason, such strengths of waters as are received with soft fire are easy to be learned. for such as require a vehemenr fire, do all vehemently dry, & for the most part also, make hot. This saith Cardan.  
But me thinks these things would be more diligently considered and weighed. First, where he saith that wormwood water is not bitter: it is true, if a man distill it negligently as the common apothecary's are wont, in leaden limbeckes. but distill it in Balneo Mariae, and see whether it shall lack his smell and taste, or no. Yea, it shall retain both, and that effectuously, not only this herb, but also any other plant whatsoever it be, having any savour or taste: if it be dried and weikte or stiept in wine a few days, then distilled in Balneo Mariae or by ashes gently, as I shall show further within. Now when certain things have great plenty of their smell, and that so strong that it vanisheth not of a long space, which cometh because the force of smelling is digested equally into the hole substance of them: it is no wonder, if in the same vessels some waters be distilled like unto their plants, as of Roses, which as Theophrastus writeth, do retain their savour very long: other sum be unlike to their plants. for such waters as have their virtue and force in the uttermost and superficial parts, they fume out easily, as of wormwood, whose smell may be judged to be in the same place where his bitter taste is contained: which we find to be only in the utter and superficial part. For if thou separate the bark from the stalk or the branches, thou shalt find that which is within to be unsavoury or unswiete. Therefore this difference is not to be required of the grossness or purity of the parts, although I think it also to be of some force: but rather of this, that the strength of any thing is either distributed equally through the hole plant, or else more nigh to the midst or utter part of the same. I am surely of that mind with Raimunde Lullus, that water of the same quality may be gotten out of any plant whatsoever it be, of cold plants, cold water: of hot, hot: of dry, dry: & of moist, moist. But I will not grant that the same virtue remaineth, except like savour, or like taste or both, (as in smelling things (be left.  
The cause why the smell of certain flowers as of jasmin, of the flowers of cloves, remaineth not in the waters. etc. read within out of Cardane, where as we entreat of Balneum Mariae generally.  
I saw once an alchemist, that distilled not the very herbs themselves, but only the juice of herbs or bushes, renewing certain times the distillation, and powering again the water upon the dregs ground upon a marble moler: Gnaynerius.  
Oats (whereof drink may be made as Ale or Bear of barley) do warm & make drunk no less than wine. Men say that in Tartary, water of milk distilled maketh men drunk. But every water, not an element (that is alone without any mixture) but liquor or juice mixed and compounded, being oft distilled may do the same: for it waxeth hot, is fyned and made more pure, and receiveth more the force offyre. Whereupon burning water being oft distilled, is brought to such sharpness that it can not be drunk. Cardane.  
Also a liquor or other thing be distilled, the thicker it is, the more it seemeth to conceive heat and fire, if it be oft distilled.  
It is manifest (saith Cardane) that a water may be made which shall incontenent break the stone in the bladder, if it be put in by a squirt or syringe. for when as two things are necessary, both that it break the stone, and that it hurt not the bladder, the manner and matter will perform the first: for we shall receive the last vapours of the ashes of scorpions, or of persily of Macedonia, or of the precious stone called Tecolittius, or of the stones of crabs. for so may a water be made, to break also the red marble. Moreover, that it shall not hurt the bladder, is brought thus to pass, if the mattier out of which the water is taken be void of all saltness. A man must not take therefore water of any salt kind of thing, or alum, or coperoos, or of wine lies, but some of them that we mentioned erewhile. But there is need of diligent trial, in confirming a subtle means, that such things which we have searched out so subtly, being surely confirmed first by experience and proof, we may then deduce and bring them to the commodity of man.  
In deed I know that pigeon's dung and paritary either th'one or tother, distilled by this means, is able too break the hardest stone that ever was in any bladder. But what that is which shall do it and without damage, a man must declare by experience. for both a hea goats blood, and a hare's skin, and glass, are much approved by reason. Notwithstanding no one of these peradventure alone, but some of them joined together, and in a certain quantity. Such a thing surely must be of metal, or at least wise changed to the nature of metal. I hard ouce that it was found of a certain man of janua, but lost again by his death, who would make no man privy to it, nor teach it to any man. But this once sure, that it is possible to find it, and that this is the art and science of the same. Hitherto Cardane. peradventure also Chrysocolla would help unto this art, being artificiusly made, and without sharpness, such as is also praised of the goldsmiths: wherefore to make Borace sum use rain water distilled, and milk distilled, sum also honey marrow: etc. I hard of late, a certain practiser cured the stone of the bladder in certain men, with Borace mixed with burning water, to the thickness almost of honey, mingling also Tartar, punned, or a stone cut out of a man or the grounds of piss out of a pisspot. He commanded that a man shall use this medicine by the space of fourteen days, so that he should alway mixed some with his wine when he drunk, yea both at dinner and supper. I remember I have red of certain liquores, in which if a man put a stone or flint, it should be resolved. The chemists and destillers use distilled vinegar, and distilled urine to resolve metals.  
They dissolve with strong vinegar, chief distilled, or with the juice of lemons, pearls, egg shells, stones of the reins, of the bladder, both the corals, and they afterward dried, are quickly & readily crommed betwixt one's fingers. Silvius.  
I can not let pas here to speak of the water of Epiphanius the practicionar, which is such. Re. Antalis et dentalis, boracis, sarcocollae whit coral, white crystal, clay, anessede, ries, meel of orobus pursulan, of every one half an ounce. Let them be made into trochiscos (little rolls or balls) with water of beans made with musk. The use of it is for women to make their faces whit and fair, but the face must be perfumed afore with water of a decoction of barley & oats: then let one bawl be steeped and consumed in bean water, and anoint the face afore you go to bed, but in the morning wash it away with water of a decoction of beans and bran: and again with cooled water. If the bauls be made with water of lemons they shall yet more beautify the face: for limones roasted and anointed upon the face, they alone do beautify the face. If a man drink this water fasting and anoint the place of his privities where hair groweth therewith, it breaketh the stone: which is provid by this, that if a man lay Porcellanas' in it the space of a night, the next day he shall order them with his fingers like warmed wax (Porcellanas' men call certain shells, and also precious earthen vessels.) I have used the more words in this, to give some occasion to muentive physicians to think the more diligently upon this thing.   

❧ Of the manifold use of liquors distilled, both in physic, & otherwise.  
I Do percive a manifold use of distilled waters, but chief and most of all for physicians, which use such stilled liquors, dressed aright both within the body & without, alone, or with other medicines. They mixed burning water and hot oils chymistically dressed and prepared, with ointments, either that they may have the better savour, or else to make them hotter, and that they may pierce the sooner, they put moist linen clothes in these voaters to cool and refresh the parts of the body, specially the bowels, the forehead, the temples, the parts about the arms, & hot fiery swellings. Surgeons use such waters as dry mightily, to wash wounds withal. But the most common use, of long time hath been in mixture of syrups to be drunk, and to zulapia or iulebs, chief of roses & violets. There be that make diverse kinds of liquors and oils alonely for the good savour. Glasiars also that paint glass in baking in their colours, they do use burning waters. Goldsmith's use aqua fortis (as they call it) which signifieth a strong water. Of such use of lyquores, as is to change metals, and to divers colours & paintings also to poisonings, to kill hurtful beasts, here is no place to speak. Raymund Lullus writeth of y● marvelous use and commodity of burning water even in wars, a little before the joining of battle, to stir and encourage the soldiers minds. But of the use of burning water I shall speak more in his place. Yea also where there is lack of good and wholesome waters, that a man can get none other but such as be salt, foul & ●nhoalsome, to make these apt and miet to be drunk, the science and art of distillation is necessary. Sweet water may be separated from the salt, in a great cauldron with a great and high cover having a beacke or nose.   

¶ A way to purge and make clean troubled waters, out of Bulcasis.  
 
FIll a great pot with the puddled water A & putting a soft fire under it, B lay two sticks or more a cross C upon the pot brinks, and upon the sticks lay clean will D well washed: then whatsoever the will drinketh of the vapours that ascend up, wring it out and kiep it, and do thus aslong as any vapour or fume will ascend. There be some that still troubled and pudly water, as though it were Rose water. Other clarify it putting some vinegar therein or else amilun or meel: for these things go downward, and draw with them to the bottom of the vessel, the gross mattier of the water.   

¶ Of Balneum Mariae generally, and of those distillations that be done by vapours of hot water and in horse dung.  
Hot water or else the vapour of the same, send les strength into the thing that is to be distilled, than other fire alone or else such other dry means as are mentioned before. for that cause as Galen saith Diploma, that is, a double vessel (the Apothecaries as the men that still liquors also, call it Balneum Mariae) melteth, heateth, seatheth those things whose strengths the violence of fire will not disperse nor separate: so, such things as be tender and gentle, if we will have them hoal, we must distill them in hot water, or else in the vapour & fume thereof. Which although men think they be not so durable, they be yet les altered from their nature, as is manifest by their former smell.  
You must have a furnace A of this for, upon the which you shall set a great brazen vessel B full of water, in that brazen vessel set little vessels C in a circle as many as it will receive, in the bottom, of the which vessels the things that you will distill, must be put. Other build the furnace A otherwise as though it were a tour, and in the sides thereof they put long earthen vessels: B in their broad bottoms standing inward, they contain the things that they will distill the mouth without as though it were a bottle being covered, C in the which the vapour carried up by his open belly gathered together, and by the long mouth of the same droppeth down. Silvius.  
But why remaineth not the smell of certain flowers in the waters but in jasmin, and the flowers of Cariophillum, and le●is, the water cometh forth without savour? the reason is declared otherwher: because that unto so slender and thin substance, no substantial and thick part is joined. There for in these it shall do well, if unto the leaves of herbs void of smell being put by course unto a thicker mattier, but not such as will burn, a smell be joined, and then distilled: and this is the only hope to get forth the smell, when as such things as are infused and put in waters do not give again their smell, but putrefy: Cardan. It appeareth without doubt that those flowers should be distilled in Balneo Mariae, or in vessels of glass in the vapour of hot water.  
Balneum Mariae may be handsomely made hot with a great pipe of copper A set in the midst, in the bottom whereof is a grate for the B ashes to avoid at: men call it communly a stowe harry. Vlstadius nameth it a furnace of sloth. Upon that pipe, do they make a cover of copper G with a small pipe coming out a shore, to carry and convey the smoke out at a window or some hole. (So do they also make warm house flors now a days to bathe in.) The commodity of this pipe D is then chief when a man list to use many stillatories putting them in a round circle E, a ten or twelve at once, to spare time, labour and cost.  
Some use brazen cupping boxes to still withal in the Balneo Mariae, & glassen limbeckes, whose noses if they be to short or broken, they join other to them of copper with clay.  
The herbs that be to be distilled in a bathe or otherwise, some do pun them, and let them remain so a while, (peradventure for certain days) before they still them, thinking to have more plenty of water thereby: if they would do it in closed vessels, specially in a hot place, it were well: but the most apothecary's and other, that sieke most for lucre & gain thereby, leave it in cold places in open coffers, till the herbs lose their smell, and be corrupted with a moist and gros air.  
Some there be that put some sand also in the water of Balneum Mariae, to th'intent the heat mai be the greater and more vehement: as Mathaeolus of Sena in the water that is called aqua philosophica against the french pocks. And he affirmeth that in such a kind of distillation there may be gotten a double water, the first, more thin and watery, the other more read.  
The water of Balneum Mariae ought to be no hotter, then that a man may suffer his finger in it: Brunsuicensis.  
Vlstadius prescribeth the distillation of a certain kind of aqua vitae in Balneo Mariae, to be done with so slow a fire, that a man may tell one, two, three, until seven, before a drop fall.  
Of such things as pertain to the common wai of Balneum Mariae, you shall read more with in where we make mention of aqua Camphorae out of Bulcasis, and of Rose water out of the same.  
This way of distillation in Balneo Mariae, is used also to the rectifying (as they term it) of oils, to draw and purge the phlegm from them, for only the waters and nothing else may be lifted up and drawn out by the heat of the bath, the oil remaining still in the bottom.  
The chief use of dung, or as some term it, a horse belly, is such: that the matter which is to be distilled in a glasen vessel set in the dung may be prepared by the heat thereof, as we shall declare more at large in his place, where we shall make mention of putrefaction and rotting. It is possible notwithstanding for distillation to be brought to pass in the same, if either poverty or any other impediment be that a man can not have fire. Of this kind of distillation see more within, whereas we entreat of the prepation, to distill. The heat of horse dung (because of the lime that is mixed therewith) Brunswick supposeth to exceed in the middle degree, the heat of Balneum Mariae.  
If you desire to have a water distilled of the flesh of any beast, you shall strangle the beast, that it bleed not in any wise, then take away all the fat and shred the flesh in small pieces, and so distill it in horse dung (or with a soft fire) lest the waters stink, or savour of brentnes, which is wont easily to chance: wherefore it is best to distill them twice. Brunswick.  
The parts of beast or excrements, as blood, the liver, the lights, eggs, gall, and ox dung, ought to be distilled in horse dung, with vessels not very close stopped (but honey and milk a man may stop them close) lest the water stink. But if it chance to stink even thus ordered, then let it be distilled again in Balneo Mariae, specially the water of excrements of oxen whose first distillation is scarce found without stench: Brunswick. It would frame better if a man put to a little curtsy of salt in the putrefying or destilling of dung, that they may corrupt the less.   

Certain excellent simple waters distilled in Balneo Mariae, first of plants, then of beests.  

Absinthium.  
 
OF Worm wode water johannes Mesuae hath made mention: and of it and of Rooses only, as the Munks that writ upon Mesuae have noted, that it is to be supposed, there is a certain excellent virtue above other in these ii distilled liquors, if they be rightly prepared: but as common apothecary's maketh them the wormwood water lacketh all odour and taste, as is said before. If so be it any man desire to have this liquor moor strong, let him stiep the wormwood dry in win, and distill it in Balneo Mariae, or if yet stronger, in ashes. But such as be distilled first stiept in any liquor, the waters of these now are not simple but compound: of the which we shall write hereafter severally.   

Alsine.  
 
Which commonly they call Morsus Galen Hembain: the water distilled is given to infants & children diseased with the falling sickness, either alone, or with spring water. Women commend it greatly, and some say they have tried it themselves. I saw it of late ministered in vain. But that when I tasted it, had like to have made me vomit: peradventure because it was somewhat to old, or else because it was gathered in leeden lembeks.   

Caepa.  
 
THe whit Onion distilled breaketh the stone. Martianus Sanctus.   

Cerasus.  
Cherry water of what kind soever they be, is drunk against to much heat, & is ministered with out the body: but particularly of sweet black cherries, which also is commended of many against the palsy, if it be poured into the mouth: and the mouth be well washed therewith, that it restoreth the use of the tongue lost. They distill the flesh of it alone, or the kernels also beaten together, that the liquor distilled thereof may entye out the stony matter of the reins and bladder. The black and sour are called Visula, they yield a water wholesome in agues both other, and also pestilent agues which couleth and confirmeth the strengths: it is profitable also against thirst and bloody flux: Ryffius. The water distilled of the swiete black and fresh Cherries, is marvelously commended of Remaclus F. of Lymburg: assoon (saith he) as it shallbe powered into the mouth of one sick of the falling evil already taken with the fit (the potion of it is four drams or moor) by & by he reviveth refreshed, neither is he any moor drawn together with any cramp, till in the ordinary time, as it is the custom of it, after a few days an other fit come upon him: which when it chanceth, it must be powered in again: for it letteth, taketh away and healeth the fit.  
Camphora: water thereof or oil is thus made. Take one of the vessels for Rose water, that is called baten (that is a belly) & fill it with the sticks or cips of pynappull tree which hath great and brood leaves, and let it be filled. Silvius taketh it so as though the roose water should be poured to the chips of the pynappull tree, but me thinks that the vessel of rose water is simply named here for a cucurbita or belly, that it may be a certain repetition of the same which he had spoken before, and let it be covered with a vessel having a nose: then put the belly into a brazen vessel full of water over the fire, till it begin to foil: for an oil shall distill (and yet they deny that oil may be lifted up by the heat of water) subtle of a good odour, which is called water of Camphora. Or if ye list distill it in a furnace of rose-water, the same way that it is distilled. Bulcasis. But Belluensis saith that water of Camphora according to the Arabians (saith he) is a water that runneth out of the tre that bringeth the Camphora: which as his tree also is of a hoot nature in third degree: so Camphora itself is cold: Monachi in Mesuae. Put three little bies in the vessel of glass where the Camphora is, which shall so be turned into water.   

Fragaria.  
 
SStraweberies shalt that putrefy in a Vessel of bras (peradventure salt may be put to it, or sugar) and distill them. This water (saith Lullus in his ii book of quintessence) is wholesome and divine. It comforteth nature, expelleth poison, provoketh we men's flowers, assuageth burning humours strengtheneth the conceiving. But chiefly it breaketh new spots of the eyes coming of both the humours (heat or cold) if so be it they exceed not mich. It drieth up teers of both causes (heat or cold) it restoreth & cleareth the sight lost with either of the causes. And I saw a woman having newly all over her face blesters or wheals by the struck of a stone with heat, which the only washing of this water was straight way heeled with great admiration. But the virtue there of is a hundred fold mor marvelous and stronger in operation with burning water, and much moor with quintessence. Yea, this water mixed with quintessence or with burning water cureth the leprosy.   

Fraxinus.  
 
Three ounces of the liquor distilled of the inner bark of ash, with as many ounces of whit wine is drunk against the pestilence, and the same drink after. three hours is repeated: so God willing within xxiiii hours shall the sick be delivered. A water of the kernels of Halicacabus is commended of some against the stone of the reins and bladder, if it be drunk once or twice a week.   

Helxines.  
 
Which we call Parietary or Pelitory, the water thereof is profitable against the stone, tied before in the virtues of waters distilled generally, out of Cardanus.   

Hieracium.  
 
DEntdelion, in french with us it is called Dandelion, the water thereof siemeth to be of the same virtue, as is the water of Endive & Cikory. Some distill it first steeping it in wine eight days, it is of a sour taste, and they give it to drink against the fits of the falling sickness, with marvelous trial (as they say.)   

Hissopus.  
 
HIssop retaineth merue louslye his virtue in a distilled liquor, although it be distilled in a common earthen lembek, only upon sand put in a fire pan: and likewise pennyroyal and certain other. They use water of Hyssoppe o assuage touthache, for it is sharp and subtle. etc.   

Intybum.  
 
Endive, the water there of cooleth all hot diseases: and all burning of fire or water hoot, it healeth them if they be wash therewith. It is good also for quotidian Agewes, and obstructyons of the bowels, both drunk and ministered out. ward. Lullus upon waters.   

Lavendula.  
 
Waters' of the flowers of lavender, is sweet smelling. Remaclus.   

juglans.  
 
THe water of walnuts not ripe made about saint Ihons' tide, ministered without, is good for wounds and hot biles, and the pestilent anthrax. Also being drunk a two or three ounces, it cooleth and resisteth the pestilence. A water also is distilled of the utter husks of walnutes (either ripe, so that they be new braced and left of the nut, or not yet at all) in the month of September, nether skilleth it if they be black, so that they be not rotten: yet the black are counted the best. A moderate potion of this water, (with the third part of vinegar if it invade a man with heat) letting blood first, is given to drink against the pestilence, as a certain experiment. It is praised also for the noise in the ears and the difficulty of hearing, & for the diseases in the throat called angine being gargild. A water distilled of the leaves of walnut tree about the end of May, is marvelously commended for the drying and knitting of sores, and to bring them to a scar, if they be washed therewith morning and evening, and a linen cloth moistened therein be laid upon: Brunswicencis.   

Orchis.  
 
SAtyrion is destiled roots and all, good for the falling evil (as men say.)   

Persica.  
 
SOme distill the flowers also of Peeches.   

Petroselinum.  
 
A Water distilled of parsley (of the garden) beeten in a mortar, confirmeth the appetite, & dissolveth all winds of the body and stomach, strengtheneth concoction, and purgeth out the ill humours of the breast (reins rather) Aegidius.   

Plantago.  
 
AVyol of Plantain water is able to staunch blood from whence so ever it run. Cardanus. Brunswick doth note many commodities upon plantain water, and specially if it be drunken in the morning and evening, at each time two ounces is good for the bloody flix.   

Pulegium.  
 
Penny real look before in Hyssop.   

Rapum.  
 
RApe water may be made both of the hole Rapes cut: and also severally of the barks, which are sharper and hooter, to provoke urine, and further sweet. The water of this Rapes sayeth Brunswick, is good against burning, of what cause soever it be, if the sore place be washed with it, there will rise first a scurf, but wash the scurf also, and it will hele the said burning.   

Rosa,  
ROos water seemeth to be first invented: for I find mention of it in Avicen the ii book, in the chapter of rooses: Roosewater drounke (saith he) is good in a swoon, and the juice of them also: and again, water of roses is good for the liver: and it comforteth the stomach, which is nourished of of it with honey, and it is Geleniabin, and helpeth to digest. And the rose and his juice are good for a stomach to mich hoot. And although the Arabians for the most part are wont to say water for juice or decoction: yet in this place it can not be taken for then, when as he speaketh severally of the juice, & of the decoction also he made mention before. Rooswater made by sublimation doth very much comcomforte, Mesue in the chapter of Rooses. And again, The Roos and his oil and water sublimated comforteth the heart. etc. The same speeketh of rooswater distilled, in the vi distinction, whereas he describeth the iuleb of roses, as the monks his interpreters do prove: of whom also this was observed and noted, that two waters distilled, and nomo mentioned in Mesue, that is of rooses and wormwood. They make no epithen or outward medicine at this day, but they put rosewater in it. In sharp vehement and greet inflammations, to strengthen the principal members, it may be commodiously used. It is good for the flux of the bowels and vomiting. It helpeth the inflammation of the eyes veri much in the beginning. Sum are wont to mixed with it a little thucia and sugercandy. It strengtheneth the eyes and sharpeneth the sight. It stauncheth blood running out of the nosthrilles being put in a linen cloth. That which is made of red roses is more cordial as they term it, and strengtheneth moor: but of whit doth moor coul: Remaclus F. Of wine mixed with roswater in time of meet, see in Arnold in his book of wine.  
Rooswater although it be made divers ways yet the best is made by Balneum Mariae: Matthaeolus. If thoos rooses which we call commonly carnation, dried and moistened with the vapour of water be distilled, they yield good rose-water. Silvius. They may be holden in a linen cloth over hot water, till they have drunk enough of the vapour.    

❧ Of Roose water out of Bulcasis.  
THe making of Roosewater is known in most countires. It is better made with water then without: better also by fire of cools then of wood: wherefore of the iiii. ways which be without water with flaming wood: without water with coals: with water & flaming wood: with water and fire of cools: the first is the worst, and yieldeth a water of the least smell: the second is better than it: the third than the second: but the fourth is best of all. The second and the third are most used. And I will here describe thee third (which is made with water and wood flaming, as it is in use with the kings of Aharach. A. Thou shalt make therefore in a large house by a wall a little berchile B so doth he call the vessel that is filled with water the bottom and sides shallbe of lead, so well closed, that it leek not in any place. Then make meet a covering unto this vessel of glass or glazed earth, and make two or three round hooles in it C C C moor or less, according to the largeness of the vessels, and as you desire to either much or little water D, then make a pot of bras like to the pot made in Balneo Mariae, which thou shalt set upon the fornaice, so that the Berchile above the furnace be lower in situation then the pot, (so that it may conduit the heat of the fire of the Berchyle, to the pot: but me thinks these words do either redound or be depraved.) Thou shalt also make a chimney by the which the smoke may avoid holy out of the house, that it hurt not the rose-water. Afterward fill a pot with water, which may be in a well (a great vessel) made by the pot like a well in a bathe. Then kindling the fire under the pot, thou shalt convey the boiling water by a pipe retching from the pot into the berchile, and fill the pot again of other could water out of the well. In the berchile also shalt thou make a pipe, by the which the water when it is full may run out of the house. Thou shalt set the cucurbites or bellies (that is the stillatory vessels) in the holes of the covering of the berchile, and shalt bind them rolling linen clothes about, that they may stand steadfast in their hooles, and the vapour of the water go not out. Likewise the heads of them shalt thou bind with a linen cloth. And let these vessels be of glass or of glazed earth. Then put in the Roses, and set upon every one his cover: and set under the nose of every one a vial to receive the rose water that runneth out: when the distillation is finished, put away the first rooses, & put in fresh: thus saith Bulcasis. Some man would marvel, that in such a making of the furnace, where the fire is not put under the double vessel or berchile (as I conjecture, seeing he maketh the bottom and sides of lead) but at the side of the furnace, wherefore he should think it to skill any thing, whether the fire put under the pot be made of wood or cools. Moorover it is known (saith Bulcasis in the same place) that rose-water of wild roses which grow by their own accord without any watering, is swieter than that which is made of garden roses which are tilled and watered.  
There is a distilled water made of these with us a shorter way than that before, is this wise.  
A A brazen pot such as dyer's use, is set to a wall whereunto a cover B made meet with hooles, wherein the be lies are put. The pot is filled w●th water, and a fire is put under D it of the croppinges of wines or such like. But in process of the distillation thou shalt close the mouth of the furnace till the hot distillation be finished. In steed of wood if if thou burn cools, the water shallbe the swieter. (Here is more reason than in the former, because the fire here is made immediately under the stillatory vessels.) The second way of distillation with out water with fire of coals is such.  
 
MAke a square or round furnace A with a cover wherein shallbe set belies C made of glazed earth, so that they may abide the fire: And when the cools are kindled, & the water beginneth to distill shut the mouth of the furnace▪ and leave holes open for the smoke to go out at. There is an other bridgement of the third and fourth way.  
A Brazen pot A full of water is set over a furnace, which a cover bored B through so that it may receive two or three belies of glass, C more or les. Put under fyr of the cropping of vines or cools till the water seethe.  

Saluiae.  
SAge water keepeth & retaineth his former smell. Remaclus. F.  
Brunswick saith, that the members being rubbed with the water of Sage, and so dried by itself, and often drunk is good against the palsy, and also to drink two ounces in the mornyg and at night, is very good, and helpeth against the Cramp, he saith further it is good against the dafing of the head. Look in the same author.   

Scabiosa.  
 
SCabiose water is profitable given to drink to them that are diseased with any fistula, and the very herb pound is likewise put in.   

Sedum.  
 
THe water of the lest syngrien or houslieke, is used of Surgeons too cowl hot parts, Remaclus. F.  
Brunswick reporteth, that the water of Scabiose drunk twice or thrice a day an ounce and a half, helpeth the stitches in the side, he sayeth further, it healeth wounds inward & outward, being drunk ix days together two ounces at once fasting. Look in the same author.   

Solanum.  
 
THe water of Solanum or Morrella is good against all agewes if the sick the day of his fit abstain from all meat and drink: and when he is in great heat and desireth much to drink, that he can not refrain himself any longer, then let be given him a glass of this water. Afterward let him be diligently covered and be kept in the heat by force: and he shall sweet a stinking sweet. But he must abstain from the air that is to cold, or to hot. This water also is good for inflammations, and concussions, if a linen cloth be laid upon it four fold, and when it waxeth dry to be wet again. Also to all strokes or wounds and other hot diseases, if they be washed therewith and a cloth dipped in it be laid upon. It helpeth also the liver that is hot, and the lungs that are dried and grieved with an Hectic fever. Against all these diseases it ought to be drunk with the third part of wine. Lullus in his book of waters.   

Tilia.  
OF the flowers of Tilia whose smell is very pleasant and like to the flower of vines in savour, is distilled and much used in Germany. It is supposed to be a little hoot, dry and pertaining to plasters: It is good to drink against the falling sickness, the trembling of the heart, the grieves of the belly, the stone of the reins, and blood gathered together or festered in the body by chance or by reason of any stroke, for the which medicine sum also mixed with it the cools of Tilia beaten. The dosis or quantity of ministration is one or one and a half. It assuageth the griefs of the eyes: and healeth the places brent with fire or any hoot matter, & that more surely if the inner bark all but tiliae be stiept in this water or in stead thereof the grains or kernels of quinces, or psyllium, and the places be anointed with the horines or mouldines that breedeth there upon: Ryffius.  
Some use against the pestilemre a liquor drawn by the force of fire out of the blood of a grey or badger.  
Also of the blood of ducks against poison. etc. whereof thou shalt read more in the book of destillarions of Ryffius, written in Dutch.  
Some mixed the blood of a goat with medicines against the stone to be distilled.  
A water composed of the blood of a barrow hog and other divers medicens will we describe hereafter in some place.  
Of the water of worms, and of the kind of Cantharides which is surnamed, as Mey lander Kaeser saith, of the month of May, read Brunswick.  
A water to take away wrinkles and spots of y● face & to clear the skin. Beat the whites of eggs, hard sod in water that yolks taken away together in a mortar, & distill them in a lymbek of glass or other vessel of glass. The use of it is, that the face be a nointed therewith every day thrice, for the space of three or four days.  
I would adjoin here a table of waters distilled of plants, which are described in the dutch books of destillations of Hierom of Brunswick, & for the most part all that Gaulterus Ryffius hath borrowed of him: saving that I study to be short. And surely it is nothing necessary to recite all when as liquors also may, and are wont to be distilled of all such plants whereof there is any use in physic. But to reckon up also the virtues and faculties of every of them as some do, it is superfluous when as none other for the most part, but even the very same also be attributed and ascribed to the waters which are unto the plants: so that these repetytions move irckesomenesse to the reader, yea even if it be but meanly learned, never a whit les then coleworts twice sod. Yet because that some waters chiefly and before other, are in use with apothecary's, as those with Remaclus F. hath described. I will add hither a rehearsal and table of them, in like order as he useth and hath recited them himself.  
Absinthinm wormwod. Apium. Artemisia, mugwort, Agrimonia. Althaea, the holy hok. Acetosa, Alkekengi. Auricula muris, mouse ear.  
Basilicon. Buglossos'. Balsamita, that is mint of Rome. Betonica. Betony. Bursapastoris. shepherd's pouch.  
Chamomilum. Camomile. Calendula. Marry golds, Carduusbenedictus, Centaurium, Centory Chelidonium. Felandine. Cichorium. Cikory. Capillus Veneris. Maiden here. Caprifolium, that is Pericly menon. woodbind. Cucurbita. Gourd. Cuscuta.  
Ebulus. Walwort. Endivia. Enula. Euphragia, Eiebright.  
Foeniculum. Fennel, Fumaria. Fumitory. Gentiana, Genista, Browme.  
Hepatica, that is Lichen. liverwort. Hedera, Iuy. Hyssopus. Hippuris, that is horsetaile.  
Lactuca, letes. Lavendula. Lapathum. sorrel  
Maiorana. Maioram. Melissa. Balm. Marrubium. Hoorhound. Melilotus. Melilot. Millefolium. Milfoyl, or Yarow. Menta. Mint. Malua Malowes.  
Nemiphar, both kinds with the flowers. Nigella.  
Origanum, Organy.  
Paeonia. Pyonie. Papaver sativum, sown Poppy Parietaria. Pelitory, Pentaphyllon. cinquefoil. Petroselinum. Persly. Pimpinella. Pimpernel. Pastinaca. Parsnip. Plantago. Plantain, both kinds. Portulaca, Purslein, Polygonos, that is Centumno dia. Pulegium. pennyroyal.  
Roses white and red. Ruta. Rew, sown or set. Rosmarinus. Rosmary. Rubea tincterum. Madder set or sown. Raphanus, Radish.  
Saluia. Sage, Saxifragia. Satureia. savoury. Sambucus, Elder, the bark, flowers and leaves. Scabiosa Scolopendrium. Solanum, whereof seeing there are many kinds. Remaclus writeth that apothecary's draw water out of Halica●abus only for the most part that is Alkekengi. Semperuiuum. Singrien. Serpillum. Salix, Willow. Senecio. Grounswell.  
Thymus, Time. berd Tapsus, that is Verbastum. Tavacetum. Tormentilla.  
Violae. Violets. Valeriana. Valerian. Virga pastoris, that is Dipsacus, Tasill, Verbena. Vervin, Vermicularis, that is the les syngrien. Vrtica, nettle.    

Of waters distilled of beasts, or of their parts, or excrements, and first of all of the hole beasts.  
A Water distilled of whelps, will make that heir shall not grow again. And, Furnerius. I give little credence to these curious & exquisite remedies, and although they be true, yet I do not allow them, specially where other many, and easy to be gotten are not lacking.  
A young Storck some bid strangle and destil it like rose water and therewith to anoint the parts taken with palsy, or shrunk together, and at certain times to be washed away with a decoction of sea crabs without salt: they say it helpeth marvelously, if a man continue it. Some bid put an ounce of Camphora & a dram of amber, in a young storks belly the bowels taken out, but it must be one that never yet flew: then in destilling, to gather severally three waters, differing in colour. of these they praise the last best to make the face white and clear.  
They distill also a water of a pie, whereof read Brunswick & Ryffius, as also of them that follow. Of a Capon, whereof we will speak severally within. for it is not made simpely and singly only, but also composed many ways.  
Of Frogs, Crabs, Snails, pismires or Emers.  
Of the blood of a Duck, a he Goat, a Grey of a calf, look in Ryffius and Brunswick.  
Of man's blood, look Brunswick, and within also, where we make mention of Quintessence.  
Of the liver and lights of a Calf.  
The liquor of milck distilled, the chemists & destyllors do use: and sum that go about to make Borax or Crhysocollam. It is a wonder that men say, amongst the Tartarians, water distilled of milk, doth make men drunk. The milk must therefore be somewhat thicker, and tarry somewhat long upon the fire. Which thing peradventure chanceth in meres milk. Albeit all water if it be oft distilled will do the same: for it waxeth hot is attenuated and made more fine, and receiveth the force and nature of the fire the more. Carda. Some use water distilled of wine and milk together against the fever quartain: specially in England, as Brudus Lusitanus writeth: Some drink it against the jaundices, as witnesseth johan. Goeurotus. Also severally of goats milk water is distilled: Look in Ryffius.  
Water of an Ox hide: see in the same author.  
Of the whites of eggs, and of the yolk: In the same.  
Of the spaun of Frogs found in waters: look in Ryffius.  
Of kowes dung look in the same.  
Some say that water distilled of man's dung will heal fistulas, also fretting sores, and such as are to be cured, and cancres, and the disease called Tinea or matering of the head: that it will also make scars like unto the other skin: and put away the spots or white webs of the eyes. If it be drunk, it is good for them that have the falling sickness: it helpeth them that have the gout, it driveth away the stone out of the rains and bladder, it is a preservative against the biting of a mad dog or other venomous beast. But the oil of the same which destilleth after the water, with a greater fire, is much better to fistulas, and cancres, and other evils aforesaid. Matthaeolus of Sena, and other, you shall read certain marvelous things in Brunswick.  
Man's urine distilled, the Chemists do use to resolve certain metals: Printers to make their printing ink, but these distill it in Rose stillatoryes.   

Of vessels and divers instruments belonging to destellation.  
Sublimation is taken of many simpely for distillation: other take it particularly to lift up or cause to ascend up into the limbeck by the force of fire, the matter that is to befixed in it: as many metally things are sublimated.  
The receiving vessel for the most part is a vial of glass with a long neck, in whose mouth the nose of the limbeck is put, and some times the belly thereof is set in a pot or some other hollow vessel that it may stand the stedfaster in his place, or else for the commodity of the thing, is set one way or other.  
The forms and fashions of vessels are divers, and almost without number commonly used with the chemists and destillers, Silvius. Who so desireth the figures and names of divers vessels, let him look in Brunswick. Ryffius Andro. Lovicerus and other. A man may cause to be made, of what fashion he will in the glass makers shops, such as be in Helvetia nigh unto Scaphusia, and not far from basil and Solodourn. But the best are made of white glass, as at Venice, such may be made with us of the pieces of spectacle glasses & other skrapes of whit glass gathered together.  
Of the vessel called aludel●s, look in Geber in his book of chief perfection. 1. 4. 44. chapter, and again in his book of furnaces. Albertus writeth it a luttell, and expoundeth it a vessel appointed for sublimation: likewise Bulcasis. The same willeth arsenic to be sublimated in an earthen dish glazed, the fashion whereof he describeth in the chapter of sublimation of abhichbar dic. Aluthel (written with th') is a limbeck which the alchemists use in destillatious. Belluencis.   

Of the matter for vessels of distillation: and first against leaden and brazen vessels.  
Waters' distilled in Balneo Mariae, do so far pass those that are made simply by the tire in leaden limbeckes, as gold passethyron. For they that be made in Balneo Mariae, with large chaplets, limbeckes or heads, and somewhat great and of glass, do give the natural savour and taste of the herbs & flowers, whereout they be taken, without any noisome smell of smoke or burning, which chanceth not all in the common leaden stills. For the waters that are made in them, very few and seldom, specially whiles they be new, are without notable loathsomeness of smoke and burntnes, which unto sick-men that drink, it is not only grievous, but also hurtful: for the evil quality of the lead endamageth both the stomach, and the breast, and all the entrails, and likewise the quality of brass which the learned and excellent physicians perceiving, followed the ancient men and used only decoctions. But waters distilled accordingly as they ought to be, that is with the savour and taste of his plant, are not only equal in strength with decoctions, but also pass them in this that they more delight a man, being more sweet in taste, and also clearer to the sight. It shall behove both good physicians and also Apothecaries, to lay away leaden instruments, and provid them the foresaid Balncum Mariae, and although it shall be a little more chargeable unto them and painful, yet so shall they satisfy and please both God and man. Matheolus.  
Such things as are distilled in lead, I judge them altogether to be disallowed, because of the Ceruse and other malicious qualities of the lead, when as water also that is conveyed by pipes of lead, Galen condemneth, because it breedeth diseases in the entrails. Silvius.  
Moreover the vessel altereth much, aswell in destillations as in things sodden. Wherefore a man must take great hied in these things, that the vessels be rather earthen or glass then of metal, and those that be of earth, that they be of a very pure earth, and well baked, such as be the earthen vessels of Paris, Bellonaca, England and Spain. But glasen vessels are the best because they be more pure and thicker: but they be dearer & will break sooner, except they be made hot by little and little, and cold likewise, and after the same sort be also earthen vessels, for the which cause they daub both sorts of them by little and little with clay of wisdom (as they call it) and dry them, so far as the force of the fire shall touch, yea although it be to be set first in ashes, sand or dros of metals. For those vessels that shall stand in water or in the vavapour thereof need no such defence. The cause why I condemn vessels of metals, lead, iron, brass, tin, silver and gold, is Galens' reason in every one almost of these kinds of metals. For if he affirm that water only conveyed in leaden pipes doth breed diseases of the bowels, how much more ought we to fear waters distilled in a leaden limbeck or still. Besides that no small ceruse remaineth cleaving to the inner side of a leaden head, as in destillinge of Vinegar is gathered, so by the force of the vehement heat or brentnesse ascending up with a vapour many times also tart, that is of sharp and tart plants, which infecteth the very wa●ers, and for the most part maketh them white like milk, till that it be settled and sunk to the bottom. Vessels of other metals that bried other roost or canker, are so much the more pearilous, as roust or canker is more hurtful the●●cerusse. Vessels made of pure silver or gold, as they be least hurtful, so are they more hard to be gotten because of the cost. Silvius.  
The best vessels be of glass: the next, earthen that be glazed both within and without: then limbeckes of tin, the bodies (in destillinge of Roses) of lead. thirdly, the limbeckes and the bodies also of lead. For the strength of the fire if it be moderate, it hurts not the lead, but these bodies of lead must be set in sifted ashes, a handful thick, not in sand. fourthly limbeckes of copper tinned within. Fifthlye brazen. But copper and brass have two discommodities, but the brass more than the other, the first they make the waters for the most part, somewhat read, and faulty with brentnesse: the other, there is ever a certain venomous operation in them, more than in other metals, therefore Christophorus de Honestis, admonisheth to take heed and avoid them: Brunswick. Therefore seeing all the most learned Physicians, and experience itself, do utterly disallow waters distilled in vessels of lead, Brass and other unclean metals, some good man should do well to move the matter to the Magistrates, that it might not be lawful for Apothecaries other to prepare any more or sell such waters partly hurtful, partly unprofitable. Bulcasis in deed, useth leaden bodies in destillinge of dry Roses, which peradventure may be granted for such waters as aught to be used only without the body. Some find no fault with vessels made of pure and best iron, because no evil quality (as they say) can issue thereout into the matter or liquor: and troth it is, that certain metallye things as require to be distilled with a great and continual fire, seem to have need of so strong vessels. But of this let other men judge: I will leave the matter to chemists and destillers. Berchile. Bulcasis doth call a vessel in a furnace for Rose water, which receiveth the boiling water derived out of an other standing by it, in the which vessel, the body of the still containing the Roses, is set.   

Of furnaces, etc.  
I Declared before and described two manner of furnaces meet for distillation by ashes, and Balneum Mariae also out of Bulcasis.  
Hear will I trace out and describe another manner of fournayce, the use whereof shall be divers, but chief when as any thing is to be destiled by a great fire, so that no mean be betwixt the fire & the cucurbite or pan wherein is contained the matter that is to be distilled: after which manner oils or certain liquors that burn the skin and flesh are gotten out of metals, as aqua fortis. etc. The use thereof shallbe also to sublimation: and if a man will set a kettle in at the top upon theyron cross, then fill it with ashes or water and put clay about it, he shall be gin what distillation he will. But for aqua fortis or such like, he shall set a cucurbite or pan daubed with clay by & by, right upon the cros. Yea this furnace may be made also upon a strong board of wode, as I have made myself, that you may remove it from one place to an other at your pleasure. Therefore upon a wooden table you shall buyl a four square furnace, of such bigness, that it may be sufficient to set in a mean circubite. The walls you shall make of brick, joined with mortar very well made, the height shall not much pass two foot, the walls shall be abont a foot one from an other within. When you have made the hearth or bottom, you must make a door, O. where as the ashes may be taken out, which fall from the coals from the grate builded upon it. If so be it that an other grate were made also for the ashes to fall thorough (and that lowest space to be somewhat dieper) a man should not niede to take out the ashes so oft, and the fire should be the more vehement.  
Of slow Harry, or the furnace of sloth, that is, a pipe wherewith the Balneo Mariae is made hot, we have written above where as we have entreated generally of the Balneo Mariae.  
The differences of coals shall we know in Theophrastus, but better of our own smiths, specially goldsmiths, and of the very experience itself. Such coals as are digged out of the ground are condemned & forbidden because of their foul smell. They are counted the best that are made of bieche or fir tree.  
Dioptra or a little skrien I call an instrument, which some men hold before their face with their hand, lest the nyenes of the fire should hurt them, when it is need to come nigh a vehement fire. That is a thin board with a slit or carfe in the midst cut out overthwarth, with a handle.  
liquors distilled should be kept in glasen phialles with narrow mouths. Let the mouth be shit with a stopple of wood, or rather of cork, and besides that, a man must cover it with wax and bind a parchment about it also.   

❧ How to close vessels and to defend them, both with clay and otherwise.  
CLaying of a thing, men do commonly say for that which is to daub with clai, to plaster, to pariet. Tothintent we may the better keep the smell and qualities of such things as are distilled, we must close diligently and join together with clay, the head with the body, & the type of the nose with the receiver: they call it commonly claying. Some use pure clay littered with ox hear: some also temper it with lime, except I be deceived. Some mixed lime and whites of eggs together, when they have need of haste: for then the mortar willbe hard & dry by and by: some other wise make clay of wisdom as they term it. The receiver with the nose needeth not so strong a kind of clay. It shallbe sufficient to join them with a certain quantity of wax and half so much rosin. And for this purpose the common unpurified rosin of fyr trees will serve, but you must clarify it yourself on this wise: as soon as it is melted with the fire, by and by let it be sight and powered through abundell of straw. Of the preparation of wax by straw, to clay withal. read Vlstadius chap. x If the head be not miet enough for the body but somewhat to big, you shall put paper round about between it and the clay. Without also whereas about any joints there must clay be laid, lay first moist paper about it, or else a linen cloth, and after clay it.  
The mortar to join the cucurbita with the limbeck withal. etc. ought to be made with clay and hear, and to be dry before fire be put under, Bulcasis entreating of oil of tilestones. The mortar shall be the stronger if it be tempered not only with hear or will, but also with goats blood, and the more also to be made with that is dros of iron, beaten as is found about smiths in fields. Mortar for furnaces after what sort it should be dressed, see within where we teach to destyl by ashes.  
Of Hermes seal, that is, of joining together the mouths of glasen vessels with a pair of hot burning tongues softly thrusting them together, and how after they ought to be opened again, read Vlstadius. cap. 20.  
Let the cucurbita also be fenced round about with clay, specially those that must abide the fire directly put under them and nothing betwixt, and that twice or thrice, and that the first crust be dried before the next be laid on, as when aqua fortis and oil of Vitrial are distilled. For the distillation in ashes, there needs no such mortering nor claying: albeit if a man will provide for the worst considering the frailness of the vessels, specially where many vessels are set together in one furnace, it shallbe sufficient once or twice to pariet them. Those cucurbitas which they use in Balneo Mariae, specially when many are set together, some men use to put upon them woollen cloth made meet for them like as it were hose or cases.  
They say glasen vessels will abide the fire better and longer, if they be warred, that is, if they be warmed & done over twice or thrice which molten wax.   

Of the preparation for distillation.  
FOr as much as in distillation we seek the separation of the elements either for one or more of them, or else to th'intent that they once put clean away, we may get the quintessens: separation truly can not be done without heat. For heat uniteth and gathereth together such things as be of one kind and nature, and they that do differ and disagree it separateth to th'intent this might duly be brought to pass, both the Chemists and Physicians have invented divers means and ways. They term this preparation diversly and give it sundry names, digestion, leavening, putrefaction or rotening. Digestion they call it respecting, the concoction that is done in the maw, by the natural heat thereof, which bringeth to pass that all such things as are put into it: are turned into one humour: for it is well enough known that they which speak not very aptly nor latinly take these words to digest and to concoct indifferently both in one sense. If so be it a dri matter joined with a liquor be so prepared, we shall name it with a more apt word, maceration, that is steping or weking, or else infusion, a watering & moi stening. But leavening is properly spoken whereas a certain inward virtue, but increased or stirred up by an outward heat, cometh unto an humour or moisture, so that a certain common and general quality be mixed and spread throughout the h●ole body, with a hot spirit, & one that moveth and breadeth bubbles, as it is in the mixture of true leaven in deed knoden with meal: also in vinegar powered upon the earth. And this affect is the beginning of rotennes in such things as have superfluous humour. That which is called putrefaction or rottenness should differ nothing from this, saving that it is done by setting the vessel containing the things to be distilled, in some corrupting and rottening matter: and that for none other cause, than that one and the self same heat continually for a certain days and equally, should be conserved with little labour and cost.  
The savour or other quality of the putrefying matter, in my mind, it is not possible it should infect the mixture that is put in a glasen cucurbita with the mouth very diligently stopped, although some think yes. For if the vessel be diligently stopped, it it is not possible there should chance any defaul. Notwithstanding it happeneth sometimes not because of the dung or other outward cause, but because the matter in the vessel hath abundance of corrupt excremental moisture, which with any outward heat doth easily rote. The glasen vessel itself how long time so ever it shall tarry in the dung, it will be nothing defiled, nether darkened, specially if it be of good glass, as the Venice glass is: for the common green glass will gather a certain duskishness and as it were a skin.  
Distillation that is done by rottenness, or with horse dung both alone and with lime be sprinkled and oft changed, or with barks watered, or other rottening things, how so ever it is profitable to the chemists and destillers many ways, a physician not withstanding ought not to receive it, for a cause in rotten wood and evil smelling, thorough the rottenness or some other cause: specially if the things distilled be to be ministered within the body: for to be used without the body, it skilleth the less. Silvius.  
Of this kind of distillation in horse dung read before in the latter end of those things which we writ of Balneum Mariae generally. At this present we should entreat rather of rotening then of distillation. But because of rotening also in horse dung seemeth to be disallowed, if distillation in it be reproved, it is not altogether from our purpose and others, that I have declared my mind of this matter in this place.  
Putrification or rotening in horse dung with lime is otherwise done on this wise, that the dung every day or every other day or by longer distance, be sprinkled with warm water: otherwise, without sprinkling, when as the dung of itself serveth to be hot enough. A pit or hole being digged in some corner of the house, they lai one course of horse dung about a foot thick, that is three handbread: then an other course of lime only one hand thick, and so for the by course. There is need of three burden for the most part of dung, as much as a porter is able to carry.  
Some put the things that are to be distilled (specially such as be stiepte in wine) into a tin bottle, and that they do set in unslakis lime closed, which they quench at certain times now a little and then a little, with rain water. Some mixed Oaten straw with the horse dung, and sprinkling it with hot water, set in their vessel, and then cover it clean with tow hard, with clothes or sackcloth, in some part of the house where cold can not come at it. Other in grape kernels in harvest. Other in the broken pieces of Olives, that is, in the relics of Olives after they be priest, the best way of all other, as Cardanus teacheth. If a man covet but a light heat, it shall be sufficient to put it simply in chopped straw. Certain of the Germans that live in stouffes that is hot houses, the winter time, make in them low fornaices. A. and in the upperpart they set two or three glasen pots. C. upon little iron bars and pariet and rub them over diligently with clay. In these filled full of fine sand or ashes, both things may be distilled which I would should be tried, and also certain liquors may be rectified or prepared. etc., and by this means a man shall save both labour and cost.  
The time of this digestion doth vary according to the matter, which the more massy it is, the longer time doth it require: new herbs need the less time, when they are stiept or weekt in wine or other liquor: for they be the tenderer, and if they should be let stand long, they would have a certain hoariness: the same dried must stand a little longer: then the seeds: last of all the roots: so that almost double time is necessary for them that follow to that which goeth afore them: as to new herbs iii days: to dry, seven: to sedes and most part of spices twelve or fourteen, to roots eight and twenty, or less if they be new. There be certain Physicians that bid let metals stand forty days, the chemists and destillers of liquors yet longer. This is also to be considered, whether the things brosed are strait ways put in: for they need much shorter time peradventure by the half, than those that be put in hole. In goulding waters (as they call them) spices sometimes hole are wont to be stiepte a few days in wine, then taken out and brosed, to be poured in again and to stand yet a few days.  
The putrification of herbs to be distilled in horse dung, is wont to be done almost by the space of xiiii days, but in Balneo Mariae. two. or iii natural days. Brunswick.  
Such things require chief putrification, whose substance is somewhat dry, gros, thick: raw have les need which are contrary wise, and are digested and prepared by nature or the sun.  
Putrification is sooner done in cloudy whether then in fair. Vlstadius.  
To the most part of things that are prepared in horse dung, some salt is cast, as unto beasts blood, to flesh, to fish: Guainerius.  
To digest, take a blind lymbeck: if the matter be pure, as pure liquor, then take a vessel for circulation, of which sort the pelecan is the best: although it can scarcely be made, and not without great cost. etc.  
But in digestion or putrification, the hoal vessel would be hid with horse dung or with the refuse of grapes. etc. To circulation the half of the vessel, or at the least the third part, must look out into the free and cold air (as also to distillation.) Vlstadius chap viii where as he teacheth at large of putrification in horse dung.   

Of the rectification of liquors distilled.  
Waters' distilled in Balneo Mariae, aught to be set in the sun and to be rectified, namely in a glasen vessel, (the mouth whereof let it be bound about and stopped with leather) full of the distilled water, so that the third part must be left empty. then set it in hot sand by the space of forty days, that all the phlegm may be consumed, the third part of the vessel must be hid in the sand. distilled waters of hot virtue, poured first into wine or burning water, lest they should hurt a man by the means of their over much heat, let them stand for the space of a month or more if the water be hotter, in moist sand, in a cold place. Likewise the third part of the vessel hid in the sand: or two parts of the vessel (two third parts) let them be digged in the earth in some wine cellar. Brunswick. Every water if it be distilled again, specially upon the dregs and grounds well pund and broken, it may so be rectified: and the more, the ofter it is distilled again: but for the most part of waters, it is sufficient to repeat the distillation of them thrice or four times. But you must take heed that at every time the phlegm be diligently removed and separated, which a man shall do if he receive by itself the first liquor, or if burning water be distilled, the last liquor, which is watery. etc. The phlegm once sepated, last of all rectification by circulation (whereof is spoken now last of all, and more shallbe spoken in the title of quintessens must be added.  
But the the brentnes that is in these, may breath out it shallbe best to keep open a while the phials wherein the liquors stand: not withstanding you must take heed that the grace of the smell in the mean season & with it much of the strength and virtue thereof, do fume out. Silvius. distilled liquors of divers sorts if a man mixed them together sometimes they become troubled and puddled like thin milk or whey, and for the most part an old liquor mixed with a new troubleth it. But you shall make them clear and pure again, if into three pounds, you cast six or eight drops of white vinegar very sharp: for they will drive down the pudly matter to the bottom: Brunswick.   

Distillation by a Filter or a list of woollen cloth.  
Distillation by a filter is more in ure with the chemists and destillers then with physicians, invented to try out the lighter, purer and more subtle part from the grosser and the dregs. Therefore the juices of herbs may thus be distilled, put in some vessel, wherein a piece of woollen cloth must be put, the brother end whereof only must be in the vessel: the narrower part and that that is sharp at the end: either with one point, or divided into ii or, iii. must hung without the vessel, the vessel must lean a little toward that side that the list hangeth on. A man may put in also about the brim some lists of cloth, every one of almost a foot long, by the which the liquor shall be derived and conveyed into a vessel set underneath. If you will distill the same juice or liquor again or the third time, in the same manner: set the vessels vypon a pair of stairs. The first wherein the liquor is highest, the second lower and so forth, with lists of cloth put in every vessel and hanging out into the nether, the last the last vessel only and lowest shall have no lists, which must only receive, not yield forth. The distillation by a filter is done also in two crooked vessels of glass well clayed, the one where of must stand higher than the other, when you will draw precious and swiet smelling liquors from the matter (digested first in Balneo Mariae,) as Vlstadius maketh mention. Chap. 56.  
To the syrup which is made of the sour juice of the citron, that juice must a man distill by a cloth, list or filter, or else it will gather into a courd when it waxeth cold, and likewise the juice of Lemons and Oranges.  
By a list some distill also the decoctions of herbs sod with a soft fire, which afterward by little and little they seethe till it be as thick as honey, as of the roots of black Elleborus or bears foot. Other think it sufficient only to seethe it or strain it.   

Of burning water or single Aqua vitae, and of the strength thereof, and manifold use.  
Bvrning water or Aqua vitae is drawn out of wine, but with us out of the wine lies only, specially of them that sell it, and by this onli almost get their living. And peraventure it is never a whit the worse that it is drawn out of lies: for Lullus teacheth that it may be well distilled of corrupt wine: yea if it be distilled often, it shallbe made the more effectual, that is to say, hotter and drier: for dregs also or lies brent, are very hot, and give the hottest oil, which they call oil de Tartaro, but that burning water that is distilled out of wine, me thinks it shallbe the swieter, and more pleasant both in smell and taste, and without all brent taste: besides that more apt also for quintessens. Burning water is called also water of sapa, of which & oil, mingled together soup is made, for it brenneth the body. This water is made, as lie, half or three parts ashes, and on lime: and that is the strongest water that will make an egg cast therein, to swim highest without or above the water. Therefore the first being so made, is stronger than the second, to the use of searing or burning of wounds. Monachus in Mesuaem.  
Burning water oft distilled, is brought into such sharpness that it can not be drunk. Cardan. But this is commonly known: they that sell it commonly are wont to destil it only twice: but to the use of glaziers for the burning in of their colours in their glasses, four times, except I be deceived. We declared afore, how when it is once or twice distilled in serpentins or writhe or crouked vessels or in other accustomed vessels (with pipes of brass as big as a man's arm) may afterward be perfected in ashes, until all the steam be put away: by the which means it is made not only hotter and more subtle and finned, but also more pleasant both to the taste and smell. Neither do all men use one form or fashion of the bodies and heads which they call limbecks, to distill all ●uyces: for some draw the water out of wine put in a great brazen vessel, standing upon the fire, the neck or mouth whereof is great and broad, upon a three foot, and upon this neck standeth the head of brass also with a top like a spire steeple, & a thing like a pail or bucket. D. compassing it, full of cold water, that the large vapour may be thickened the sooner by the head made cold, and lest the water of the wine should so resemble the fire. Some use in the stead of a neck or head to receive the vapour with a pipe of white plate or other metal, very long, writhe into many boughts and turnings, like unto the manner of serpents, (whereupon they name them commonly serpentins) the greatest part thereof standing in water. Some have also yet an other fashion, Silvius. We did see divers fashions of vessels set out in figures to distill burning water or aqua vitae, in Gualther Ryffius & Andro Lo nicerus. Bulcasis saith wine may be distilled after the same manner, as vinegar, the distillation where of he described. Read within, straight after the title of distillation in ashes.  
Aqua vitae is thought then to be stilled enough, that is, after it be stilled four times at the least, and purged from all his phlegm, when as if a man set it a fire, it will consume every whit with the flame, that no token of moisture be left in the bottom of the vessel: or else, if a linen cloth dippeth therein, and set a fire, it burn not the cloth, which is a greater token of perfection, as that also, if a drop of Oil be let fall into it, it goeth to the bottom. For Oil is aierye, wherefore a fiery substance, whereunto Aqua vitae so oft distilled should attain, ought too be lighter than it. But besides the heat, of so destylled it should also become thin and pure, more & more, and when every fire, the thicker and grosser it is, the more it burneth: contrariwise, the thinner, the less: that which is most thin should burn least of all. By the same cause it cometh to pass, that a drop of Aqua vitae poured in the palm of a man's hand, the better it is, the sooner it vanisheth away and is consumed. I hear that this is a laudable note of this water, if succinum amber being set on fire and put to it into a spoon do burn. When wine (saith Vlstadius. 10▪ chapter.) is distilled twice or thrice, you shall cut a fine sponge into pieces, so great, that on every side they may touch the cucur bita or body within the upper part (that is in the inner circuit) the spong must be tied in three or four strings hanging without, when you shall set on the limbeck, so that the sponge can not fall into the bottom of the still: let the sponge be dipped in oil olive, and crushed out a little again, lest pexaventure the oil should fall into the pot or body of the still, and be mixed with the matter: then setting the limbeck upon it, shit it close with wax as is aforesaid, or with purified rosin. By this spong the spirits shallbe best distilled, and the phlegm shall not pass through, because of the oil: & by this means shall a man do more with once destilling, then otherwise with thrice. notwithstanding the limbeck must be made without the gutter and circle within like to a blind limbeck, but it must not lack a nose. Thus saith he. That which remaineth of the lies and dregs distilled in the bottom, that men of our time call it dead water: for it is unsavoury and stinking. Such, that is the stinking water, whether it be yeilden of lies only, or also of wine, I have not tried.  
For the distillation of aqua vitae or burning water, a man must choose the best wine, black, red, or white. Black and old, yields more plenty and also better water, than any other. The fire at the first must be light and soft, & after more vehement: but you must take heed in any wise that the wine seethe not. The water that is gotten theroute, is surnamed burning, or the soul and life of the wine: and when it is distilled twice or thrice, than they call it flaming water: Albertus as some allege.  
Of five parts of lies, when it is twice distilled I hear, one remaineth or somewhat les. When the phlegm is one clean consumed, nothing is lost after in the destilling, but the hole is yielded again. Of four measures of wine, for the most part one measure of burning water is gathered in the first distillation or there about according to the goodness of the wine. Then in the next distillation for one measure, there cometh the half. In y● third, one part offive is consumed. In y● fourth, as much is yielded as you put in, for the most part if the distillation be done accordingly. Notwithstanding if you continue destillinge, the water shall be the more perfect, in so much that at the ninth or tenth distillation, it shall come out most perfect, But for as much as to the repeating of destillinge so oft: a man must bestow both more time and more cost, for the most part we are content with the third or the fourth distillation, and call it perfect. And surely it resteth much in the instrument, that the water should be perfected sooner or slower. For the vapour is more distilled and perfected in the first distillation in a serpentin (that is in a crooked and bowed pipe) them thrice distilled by a straight pipe. Note further that there divers waters may be gathered in the first distillation, whereof the first is perfect, that is, that which burneth and is consumed with the fire, and a linen cloth dippeth therein and set on fire is not burnt. (You shall prove therefore now and then, and when the water ceaseth burning, look what remaineth in the still, you may cast it away, as unprofitable. The second is a mean between good and bad.) The third is good for nothing, save that it cleareth the eyes and the face, if thrice a day they be washed therein, morning, noon and evening, but this virtue of the third water, peradventure is true, if the distillation be made with wine: but if it be with lies, as they be wont with us, it is not true. More over the still must not be filled above ii parts, but that the third part may remain empty, and that the vapours may have their scope and romthe. Hitherto Lullus.   

Of the strengths and virtues of Aqua vitae, in the book of Arnold, De Villa nova, which is written of Aqua vitae.  
ARnold in his book of Aqua vitae describeth many qualities thereof both of it alone, and also mixed with other medicines after the distillation, observing the order of the xii signs, from the head to the feet, for as he saith, a man must minister much more effectual remedies to the head, if a man have need, at such time as the moan is in the ram: and likewise in the other, which thing how true I judge it, I will not say at this time: notwithstanding this will I say, the better learned any man is in our time, the les credit have they given to such persuasions as the Arabians have brought into physic. Aqua vitae simple and alone (saith Arnold out of one Theoricus I can not tell whom) breaketh an impostume or recours of matter both within the body, if it be drunk, and without, as botch, if it be anointed therewith. It helpeth read and duskish eyes. It stauncheth the running and watering of the eyes. It is good for them that have the falling sickns if they drink it. It cureth the palsy if they be anointed therewith. It sharpeneth y ewit it restoreth memori. It maketh men merry & preserveth youth. It putteth away fracins, ring worms & all spots of the face. If it gargild it remedieth the disease in the throat called synanchen the squince, & the ivila fallen down with humours, also the salt phlegm, the rose drop & the touth ache. It is marvelous profitable for frentik men & such as be melancholy. It erpelleth poison, The smell thereof burnt, killeth flies & cold creeping beasts, It doth seethe flesh & keepeth fishes from roating. It restoreth wine that is turned or putrefied. It draweth forth the virtues of herbs and roots, if they be laid in it four days (otherwise four hours) except only the Violet. It ought to be set up in a glasen or silver vessel and to be well stopped. There is more of it & better made of old wine pure and read. This he. He that desireth more concerning the virtues of Aqua vitae, let him read that which we writ above of the virtues of certain liquors, which our men call golden, and waters of virtues. For they ascribe all those powers for the most part as well to Aqua vitae, as to the other, specially to simple Aqua vitae, & much more to compound or Aqua composita, but chiefly to the quintessens thereof. Read more over Lullus in the book of waters. I have seen also a certain broken work ascrtbed to Albertus, of the virtues of Aqua vitae. But practitioners, ignorant of things and times, or else of a purpose to deceive men, as many as they could, have most impudently fathered many things upon Galen, Hypocrates and Aristotle of the virtues of Aqua vitae, or burning water, as written by them. All kind of cold passions or griefs, that be curable, it helpeth in short space, specially diseases of the brain, sinews and joints. Also worms in the belly, biles and all scabbines, if it be washed oft therewith, it healeth it. It helpeth the spleen, it killeth all worms. It mendeth a stinking breath. It taketh away the disease of the loins. The hurt members if they be anointed therewith, it will restore them to their former health. It preserveth fish and flesh from corrupting, but before they be eaten, they must be washed with common water. Camphora put into it, will dissolve. If common water be poured into it, it goeth to the bottom: and likewise oil. This writeth Albertus as some allege.  
The taste of it exceedeth all other tastes, and the smell all other smells. Lullus, It comforteth the natural heat more than any other remedy: it is most wholesome for the stomach, the heart and the liver: it nourisheth blood, it agreeth marvelously and most with man's nature, it openeth and purgeth the mouths and entrances of the membres, veins and poors of the body every one, it avoideth all obstructions and comforteth them. Yea it changeth the assections of the mind, it taketh away sadness and pensiveness, it maketh men meri, witty and increaseth audacity. Lullus. Anoint the head therewith and it helpeth it of the head ache: it killeth the worms drunken fasting: it putteth away swooning: it healeth the biles in the privy members, if they be washed therewith: it easeth them that be diseased in the stomach, it stauncheth all runings: it preserveth bodies from corrupting by worms: It avoideth and keepeth a man from grey hears. It is not permitted to women with child. It redresseth the phlegm and rheum of the head. It increaseth the ability of accompanying with voemen. It is good against thick hearing, poured into the ears. Mixed with wine and drunk, it healeth the falling sickness. If a man hold it long, it taketh away divers kind of touth ache. It putteth away the blemishes and whit spots in the eyes, if it be poured into them: and avoideth the running and watering of the same, if a man do but hold it in his mouth. It letteth the leprosy a space and hideth it It helpeth rotten and materinge biles, if linen clouts be dipped therein and laid upon them. With a little decoction of parsley, it driveth away the stones in the bladder. It maketh women apt to conceive, but anoyeth them that be great with child. It cureth divers griefs, it is profitable to be laid upon broken bones hot, with tow or with some plaster. It slaketh the cramp in the legs, if a man anoint them therewith. He hath no name expressed that showeth these qualities. But the most of them seem to be taken out of Lullus.  
I knew an old woman, that was cold and Cathectica, to be restored by a handkerchief made warm with Aqua vitae set a fire within it.  
Some allege the testimony of Constantine, of the virtues of burning water.  
Aqua vitae besides other things is commodious and profitable for the strangury and other diseases of the bladder, for the tertian ague and quartain also which are joined with cold humours: against the disease called the wolf: against worms: against the since or painful feeling of a man's body like unto biles. It furthereth and provoketh women's flowers. It breaketh and putteth away the stone in the reins, and expelleth a dead child without any great pain. The issues of the belly and fluxes, it helpeth, what so ever they be. They say, that Aqua vitae is perfit when often measures is made one, (which I suppose will come to pass in the third or fourth distillation). Anoint the head therewith, and it healeth worms, the scurviness and scabs, pusculs and skailes. It putteth away the spots in the face and other where. Broken eggs or eggs that that lack a shell, put them in Aqua vitae and it will seethe them. It helpeth the numbness of a man's senses called Apoplexia, swellings, steams, tenesmum or desire to the stool and weariness. It amendeth the morphew being drunken or anointed thereupon. It maketh the skin soft and pure. To conclude, it is good against the biting of a mad dog. It will heal any wound excellently, if it be washed therewith, and so that no evil effect shall come thereafter by the means of the same wound.  
I perceiving Aqua vitae to be hot and to dry, did sometime mixed with it honey, whereby it was both swieter to drink and gentler profitable for the cold stomach, specially in winter. Some mixed it with water made with honey or rather with meed, called apomel●, which with us commonly they make of honey combs. etc. Some wet figs there in & set them on fire, then eat them hot. A man may also mixed any syrup therewith, one or other, according as the disease shall require. To preserve wine that it be not troubled nor putrefied, put to it the tenth part of Aqua vitae. in deed sulphur is far better for the same purpose, but it bewrayeth the craft and the smell there of. The same will alum do, but being both hurtful, they are very noisome to the health. Cardane.  
If wine by the means of the savour of the vessels or taste of the grapes be corrupt and soured, pour Aqua vitae into it and it will restore it. The same purgeth hanging wine that is new: also wine that is putrefied and soured also: for it converts vinegar. To conclude it bringeth a good smell and taste also to any wine be it never so evil or corrupt and good wine also it makes it better, Albertus as some allege. When the wine is to be drawn into an empty vessel, most use to put in a ball of brimstone set a fire: other use Aqua vitae, dipping tow therein.  
Wine that is made to have any taste or smell, out of hand in a moment, is both a curious thing for rich men cheiffy, which will advaunt them of the sorts of wine: and also profitable. For the qualities of divers remedies may be communicated by this means with the wine. Herbs, sedes, or spices whatsoever they be, let them be poured into Aqua vitae for the space of xxiiii hours for so the strength of them shallbe drawn out. Then the waters so affected and died, shall be mixed with a little wine when ye will drink. Arnoldus de v●lla nova.  
How that wine is made which they calcommonly Hippocras, with Aqua vitae and certain spices stiept therein, I will declare when I shall speak of wines.  
Of the quintessens of wine I shall speak within, in the title of quintessens.   

Of such things as be distilled dry, put into any liquor.  
THe things that be dry can not be distilled, except they be stiept in some liquor. Of these will I write in this place. Of those that whiles they be new, be stiept and wet in some liquor before they be distilled, I will speak hereafter amongst waters compounds, in the beginning. Although the waters whereof we speak, here may be counted among the compounds. Dry things therefore first let them be broken and ground: then let them be stiept in some liquor, wine, vinegar, rain water or of the well spring, and those either raw or distilled, (Vinegar and wine are distilled for this purpose sometimes once, sometimes ofter) or in some other distilled liquor. They may be stiepte also in the juice of some herb or plant, and that likewise either raw, or else (that is better) distilled, Aqua vitae rectified seemeth to agree best to the stieping of spices, except we will avoid to much heat, wherewith the things distilled in them might be infected withal, when the liquor is drawn away.  
Some still Cinnamon beaten with spring water poured to it, as we shall show amongst Oils. Sedes also and other spices, wheroute oil is taken, are stiept in some of the foresaid liquors. It is best according to my judgement to distill all these things, dry things I mean infused and poured into anything in ashes with a soft fire. Of waters of virtues or golden waters, that are wont to be made with saudge & other smelling herbs & spices, set in wine, I will speak within amongst the compounded waters: & of them that are put in burning water, amongst the composed waters of life. It is to be considered also how long they stand to soak in wine: for new things, & they that be thin or open not massy, need les time them dry, gross and thick, & beaten things, them hole: the roots than the sedes & spices: & they again les than the herbs. Read before when we gave rules of the preparation of things to be distilled. The common custom is to destil them almost only dry, set in wine first a few days, as spices & smelling herbs. But all other things also whose smell or taste what manner so ever it be we will have kept in the liquor distilled, they are rightly distilled by soaking in wine, as I taught afore also, whereas I made mention of wormwood water, & of the preservation of the virtues of remedies in the waters distilled. And surely in those which when they are new & abound which much moisture & therefore have the les smell, as gentian, astrantia, the flower deluce, the berries of juniper & other: I would more allow the liquors of drithinges set in wine or other where: but if the things be thin or slendar, or of no savour, or aught to coul & moisten they should be distilled rather new. Sometimes the time of the year causeth a man to take dryethinges because of the lack or scarcity of fresh.  
Gentian water. Take four pounds of the fresh and new roots or rather dry cut in small pieces, of great Gentian or white Gentian, (whose roots are most fat, and being set in wine, they nether corrupt themselves nor suffer the wine to corrupt, as I have tried myself by the space of these two▪ years) set in a couple of great glasses in a stoufnie the furnace, or hang them if you will, the glasses diligently stopped, and put into them pure good wine, so much that the wine be ii fingers above them: & you shall ever put new wine unto them still, till the roots will drink no more, and so the wine being above it a two fingers, as I said, let the glasses stand a month, and at length put them into ii cucurbitas, the wine and the roots distributed together, & destil them in Balneo Mariae, or else in ashes with a soft fire. Of the water of Centory the les and gentian together distilled in wine, read within amongst composed waters.  
juniper berries also dry set in wine, give a very good liquor & swiet smelling: but wormwode (soaked a few days,) giveth a water very effectual and most bitter, and the more if it be distilled in ashes, which both ways I have tried.  
Pelitory other fresh or dry is set in wine or vinegar distilled or vndesti●led▪  
These things also sookte in burning water (as I said) do communicate their strength with it: but I hear it is done much more effectually, if the things be beaten at the beginning and mixed with the lies of wine ready to be distilled (for of these rather than of wine, the men of our country draw Aqua vitae.) So also did one teach me in counsel as a great secret, that wormwood water and other may be best made. I have not tried it yet.  
Water of Roses with dry Roses is so made. Pour water to dry Roses, not more than is sufficient to stiep them in: then put them from thence into glasen cucurbitas or leaden, and distill them by little and little. This water shall be profitable in medicines, and also to garnishing and trimming, or to the smell. There was a certain man put to one pound of dry Roses, ten pound of water and distilled Rose water indifferent good. But this is not done save when a man hath not new to make Rose water of. Bulcasis. If the Roses which we call commonly incarnation Roses, dried & moistened with the vapour of hot water be distilled, they will give good Rose water. Silvius.  
The water of the nux vomica or spueinge nut, or the juice gotten out with fire, is like the water in colour, not in smell or taste: the chiefest remedy against poison, Cardanus in his second book de subtilitate. And a little after. If the poison newly taken remain yet in the stomach, the best kind of remedies be they that provoke much to vomit strongly, milk, lie, oil, the water of the spewing nut, I suppose he meaneth by the juice gotten out by the fire, nothing else but the water distilled thereof. For he nameth water that is like it in colour, not in smell nor taste, which agreeth with distilled waters. But when as the spewing nut every whit is most hard and dry, it appeareth that his shell must be sookt in some liquor as water, wine, vinegar, Aqua vitae. I would soak it rather in vinegar, which by itself resisteth poison, and is good to provoke vomiting.  
Waters distilled of new and fresh plants (saith Brunswick) ought to be preferred, which if they can not be had, either for some other cause or because they be brought out of strange countries only dry, as spicknarde, lavender, stichae, scoenantum, the hard time. etc. Thou shalt distill out of them dry in this manner. In the month of May every year before the sun rise, when it hath not reigned the hole night, & the sky is fair, thou shalt gather dew out of some meadow full of divers kind of herbs and flowers, no watery ground nor wet, nor in a hollow place, but rather upon some hill, if it be possible. Thou mayst gather it thus, draw a fair linen clothe spread abroad upon the grass, till it have drunken much of the dew, then wring it out into some vessel: and draw it again and fill it, ever wring it out again till thou have gathered enough. This dew thou shalt destil thrice in Balneum Mariae, and rectify it also in the sun, (that is in hot sand, for the space of: xl. days) and keep it a year. Then what time of the year so ever thou lakst liquor of dry herbs, do thus. Take as many herbs as thou list dried in the shadow (the leaves being taken away and kept apart by themselves) put them in a glass, and pour upon them thrice so much water of dew: or at three times, so that first thou power on so much, that the herbs be sufficiently overcovered with water: and again twis so much. Then set it in horse dung two or three days, still it, and putrefy it again, so that it be thrys putrefied and distilled by course in order. This water surely shallbe much better, then if a man, as Bulcasis writeth, to one pound of dry roses (or other herbs or flowers) shall put ten pound of common water and distill it by and by. A certain cunning physician writeth that if water be distilled out of dry things after this foresaid manner, sook in dew, not thrice only distilled, but nyn times, it shallbe better water than if it were made of fresh and new things, which have much phlegm in them. The same affirmeth that dew nyn times distilled doth draw out the virtues out of the herbs that be put in it no less than aqua vitae. Hitherto Brunswick.  
And in the dew itself also there is a certain medicinal virtue as Brunswick teacheth in an other place to be in the water thereof distilled. In the falling sickness, if thou make a cake of meal knod with nighterly dew of saint john, and bake it under the ashes, then give it to the sick to eat, they say it will make him hoal. Alexander Benedictus.   

Of quint essence of remedies.  
QVint essence they name to be, the chief and the heavenliest power or virtue in any plant, me tall, beast, or in the parts thereof, which by the force and purity of the hole substance, not by any elimentall or sensible quality (although it be not without qualities) conserveth the good health of man's body, prolongeth a man's youth, differeth age, and putteth away all manner of diseases. Of this first of all men writ Raimundus Lullus, although it were unknown to all the physicians of his time, nether written of in any book, nor tried or gone about in any use. After him followeth besides other johannes de Rupe scissa, (whom one certain man thinks he flourished before Lullus, as I writ afore, I judge they were both in one time) Hieronimus Brunswick, Philippus Vlstadius, and peradventure a few other which writ somewhat of the same. Sum kind thereof is simple, as that most famous quint essence of wine or Aqua vitae, of chelidony or selandyn, of man's blood, of strawberies, of Antimonii. etc. Other are compound that is when certain remedies are put to sum quint essence now perfected, that it may draw out that virtues of them, whereunto gold that may be drunken, aught to be assribed.  
But here springeth a doubt, saith Cardane, whether a man may make the water temperate, which they call quint essence: It willbe, as I shall prove, of the nature of the firmament, that is a most pure & thin substance movable, & which by the moving retaineth a temperate heat, & very much thereof. This thefor is of power to conserve all strengths, & topro long life. For being most subtle, it mixith itself with the first moistur, piercing the massy things, & separateth the excrements, which be contained therein. And because it hath much heat, it expelleth what soever is unclean, and therefore restoreth the natural heat. For age is nothing else then a lessening and diminishing of natural heat, which is therefore diminished, because the moving is hindered: as I said of fire: for there is like reason of this unto that. Moving is hindered, because of the abundance of earthy matter, because the earth only hath very much matter, and is destitute of all moving. Therefore that water being of so temperate a heat, it shall neither vex the heart, nor noisome to the liver: wherefore this only can perform the things that we have spoken. When burning water therefore or Aqua vitae reteininge his purity and subtle matter: by the long motion of circulation, hath put of and rid away his heat and sharpness of taste and smell, it is becomed of the nature of the firmament: and then first of all it smelleth swiet and fragantly. For a fragrant smell is nothing else then a sharp smell when it is moderate. Example of pepper, which hath no fragrante smell. etc. Therefore Aqua vitae, if it come once to a temperateness, the thinness and purity remaining still, it must needs be made fragrant and swiet smelling: and if it be once fragrant, it must necessarily be turned into the nature of the firmament. There is also a water made of the flesh tyrus or an adder, that restoreth youth: there is made olso of Elleborus, which I saw at my fathers. But these vex and unquiet the body, and make deceitful image and likeliness of youth: the firmamental water doth it in deed, which retaineth long that which a man hath and adorneth the same. But is the firmament more pure than the fire which is most hot▪ It is surely so: for it is next unto the heaven, and therefore most light. For by his circulation it moderateth the heat caused in it by the stars: and after the same manner this water, brought to the most purity by the heat of the fire, by motion itself is cooled again and obtaineth a temper. Wherefore both this and the firmament are as it were in a mean between mortal things and immortal. For having a place and temper, and also substance next unto the heaven, it can not be corrupt. But whiles it is constrained and driven beneath, it is couled, and so after a long time it is corrupt. There fore it is in a mean betwixt mortal and immortal▪ (of which kind the stoics believe man's soul to be.) All this writ Cardane.  
The virtue of every thing resteth in the quintessens thereof, hot, cold, moist, and dry. etc., and the same operation it hath, which it had afore in his mixture or with his matter, but much more swiftly, & more merueilouslye many ways. After the distillation upon the lies certain times repeated, letting the water have ever a new digestion, every water ought always to be circulated so long in horse dung or other where, until it have a most swit savour. For such a fragrancy is required in every quintessens. somethings it is sufficient to destil them once or twice, and then circulate them & after a few days, if any part of the earth or lies remain in the boton of the circulating vessel, to put it away pouring it forth. The quintessens of wine will no more burn the mouth, nether is it burning wine any more, but more subtle, and is called heaven: whereunto we say his stars is added, when as herbs of divers qualities, and such as be excellent against divers sicknesses, are soaked & stiept therein, as we shall show hereafter in Aqua vitae compounded. To be solificate or made golden, is when we procure the virtue of the sun, that is, gold to be in it, as it is declared before, in the treatise of potable gold or gold that may be drunk. These things for the most part are out of Lullus book of quintessens.  
The quintessens of any medicine hath a thousand times the greater virtue, than it had before, whiles the thing had yet the element in it. Vlsta.   

How the quintessens of all things may be drawn out, to minister them or the virtue of them, to men's bodies: out of the first book of Lullus, entreating of quintessene.  
THe quintessence of any thing may be drawn out from it, as of wode, fruits, flowers, roots, leaves, sedes, stones, metals, flesh, and of what spices a man will, in this sort.  
any thing that you will separate the quintessence from, you shall put it into the quintessence of wine (pure and perfect as is said before) and you shall set it forth to be solified & sonned in the spring, or else in a vessel to a light fire, and within three hours you shall have the quintessence of the thing mixed with the quintessence of the wine, which shall be converted into such a nature as is of the thing that is put in, whether it be hot or cold, moist or dry, purge or what other condition or smell so ever it be of: and it shall not only have the same operation, but also in the same degree, that is neither more nor les. etc. After this he rehearseth remedies one by one which are hot in the first degree, then in the second, third & fourth: & likewise he maketh tables of cold, moist & dry things. Then he teacheth generally of the degrees of remedies & of the art of mixting the same. Last of all he addeth also tables & rehersals according to the second qualities, as they term them all which we let pass, because we writ unto the learned & physicians, nether is it convenient to confound the parts of sciences one with an other. Then in the second book for every disease (those only that be most grievous and counted commonly almost uncurable) he teacheth what remedies or medicines ought to be mixed with the quintessens. Rogerius Bacho also writ a little book of the qualities & strengths of Aqua vitae, throughout the xii signs according to the diseases from the head to the feet, adding waters and medicines according to the nature of every part and disease, for one, one, for an other, an other. This book some ascribe to Arnold de villa nova.  
John Brasescus a man of our age most exercised in the mysteries of the Art of liquors, as his writings do testify, in a certain dialogue, the spekers whereof be Raymund Lullus and Demogorgon, (which the author set forth in Italian, with an other also upon the exposition of the books of Geber. John Petreius at Norinberg printed them both in Latin without the author's name) affirming that quintessens which serveth for the conserving and lengthening of man's life, is not to be lokt for out of plants, beasts or precious stones, but of only metals: he writeth thus. Raymund. Seing it is necessary that this medicine should be utterly uncorruptible, and in this thing it ought to pass and exceed all things that have any part of the elements in them: it must needs be drawn out of such a matter as is most far from all corruption, and least subject to the same. Demogorgon. Yet thou saidst in the book which thou writ'st of the secrets of nature, that it should be drawn out of red wine, the same confirmeth john de rupa scissa, other suppose it should be made of Celedonie, other would take man's blood. Ray. Thou art not a little deceived, if thou think the writings of philosophers ought to be taken & understanded according to the bare letter, chief in this science, the more clearly & plainly they speak, so much the more darkness have their writings, for they have spoken by similitudes & riddles in the darkest form of speech. Demo. In this thing what similitude have they used? Ray. Senior the philosopher saith this medicine is turned and altered from colour to colour, and from taste to taste, and from nature to nature: and therefore the names thereof are multiplied. Also Minois a philosopher, if a man ask (saith he) why is it made read before it received whit: Answer, that it was twys made black, twys returned into orange colour, and received twys red colour. Seeing now that it receiveth twys red colour, as red wine and man's blood, that is to say, after the putrefaction and in the distillation: therefore the old men speaking by similitudes called it red wine, man's blood, & dragon's blood, and such like, etc. A little after also he putteth those signs and tokens of quintessence now perfect, which Io. de Rupescissa doth: that is, that all men entering into the house may be marnei lously alured unto it set in a corner of the house: & an other. that all birds that perceine that swietnes of savour, may flock together unto it set in the top of a tour: this is expounded allegorically, that by the tour, the furnace set in a corner of the house, may be understanded, in. the which furnace a glass containing the matter to be decocted is put: by them that enter in to this house, and by the birds that fly unto it, may be signified those spirits and vapours which by the virtue of heat are carried upward and ascend aloft by the neck of the vessel or box: which when they are fastened and ascend no more, it is a token (saith he) that their watery moisture is now finished and the matter swietened, and the medicine ended. And in this opinion Rasis also was. Thus saith he.   

❧ Of the drawing out of the quint essence from wine, out of Vlstadius and Raymund Lullus.  
If it be set in the top of a tour, it will allure all kind of birds unto it, that be there about. But if that excellent grace of savour appear not yet, than thou shalt shit it close again in to the Pelecane, & when it is diligently clayed, fet it in again to the circulating distillation, until the perfect quint essence itself appear, or else as Raymundus in his first book the second chapter, calls it quick Mercury. And it hath not only that most excellent savour and taste, but also a certain uncorruptible nature to be occupied about other medicines.  
And surely it hath no brentnes in the mouth as aqua vitae, nether any moisture or phlegm, because all the earthy & elemental matter is settled down to the bottom.   

How qvint essence may be drawn out more easily and with les cost, for poor men's sakes, out of the same.  
PVtt Horse dung A in great & deep vessel B or in a pit made for this purpose: and in midst of the dung set the still, C full until two third parts of the matter to be distilled, so that the third part remain without the dung empty, that the matter may ascend & descend, and so to be turned into clear water. But the dung must be renewed once at the least every wieke. The same may be done in the drose of wines that remain after they be priest in the wine harvest: or else in the dog days with the sun. It is possible also to draw quintessens out of troubled, unclean and corrupt wine, if it be not sour or like Vinegar: For we see even of corrupt wine, if it grew in a good place, although it be troubled and of an ill taste, yet very good Aqua vitae may be distilled thereout.  
After this he addeth the way how to draw out quintessence out of new wine, yet hot in the vessel in harvest, which is done without any harm to the wine, which for shortness sake, and because it is not touched of other authors (as far as I know▪ except peradventure of Lullus) I will let it pass.   

❧ In what places Vlstadius in his heaven, teacheth to draw out divers quint essences.  
HOw the quint essence of wine is drawn forth, wherein gold may be resolved to make potable Gold, or Gold to be drunk xi chapter.  
How the quint essence of honey is drawn forth, which is put into the confection of potable gold xii. chapter.  
Quint essence of Chelidonia. xiii. chapter.  
Ofmans' blood, eggs, flesh. etc. xiiii chapter  
Of apples, pears and other fruits. xv chap.  
Of flowers, herbs, and roots xvi chapter.  
Of antimonium. xvii. chapter.  
And of the same every one thou shalt read in Lullus, in his first book of quint essence.  
Quint essence of wine some call quick Mercury, some heaven, and the key of philosophers, this (as men say) doth extract and draw out within the space of four hours, the virtue and strength of every thing that is stiept therein.  
John Brasescus, by red wine, whereout quintessence should be drawn, supposeth something el●se should be understanded and some metally thing, as we mentioned afore, whereas we entreated generally of quintessence.   

A marvelous water that hath a contrary operation to Aqua vitae which may be called cold quint essence.  
THe flowers of samoncus elder, the flowers of horse houf, which groweth upon waters having great leaves & the flower of giluum (otherwise the flower of nenuphar, which I think to be true, and so doth Rogerius interpretate it) of either of them a pound. Purslan sede, lettuce sede, of either iii pound, (other wise half a pound) of the leaves of salonum nightshade ii sru (otherwise as much of nighteshade as of all tother.) All these must be taken green & distilled vii times & kept diep in the earth in a glass. This water when it waxeth hot in the sun about midday, it will make glasses, or thin wooden vessels, the images or shell of eggs to fly in the air (this place seemeth to be corrupt & depraved, or else the thing to be false.) If a cloth be wet in it & cast into the fire, it will leap out of the fire without harm and what so ever is dippeth in it, it will not suffer the heat of the fire. Nether shall that cloth be hurt by fire that is moistened in this water: If Aqua vitae be sprinkled upon it, & then cast it into the fire, or set it on fire with a candle: it will burn but not consume nor waste, nether leave any sign of burntnes in the cloth. If so be it part of this water, when the sun shineth hot, be put in a dish or bowl, and thrown into their with a strinkle, it will make a great cloud and thick suddenly, and mitigateth the heat of the sun for a great space. It stauncheth the flowers of women: it keepeth a man from sweeting: it stirreth up the appetite: it putteth away the head ache, specially that cometh of a hot cause, or by the heat of the sun. It utterly stauncheth and putteth away clean the Canker. To conclude, it hath many and great virtues: for it is medicinable in hot causes, as Aqua vitae in cold Wherefore the use thereof is good in all agues as well hot as burning agues: in all hot diseases, and grieves of the eyen and head, that cometh of heat: also against the irkesumnes and lothsomeness of the stomach: for the diseases called Lupus, and the fistula, and the pain of the side, & the heat of the privy members through the act of generation, and all diseases about these privy parts, what hot causes so ever they come of. And after the deliverance of women, it is very profitable if a cloth be dipped in it and laid upon the womb or mother, (the privy place) and upon the place where the grief is, if the grief be outward: if it be inward then take some of it and minister it by the way of a glister. If there be any fault in the stomach, take of it morning and evening half an egg shell full▪ If a man's yard be sore within, let thereof be conveyed in by a pipe for that purpose. Against the obstructions and stoppings of the liver & spleen and other diseases of hot causes, wet a linen cloth therein and lay it to the diseased side thrys a day: for it purgeth the blood very greatly. but you must take good heed that the cloth that is moistened therewith roole not upon the stomach, nor cum nigh it.  
A certain water in Raymund Lullus book of waters, seemeth to be of the like operation, which he describeth in this wise. A water compounded according to the contrary of Aqua vitae: Take white Camphora, roses, whit people and black, lettuce, cichory, porsulane, violets, Solanum or night shade, maidenhear, cymbalaris, singrene, vermicularis, rostrum porcinum, cardicellum. The leaves that be to be punned, let them be punned and distilled.   

Of the extracting and drawing forth of all the virtues of Chelidonia or selandine: by the which example, every man of any understanding, may use to draw out the virtues also of other planets.  
BY the quint essence of selandin, joan. Brasescus thinks somewhat else to be allegorically understanded, as I declared before where we entreated of quint essence generally.  
Chelidonia, Selandin (saith Vlst.) hath innumerable virtues: and the quint essence thereof, which we will teach here to get out, goeth to the making of potable gold or gold that may be drunk. Selandine when it is most ripe, take it with the herb, routs and flowers, cut it small & beat it in a mortar, than put it in a cucurbitam or body of a still of earth glazed: when the body is full shit it close, and clay it round about, then set it in now horse dung, for the space of three weeks. After put it in a limbeck and distill it in Balneo Mariae, with a slow fire, and the phlegm shall avoid out of it. Then shall you draw out the dregs, and when they are very fine ground upon a marble stone, put them again in a cucurbita with a blind lymbeck, and let them stand in Balneo Mariae a seven-night, or in horse dung more days. afterward the matter by little and little being couled put on a nosed limbeck, and distill it in ashes, according as in the ten chap. of the separation of oil from the earth, we have spoken: and there shall issue out a clear water containing in itself air and water. Thou shalt separate the water from the air in a new cucurbita by Balneo Mariae, with an easy fire: for the fleam shall ascend and the oil remain, which thou shalt reserve and keep. Then shalt thou grind the dregs again upon a marble stone, and power four parts of the fleam to one of the dregs, mixed them, and incorporate them, and let them stand in Balneo Mariae seven days at the last thou halt distill them in sand with a great fire, and the phlegm shall issue out first, than a radish water, or rather an oil, which is the element of fire, from the which thou shalt separate the phlegm in Balneo Mariae, as is before said. But the dregs that left, which contain nothing else but earth, must be urged with a strong fire and brought unto lime, by the space of ten days. (that is in a furnace of calcination or reverberation, or a very lime kiln, as I have taught in the tenth chap.) Then grind them again upon a marble stone and sook them in the phlegm, and let them be distilled in a limbeck, until you see in the matter little white stones like salt. And this salt must again be dissolved with water, out of which you have distilled it, and after, you shall distill it again, and again so oft, until the earth chance and put away from it all unclean and earthy colour, & be brought to a very white (to the whiteness of wax) and so it shallbe rectified earth. The other elements also ought to be rectified, so that every one be distilled seven times, pouring every time the fleam to the air and fire, and after separating them as is afore said. When as thou wilt do this an easier way, dissolve every element with his own water by equal portions, etc. which I let pas, because they are declared somewhat obscurely. There is also an other way more subtle, to reduce every element to his perfection or quintessence, but it must be presupposed that every element be first justified. Then let it be put in a vessel of circulation in horse dung or in Balneo Mariae. thirty. days, and then distill it again. So shall the very body as a gros matter be changed into spirit or most subtle and pure substance. Sum do it with more ease, taking four parts of earth, and one part of one of the four elements which a man will, and by digesting, after the foresaid manner, and circulating xxx days, they do change any element into quintessence. The matter is judged to be sufficiently circulated, when the quintessence swimmeth above the other matter.  
Of the virtues of every one of the liquors of Selandine. The element of the water is good for all the diseases of the body, both hot & cold. It tempereth also all the veins about the heart, and driveth all ve nom from the heart: it cureth all the diseases that chance unto the lungs. It purgeth the blood, and preserveth a man from all corruption of the natural strength and power. At once, it is good for all sick men in what disease so ever they be.  
The element of air, like unto oil, confirmeth and increaseth the strength and beauty of young persons, if they use it sometimes with meat, for it letteth the blood from corrupting by any means. It burneth up, consumeth and expelleth all salt phlegm: it taketh away melancholy and all brentnesse of choler.  
The element of fire, if so much as a wheat corn in quantity be mixed with the best wine ye can get and poured into a sick man's mouth, yea if he be half dead, it restoreth and refresheth all the strengths of the body: for it pierceth unto the heart, and maketh it warm: and expelleth all poisons and moist superfluities from the heart. Lullus with the quint essence of wine mixeth a little drop of this oil, to restore them that are about to die, and past all hope, in that within the twenty part of an hour.  
Some draw out the quint essence from Selandine an other way and shorter. They cut Selandine together with the rote and flower in small pieces they weigh it, & pouring well water upon it, they seethe it till it be brought to the same weight. Then they pun it in a stone mortar, and when the juice is strained out through a linen cloth and purged from the dregs, they decoct and seethe the resttil it be ad consistenciam mell is as thick as honey. After, they put it in a cucurbita so that it be half full, & by distillation in Balneo Mariae, they gather the water or fieme. Then translating the vessel into ashes, they receive the airy oil, whereupon when they see an other kind of oil swim above (the fire being increased) they set under an other receiving vessel, wherein the element of fire is gathered. Every one of these liquors must be rectified, that it may be meet for the medicines of man's body, that is, by the repeating the distillation vii times: of the water or phlegm in Balneo Mariae, so that at every time the cucurbita be diligently washed, (made clean) from the dregs which remain, which ought to be mixed with the element of th'earth, which remaineth in the bottom of the cucurbita after the distillation of the fiery liquor. Likewise thou shalt rectify their, destilling it in ashes vii times, mixting the dregs with th'earth. Afterward the liquor of fire likewise. The earthy matter, in such manner as is said afore in the other fashion. To these things thus dressed, they attribute the same virtues that we rehearsed afore, to every one of them: which it needeth not to repeat: only those things wherein they differ, we will rehearse. The watery liquor of Selandine putteth away all heats & poisons out of the breast. It is good for the stoppings of the liver and lungs: for it consumeth the superfluous humours & phlegm: Tie conclude, it delivereth a man within the space of ix days, free from all infirmities. The aierye liquor suffereth no black choler, no bitter, nor phlegm in the body to get the moisture. It increaseth blood, & destributeth it into all the parts of the body by his piercing. Wherefore they that use this oil, do let blood the ofter. If a man be in jeopardy ●f losing of an eye, let him drop in a drop or ii thereof every day by the space of thirty. days, & it shall do him merueilus much good. The fiery liquor is much more effectuous than the watery or airy, & helpeth where they fail. It conserveth the youth, it maketh age lively and youthful, it refresheth the heart, & being received with water of a kind of wheat, it is said to be elipir of life. Moreover the earthy matter rectified by dissolutions, coagulations & ielying: calinations & sub till salt of the earth, wherewith all metals may be turned into stone, & all spirits may be fixed: having radicable & natural moisture. It nourisheth leper men. Of this the ancient philosophers made a stone which they called the philosophers stone. The manner to receive the for said liquors within the body is thus. Three drops of the fire of Selandine, iii. spoonful of rose-water, put to it a little spoonful of y● sanguine air (that is the liquor of the air) & give it to be drunken fasting, if the disease be hot, with wine: and if the man be past xxiiii years of age give it him with Aqua vite. In hot agues it ought not to be taken in no wise. All this writeth Vlstadius.  
Of drawing out the four elements from Selaudine and bay leaves, read also Io. Ganivetus book, which is entitled Amicus medicorum, a friend and a lover of physicians. 4. chap. 7,   

How quint essence is drawn out of fruits, as apples, Peres, plums, Cherries, Chestnuts. etc. out of Vlstadius.  
WHen the fri●te is small cut and stamped in a stone mortar, mixed it with the ten part of common salt. Then put it in a cucurbita with a blind limbeck, and set it in horse dung, as is said afore of man's blood. etc.   

Out of Flowers, herbs, and roots.  
GAther the plants, when they be well ripened, in fair weather, in the spring of the moan: and when it is almost at the full, wash them and cut them very lmall: beat them in a mortar of marble with the tenth part of salt, and thou shalt sour them in a circulating vessel or blind limbek, in horse dung for the space of a month. Then shalt thou distill them in a nosed limbeck in Balneo Mariae, increasing the first fire to the third degree. Then take the dregs out of the cucurbita, and grineding them very small pour the distilled water upon them again, and when they are putrefied in dung again as before at the length thou shalt destil them, diminishing the fire by the half degree. Then grind the dregs again. etc. as before, and when thou destillest them again, diminish and lesson the fire, yet also by the half degree. The putrefaction also must always decrease by the half degree: that is to say, like as in the second digestion, it may be putrefied by the space of one and twenty days, in the third xiiii days, in the fourth viii days. When the fourth distillation is done, put it in a circulating vessel (close above and beneath and large, narrow in the midst, with a short bill hollow coming out of the upper part of the nether belly, looking upward) and let it be digested in dung or a bath with a fire of the first degree, or else in y● sun, or in the dros of grapes, by the space of a month. The water shall be so much the more precious, the oftener it is distilled. And so hast y● quint essence: which not withstanding shallbe the more effectual if thou shalt destil the water of the herbs, seeds, or routs: and pour it again upon his own dreges, then digest it by the space of seven days, and afterward distill it by ashes, the very same way as it is said afore of selandin that every element may be had severally, and that rectified.   

Of quint essence of man's blood, eggs, flesh, and honey.  
How quint essence is gotten out of man's blood, eggs, and flesh, read Vlstadi ' the xiiii. chap. They put unto them the tenth part of salt, wherewith they are well mingled, putrefied and distilled and that four times, by course, first the one than the other: and at length they are perfected by long circulation, until they come to the most swietnes of savour, and pure fins of substance: Lullus also in his first book the four chap. mentioneth of quint essence, but the printed books left out that, that salt must be added unto it. It seemeth that salt may rightly be added to the destilling of moist things, specially those that would easily corrupt, such as chief the parts of beasts are.  
A most precious water of Albertus magnus, as I found it in a certain written book. distill the blood of a healthful man, by a glass, as men do rose water. With this, any disease of the body, if it be anointed therewith, is made hole, and all inward diseases by the drinking thereof. A small quantity thereof received, restoreth them that have lost all their strength: it cureth the palsy effectuously, and preserveth the body from all sickness. To be short it healeth all kinds of diseases. All be it I can neither allow the making of medicines for men of man's blood, which although reason and experience would move us unto it, yet religion seemeth to forbid it, namely when there is so many other medicines. etc. Nether yet do I like the preparation of this Albertus water, if it be his, when as he wills it to be distilled only once and simpely. The composition that followeth hath more reason with it, which I found also in the same written book.  
Holy oil or life oil (because it preserveth the life of man) of hew Gordones, wherewith he cured many most grievous diseases: Three pound of read blood of a healthful man or healthful men of xxv or thirty year old, Spermaceti, the marrow of neet of either a pound: Let them be distilled in a lymbeck well clayed and closed, and a water shall issue out first white, the next pale, the third yellow, the fourth read, and somewhat thick. An oil so distilled, when the moon increaseth and decreaseth, therefore they name it holy. If so be it then give a sick man that hath lost both all his strength and speech, three drops with a little wine, he shall both speak by and by and be stronger. If a man every day drink a drop of this oil with a spoonful of win, he shall become lusty in mind and strong in body throughout all his membres, and shall prorogue and put of age very long, and shall be hurt with no poison. It cureth also fistulas, old breaches and temporal biles, if they become somewhat dry before with the washing of wine. Anoint fresh wounds therewith and it healeth them in three days. It cureth the fyges or blains of the fundament without and within.  
It healeth divers diseases, the Leprosy, the Morphew, the Palsy and other, if a man fasting drink a drop of it with white wine. Many boast much of man's blood sublimated, as a certain man Bartholomewe de Montaguana, made at Padua, but surely he was ignorant how to prepare it, which if thou wilt use, make it on this wise.  
Take the blood of sanguine young men using a good diet whiles it is newly let, and let it stand a while, and put away the water that swimmeth above, them with a little salt punned chauf it a good and put it in a vessel well closed and clayed, after set it in horse dung forty days. At the length distill it certain times, ever pouring the water again upon the dregs. At the last thou shalt have a marvelous water, which being mixed with sum zulapio (ielup as we call it) is wonderful profitable to them that have the hectical fever. It shall be the better if after it be distilled you put it to stiep again in horse dung forty days. A man may also mixed other wholesome medicines for the hectical persons, together with the blood. Gnaynerius.  
To draw out the four elements from man's blood, read the book of joh. Genivetus called the friend of physicians. 4. 7.  
Of man's blood distilled simpely, read Brunswick, in the duche book of destillations. He writeth that this water, and the water of man's excrements and ordure, if they be mixed together, will bring to pass certain marvelous things. My heart riseth against such medicines and abhorreth them.  
Io. Bracescus, is of this opinion that the old writers would signify allegorically some other thing, & that of metal, when they speak of man's blood: as I recited before, where I writ of quint essence generally. Vlstadius in the ten chap. of his book called the Heaven of philosophers, where he teacheth how quint essence of wine is made, every element drawn out apart by himself: And this (saith he) which is distilled in the seventh time, is called man's blood, which the destillers, chiefly search, and it is very air. This saith he. In deed the liquor of the air, which in the most part of distilled things is oily, seemeth to be called by the name of man's blood, for as much as our body consisteth of four humours as elements, whereof the blood is compared to air, hot, moist, & somewhat fat●y etc. But John Brasescus, man's blood is a certain metally thing, so called of the colour.  
For the extracting and drawing out of quint essence from honi, which goeth to y● making of potable gold, read Vlstadius the xii chap. and xxii whereas he prescribeth also divers ways to gather three manner of waters, and rehearseth the virtues, whereof he spoke nothing in the xii chap. & declared to get out only two divers waters.   

Of quint essence of metals.  
John Brasescus in the dialog of Raimund and Demogorgon, when he had affirmed that quint essence which is profitable to the preservation and lengethening of man's life, can not be had of any other thing than of metals only, he addeth at length. When as according to the opinion of the ancient philosophers, every metal after their similitude, virtue, name, colour and propriety are comprehended in every metal, as it is plainly declared, in the book of the exposition of Gebrus books: therefore this our medicine also although it be extracted and drawn out of some one metal only, yet nevertheless it shall have the virtue of all metals and plants, and the virtue over the hole body of man to heal many infirmities that be curable. joan de Rupescissa speaking of our radical and natural moisture, and of quint essence under the name of Aqua vitae, would signify the same, for he saith that burning water doth contain in itself the good virtue of all metals, and that it is not the water of the vine, but of life, because it giveth life unto men. He that will know more of this thing and more plainly, let him read the dialogue of the same Brasescus, wherein he expoundeth Gebrus.   

Of the drawing out of quint essence from Antimonia, lead, white lead out of Vlstadius.  
QVint essence of antimonio is thus made. Incorporate and mingle the powder of antimonii most finely beaten, with most sharp vinegar distilled, and let it stand till the vinegar be turned into a very red colour. Then drive the vinegar out, and in a clean vessel put other distilled vinegar upon the antimonium, and set over a little fire till the vinegar be coloured▪ This shall you repeat so oft, till the vinegar will be coloured no more. So much of the vinegar as is coloured, thou shalt distill it in a limbeck in ashes. first the vinegar itself will run out, after this thou shalt see a matter issue forth of a thousand colours, and this is that quint essence which is called of the Philosophers. Philosophers lead, and of some virgins milk (it differeth notwithstanding from it, whereof shall be spoken here after, saith Vlstadius) & it is almost like blessed oil in colour. Put this in a Pelican to be circulated for the space of forty days. It drieth up wounds, and is profitable for all wounds in stead of Balm, for it cureth all wounds easily and quickly: it is marvelous good for all impostumes.  
Yea also quint essence is extracted and drawn out of lead or white lead after the same manner as out of antimonio, pouring distilled vinegar upon it, that the vinegar be over it four fingers deep: after let it be digested in dung, as it is said of quint essence of herbs and flowers. Then let it be distilled and first ye shall see the vinegar itself ascend up: after that a certain liquor like to oil. And this also is called oil of lead or quint essence of lead: and it hath in it a certain swietnesse like▪ as the oil of antimonii. It is good against all burnings with fire and hot water, as also against itches, as ringworms and choleric bladders.  
But a man must noote, that the white lead ought first to be washed often with water of Rooses, dreiving it by a linen cloth. until none of the powder of the white lead remain in it. Then when it is dried, reserve it to your use. So doth Bulcasis & joan of Sanct Amandus upon the Andidotarie of Io. Mesuae, will to be done.  
Of the drawing forth of quint essence out of divers metals, as gold, silver, lead tin, vitriol, or coproos, iron, copper, brimstone, read orpment, yellow ocker, antimonio and marcha●●ta leaden, who so listeth, let him read in Lullius in his book of quint essence.  
The spirit or quint essence of vitriol is commended of certain men against the falling sickness, and Apoplexia or the benumninge of the senses. The spirit of gold against the diseases of the liver. The spirit of virall against the stone of the rains and bledder. But of these and certain other we shall speak hereafter amongst oils of metals and otherwhere.   

Of divers kinds of Aqua vitae composed.  
WAters of life composed are properly called, when as certain medicines are steeped in the veri Aqua vitae and distilled together, improperly when as they are put to after & not distilled together. There be also waters of virtue or golden (as they call them) when as the medicines stieptfirst not in Aqua vitae but in wine, but of which we will write hereafter: & certain of these have many things common with those that we describe here: saving that they are les vehement and les hot and dry.  
Sum sorts of aqua vitae are commanded to be made simpely, putting the medicines into the aqua vitae: other into aqua vitae thrys or four times distilled. Sum there be also to whom a certain time of infusion or digestion is prescribed, as. xiiii days. etc. Sum are put in punned in the beginning▪ other hoal, and broken after a certain days fermentation and stieping. Sum are distilled on lie once: other twice or thrice. And sum only in Balneo Mariae: other in Balneo Mariae once ortwies & thirdly in ashes, as that which Vlsta. describeth xlvi. chap. although there is nothing else done but infusion in wine. In the same author xliiii chap. Aqua vitae is described to be distilled thrice, the first water whereof is called Blessed, the second Aqua vitae, the third, the mother of balm. Again the distillation of certain is repeated twice or thrice, that the water first distilled, be always powered again upon his grounds or dregs, as Vlstad. teacheth in the xlix and lvi chap. Also sum are commanded to be drawn out with a slow fire in Balneo Mariae. Other in the same with a strong fire, as the the water described in Vlstadius. xlvi. chap. Many times in the first distillation, only fresh herbs, and fresh seeds are put with the aqua vitae: and dry swiet smelling things, spices and other, also honey is added after to the water drawn out of the herbs or seeds, and then are they distilled again: afterward amber, mask and camphora put unto it, thirdly, folding the limbeck every foot with moist clothes with the whites of eggs and bran together. Read Vlstad. li. chap. and lvi Concerning the matter, none almost is composed without spices: unto divers also swiet smelling herbs are added: unto some, both the flowers and the sides, sometimes also other distilled waters: Also malmsey, honey, sugar, figes. To conclude, unto some hole pieces of gold: I suppose it to be added in vain except it be quenched in the liquor. But all these things shall appear more plain by examples. Vlstadius described xiiii kinds of aqua vitae composed, which we let pass because of brevity & shortness. We read in Vlsta. the liii chap. of aqua vitae, with spices and honey, etc. to be distilled in Balneo Mariae, and an other likewise, but without honey, the liiii chap.  
Vlstadius describeth a certain marvelous aqua vitae in the lvi chap. First he bids to digest divers fresh and new medicines, in Balneo Mariae. xiii. days, in aqua vitae powered unto them: then to be distilled in ashes with a slow fire. After he addeth spices and other dry things: and bids digest than xiiii. days: and distill them again in Balneo Mariae. Afterward he added camphoram, rhubarb, safron, amber and mosch. If so be it (saith he) thou wilt have the water yet better, put unto it certain precious and costly powders or spices of confections made of amber, made of mosen, made of precious stones. etc. and a few ducats of the finest gold, with half a pound of sugar: and thou shalt digest it three days in warm water of Balneo Mariae, afterward distill it by a filtrum or list of woollen cloth in crooked glazes well clayed, so that the one glass stand higher than the other. And this (saith he) is the most excellent Aqua vitae amongst all other.  
An aqua vitae, which may be a remedy against the most part of diseases, put rosemary, cinnamon, geloflowers, ginger, and maces, and two or three pieces of gold, (which will be never a whit the worse for being thus used) into aqua vitae, four times distilled. Use this water four times distilled, morning and evening before slepee. It driveth away divers kinds of diseases, and restoreth youth.  
What aqua vitae can do, wherein rosemary is steeped, see hereafter where we make mention of oil of rosemary.  
Take three ounces of Dianthos made with sugar, put it in three pounds of wine, three days, or in water of wine, distilled once for old men, (that is, that which cometh forth first, not that which runneth last) moreover let it be distilled by a Filtrum. Sum destil it in a lymbeck, and keep it unto their use. Sum mixed the third part of Rosatae novellae, that they may assuage the heat and dryth of the Dianthos.  
An aqua vitae against pestilence. Take rue, Sage, the flowers of lavendula, maioran, wormwood, rosemary, red roses, blessed thistle, pimpernel, tormentil valerian, the berries of juniper, berries of bay, terrae sigil. (that is ground sill) bull armoniac prepared, of every one two drams. Dictamni, angelica, bistorta the bark of citron, melissa commonly called baulm, zeduaria, inulae came. gentian, rhaponticum or centaury, of every one three drams. Coriander prepared, flowers of borage, buglose, sandali or sanders whit and red, the seed of sorrel, basil, rhubarb, been white and read, the grains of paradisi, pepper, of every one a dram and a half: ginger two drams. Cinnamon, saffron, spices of confections against pestilence, electuarii liberatis, lectuarii of precious stones, diamoschi that is swiet, diacameron diambre, diarhodon abbatis, laetificantis Almansoris, of every one a dram. Calami arom, egloflowers, maces, nutmegs, cubeba rum, cardamomi galangal, agallochi, of every two scrup. The bon of the heart of a hart, spikenard, came phora, of every one half a dram, eight leaves of gold, half a scrup of mosch, chosen treacle four ounces, Mithrida●ii two ounces. Sublimated and rectified wine two quarts. distill them in a limbeck.   

Aqua vite against pestilence, proved and used with great and marvelous success by a certain physician of our time of Solodurn in Helvetia the year of our Lord. 2547. In so much that scarcely every tenth of them that received it, died.  
TAke the best pearls, Hyacinct of the east, mother of pearls, coral white and read, of every one ii ounces, half an ounce of the horn of an unicorn, saffron, myrrh, Boli armon, terrae sigillatae, zedoriae, Venetae, wode of aloes, evory, Mithridatii, treacle of Alexandria, chosen cinnamon been white and red, the bark of a citron and the sedes of every one two ounces, all sorts of sanders, of every one an ounce & a half. The little bones of the heart of a hart xii of them, the kernels of peony, berries of juniper, of either xl Conserve of buglos two. ounces. The roots of tormentil, common dictamni, inulae, astrantia, selandine, common Lybistici, morsus diaboli, ari. Valeriane, that kind of Saxifrage which the Germans call bibinel, angelica, of the roots of every one of these herbs ii ounces. Sage, Scabious, Rew, wild mint, penny royal, the les centauri, wormwood, white Rooses and Red, of every one a handful. Liquors distilled of Rosemary, Gentian, Melissa or balm, Betain wild Roses, sonchoes or cicerbita, called sowthistle, or goose thistle of the Dutch men, or blessed thistle, hyssop, flowers of Burrage, bigger plantain, flower Deluice, of every one .v. ounces. These thus gathered together, take the liquors of them distilled in Balneo Mariae accordingly, and mingle them with the best old Elseter wine, or rather with four pounds of Aqua vitae. vi. times distilled, put them in a strong cucurbita of glass, that will hold four good ale quarts, which thou shalt clay well and let it stand in Balneo Mariae. iiii. days. afterward, than thou shalt burn the hyacinctes, corals, Pearls and mother of pearls into powder, as men do limb, & grind them upon marble diligently, till thou canst feel no roughness in the powder. Put this powder into some vessel, and make it with Rose water into a liquor, & what so ever remaineth sharp or rough, which is not mixed with the water, grind it again, and wash it the second time. A man may resolve the corals into water when they are once pund or ground, setting them in the juice of Berberies, which way is better than the other. After this beat the roots meanly, and likewise the sedes of the juniper and paeony the herbs thou shalt cut. afterward put the herbs, roots, and precious stones moistened and made liquid with the Rose water, into a strong glasen cucurbita, that will hold six great ale quarts, there about I ge vi dutch mooses to be, which I think he meaneth by Mensuras,) and pour upon them the Aqua vitae which is digested with the distilled liquors in Balneo Mariae, and when the cucurbita is defended & closed round about with clay of wisdom, put it into a pit digged in a moist place, as in some cellar under th'earth ii cubit's diep, iiii. cubits or there about wide and long, which thou shalt fill with horse dung and lime strawed and laid by courses, now one lai er of the one, now an other of the other, till it be ii foot above the pit. In the midst hereof thou shalt let the cucurbita stand for a month, then take the dung away by little and little: and the matter which it containeth to be distilled, thou shalt distribute it into vi les cucurbitas, and destil them, in Balneo Mariae, with so slow a fire, that from the falling of one drop, till the falling of an other, thou mayst tell one ii iii four till thou come at ten. For thou must in any wise, take heed that the bath be not to hot, when the distillation is once ended, stur the dregs that be left in every one of the cucurbitas with a stick moderately, and pour the water that is drawn out of them in again, and distill them again with a slow fire as before. When this distillation is once ended, pour out all the dregs, and distribute the liquors, gathered in vi cucurbits, into ii cucurbits, of iii great ale quarts a piece, and distill them in Balneo Marie gentlelye. So hast thou a treasure and an incomparable remedy against the pestilence. The use thereof is both to preserve, and also to cure provoking a sweet after the drinking thereof. So soon as any man perceiveth himself enfected with the pestilence (so that it be within xxiiii. hours that it infecteth him, for after that time there is no hoop or very little of any remedy,) let him drink half an ounce of this liquor, and lying upon a bed covered moderately with clothes, and tarry for sweat: the chamber must be close from any air entering in. Within an hour and a half or there about, the sweat will begin: which a man must suffer and abide three hours at the least, it shall be better if they sleep a little more, or four hours, absteyninge from drink all the while, and wypinge his face every foot with a linen cloth.  
After removing the clothes by little and little, and wiping the body, when the sick is risen, let him eat sodden Barley, or a little meal of Oats broiled, mixed with Vinegar and Rose water or Vinegar only, which shall be mixed always with his meat also for the space of a sennyghte. For his drink he shall take a decoction of Barley with raisins and Licoris, when it is well couled, let him drink as much thereof as he list. Let him abstain from wine iii or four days: after let him put water to his wine. Therefore when he hath taken meat after sweat, let a new bed be prepared for the sick man, or suffer him if he be so disposed, to tarry in a chamber, but without air, for the space of iii or four days. If so be it he perceive yet any inward heat by the means of the sweat, let him drink the liquor distilled of coulinge things, as wild Poppye, Mulberries, or Black berries, Endive and Cikorye, the flowers of sambucus, Eldar, or Acetosa. And if so be it, while he sweteth, the botch called authrax or bubo do rise as it chanceth often times, than thou shalt use these medicines. Cut an Onion on the one side, make it hollow and put treacle into it, tormentil, Dictamni diligently broken and pounded, in equal parts, and put the cap that you cut of the Onion on again, fold it in moist tow, than roost it under the ashes by the space of vi hours, then pun it in a mortar, and wring it through a linen cloth, putting Vinegar made with Roose water unto it.  
then lay the moist cloth to the place, and as oft as it drieth, moisten it again. If a man drink, once a month, half an ounce of this liquor and sweat upon it, he shallbe preserved. It is very good also, if a man hold a drop or two thereof every day in his mouth in the morning.  
Vlstadius in the xlvi chap. describeth an other aqua vitae commended both for the pestilence and for other diseases.  
An aqua vitae or quint essence, whose effect is ready and present against poison, specially lest by the biting or stinging of beasts, described by Matthaeolus Senensis, in his sixth book of his commentaries upon Dioscorides. A pound of our antidotum now described, (the description whereof we let pass for briefness sake: a man may use good treacle in the place of it, or Mithridatum, or an other effectual antidotum) and a pound of syrup of the barks of citron, mixed them with five pounds of aqua vitae so oft distilled, till it come to quint essence, and put them in a cucurbita of glass as big again as the things do occupy, (that is of xiiii pounds,) and when it is well clayed move it moderately & softly so long till the antidotus be holly resolved & mixed with the liquor. So let it stand a month, moving and chafing it in like manner twys a wieke. The month being ended power out softly by little and little the clear water which is ascended above the antidotus which is sattled in the bottom, into an other vessel of glass, and reseruiths very well closed. This liquor is so effectual, which I have proved by innumerable tryales, that if half an ounce thereof be drunken with wine, or with any convenient water distilled, or else alone, it restoreth a man infected with the biting or stinging of any beast although he have lost both his voice and his senses, and calleth him again to the great wondering of all mem. For the most part also the humours now infected are avoided by vomit. The same virtue hath it against poisons which a man hath received in meats or drinks. For the strength of this liquor is so subtle and effectual, that even in a moment and forthwith it peerceth all the veins of the body. It healeth likewise also other many and divers diseases as every leerned physician may consider by himself, chief it resisteth the pestilence, both by preserving and also curing them that be infected. This writeth Mattheolus.  
Aqua vitae for the diseases of the colic. Take a great ale quart of aqua vitae rectified, put therein half an ounce of cinnamon ii or iii nutmegs, cloves. two. scruples, all pund, and let them stand a whole day: when a water is distilled thereof in a limbeck of glass, give the sick man a spoonful thereof. Andro Furnerius.  
Aqua vitae devised by George Alapide. Take cinnamon cubebarum, ginger, nutmegs, cloves, galangal, of every one an ounce, fresh sage four ounces, win that is sublimated six times, made of the best of the wine, not of the lies, as much in weight as all the rest, that is ten ounces. Take so much every day of this water distilled in a lymbeck, as a filbert nut will hold. They say that M. Gallus the physician of the Emperor Charles used this, and lived. Cxxiiii. years.  
A most noble water of virtues, worthy to be preferred before silver and gold, out of a certain written book. Cloves, cinnamon, maces, galangal, zedoaria, bay berries, grains of paradise, of every one half an ounce. Peny royal, sage, hyssop, rue, betyny, ceri folii, camphorae, serpentine or dragons of every one half an ounce: Inniper berries, fennel sede, percely seed, the seed of aquilegiae, withy of the mountains, the flowers of costi, the seed of apii of the herb called paralysis castorei, of every one two drams. distill all these in wine for the space of xiiii days, then dreyn the win out, and grind the spices, then mixed again with wine, and let them stand viii days: then distil them, and at length cast in a few sage leaves fresh.  
They ascribe the same virtues every one unto it which we mentioned before in waters of virtues, and twenty several virtues or there about are ascribe to sum one of them. The conservation of health, the restoring of youth, and other, which also are ascribed for that most part to simple aqua vitae  
A certain kind of aqua vitae is commended in a certain book written against the leper and pestilence: in the composition whereof Fumetetrae, the les nettle, the leaves of bedegnar, let them be steeped in wine in Balneo Mariae, a month: then let them be distilled, casting into them also a dram of gold beaten to powder.  
Afterward put to distilled win decocted and sodden with pepper, that there may be equal portions of both liquors, which joined together, and stieped eight days together in Balneo Mariae, must be distilled again. He willeth a spoonful of this water to be drunk every day for the space of a month, and the leprous places to be anointed therewith. They say it purgeth blood & dissolveth the congealed blood, and changeth the hole temperature of the body: and if a man may believe it, it cureth well nigh all diseases.  
An aqua vitae of a certain practitioner, composed after a singular and excellent preparation, for divers diseases. Take crow foot, ivae moschatae, sage, the tender crope of ebulus, betony, saint john's wort, germander maioram, chamepityos, organy, peniroyal, hyssop, rue, caryophyllatae, gentian, round aristolochia, of every one half a handful. Polypody, squinantum or schoenoanthun, spike, cassiae ligneae, folii, of every one a dram. half a dram of bay berries, two drams of chamaemall. The kernels of peeches, balhamitae, pimpernel, selandin, agrimony, of every one two ounces. Rosemary an ounce. Dictamni, tormentil, scabiosus white, of every one four ounces: an ounce & a half of the great bursied. Anissiede, fenel, serpyllum or savoury, alkekengi, iumper berries, parsley, of every one half an ounce. savin, cresses, of either half a handful. carvi, cumin, water withy, of every one half a dram. Cineris vespertilionis, tamariscus, the rout of the flower deluce with the flowers, of every one half an ounce. Make a powder of all these, which shallbe divided into vi parts, whereof thou shalt put one part in Aqua vitae thrice distilled, and let it stand to sour or to be seasoned a natural day, than destil it, afterward steep an other part of the powder in this distilled water, and destil it likewise. And so forth every one of the other parts when they are all stiepte, distill them likewise, and keep the last liquor. Then take nutmegs, Mace, cardamonium, folium, cinnamon, zedoary, of every one. three ounces. Agallochu, Saunders white and red, of every one two ounces, one ounce of the bones of hearts, hearts, one ounce of old treacle: ginger, amomum, cubebe, and the grains of paradise, Galangal, pepper, of every one four ounces, one ounce or more of chosen Muscke, at the least not les then half an ounce. Pun all these and put them in the foresaid water iii days, than distil them again with a slow fire in Balneo Marie thrice always pouring the water drawn forth upon the dregs. At length add unto this liquor half a pint of most clear oil of Olives, and as much of the best honey clarified, and when they have standed quietly, distill them as afore said. This liquor is good for the headache, falling sickness, frenzy, swindle or turnsicknes, duskishness of the sight, lack of hearing, stuffing of the breast, the disease of the heart, called cardiaca: also against poison gout of the hands or feet, gutta, arthrîtis. It purgeth blood, it taketh away all agues of cold causes: it strengtheneth the stomach. It cureth the col●k, the debility of holding the urine, the obstruction & stopping of the spleen and liver, the swelling and watery dropsy and all diseases bred of cold causes. To conclude it is a most chosen remedy for the conservation of the body. They give men to drink there of half a philberd full in a cup of pure white wine.  
An other. A pound of clarified honey: half a pound of Aqua vitae, three ounces of ligni aloes. two. ounces of gum Arabic, Nutmegs, Galengal, cubebae, cinnamon, mastic, cloves, spicknard, musk, of every one iii drams, two. drams of amber: beat all these together, & when they are mixed with the moistures, destil them. This water helpeth the stinking breath, maketh the teeth white: it cureth the deafness and tinean capitis: it healeth all wounds, if you dip a linen cloth therein & lay it upon the wound. To conclude it conserveth youth & revoketh the beauty lost.  
A water of great virtue in the palsy, which a certain friend let me have the knowledge of, as a thing known by trials and proof. Cloves, galangall, zedoaria, nutmegs, both kinds of pepper, iumper berries and bay berries, the bark of the Citron and arantii, white ginger, sage leaves, basil, rosmary, maioram, mint, penny royal, gentian, the flowers of sambucus, red Roses and white, spick, lignum aloes, cardamomum, cubebae, calamus aromaticus, stichas Arabica, germander, chamaepytis, maces, Mercury, the seed of mugwort or motherwort, carikes passulae, dates without the stones, almonds swiet and sour, pinapples, of every one a dram both the kinds of camfrey, tasil, been white & red, of every one ii drams, Scolopendra a dram & a half, half a dram of Laureola, v. drans of whit honey iii pounds of treacle, sugar, Mithridatum, of either four ounces Six pounds of Aqua vitae distilled iiii. times. Let them be distilled in a double vessel, with a slow and continual fire, till the colour be changed, them change the receiver, and do that thrice.   

Two compositions of Aqua vite out of the book of Raimundus Lullus, of waters.  
IN the composed waters of life following, although Raymundus do not express whether wine or burning water ought to be put to the medicines, that they mai be distilled together, yet we have thought good to rehearse them in this place, because Raimundus seemeth utterly to will these medicines to be distilled in burning water, them in wine, as one that alloweth every where the more perfect liquors & the oftest distilled. Take the roots of fennel, rusci, maidenheare, sperage, Rapes, parsellye, eryngii, mill of the sun, scariolae, of every one like much mixed them and distill them with a slow fire. (It appeareth that this liquor is good to provoke urine, and against the stone.) An other.  
Take cloves, Nutmegs, mastic, doronicum, zedoaria, galingal, long pepper, the bark of citron, sage sambucus that is elder (peradventure it should be samsuchus, that is Maioram) dill, spikenard. Wood of Aloes, cubebe, cardamonuum, Lavendula, Mint Peniroyal, organy, calamus aromaticus, both kinds of sticas, germander, chamepytis, of every one like much, and a little musk. Pun them and destil them. The virtues be all one with simple Aquavite, but far more effectual. Or the same that are attributed before to other waters of life composed of many medicines. Then followeth a water composed of many cold medicines, not in his place (as it seemeth) which I made mention of before in the cold quint essence. Afterward is placed a most perfect Aqua vite (as he calleth it, that is, because it is composed of very many things, and that most hot.) Take Euphorbium, Serapinun, opopanax, pyretrum, Capers, squinanthum, spodium, bdellium, long pepper, and white or black, cubebe, castoreum, zedoaria, of every one equal portions, to the which thou shalt put good Mastic, and a little Amber, Saffron, and of the bone of a hearts heart. Also take all the things aforesaid in the composed waters, and let them be distilled with a slow fire. For it is a marvelous water, & the mother and chief of all medicines, whose virtues are marvelous and innumerable against all cold diseases. It is made in this wise. etc. he describeth straight way the manner of destilling biserpentins (as they call them) he addeth also other things which all do agree with the simple Aqua vite, in so much that I suppose the book to be corrupted by the fault of the Printer.   

What medicines be mixed with Aqua vitae, without any distillation, first within the body, then without.  
MAny times instruments, time or cost faileth a man, that those medicines, whose strength he would have in his aqua vitae (as though it were by a certain metempsy chosin, that is a transposinge of the souls or principal virtues) he can not mixed them with it by destilation, which only way is the chief and best of all other to mixed things together, for both by digestion, as though it were a preparation in a moderate heat, first one mixture is made, then in distillation twice as much, first of the vapours by the least and most pure parts of the spirits, then by drops when they gather together into water: but circulation is it that bringeth a perfectness and absolutnes to all mixtures: and without doubt, no mixtur that men devise or invent, can more properly and nigh imitate the natural mixture: which is plain by this argument taken of the end and effect: for things prepared in this wise and mixed, do les corrupt than by any other means, and having gotten a certain most simple and most pure substance that they seem to the sense, to be simple, and of an airy or a fit substance, they attain unto a certain incorruption as nigh as may be. This is evident, look how much any thing shall have the parts whereof it consisteth les exactly and thoroughly mixed, so much the nearer it is to corruption: which first and chief in those bodies that are called met●ora, that is things bred on hy in the firmament, moreover in many other things mixed either by nature or by art, is easy to be understanded. But for so much as in so divers states of men, sum for one hindrance, sum for an other, they can not always follow that which is best, if quint essence can not be made, at the least the second or the third, or as many as may be: let the destillations be repeated with a slow fire. for any mixture is done better by little and little, and slowly, then suddenly and violently. And if a man can not distill together with the aqua vitae, the medicines whose strength he desireth to mixed with it: yet at the least wise let them be broken and stiept a while in it: for it draweth unto it the virtues of all things that are put in it. There is a book of Arnoldes de villa nova, or rather of Rogerius, which I have written, where in is declared particularly, to what diseases and sicknesses, what medicines ought to be put to sook into aqua vitae, for every part of the body, which he doth attribute to the twelve signs of the zodiac.  
It is well known in many ages hitherto, that gentian is the best preservative against certain most grievous diseases and poisons: but sum use to power the powder of the same with burning water, as much more effectual, into the throotes of beasts, whom they know or think to be hurt with poison in their meet or drink, or else by biting or stinging: and if gentian can not be gotten, the burning water by itself. To the remedy of certain sicknesses of man, specially of the bulk or breast apomeli may be put. for both certain men count it otherwise for dainty, to have apomeli mixed with burning water, & also a toost of breed mixed therewith, many take for a breekfast. A man may also against divers sicknessess, give men to drink the water of gentian artificially distilled with win, mixed after with apomeli or swiet hippocras.  
Wormwood win most excellent, sum make on this wise, they power to the leaves of wormwood, specially when it is dried, the best burning water and so much malmsey. Of this they take a little spoonful and mixed with a little draft of win, & so give it to drink. So is it made by and by and effectually, and is long preserved. I myself gave it once to drink for the colic, and had good success. The same means a man may use also in other as well herbs as spices. etc. For both the virtue is drawn out so in a short space and the drink is also the more pleasant, and besides that it may be kept long enough.  
Grien aqua vitae, Take Melissa called baulm, & balsamita dried both in the shadow, of the first iii ounces, of the other two ounces, put them into four pounds of aqua vitae distilled four times in Balneo Mariae eight days: then use it, either alone or mixting with it other kinds of aqua vitae composed to comfort the stomach.  
The herbs must be dried in the shade, that the colour may be made grien and most beautiful. For if a man dry them in the sun, the water shall prove dark as the juice of any other herb. Vlstad. lvi. chap. A man may also die it with other colours, which may increase both the grace of the colour and the strength of the medicine, as with saffron, with red or yellow parsnipes dried. Sum put to it in summer black sour cherries, whereby also the taste is made more pleasant, and the heat is les (peradventure moor) assuaged.  
Sum put into burning water, mint cut & beaten, and set it in the sun four days or five, then sigh it and set it in the sun again. With this they wiet the tip of their noos, against corrupt and pestilent air.  

¶ Hereafter will I put the use of burning water, with other medicines without the body.  
Many mixed a little burning water with hoot oynmentes, as Martiatum, Arragon, dialthaea, at such time as they should use them, and will them so to be anointed upon the griefs.  
A water that nourisheth and restoreth the heat of the brain, wherewith the head is to be rubbed. Two ounces of aqua vite, Moschocarium, Cloves maioram, cubebe, long pepper, of every one half a dram. When they are pound mixed them, and rub them upon the head a certain space. Sum put to it a scruple of euphorbium, Epiphanius a practitioner: other put to other smelling and hoot things, as sage six uncees: rue, ginger, grains of paradies, cinnamon, flowers ot rosemary, the bark of a citron of every one half an ounce: an ounce of oil de bay: a dram of spick: a dram and a half of castoreum. And in a distilled liquor they hang mosch & amber of either of them a grain. This they say is good to anoint the head, and also with the smell it putteth away the palsy, and apoplexia.  
A marvelous water of the same man's, for the impostumes or botches of the privy members. Three yolks of eggs hard roasted and cut small, pun them in a mortar, pour in to them ten ounces of Aqua vitae, with a scruple of Alum ii drams of Camphora, and a half of rust, all pund together when they are stiept a while, strain them with strength through a linen cloth, wet a linen cloth in this liquor and lay it upon the swelling iii or four times a day, thou shalt marvel at the working of it.    

A water to wash the parts taken with the Palsy.  
MYrrha, aloes, laudanum, right turpentin, castoreum, of every one ii drams: zedoria, galangal, cubaebae, Nutmegs, long pepper, pyretrum, of every one iii drams. The little white Dasy with the red tops, iva, Arthritica, stichas, Arabica, sage, Maioram, mint, penny royal, the les Centaurye, Roosemarye, of enerye one half an ounce, when they are all pounded, pour them into xii pounds of distilled Aqua vitae. three days. As I found in a certain written book: but peradventure there is to much Aqua vitae. For to every pound thereof, vi. drams only (with a scruple peradventure) of the species are put.  
In the disease called the French pocks, sometimes the jaws and throat are eaten with evil destillations, which unless a man find remedy for, oftentimes the gargil is wasted, oftentimes the corruption passeth to the very bones. Therefore a man must purge them, and turn them aside. etc. There is a marvelous water made for the same purpose. They distill treacle in Aqua vitae and vinegar in a limbeck a most clear water issueth out of many virtues, but chief it helpeth where the strength of the medicine ought to be conducted somewhat diep, if therefore thou dissolve in it bull armoniak or sphragida, and touch the parts that be freten, thou shalt both kill the cause of that contagion, & heal all the fretting, Fracastorius, in his iii book of contagions.   

Of distilled waters composed, but with other, then with Aqua vitae.  
such waters as are distilled of two or mooe medicines mixed together, I call them composed. Of this sort some are used for medicine, some for smelling, some are invented for garnishing, trimming and decking. There be some that will do two of these or all. notwithstanding we will refer every one to one kind, that is, wherein it excelleth most. Again, of them that be used in medicine, some are received into the body, other some are ministered only without other some both ways. We will make only two Chapters, for all though some be used both ways, yet they are moor used other within and without. Again, of them that be received into the body, some are more simple, which we shall first describe: secundarilye those that be composed of more. Of the kinds of Aqua vitae composed, where the spices are soaked in pure and only Aqua vitae, we have written severally by themselves. Hear will we put the other (as I said,) and those which they call waters of caponum, and one with certain medicines put into swine's blood.  
To be soaked in wine and after to be distilled, it seemeth to be ordained, chiefly for those herbs and medicines, which have little juice of themselves, as Sage, Betanye, Melissa called Balm, Wormewode. etc. which more over by that means, do retain more firmly their own savour, the wine drawing it and drinking it up, that it can not dispersed for the thinness, we shall speak hear of certain things to be steeped in wine, but while they be new, for we have entreated of four dry things steeped in wine other liquor, and so distilled.  
Betany, commonly called betany, and in dutch eerenbreyʒ, is stiept in wine a few days, & likewise melissa. They shall have the same virtues & strengths, but more effectually and more subtle, than the herbs by themselves alone.  
Melissa, that is citraria (saith Lullus) let it be put in wine to be distilled. Let a man drink a spoonful of this wine fasting. It sharpeneth the understanding and the wit, increaseth the memory. To a man that stutteth▪ lay a linen cloth wet in this wine upon his tongue and he shall speak right, except he stut by nature. He that is sick of the palsy, let him drink it fasting with a little treacle and he shall be cured perfectly. It cureth the stinking breath, and putteth away touth ache. Flesh or fish laid therein corrupt not, and may be kept as long as a man will. Being put into turned wine, it restoreth it. It breaketh the stone It provoketh urine and women's flowers. It is good against the fretting of the guts, and pain of the reins. It ought to be drunken against kernels under the chin, and a plaster to be made of the herb. If it be drunken fasting, it breaketh all inward and hid impostumes. It healeth all stitches, which tend toward the heart or sides. It is repugnant against all kinds of worms with in the body. It taketh away all corruption of the body quick or dead. It healeth all that it toucheth, and preserveth it in good health, & in good quart▪ It cheereth the spirits, it is good for all the members and healeth the kinds of cold drops. Above all things it comforteth the sinews. It is most profitable against scabbedness coming of could. It sharpeneth the sight of him that drinketh it. It taketh away duskishness, tears of and superfluous humours of the eyes. It is wholesome for the breast, profitable for concoction against evil humours that letteth it. Drunken with good wine, it stireth the appetite. It putteth away spots and frakenes of the face that is washed therewith, if so be it a little baulm be put to it & then the face washed tnerwith, it maketh also good colour. It healeth the jaw bones. The smell of it killeth all gnates and worms. It cureth the dropsy coming of a could cause: and superfluous choler with drinking and washing. All manner of wounds may be washed well with it, and so they shall be preserved from all putrefying. It healeth all kinds of agues, but most of all, quartaines. The drinking of this wine letteth the disease of saint Lazarus from increasing. It is good also for them whose brain is perished, and for the frantic. Also if a man eat a spider by chance, and drink this wine stregthway upon it, he can not be hurt of the poison. These writeth Lullus. Melissa beaten is stieptin wine a night. Men say this water distilled and drunken every day and holden in the mouth, it cureth the benumbing of the senses: all so the falling sickness, the dropsy, the quartain ague, and other divers diseases of black choler or phlegm. It is ministered also to the strangleng of the womb, and tooth ache, Remaclus. F.  
A water of the les centaury, worthy to be compa red unto gold.  
Take one part of gentian, two parts of centaury: when they are pund and sookt in wine five days distill them. This water drunk morning and evening preserveth the body from all kinds of diseases. It putteth away all impostumes: it maketh good colour: It resisteth the pestilence, it healeth the sick of the phthisik, it avoideth the stuffed stomach: it breaketh the stone in the reins, it separateth and putteth away the watery humours of the spleen: it helpeth forward the flowers, if it be drunken nine days together in the morning, and purgeth the belly. Also it purgeth all choler and corrupt blood. It healeth all wounds within the belly: it cleareth the sight: it cureth poisoned bitings: to the healing of wounds, the powder of centaury also aught to be put unto them. Lullius in his book of waters. Certain at this day stiep dry routs of gentian in win, & destil a most effecual water thereout.  
The sage and penroyall of either like much, & when they are beaten in a mortar distill them. This water heeteth a man that is overmuch cold. When it is sudden with castorium, as oft as a man drinks it, so many days it prolongeth his life until the time ordained of God. Nether is it possible for any man to be so greatly couled, but if he drink it with castorium nyn days, he shallbe perfectly made hole. Drunken fasting, it removeth the disease of the belly, & all gutta, & scabbidnes, it maketh good blood & the best colour in the face: It is profitable to many other things drunk iii a day. Aegidius.  
A water of juniper berries stiept in win whiles they be new, is distilled. I soockt dry berries in wine, whereupon I had very good and swiet liquor when they were distilled.  
The routs of the flower deluce beaten, are stiept in whit wine ii or iii days, and then distilled.  
But the routs of any herb a man will, which are used in physic or may be used: if they be cut small and stiept a certain days in wine, they yield a water of the same virtue & force, but more pure and subtle, etc. A man must put les wine to new routs then to dry: and peraventur, les also to them which ought to refrigerat and cowl, or else moderately to heat: wherefore we shall distill the same rather new and fresh, then dried, to th'intent they may need the les wine: or else if new can not be gotten, we shall stiep the dried rather in water, or in sum other convenient liquor, sometimes vinegar, specially if it be to be used without the body.  
Gualterus Riffius rehearseth the routs that be stiept in wine to be distilled, as hereafter followeth. Garlic, Angelica (which sum think to be our Alexander's) that is sown, and the other that is called water angelica, arum, hollow aristolochia, as they call it communly in Germany, asarun or asarabaccha, bistorta, bryonia, carlina, dragon's, eryngium, hibiscus, hirundinaria, flower deluce, inula, sorrel, Lilies, Meu or yellow caret, Peony, Parsnippes', Petasita, Pencedanum, Pimpernel, or rater Saxifrage, Polygonaton, Pyretrun, common radish & wild rapes, rubia or rubea, satyricum, Scrofularia the bigger, Symphytum the bigger, Valerian. Here whiles he asscribeth to every one his virtues, he makes a hole book. When as notwithstanding he brings none other virtues than such as be attributed to the medicines themselves alone, and that before distillation, which if he had touched with one word at the beginning, it had been sufficient. And truly I marvel, seeing he writ forth his books with such earnestness, and endeavoured by all means, to augment his things unto a huge greatness, why he left out other many routs, yea rather why he rehearsed not all that be in any use of physic, every one with his virtues repeated: and that he did it not, I suppose he lacked no will, but remembrance hindered with haste.  
The wild radish, which communly they call the byggar, cut small and stiept in wine a certain days, I would think it would give an effectual stilled liquor. for it will lose easily his biting tartness and leave it of in the liquors wherein it is stiept in so much that even certain swiet routs as Parsnipes soaked together with them in vinegar, becum more tart, & the slices of Radish leave their tartness. Against the stone, it may be stiept in vinegar, together with the rout of percely, and anise sede. etc. and to be distilled in ashes.  
The rout of Pyretrum fresh (or also dry) beaten and stiept in wine is distilled, or also for tooth ache and to cause one vomit up phlegm, in vinegar other new or distilled, as Riffius teacheth.  
A profitable water against rottenness of the teeth. Mixed the roots of Pyretrum beaten small, with the best wine ye may get, and make a mixture that may be like to Aqua vitae composed. When ye will use it, taste a spoonful (hold it in your mouth) in the morning or when ye will, for ye shall perceive remeady shortly. It healeth week teeth, corrupted, hollow: it purgeth also and cleareth them. It is good also for the putting away of all kind of rottenness or uncleanness, & to avoid it by spitting: one nameless.  
A water against the falling sickness, whereof two. or iii spoonful ought to be given in the very fit, communicated unto me very lately of a friend. The water of Angelica which a man mai stiep first in good wine a iii days, and the water of Lavendula, in equal portions, mixed them and give unto the patient.  
Of wine and milk distilled together, it is written before amongst the simple waters of beasts.   

Certain composed waters, to be distilled other of the medicines by themselves, or with well spring water: out of the treatise of Rogerius. 4. cha. 6.  
A Water drawn out of the leaves of hisop, levisticus, savoury, Horhound, inula, the flowers of flower deluce, and that trifolium which beareth many flowers, about the bigness of a gall nut, whose flowers if they be sucked, they give a swiet juice. It dissolveth phlegmatic humours of the breast or chest, it fineth the spittle, furthers it, and breaks it.  
A water distilled of gum Arabeck, white tragacanthum, lycoris, violets, Malowes, put in water and then distilled. It represseth the heat of the breast, and correcteth the dryness.  
A water of Plantain, quinqueruia, tormentil and Roofs, if it be drouncke with hot wine, it closeth the wounds of the breast of a hot cause, and altereth any hot distemperance.  
A water drawn out of the leaves or flowers of white or black jacea, Verbafcum, Roses, savin the houked burr, it amendeth the cold imtemperature of the cheaste, and consumeth the phlegmatic humours, and the wounds of the cheaste coming of a cold cause, it healeth them and closeth them.  
A water distilled of Mint, Betain, Melissa, Balsamita, savoury, Sage, Serpillum, Polium Peny royal, hasta regia, of the leaves of every one: it healeth the infirmities of the head and stomach coming of a cold cause, it stauncheth the flux of the belly, coming of the same cause, it helpeth concoction.  
A water of the flowers of Violets and mallows altereth and looseth.   

Of waters of virtues or golden waters and certain other composed of many medicines, distilled with wine.  
Waters' of virtues, which the Germans name golden, all are distilled with spices and odoriferous herbs (specially sage, which seemeth to be a foundation in these waters composed) put first a few days into wine: & they are in more use to be ministered without, then received within the body, specially to the comforting of the spirits with their odour, and against the head aches. etc. Some bid simplely put them in wine: other in a vessel well stopped (some in a tin bottle) set in a wine seller, in horse dung, in Balneo Mariae, in the sun, in chaff or chopped straw in lime whereunto rain water must be sprinkled in a bottle.  
Waters of virtue. Guatlerius Ryffius in his book of destillations, describeth very many with burning water composed, but very few with spices and other medicines steeped in wine, which not with standing they seem to be preferred, where the diseases be less grievous, and the bodies more dry, and niede less heat. They are also made with less cost and sooner.  
And a man may in these also gather four kinds of waters differing in virtue, of the which I would most chief allow the middle. For this is truth, Aqua vitae cometh out out more pure at the beginning of the distillation, about the last end, it runneth somewhat watery. Of spices and gums, the parts that are more moistened ascend first, the hotter and the drier follow, which even the colour coming nigh more and more unto red declareth. Moreover they smell of brentnes, and in taste they are les swiet & pleasant. But without the body they are ministered effectually. etc. But a iii kinds of water is gathered better of dry spices and medicines only rectified, not in wine, but burning water which hath no manner of phlegm more, in the which likewise, I would choose the midst.  
With waters of virtues, some also mixed well smelling sedes, provoking urine, and fenel, violets parsley, saxifrage, mastic, pomum arantium: besides spices and odoriferous herbs, sage, costum, rue sothernwod, serpillum, the lily of the valley. This is ascribe to one Arnold à Parisian.  
There is without all doubt a diversity both in the kinds of spices, and also in the number and weight. Some unto divers spices, as cloves, nutmegs, cinnamon of every one half an ounce: (whereunto other ad zedoaria, galingal, long Pepper, grains of paradise, of every one ii drams) put as much sage, and Lavendula, that the weight of them jointly may counterpoys the weight of the spices. etc. Three or four drops of this water, they counsel to mixed with the wine that men drink at meeles, or else morning and evening to be drunk severally with a little wine.  
This water cleareth the sight (as they say) confirmeth the brain and goodness of the wit: putteth away palsy: maketh the face whit and bright, cleanseth the skin: and doth many other things.  
Sum in the month of May or June, when sage and lavender be in their force, take half of this (sir ounces) of the oath other twice as much, & cut it small. They put to it Cloves, Ginger, nutmeg, mace, grains of paradies, cinnamon, zedoaria, galangal, rosemary, of every one half an ounce, they beet them and when they are put in wine, they distill them. This water (they say) is better at the iii years end then at the first. It hath all the same virtues which we rehearseth before one by one, to the number of the twenty in an other water of virtues. They say a certain jew was the author of this description, who attributeth all these virtues unto it.  
A marvelous water and of much virtue. Cariophyllata, ginger, rosemary in equal portions, put them in good wine eight days and after distill them as aqua vitae. It is good for the aching of the breast, for a weak stomach, for the griefs and gnawings of the belly. It killeth worms in the body and bowels. If a man that is somewhat gros, desireth to be made, slender, let him drink this: & if any lean man desire to be in better plight, let him drink it with sugar.  
A water of virtues. Sage, Lavender, rosemary, carvi, and divers spices, when they are cut or pund, thou shalt stiep them in very good wine, put in a bottle of tin, which thou shalt hid all over it unslect limb xiii days and sprinkle upon the limb rain water, afterward thou shalt distill it like rose water. In the heed ache, thou shalt lay a linen cloth wet in this water, to the brows and forehead.  
another good and notable water. Sage a pound and a half nutmegs, ginger, cloves, grains of paradies, cinnamon, of every one an ounce & a half, let them be putrefied in most excellent win, after the accustomed manner. Then let the spices be beaten, and then destilled whole together.  
Sum ad moreover, the flowers of borage, red roses, the bark df citron, wooed of aloes, of every one half an ounce, & in the best win (whose weight shallbe six tunes as much as the other) let them be sookt xiii days, then when the wine is drained out, they beat the spices diligently in a stone mortar, and mixed it again with the wine, and they either distill it by and by, or let it stand yet a few days. Other put also half an ounce of new and fresh sage, I like better dry, into the vessel that received the distilled water. these virtues are said to be in it, first. It keepeth all kind of flesh, fish and other meats, that it is sprinkled upon, sound and swiet from all manner of corruption, with his own savour and taste ii It amendeth all faults in wines, as when they be troubled, are hanging, or smell foysty, or be otherwise corrupted, if a little of it be dropped into it. By this means they recover their taste and colour, sum within seven days other within one: neither corrupt they afterward any more, nor yet is the remedy any thing perceived iii Being sprinkled upon spices, it conserveth their force & smell four It breeketh inward impostumes, & purgeth them downward before they come to matter .v. Likewise outward impostumes if it be anointed upon them, it openeth and breeketh them, maketh them to run out and at length healeth them vi It cureth the blemishes or faults of the eyes, as blerednes both running and dry, and weals & spots, or whit skines or the web, if it be stilled and dropped in moderately with a feather vii What so ever groweth in the face besides nature, and maketh any suspicion of the beginning of the leper, anoint it with this water with a feather it is made hole viii Being drunk it cureth all inward diseases ix Also the faults of the liver, splen, bowels, belly. It taketh away all ill humours bred of rawness in the stomach ten It separateth quick silver from true silver xi It healeth all manner of wounds thoroughly that it is anointed upon, also dry strokes, & beatings, & the smellinges that come thereupon xii It driveth away the dropsy being drunk & anointed upon the grief: also the yellow jaundice xiii Being anointed upon the brain pan, it remedieth the distillation springing of the reum of the brain: being anointed & drunk, it taketh away the griefs & aches of the heed xiiii It redresseth the the things amiss in the mouth, if a mancan hold it in his mouth on the night xu It helpeth the il smell & stink of the noos, & the reum if a man hold it a while in his noos xvi It helpeth the diseases of the teeth xvii It cureth the maladies of the heart and breast when it is drier or moister than it should be, or is sick with the cough or short fetching of breath. etc. xviii It increaseth the memory, and taketh away forgetfulness in a man, that receiveth oftentimes by times, no, but one drop thereof xix Scuruines, skailes, scabbedness, biles, weals, and what soever uncleanness else vexeth the skin, or else the inward parts of the body, it putteth it away, and driveth out poison being anointed and drunken twenty Being anointed upon the face, any wise it conserveth moderately the colour and brighthnes of youth, that a man of four score years old shall scars seem above. 30 xxi It turneth away all leprosy that is a brieding. these I had out of a certain written book in the douch tongue, the author whereof was not named. It maketh a man merry & assuageth angar: it is also commended against the pestilence. The same and like affects are attributed of other, to other waters of virtues also: or rather to divers kinds of aqua vitae composed, which are distilled of spices and odoriferous herbs, etc.▪ stieped in burning water of the best, yea and almost unto simple aqua vitae.  
another water of virtues. Ten ounces of sage noble the flowers of lavender ii ounces, rue, ginger, cloves, grains of paradies, nutmegs. of every one an ounce: half an ounce of cinnamon. galangal, long pepper, of either of them ii drams. Spike, Citrium, castorium, wode of Aloes, grains of paradise, of every one a dram. when all these are beaten together, let them be kept in a tinnen vessel with a pound of oil of Laurel, an ale quart and a half of good wine ix days or xiii and in the mean seson let them be iii or four tunes chafed and mixed together: at the length distill them. Other put to it not oil of Laurel, but an ounce of the berries of Laurel, and as much Rew, and a dram of maces. They attribute unto it the same virtues every one which we ascribed to the next going before, about xx. Some prepare the same or one like, not with wine, but with burning water.  
A certain Aqua vitae, such as is made at Constantinople in the Emperors court, as the same written book hath. Cloves, Nutmegs, ginger, Coriander, galangal, long pepper, iumper berries Arantia, Sage, Basilicus, Roosemary, Amaracus, Mint, Lettuce, bay leaves, penny royal, Gentian, the flowers of Sambucus or elder, white Rooses, spikenard, wooed of Aloes, cardomum, Mugwort, of every like much. A pomegranate ii figs, Passul●●, almonds, dates, of every one a little. When these are pund, mixed a part of honey and sugar. Steep them all in good wine .v. days, & destil them. That is the best liquor that runs out first, the next is weker, the 3. wekest. That which remaineth in the bottō●●ke to on ointment, is profitable to many cold diseases. The first liquor is good for all blemishes & spots of the eyes, redness or blood (congealed). It confirmeth the stomach, cheereth the mind, remedieth the disease called gutta, the drop, the ague, the cough, the womb, and the worms in the head, to conclude it maketh good colour.  
Vlstadius describeth certain waters of life, the most of them composed with burning water, three with wine, in the chapters xlvi xlix. and lu  
Peter Andrew, Matthaeolus Senensis, teacheth to cure the french disease that is sanguine and choleric, and but newly gotten, with water which he calleth philosophical (the lxx leaf of the book in time passed printed at Basil) composed of divers medicines, juices, syrups, and wine, for the space of viii days stiept together) & distilled in a vessel of glass in a bath of hot water, wherewith a quamntity of sand is mixed together. He receiveth ii manner of waters, the first clear, the second more red▪ Afterward, for the phlegmatic or melancholy disease of France, he putteth an other composition likewise to be distilled. If so be it saith he, thou desire a more effectual remedy against melan choly thou mayst add unto it iii or. iiii: snakes, long once, black once, slain, and the bowels taken out, well chafed both with a good deal of salt a good space and also with vinegar, that they may melt together, for this is most chief profitable, not only to the french disease, but to the leper and many other diseases, which at this present we thought good to omit. But the composition of this water & the use who so listeth shall read in the author himself. He saith he hath cured certain himself at the tenth time drinking of it, other in longer space, in whom the disease was more grievous.  
Io. Almenar, in the four chapter of his book of the way to cure the french pocks: When the humours (saith he) are once evacuated and purged, a man must procure an alteration of the members: for the which intent, let a bath or a stouf be made with swiet water, wherein must be boiled Mallows, Bismalua, Melilot, Chamaemel, Roses, Sorrel, Fumaria, the third day after the purgation. And when the sick beginneth to sweat, let him take this water hereafter described. ℞. the roots of great Malowes or holy Hokes, Fumiterrae, Sorrel, Inula, of every one of them half a pound: when they are cut small, put them in four pounds of Malmsey a day and a night: them put to it an ounce and a half of treacle ten year old or more. Let them take iii ounces of this water distilled, with two. ounces of Buglos in the beginning, as it is said. And this stouf let it be used again every day, till vi. or vii days be finished, drinking this water, which is the best, and singular, and in this disease a great secret, and the last remedy and extreme refuge.   

A water of certain remedies for shortness of breath and hard fetching of a man's wind.  
CAlamint, Hyssop, Adiantum, Horhound, Scabious, Tussilago, of every one an handful: round Aristolochia an ounce: an ounce and a half of flower deluce: as much of the seed of nettles Fenel roots, parsley roots, of either ii ounces iii ounces of the heavenly lily: half a pound of inula campana: mustered seed and cresses, of either of them an ounce and a half: five drams of costus ten of spike, iiii. ounces of bay berries: an ounce and a half of nigella: when they are beaten small, let them stand vi. days in vi ale quarts of white wine: then let them be distilled with a soft fire. Thou shalt give the patient to drink thereof in the morning iii ounces. Epiphanius Empericus.  
A water for the stone of the rains and bladder. Sperage, Ruscum, Apium, Fenel, Perslye, rubia of every one half an ounce: five of the sides of diur etica, ligusticum, lithospermon Ammi, Radish, seselis Maslili●sis, daucus, Saxifrage, of every one iii drams: adianthum, matricaria, ceterach, scolopendrum, trifolium, gramen, senetion (I understand cardaminam. liverwort, the seed of peucedanum, of every one a handful: half an ounce of the flower Deluce vi drams of Xilobalsanum, two ounces of Licoris four of Cummun sedes cold, greater, cleansed of every one half an ounce, ground ivy, Pimpernel, of every one a handful & a half, kernels of Cherries stones an ounce: spikenard iii drams: the gum of Iuy vi drams: Goats blood prepared an ounce: as much of Cinnamon, when they are beaten let them be put in ten pound of white wine, or asmuch as shall suffice destil them. A like water for the same purpose, is described of Rogerius in his fourth treatise, and vi chapter, but distilled with vinegar, not with wine.   

A water for the stone, described by Epiphanius a practitioner.  
SAint john's wort, Chamaedrios, Chamepyteos, senecionis, (not erigerontem but sisymbrium, cardamine, doth he understand) the grass of sinkfoyl, scolopendrium, helxines, verbenae, eupatorium, penny royal, rue. of every one a handful, five routs of diuretica. Acorus, inula, rubea, asarus, tamarix, of every one iii drams. Fine of the sides of diuretica, saxifrage, lithospermon, daucus, radish, parsley of Macedonia, ammium, marathrum, carus, libisticus, of every one. two drams: peeche kernels half a dram: four of the cummon siedes, cold greater, cleansed, of every one a dram and a half. Lycoris ii ounces: juniper berries half an ounce. When these are beaten, let them stand infused in five pounds of wine, than distill them with a slow fire. Give the sick to drink other after bathing early in the morning warm, from half an ounce to two ounces.   

Certain waters composed, distilled with vinegar.  
OF vinegar itself distilled reed before, where we entreeted of waters distilled in Balneo Mariae.  
A water that breaketh the stone in the bladder, described by Epiphanius a practitioner, two pounds of the juice of saxifrage, the juice of milium of the sun, parsley, Anise, of every half a pound: whit vinegar eight ounces: distill a water thereof and give it to drink fasting.  
A water of swallows is thus made. Young swallows when they are beaten to powder, mixed them with Castorio, and a little good vinegar and distill them this water drunk of one fasting, is a true medicine of the falling sickness, what cause so ever it come of. And although a man have had that disease .v. years, he shallbe heeled, if he drink of this water a little, for the space of four days: & he shallbe heeled perfectly: The phrenesey also if it be drunken fasting, is cureth by it within nine days. It maketh a good brain more than all other medicines. It purgeth the stomach, it mollifieth the breast, it comforteth the sinews: it taketh the palsy away by the routs: it increaseth nature: it heateth them that be couled. Also sod with Hyssop (with a decoction of Hyssop do I allow rather) and drunken, it cureth the Dropsey sprung of cold and agues cotidians. But let women with child abstain from it, least their fruit be destroyed therewith. Drunk with Hyssop, it driveth away the heed ache: it maketh a man sliep easily: and it forthereth concoction and the avoiding of the urine, (otherwise the belly.) It putteth away hear, wheresoever it is anointed upon the pure skin, & so that they never grow again. Lullius and Aegidius.   

Waters of Capons.  
Waters' of Capons, as men call them, are given to drink to restore the strength, to women in childbed or old sick-men, in diseases of great weacknes, or through to much evacuation. They are wont to seethe the capon very long in water, that all the flesh may fall from the bones, and be distilled together with the liquor, either by itself, or other precious waters put unto it, and spices, gold, silver and precious stones. Sum allow the capon the more the elder he is: nether do they cut his throot, but strangle & choked him: nether do they pluck of his feathers by hoot water, or scalding him, but with their hands (dry) and so when his bowels are taken out and he is cut in small pieces, they distill him. Other do not take away all, but the guts only.  
A water of a capon restoritive and somewhat binding. Thou shalt seethe the capon in water according unto the art, & put to it a pound of rose-water: conserve of roses borage, buglos, of every one an ounce. Of both kinds of coral: of either of them two drams: of the spices diarhodon abb. a dram. Small rasins without y● kernels an ounce: Coriander prepared half an ounce: the fregmentes of all (precious stones) pearls, of every one an ounce and a half. Let them be distilled.  
An other. Let the Capon be sod with a pound of beef till it be sufficiently sod: whereunto thou shalt add Malmsey, Roose water, of either half a pound: white bread, that it may be sookte iii ounces: thou shalt beat these without the beef, and put to these spices following Spices electu. of precious stones, Diarhodon Abbatis. Diamoschu that is swiet, of every a dram. Diamargariton, spices of confection against the Pestilence, of either two scrup viii leaves of pure gold. Mixed them all with the juice or broth and let them be distilled with a slow fire.  
Some dres this water with saffron and cinnamon. etc. for women in child bed, which be both weak, and their flowers or looseness of their body cometh not forward. It is ministered either alone or with sugar.  
Some also dres it without distillation thus. They seethe very long an old capon boiled & dressed accordingly: than they beat small the guts and the bones, and in a tinnen or glasen vessel well stopped & set in a cauldron full of sethinge water, they seethe it for the space of vi hours. Some cast gold into it, as ring's or coins of gold.  
A certain water with a capon or a cock or a hen sudden together with divers comfortable medicines, is described in Gnainerius in the chapter of curing the hectical or consuming fever: not to be destiled, but sudden only in a glasen vessel, put in a ketle of water.   

Waters composed for divers diseases, within the body chief, whereof some are made of medicines and juices, whiles they be yet new, other are infused and put into the juices of plants or waters distilled, whey, or blood.  
A Water causing sleep ii ounces of Henbane: an ounce of the roots of Mandragora. vi. drams of Popy: Gith, Aumber of either of them ii drams: sedum the bigger and the less, the water Lily, letes, of every one an handful, when they are pund, let them be put in ii pound of water of popy, with an ounce and a half of the seed of darnel for the space of ii days, let them be distilled.  
An other causing sleep. Take the seed of darnel a pound: half a pound of the seed of Henbane: two. pounds of the seed of Purslan: three ounces of the seed or rote of Mandrag: as much of Alkekengi, when they are pund, pour to them a pound of the juice of beans turned up set down, as much of the roots or leaves of Henbane: half a pound of the juice of the leaves of black popy, or if it be lacking, or red, minister an ounce of this water when it is distilled. It is vehement, and of great virtue.  
A water called stony, the third of Aegidius, because it breaketh the stone. The seed of Pimpernel, Petroselini, Apii, Ari, (otherwis Caryophylli, Mustered seed, leving out Aro & the burr: also Apii, both the herb & the rote for the seed is named before) burrs, Mastiches, of every one like much, when they are well pund, let them be mixed with the blood of a linx, (otherwis a he Goat & better) & a little Vinegar poured to it, let them stand a few days in a vessel well closed: and then at the last let them be distilled. It is good for them that be troubled with the stone, what manner of stone so ever it be, red, white, sharp, or plane: if so be it the stone be confirmed & gathered to some strength, let the patient drink of this water every day for so shall it be broken & brought into sand. If so be icabd heads be washed once a day with this water, they shallbe made hole, & new hairs shall spring, & the scabs shallbe cured within ix days (otherwise any kind of scabs washed therewith, is made hole within iii or four days.) If it be drunk fasting, it maketh good blood & good colour) more than any other medicine) merueilouslye, it strengtheneth the sinews, and taketh away the falling sickness, if it be drunk twice a day. Otherwise is added. It healeth clean the palsy, if it be not dead in the members. Aegidius & Lullus.   

An approved water for the sores of the rains and bladder, by the cardinal of Tutellis.  
CAudae equinae, plantain, red roses, the grains of Alkekengi, the roots of holy hok, shaven or scraped licoris, of every one an ounce: juiubarun Sebesten, of either of them vi drams: bol armoniak half an ounce: iiii. cummen sedes, could, great cleansed, of every one iii drams: the seed of white popy vi drams half an ounce of cytoniorum, of the thinnest of goats milk vi pound. Let them stand ii days in the infusion or soaking, and after let them be distilled. give the sick to drink four ounces warm, so long as the disease continueth Epiphanius Empiricus.  
another water composed, the second amongst the waters of Aegidius: it is red of also in the book of Lullus of waters. Rue, Satyrion with the hauds and stones, Selandin, (otherwise Rue, Agrimony, Satyrion, Chelidoni) Sugar (otherwise Tutia) & the stone called Calaminaris, all of like weight pund must be distilled with a slow fire. This water excelleth in many virtues. No disease of the eyes is so obstinate and great, but it will vanish away and give place to this medicine. Being drunk, it driveth away all poison, other taken with meats: for so it avoideth the poison by vomit. It cureth the dropsy, it purgeth the stomach from all ill humours: it quencheth the holy fire in one day, if flax dipped in it be laid upon the sore. It is good also against the fire of a black disposition & white without (or as a certain Dutch book hath, against the inward heat of the fire: for if it appear red without, it shall in no wise be convenient to lay on a plaster. It healeth the canker if aloes be mixed with it, and a little tow of hemp dipped in it be laid like a plaster upon it twice a day.   

A water composed, the first amongst Aegidius waters.  
HIssop, penny royal, Charyo. Cikory, of every one a dram: let them be pund & distilled. After take tutiae, parsley of Alexan. Rue, Zedoaria, aloes, & the stone called calaminaris, of every one a dram, when they are pund, seethe them in the forsaith water till the third part be wasted, & the liquor strained with a cloth, thou shalt kiep it in a glass diligently closed nine days (otherwise xl) Afterward let it be given in drink every day in the morning before day (other wise, by the space of ten days) to the sick fasting. It is profitable against the falling sickness if he that takes it continue fasting after it six hours. And truly it is a most effectual remedy. It healeth all resolution of the sinews, and the members are strengthened thereby. If it be drunk with Castorium, it is good against all gouts, which hath not taken rout yet in the members. If it be drunk ix. days together fasting, it puts away all manner of agues, what matter soever it come of (if it be drunk ix days every morning early. This water is also most profitable to wash wounds in which the sinews are cut.)  
An other of Aegidius, the ix in number, otherwise they call it double. The side of Apii, the sied of whit Popy, Apii, ginger (otherwise, The sied of Apii, white Popy, sugar, Carioph.) of every one equal weght. Pund in a mortar, put to it conservative water, (that is distilled of parsley) and distill it. This is the chiefest remedy for the cough and breast ill at eas. If a man drink it could fasting, and in the evening as hoot as he can. If it be drunken hoot with Castorio, it is good against the disease called Apoplexia, it healeth also the members sick of the Palsy, if so be the Palsy be not deed in the members. It bringeth sliep & rest easily: it cheereth all the members, it driveth away ill humours, and strengtheneth the heed and the brain.  
An other, the six in number amongst Aegidius waters. Gladiolus Hyssop, savin, Sothernwood, (otherwys the sied of Sothernwood, leving out savin, I like it not) of every one like much, beat them together, and let it stand a certain days, them distill it. This water is of greet strength. It with standeth all agues both hoot and cold. It provoketh women's flowers if it be drunk thrice, but it is hurtful to women with child, and will destroy it. It stauncheth the bloody flix and other flix, (I would say rather that it stirreth blood rather everywhere, then to stop: an other book speeketh of nothing but stopping the flux of the belly.) It purgeth the stomach from ill humours. It killeth worms being drunken fasting, it cureth all the grief, with Castorio, it healeth the palsy (if it be drunk daily very hoot) within iii days. The same description find I in the book of Lullus of waters.   

A water agrinst the Pestilence, etc. of the blood of a Weather or gelded Ram, out of a certain Duche written book.  
TAke a Weather that is all white and in good plyt and well liking: cut his throot, receive the blood and stir it while it is fresh and new a good space with a stick of red juniper: and ever in the stirring, cast away the clotes that is gathered of the blood or lopperd blood. Then cast in the shavings of the same juniper & the berries of juniper that be red likewise, to the number of xxv And unto these a little of Agrimony, Rew, Pheu, Scabious, Veronica, commonly so called, pimpernel, Cicory, Peny royal, of every one a handful. If so be it the measure of the blood excied three Sextarts, then put to it ii ounces of treacle, but if it be les, according the portion of the blood, thou shalt lesson the measure of treacle. They must all be prepared ready at hand that they may be put into the blood while it is yet warm. When they are all mixed, draw out a stilled liquor, which thou shalt kiep diligently in a glass and set it in the sun viii days: for it will endure for twenty years, it is known by experience that this liquor is excellent good against the pestilence, the impostumes of the heed and the sides or ribs, or against the diseases of the liver and lights, the inflation of the spleen, corrupt blood, ague, swellings, trembling of the heart, the dropsy, unnatural heats, ill humours, and chief lie aga ynst poisons and the pestilent ague. The sick that is taken with any of the foresaid diseases shall drink a spounful, or four or .v. drops, and procure himself to sweet.   

Of pur ging medicines, composed distilled.  
THey also are to be called composed waters, that are distilled of medicines composed, & stiept in wine, burning water or other liquor. Certain compositions of spices to restore the strengtes of the heart and the spirits, are mixed with waters of capons, dressed by distillations as I said before: also with burning waters, or rather Quint essence of wine, against the pestilence and poisons, as we declared before. But also purging medicines, Electuaria chief in the which Dacrydium and other vehement things hurtful to the stomach are received, mixed with the liquors, specially with burning water rectified, or with wine (peradventure also with milk and wine, or with milck or whey alone, in hoot natures and diseases, it should do well) and sometimes let stand in infusion or sooking, they are artificiously distilled, that they may be given to drink to them that are dainty or rich, or exceeding weak, or have their stomach abhorring against other medicines: which Lullius also praiseth greetly, and certain practitioners of any acquaintance have used it with praise. I know a certain man, that distilled chiefly an electuary named Hamech, & that which is of the juice of Roses, and gave to drink unto the weeker sort the liquor that he received by itself: to them that were stronger, he mixed sum of the elctuary with it: and so he said he purged sick men without any grief.  
With Helleborum is a water made, that restoreth youth: such one saw I my father have. But such waters vex the bodies, and make a fallible image of youth. Cardanus.   

Gold Potable or that may be drunken.  
OF potable gold, who so list he may read much in the book of Vlstadius which he nameth the heaven of philosophers: & in the book of Lullus of quint essence. That there is virtue in gold, which cometh of it made hot and quenched in water, that may be an argument, that the water wherein a wedge of iron or gold is slekt, is commended of Nicander against the poison called Aconitum: for it seemeth to be understanded of water, wherein these metals should be quenched, when as he nameth none other liquor. Quench (saith he) red hat iron or the dross of iron, or red hot gold or silver dip it in a troubled potion or drink. Where the expositor saith: Quench iron in water and drink it, and a little after: quench the dross of iron in honey & drink the intinction, so calling the liquor wherein any any thing is quenched. Dioscorides bids to quench in wine (as Auicenna also hath, and Aegineta, and also Aetius, who saith that a miln stone so slekt is wholesome, and that the wine should be drunk hot) with these words: and the dross of iron, or iron itself or gold, or silver red hot quenched in wine, if that liquor be drunk. And trueli it seemeth that wine is more apt to receive the virtue of gold, than water. When as I on a time tasted water, wherein gold was often quenched, I could perceive no quality of the savour or the taste to be altered in it. Again, it is credible that burning water, specially such as is brought unto quint essence doth draw more strength of the gold than wine: & the more if the gold be beaten into most thin plaits, & most of all if it be beaten into powder. But the oil that comes of gold shall pass all these. As for gold simplely sod, as in the broth of capons, there is no strength in it all, except a man's opinion cando any thing, as I believe withal learned men for the most part. Of the virtues of gold, read Auicenna in his second book. 78. cha. But because the purest is to be choose for medicines, I will bring in here Pliny's words out of his. 33. book a bout th'end of the four chap. of the purging of gold. Let gold be roasted & broiled with thrice as much in weight of the clots or lumps of salt: and again which ii protions of salt & one of the stonecalled schiston: so it yieldeth his strength to the things burnt with it in an earthen vessel, itself remaining pure & uncorrupted. I conjecture that Plini in this place did mistake schistum the stone, for schistum an alun: for in an other place (the. 35. book. 15. cha.) he writeth that gold is purged with black alun. That kind of Alum is most excellent of all other, that is called schistum, yea and the reason taken of the virtues, makes more for Alum: for he saith gold is purged with salt only and schistu● put unto it: but Alum hath more like effect unto salt then the stone Schistos, whereunto the old writers ascribe none other virtue, but that which it hath common with the Haematit (of which kind it is) that is to stop blood. But Alum is taken and used in the purging of metals: also in Aqua Forti (as they call it.) Notwithstanding Plini may be excused, because the word stone is more common and of larger signification with him for he nameth both quick silver and many other metally things, stones, wherefore he might call the Alum Schiston by the name of Schiston. Albeit he should not have so done, for the difference of that which is properly called a stone Schistus. In the same place of Plini, after the words now rehearsed is put: The rest of the ashes (that is to say, of the salt, with the which being burnt together, the gold is purged: or with ii parts of the salt, and one of Schistum) kept in an earthen pot, and tempered with water, anointed upon the face, it healeth the disease beginning in the chin called Lichenes, or like foul breakings out: which shallbe conveniently washed away with bean meal. It healeth also Fistulas, and they that be called Hemorods. If so be it when it is beaten Spuma be put to it, it amendeth corrupt and stinking biles and sores. Decocted with honey and Melanthio, and anointed upon the navel, it lightly ●oseth the belly M. Varro saith it healeth warts. Here in the first words, the ashes kept and anointed no man can doubt, but he speaketh of ashes: but that which followeth of decoction and anointing, seem to be long to the gold itself. But in my judgement, aught to be red so that those words decocted and anointed be referred unto the ashes, as both the consequency of the text, & also the manner of the medicines do require. For salt is used of physicians (Diascordes & other) against Lichenes, ringworms itches, against all manner of vucums, red inflammations, & tetters: and broiled or parched with honey, against running cankers. etc. The men of our country rub children warts with salt and soute. And alum, as Plini saith, assuageth rotten sores and biles, with fat: the fretting cankers of biles with vinegar or burnt with as much in weight of galls, with ii parts of salt (in which manner of proportion also it is mixed for to purge gold) the diseases that spread abroad. Moreover by the name of Spuma which signifieth foam. Plini understandeth Halosachnen, as also the. 31. of the .7. I find nothing noted by Hermolans or Gelenius upon this place. But as gold is purged with alum, so is also Misy, as the same Plini witnesseth. 34. 12. & by an other means, which quick silver, read Plini. 33. 6. That it may be purged, it is sod with lead: the same. 33. 3. another way to purge the same, Cardanus describeth in his vi book of subtlety.  
Potable gold. Take the honey & combs of a swarm of young bees, wherewith thou shalt mixed ambran grisean, Sperma ceti. Agallochun, long pepper, Cariophyllos nuce moschata, sanders & pure gold. Let these stand in horse dung. 30. days. After destil them in a limbek in the bathe: then grind that matter that is remaining upon a stone, & pour again upon it the water distilled, & distill it again in ashes: This water dissolveth gold. If the potable gold be hardened, take of it the bigness of a pees, & put it into an egg hard roasted, the yelk taken out: so shall it be resolved: give the sick this to drink: it strengtheneth by itself, an author whose name is not expressed.  
The chemists make a liquor of massy gold, which drink, as they say cheereth the body. George Agricola.  
It liketh wise men, that to eat meat dressed in vessels of gold, or with the decoction whereof plaites of gold were adjoined: and to drink wine wherein plaites or money of gold were quenched oftentimes, procureth unto the heart good state, & hath great force. Arnold of conserving youth.  
In the Quint essence of wine, gold, silver, peer les, and precious stones, also other metals may be dissolved, to make potable gold. But this resolution of gold belongeth more to chemists then to physicians. Philip. Vlstad. the ix chapter, and furthermore: where as who so list shall read more of potable gold.  
Wine wherein plates of gold have bien quenshed xl or l times, is used of certain in the steed of potable gold. Arnold de villa nova.  
The same in his book of win: Wine that hath gold quenched therein (saith he) hath a great property in many conditions: it is made, by quenshing the plaites of gold in good wine four or .v. times: let it stand to clear, and when it is diligently strained let it be kept, for it hath virtue to comfort the heart, and it drieth up the superfluities of all other dregs from the blood. And it is able to lighten the substance of the heart and the spirit with his brigthnes, to comfort it with his massynes: and with the temperateness thereof to temper and preserve it, to purge the blood, and with the ponderosity and weight thereof to incline the superfluities to the parts of expulsion, and to conserve youth. It conserveth the virtues of the principal parts in his actions, and by his temperateness it looseth the urine restrained. It healeth the falling sickness and them that have lost their senses, it is wholesome also for lepers. Many at this time rich men and princes will have certain parcels of gold to be sod with their dishes▪ other use than in Panellis with electuaries, other in powders: for in the confection of Diacameron the fyling both of gold and of silver is used. Sum are wont to hold a piece of gold in their mouth and to swallow the spittle. It is plain that silver kept in a man's mouth quenched the thirst: and coral comforteth the stomach, both holden in the mouth and hanged about the neck, so that it hang toward the stomach: for I have tried that it letteth the troubling thereof. Other convert gold into a water that may be drunk, which way without doubt is the best and other use it otherwise, according to the divers conditions of men & temperamentes. Surely gold is a secret thing, most perfect composed of an equal temperature & marvelous proportion of the elemental virtues, whereunto no mixed body may be compared. A wound made with it is never inflamed: in electuaries it comforteth the sight, and maketh pure above all things the substance of the heart and the beginning of life: it clooketh the leprosy and refreineth it. But these virtues ought to be attributed to true gold in deed and natural, not to chymisticall gold.  
Elixir vitae which a certain friend of late communicated unto me by his letters with these words The description of this medicine was sent unto me from Rome, which whether it is able to do so much as it promiseth I have not yet tried. Quench gold. iii or four times in wine or ofter according to the quantity of the wine. Then destil it in Balneo Mariae four times, and thou shalt use it in divers diseases, as well hoot as could, adding hoot or could medicines, and sometimes sum good treacle, as the disease shall require.  
Sum extol & praise highly the spirit or Quint essence of gold, for to heel the defaves of the liver.   

Certain waters composed against the diseases of the eyes.  
A marvelous water to conserve the sight, and against the blemish or spot of the eyes. The leaves of rue, Mint, red Roses, Sage, Maiden here (other leave out Mint & Sage, and for them ad Fenell, Vervin, Eybright, Betony, water wythy of the mountain, and Endive) of every one six handful, let them be put in in whit wine for the space of a natural day, that is xxiiii. hours, then let them be stilled in a limbeck. The water that shall first run out, is compared unto silver, the second unto gold, the third unto baulm, and this must be diligently kept in a glass. Lullius.  
A water for all the diseases of the eyes that be curable, out of Aegidius and Lullius, we have described it before amongst the waters composed for divers inward diseases.  
A water composed for the eyes. About the beginning of May gather Selandyn, Vervin, rue, Fenell, pun them severally, and take iii ounces of the juice of every one of them, then mixed them, put to a little of the grien branches (as the French men call them the Pampes) of Roses iii ounces of sugar candy four ounces of the best Tutia, and as much of Dragon's blood. When all these are pund thou shalt mixed them together and distill them in alymbeck of glass. The liquor that runneth forth, thou shalt let stand ii or iii days in a receiver, & then use it. It is of great virtue for eyes that be ill at ease, red, or have the web in the eye.  
The water of the vyn together with honey sublimated by the fire, cureth the bleerednes of the eyes specially. The monks in Mesuen. That is the water of the vyn (say they) which in vere the spring time, when the wines are cut, destilleth very clear, out of the places that are cut, for certain days. This water without any distillation, putteth away the prickings, and heat of the eyen, and clarifieth the sight hindered by a hoot cause, if a man put in both the corners of the eye one drop, Rogerius.  
A water or an oil made of Sponsa solis sharpeneth the sight, and cureth any disease of the eyes within five days, etc. read after amongst the decking waters, emongste them that be ordained to the dying of the hear. A water for eyes in summer, to preserve the sight, described by Io. Maynardus in his Epistles the vi iiii. Three parts of Roses, the herbs of Fenel and Rue, of either one part and let them be well mixed together: and after iii days let a water be distilled, other in only vapour of siething water, or in the sun, or in Balneo Mariae, as they call it, so that a handful of the same herbs (better if they be dried, in mine opinion) be put into the receiving vessel, that the drops may fall upon them: and the mouth of the receiver and the nose of the upper vessel must be diligently joined together and closed, that the vapours may not get out.   

Certain waters for the eyes out of Rogerius.  
Fill a stilful of the leaves of Agrimony, Vervin, Fennel, Rue, Memitha, & Levisticus cut: sprinkle upon it a little white and clear wine, and distil it in claied vessels. This liquor represseth the swelling of the eye lids of a cold cause: it drieth up the blearedness: it stoppeth the flowing of tears: it cleareth the sight: breaketh bleamishes or spots (I suppose he meaneth corns or Pearls.) If thou wilt have it stronger to break spots or perls, ad unto it Gallitricum, and Morsum Gallinae (anagallis) with red flowers.  
A man may get a water out of Fenell also for the same causes. For a liquor gathered of the roots and leaves of Fenell sod in water, with a basin laid upon the water while it yet sietheth, is kept in a vial, and one drop is put in the corner of the eye every day morning and evening for the foresaid causes, by common experience.  
To break the spot or pearl, mixed with the foresaid waters, myrrh, and Aloes pund: & put a drop of the liquor strained in either corner of the eye early and late.  
A water distilled of the flowers of white thorn and willow, putteth away prickings, heats or redness of the eyes: it stoppeth tears coming of a hot cause, and breaketh the spots or pearls of the same cause.  
A water of the leaves (flowers) of Eufragia stoppeth tears coming of a cold cause, and maketh slender the eye lids that swell of the same cause: it breaketh spots or pearls of the same cause, and restoreth the sight that hath any impediment. I would say that Enphrag did not heat, but were temperate, or else doth cowl moderately in the first degree, and drieth in the second.  
An excellent water for the debility of the sight, described by Gordonius. Take Selandin, fennel, Rue, water withy of the mountain, Eufrage, Vervin, red Roses chosen, of every one a half pound, lib. s. Cloves, Long Pepper, of either two ounces. When they are bruised together distill them in a limbeck of glass with a slow fire, and put of it every day in the eyes.  
An other of the same man's for Fistulas, which it is certain, it will heal. Two pound of good white wine distilled in the same vessel that Aqua vitae is: the water of rosemary, Sage, of every one .v. pounds: Sugar ii pound: when they are distilled again, put to them an ounce of Sage, and as much of Rosemary. When they are stiepte together eight days, thou shalt strain it and use it.  
A water for the Cancar in what part of the body so ever it be. The herb called Cancar, which is also called Dove foot, the flowers of Quinces, the flowers of Cerifolium, the bows or leaves of the Breer Idaea (which the frenchmen call Frambosia) and a few white Roses, honey and white wine, and the Alum which the French men name of glass. Let all these be distilled together: Andreas Furnerius.  
A water of a Moldwarpe, etc. for all kind of Gutta or drop, noli me tangere, scales of the head, the roose drop and the wolf: read afterward amongst the trimming or decking waters, where the waters invented for the dying of hear are rehearsed. We will refer amongst the trimming waters also, those waters wherewith whelks and little Pushes or Biles in the face, are made hole.   

Of waters of swiet savour.  
divers waters are made for the onli delectation of smell, to sprinkle upon the hands, the face and hear both of their head and beard: also upon their linen, napkins or handkerchiefs, garments, as well that they wear, as also their bed clothes: whereunto it communicateth the pleasantness of ●auour, not only by sprinkling, but also when it is hot by the vapour. Roose water also comes in ure to sauces of meats: and only it, as I think of all these kind of waters, for it is received both to season meats, and is poured upon roasted flesh whiles it is yet hot etc. But of smelling waters some are more simple, some composed of many things. Unto both of them waters of virtue, which our country men call Golden, may be joined and reckoned: for of these some are more simple, other composed. But golden waters for the most part all are received within the body, and all are made with herbs or spices infused in wine or burning water. smelling waters as we call them simply, otherwise as it shall be plain by the example following. Again, smelling waters are either distilled hole, or else after the destyllation, certain precious smelling things are added unto them. Some are made without any distillation at all.  
The Powder of the Flower Deluce, mixed with hot water, maketh it to smell, and is used of Barbers. The Flowers of Lavendula or Lavender, and much rather of that which is communly called Spick, both grien and dry are put into water, or win, or burning water in a vessel well stopped & set in the sun, that they may infect it with their smell. But if they be yet fresh & moist, they turn the win almost into vinegar, which if they be dry they do not so. The liquor shallbe made the more smelling if the flowers be dried in the sun in a glass closed, and afterward whit wine be put to it. If so be it a man desire to have a swiet water forthwith and by and by, let him put a drop or two of oil of Spick unto a good deal of pure water, and chauf it together in a glass with a narrow mouth. All these although they be made with out distillation, the same notwithstanding being right distilled, specially if certain other things be mixed with than, other precious▪ as Musk, Ambra, civet, Caphura, Agallochun, or meaner things as Assadubis, Styrap, and Stacte, Myrrh, or any other spices, chief cloves: or else things of les estimation as Roses, the barks of flowers or leaves of Oranges, Lemons, Arentii, bay leaves, common swiet herbs, Rosemary, Amaracus, basil. etc. they shallbe made much the swieter. Saffron is to strong, and stuffeth the heed.   

rose-water with musk, Saffron, Cloves, Caphura out of Bulcasis.  
WIth Musk. Put a crown of good Musk, beaten in two pounds of rose-water, in the belly of a glass still. And distill it by little & little, then put it in a glass well stopped. It is a water marvelous swiet, and convenient for a king, that their clothes may be sprinkled therewith.  
With Saffron. Put half an ounce of good Saffron in two pounds of Rose water (for the space of one day) and distill it. This water is wholesome to be mixed with medicines, also for smell & garnishing  
With Cloves. Put half an ounce of Cloves (beaten) in a pound and a half of Rose water xxiiii hours and distill it.  
With Caphura. distill an ounce of Caphura with a pound of rose-water & use it in medicines for kings  
After the same manner is Roosed water made with Saunders, and other spices (swiet smelling) what so ever a man will. Sum distill all these in pure water in stead of rose-water.  
A three lived herb they call it Tribulun at Rome, an herb most swiet of savour, which they destil for per fumes and to make divers other wanton swiete savours. The monks in Mesuen.  
A water of swiet savour, wherewith the strengths of the heed, heart and stomach are revived▪ four handful of the flowers of Lavendula. Roses white and red of either two handful. Rosemary, Caryophyllata, new and fresh Cyperus, the bark of Citranguli, of every one a handful. Mint Sage, thyme, bay leaves or Penny royal, of every one half a handful four ounces of Cloves. galangal, Nucis mosch. Calamus, Aromaticus, Ginger, Cinnamon, the flowers (I think better the roots) of flower deluce, of every half an ounce. Six pounds of white wine (or q. s. that is as much as shall suffice.). When they are pund let them be put into a glass well closed for the space of eight days. afterward use them. It is excellent to wash the hands, if thou mixed a little of it with a great deal of pure water. A man may use it also distilled, & put in a scruple of musk. Epiphanius Empericus.  
An other of the same man's, delectable with a marvelous swietnes of savour. civet, Musk, of either a dram, let it be tied in a fine linen cloth & let it be set to sook in two pounds of Rose water a few days in the sun.  
An other of the same man's of a very swiet savour. basil, Mint, Samsuchum or Maioram, flower deluce, Hyssop, Balsamita. (I take it to be Sisymbrium) savoury, Sage, Melissa, Lavender, Rosemary, of every one half a handful. Cloves, Cinnamon, Nutmegs, of every one an ounce. The pome Citrangula (of the kind of Citriorum, the figure of an egg. of a yeloowe wax colour) iii. or four Let them be beaten and set iii days in rose water, then let them be distilled with a slow fire. When the distillation is finished, put to a scruple of Musk, and set it in the sun.  
An other of the same man's of most excellent savour. Three pounds of rose-water, Cloves, Cinnamon, Saunders, Citrinorun, of every one vi dram ii handful of the flowers of Lavender vi drams of Assa dulcis, Malmsey, Aqua vitae, of either ii ounces. Let it stand a month to soak in the sun, well closed in a glass, or upon the top of a furnace of a stouf. Then destil it in Balneo Mariae, and at half a dram of Musk to the distillation. Then let it stand ten days in the sun or above the furnace, & so use it,  
It is marvelous pleasant in savour.   

Waters of swiet savour of Andreas Furnerius, in his French book of the garnishing of man's nature.  
A Water of wondrous swietnes, for the perfuming of the shietes of a bed, where by the whole place shall have a most pleasant sent. Put into a little phial of glass xviii. or twenty grains of Musk and civet, and a little of Ambra. After filled full of rose-water, set it over the fire, and when it is hoot take it away, them let it stand to cowl well cloosed. after you have let it stand so a two days, you may use it from thence forward. It is as good as though it were distilled. When thou wilt perfume thy shirt or other linen, put it in a vessel with a wide mouth, and spreed the clothes upon it boiling that they may drink up the vapour and breath of it.  
another manner of swiet water, which men call Cassoleptam, that is Capsula. Power into sum little vessel of laton, a little rose-water made with musk and a little civet and Cloves, Agallochum styrap calamita, when they are all pund against a fire mixed them, and perfume any clothes that ye will with the vapour ascending there from. It is a marvelous swiet savour, which if thou wilt keep, close the vessel diligently, and when thou thinkest good, put more rose-water unto it, that it may be renewed.  
An other. Thou shalt put into four pounds of rosewater, Assa dulcis, somewhat gross beaten, Stirax, and Cloves, Camphora, Agallocum, of every one an ounce, Musck, Sivet, of either of them xx. grains. Put these together in a glass shit with a parchment, pricked through with ten or xii small holes, and let the vessel boil four hours in a kettle full with water, as though it were in Balneo Mariae. After when it is cold, strain it through a fine linen cloth, and keep it in a glass, in the which v. grains of Musk shall be put, which once moistened and steeped with the water, thou shalt stop the glass and set it in the sun .v. days. So shalt thou have a wonderful well smelling water.  
A swiet water and unknown, whereof one part mixed with ten parts of pure water, maketh the hole most swiet twenty grains or there about of Musk (as the smell thereof pleaseth the moor or les) Nutmegs, Cloves, Galingal, spikenard, grains of paradise, Mace, Cinnamon, of every one an ounce. All these pund, let them be put into a glass meet to destil in, with a pound a half or there about of rosewater poured unto it. Let it stand so for the space of four or .v. days: afterward put to it thrice as much rosewater, and distill all this in a limbeck in a kettle full of water, siething as in a Balneo Mariae. Thou shalt keep the water gathered thereof diligently stopped, for the same use that the former serveth for.  
another excellent water. Two pound of the water of the flowers of Citri. One pound of the water of red Roses: of Myrtus half a pound. Of musk Roses a good quantity, & likewise of jasmin (that is to say of the flowers.) Of cloves half an ounce iii ounces of Assa dulcis well beaten, one ounce of Vernicis. Styrax calamita & red Styrax of either half an ounce. All these pund & mixed with water thou shalt destil them in a glasen limbeck, the head and the receiver diligently closed with clay, with a soft fire, or in a Balneo Mariae, or in a kettle full of siething water.  
A water of most swiet savour, with the which oil is distilled also. The last being mixed with a hundredth times as much of pure water, doth savour it all with the swietnes thereof: but this with a. M times as much. A pound of Myrrh chosen, pure, new and fat beaten into small pieces: half a pound of the juice of Rooses: when they are mixed together in a limbeck, let them be distilled in ashes, where first thou shalt separate the water with a slow fire: them make the fire bigger & separat the oil: at last divide the water from the oil. That water maketh the face bright. It closeth wounds, effectually, as well old as new. The oil is most precious, and doth the same things that the water doth, but much sooner, as for example, it doth that in an hour that the water is about a hole day. An ounce of this water distilled, mixed with certain hundred times as much of pure water, maketh them all notably well smelling: but an ounce of the oil, if it be put to certain hundred pounds of pure water, doth the same.  
A certain rosewater made with Muscke, which is required and used also inother compositions. Put a xii grains or more of Muscke in a glass that is wide beneath, and narrow above: & so closed with a parchment, set it in the sun a iiii. or .v. days. afterward, take an other glass like unto it full of Rooses dried and beaten, stop the mouth of it with a fine & thin cloth, other linen or of hear. Then put the mouth of the vessel that containeth the roses into the mouth of tother, wherein the musk is contained, and stop it about diligently ●oyth clay, and set it in the sun, so that the glass with roses be the uppermost, the other beneath in a window or other where, where the heat of the sun is vehement. Thou mayst also sprinkle the Roses moderately dried and beaten with good Rose water and so put them into a still. etc. This water most swiet, thou mayst use when thou wilt both alum, and also mixed with other compositions.   

Waters distilled called Cosmeticall, that is pertaining to garnishing and decking.  
distilled waters for garnishing, are divided also into certain differences, for some are for the face, to make the colour of it white, ruddy, bright, to put away wrinkles, to preserve and keep it from Sun burning, or to abolish the spots and rusty roughness in it. Other pertain to the hears and to the changing of the colour in them. Other make the teeth white.  
All the use of Cosmetical and garnishing things, ought not to be taken for unhonest and undecent for a man that is well instituted and godly mined, for Galen also the most famous of all physicians, prescribeth cosmeticall medicines not a few in his work of composition according to places: and he declareth that the use of them is many times profitable and honest. For the lewdness of certain married men is such, that for small and light faults of their wives, they are turned from the love of them unto harlots and hores, and certain faults or blemishes are such, that a man of a bashful nature would be ashamed to be seen abroad with them: some also bring vexation, or grief, or itch, as certain whelks in the face. etc. I writ not this unto women, or other men, but unto Physicians only, who should be good and discrete men: that both otherwise they may use these honest remeadies and medicines, and chief when such as these be, are required of the wives of tried honesty of Kings, Princes, and noble men. More of these things, and what the art of garnishing, wherein honest garnishing is sought for, differs for the commeticall and deceitful, thou shalt read in Galen of composi medic. sec. locos, the first book. 2. ch.  
Such Cosmetical waters as be simple, we will not declare hear, as be the waters of Bean flowers, Strawberries, Dew, goats milk: Read before of the water of strawberries, and of the same and other in Brunswick or Riffius. Yea Aqua vitae hath a certain cosmeticall and garnishing virtue, as we rehearsed in his place.  
Waters distilled of the leaves of the peeche tree and Willow, of like weight mixed together, do he'll the red whelks in the face, (the French men call them rubiz) being moistened therewith.  
A spiced wine for the garnishing of women, which maketh the skin whit, fine, pure, and well coloured. Put Ginger and Cinnamon in win and distill them as rose-water. It is wholesome also against all could complexions and most against palsy. Arnold in his book of wine.  
A garnishing water, wherewith women amend their thick gross skin, black and skaly or skuruy, with Quick silver sod in a raw egg, etc. thou mayst find in Nicolas Massa upon the french disease, in his vi book ii chapter.  
A water for the beautifying of the face. The spume of silver half a pound: when it is beaten sift it, and in two pounds of white vinegar seethe it till the third part be consumed, stirring it with a stick, when it is sod distill it. At length add to it half an ounce of Caphura, Aphronitrum, oil of Tar taro, cloven Alum, of every one an an ounce. strain it through a cors' cloth, anoint the face and neck. Epiphanius Empericus.  
An other of the same man's, for the brightness of the face. Take Lily routs, Arus, Dragons, of every one whiles they be fresh, half a pound. half a pound of the flowers of beans. eight ounces of rosewater, distill them, put to it Moschocarii, Cinnamon, of either two drams. Wash the face therewith twice a day.  
A very good water of the same man's for the same use. Take flowers of beans, bitter Almonds, the leaves of Peeche trees, of every one iii ounces, goat's milk as much as of all the rest. When they are distilled put six or eight whites of eggs sod, which must be mixed with the water distilled, by & by destil it again and mixed with it ii drams of Caphura.  
A french water for little moles, all scalynes & freckmes of the face. A pound of Tartarum, or lies of wine burnt till they be whit: Mastic, Tragacantha, of either half an ●nce. Sir drams of Camphora, iiii. whites of eggs. When they are pund & mixed in rose-water, let them be distilled. They cure marvelously. Epiphanius Empericus.  
A water procuring unto the face a Rooselyke and fair colour. Take a pint of Aqua vitae thrys distilled: an ounce of Prasilium: Cloves to the number often, & as many grains of paradise: five Cubebas when they are all pund & sifted, heat them a little with Aqua vitae in a vessel diligently covered, that nothing breath out by any means. afterward when this mixtur is could again distill it in a lembeck of glass, with a very slow fire, and thou shalt have a good water & a clear. When thou wilt use it, wiet the face & skin of the person with a sponge moistened therewith, for it maketh without all doubt a Roose colour fair and beautiful. And this dying will continue a long time, for ii or. iii years. If thou canst not have Aqua vitae, take reed wine of Rupella the best thou canst find, about the measure of Semiloti, a dutch wourd for half an ounce, for they call an ounce a loot, for there must be more measure of wine, then Aqua vitae. But Aqua vitae is much better to the preparing of this water. This water garnisheth a man's skin subtly & marvelously. Out of the written book, the author whereof is not declared. A like unto this shallbe declared by and by out of Gordonius. An other that taketh away the wrinkles & spots of the face, and clarifieth the skin, of whites of eggs distilled: Reed before amongst the simple waters distilled in Balneo Mariae.  
A marvelous water that putteth away Napas (little whelks or bushes or little teetes, sum call them Napas, I think the Italians) Lupinas' acorns, kurnelles, Porros, that is, warts, & what evil so ever groweth in any place of the body it taketh it away two. pounds of oil de bay, whit frankincense, Mastic elect, Gum Arabic, clear Tur pintyn, of every one iii drams: When they are beaten mixed altogether and destil them in a alembic. And in this water thus distilled put half a pound of Cineris terrae & destil it again: and kiep this water as a treasure. The author is nameless. But it seemeth that this liquor willbe rather an oil then a water, & save only that ashes is added unto it, it migth have bien well ascribe unto Balms.  
A cosmeticall water that beautifieth the face & breeketh the stone, is described before about the end of the title where we entreated generally of the virtues of liquors distilled. Reed also Rogerius, in his fourth treatise the fift chapter.  
¶ Certain Cosmeticall waters for the face, shalt thou find also by and by, in the waters that follow ascribed to the hears. There be also amongst the Balms hereafter, which serve to garnishing   

Certain waters distilled for the garnishing of the face, out of Andreas Furnerius in his French book of the beautifying man kind.  
A Water for the brightness and whiteness of the face. The flowers of whit Rooses, of water Lily, Elder, Lilies the chydes take out, of beans of the flowers of every one of these a pound. Half a pound of the water of Strawberries. Crumbs of whit bred as much as you shall think good xii whites of eggs ii ounces of white Frankincense. Into all these let Cerussa pund be put for a nights space. Let them all be distilled in a alembic of glass: when the water is drawn out let it be set in the sun, and wash the face therewith morning and evening, so that ye wipe it not.  
An other, that the face and the other parts of the body may retain a fair and youthful form ii ounces of Aqua vitae: the water of of Been flowers, Rose water, of either four ounces. of Lily water vi ounces, when they are all mixed, put to them a dram of the whitest Tragacantha. After this water hath stand in the sun vi days, strain it through a fair linen cloth. The use of it is in the morning so that it be not wiped of.  
An other for the brightness and beauty of the face. A water of the whites of eggs new laid, made by a sponge with like measure of the ●ice of Lemons, distill it as rose-water. Put unto this water afterward, about ii ounces of communly, and the limon beaten hole (the skin pulled of rather) put it into the rest: after viii days wring out the juice from it and mixed it with water. Let the face be washed first with pure water and wiped, let it be washed with this water distilled. It procureth an handsome beauty, conserveth the skin, and is utterly the best.  
An other which Isabel of Aragonia duchess of Millen used, knead the flower of wheat meal, with a Sextarium almost a pint twenty ounces of goats milk: then bake the bread thereof gentlelye in an oven, and draw it out afore it be to much baked. The crumbs of this bread cut in small pieces, or else crumbed betwixt once fingers and put in other new goats milk, let it stand so vi hours. Thou shalt mixed with it the water of xii whites of eggs made with the sponge: lime made of egg shells an ounce: Camphora, Sugar, Alum, white coral, of every two. drams. When all these are pund, let them be mixed with the moist things, and distilled in a alembic of glass. A notable good water shall come thereof, and most profitable to put away all vexations growing in the face. It maketh the beauty of the face as excellent as is possible to be made.  
An other to beautify the face. The leaves of Roosemary, white Tartary, mixed them with whit wine, and use the water drawn out of it by a limbeck, as ye would do the former medicines for the same effect.  
An other for the same. Set the flowers of beans in good white wine a day or ii in a glass bottle, than distill them with a soft fire. The use of it is, to wash the face therewith morning and evening, but you must wash it first with a decoction of Cerussa. And you shall see it shortly work.  
An other that taketh away all manner of spots. Put into a glass like much of Crystal and Coral, with water of Limones so much that it may cover them and be a finger's breadth above them. Stop this vessel and put it in some cold place in the earth as in a wine seller a few days. Then cast away the shells and wash the snails with water somewhat salt so oft, till all their slimines be washed away. Then distill them and keep the water. Afterward thou shalt draw out a water of rapes cut small by a limbeck. When thou wilt use it, take a spoonful of the first water four of the second, and four of the third, mixed them and wash the face, which notwithstanding must first be washed with water and wiped.  
another marvelous for the same purpoose. Take snails without their shells: and wash them as is before rehearsed, then sprinkle an ounce of Salt (otherwise salt Gemmae) beaten, in a glass and put the snails there upon: then sprinkle other Salt upon them again, and snails upon that, and so shall you do continually laying salt upon Snails, and Snails upon salt, till the third part of the vessel be filled. Then pour unto them so much of the juice of Snails, that it stand above the salt and Snails, two fingers thick, and distil them: use this water as is above rehearsed. If so be it thou canst not commodiously distill them, set them all mixed together in a close vessel, till they receive the form of an ointment, and that shall you use at evening, as the other above written ointments (the face first washed and wiped) and the second day after wash the face with water of bean flowers. This also did I read in the Antidotary of Gordonius.  
An other not distilled. Twelve Snails, cut every one in four parts, put in good white wine. This liquor shalt thou use as the aforesaid. It shall come to good success.  
After this followeth a distilled water of a young Stork of the same effect, and operation, which I described amongst the simple Medicinal waters.  
another manner very good and secret, (or unknown.) Six new laid Eggs, half a pound of Malmsey, a young Pigeon not yet holelye fetheared, Cheese new from the pres that is made of unskimmed milk viii Arantia Poma: oil of Tartaro. three ounces, an ounce of Cerussa. Let them be beaten that may be beaten, and mixed altogether, that they may be distilled with a slow fire. The use of this water is like the other before. It maketh a fair skin, fine, tender as is possible.  
A washing or Kings water which abolisheth all spots. Take water of clear Turpentine, as much as can be gotten out of ii pounds of it: put therein half an ounce of Mastic, three ounces of white Frankincense, half an ounce of Tragacantha. When they are pund mixed them with the water, and distil them, keep the water. Then mealte Swine's grease of a male Hog, unsaulted, and strain it through a double linen cloth. Then take white Ginger, Cloves, Cinnamon, Euphorbium, Spiknarde, Camphora, of every one two ounces, three Nutmegs, when all these are pund, mixed with the strained Swine's grease: put unto these two ounces of quick Silver often times washed with salt and Vinegar and wrounge through a piece of Leather, and with this mixed the dross (lafoy feville ou de lavenre, as it is written in French) of quick silver (de couppelle.) When all is mixed together, distill them, and keep the water. afterward take vi. ounces of the water of the foresaid Turpentin, and of the latter water twice so much, mixed them: and when you will use them wash the face first with a decoction of Cerussa and wipe it.  
Then pour about vi drops of this water mixed together into the palm of the hand, and where thou wilt anoint, covering the place anointed or wet with a linen cloth till it be dried. A marvelous effect and operation shall follow thereupon.  
An other of Snails xxx white Snails ii pound of gootes milk iii ounces of swines grease, or else of a young Kid: a dram of Camphora pund, let them be distilled in a lymbeck of glass.  
An other. Take six ounces of the crumbs of the whitest breed, and wash it ii pounds of milk, mixed it diligently and distill it, as is above said, and wash with it.  
The water also of the whites of eggs destilstilled is thought good.  
An other that purifieth the face, two ounces of Myrrh, white Frankincense, Mastic, of either half an ounce. ginger white ii drams: one dram of Camphora: a pound or a pound and a half of whites of eggs. When all is diligently mixed, let them be put in the belly of a young hen and wellyking, the bowels taken out. If thou wilt, put to a hen simpely, but flein and cut in small pieces.  
Put to also Asses milk or goat's milk about three Sextares (that is ii pints & a half lx ounces. distill these in a alembic of glass.  
That the face may shine elegantly xxx new laid eggs, stiep them in vinegar the sharpest you can get for the space of iii days and night: then boor them through with a pin, that the humour with in them may run all out. distill all this in a Rose-still, that the face may be washed therewith.  
A water clarifying the face. Take the rout of Dragons made clean and cut in to thin roundles, stiep them ix days in white wine, so that every day half a pound or more fresh win be powered unto them, then take the call of fat that is about the gouts in a kides belly, taken in May, to the number of six: ries beeten and sod in iii pounds of black nightshad: and a pound of the meel of ries: half a pound of the water of wild plums or bullies, blaunshed beans to seethe in the same water: Put unto this xii rotten Appuls' and ten eggs, two handful of the routs of common flower deluce, or else the flower deluce of Florence: a pound of Honey: half a pound of bitter Almonds, Gum Arabic, Sarcocolla, Tragacantha, Borage, Camphora, of every one two drams: shiepes milk six pounds: Venice Turpentin ii ounces: water of the flowers of water Lily. Let these be distilled together in a alembic with a small fire. The water distilled thereof, let it be set in the sun, and moved oftentimes.  
An other that taketh away the spots of the skin and whitteneth it. An ounce of Borage, half a dram of Camphora, three drams of common Alum, Gum Arabic, and Tragacantha, of either of them half an ounce: Sarcocolla, Assa dulcis, of either ii drams four ounces of Cerussa. Pun all these mixed them and put them into half a pound of Dragon's water and as much of water of flowers of Lily: together with water of the flowers of Broum, of Nightshade, of water Lilies, of every one four ounces. When they are mixed, distill them in a alembic of glass.  
To make the face clear and youthlyke, that it seem like to the age of almost xu years. New laid hens eggs xii without the sheles: an ounce of Cinnamon, a pound of Asses milk, wash the face with that water distilled by a alembic.   

Certain cosmeticall things, out of the Antidotorium of Gordonius.  
TAke the routs of Lily, the routs of Dragon's Arum blanushed Cicer, Rys, Amylum, Cerussa washed, french Soop, of every one ii ounces. Let them be put in a new pot covered, then sod or decocted in a furnace, and beaten. Then take Tragacantha, Gum Arabic, of every one an ounce, put them in water of flowers of beans. Then temper Porcellanas' in water of Lemons, till they may be mollified: put to half an ounce of Borax. All these with a very little of swine's grease, must be mixed with water of beans. With that which is made of this, much like an ointment, anoint thy hool face morning and evening, and wash it away with warm water strained through bran. This medicine scoureth, purgeth, maketh whit: to be short it maketh the face notable and marvelous fair, plain, equal, gracious.  
An other, Lemons cut into iii or more parts, let them be sod in whit wine, wherewith let the face be washed.  
An other to make the apple of the chieck ruddy (the like also we described before.) Take Alum brasil, the grains wherewith the Peeche is made reed, let them ve pund with the water of wine distilled. Therewith let the place be very much anointed, which ye list to make reed. If so be it ye add a little water of salt ammoniac distilled, the colour should be the faster and abide the longer. Yet take heed of this water (ammoniac) because it fretteth every body, and if ye list to use it, take but a very little lest it corrupt the medicine.  
Whoso requireth more liquors, specially distilled, for the purity of the face & brigthnes, let him reed Rogerius in his four treatise the .v. cha. where he describeth the water of beans and Lemons, whose use is either by itself or with a certain composition. etc. Also the water composed with Bryonia and Dragons: & simple, of the herb of strawberries, of hasta regia, of herba Muscata, of the flowers of Nigellae, etc.   

Waters for the dying of hears of the heed and other.  
SPonsa solis beaten (otherwise the sides of Solsosium beaten) put it in milk of a woman that nurceth a boy, ten (otherwise xl) days, and then make an oil. This oil sod with leaved gold, seething it gently by the space of one day, is marvelous: for if a man wash his hears therewith, they shall becum like gold: If the face be wet and rubbed with the same it shallbe plain and clear, that it shall seem angelic continuing for the space of .v. days. It cleareth the sight also, and cureth any disease of the eyes within ten (otherwise. iiii) days: and all kind of toothache within iii days: and if the jaws be well rubbed with it, the worms fall out and die. Aegidius, amongst whose waters this is the fourth. If a man drink of this water ix days, he is heeled of the Palsy, what cause so ever it come of, although it have endured the space of four years. Lullius in his book of waters. It appeareth that this water is not made by distillation but by expression, that is, wring out only, as I shall declare amongst oil of sedes.  
A water distilled of lard, that the hears may be made long and yellow and shining, & the face more elegant. Scrape lard as much as ye will and shave it very small: then beat it in a marble mortar, till it be like paste knoden. Of this distilled in a limbeck, thou shalt gather a white liquor wherewith thou shalt anoint thy hears and face for it will make them very fair and bright.  
A water distilled of honey maketh the hears fair and long. Read here after where we shall speak of simple quint essences: and amongst waters that be distilled in Rosestilles.  
A whitening water. etc. of a Mouldwarpe: the vi. amongst Aegidius waters. Bring a Moule into powder with brimstone and the juice of Selandine put to it, let it stand a certain days, afterward distill it. With this water wash a place any beast what so ever it be and it shall be made white. If thou mixed water, otherwise (the word water is left out) aloes and wax, anoint the place diseased and thou shalt heal all manner of Gutta: and as they call it nolime tangere, if thou lay a plaster made thereof upon the sore. Likewise it healeth the skalles of the head anointed therewith, and cureth the guttam rosaceam laid upon it in manner of a plaster. But mixed with the stone called Calaminaris and Aloes, it healeth the Lupum perfectly, laying a plaster of it thereupon twice a day, if also the superfluities be washed with the same mixture. It must in no wise be taken inwardly within the body.  
A water that dieth a Griene colour. A pound of cuperoos (that is to say Vitriolum.) Half a pound of Smerillum. Destil them and anoint Epiphanius Empericus. The water of Capparorum, Capers distilled, maketh green hears. Cardanus.  
A water commodious for purging the tethe. Take Salt Ammoniak, Salt Gemmae of every one three ounces: Sugar Alum an ounce and a half. Let them be distilled, or soaked viii days in two pound of water, and strained, rub and wash the teeth therewith. Epiphanius Empericus. Other ii like, for the same purpose shalt thou find after, next to the description of Aqua fortis.  
¶ How waters of herbs, flowers, and roots be distilled by descension, that is downward.   

A way to distill swiete waters, and effectual, out of Flowers and Herbs by descension or going downward.  
TAke an earthen vessel, upon the which strain or spread a thin and fine linen cloth and upon it sprynckle Rooses, (for so the Roosecake will prove marvelous swiet) or coveslops, or other Flowers or Herbs. Then must ye have a lid to cover the vessel: and above the bottom put the fire. So shalt thou distill not only a most swiet water, but also most effectual and most strong. The Rose cake is wont to be laid in the sun closed, that it may be purged from the smoky smell, when notwithstanding it retaineth the smell of the Roose. Cardanus.  
Fresh Rooses laid upon a linen cloth strained upon a Basin, if they take a vessel full of hot coals, they distil much water and swiet into the Basin. In like manner other flowers. Silvius. In my mind this kind of distillation is commodious for all such things as be cold, or ought to cowl, chiefly if they lack smell, as the most part of binding things: & more also, such as be cold & moist to. Yea also we shall have much water & in shorter time, & with les cost by this way, nether is there any jeopardy that they should fume out. But a man must give diligent heed lest the vessel laid upon be to little hot, and lest it be left upon longer than it should be, lest the water taste of burning.  
If ii urinals be set together, the upper full of Roses and set in the sun (with a linen cloth betwixt,) a most swiet water destilleth into the nether. Silvius.  
Roose water, Moschata, how it is made by the sun by descension, we prescribed afore in the Chapter of swiet waters.  
The liquor of yellow violet flowers, that destilleth by itself into a vial of glass, amendeth the eye lids that be turned inside outward. A vessel is filled with the flowers which are soaked a good meany of days continually in the sun, whereupon a certain liquor is gathered in the bottom which is very wholesome to be put into the eyes. Alexander Benedictus.  
Take the tender buds of Fennel before they flourish or go abroad, full of juice with the leaves. Put these in a Vial of glass, but fill it not up: turn it up side down and put the mouth of it into an other Vial under it, and close it with dow, that the spirits breathe not out. Put the Phials in some hole in a wall toward the hottest south sun. So within vi hours or there about, thou shalt have a most profitable water to sharppen the sight and for blearedness, whose goodness a friend of mine trying upon himself, who also made the water his self, showed me and made me privy unto it.  
Scillae while they be fresh and new, the utter bark pulled of, cut with a knife, are put into a vessel full of hooles in the bottom, covered above & well closed with clay. The bottom of this pot is put into another, put under it in a pit of the earth, and the joining of the pots is compassed with clay close. Then make they a fire about the upper part of the pot by the space of one night (ten hours or more. So the water runneth in to the nether pot, which mixed with meel or breed, it killeth miss quickly that taste of it: the sooner if thou mixed a little lethargy or whit Lead. Bulcasis in his second book, and Silvius out of him.  
sometimes certain waters and oils are made by descension, like as of Roseny tries when they are burnt pitch. Silvius. But of Oils which are made by descension we will speak hereafter. Certain are made by a middle way between a dissension and ascension, as oil of Coperos, by a Cucurbita laid along overthwart upon the side.   

Distillation in Ashes, or Sand or Dros of metal beaten. etc.  
IN Ashes are both waters and oils distilled. Waters with a most gentle & soft heat, which thou shalt discern by touching with thy hand both the ashes and also the vessels of distillation. And peradventure there is no difference, for the distillation of any kind of waters, in Balneo Mariae or in Ashes, if so be it thou observe the measure of the fire. For in Balneo Mariae, the water that the stillatory is put in, may be scalding hoot: the ashes may not be to hoot, that is when herbs, roots, flowers or any liquors are distilled to derive a water of them. Men think them to be made so much the swieter & les smelling of any fyrines and brenning, being distilled in such ashes because the thing is done more softly and with more leysur, so that the heed or lid be not hoot, and sometimes between the falling of the drops, a man may tell swiftly till he cum at fifty. But the Oils have need of a greater fire and a more vehement heat (that is) a drier: therefore although it may be rightly done in ashes, whatsoever is done in water, yet not contrary. for oils may be made in ashes, but none in siething water. But this thing shallbe more evident hereafter where we shall teach of Quintessence.  
The distillation by ashes is easy and ready, if an earthen or brazen vessel, diep enough, and able to receive the Cucurbita or body of the still, be filled with fine ashes and sifted or fyned sand, so full that the matter to be distilled which is in the vessel, may be clean within the ashes and no part of it above. This vessel full of ashes shalt thou set upon five or six iron bars, which are laid overthwart from one side to an other: that is to say iii sides of the furnace being laid, they shall occupy two of them: the further side it shall not need, if it be done against a wall. The foor part of this four cornered bielding shallbe left open, that the fire may be made and put under thereat. The length of every side is sufficient to be one foot long, the height six fingers or there about. All these shall we strengthen everywhere with clay (and pieces of shells mixed together) that the heat may the better be kept in ii breething hooles left in the corners. But this manner is for upon a sudden and only miet for one vessel. I bielded once a more laborious furnace on this sort. In a corner of the house I raised a foundation of brick and lime, a foot and a halfhy. Upon the foundation or hearth, a round furnace, with one narrow door, long and broad like a little brick (so that a hand may be put in) which is set up when I list to shit the furnace. There were iii ventes or breething hooles, the height of the furnace was about ten inches. Above this furnace there was an iron plait laid of the same compass, of ii foot or more brood through the midst, about this was an edge raised of unburnt brick (for unto the furnace I took burnt brick) in a compass wise, the height of two hand breed.  
This round place above the plait was filled with ashes, in the ashes round about was there set about five stills of glass, that at one time and with one fire many waters or Oils might be distilled together. Round about the furnace was well fenced with wrought clay with very salt water, wherewith sum Horse dung was mixed.  
This kind of furnace is surely very commodious, because it niedeth little fire, which also itself in this form endureth very long: that it is almost enough to see to the fire morning and evening. But it must be made only of cools, which are put in to the furnace with a little fire shovel, only that they may be gotten in at the little door hansumly: the edges of this fire shovel must be a little turned up, that it may hold the cools the better. There is need also of long iron fyershovel (as the furnace shall require) turned in at the end according to a streigth corner, and there in the end to be somewhat made brother, wherewith the cools within may be moved and laid as a man will have them, and put down from the other fire shovel. But these things are better known by experience. In this kind of furnaces, and how soever they be in ashes, both other kinds of waters and oils, as I said, are rightly prepared: and chief such dry things as are infused in wine, & sometimes steeped, the vessel being very well shut that they may render the very same savour and taste, as wormwood, like as I showed before, Gentian, juniper berries, and spices, the waters distilled whereof our countrymen name golden. etc. Then the distillation of Aqua vitae is sometimes repeated, in which I have observed this, that the better part always & the purest issueth out first, & what so ever is flegmatyck (or deed water, as sum call it, which is unprofitable, hurtful, and almost stinking) followeth last: which is well perceived and known in a glass heed for the still: For while the purer matter, that is, the fiery and airy substance issueth, no sygn appeareth in the heed of the still: but when the phlegm comes once, and tokens of the water following by straikes appear manifestly, as ye see them, remove the receiving vessel, and what so ever remaineth in the Cucurbita or belly of the still, pour it out as good for nothing: and begin a new distillation of fresh and that must be repeated, until no phlegm appear any more, which chanceth lightly in the fourth or fifth distillation. afterward there needeth no more distillation, but circulation, that the liquor be rectified, as they term it, and turned into heaven or quint essence.  
Things distilled in the vapour of hot water, retain more perfectly the virtues and qualities of of plants, but because they have some corruption in them, they can not be kept long. Those things longer which by the heat of ashes or dross of metal beaten to powder are distilled in vessels of stone or glass, how many so ever they be, upon a long or round furnace covered with slates or tiles which may hold the high sands compassed with high lead. But these vessels must be made hot by little and little not suddenly, and couled likewise before they be opened to the cold air, or else they break strait way. Silvius.  
Vlstadius prescribeth a certain distillation in ashes with so soft a fire, that thou mayst number one ii three between one drop and an other.  
any kind of fruit thou wilt, when it is well ripe cut small and beaten, thou shalt distill it in sand with a slow fire. Vlstadius.  
¶ A certain way to make water by and by.  
WAter is made also uppn a sudden, whiles the juice is made hot or scalding, a glasen cup is set upon it, in the which the fume passeth into drops: and the drops gathered thereupon are driven together into water. By this means Vinegar is easily turned into water. This is wholesome for spots and blemishes in the eyes, and for the web, to put them away: specially if Rue be sod in white Vinegar. Cardanus.  
Some are put resinam larigenam in a trene vessel, whose bottom must be made by a tornar as thin as is possible, so that a man may see through it, so in a hot place the purer part and the thinner destilleth.   

Of rosaries, that is to say instruments wherewith a distilled liquor may be gotten out of Roses and other medicines, fire being put under (for the most part without any mean betwixt) either of cools, or of chips.  
FIre in distillation doth more procure the savour of adustion and brentnesse unto the water that is to be distilled, then do cools or water, which thing to avoid put sand in the pan in common Rosaries: or rather see that sand be betwixt the fire and the pan, and also about the pan, and that it be glazed (or oiled as some call it) if it be an earthen pan: for it is made also of brass. The joining together of the pan and the limbeck thou shalt fence with clay, that is to say with a linen clout perieted or closed with clay and hansumlye laid about it: and the receiving vessel with the nose of the limbeck likewise. Brunswick. Some now a days make these rosary pans of brass, and upon the sand they lay the herbs that be to be distilled: and round about the pan (and within it also except I be deceived) they fill a void space with water, a pipe being made for the purpose to pour them in at. They ●ut fire under it either of coals or of very short chips, because the flame of the fire may seem to be able to do les hurt, for the water that compasseth. But without all doubt, all these shallbe much better distilled in glasses, or in Balneo Mariae, or in ashes.  
Vinegar is made white with distillation, as well for other uses of chemists and physicians, as also to be mixed with Syrup of Vinnegar, whereupon I will rehearse Bulcasis words. Build an Atanor like unto that wherein rosewater is distilled, and ever take a stillatorye vessel of glass or of earth glazed: fill three parts of it with good Vinegar, that the fourth part of the Vessel above may be empty, least when it doth seeth the Vinegar be spilled and run over. Then cover the vessel with some Vessel upon it, as ye know, having a noose, as the manner is in rose-water, and make a light fire, not great nor strong: for if it be vehement, the Vinegar shall not become so white. The vinegar that is distilled must be of white wine, and very sharp. So shalt thou gather a white and pure liquor, which thou shalt keep in store. After the same manner may wine be distilled. This writeth Bulcasis. I distilled it once in glasen vessels in ashes, which I keep yet hitherto certain years, like to Vinegar not distilled both in savour and taste, differing only in the colour and substance, where in it is like to pure water to see to. Bulcasis seemeth to be of this opinion, that vinegar should be distilled with fire or water, not in a Balneo Mariae, but in that manner that he maketh the first and second in destillinge of Rooses, that is, without water with fire of wood or rather of cools. I have distilled very excellently in ashes. Pearls, egg shells, stone of the rains and bladder are dissolved with strong vinegar, specially when it is distilled or with the juice of lemons: so is also both kind of corals, and they afterward dried, are readily crumled: praecipitatum and sublimatum and cinabrium, and they return into quick silver. Silvius. The chemists say metals are resolved with vinegar distilled: also which man's urine distilled.  
The leaves of hemp turned into meal, because they pierce the head, make drink which will make a man pleasantly drunk. Cardan. It seemeth water should be poured to it, and when they are made dow together, then to be distilled: like as burning water in a Rosary or Rosestil, or like instrument where the fire is put under without any men, and peraventur the distillation should be twys or thrice repeated. I would say the same of Ootes' water, whereof likewise Cardanus writeth: The Moscovites (saith he) because they lack win, use water distilled of Ootes which inflameth and maketh a man drunken no less than wine. For Ootes being of a more gros substance, it must niedes when it is distilled make hoot, becum more subtle and sharp, and draweny to the nature of burning water. This ●aith he.  
The like may be done of any drink that maketh drunken, as Ale, Bier, Curmus and Meed, specially when it is old, and that which is sod with Mill.  
honey while it is a destilling is wont to rise up and run over, when it is made hoot. But this is avoided, when a man destilleth in a common Rose-still, by putting upon it within the pan a wooden siue (made with horse hear) so that it touch the honey. If ye will destil in a Cucurbita or body of glass, mixed with it pure and well washed sand, & make a slow fire. The first water is cast away, but the second is kept which hath a golden colour, and a little before the end reed. The use of this water is for women to their hear, that they may grow, be soft and yellow being moistened therewith specially in the sun. It amendeth the shedding of the hear. It healeth swelled and blered eyes, and putteth away their watery coats and their duskishness: it healeth the corners of the eyes that be hurt and full of weals. It healeth notably the places that be burned, specially them that be soft and ten der, so that no scar or blemish shall remain. The latter water that is reddish, purgeth corrupt mattier in rotten biles, if they be washed therewith, and linen clothes moistened therein be laid upon them, and when it hath purged them, it raiseth the flesh also. Ryffius. Read Vlstadins..   

Of oils distilled, and first generally then particularly.  

Of oils of plants, Flowers, Herbs, Gums, Rolines, sides, Barks, Woods.  
Of those oils composed which they call Balsama.  
Of oils of Beasts.  
Of oils of Metals.   
Oils which are made in Chymisticall vessels either by descension or by ascension, sum be simple, sum compound: of these sum are composed of many, as certain balms, which they call artificial: sum of few. There be sum that may seem to be in a mien between simple and compound, as they where to sum medicine beaten, sum liquor is added, wherewith it is soaked and distilled togetherr, that it may ascend being carried by it, afterward it is separated.  
Also certain are made of plants or their parts, Flowers, Routs, sides, Barks, Rosines, Gums, Drops. Sum of beasts, or of sum parts of them or of their excrements. Other of metally things or such like as Antimonium, Lead, Amber. We will speak of every of them by these three latter places. Of other kinds of oils which are made by any other manner, as by expression, infusion. etc. we shall entreat after.  
Like as oil Benedict is distilled by sublimation of hoot burning till stones quenched in oil, even so of Ladanun, wax, liquors, gums, rosins, bones, marowes, and other abounding with fat humours may oil be gotten by sublimating. Silvius.  
An oily nature seemeth to be in all mixed things or compounded by nature whatsoever they be, when as it is in salt also the most dry body that may be, as Cardanus writeth. (Theridamas is also in salt a fatness, which we may marvel at, Plin.) but in sum more, in sum les. For it is an oily and fat humour that is in mixed things, not that watery and ea●y to be dried, but an airy which also is hoot. Both kind of elements have the moisture in them that belongeth to their kind. This liquor in certain things nature itself separateth, not in plants only by juices or liquors, the Griekes call them opús: tears, gums, rosins, Elaeomel: but also in deed bodies, as in fat metally things, brimstone, quick silver, also in divers kinds of pitch, Naphtha, aumber, ambra, & P●●r●l●on, which hath his name because it floweth & runnethout of stones. But most manifestly in beests, both by other parts of them, & also chiely the fat marrow, blood & in them that have no blood, sum fat humour of the nature of blood. The same is not laking unto the excrements, of the belly, the bladder, sweet, honey, eggs, etc. in the massy parts both of beasts and plants, in all such chief siemeth it to be which have thriedes or veins manifestly, by the which they draw nourishment. For unto nourishment swiet things are most of all ordained, which by a moderate heat are turned easily into a fatness, ye the very fat things themself are somewhat swiet. And the abundance of fat juice is tried & found most in those things which are nourished with many swiet things. Notwithstanding fat things of themselves nourish not, because they swyme above, nether can they be brought into an unity of a lump or humour in the stomach. Now that juice which is somewhat fat, containeth so much the more oil, as it is in the more massy or dry nature, as that which is more pure and les watery. Gnaiacum because it sinketh in water, aboundeth therewith. Thinner and lighter woods convert and turn the fat juice in to Gum or rosin, wherefore they have les plenty thereof: such as be more massy and thicker & heavier retain the same, as Gnaiacum, the walnut try, the Ash.  
Moreover the very ashes show that oil is in all woods: for the ashes of every one have their fatness, which it leaveth in lie. So durable is the airy fatness and yet more the fiery, as when earth is burned, the water goeth out in vapours, the other remain, part in the ashes, part in the Sout: although in both those also sum substance of earth remaineth. But these things pertain to Philosophers.   

How oil must be drawn out of spices, as Cloves, Nutmegs, Saffron, Mace, and other.  
moisting measurably in Aqua vitae rectified & circulated, any kind of spice what ye will beaten and broken somewhat gross, and when they are stiept together, at the last destil them with a very slow fire. And when as the Aqua vitae once drawn out clean, the oil beginneth to still, them take the matter of the spicesout of the cucutbita and put it in a little bag well knit and tied with a thread: & in a pres for the purpose pres it out, both the iron plates of the pres well made hot first. The oil pressed out so must ye destil, rectify and circulate: that the pure oil may be separated from the grosser matter. The dregs afterward may be digested or putrefied again with the Aqua vitae first separated from them (and be distilled again.) And this waisemeth to be the most commodious and most profitable among other, Ryffius: but we have translated it as well as we might, somewhat darker than it should be.   

How oil is drawn out of woods and other like, as Cloves by distillation out of Cardan.  
Therefore as I did once see it, at the first a troubled matter runneth out, carrying forth the more subtle substance of the thing: after that a more clear water cometh out, at the last oil, which declareth the savour rather of a thing burnt, then of that thing wheroute it ran. In this manner the distillation of waters also (of herbs and flowers) may be done: but that way is far better which is by descension downward etc. Some put Musk about. F. and other precious smelling things, and the water that rettineth the smells not only of the own proper matter, but also of the Musk and of other things that be put to it.  
Of distillation by descension or going downward. Vlstadius in his xix Chapter teacheth of this way of destillinge universally: and specially or severally of oils of juniper sticks, of the yolks of Eggs, Nutmegs, and Benedicto: where through I will go about to declare the matter moor clearly and more shortly. He teacheth to make a furnace meet for this distillation, like to such a Chunney as is used to be made amongst the Germans, of bricks unbrent of a Cubit and a halfhie, on every side, save the former side (which may be somewhat lower, and covered with thin tiles, to lay any thing upon, as the iron instruments wherewith the fire is governed) in breadth iii cubits every way. In the middle of this fornaice let there be a hole so great that a man's foot may be put in at it.  
This furnace shall be meet also for an other use, that is to seal with the seal of Hermes, as they call it: when the mouth of a Glasen Cucurbita being put into the hole of the furnace, the length a hand breadth, that is four fingers, and if any more about it be open, that being stopped with clay, assoon as it is red hot, it is nipt together with a pair of tongues likewise red hot. When thou wilt distil therefore in this furnace, take a Cucurbita of the best earth: or if not, of Coper or Latin: syll it unto the third part with the matter that is to be distilled, and shit it with a very thin iron lid of iron plate full of little hooles. Then turn it upside down and put the mouth of the Vessel into the hole of the furnace three fingers deep, and what so ever is open on any side, fill it with clay diligently round about, so that nothing may fall into this hole. beneath in the neither part of the hole thou shalt set under a Cucurbita of glass (for the putting in and taking out whereof, and that thou mayst see when the hole matter is distilled, the eight part of the furnace must be open:) whereunto the mouth of the upper Cucurbita must be joined, (but not with clay.) Then let a fire be made above about the vessel that containeth the matter on every side. But the fire at the first must be little, and as far of from the vessel as is possible: afterward by little and little to make it bigger and nearer the vessel.  
Ye must understand that of every matter, at the first water destilleth, moor or less according to the difference of the matter.  
When it hath left running, and now the oil hath begun to distill, thou shalt empty the Cucurbita of glass that standeth underneath, and set it under a-again: and continue in encreesing the fire, and to make it ever nearer and nearer the vessel, until no more oil destille. For then by and by the fire must be removed far of that the upper Cucurbita may be couled. Then take away the nether that is the receiver, and keep the oil. But as I said, a little fire is required at the first, and is to be encreesed by little and little until the fourth degree, for two causes. First lest by the sudden excess of to much heat all the moisture, yea the oily moisture also be consumed, which chief must be taken hied of, when we covet to have oil of the yolks of eggs and nutmegs: for in certain other, as of juniper sticks, a man shall offend nothing to make a sudden and great fire. Then because the wood set on fire, peradventure would hurt the Cucurbita, burn it, breeke it, or infect the oil with sum unrepentant savour. Moreover in simple oil Benedict, thou shalt increase the fire only at the end of the distillation: and thou mayst prepare such a place for the distillation: Dig a pit in the earth, long, brood and diep, accordining to the measure of the pot that is to be put into it. Let the pot be glazed, washed with water, and upon the mouth of it let a thin iron plate be put, bored through with many holes, so that the plate be a fingar thickness within the brim of the pot: upon this set an other pot that containeth the matter to be distilled, so that the mouths of them be joined together, and all well clayed, then let a fire be made about the upper pot, which shallbe hool without the pit save the mouth. But this second way is not so commodious as the first: because the water can not be separated from the oil: nor easily known when the whole matter is distilled, except it be known by use and custom. The furnace may also be made in a stiep hill: as the same Vlstadius showeth: I let that pass that I be not to long.  
Oil of the leaves of Citrum, or Orange, Arantia, or Lemons when it is distilled, first the water is gotten out (than the oil) and both aught to be kept severally: the oil is very swiet and good. It is made on this wise. Take the leaves of any of the foresaid tries which so ever ye will, when they are cut beet them in a mortar, and as ye distill them receive the water: and when ye see any drop of divers colour swim upon the water, the receiver being changed, increase the fire and gather the oil. It shall smell a little of the fire, which fault shallbe amended, if ye let it stand long set in the sun. Sum dry the foresaid leaves between two linen clothes and beat them: they put to also many odoriferous & swiet smelling things, as zivet, Musk, Ambra, hoot Styrax, Laudanum, Cinnamon, Benzoum: not the substance of them, but the fume or smoke only: for they put these into Rose water upon the fire, and with the vapour of them they season the leaves. When these are so diligently seasoned, they take rosewater wherein certain spices are stiept, as Cloves, Galangal, Put megs. etc. for the space of one day, and the powder of the leaves moistened therewith, they distill it it ashes with a slow fire, till the watery liquor be separated: then they increase the fire and receive the oil, which is of a wonderful pleasant and swiet savour. Furner.  
A certain practitioner showed me, that the oil is separated commodiously from herbs & routs in this manner. Put the herbs or routs in Turpentyn or Larigna, rosin washed (eight or nine times) till it wax white, and let it stand in hoot sand q. s. Then distill them with a slow fire, & the Turpintyn shall run out first▪ by and by at the beginning: or if it move but a little, being shaken together it shall then run out wholly, first in a colour white as milk, afterward yellow. Thou shalt perceive by the taste when the liquor that thou desirest beginneth to run out: when the colour is changed, thou shall change also the receiver, that thou mayst receive it severally, for the last liquor is not so good, and is to be used without the body, but the first within the body. these saith he, I myself as I think, saw once oil of the berries of juniper prepared in this wise.  
Such distilled oils as be to be ministered with in the body, all must be mixed with sum liquor, win Meed, or Syrup with sum distilled water, or other medicine: As we shall declare also hereafter among the balsameles. And this is it that Practitioners do say. That unto Oils oils as unto spirits or souls, sum body ought to be added.   

Of oils of flowers.  
oil of Saffron is prepared thus: Thy matter is digested by sprinkling Aqua vitae upon it, and when the Aqua vitae is drawn out by distillation, the other liquor is wrong out with a pres, as it is written afore of the general distillation of spices, out of Ryffius.  
Oil of Spick, out of the French book of Furnerius. Set the herb (the flowers rather) of spick or Lavendar a while in the sun, then draw out the water in a lembeck. This set in the sun in summer in a very hoot place bringeth forth an oil in the superficial or upper part of it, which being separated now and then from the water, thou shalt reserve. For it both smelleth most swietly, and is wholesome against divers diseases, specially such as be could: and taketh away painful grieves.  
another way of the same man's. Thou shalt stiep in a glass the flowers of Spick well rypened in as much as thou thinkest good of oil of swiet Almonds, in horse dung xl days. Then distill them with a slow fire: at last rectify them in the sun, the vessel diligently stopped. But if there be any smell of adustion or brentnes, make ii or iii little hooles in the cover. So shall it remain purged in the sun, good and odoriferous.  
The third way of the same man's. Fill a glass with the flowers of Spike well ripened, shit it, and every day put as much to it as ye can. Do this continually for the space of viii days: then stop the vessel and putrefy it in horse dung three months. At the length distill it a lembek with great diligence, and when the oil is drawn out set it in the sun, so that thou separate always that is clearer and reserve it Some as soon as the matter is drawn forth from the fire (so is it in the frenshe book, but I think it should be from the dung, that is the horse dung wherein it is stiept three months) set it in the Sun, and the oil that swimmeth above they remove it away every foot. But when the flowers have left now yielding of oil, wring it as hard as ye can, and the juice that is priest out, let it stand in the sun in a vessel set on the one side lening that the oil swimming above may the more easily be separated. So shall ye have a wonderful well smelling oil without all discommodity of adustion or brentnes: Thus far Furnerius.  
The same oil Ryffius saith is made, as oil of Roosemary, the flowers being cut and stiept in old wine, then distilled, so that the spirits of the limbeck be couled. etc. Read before in the oil of Roosemary. Some sell this oil of Spike commonly and name it Balm, with tables wherein the virtues of it are described. It is very hot and dry. I knew a woman which received into her body not past a drop or. two, & yet it put her in great jeopardy: but therewith she avoided many worms. It is mixed with many things, chiefly for the smells sake. One drop of it chafed with a great quantity of water, maketh it all swiete smelling. physicians also mixed it with Oils and hot ointments, both because of the savour, that it may increase the pleasantness of things that be somewhat swiet of themselves, and to conserve them, or else to hide and cloak an evil smell: for it overcometh all smells, and peradventure a man shall not find any liquor both so strong and so swiet smelling. It seemeth that far swieter is made of Spike then of Lavender.  
Oil of Roosemarye that is in stied of Balm. Take a Vial full of the flowers of Roosemary: bury it in sand (shit with a double cerecloth, or with wax and a cover so that it may breath, Atnold: with a double linen, and then also with wax to be closed, Hollerius:) till the middle of the vessel: and let it stand so a month or more, until the flowers be turned into water. This water separated and set in the Sun ten or twenty days (otherwise xl) it will become thick like Oil. It strengtheneth the heart, the brain, the sinews and the hole body. It putteth away the rags of the eyes and spots of the face: it conserveth youth. A drop of it put into balm water, goeth to the bottom like Balm. It is good for webs and tears, (otherwise spots and other diseases) of the eien if one drop be put into the eyen, twice or thrice at the most. Members sick of the palsy it heateth them for the most part, and healeth them sometimes. It resisteth salsfleem. Fistulas and Cancars that give not place to other medicines, it healeth them throughly. Aqua vitae distilled of wine, wherein Rosemary is decocted and sod, doth the same things. Lullius. I would not seethe the Roosemary: for the strength of the wine and quintessence doth fume out in vapours: but I would step them in a vessel closed, or putrefy them: then first in Balneo Mariae, afterward in ashes pouring the water again unto the dregs would I distill them. And of my mind is Arnold de villa nova, which in his book of wine, (where he writeth of the oil also of rosemary the very same things, which we rehearsed now out of Lullius, if so be they be Lullius words.) Of ten-times (saith he) have I tried that Aqua vitae, made of wine wherein Rosmary hath been mollified, cureth salsfleum, scabs, canker, and the fistula, which cannot be healed otherwise. But this oil of Rosmary is made none otherwise then the oil of the flowers of Verbascum not by distillation.  
Oil of rosemary should be made of flowers cropped of with the tops of the tender buds or bows wherein they are sprung, pund and stiepte or putrefied in veri good old wine. They ought to be distilled with a slow fire, so that the spirits of the lembek be now and then couled, afterward to be circulated, till that all the gros matter be separated from the subtle as much as is possible: Gualterus Ryffius. It may be distilled, as I conjecture, either in a Cucurbita, specially somewhat short, with a limbeck: or in a crooked still with a receiver of a divers figure and fashion, or rather in two crooked stills, whereof the one may be the receiver, or else in brazen vessels which the Apothecaries call bladdars as water of Cinnamon, or burning water.  
In like manner be oils distilled, as the same man teacheth of Vernix or Gum of juniper: of the flowers of Spike or Lavender, of Anes sedes and many other sedes.  
The four essence or fire, of Selandin, which is like a liquor of oil. etc. how it is prepared and to what use, read before, where we have entreated of quint essence. It is possible also to draw out ii manner of oils, an airy and afyerye out of the most herbs and other medicines, after the same manner it is prescribed there in Selandine.  
Oil of Rue. Cardanus in his second book of subtlety, writeth that there be certain poisons which slay with the only touching. Against these (saith he) the remedy is, not to tarry in any place until the hand wax hot: often washing of thepartes with warm water: also the anointing with oil of Rue, not with the common oil, but that is made after the same manner that oil of spick and oil of Cloves is wont to be made of them that make painting colours. These writeth he. Of oil of the ●eedes of Rue, shortly hereafter we shall write out of Lullius: but that whereof Cardanus maketh mention hear, I suppose it is to be made of Rew itself, that is of the extreme tops of the bows thereof which flourish.   

Of oils of sides and fruits,  
oil of Cloves did I taste once in Italy wonderful swiet and strong: how it should be drawn out, we declared afore with Catdanus words, where we writ generally of drawing out of oils: also another way out of Ryffius (that is) the same way that ye may out of what spice a man will, which stiept in burning water, they distill them till the burning water be separated, and as soon as the oil beginneth to run, the matter taken out of the Cucurbita is priest. etc. as before it is written out of Ryffius, who describeth also particularly the virtues of this oil.  
Oil of Nutmegs how it may be gotten out, fee before where as we entreated general of the distillation of Oils by descension or downward. Oil of Nutmegs and of his husk mace, is drawn out after the same manner as out of Cloves: Ryffius, who describeth the virtues of either of them severally.  
oil of Anis sied is drawn out (as out of other dry things which be in the kind of plants) the sides well beaten steeped in the best wine, then distilled by little and little by ascension, so that the spirits in the alembic be continually refrigerated and couled, etc. and the liquor afterward circulated. The virtues of it Ryffius reckoneth, we leave them out as also of other for the most part, where no peculiar effect or working is attributed to the waters and oils, yea the same are agreeable to this medicines also whereout they be drawn, or ever they be distilled, saving that by destilling they are made more subtle and more effectual or stronger operation.  
Oils of the berries of juniper and of the berries of Bays, are made one way: that is pund, stiep in wine or rain water, they are distilled the same way that burning water is, either in a brazen bladder as the Apothecary's name it, or in such wise as we described oil out of Cardan, to be gotten out of woods and cloves: or else as out of spices, by Ryffius description. I think it makes no great matter, so be that the spirits which be carried about the alembic, may be couled commodiously in it and in the noos.  
The virtues of these oils Ryffius reckoneth up. Agyrtae or iugleres also are wont with us to sell oil of junipers, with tables imprinted containing the rehearsal of the virtues thereof. This amongst other healeth them that be sick of a tercian as I am informed.  
Sum make oil of wheet pressing it out between two iron plates read hoot: other think it to be nothing worth thatis made thus, and that it should be made as oil of juniper, that is of the sticks of juniper by descension or downward. Mesue saith that wheet after it be husked is distilled in a vessel of sublimation, as the Philosopher's oil. It cureth ring worms, and ruggedness of the skin which springeth of dryness, it mollifieth and moisteneth, and other infections, also of the skin it remedieth them. It is described also by Rasus in his Antidotarium. Look within amongst the oils not distilled. There might be made also of Barley and such both by sublimation, and also by descension. Monachi upon Mesue.  
Oils of Musk been, (that is Balanus my repsica,) which Fnrnerius calleth Retraban or retraha, of most precious smell. Like as of Almonds, so shalt thou press out an oil of the fruits of Ben (which are found about Genua plenteously enough, of the same price almost that Almonds be) thou shalt let it stand, and put a good quantity of musk into it, and so in a glass well stopped, thou shalt set it in a ketle that it may seethe a while, then receive the oil by distillation, which shallbe moste swiet and most odoriferous.   

Certain oils of sides which I found in a book of Waters of Raimund Lullius.  
THis oils I thought good to write severally, because I doubt whether the author would have them made by distillation or simpely by pressing out: in every one he addeth these words and let an oil be drawn out after the manner of the lay people. With which words he seemeth to signify, simpely by the pressing out of the sides in a pres, as the common people is wont to do, so is oil to be gathered, specially when as he would have it drawn out of the same dried in the sun. Notwithstanding it is out of all doubt, that the same things distilled accordingly, should be far more effectual: But for destilling, the liquor wherein the siedes pund or stiept ougth to be left with them and putrification to go before. etc.  
Stiep the sides of Sponsa solis in woman's milk forty days and then make an oil after the use (manner) of the lay people. Look before amongst the cosmeticall and garnishing liquors.  
oil of the sides of Rew. Mixed the sides of Rew pund with leaved gold, and put it in vinegar a day. Then dry it lightly by the sun & draw out an oil after the manner of the lay men. It is precious and resisteth poisons, so that they shall avoid by vomit, if so be it a man drink of it the second time, the other humours also that be infected therewith shallbe a●●yded out: if the third time he shallbe cured per●●c●●y, within iii or four days. All grieves of the ey●s it healeth them what cause so ever it come of, so be that the apple of the eye be unhurt: if the eyes twice a day be washed with this oil and one drop be poured into the eye: for the eye shallbe made hool within iii or four days. If it be drunk fasting, it suffereth no venom to approach unto a man that day. If so be also a man wounded very sore and deadly, drink thereof fasting he shall escape, so be that the other care of the wound and cure be had accordingly. Also being drunk fasting and putteth away the Gutta or drop and all scabbedness: and the dropsy sprung of a cold cause, if it be taken but two days. To conclude it stirreth up and restoreth all sliepy and benumbed members, (taken with the Palsy, being anointed upon.)  
Ruberta (if it be right written, peradventure of the colour he so calleth it: I would rather read Sperma,) that is oil of Nasturtium (I would rather the seeds of Nasturtium, as in other in the same place, before and after the oil) moistened in sharp vinegar, dry it in the sun, and draw out the oil after the manner of the lay people.  
This mixed with Aloes & oil of bays, cureth all scabbedness and the drop, the places being anointed. Drunken with Aloes and cools of an elm, it healeth the Tercian and quartain, and all breeches in the body. Soden with a ptisan and drunken, it stauncheth the bloody flux and bindeth the belly. Sod with bran and drunken it driveth away all drops.  
Oil of the seeds of pimpernel. Put seeds in read wine a few days, dry them, pun them and make an Oil after the lay manner. This oil drunk fasting, dissolveth, breaketh and expelleth the sand (and any stone of the bladder, yea if it be finished (gathered to y● form of a stone) what matter so ever it be of. It lighteneth the wearied members of a man's body. These writeth he.   

Of oil of the berries of juniper, destilling first by ascension, then by descension as I learned of my friends.  
TAke a pint or a quart full of the Berries of juniper, when they are beaten steep them two days in well springe water: then put those berries together with the water wherein they were soaked into a Cucurbita or bladder, as they call it, of Cooper, which thou shalt fill till there be but two. or iii fingers thick empty: then putting a measurable fire under, thou shalt distil it in all points like burning water, that is by a Pipe which may pass through a vessel full of cold water. It will yield plenty of water, so that one receiver shall not be enough. At length the oil followeth, which must be suffered to run into the water, where upon it will swim: thou shalt separate it, toureninge the vessel wherein it is with a narrow neck upside down, so that the water be let run out, until a little be left which shall be separated afterward by pouring the oil into an other vessel. A sextarye or pint of berries, as they call it in Alsatia, about iiii. ounces of oil. Other to separate the Oil from the water, put it into a drinking glass that hath the foot taken away either by coming with a wire of iron red hot, or else by chance so that a little hole in the bottom be left for the water passeth through, and when it comes to the oil the hole is stopped, and then the oil may be poured out into the vessel where it shallbe kept. Some distill it in like manner, but they move the matter oftentimes in the still, lest it be burned. And they say spices beaten, as Cloves and cinnamon mai be rightly distilled likewise. Some, as I hear say, distill in a crooked vessel not of glass, but of Copper, tinned in the inside: which is put into a long pipe of copper, as they do for burning water.  
another way of preparing the same by descension downward, communicated and showed unto me as a secret thing, by a certain friend who prepared and made it so his self. Gather juniper berries well rypened and dry in harnessed or a little before Harvest, between the two mary days as they be appointed in the Calendar, in the morning at eight or nine of the clock, in great plenty, as many as will fill a couple of bags, whiles it is fair weather.  
oil of the nuts kernels of the pin tree for the polishing & putting away of wrinkles in women's skins, is made by distillation downward, as oil of the wood of jumper, Silvius.   

Of oils of gums, tears or liquors, thickened or congealed, and rosines.  
oil of Myrrh. Look before amongst the swiet waters of Furnerius, where we have described one which is made with one part of Myrrh, and the half part of the juice of Roses, most odoriferous.  
Liquors thikned by nature, and gums as they call them, of a hoot and dry temperatur, that they may be prepared unto distillation, when they are pund, put them in a vessel well stopped (win also, except I be deceived, may be a little sprinkled upon it) and dig it in a could and moist place so diep as a man is hy, without putting to it any hoot matter, and it must be left a good long space: notwithstanding it should sooner be resolved if thou put to it sum yolks of hard roasted eggs. The gums so resolved, yielded an oil troubled and pudly, which being distilled in a crouked still (as they call it) shallbe made more clear and pure. For all gums, and Caphura also, seeing they contain a fat liquor and whit, that which by distillation is drawn from them, do easily savour of the injury of the fire & fault of brentnes, that although they be distilled in vessels very mien, yet issueth forth a liquor full of dregs, gros, brent, & of an unrepentant smell, the use whereof doth not pleas me, no not without the body, much les within the body: the strengths & virtues of them is not alike. When the matter is so resolved thou shalt strain it through a woollen cloth or a hear cloth, that what so ever erthynes is in it, may be separated from the sand and dros. After, that which is strained, thou shalt leave it again in an indifferent warm place as many days as thou wilt: last of all distill it. these manner of Oils are very subtle and of great strength (when as nature itself first hath as it were gathered the chief virtues of trees, such as power forth any gums or tears.) these for the most part writeth Ryffius in his first book of distillation.  
The same Ryffius in the treatise of the same work of oils prescribeth no peculiar way to draw out oil of gums: but sendeth men unto his first koke. He describeth severally the virtues of oils of Ammoniacum, Belzoum, Camphora, Cloves, Euphorbium, Galbanum, Laudanum, Myrrh, Opopanax, Sarcocolla, Sagapenum, Stirax liquid & Calamita. In the only oil of Mastic he willeth the Mastic when it is pund, to be resolved with old wine (and to be digested) than distilled. And the gum of juniper likewise to be resolved and stiept in wine, because of the dryness of the substance thereof, and afterward to be distilled.  
Oil of Belzoum. Thou shalt water a pound of Belzoum or more grows beaten, with burning water: and in a crouked still with a receiver set under thou shalt distill it in ashes, with a slow fire first, and afterward with a great fire. This oil hath an excellent and most swiet smell. The watery liquor that runneth out aught to be kept severally. Furnerius.  
oil of Styrax out of the same. Thou shalt beat somewhat grows Styrax Calamita that which is full of juice and fat, & water it with the best Aqua vitae: then distill it in a crouked still as the oil before, and kiep the water by itself. This oil excelleth with a marvelous fragrant & swiet savour  
oil of Camphora. Look before in the wawater of camphora, amongst the simple waters distilled.   

Of oil of Turpentine or larigna resina.  
Put four pound of Turpentin Rosin or of larix in a large crooked still or cucurbita of glass, and destilling it, get out an oil, so that the cucurbita or crooked still be put in sand, first of all with the water shall an oil issue a thin and clear oil, secondly of the colour of gold, last a duskish and thick: take every one of these by themselves and reserve them. Valerius Cordus. More of oil of Turpentin, and of the preparing of it and of the hertues thereof writeth Ryffius, which I for shortness sake let pass. This is chief to be taken heed of, that in the destilling, it seethe not, as in honey also: for they rise and swell quickly these liquors when they are made hot: wherefore at the first the fire must be made very light & slender and increased by little and little, and the lembek, according as the act requireth, must be refrigerated and couled. Some put unto it slate tiles groselye beaten or white flints, or sand washed and dried again, or the leaves of ivy, and a little glass groose beaten, (such certain things are added also in the destilling of honey, that they may let this rising & keep i● from soothing over. I woldad little pieces of slates or flints wet with old oil or some medicinable thing, as in oil Benedict that by the same means both the ●iething might be letted, and the virtue of the oil increased. The description following maketh with me, which I found in a certain written book. Take pure sand, or little white and clear flints and put them over the fire in a vessel till they wax red hot, then quench them in turpentin, that they may drink well, and that sand quenched destil it in a alembic. Some commend oil of turpentin for the grief of the stone. Also those, oil of Turpentyn, of a pound of Turpentyn, an ounce of old tile slates, (or as Albucasis saith, new tile slates because they may drink the more oil) and mastic and Styrax, of either an ounce. The tiles made red hot are slekt in oil: when they are quenched and pund they are mixed with the other in a alembic of glass. Three liquors run out, whereof the third is the best. jac. Hollerius amongst oils without smell for could griefs.  
Otherwise out of a written book. In a cucurbita half full of Turpintyn, put a handful of glass pund, and ii sponges of the quantity of ii fingers (the number is left out) and put according to the art of Alchemissts, fire about the cucurbita, & let the fire be continued xxiiii hours: when the first distillation is finished, distill it again, renewing y● glass, the cucurbita and the sponges. To put away scars, or rather to assuage and mollify them, oil of Turpentin doth chiefli profit, except those that remain after warts. For they that commend this oil for the putting away the marks of warts, they are deceived. Brasalonus.  
Oil of Tartarum sublimated. Put Tartarum beaten in a vessel (a cucurbita of glass parieted with clay, or an earthen cucurbita) and when it is put inalembek of glass destil it. First of all water will run forth, then oil, which thou shalt receive by itself increasing the fire by little and little till it leave running. The dutch written book: Certain practitioners commend the spirit or quintessence of Tartarum against inward impostumes & kings evil.   

Oils of barks.  
Oil of Cinnamon is made, as we declared before out of Cardanus, how oils be drawn out of woods and like things, as Cloves: where is also described the instruments. Or else as we described out of Ryffius of the drawing out of oils of all kinds of spices. Cinnamon may be stiept about viii. days in burning water vi times distilled, and then be distilled, as I was informed of a friend. Here will I rehearse also the way to make water (as they call it) of Cinnamon: for in the distillation also hereof oil followeth at length, although but little and because of the discommodity of adustion and brentnes, unprofitable to be used within the body: but the water is most noble & most profitable, the description whereof a certain friend of late sand unto me, on this wise. The furnace & instruments must be in all points such as are used for burning water: with a pipe passing through a vessel full of cold water, which except I be deceived shall be better, if it be somewhat long, that is of the length of .v. Roman foot, what manner a one or rather longer, an other showed us he had seen in the distillation of this water: but peradventure it shallbe les nied of such a long one, when no great plenty of water is distilled.) It may also be distilled in a Cucurbita of glass parieted with clay, after the manner of Aqua fortis, and peradventure it would be best that way. Put a pound of the best Cinnamon pund not sifted, in the bottom of a still warily, lest the powder s●ir abroad or cleave to the sides, & by and by pour to it a iii pints of freash water, & the cover laid upon it & a receiver set underneath, make a little fire of cools. The water that runneth out first is somewhat thick like oil: but there must be diligent heed taken that assoon as it shall change the colour, that the receiver also be changed. The second water runs somewhat whiter: them change it again & take an other receiver, & so forth till the dregs issue out. The water of the fourth changing is most clear, which when it gins to wax yellow, straightway the cover & the pipe must be taken away because the business is now ended & all the virtue of the Cinnamon is drawn out. This hole matter may be done in iii or four hours, but there must be a couple of men about this distillation: the one to mark the alteration of the liquors, and see that the fire be no bigger than it ought, and that the liquor run not to fast out: The other shall see that the Vessel with could water, where through one part of the pipe passeth, be according as it should be, and that the pipe be not to hot: wherefore now and then changing the water, he shall pour in colder out of some Vessel by, and put linen clouthes dipped in could water about the pipe, and about the cover likewise if it be too hoot. For it skilleth much that these parts be couled that both more plenty of water and also better may run out. This water of Cinnamon I have seen myself and tasted, very pleasant and swiet in savour and in taste. The liquor which I saw was sharp, almost of the colour of milck and troubled: whereupon certain somewhat red drops of oil did swim, which were les swiet than the water, and smelled of adustion. The same almost Cardanus writeth generally, of liquors of swiet wooden things as Cloves. etc. This liquor restoreth the strength excellently: the other virtues thereof Ryffius describeth: but every man may know them manifestly by the nature of cinnamon itself.  
In like manner is the oil of the husk of Nutmegs which they call Mace, prepared, which also is described by Ryffius.  
An oil marvelous swiet smelling, wherewith gloves and other certain things are anointed out of Furnerius. Thou shalt take in the month of May the iii parts of the second barks of the tree of Almon (so is it red saith Furnerius in the book out of which he writ it, but doubted whether it ought to be understanded an Elm or a Limon a kind of Oranges) and the fatter parts of the flowers of the same tree (Les espis de la fleur qui sont grasses,) in like weight, dry them in the sun. That kind of this tree is thought best that groweth not in watery places. To these y● shalt add the third part of the berries of Juniper new, and distill them downwardly, with a little fire at the first, than greater and greater increasing it till all the oil be cumd down into the receiver, which should be of glass and closed with clay. Afterward thou shalt set it in the Sun, with the mouth of the vessel open a while, or shit with a parchment pricked through with a few hooles, till the smell of adustion and brentnes breathe out. Sum to increases the smell, put to it Belzoum, Spick narde, Agallochum, the shavings of Cypress, Styrax, Ambra,, Mosch and distill all together, repeating also the distillation the second tyme.   

Of oils that are drawn out of Woods.  
Oils of wood are all distilled by descension (as they call it) downward. Of the preparing of oil of the wood of juniper, we showed before out of Vlstadius, where we entreated of distillation downward generally. He that desireth more, specially pertaining to the virtues, let him search in the duche bouke of Ryffius, who writeth that oil is gotten out of Guaiacum also after the same manner utterly: and also out of the wood of Rosemary. I will add here that I found in a certain dutch book.  
The wood of juniper to make oil thereof aught to be cut in the beginning of May, or harvest, which is grien or fresh, the bark being red. When y● bark is taken of, thou shalt dry it diligently in an oven straight after the bred is taken out, then cut in pieces with an axe, put it in a pot that hath the bottom full of hooles, & set hansumly in a pot uneath it. The upper pot thou shalt fill with the chips of juniper and also of that whit Poplar which they call trembling, with a part of the whit stones whereof lime is made: after when thou hast fenced the cover well with clay, put it into the nether and make a fire round about it. This oil also made of only juniper, for the most part, is ministered without the body: for it is very vehement, and sanoureth very much of brentnes. It defileth the skin that it can not be easily washed away. I have tried the virtue of it against scabbedness and itches to be excellent. Brasavolus commendeth the same against the pestilence. It putteth away cold causes, and represeth the typum of the quartain. Being anointed from the navel of women to privy places and reins, i● strengtheneth the matrix or mother and drieth up the moistness thereof, and prepareth it to conception, Rogerius.  
oil distilled of the sticks of juniper most dry, in two earthen vessels with the mouths joined together, or also in a alembic of glass, if it be holden in y● mouth, it taketh away marvelously the touth ache sprung of a could reum, & likewise it is good against all oher grieves coming of could humours, as the griefs of the sinews, the convulsion or cramp of the joints, the palsy, and like, Matthaeolus. Oil of juniper (saith Mesues) helpeth the infections of the skin, crieping diseases, the cancar, angry biles, such as in sommens legs the late writers call the deed evil. Fill a glazed vessel with a narrow mouth, with the small chips of juniper: join a thin plate of iron boored full of hooles after the manner of a meell siue, to the whole mouth: daub the same with the mouth both of the said vessel and of the lesser, which must be glazed or oiled also to receive the oil which when thou hast digged in the ground, compass the other biggar which hath the pieces of juniper, with a clear fire two hours: so the oil shall distill into the les vessel: these writeth Mesues as Silvius interpreteth him. In the same place Silvius in the commentaries. By this art (saith he) oil is made of the kurnelles of Pynaples to put away the wrinkles of women's skins, of the wood Gnaiacum, and stronger of Lignum sanctum for the grieves of the Spanish disease as biles (unto which oil of juniper also and of Broum, and of ash and of like, is wholesome) and of other woods, specially that be fat and full of juice as fruits berries and seeds. The biggar vessel also may be of metal, or if it be of glass or stone, let it be well fenced all over with clay of wisdom, an earthen vessel because it is spongi & not so close, when the oil seeketh to breath out it would give it way: therefore let it be glazed within, the nether vessel and receiver may be of glass, not clayedd only in the circuit but somewhat more thick, it may be also of metal: it may be at length of earth, so be that it be glazed and oiled as they call it: else that most thin oil would run out here and there by the pores of the vessel: much les may that oil be received safe in the pit within the ground having the sides walled with potter's earth, (which notwithstanding Mesues commanded.) Take this withal, that it shall not be needful to dig the lesser vessel within the ground, if thou canst find a means to bear up the cools and wood, with some floor as it were, to compass the bigger vessel about with. These writeth Silvius.  
Oil of ash tre helpeth them that be sick of the spleen, besides that it can do all that oil of juniper can, and is made after the same manner Mesues. Where again Silvius saith. That oil anointed upon the left side under the short ribs, and drunken, delivereth mightily the obstructions & stoppings of the spleen: it mollifieth also & digesteth.  
This oil (saith Rogerius) represseth the cold griefs of the joints: it healeth a wound & bringeth skin where it lacketh: it delivereth from the white morphew, and blackeneth it.  
Io. Manardus in his epistles. 16. 4. giving counsel for the health of the cardinal Campegius sick of the gout: I praise (saith he) both the manner & the use of the foam of the decoction of lignum sanctum or of judicum to the place where the grief is. But I think the oil of the same wood, distilled after the manner that the chemists call by descension, to be far more effectual, anointing the places therewith that swell and where the grief is. They be wont also of the shavings of raw wode, sodden in some noble wine, putting unto it old oil, to prepare an ointment which is very good to be anointed upon the places where the grief is.  
Take the wode cut like boards, therewith fill a new earthen vessel, with a cover of the same matter board through with little holes: that diligently claid let an other empty earthen pot digged in the earth up to the mouth, receive it, joined with clay unto the upper standing above upon it by the cover, the force of the flames blazing round about it: the oil shall run down into the empty within the space of. 4. hours or. 5. When it hath left boiling open it & thou shalt find oil swimming upon the water: wherewith if thou anoint whelks, bushes, exulcerations, the swellings ofjointes & griefs of finews, thou shalt procure ease & that not a little. That water also is drunken morning & evening, by itself or with the syrup following. etc. Andreas Mat in his book of the french disease.  
A man may also, as I hard of a friend, destil guaiacum after the same way that Aqua fortis is distilled, best in an earthen vessel glazed that will abide the fire, such as they make at Haganoa. This oil is good for the fauts of the joints through the french pocks, if it be anointed upon the places with the best burning water. Oil of the wode guaiacum, & more mightily of lygnum sanctum, is wholesome for the spanish diseases & biles. Sylu. A certain practitioner told me once, that this wood is not to be cast away although it be decocted & sudden twice or thrice: for even so also yet is the best oil distilled of.  
Take the wood of ivy dried, & the berries & gum also if thou mayst have it. When they are cut in pieces let them be put in an earthen vessel bored through in the bottom in ii or iii places: & then let an other pot be set under it. Set them in the earth, & join the bottom of the upper unto the mouth of the nether with clay or paste: & the upper pot must stand holly above the ground. At length make a fire on every side, and the oil shall distill black into the nether Vessel. This oil before all Oils healeth the griefs in the joints of a cold cause. Rogerius.  
The preparing of oil of capuistum that is smoked because it is made by descension, like as the oil of woods, I have rehearsed it in this place out of the first book of Aetius, where he entreateth of oils: from whence Nicholas Alexandrinus also borrowed it in his treatise of oils. Vngues aromatici that be black (melànchó, Fuchsius the expositor of Nicolas readeth Megálcon, that is great) thus Masculun, styrax the best, bdellium pure Costus, of every one. v drans (of every one ii ounces & a half, saith Nicolas which I like better) .v. sextaris that is about. iiii pints of the best swiet oil, (two. & a half saith Nich.) Hypni as much as need requireth. The costus cut in pieces somewhat gros, & likewise the styrax & bdellium mixed together, put them into an earthen vessel (a new one: Nycolas) without ears, the mouth whereof thou shalt stop which the hypnen, & without thou shalt defence it with the slips of aspalathus or some odoriferus thing hansomli lest any thing fall out of the pot. Then ●eke an other earthen vessel without ears with a long neck, which may re of the other vessel that containeth the spices agreeing aptly with the mouth, into which thou shalt put .v. sextaries of sweet oil. afterward dig the ground and bury the earthen pot that holdeth the oil unto the neck, lest it wax red hot after with the fire that shallbe made about it: then turn the other vessel with spices & the mouth downward upon the head of it, & sojoin the mouths of them both, that they mai be closed together most exactly. Then close the hole vessel round about with clay, on every side where the mouths are joined together, by & by thou shalt kindle a fire putting under coals about the earthen vessel, & blowing. When the fire is kindled let the spices being consumed, that being set on fire theimai sand out their vapour by the mouth of the earthen vessel into the oil set under: For the which cause it is called capniston that is smoked. The second day after remove away the oil, and put it in a glass to keep. Women use this whose flowers are stopped, anointing the nether part of their belly & loins therewith. It is convenient for them that after they be delivered are evil (to little) purged, being likewise anointed upon the said parts. Moreover it is wholesome for a cold chest & healeth the disease called tenesimus, if it be received in will (hot as Nicolas addeth) folded together and laid to the lower part of the belly & loins. The same seemeth to be called capnelaeun or smoked oil: but the author of Kiranidum expoundeth it naphtha, in his four book where he maketh mention of the fish Ecleneis or Remora.  
I have seen also of paper rolled together in manner of a hod, & set on fire over a dish of tin, holden at the very extreme top with a pair of shears (or tongues) certain drops of black oil run out, which are praised for the spots or whytnese of the eyes.   

Of true Balm, and antibalm, that is Oils composed by art, which are used in steed of the true Balm both within and without the body.  
BAlsamum is a word used almost in all tongues, a Syrian word without doubt: for in only Syria & in one only garden did it once grow. Panag the hebrew word in the xxvii of Ezechiel, David Kimhi after certain doth erpound it a proper place of judaea: other Apharsamon, that is Balsamum. The later writers of the jews wryt Palsamon: Mycander Balsamon bycans of the vers. Opobalsamon is a liquor: Carpobalsamon a sied, which sum call also Casamum: and they say it is swieter smelling then the liquor itself: Xylobalsamum, bows or the wood. I imagined once that it was called Balsamum of the excellency, because it was most precious & most noble of all spices: for Boal signifieth lord and master with the Hebrews and Same spice. Balsamon, is an aromatical flower, Varinus. And in died it is reason, that as the thing itself is proper to Syria, so the etymology and interpretation of the word should be taken of the same tongue. peradventure Belsuin also (other writ it Benivin, other Belzoum) a liquor of most swiet savour hath the same Origen of his name. Not same only with the Hebrews but also Bosem signifieth a swiet smelling spice, whereupon the Germans may seem to have called Mosch Bisem.  
Balsamum or Balm sum in our age think it is lost, the juice of it was of the colour of gold, it he led wounds, and took away wrinkles, and kept the faces of deed men from corruption: it broke also the stone in the reins, it did put away the spots of the eyes, resisting poison, specially Aconitum, Hemloke, and the shaking of very fevers, and in all these things the virtues of Balm excelled. But now there is another kind of Balm brought out of Spain, of a red colour tending toward black, weighty, savouring somewhat of adustion or brentnes, and by and by it striketh & pierceth the heed, and the tongue also sharply, but somewhat long first as pepper. And it also healeth new wounds more quikly than any other thing: and taketh away wrinkles. I could well believe that this kind of oil is effectual and good, thof not for all that the true Balm is, yet surely to the most part. The tree that bringeth this oil is called Goacomax, of the form of a Pomegranate tree and in bigness almost like: but it hath a lief a little biggar and a thinner bark as though it were dry, the wood of it burneth like a torch, the fruit is as the clusters of grapes, but the kurnelles are somewhat biggar, of a wyny colour, which together with the slips or branches sodden long in water, do yield that kind of oil, Cardanus.  
Certain merchants affirm that the gardens of Balm were destroyed, what time as Zelimus the Turck, the predecessor of Solyman, won Chayrum, when the Turks killing the gardeners, did not forthwith put other in their places the year of our Lord. 1516. Moreover they say there is a Balm tree of an indifferent bigness laid to keep to be compared unto many thousands of Ducats, with the most famous man of our time, an other Lucullus, Maist. Antony Fuggerus: joan. Agricola in his commentaries upon Galen, of the diseased places four ix.  
Antibalsama. Dioscorides prescribeth certain notes and tokens of the true Balm. In the collection and table of those medicines that may be used one in steed of another, which is joined with Galenus works, and in the end also of Aeginetas' books, we read: In the steed of the liquor of Balm, Myrrh that destilleth, that is liquid and running Myrrh which is called Stacte. In the same place is red also: In the steed of Opobalsamun the liquor of Myrti: but it seemeth it should be more rightly the liquor of Myrrh. Auicenna in his second book in the chapped. of oil: In steed of Balm (saith he) is liquid Myrrh used, or else like weight of the oil Adhii, or Aldadi, or Dadi as Bellunensis translated it. Rasis in the latter end of his antidotary separated, in oil Benedict or of tylstons: It is of like force (saith he) that oil of Balm: but it is more subtle & hotter & more profitable in cold diseases, Monaci upon Mesuen. And a little after, in the tretis quid pro quo, what for what, which is imprinted with the books of the sun of Mesue, it is red. In the stead of Balm, Turpintyn distilled, or oil of Bays, or the gum of ivy is put. But what Dadi is, I can not easily say: it is described of Avicen the. 213. chapped. Bellunensis nether there nor in the gloss expoundeth what it is. It is a grain (saith Auicenna) like unto barley longar, more straight and close together, more massy, bitter, could, declining to heat, & dry in the second degree: it bindeth the belly, withstandeth poison, it is good for the grieves of the fundament and hemrodes. It resolveth hardness. etc. I coniectur it to be CiTum or Laudanum, for it is could also, so measurably that it hath a warm heat, according to Galenus mind: it bindeth, stoppeth the belly, and drieth in the second degree: that is hooter that groweth in hooter places, & the same mollifieth meanly and dissolved, and concokteth or digesteth. Furthermore in Antiballomenis Graecis, we read Propolis to be used in the steed of Tragopogona, that is Laudanum: and Auicenna, in the resolving (saith he) of hardnesses, two. third parts in weight of kur, that is Propolis, and the half of the weight of abhel. Dioscorides saith that Laudanum is mixed with medicines without smell: Auicenna, that it is good for the griefs of the fundament & hemrodes. Now that Auicenna hath, that Dadi is like unto barley, but longer, straighter. etc. I plainly suppose it to be corrupt out of Dioscorides, who maketh Ladon that is the bush of Ladanun, like unto Cisthum, with longer leaves only and more black. Last of all the names Ladon and Dadi do not much disagree nor be far unlike.  
Oil made of the flowers of Rosemary (after the same manner as it is made of the flowers of Verbascus) may be used in stead of balm, and a drop of it put into water, doth likewise go to the bottom: Arnold de Villa nova. They put this also amongst other to be a token of true balm, that it will gather milk into courds: I going about to try on a time, whether the same could be done with the made balm composed of turpentin & hot gums, I found that it did not courd it, no the milk was not once broken with it. The common people with us, call oil distilled of spick, simplely by the name of balm, that is because of the excellent swietnes of the savour. There be some thou call certain other odoriferous things by the name of balm, ye they think them to come veri nigh to virtues thereof, as Ryffius oil of cloves. In the greek Antiballominis it is red that the roots of white violets may be substituted in the place of Xylobalsanun. The Antiballomena or rehearsal of things that may be used one for another, which was once imprinted with Mesues works declare in this wise. In stead of Xylobalsam, the wood of ivy or Leucoradix. For carpobalsan, the fruit of ivy or Xylobalsamun in like weight. The same: & for balm itself, the gum of ivy. But peradventure in all these the expositor or translator was deceived, when as no writer ever compared ivy in any wise with balin: therefore I thought either that the translator that translated it out of the Arabik tongue to have erred, or rather the Arabians themselves, confounding Cisson, that is ivy and Cisthum together: for Laudanum is the juice of Cisthum, which Auicenna did put in stead of Balm.  
In the Antiballomenis ascribe unto Galen I find these also: for the liquor of balm, the liquor of Carpasus: and for the liquor of Carpasus, the liquor of Myrtus: and for the liquor of willow, the liquor of black ivy, which the Arabians leving certain things or changing them, translated them into their works as I conjecture. ¶ There is also a certain Cassia called Balsamodes because of the smell. Sisymbrium a kind of wild mint, growing ni waters & for the most part somewhat red, the late writers many of them call it Balsamita. There is an other Balsamina as the Ligures about the river of Poo call it: The Tuscans or florentines call it the apple of jeru salem, with the leaves of the white vine, the flower of the cucumber, the fruit atboth ends round & sharp like to a little cucumber. etc. the apple with ripeness a sunder, & when it is broken it appeareth empty, containing within it a few seeds in the figure of chit or Lentil, most red, wheroute oil is pressed chief for wounds. Some season the apple first in oil & set it in the sun a few days, than they berry it in horse dung or in the earth so long till it be clean putrefied: so they affirm it will get the virtue of balm in closing of wounds, and thereupon hath it gotten the name of Balsamina: Ruellius out of Her molaus. Brasavolus calleth this oil of Cochirs: and the herb, that beareth those fruits in a rugged and sharp husk, Cochia or Momordica. The oil (saith he) is prepared divers ways, both by infusion and being digged under the earth many years, and by seething: and it is made of Echinus, of the leaves severally and of the sedes. That which is hid in the earth, helpeth the griefs of Hemrods'. Generally, that oil assuageth all griefs, who so desireth to know more & very marvelous effects of this oil and herb, let him read Matthaeolus Senensis commentaries on Dioscorides the four book C lxxxiiii chap. so many and so great, that if they be true the true balm may be set light by in comparison of them.  
Balsamaeleon, that is the oil of balm, of a plant a cubit high or ii cubits, like unto wild Rue, by the bark whereof toward the East, being scarified razed and wounded fat tears distill, that is the fatness of the balm. Other do beat in a mortar the slips of this plant in the beginning of Vere, seethe it in water, press them in a press, and call it oil of Balm. There be some that when they have pund the slips, they put them in old oil and set them in the sun xl days, seethe it in a double vessel, pres it, put new slips beaten into it, strain it twice or thrice and so keep it. Mesues, Silvius translating him. Where Silvius also in his schools saith: let Xylobalsamum & Carpobalsamum most new be stiept one day in old oil: after let the oil be drawn out by the art of chemists, it shallbe of no small estimation: or set Xylobalsamum new be putin old oil and set in the sun xl days, and sod in a double vessel. The virtues of this oil so much praised of all men & nothing spoken of Mesue, it is marvel, for it heateth moisteneth, extenuateth and maketh slender, digesteth, scoureth, closeth. This virtue of closing she wed unto the old writers, maketh it at this day precious. Opobalsamum is most rare and gesen: and therefore most precious. Wherefore Petrus of Abanus, Guilielmus Placectinus, Bartolemaeus Montaguanus, composed an oil of balm, nothing inferior in virtues to balm. Other put the leaves and seed, and wooed of this plant in oil and set it in the sun xl days, than pres it out and keep it but in bertues it is far inferiorto Opobalsamum: This saith Silvius.  
The Egyptians make a counterfeit kind of Opobalsamum, of the bark new most swiet smelling heating it in oil of Almonds, of a singular smell when it is fresh mixed: Alexan. Benedictus.  
The oil that they call communlye Balsaminum raiseth up suddenly them that be fallen of the falling sickness, being heide to their nose that they may smell it: The same. He seemeth to mean oil of spick destild: for that many do call now a days Balsamum.   

Of balms made by Arte.  
THe common intentand purpose of all Balsams or balms, to speak of their virtue, seemeth to be, to close and heal wounds & biles, & that in a short space, & to avoid and turn away the evil Symptomata or diseases which the sores would otherwise cause: that they mai heat, dry, & be of slender parts: hereupon it is that all of them have Turpintyn Rosin, sum also other rosins, as the rosin of pine tree, mastic: here upon also gums are added Frankincense, Elemi, gum of ivy, Bdellium, Sarcocolla, Mumy, etc. Unto sum divers spices are put to smell the swieter: whereupon they are made apt for the moo uses, and miet for divers diseases even within the body also, as to those also, unto which moreover divers plants or their parts are added. They are distilled the most part of them few except, which are ministered only without the body, as unto wounds. They are distilled in ashes chief: all first with a slow fire, that the cleetest matter and more thin or watery may be gotten out, then increasing the fire by little and little, that the oil which is of a somewhat reed colour may be received, afterward the fire is made biggar that the oil may be very reed, and at length incline to black. The liquor that issueth in the midst is more allowed to the uses within the body: the last is somewhat to hoot, to vehement and unrepentant, more miet to be ministered without where there is need of more force: as the first where there is need of little. The first liquor seemeth to be yielded chief of the Turpintyn, for the which lest it seethe, little pieces of slates or flints may be mixed with it. etc. as we said of the destilling of tur pintyn. All of them taken within the body, because of the Turpintyn and gums, they make men beleche, and many times not without grief, and yet more the middle and last liquor being received: They do all season the urine with their smell. They must all be received within the body mixed with sum liquor, chief wine, so that to a spoonful of liquor, one drop of the oil or ii at the most be put. The dregs remaining in the bottom are good for nothing, saving that they may be used in steed of Colophonia or Scammonium. I same of late a practitioner destilling I can not tell what kind of Balsam in a pan, with ashes laid upon slates, as I described before in the mention of distillation by ashes: a Cucurbita of glass so diep set in the ashes, that they were not above the matter contained in the vessel. The vessel was full to the middle, able to receive, if it had been filled up peradventure, iiii. pounds: he continued this labour four or .v. days & nights also, never abating the fire. He separated only ii liquors, the first whit, which was more plentiful and in greater abundance: then a reddish, which was yielded lesser by the iii part. The clay wherewith the Cucurbita, the alembic and the receiver are closed, when it chauneth or chinketh, must be by and by cloosed again with clay, lest the matter issue out on any side: therefore must it be watched also on the night, and lest the fire should go out. All the liquors also may be received in one vessel without changing the the receiver, and after be separated for the For the latter swimmeth above the first as the lighter. This oil he used unto divers diseases, giving them every day one drop to drink, and containing it a certain days (as fourtien sometimes) together: so he said it was good to chronical agues, for the most part he mixed with it sum spices, as Ginger and Sugar with wine & the drop of the oil, that the sick should les perceive that he drunk only a drop of the oil: sometimes he would mixed nothing else with the wine but one drop of this oil, specially to amend the default of a stinking breath. sometimes he gave it in water, other times he dropped it into a shive of breed: sometimes to phlegmatic and gros men, with a sauce made of mustered and pepper, bidding them sweet after it: he said it chanced many times that they should avoid much phlegm thereupon. He commended it to be good for all such things, as treacle is used for: and better also against poisons: also to all wounds, & swellings whatsoever they were save only the dropsy: to the Cramp, to purge the teeth: to strengthen the jaws, against the Falling sickness, and poisons. He affirmed if a Serpent were folded in a cloth wet therein it would kill it. The other liquor that was redysh, to be a remedy for the Leprosy, if the disease had not yet gotten the upper hand, and the men have not yet their breath corrupted. Both the liquors in taste have a sharpness, a Rosiny savour, and smoky in a manner, but the latter moor. He sold half an ounce to rich men for seven or eight groats.  
An oil devised by William de Saliceto, a Placentin, which is in the fift book of his Practice, in the chapter of Oils, and supplieth the place of balm as he saith. Carpobalsamum, Myrrh, the nut of Ind, of every one half an ounce, two. drams of Hypericon or saint john's wort. When they are all beaten somewhat grows, let them stand in four ounces of old oil six months: and be destille d.  
An other more noble of the same man's which is put in steed of Balm. A pound and a half of oil, Myrrh, Xylobalsamum, Opoponax, Bdellium Aloes, Carpobalsamum, ammoniac, Serapinum, the nut of Ind, Hypericon, Mace, gum Arabic, Frankincense, Tragacantha, of every one an ounce: broken till sherdes that never touched water▪ red hoot and quenched in three ounces of common oil, seven. ounces of clean and clear Turpintyn. All pund and knoden together in a mortar, destil them like Rose water. This water is profitable against the stoon, being mixed with medicines against the same. Hardnesses a●d skares it maketh them even and is used in every thing in steed of Balm.  
An other of the same man's more noble. Myrrh Carpobalsamum, the nut of Ind, of every one half an ounce. Hypericon or saint john's wort a dram (otherwise two drams.) When they are pund somewhat groos, let them be mixed with five ounces of oil, and an ounce and an half of Turpintyn. In the end put to five grains of Musk, and. iii of Ambra, and an ounce of oil of till stones, and let them be distilled as before. It hath the same virtues that Balm hath & may be used in all things in steed of it. This Nic. Stokker also an excellent Physician in Germany used, but without Turpentin, if mifrend sent me the description of it right when it was ready priest, he addeth at length the Musk and Ambra, with oil of tile stones, and distilled them not as I think. He hath the former description in Luminari Maiore, as also the next following of Montaguana.  
A balm composed of Bartolomeus Montaguana out of his antidotary the first chapter which is of ointments. Turpentin a pound: white frankincense. iiii, ounces: as much of bay berries: gum Elemi. vi. ounces: mastic: Galangal, Cloves, Cinnamon, Zedoaria, Nutmeg, Cubebae, Lignum Aloes well beaten, of every one an ounce. Let all be distilled together, first with a slow fire: and first shall run out a water called of Balm. Then when the fire is increased thou shalt gather an other water by itself. And do so the third time. Then shall destil forth balm in all trials. It shall be the stronger the oftener it is distilled.  
Balm of Peter Aponensis in his addition unto the book of Mesues in the treatise of oyntinges (for the diseases of the heart.) Myrrh elect, Aloes Hepaticae, Spieaenardi, Sanguis Draconis, Frankincense, Mumiae, Opopanax, Serapinum, Crocus, mastic, Gum Arabik, liquid Styrax, of every one two ounces, two ounces and a half of Laudanum elect, or Castoreum: half a dram of Muscke. Turpentyn as much as the weight of all the rest break them that be to be broken and when they are all mixed with the turpentine, distil them wittily by a alembic: the art is like as of water of Rooses. These saith Peter, as the monks that writ upon Mesuen, said they writ it out of written books, far truer than in the Printed books, and it is had in Luminare maiore. Aponensis saith, we find no mention made by the old writers of the anointing of the back bone, peradventure not because they were ignorant in so profitable and commendable a thing, but be cause they would keep it secret. For this is an excellent help, preserving the subject of life or that which containeth the same. For the original and beginning of bones and sinews is Nucha, & it springeth of the brain. etc. Therefore things anointed with this shalt thou comfort the cloaking substance (that is the cauls and coats of the brain) and the spiritual substance and sinews, and all the bones helping also the Palsy & all the diseases of the sinews, also the panting & trembling of the heart, & manifest weariness, and it is the chiefest medicine of all other in the swift comforting of the heart. (After this, describing the thing he addeth:) This oil is very nigh unto Balm: and according to this way, the most subtle of Sophisters do counterfeit Balm: for amongst all other ways this is most noble. If dead coorses be anointed with this oil they putrefy not.  
When thou wilt comfort bodies that be extenuated and brought low, thou shalt mixed Roose water with it, and anoint it upon the lower mansions, and from the Nucha unto the rains. If the back bone be anointed therewith being somewhat warm, an hour before the fit, leaving upon it the token of it with Pecia, thou shalt put away the shaking of wandering Agues, and of any simple agues. But quartans and wandering Agues it helpeth at the beginnninge of the course (this place and they which follow seem unto some to be corrupted in the printed books) in the swoundinge or debility, anointing the extreme parts of the back boon: that the instrument for the purpoose may speak with voice, put under the tongue of the sick a little of it, and after in his ears and nosthrilles if need require. Thou shalt give of the same when need requireth, in the Stranguling and Suffocation of the Matrix or mother, and in the falling sickness & many other diseases. It is ministered in weght tree (I think he meaneth one grain) with wine that hath a good smell. So it comforteth the mind and nature, and healeth many diseases. But chiefly, and is good for them that be Melancholy, sad, and whose strengths and members be feeble, as though they were beaten and weakened by force. For consuming Fevers, thou shalt mixed with Oil of Rooses, or of mastic, and anoint the back boon of them in a baithe or without a baithe. Hitherto writeth Aponensis.  
The same man willeth to mixed this composition in the steed of true Opobalsamum, with treacle, Mithridatium, Diacurcuma, Aurea Alexandrina. This Oil (saith he) Epiphanius Empiricus useth as the Mother of all remeadies, to all diseases of the sinews, anointing twice a day therewith the Nucha, the back and inynts, for it is plain by manifest proofs, specially in a cold matter. The same man commandeth to still this oil in Balneo Mariae, which I like not.  
There is an other composition of william Plam centinus, which I find in the bigger Luminary in Diacurcuma or Diacrocu, in this wise. Take Turpentin ii pounds: common oil iii pound: oil of bays xvi onnces, Cinnamon iii ounces: Euphorbium, Cloves, bay berries, Gum of ivy, Serapinum, Galbanum Aromatik, Opopanax, ofevery one an ounce, Franken sense, mastic of either two. ounces. Let such be beaten as should: & then distilled.  
These and certain other divers balms doth Ryffius also in his book of distillation describe.  
A quickening water and one that procureth youth unto an old man, out of the book of Lullius of waters. turpentine a pound: honey half a pound: Aqua vitae thrice or four times distilled three ounces. Lignum Aloes welbeaten, Sandali mustatelli, of either iii drams, gum Arabeck (peradventure a dram): Nutmegs, Ambra, ofether ii drams. When they are all pund distill them with a slow fire, till ye have the first water clear. And when the second beginneth to run out, which shallbe like to a burning coal, increase the fire by and by and keep that by itself. Then increase the fire again, & gather the third, which shallbe black and thick like honey, till all the liquor be run out. Of these waters the last is hotter than the first & second. The first is called mother of Balm, the second oil of Balm, the third Balm artificial. The first is ministered in drink, with warm wine. The second a●d the third are good to remove maladies which newly gnaw the flesh of man's body. The first drunk with warm whit wine, purgeth the stomach from all ill humours: and withholdeth the water that it come not at the heart or principal parts, as it is plain by often experiment. A fine linen clooth moistened in this water and thrust into the noosthriles with the little fingar, when the sick goeth to bed, and left there within, cureth the reum. Being drunk morning and evening, it cureth a stinking breath what cause so ever it come of. The teeth washed therewith, are strengthened and made whit, and are delivered from ache whether it come of a humour, or of putrefied blood. Whatsoever shall be put into it, it will keep it sound and uncorrupt. A linen cloth moisted in it, and laid upon wounds (first washed therewith) or upon a fistula and other (angry and ill biles cureth them.) It resisteth the quartain ague, if the back boon be rubbed therewith a few days. scabbedness washed therewith is made hole. A linen clooth moistened therein is very good to be laid to the hemrodes. Wol that groweth on tries or Bombase, dipped lightly is this water, is very good to put in the ears against any kind of deafness. Being anointed it cureth the redness of the face: the palsy of the tongue, and all cold diseases. The second and third water are of strength against the disease called Noli me tangere: against the kings ill and also the diseases of the neck and throot. Also against the fistula and the ill disease called Malus morbus, specially if it be yet but new: for by washing it and wetting and oft laying a linen cloth moistened therein upon it, it is made whole. They help also if a mambe beaten with stones, or clubes or a staff. No poison can approach nigh unto them, and a spider touched therewith dieth. They be anointed upon moste proffitably against all palsyes. They strengthen all the parts of the body being washed therewith. It is to be noted that the first water of these three, as general containeth all the virtues (of the other.) But to fret the second and the third are better, & this more than the other. To be short, they heel all diseases that come of blood or putrefied phlegm.  
In the same Lullius a marvelous water is made in this wise. Cloves, Nutmegs, Ginger, Zedoaria, Galangal, both sorts of Pepper, juniper berries, the pills or bark of Citri or Oranges, Sage, Basilicum, Roosemary, Maioram, round Mint, bay berries, Penny royal, Gentian, Calamint, the flowers of Elder, Roses, Ammens, Spick nard, wood of Aloes, Cubebae, (here seemeth somewhat to be left out) as well wild as domekical or growing in gardens, Cardamomum, Cinnamon, Calami aromatici, Stichados, Chamaedryos, Chamaepity os, Melissa, Mastic, Olibani, Aloes hepaticae, Anis sides and flowers, she siedes of Mug wort, of every one an ounce. Put unto these dry figs, Rasins that come from beyond see, Dait stones, fat swiet Almonds, of every one an ounce. Whit old honey half a pound. After twys as much Sugar as all the foresaid be. All these shalt thou put into Aqua vitae. v. or vi times distilled in a limbeck of glass, the Aqua vitae shallbe as much as thrys the weight of all the speces besides. After thou hast lest them stand ii days, thou shalt distill them with a slow fire. The first water is most clear & precious. The second differeth in colour, and must be received in an other vessel: it is whit, good towhit ten the faces of women, it taketh all the spots or fracknes from them out of hand, if they be once washed therewith three days: and maketh them swiet smelling & clear. This is called the water of Balm or mother of Balm: It ought to be distilled in a alembic, in a baith with a slow fire, with Aqua vitae of the same weight. And the first water shall run forth odoriferous and marvelous, which thou shalt receive by itself: then an other of the colour of safron, the third at length like blood.  
The virtues of the first and of the second water are these. If the one of them be poured in to a wound whiles it is new, there needeth none other remedy: But within a natural day and a half at the most it shallbe made hool, so be that it be no deed wound. All ill sores or biles, Old, rotten Cankered, Fistula, Lupus, Noli me tangere, and like to them, let them be washed with either of these waters, and they shallbe heeled within a few days. One drop only dropped upon a Carbuncle quensheth it within iii hours. If an eye be diseased with blerednes, or the web, or the naill or any swelling carnosity bred upon it, drop one drop of these waters upon it every third day, and within nine days it shallbe hool, except it be utterly destroyed. A drop of them drunk with a little good wine breaketh the stone in the reins or in the bladder, or in the yard stopped and that within two hours, & delivereth from the grief. If deed flesh be washed away therewith, the place is shortly made whole. If a woman be sick of her womb or belly, let her drink a little of them with sum juice. If a man have any grief of a stroke or by chance, without any bill or heed, let the place be bathed and washed with a little of them, and the grief shall go away within three hours. By the like help a sinew shrunken, waxed hard or otherwise ill at ease, is restored. The rest of their virtues a learned physician shall imagine by himself.  
The third and bloody water, which surnamed holy and blessed, is so excellent in virtues, that if one use half a spoonful of it xu days, he shallbe cured of the leprosy, pthisick or consumption Astma or disease of short wind, the dropsy, palsy, Ischia or Sciatica, the swooning, the falling sickness, the drop in the joints called the gout, the consuming fever, the strangury, and many other diseases, and that within two months. It recovereth youth unto old men: a man that lieth a dying, out of all hope of the physicians, it restoreth him, if one drop of it let fall into his mouth, be swallowed, so that it may come to the heart. If so be it a man drink a year together (every day) the quantity of a wheat corn of this liquor with a spoonful of water of borage, distilled like Rose-water, after the year is ended, he shall seem as though he were made new, in his flesh, blood, and hole body, both in form and strength.  
another Artificial balm, out of the same book of Lullius of waters. Turpentyn a pound and a half: Galbani two ounces, Aloes Cicotrinae, mastic, Cloves, galangal. Cinnamon, Nutmegs, Cubebarum, of every one an ounce: gum of ivy half an ounce, When all is well beaten, mixed them and distill them in a alembic of glass with a slow fire first, and gather the first water by itself severally: then increasing the fire, a water somewhat reddish: and afterward increasing it more, an oil of a red colour, till nothing run any more: changing the receiver thrice. This oil hath all the virtues of true Balm: For it burneth in the water, and courdeth milk by and by: for if one drop of it warm be put into a pint of milk, it shall forth with become courded. The first liquor is called water of Balm, the second oil of Balm: the third Balm Artificial. The first is profitable against the running of the ears, if two or three drops morning and evening be put into them. Dropped into the eyes, it amendeth the blearedness, and consumeth the tears. It doth marvelously restrain superfluous humours in any part of the body. It taketh away the touthache, if they be washed therewith, and killeth the worms if there be any in them.  
There third liquor will suffer no venom: is an utter enemy and destruction to spiders and Serpents. Two or iii drops let drop into any venomous biting, do make it hole straight. If thou draw a circle with this liquor & shit a venomous beast therein, it shall die there rather than go out of it. To he short, it doth the same things all that treacle doth, but more effectually all things. Being poured or put upon any impostume, within ix days it healeth them, and likewise a fistula, be it never so ill and also a Noli me tangere. All diseases bred of phlegm and cold humours, it healeth them, if a linen cloth dipped in it be laid upon the place where the grief is. It putteth away utterly the Palsy, and all trembling of members: it strengtheneth marvelously the sinews. It is hotter than the first and second. If a man put a drop of it in his hand, it pierceth straight without grief. To conclude, it doth many other things and all diseases risen of a cold cause, it healeth them, if they use it right.  
A water strengtheving the memory. Flowers of Roosemarye, borage, Camomile, violets, Rooses, of every one an ounce: Stichadis, Bay leaves, Samsuchi, Sage, of every one ii ounces. When they are all cut small, thou shalt soak them in the best wine, and distill them by a limbeck. After the liquor is distilled, thou shalt mixed with it a pound of Turpintyne viii ounces of Olibanum, mastic, Bdelli, Anacatdorum, of enerye one an ounce: when they are all beaten mixed them with the other and distill them again. Then add unto them again, Nutmegs, Mace, galangal, Cubebarum, Cardamomi, of every one an ounce: Agallochi, Amber, Musk, of every one ii ounces (if the written book be true,) when they are beaten and mixed let them stand .v. days, and distill them the third time, increasing the fire till the oil cease droping.  
Certain waters of life, to be reckoned amongst Balms, shalt thou find in Vlstadius book called Caelum Philosophorum, the xliiii liin. chap.  
A balm of an uncertain author. Turpentin. half a pound, Frankincense ii ounces: wood of Aloes, Saffron, of either of them an ounce, mastic, Cloves, Mace, galangal, Cinnamon, Zedoariae, Cubebarum, Nutmegs, of every one half an ounce: Gum of ivy or Elemi. vi. ounces, slating tiles quenched in oil accordingli, such as never water touched iii ounces. Pund those that aught to be pund: first will water issue forth, secondly oil of Balm: thirdly balm artificial.  
Balm artificial (saith Matthaeolus Senensis, in his commentaries upon Dioscorides, which I tried and found of maruelus strength against very many diseases) have I made & composed in this wise. Take rosin Larignae, the tears of firtre pure and liquid (some call it oil of fire, the Germans Bulhartz) of either a pound: Manuae Thurus, Ladani, of either of them viii ounces: Spike a dram mastic, Galangal, cloves, Casiae odorate, zedoariae Nutmegs, Cubebarum, Agallochi, of every one three ounces, Gum Elemi. vi. ounces: Aloes hepaticae, Castorei, date stones, Storacis Calamitae, Myrrhae, Belzoi of every one an ounce. Beat such as be to be pund and when they are mixed with the liquors destil them artificially. First will a most subtle clear water run out, which burneth meruelousli, called the water of Balm. Then will follow a yellow oil, subtle, which they call oil of balm, at the last balm artificial, red. The first water which as I have tried, helpeth cold stomachs marvelously, & consumeth fleum. The second liquor doth excellently cure wounds, Fistulas, pains of the sinews and joints. The third is not only wholesome & good for the said things, but besides to many other things which for brevities sake I over pass.  
An other. Take Turpentin ii pound. Galbani, gum of ivy, of either half a pound. Roses, bedegar, Rosemary that is green four ounces. Take the gums & beat them gross: pour them into the water of Roses. After take the Turpentyn and pour them together & sprinkle upon them rose water: after put the flowers unto them and seethe them together, and when the water shallbe almost consumed, let them be put in a lembek, and cast out the water that destilleth first, then shall the oil follow.  
An other called the mother of Balm. Take Turpentyn a pound: oil of bays vi ounces Galbani, Gum Elemi, of either vi ounces, gum of Iuy ii ounces, Olibani. two. ounces, would of Aloes one dram: mastic, Myrrh, Aloes, Laudani, Castorei. Rasae (Resinae) of the pin tre, of every one ii drams, the gum of Olive tries a pound. Cloves, Galangal, Cumin, Cinnamon, Nutmegs, Zedoariae, Cubebarum, of every one iii drams. Tormentillae, Dictamni albi, of every one six drams. When they are all mixed, let them be distilled by a alembic of glass.  
An other of Dorustetterus an excellent physician emonst the Germans. Take Xilobalsami an ounce. Opopanacis, Rosin of the pine try, Bdellii, Galbani, Ammoniaci, Mastic, Sarcocollae, Gummi Elemi, Olibani, Myrrh, Benzoi, of every one half an ounce. oil Benedict, of Bays, Ladani puri, of an ounce and a half. Carpobalsami, (or in the steed of it, Balm of the description of William Placentinus) of either of them half an ounce. Sangu●●is Draconis. two. drams. Castorei, Spicknard, Galangal, Cubebarum, Cinnamon, Cardamomi, Grains of paradise, the barks or piles of Citri Oranges, of every one a dram. Oil of Turpintyn as much as the weight of all the rest. When they are stiept together a few days, let them be distilled in Balneo Mariae. (I would think better in ashes.)   

Of Balms that be used with out the body.  
ALL they before are used both within and without the body: but they that follow, are used without only, or chief.  
Balm is shortly thus made. Turpin ●yn a pound, Mastic, new wax, of either an ounce, Saffron ii drams. When they are mixed destil them.  
Balm or oil Benedict for wounds, palsy, etc. Oil of Turpintyn a pound. oil of Bays two ounces. Galbani, Gummi Elemi, of either six drams. Gum of ivy, Frankincense, Mastic, wood of Aloes, Olibani, of every one two drams. Aloes Myrrhae, Landani, Cactorei, of every one iii drams. Let all be beaten and powered into the Turpintyn and oil and so stand iii days. afterward take Galangal, Cinnamon, Nutmegs, Zedoariae, Cubebarum, of every one half an ounce. Dictamni, Consolidae minoris, of either iii drams. When these are pund, put them in four ounces of aqua vitae for iii days. Mixed all and destil them in ashes, continuing the fire without ceasing day and night till it be finished: and change the receiver according to y● changing of the colour of that which is distilled.  
A Balm for skares. etc. If by the means of a struck (saith Lullius about the end of the second book of Quintessence) any great sign remain in the face or other parts of the body, by this medicine thou mayst remove that sign or scar, not utterly, but that it appear much les. Mastic four ounces. The bark of swiet pome Granates, Gummi, Cyperi, Carpobalsami, of every one ii ounces. Saffronan ounce. Turpintyn ii pound. oil of Olives of the eldest four ounces. Pun them that be to be pund, and sift them, and mixed them with the Turpintyn and Carpobalsamo, and together with the oyll distill them with a slow fire. The distilled liquor shalt thou put in horse dung or in the refuse of priest wines. Afterward thou shalt use it, as true Balm, whose tokens and properties to know it by it hath every one, & may be sold in steed of it.  
A marvelous water or oil for strumes and swellings of the throat, whereupon men are said to have swollen throotes. oil of bay vi ounces. Olibani, Mastic, Gummi Arabici, pure and clear Turpintyn of every one three ounces. Mixed them in a mortar and distill them in a alembic. afterward, put to ashes to the water drawn out (De la cendre Gallicè) except it should be red De la cedar, that we may understand the C●der frie. Then distill it again, and this second liquor keep it like Balm. The swelling being anointed therewith oftentimes in the day, ass●●ageth by little and little.  
An artificial Balm, not to be distilled, but sod only, out of the French book of Andreas Furnerius. Olibani, Galbani, oil of white Poppy, oil of bitter Almonds, clear Turpintyn, of every one an ounce. Grien Bras made in powder iii ounces. (Vng quarteron, Gallicè: but this quantity seemeth to much.) Oil of Olives ii pounds. Thou shalt heat the Oil in a leeden kettle upon the fire and when it shall begin to seethe, put in the Galbanum piece meell, and over a slow fire stur it softly now and then: then put to the Mastic and the Olibanum, and stir it till they be melted by little and little. Afterward the Pitch and Turpintyn, (but he left out the Pitch before) with a slow fire so that they seethe not over. Then take them from the fire, and put to the other two oils, and mixed than by stirring, and again set them to the fire a little. At length put in the grienes of the bras, mixed them thoroughly and strain them through a new clooth into an other vessel leeded also. When thou wilt use the foresaid oil, thou must see before that no sinew, or vein almost be cut. Then purging the sore diligently and making it clean, thou shalt make warm a little of this oil in a vessel or spoun of brass, and lay it upon so hoot as the sick may abide it, in such plenty, that the hool wound be sufficiently moistened. Then shalt thou lay upon it black unwashed will of the members of a wether, or a hempen cloth iii or four times folded, and let it abide bound unto it four hours. If so be, it the grief seas not then, power upon it again as is said afore: and ever take heed that the bile or sore be clean: so in a few days it waxeth hool maruelousli  
Sum mixed Turpintyn and certain gums together in a Cucurbita of glass, and let it seethe softly, set in sand and cloosed with clay: then they let it stand a while, till the dregs settle to the bottom and wa● hard: then they strain it.  
oil also of Hypericon is compared of sum unto Balm: which because it is not distilled, I will describe it hereafter.  
A water that bringeth out bones, and preserveth that the wounds chance not to root. Turpintyn pure and white, but unwashed, Zopissae, honey, of every one a pound: Half a pound of Rosin of the pine try that is white. Let them be distilled.  
A water of Epiphanius composed for Fistulas with Turpintyn, certain gums and spices. etc. It is rehearsed before, in the second order amongst the waters composed for certain outward byly diseases. And again an other like unto it in the third order.   

Of oils of the parts of beasts, or excrements.  
OF the bones and marowes may an oil be gotten by sublimation. Silvius.  
Oil of the yolks of eggs may be distilled in a alembic, like as the oil of Philosophers, Mesuae, Silvius. Look before where we entreated of the distillation of oils by descension downward generally out of Vlstadius.  
Oil of man's ordure or dung: look before in the order of man's dung. Of the liquor of man's blood, look before in quint tessence.  
Of the destillinge of honey▪ we have written before amongst the waters that be distilled in Roosestilles. etc. The last liquor that runneth here out, is somewhat thick, (that I judge,) it may be called an oil.  
Oils distilled may also be mixed together one with an oteer, as in this medicine of Epiphanius Empiricus, praised for frakens and all kind of ruggedness and spots of the face. An ounce and a half of virgins milk. Water of Rooses with a little brimstone, an ounce. Oils of Tartaro, of wheat, of yolks or Eggs, of every one half an ounce: a scrupul of Caphurae. Although the seoyles are not wont to be made by distillation: yet oil of wheat and of the yolks of eggs, are better made distilled.   

Of oils of metals, tile stones, Gagate, Aumber.  
Waters' and oils, secret by the singular industry and wit of Chemists, are of most great virtues, and of so thin a substance and so subtle, that a drop of a certain oil by chance, falling upon a bed, pierced in a moment the manifold clothes and keverings thereof and burned the boards in the bottom of the bed. Silvius. This virtue of piercing seemeth to pertain chiefly unto oils drawn out of metals, in the which also is a greater force of burning.  
I understand that Vinegar is chiefly used to be destild, for the drawing out of oils out of Metalies', as Antimoni, Lead, Cerussa. Other use other sharp and most hot liquors for that purpose, as sharply, burning water, urine distilled, Aqua Forti.  
Lullius in the fift Canon of his first book of quintessence, when he had taught to draw out the four elements out of plants, he added. And so shalt thou do also with metals: first thou shalt make them to resolve with our Menstrue (I suppose he meaneth our Urine) under dung for the space of a week: the Menstruum must be sharp with some Vegetable and strong quickening things which we shall declare hereafter in the Questionary. After the metals shall be dissolved set them to be distilled in a fire of the first degree, and the Menstruum shall issue forth, and the lime or powder of the metal shall remain in the bottom. After this reiterate & repeat it again upon the dregs of the metal with new Menstruum as much as the weight of the metal, and set it to putrifyinge for the space of a month and a half: and after this distill it as thou didst of the Vegetable or quickening things, but every time put new Menstruum upon the dregs. Other divers opinions of Philosophers in the drawing out of the elements out of mineral things, we shall declare in the third book: This saith he.  
I suppose it to be a common thing unto all oils of metals to be heavier than other oils, as Cardanus signifieih and an other certain author writeth, that the drops oil of Vitriol or Coproos to be ponderous and weighty.  
Oil distilled of Orpment or Mysi (or Vitriol of Rom.) anointed upon the arteries & region of the heart, I suppose is able to save a man infected with poison, be it never so sharp and strong, & do kill a man only with touching: Cardanus.  
And a little after, but sense we are fallen into this communication, I think it should not be so unprofitable nor far from the purpose to inquire this how oil may be made which being anointed upon the Arteriis, maketh the venom to break out by vomit or purgation, or sweat, or urine, It is sure, it must be of metal, which must be most strong. I saw such once and by the weight only I conjectured that it was without all doubt of metal, It must also be of the nature of Venom: for by the immoderate heat, as it is said, it vanquisheth first the evil infection conceived and by naturally attracteth unto the utter parts, that is hurtful, and by the contrariety driveth it away. It must also have no small strength to discus & expel: and again, some contrariety against the poisons themselves, which ii things agree to the juice of Laser or Assa Foeetida. Therefore those things that must drive out the poison, aught to be metally poisons, but not most bitter: and most hot and discussing or expelling, also in a manner contrary to the poisons. The matter therefore of these things may consist of these things, Mysi & Orpment, and the juice of Laser or Assa foetida, and Gentian, and of the fat of venomous serpents, and Aconitum. If so be it that in any land moo of these (foresaid virtues, as to discus, expel, and resist poysones. etc. be to be gotten, the oil extracted by the force of fire shall be best of all. And a little after. But oil that only by anointing of the Arteries doth thrust out the poison, I would not call it the best in this sense that also besides it thou shouldest Minister in drink, treacle or Milk or sum other excellent medicine, ye also it should be the more available. That dare I be bold to say, that the anointing of the arteries, and the things ministered outwardly, are better and of more strength than those things that are drunk, save only for this that the poison remaineth yet in the stomach. For unto such (poisons newly taken, that they be not yet gone out of the stomach) they that provoke strong vomities are most excellent, as Milk, Lie, oil, water of Nucis vomicae or spewing nut. Therefore in venomous bitings, in stingings in ointments that be venomous, in the drinking of venom which is now already pierced to the midrif or nether parts of the chest, the helps that be ministered outwardly are more available and of greater strength. etc. these out of Cardane have I written the more at large, that thereby also the reason migth be the more evident of that marvelous oil of Scorpions. etc. Which because it is made without distillation, I will describe it hereafter severally.  
oil of Antimonium is most profitable to all ill sores and biles, as I myself dotry with good success. But the Antimonium is purged first, oftentimes melted and made liquid with the fire. Far from this doth the oil of Antimonium which chemists use, wherewithal they endeavour to set the colour of gold upon silver: Matthaeolus upon Diosc.  
oil of Antimonium how it is made for sore biles and fistulas. I writ afore out of Vlstadius, in the treetis of Quintessence. But certain practitioners also make oil of Antimonium to divers diseases within the body, which they extol with marvelous and great praises. They make it after this sort, as I here. Antimonii half a pound, whit Tartari Calcionated asmuch: let them be beaten and melted or dissolved in a gouldsmithes Tigillo (crucibulo) upon cools: when they are melted let them be powered out into sum earthen pot, where they shallbe stirred and mixed together: and when they are becum into a hard lump, let them be pund again, and strained by a colender (that is a sack of that form that they use for Hyppocras as they call it) in a moist place (in a hoot and moist place) as in a wine cellar, the colender hanging: for so shall the oyll distill out by little & little which of sum because of the bloody colour is called Rubedo Antimanii, and likewise it is made of certain Gouldsmithes for a certain painting I can not tell what. But for the remedies of man's body it ought to be prepared with Quintessence of win or with burning water, so that twice asmuch all most of it be powered to the foresaid redness of the Antimonium: and let them be stirred diligently in body, and mixed, and then distilled in ashes three or iiii. times, till the breath lose all the evil smell. The dregs must always be mixed & stirred about when thou pourest i● again the distilled water upon them, or when thou pourest to them new Quintessence, for I am not sure which way it ought to be done. Sum in the beginning do stregthway mixed reed vinegar most sharp (distilled with the Antimonium & Tartarum calcionated to be melted together. But I wryt althies not as certain: but as I noted them by the way as I heard them recited certain years ago of a certain practitioner. I know that certain chemists & goldsmiths search for the oil or Quint essence of the Antimonium as a most perfect treasure. these destil first sharp lie composed of unslect lime and ashes Clavellatas by a Filtrun: and is this lie they seethe the Antimonium subtly and fynly beaten, for the space of .v. hours, and again destil this lie when it is cold, by a Filtrun: & that of the Antimonium that passeth through with it, that is a powder of yellow colour, they reserve. After they power in upon the Antimonium put in a Cucurbita or body, most sharp red vinegar distilled, so that it be above it three or four fingers thick: they set it in a hoot place a few days, and every day they shake and▪ mixed it, x. or twenty times: then they power the vinegar lightly into an other glass, so that nothing be troubled. This do ●hey repeat .v. or vi times (ever pouring new vinegar upon the Antimonium remaining in the Cucurbita or body) at length they put all the vinegar together, & destil it by a alembic with a slow fire, till the oil begin to run out. This oil or quintessence of Antimonium, is of a colour of blood. With this they die Mercury, & say it is an incomparable treasure, a chief mystery of the chymistical art: as we translated out of a certain written doutch book. A reed oil is gotten out of Antimonium, very sharp, smelling like brimston, & it retaineth the virtue of the Antiminium, because of the grossness of the substance profitable to few things. Cardanus.  
whole lime unbroken, let it be slekt in common oil, and distill it in a alembic of glass, there shall issue forth an oil good for a boon that is corrupt: Silvius. Put a hot piece of quick Lime into common oil, till the Lime becum powder, then let it be distilled in a alembic of glass, and oil of lime shall issue, which is the first that was described by Leonard of Praedapalea Patavinus, jon. jacobus de Manliis.  
oil of Cerussa: Look before where we intreted of Quintessence out of Vlstadius.  
oil of Gagates or ieets, called Sacratum or holy, most wholesome for them that be possessed of spirits, that have the falling sickness, the palsy, the cramp, the stiffness of sinews, the gout, or be choked in their womb, it helpeth also conceiving. It is made of jeet stones after the manner of oil of juniper (by descension) or else by sublimation (as oil of tile stones) Mesues of jac. Silvius interpretation: out of whose notes we have subscribed these words: Seing Bitumen is far lighter cost than jeet, and of the same virtues or stronger, a man might prove to get an oil out of it, which shall run more abundantly specially if it be new Bitumen, forasmuch as it is as it were the fat of the earth, and is burned in steed of oil of them that dwell about the place of Asphaltita or deed sea, or else in other places where Bitumen is. furthermore he doubteth whether it can heel the falling sickness, seeing the falling sickness doth the more appear with the foul stinking, smell of the Bitumen. But me thinks it seemeth probable that that sickness should be helped with it by attenuating, digesting, drying, which virtues both it hath them before, and that not feablelye: and also much more the liquor distilled thereof performeth these things.  
Nether doth it not help this diese therefore, because it is likely that the same should be uttered and appear with the perfume of that bituminous smell, as with the perfume of Myrrh, Galbanum, and horns, houfs, and the skins of a she or he goat. For Physicians use the horns & houfes of divers beasts against this sickness, ministering the shavings of them within the body: nether is it a like reason in the perfuming of a thing and receiving of it simplely. But of these maiters, Physicians should teach not so much by reasons & conjectures, as by experiment & trial. I myself saw once a perfume of beaten Aumber (which also is ascribed unto the kind of Bitumen) specially white, holden to the nostrils of one sick of the falling evil, with coals in a spoon and the Amber upon them, and by & by the fit ceased: which thing apples or balls as they call them made with Mosch or Ambra will do also. But that Mesuae writeth of men possessed with devils (saith Silvius) is superstitious, & against the faith of a Christian man. Brimston and jet are melted at the fire as all other liquors. The same.  
Oil of philosophers (which some have named oil of wisdom, and of perfect mastership, & divine and holy) by all the old writers consent, is most effectuous to secret diseases, and tha● not to a few of them, for it heateth, drieth, pierceth deep by the means of the subtelnes of the substance, it digesteth and consumeth all excremental and superfluous expelled matter. Therefore it is very wholesome for the falling sickness, palsy, turning sickness, for getfulnes, and for the cold diseases of the spleen, rains, bladder, womb, sinews, all joints, & other sinewy parts. But one sort is natural or mineral and an other of the sea, that runneth out of Isles & rocks (called Naphtha) of the which kind, that which is somewhat white is counted the best: the reddish of a mean goodness: but that which is somewhat black & thick, is the worst. Notwithstanding it is made by art in this wise. Tiles made of red earth very old, must be beaten into pieces, & set on fire with unsmoking coals, till they be red hot, them slek them in a bull full of oil of Rofmary (alchichil) or old claret, & as much as is possible let them sok in the oil. Dry them by themselves in cases (caczobis. The Munks upon Mesuen: where also is red shortly after, Caczola for a Cucurbita or body of a still.) Afterward beat them most small, and put them in a vessel that be distilled by sublimation, join the vessel to the head with clay that chemists do use, seethe them with coals set a fire in a furnace, till an oil destil into a phial of glass glued to the lower end of the nose of the head (with clay, Bulcasis) which stopped veri exactly, set it up & keep it: for the elder it is the stronger: Mesue as Silvius translateth him, whose words also I have written here out of his annotations. Oil (saith he) of tiles is so subtle, that in a moment it spreadeth most broad: if it be poured into a man's hand it pierceth it forth with It is much more subtle, more hot and more effectuous in cold diseases, than is oil of balm. It provoketh urine, it breaketh the stone, killeth worms: it is wholesome for the singing of the ears coming of a gros wind for the palsi, the cramp (spasmo cynico) the sciatica or ache in the hukle bones, the gout in the knees, feet & the griefs of the other joints, being drunk or anointed upon the place: but let it be drunk mixed with a little portion of some water convenient for the disease. The making of this oil is described also by Rasis in his Antidotari or preservative and by Bulcasis in his book entitled Servitor: whereas Bulcasis preferreth new tiles, that never yet touched water, because they drink in the oil better: & he bids divide than into pieces of an inch bigness, & putreth them so in a vessel of glass, or glazed, well claied that the third part thereof remain empty. The fire must be made soft at the first, but so that it touch the bottom, & increased by little & little. First shall a water issue forth afterward an oil (read Bulcasis) which must be gathered by itself. In the same wise do we destil turpentyn, guaiacum & many other things. Oil also of Chamaemel, & Nard also, which is called Benet or blessed of Mesuae: but this (of tiles) is the chief, & of some is called petroleun or oil of stones. These Sylu. This is a stinking oil, but it pierceth passingli. Io. jac. de Manliis. ¶ Read certain things before, where we have entreated generally of the distillation of oils by descension, out of Vlst. ¶ Bul. bideth to dip in the pieces every one of an i●che bigness (a dram, Rasis) made red hot, in most old oil, and when they are quenched to take them out of the oil and when they are all somewhat gross beaten, to put them into one or more stillatory vessels: which he calleth belies, so that ii parts of the vessel or more be filled. He biddeth also to take heed that the fire come not nigh to this oil (while it is distilled) because it will easily be set on fire, and hardly be put out. Afterward again new pieces of tiles, dressed as before, to be distilled, till oil enough be gathered: which he biddeth to be kept in a vessel with a narrow mouth: most diligently stopped with wax (and earth): For it breatheth out easily because of the subtlety and thinness of the substance. Use this oil (saith he) in cold sicknesses as the falling evil, the benumbing of the senses or Apoplexia, the heaviness of hearing, and cold gout: other diseases also have I expressed in the book of oils, for it is a secret thing of philosophers. The very same way of making it doth Rasis describe.  
The oil that they call commonly Balsamyn (of spick) raiseth up suddenly them that lie in the falling sickness, being held under their noses to be smelled, or else that which they get out of tilestones, & hath the name of the stone: Alexander Benet.  
This oil is made also with certain other things mixed with it, as I found in a certain written book, the words whereof I will rehearse here. Take & break into little pieces red tiles very old or new, but that never touched water, & they being made red hot quench them in oil of olives, or else, that is better, in oil of bay, by & by make them red hot again, & slek them as before until they wax black. Then put these pieces into a alembic with the oil also wherein theiwer quenshed, if any of it be left, if not, put new unto it to the measure of a fingar. Afterward put to it Castorei, and Spicknard, or in the steed of it rue, of either of them one part: Costi two parts. When these are punned, mixed them with the tiles in a Cucurbita or belly, which thou shalt dig in horse dung about. rx. days. At length thou shalt distill it, increasing the fire by little and little. The first liquor is good, the second better, but the third of a red colour is best. This oil is good against all could diseases as Balm, but this is more subtle than Balm and more profitable in could diseases, for it pierceth through the hand quickly and spreadeth abroad a great way. It cureth the stone of the bladder and the could diseases of the same. It provoketh urine. It helpeth the could diseases of the ears, and killeth the worms of the same. It is most profitable for them that be sick of the palsy, and of the Cynical Cramp, being anointed thereupon or drunken, also the Sciatica, & the griefs of the joints and back. A plaster made with this oil and salt ammoniac, dissolveth in short space the impostumes and hardnesses of the splien. It is of force against the falling sickness and the obstruction or stopping of the nose, being put into the noosthrilles. It heateth the brain, confirmeth the memory, assuageth touth ache. Being put into the womb, it provoketh the flowers. It bringeth out the child newly conceived either dead or alive. It openeth the mouth of the veins, & dissolveth the blood that is lopperd or curdled. It purgeth the lungs from gros humours. A few drops of it drunken with syrup of Rooses, helpeth them that draw their breath peinfully. It consumeth marvelously the water descending down to the eyes, that is to say the disease called Suffusion. If fishers anoint their nets therewith, they shall entice innumerable fishes. Iron moistened therein and put to the fire shall burn streigth way. It killeth wornes wheresoever they be. Being made hoot in an egg shell or other vessel, may be dropped holsumly into the place where the grief is, until the grief assuage. It resisteth could poisons, as the sting of a Scorpion, and also black Popy, and Henbane, if a man have received them by his mouth. It putteth away the stone of the bladder, being mixed with the bark of Percily, and Fenell, (the barks of the routs being sod in water, and a little quantity of this decoction received with a drop or ii in drink) but all these things for the most part doth Rasis in Antidotary attribute and ascribe to the simple oil Benet, that is, that which is distilled of only tiles & oil. That is counted the best (saith Rasis) that is very red, of a strong smell, and of a subtle substance.  
Oil of lead: Look before, whereas we have reher sed Vlstadius words of Quinessence.  
Amber by an artificial means of siething is turned into an oil of his oun colour. Goe Agricola In died it is possible to make oil of Amber, after the same manner as of jet, whereof we have written before. For they seem, not to be of much unlike nature. The Germans call them by a common name Agstein, giving only the difference of black unto jet. Cardan supposeth that Camphora also is of the same kind, only because that this, that the perfume of Amber received in a moist cloth, giveth afterward the smell of Camphora in it: which notwithstanding did not appear so to me as I did prove it for a trial.  
Brimston anointed & drunk taketh away scabbedness, leprosy and the french pocks. But with a more vehement force, the oil thereof, which how it should be made, we have declared in our books of the french diseases. Card. But his books of the french disease, I suppose are not yet come forth in print. Salt containeth an oil in it if it be mixed with the lime or clay called Bitumen. Whereupon Arrianus declareth, amongst the Ichthiophagi, the men that live only by fish, in his history of Ind, how they make an oil of salt. That may be an argument also that the Olive tries delight in the Sea banks for a salt ground is also not a little fat. But as I said, all things do so contain oil, that it may be drawn out by the force of fire, but it can not contain much, except it have Bitumen mixed with it. Car.  
For the making of oil of Brimston, a man must choose out that which is pure & never touched the fire, chief alive & of an ashy colour.) This oil is made many ways at Rome, by sublymation & descension. etc. It is good for many things, & chief for fistulas, & for the healing of the wheels of the moutes that men call gangrenes (I suppose it to be that which we call in English cankers) in the curing whereof it excelleth most of all. For take and wet the end of a feather or other like thing, as some young and tender spring of a try or herb, and touch the wheels once or twice only therewith, and by and by they shallbe killed & healed. The monks upon Mesue.  
Take a vessel of glass (as Maithaeolus Senen. writeth in his book of the French evil) not much unlike to a little bell, daubed with potter's clay, hang it the space of a cubit from the ground, by a wire of brass or iron, under the which thou shalt set a basin of glass of a great compass, with a pot turned upside down. Moreover the bottom of the pot shall hold up an iron plate of four fingers brood, made red hot, whereupon the Brimstone may be brent. Whiles this is brent, new shallbe added upon it. Thereupon it shall come to pass that by the smoke ascending, the hanging vessel in short space shall distill drop down in to the basin that stands under, an oil, which gathered diligently thou shalt serve in a phyall of glass.  
Brimstone that never came nigh the fire, or most yellow, whiles it is brent, giveth a thick smoke to be received in a bell of glass or of stone. Wherein thorough the gros vapour an oil gathered together destilleth into a large plain vessel, in the mids whereof the brimstone builded upon a little vessel is brent. Other beating the brimstone consume the fiery substance of if, with Aqua vitae set on fire, and after devil that which remaineth, like unto oil of Philosophers. Other seethe yellow Brimstone Turpintyn, of either an ounce, oil of Roses a pound, with a slow fire, with ii ounces of odoriferous wine, till the wine be consumed, (as it is red in Luminari maiore.) Silvius.  
Put one part of quick brimstone into ii parts parts of oil of Lynsied, beat them well and diligently together, and let them stand in horse dung two. days in a vessel well shut, & it shallbe clear & fair.  
But all these oils seem to be prepared only for this purpose that they may be ministered without the body: I here say that there be certain practitioners now a days, which give men to drink to their body, a certain oil of brimston, chiefli against falling sicknesses, & peradventure that kind whose fiery substance, as Silvius maketh mention, is first consumed by Aqua vitae set on fire, then destild by sublimation, it may be more safely ministered with in the body then the other.  
Oil of Vitriol or copros is desired of chemists and likewise of physicians, and as a most secret matter is hid. I will put here some descriptions thereof, which I received of my friends, or found in written books, and after other I will declare one way of this oil most effectual & approved, which I know myself, which a certain practitioner with us used to the curing almost of all kind of diseases, and in many luckily. etc.  
Make the Vitriol in to lime, as thou knowest, then pour burning water unto it, so that it exceed the Vitriol a little: then separate the burning water by distillation in a vial or in a crooked still, or a belly (laid on the one side). When that is drawn out, urge the spirits of the Vitriol by little and little, increasing the fire more and more, till all the spirits be over passed. This liquor distilled put it again into some one of the iii manner of vessels aforesaid, & destil it in a kettle full of water, until whatso ever watery thing is in it, be separated, which thou shalt endeavour to bring to pass by all the wit thou hast, that the watrines be clean gotten out, either by a limbeck, (with a nose) or a blind lembek, whose nether skirt have a hollow gutter or circle like unto a limbeck) that is to say with a nose). Endeavour that the water in the kettle seethe lightly (if so be it ought to seethe at all: the dutch word (sieden) seemeth to be equivocal, and may signify as well see thing as boiling) to th'intent that the waterines alone may ascend, and the oil always remain in the bottom of the belly: the which thing to bring to pass, you shall have need of two days at the least. Then afterward that oil that is left in the belly, put it into a belly or other of the foresaid vessels defensed with clay and destil it: & mark whether any water pass before the spirits. For if there be any watrines yet mixed with it, it shallbe needful to set it afterward in y● sun or hot place in a blind limbeck, that the watrines being elevated and carried up may remain in the hem & skirt of the limbeck. This if thou repeetes ofter than once, this insolation I mean the oil shall become ever the swieter and better. Ye also a man may repeat the distillation the second or third time: for by that means the oil is rectified more and more. Thou mayst minister ii or iii drops of this oil against all manner of diseases, either by itself, or with waters convenient for every disease. This oil I have tasted myself, it is swiet, pleasant, and strong, in colour (if I remember well) somewhat white.  
another way. Take four pounds of Vitriol of Rome, dry it in an earthen vessel till it wax red, after when it is beaten put it into a belly of glass diligently defenced with clay (as the manner is for Aqua fortis) and first destilit with a soft fire, encresing the degree of the fire by little and little, until white fumes begin to issue out at the nose of the belly: then set a great receiving vessel fenced with clay and make a fire with wood continuing for the space of xii hours, and at length shall issue out red drops and heavy. When the receiver beginneth to be clear, the matter is finished, wherefore then cease that the vessels may be couled. Afterward y● shalt put it in a little lembek to separate and avoid the fleum, and reserve the rest, setting it in the sun a ix. days. When thou wilt use it, minister it with white wine, or Malmsy vi or vii drops, so that nothing after be eaten by the space of iii or four hours, it mai be received also before sleep, if a man drink not upon it. This liquor is profitable for a sick stomach, for lepers, for them that be sick of the stone, for the retention and keeping of urine, for them that be sick of the Ague, and in time of the pestilence with water of Acetosae, somewhat warm, putting unto it half a dram of spices Diamargariton, which is cold if it may be gotten.  
another way for the same, that it may be the better made and purer. Put in an earthen pot of earth of Crucibulorum glazed within as much Vitriol of Rome as thou wilt: and distill it in a furnace, as is before said, with a fire of Aqua fortis and there shall run out a white water of Vitriol: After when it ceaseth, thou shalt encreas the fire, and a grien water shall follow, which when it hath left thou shalt make a most strong and vehement fire, both above and beneath, and a red oil shall issue out. Change ever the receiver according to the changing of the liquors: Or else take those iii liquors in one vessel, & separate the waters afterward from the oil by destilling them, and the oil shall remain in the belly. This separation is made the belly standing upright (with a head and a receiver) the first distillation of the oil, the belly lying overth warth, as it is said. If thou dip a little dry wool or bombase in water of Vitriol of Rome, and there which thouch any kind of diseases of the mouth, thou shalt easily heal them: Out of a written book of a certain friend: he seemeth here to mean that water that runneth out first: which is to be used only without the body, not the very oil of Vitriol, which is more precious and pure, and is kept to be ministered & given to drink against inward diseases.  
Of the virtues of oil of Vitriol, out of the same written book. Drink Malmsy with a little oil of Vitriol, continually for the space of .v. or viii days, it riddeth a man from all obstructions, it purgeth the blood, and driveth away the stone. It healeth the ill scab, if it be drunk with water of fumitory, and Myrobalana condite. It reneweth a man with water of endive. It healeth all manner of griefs of the head, with water of Maioram, or Buglos, or Melissa: also the turnsicknes, if it be contained any space. With water of Agresta it healeth all manner of diseases, the body being first purged. It restoreth the memory with the water of Acorus or Fenell. It moveth a man to sleep, with the sied of Letis or Popy. It is good for melancolyck persons with water of Bublos or Borage. It cureth mad men with water of the water lily, continuing the use of it: also hot impostums & the sleeping evil with water of wild rue. It purgeth the body with Aqua vitae. It healeth the palsy with water of wild mint, or sage, & Hyssop, the cramp with water of Sage: the sickness of quaking with water of Basilicus, & divers inward diseases with water of Trifolium, all feebleness of the eyes with water of Fenell: the reum from the head with water of Lily, the catar with water of Adiantum & Hyssop, & the cough, also the disease of the side with water of Plantain the Pleuresis with water of maiden hear, the feebleness & weakness of the stomach, with water of mint. With water of Quinces, it staunceth vomiting: if the sick be of a moist temperature or complexion, let it be given him with water of plantain or sheppardes purse with a little Diarhodon. It stinteth the flux of the belly with the water of Plantain: the co lyck with water of rue. With water of wormwod it resistith venomous bitings. It healeth all manner of impostumes and dropsy, continuing it. It is good for the limbs that be resolved, if it be chawfed upon with an Ox gall. It helpeth the splen with Tamarindis: with water of Radish and and sea bremble, it expelleth the stone, & openeth the stoppings of theines. It healeth all agues which water of Agresta, & certain kinds of leprosy, continuing the use of it. This is the true potable gold, and the true Selandyn or Chelidonia, & more also in weigth it giveth not place to gold, & it hath the same & as many virtues as potable gold. A little of it with a little water of Roses drunk, restoreth the speech that is lost: it stinteth the bleeding at the nose with Roses.  
Of the burning or broylinge of Chalcanthum, that is Vitriol, and his kinds. Bulcasis, writeth in a manner the same things in his third book of the preparation of medicines, which we have declared afoore in his preparation for the making of Vitriol Zimor, also he teacheth to prepare after the same manner. But amongst divers ways of this oil of Vitriol, I like that best which I described last. For the liquor that is distilled that way is the sharpest of all, and also the tartest, in so much that it may be called vinegar of metal, as me thinketh: Wherefore of certain it is highly commended for the quenshing of thirst in summer time, one drop of it put into a draft of wine, like as I found in a certain doutch written book, where as this also is added: Vitriolum is distilled in a belly laid overthwart, fenced with clay, in the flames of the fire, it runneth out scant the third day, and first water.  
another way out of the same book. Stiep Vitriol in Aqua fortis, which may draw out all the fatness thereof, from the which if thou separate the Aqua fortis by distillation, an oil shall remain. But peraventur this way is to dangerous that a liquor so distilled should be received within the body. But without the body and to the wheels or canker of the mouth it may well be ministered.  
I remember I have red in sum place in Lullius in his work of Quintessence, where he maketh mention of oil or Quintessence of Vitriol. But in what sort it should be made, I could never yet find in any book that went abroad: so greatly have they all kept secret this thing as a marvelous mystery. For the description which I will declare here after out of the book of Nicolas Massa upon the disease of Naples, can not be received within the body.  
When the Chalcanthum, that is the Vitriol, or Mysis that is Vitriol of Rome is brent an oil most sharp & hot is drawn out of it by the force of the fire, in vessels of glass wherewith if a man touch warts when they are cut or wounded, they will go away. The same if a man taste it, it striketh the tongue like as it were a hot iron. Yet the use of it is to dry biles within that be out of hoop of recovery, where as they be not much filthy, as it chanceth in certain that be diseased of Phthoe corruption & matter without grief. It serveth also to cut of cancars & corrupt members, with the wood Olive anointed with it, Cardanus. The same coniectur we write before, that oil of Mysis or arsenic anointed without may seem to deliver from poison. The spirit or Quintesseuce of Vitriol is praised of certain practitioners against the falling sickness and Apoplexia or benumbing of senses.  
Shoemakers ink looseth the belly, both in honey and meed drunk to the weight of a dram, & also in wine, specially the oil thereof. George Agricola, in his iii book of the nature of things digged out of the ground. Oil of Vitriol doth kill not only men but tries: wherefore it must be made in sum out syd or place where no man dwelleth. Albucasis & other show the way of making it, Brassavolus (In mine opinion not the oil, but the smoke of Vitriol whiles it is brent with fire & prepared unto distillation is so hurtful.) And again, of Chalcanthun, that is vitriol oil is made so burning, that we use it for potential fire: for it is of a caustical, thou is a burning nature, & with little grief it cutteth members, if they be touched with a knief anoited with Olives. Whiles the oylis preparing, ye must take heed of the smoke: because it doth not only kill men but also the tries that be nigh, it drieth them up. The trial whereof Franciscus de Monte the notable bone setter whose tries of his archard every one died with the smoke of Vitriol whiles he prepared the oil thereof.  
The oil of Vitriol is marvelous, burning like a hot iron without grief, & is made in this manner, thirty. ounces of Vitriol of Rome or of Cypress, Salnitrum, roche alum, of either four ounces. When they are all beaten let them be calcionated with fire according to art. Afterward put this calcionated in a crooked Bocia clayed for the fire of an alchemists furnace, and by the fire thou shalt have the oil increased in the receiver: which is a marvelous Cauterium or burning thing, and hath no peer in any operation, and chief in taking away of wens & great warts. But the receiver must be great, if thou wilt make the foresaid oil: Nicolas Massa in his book of the disease Naples, and Thomas Philologus, who taketh twenty drams of Vitriol, but of Alum and salt of either. xxiiii ¶ A water of divers metals (out of a certain dutch book) for the leprosi, spots & dunnes of the eyes. The filing of silver copper, stiele, gold, of every one as much as ye can get: the first day put it in urine whiles it is warm made by a boy or wench that is a maid, the next day in the crumbs of hot bread: the third in a white of an egg: the fourth in the milk of a woman that nurseth a wench: the fift in reed wine. Then put all these into a still & distill them with a little fire, and kipe it. For the virtue of it is incomparable. It is good against the leprosy, and all the spots in the face, and it procureth unto the face a youthful brightness, it maketh also clearness of the sight these shalt thou read otherwise in the Additions upon the Breviarium or Bridgment of Arnold de Villa Nona. 1. 18.   

Of Aqua fortis and such like.  
_●E described a little before a certain water like Aqua fortis, distilled of Vitriol, Sal Nitrum, and Alum against great warts. etc. But the common Aqua fortis also, and the simple oil of Vitriol, if a man put a drop of them in to a wen or wart first cut, they take it away: of the which thing I made a trial in myself upon a sied wart on my fingers end, wherinto when I had first cut it with a razor, I put a drop of Aqua fortis, and although it went not away by & by, yet within a few weeks is was gone Aqua fortis or to separate metals is thus made. One part of Sal nitrum, liquid or molten Alum (that they call roche iii parts: sand half a part, when they are dried diligently and purged with the fire, let them be distilled in a vessel of glass. It is gathered by itself, that which issueth out first, at length when the glass looketh like a safron colour, increase the fire and an other followeth: which is received in the first for the most part: and yet if thou take it in water of the fountain or well, it is yet so sharp that never the les it dissolveth silver, and separateth it from Gold. It is separated in this wise. Take a little quantity of the water drawn out, and put into it the weight of. xii grains of very pure silver▪ and set it upon ashes till the silver be dissolved. This shall send down into the bottom of the vessel, grounds like unto fine lime, which taken away the pure water that remaineth, put it to the hole water from the which thou druest it, which in like manner shall itself also let down into the bottom grounds like the other, which taken away, thou shalt have the hole water most pure and most strong to dissolve silver and other metals except gold (gold also I suppose is dissolved of Chemists with Aqua fortis but of another manner of making.) But seeing it vanisheth away easili and consumeth, it shallbe kept in a glass diligently shut. To a man that imagineth how great strengths it hath, which taking water (as I said) of the well, yea without fire in xxiiii. hours' doth bring silver unto water, but with a little heat of ashes, in ii or iii hours, there is no man but he will grant those last vapours, and water whereunto they be turned to have marvelous strength, or rather incredible. Of the same kind is water that is made of the salts Ammoniak and Nitrum, with Chalcanthum (that is coproos) and Alum melted in equal portions, putting unto them at last one fourth part of roost: this made after the same manner, spareth not very stones. It yet a man ad and put to a little of the obstracite stone, called Smiris wherewith they polished precious stones, thou shalt have more plenty of water and better, because it will not be burned. These things therefore received and found true by trials, let us see what should be cause that this water becometh so strong: for manifest experience teacheth, that the drier part attenuated and fined by the force of the fire, receiveth a fiery and a fretting or gnawing strength. But why burneth not the water of separating, as burning water doth? Because that the burning water is hotter and thinner, and les dry, therefore it may bren, and excellently heaten, but not fret. But the other can fret, not burn, and also heaten a little. By like reason therefore the oil that is taken out of Chalcanthum by the force of the fire, for as much as it turneth the driest part into humour, it is most sharp, and striketh the tongue like fire. Cardan. Let no man think that this liquor pertaineth only to Chemists and goldsmiths. For it is profitable also for medicines unto man's body. It is dropped into warts that be cut and slit, as I said afore. Some dip the end of a little band in it and put it into a hollow touth, from which they would take the sense & feeling of the grief and mortify it. I have hard the suffusion or web of the eye to be cured in certain with the virtue of this liquor, by the same quick silver is precipitated, as we shall now declare: and the oil of Chalcanthum or Coproos is drawn out by it, as we said. Take half an ounce of Aqua fortis: mixed it with an ounce and a half of rosewater, sores of the throat, palace, jaws and lips, let them be touched twice a day with a little Cotton tied to the top of a stick and moistened in this liquor: Thom. Philologus.  
Certain divers manners of Aqua fortis, mayst thou read after, where we shall write of Mercury sublimated. ¶ Burning water, that a candle ma● burn in the very water. Put a sextar or twenty ounces of the eldest wine, in a pot wide above and narrow beneath, whereunto thou shalt add ii ounces of both kinds of Sulphur or brimstone, that is of the quik and dead. two ounces: and as much alum, and as much of gros salt. Let them be sod together till the third part be consumed. A tallow or wax candle anointed with this shall burn in the water, as well as in the air. If so be it thou sprinkle a hear or cloth therewith, light it at the flame and it shall burn most manifestly without hurt. Out of a written book. It would appear that a liquor distilled of this matter by the force of the fire, would be much more effectuous to the same conclusion.  
A water to whitten the teeth which Isabel of Arragonia, the Duchess of Millen did use. A pound of Salt purged and beaten: an ounce of Gla●sye or Isly Alum, let them be distilled in a limbeck, Mixed an ounce of this water with an ounce of Plantain water, and with a little wode wouldipte therein rub the teeth, and they shall become most bright. Furnerius.  
An other like out of the same book. shall Ammo niak, shall Gemmae of either. iii ounces, Sugar Alum an ounce and a half, common Salt, an ounce. When they are beaten destil them in a limbeck of glass: and with the liquor drawn out thereof rub the teeth with a stone, and after wash the mouth with a little white wine. Read before in the end of the Cosmeticall waters, the same description, but without common salt, the use whereof is declared without distillation.  
Aqua Angelica of a marvelous virtue against blearedness, Canker, and burning with fire. Three ounces of vn●lekt lime and half a pound of rain water, let them stand together in a vessel of glass or tin a iii days. Then mirtinge them stir them together, and let them settle again a xxiii hours or more in a vessel well covered. afterward strain them tenderly through a linen cloth till it be clear. Then put to it ten drawmes of Sall Ammoniak the whitest thou canst find, and finest beaten and molten with long moving in the said water. After when it is settled thou shalt strain certain times the clear water that standeth above, or else destil it by a Filtrum. This water healeth the cloth or spot (Lafoy Toil in French, that is the web) of the eyes, three drops thrice a day dropped into them, continuing till the eye be made hole. It taketh away also the tears of the eyes, the redness and blearedness, also the Canker and burning if it be rightly ministered. It taketh away all spots and steines of cloth both silk and woullen, if they be washed in it a little warmed. Furnerius.  
Man's urine distilled, chemists use it to resolve gold: printers for their ink that they use to print books with all.  
divers waters, wonderfully drying, sharp, fretting, for healing of the whelks of the french pocks without anointing, mayest thou read in Nicolas Massa, in his vi book, the ii chapped. of the French pocks.  
A certain burning water with orpment. etc. distilled, is described of Rogerius a Surgeon.   

Of the liquors of precious stones.  
CArdan in his second book of subtlety, searching a water which put in by a Syringe or Spout might break the stones of the bladder, supposeth such a one might be received of the stone called Tecolithos, or the stones of crevices. etc. as we have rehearsed before, in the tretize of the virtues of distilled liquors generally. I if I may add coniectur to coniectur, I would distill either these or other stones or glass, with the juice of Parietary.  
Certain chemists, do praise highly the spirit or Quintessence of berill, against the stone of the reins or bladder.   

Of cirtain massy things, as quicksilver precipitated or killed, and the same and arsenic sublimated.  
LEt us add here certain massy and whole medicines, which also be sublimated or sod in glass vessels at the fire, although it be almost besides our matter, when as we purposed to entreat only in this book, ofliquors separated from a grosser substance. Yet because they be a few medicines and sublimated (that is they are prepared and made with like in strumentes as the foresaid liquors) and hitherto for the most part secret, that is known & used of few, & marvelous effectuous, I thought not good to let them pass. Quick silver precipitated is thus made, as Car. writeth in his fift book of Subtlety. Take Alum, Calcanthum (that is coproos) of either like much: put thereto salt as much as one of them & half as much, destil this together in glass vessels. Put a pound of this water (that is of aqua for 'tis communly called) iii pound of quick silver into a glass, destil thereout, & encresing the fire continued till the smoke and the vessel wax red, & no water at all remain. At length break the vessel, & gather the quick silver, which thou shalt see now gathered together like a stone, grind this very small upon a table of red marble, & seethe it again & destil it till it be dried in a glasen vessel. Again break the vessel & gather the matter that remaineth, & grind the same again upon the moler very fine & subtle. Afterward put it in a vessel of brass, & a great fire made under it mixed it & stur it about by the space of ii hours, till it get almost a brightness & redness les, them take it and keep it in vessels of glass. This amongst all other that eat the flesh without grief, & dry up putrefying sores, if it be rightly made is the best, nether serveth it to any other purpose that I know: these things writeth he. pearls are dissolved with strong vinegar, specially being distilled, or with the juice of lemons. etc. precipitated, and sublimated, & Cinna brium, and they return into quicksilver: Silvius.  
A way to make red powder, that is quicksilver calcionated & precipitated, out of Marianus the surgeon. Six ounces of Aqua fortis. iiii. ounces of quicksilver, mixed them together in a belly or cucurbita of glass well claied, & with a head upon it, the nose end whereof shall be put within a receiver, let them be distilled with a moderate fire (increasing it by little & little. But aqua fortis that separateth gold from silver is made thus. Sal nitrum, roche alum, Vitriol of Rome, of every one ii pounds: let them be mixed in a mortar, ever beating & grinding with the pestle till they be well mixed. Then put the powder somewhat grows into a belly unclayed, & all the mouths stopped, let it be distilled. The token of his goodness is this, if the ground whereupon a little of it falleth, do boyll streigthway. The virtue of this reed powder is maruelious. Take out of the barber's shop iii ounces of lie, of Praecipitatum an ounce & a half, rosed honey ii ounces, mixed them diligently. With this medicine without doubt thou shalt dry & cleanse a filthy sore and rotten (whereupon the flesh shall after begin to breed) where as other cleansing things, as those made of the juice of Apium, or of the juice of Cynoglos shall do no good.  
Nicolas Massa in his book of the French disease, calleth Mercurium praecipitatum, Angelical powder, because of the marvelous & as it were a divine operation of it in the French pocks, which he his self hath not seldom tried. This medicine (saith he) drieth, with a certain gentle eating of the soft and superfluous flesh, and that without grief, removing also the evil secret quality of the sores, and chief of the disease of Naples. It digesteth any matter, and purgeth it, & letteth the disease called Corrosio of gnawing & the canker: it dissolveth grows matter, hard and raw, after the opening of gums. And no medicine is to be compared with this in this disease. For if thou continue in the use of it, it leadeth unto the perfect breeding of the skin, as I have oftentimes tried: and it is excellent in the evil sores of the yard. It is made in this wise. But a pound of quick silver in a little belly of glass, and power as much Aqua fortis unto it. Then put the belly in a pot and ashes in space between the belly and the pot sides, that the pot break not assoon as it toucheth the fire. Then put under fire, slow at the first, and let it be increased by little and little, yet after a certain mean: and so with a strong fire let it be left, till all the water be consumed, which is perceived when no more vapours ascend out of the belly. So shalt thou have Mercurium calcionated red. grind this, & if any part of the quick silver remain with it, put the said powder in a clean vessel of bras at the fire, & so mixed it, let it stand till all the part of quick silver be consumed. This powder mayst thou use to all the foresaid diseases and specially to the sores of the yard, & of other places, where rottenness and much ill matter letteth the knitting or healing up: and in fistulas dissolve it with wine, and cast it in by a brazen pipe, for it worketh marvelously.  
Moreover water to separate gold from silver is thus made. Two pounds of Vitriol of Rome Roche Alum xvi ounces: Sal Nitrum a pound: let them be put in a crooked belly (writhen bakward) claied, or in a straightly with his head and receiver. distil them as Alchemists do. This water is marvelous to put away warts, in what part of the body so ever they be, and specially in the fundament and womb: it brenneth and searreth also evil sores eating them out every where, yea even in the throat, and letteth the sores from crieping and spreading, namely of the yard and the womb. If it be to vehement, mixed it with Roose water. And I myself have healed ill sores and biles of the throat, touching them twice a day with the said water, mixtinge with it half so much of rose-water: and it is one of our secrets (see more in the same, the vi book and ii chapter.)  
But this angelical powder had I of a certain old Alchemist, and I made it before johannes de Vigo ever made any mention of it. Thus far Massa: and part Thom. Philologus out of him.  
Of the making and commodities of this red powder, read johannes de Vigo in his fift book of Additionum: where he biddeth that the vessels rereceiver shall be thrice as big as the bealye, the xxxviii. leaf. b. And that white found with this powder, is silver sublimated from the red: like as is what so ever is yellow or of a Saffron colour. And also in his book entitled Capiosa, the. Clxiii. leaf. a.  
Powder of Mercury (saith Matthaeolus Senensis, in his book of the way to heal the French disease) is made in this manner. Take four pounds of water, wherewith gold is separated from silver: a pound and a half of quick silver. Put these in a vessel of glass, with a narrow mouth, with a crooked nek, round about fenced with clay, which shallbe received of an other: than stop the joints of the vessels with potter's clay diligently. Then put underfire made of coals, so that it may ever wax bigger and bigger, so long till all the water have run out. After this break the phial, and take out lightly the red cake, that settleth in the bottom, & what white so ever sticks in it cast it away, but the red make it in powder. But for asmuch as through this powder much harm might happen to them should receive it, except it be duly prepared. Take two. ounces of the said powder, and let them stand to soak in water of Plantain and Acetosae, of either two. ounces, the next morrow early take the waters from thence and put new unto it, and set it to the fire in a vessel of brass or earth: when they are hot, cease not to stur them about with an iron or wooden spittle or s●is until all become powder and that without any difficulty: of the which thou mayst when thou list make such a receipt against the french disease aswell that is Phlegmatic as Melancholy. Take electuarii Conciliatoris (this is made of divers cordial medicines, and spices, precious stones, pearls, gold, silver, Camphora, Ambra, Mosch: & is described of him, Differentia. 196) half a scruple, perls, hyacincts, of either .v. grains: the powder of Praecipitatum. v. grains: powder of D●amuscum, Diamargariton, of either half a scrupule: Make .v. pills (let them be gilded, Thom, Philologus who addeth Terrae Sigillatae and Boli Armeniae of every iii grains,) let these be taken of the patient an hour before day: & let him keep his bed .v. hours. Shortly, believe me, shall the french pocks be avoided with this receipt. For the fleum and black choler also shall vanish away both by vomit and downwards. Besides this there are very many kinds of diseases that we have cured with such a powder. For it puts not away only matter and rotten flesh being strawed upon, but also without any difficulty it bringeth sores & biles unto a scar: the pestilence also with a little treacle, and with the juice of the herb called Tuneci, which they call Carduum Benedictum, or with an electuary of precious stones, if it be not yet confirmed & established in the body, it driveth it away marvelously. Many also that be Limphatici, that is, mad, or Melancolike, whom they believed commonly to be resorted unto of Devils, we have cured them with the same. What make I many words We have delivered with this powder, those that were almost dead of the quartain, putting unto it Saccharum Buglossatum or treacle, or Mithridatium, some digestion made, an hour before the fit, in .v. or seven. grains weight, according to the age and strength of the body of the diseased. Yea also it is wholesome to be ministered amongst the griefs of the yard & great guts: for we have cured some that avoided their dung by their mouth: leaning to the monuments and sayings of Paulus Aegineta, that saith, how certain physicians have ministered in that disease of the great guts, quick silver killed. The same resisteth the taking, as they call it, or enchantment: It hath besides this many notable virtues which when I have more leisure, I will rehearse unto thee (he speaketh to him that talketh with him) one by one: peradventure than it shall delight me to express, in what sort thou mayst make powder with gold and quick silver, or else the water declared before. These he. I hare of late that a certain physician or chemist at Athesin, did prepare Mercurium praecipitatum with gold, and sold it like gold, which had such virtue, to eat out gnawing or grief. See those that we shall declare about the end of those that follow next after.  
How Praecipitatum is made, which is a remedy against all diseases growing of the rottenness of humours, out of a certain written book. Make a water of equal portions of Vitriol of Rome and Sal Nitrum, with a head and receiver, in the which thou shalt put the sixt-part of the weight of raw Mercury, that is to say, if there be. 3. pounds of Vitriol and Sal nitrum, put vi ounces of Mercury. Afterward suffer the water with his spirits to descend in to the receiver. Then avoid all that is in the receiver into a clean belly and that is claied: under the which put a head with a receiver, and distill it again: and when the water is in the receiver, put it again in the belly in the which the Mercury remained. Thou shalt repeat this till the Mercury wax red. Then when it is red wash it with Cordial waters, as Borage & Balm and such like. But first wash it often times in fountain water or well water distilled. Mercury so prepared shalt thou give to sick men within their bodies, in this manner. If the body be very strong, give ten grains if it be mean viii weaks, five: if it be a child, consider diligently what is necessary to be done. But utterly mixed it with treacle: so shalt thou give it to him that is infected with poison, droysy, pestilence or taken with other infirmity. If a sound man once a year, or every third year, as it shall seem him good, use this Praecipitatum with a due digestion of the humours, that is with a preparation of purgation, he shall prevent many diseases. Note that in the stead of Mercury thou mayst use Amal gama made of six parts of quick silver and of one part of gold and so shalt thou work greater wonders. (This Amalgama must be made red like as Mercury alone with Aqua fortis: although Mattheolus Senensis, as we declared a little before, wryteth that the powder Mercurial may be made of such a mixture, ye and that without Aqua fortis.) And mark that thou mayst heal wounds with the first or second Praecipitatum, which thou shalt use thus: Put of it about the wound and within. And this is a great secret. And know that in four destillations thou shalt bring this to pass: which done, put it in a clean belly in the fire, that the spirits (that is of the Hydrargyri that is the quick silver sublimated mixed with the Praecipitatum) as much as is possible may depart, then make as is above specified.  
Of the sublimation of quick silver, thou shalt read Bulcasis in his third book of his work that he calleth Servitor. But of the use of it in burnings and seerynges, and for the French disease, read Nicolaus Massa the sixth book, the second chapter, and of the same book the fourth, how it is to be ordered to seerynges, both otherwise, and that the searing or burning be done with none or little grief. Certain use it at this day for the ill and angry scabs, and ring worms or tettares. etc. aswell in men as in horses.  
Quick silver (saith Cardan) is sublimated in this manner. Put Quick silver and Shoemakers ink of either like weight, and with most sharp white vinegar mixed it so long, till the quick silver be seen no more: then in a vessel of glass parieted with clay seethe it till it grow together. If any do run abroad & come not together, break it again in a mortar with vinegar put to it, and seethe it yet again. They use quick silver so excoct for painting For it whytteneth and addeth a brightness to women's faces. But it maketh the teeth fall out and briedeth a stinking breath. But for the use of silver and for the art of Goldsmiths, it is profitable not in few things. Of the sublimation of Mercury, Marchasyt, Magnesiae, & Tutiae, look in Geber Summae perfectionis, 1. 4. 45. and so forth. Also of the sublimation of Brimstone and arsenic. 43. chapter. Sublimatum, Praecipitatum, and Cinabrium are dissolved with strong vinegar, specially distilled, and return into quic silver. Silvius.  
Auicenna maketh mention of Arsenic sublimated. Arsenic or Orpment (sayeth Albertns Magnus' in his book of Metals) is of the kind of Stones, of a Citriny colour and reed, the which stone the chymici call one of the spirits. It hath the nature of Brimstone in heating and drying. Being calcinated with the fire it waxeth black, and by and by with sublimation it becometh most white. If it be sublimated three or four times it purchaseth such strength, that it will peers through Bras, and burn vehemently all metals except Gould. Being set in the air it altereth and changeth the same Bras in to a white colour. Wherefore Falsifiers use it, to make Bras like Silver: in which thing it is able to do very much.  
The medicines that ought to be used to a cancre exulcerated, ougth to be of a very strong operation. Among other the best & safest help in this disease Guido a Cauliaco saith, is arsnik sublimated whose notable virtues we have already made mention of oftentimes before, and hereafter will we celebrate & bring it into renown yet more. This killeth) saith Theodoricus) the canker, the wolf, Esthiomenum (that is, Sphacelum, or Syderatio blasting) noli me tangere, the Fistula, and all such sore and worst diseases, it killeth them and routeth them out the first day. But a man must have a great consideration and take diligent heed to the places nigh about, whiles it is ministered and laid to, least that they themselves chance to be vexed and assailed with any inflammation or swelling, and concurs of the humours. Which discommodity thou shalt easily avoid, if so be it thou anoint those parts that be nigh, and compass the Carcynoma or eating canker, with Bol Armena, and other like. But also the Arsmik sublimatum must be ministered in due manner or just quantity (which a rational physician defineth only by an artificial conjecture) etc. Io, Tagautius in his institutions of Surgery. 3. 19  
Zenzifar, that is Zinabrium, how it is made by sublimation, look in Bulcasis and Cardan, the fift book de Subtilitate. The calcionating of orpment that it may get a red colour: in joan. de Vigo in his Antidotary, the. 163. lief.  
Tartarum, that is the dried lies of wine, how it is sharpened, that it may have marvelous virtues for certain medicines (by the distillation of burning water). Lullius teacheth in his second book of Quintessence.  
A certain practitioner told me that he did dres and prepare the stone called Cyanence, that is, Lazulus in such wise, that it might bring up more strongly and more safely black choler from melancholy men and those that were mad. And first if I remember me well he said it must be calcionated, then sublimated: or first that the best Aqua vitae should be distilled upon it, put in a Cucurbita or belly, then sublimated, and be sprinkled or watered with Aqua vitae. vi. times distilled, and dried again.  
Salt that it may be more pure to be put to medicines or meats, after it is mixed with water let it be distilled by a Filtrum, and again let it be sod till the water be consumed. The same purged in a gouldsmithes Crucibulo with a great fire is melted and fused. When it is so molten, let it be mixed with Salt Alcalis (or in stead of it with the white gall of glass (for there is black also) which some call the nourishment of glass, other Zoza as I hear, and with Sal Gemmae. When these are beaten they use them for Chrysocolla, or also they put a little of Chrysocolla unto it. But this mixture hath to much sharpness, and consumeth some of the gold. Wherefore they use it only to courser works, but to finer they use only Borax. There be some that mixed Borax, common salt molten and salted Alcalis together in equal portions, and in secret matters count it for Borax. But these are besides the matters pertaining to physic.  
Soot how it is gathered of pitch and butter, thou shalt read in Dioscorides and Bulcasis.   

Of certain other not Alchymisticall or not distilled or sublimated medicines, but cunningly and wittily prepared by other and divers ways.  
THe medicines that we have hitherto described are all comprehended under the name of liquors because they have no earthy matter mixed with them, but they are either of a watery, or airy, or fiery nature, whether so ever they be waters or oils, or any third kind of liquor. All are prepared in certain Alchymical vessels and by the force of the fire. But for as much as their scope and end (that is to the intent that the best and chief in every medicine, might be had drawn out, pure and liquid from the earthy, gross and more impure matter) seemeth to be more large, and to be extended also to many other preparations, makings and compositions of medicines: I think it good to join certain things hereunto in manner of a Corollarium or addition which are not very common, nor to be met with every where. But no man ought to look hear for a full or exact and general way of composition at our hands: when as we shall teach only a few, and such as shall come to mind by the way, and all these as it were by matters besides our necessary purpose. But if any man desire more and more fully of divers kinds and ways of making and preparing of medicines, let him go to the books of jac. Silvius and other of these matters.   

Of divers Oils.  
I See the most part of odoriferous and precious oils to be sod in a double vessel It is an easy matter to pres out an oil that shallbe like the plant in savour & virtues, in those that contain oil abundantly: (or out of the fruits of them sod in water it is gathered.) But in such as have no great plenty of oil, we are wont to pres out the savour and strength with the oil iii ways. In the more common and more ancient way, of Dioscorides the flowers were poured into pure oil four days, & were set out in the sun, than the oil being priest out, most diligently, as much more of the new flowers was added, and again it was set out in the hot Sun, & so oft might a man do so, till the oil did drink up the savour. They did add also thickning for ointments, as of honey and odoriferous things.  
The second way it standeth in pressing out, in some things without any help of Art, as Myrobalano, in other that be dry and odoriferous by their own accord, as the Nutmeg, that is light stiept in wine and pres out with a pres. So may a man draw oil out of spices. But they that be odoriferous, and lack the substance of oils, as flowers, they give oil in this sort. sprinkle Flowers upon Almonds and under them, and lay in order the leaves of Almonds and of the flowers by course, and keep them so long priest together, till the smell of the flowers may be vanished away, then put them away and in their steed lay other flowers after the same sort, and do this so oft (for there is not one way in all) till the Almonds have gotten a very great smell, then have them to the pres. A man must first blanch them and parch them a little at the fire. By this means the oil getteth the more strength and virtue, and is les in danger of corruption, because no (watery) juice is left in it.  
The third way is by distillation (whereof it is said afore.) Cardan.  
Unto the most part of oils that be to be sod and made by fire, they put some wine, by the which means they smell les of adustion & brentnes, & they be sod till the wine be consumed. But flowers and such as be of a slender substance, it is better they should not be sod in oil, or at the least not to boil in it. etc. A man must add the moor wine, if there be many species that be mixed with the wine, and to be sod somewhat long: so that sometimes the wine be almost double unto the oil. Some be stiepte first in wine, and then the juice priest out is added to the oil, & is sod together, either by itself, or with a part of Turpentin: as they do in oil of Hypericon or S. Ihons' wort.  
jasminum is made of ii ounces of flowers of jasmin set in the Sun .v. days in a pound of oil, which afterward is sod with a slow fire.  
Oil of swiet Almonds, whole Cloves being added thereunto, let it be set in the sun viii days, it shallbe marvelous swiet smelling. But thou shalt read divers ways in Mesue, and in the annotations of Silvius upon the same, of the pressing out of oil of Almonds, which also may be applied to divers other fruits and sides from the which oil is priest out. ¶ We use the oil of Almonds am. (that is bitter) in stead of oil of the kernels of peeches, but it drieth up moor than the other, Brassavolus.  
I am wont to make an oil of sides and the reed codes of Capsicum, or Cardamomum Arabicum: other of the codes thereof alone, put in oil, which is wont to be used in place of oil of Pepper, or also of Euphorbium, if it be put in in more abundance, for it is far more vehement than Pepper. With us (they call it reed Pepper, sum of the common people call it Siliquastrum, but not rightly) but few of those silique or codes do wax ripe, because of the hasty cooled of harvest. But unripe codes also, hanged in stoves a few days and dried, may well be put unto oil. For they have sharpness enough: which is not to be found in the hool plant besides, when as the least hears or strings are without any taste, and the leaves and stem are unsavoury: but in the codes is so excellent a taste, that it is worthy to be wondered at. Sum because of the vehement heat thereof reckon it almost amongst poisons, as Cardan: which I praise not. Nether was the● ever any man said that fire was venomous, burn it never so much: when it hath no venomous quality besides. I have myself used both the sides of this Capsicum and the codes, without harm in pottage but in a small quantity.  
An oil of the kernels of cherries cleanseth the face, taketh away spots and frakenes: it is good also for the gout, and the stone of the reins & bladder. It is made as oil of swiet Almonds. Furne.  
oil of hay is thus made. Let the hay be set on fire and quenched: and after let it be laid upon cools, and when it is resolved into smoock, lay an iron place upon it and a certain unctuosity or fatness shall cleave unto it, which is called oil of hay. This oil with a feather is anointed upon ring worms and tetters: Rogerius.  
Oil of wheat is made between two iron plates moderately made hot (or as Rasis hath, between a marble and a thick plate of iron,) but much better as I hear, by distillation: it is commended against the ruggedness of the skin and ringwormes: Furnerius and other. Sum say also that it is good for fistulas, & the chames or chinks of the skin: Mat. Read before amongst the oils distilled.  
oil of ivy berries, drawn out like as out of bay berries, is good against the gout of a could cause, or of obstruction or stopping: and it restoreth the astonished members & taken with the palsy. Roge.  
A marvelous oil of Hypericon or saint john's wort. Three ounces of the tops of Hypericon are in fused iii days in odoriferous win as much as is sufficient, afterward seethe it in a double vessel well stopped, and pres it out strongly. Likewise stiep new Hypericon, seethe it and press it, put to it iii ounces of Turpintyn, six ounces of old oil, a scrupule of Saffron. seethe it till the wine be consumed. This oil (saith Silvius) no man knoweth who was the author of it: Yet Galen writeth that Tart or harsch wine, wherein the leaves of Androsaenni or Ascyri (which are kinds of Hypericon) are sold, doth close great wounds: and as sum think, Hypericon hot, dry and of subtle parts, is wholesome for them to drink that be diseased with ache in the hips or Sciatica. Of the which, & the virtues of other mixed here, thou mayest gather, the which oil strengtheneth, digesteth and sclendereth. For it is composed of contrary substances. Sylui. upon Mesuen. Brassa. putteth the same description in Examine simplice. 519. chap. Sum (saith he) put simpely the flowers into a glazed vessel, that the oil may be gotten out by itself with the strength of the sun: other dig it under the ground, other make it by infusing, either of the flowers alone, or other more things mixed with it, (as we have declared already out of the words of Syl. Thus prepared in a glazed or glass vessel, they keep it. But these things are clearly expounded of Mesue & newer authors. these Brassavo. Sum put to it worms or bowels of the earth, and let it stand a month or more in a wine cellar in a pot stopped with clay or past, them they seethe it by little & little in y● same about ten hours, they strain it through a bag & pres it. That is the best that is strained first. The colour of the oil is almost red, the taste is somewhat sour. The use of it is for wounds, prickings and all kinds of offensions and the swellings that come thereupon. Sum use them to the grievous sores of the legs.  
another composition of oil of Hypericon, which healeth any wound great or small within xxiiii hours, out of a certain book imprinted in french without an author. A handful of Hypericon: Commun oil two pounds, a pound of Axungia, that is swines grease, clarified & strained. Turpintyn of Venice the third part of a pound. A dram of saf from. Cut all small and fine and mixed them in a great vial of glass, which when thou hast stopped diligently with wax and otherwise, set it in dung two foot diep or more, in a place that the morning sun beemes and evening may come to it. At the length when the year is gone about, take out the phial, in the which thou shalt find an oil like unto Balm. That must ye use as hot as may be suffered.  
An oil is made also of juniper berries, by expression, as of other sides. Brassavo.  
An oil of the berries of Bays and juniper, stepped in wine, is beaten out with a miln, weary profitable for them that have grief in the hukle boon, and cold diseases of the joints: jac. Hollerius.  
Oil of bay. The berries of bay green and beaten, let them be sod in oil and strained. another way. Beat the ripe berries of bay with the leaves, seethe them and strain them. Otherwise, set the berries beaten in wine, and when they are stiept iii days, let them be priest out in a pres. Or else fresh and ripe beaten, let them be put in a sak, and the oil drawn out. It is wholesome against the colic, the disease of the great guts & the Sciatica: Rogerius.  
Oil out of the Myrepsical Nut, priest with an Anuil and a red hot iron is gotten out. jac. Hollerius.  
Oils to assuage griefs are made of certain herbs bruised together and sod in oil, as of Calen dulae (Mary golds) Rosemary, Maioram and other. jac. Hollerius.  
Oil of Nutmegs. Cut them in smalpeces, and when they have stand iii days infused in Malmsye, dry them in the shadow ii days, then warm them moderately in a fryinge pan: and thou shalt sprinkle them in the mean season with rose-water, and pres them out in a pres Cardan.  
I hear say some do not stiep them in wine, but pres the very nuts alone beaten and heated. I myself made of late very good in this wise, being taught of a certain French man. I put in a glass about .v. ounces of Nutmegs somewhat gross beaten, for the space of one night in wine so that the wine was higher by a finger breadth. The next day I shut the matter in a sack of linen, bound at the end, that they could not fall out: Then I bond every where with thread that they should not come all together on a heap. But the matter must first be warmed in a skellet, not to much, but as much as a finger may suffer, and so put in a little bag must they be by & by tied, and pressed in a little press of wood, with a little lake or gutter of wood, having a spout inclining downward, the little bag put there in. etc. They yield for the most part, the viii part of the weight of the nuts, so that one ounce of the nuts give a dram of oil, if the nuts be sufficiently moystie. A man may warm the same matter again & pres it as before: but the second time yieldeth very little oil and not so good. It is better therefore to leave this matter and to dry it in the bag: which when need shallbe may be laid to the stomach, or to the mouth thereof. This oil lately priest out is somewhat thick, and separated as though it were by Hilloks, all which must be diligently gathered out of the wine, and the wine strained from them with a linen cloth, they be brought into one mass and lump, pressing and wring it with your fingers to the dish side wherinto the matter is crushed out, that all the wine may be most diligently separated. The substance and the colour appeareth like wax. The maintenance of a pease anointed upon the mouth of the stomach, doth marvelously strengthen it. I here say some use the anointing of it to the stirring up of their lust. Being swallowed, it heateth moderately the stomach, and maketh swiet breath. ¶ I here more over that some seethe the nuts beaten a while (I can not tell whether in wine or in water) and gather the fattiness that swimmeth above. I remember also that I saw once an iron instrument like a pair of tongues, the two extreme irons or ends whereof, consisted of. two hollow half spheres, so that when they were priest together they might hold a Nutmeg, or a little les, as occasion of the pressing served. The one of the half spheres was bored through with four or v. little holes, that the oil might run out, when the ends of the tongues moderately made hot were priest together. I found also this description in a certain written book. Take ii pounds of Nutmegs. Three ounces of Malmesy, wherewith the Nutmegs (somewhat gross beaten) may be sprinkled. Put to half a pound of common oil elect: when they are all mixed together, let them be priest cunningly in a pres. But my way, which I described afore and tried myself, liketh me more than the other.  
There be many ways to make oil of Rooses. It is made either with oil and ripe Roses, or both of them unripe, or the one ripe, tother unripe and so there is four divers ways. Some in stead of common oil take oil of Almonds. Rasis in his Antidotario seperato putteth iii ways. first. Take a pound of common oil washed, wherein thou shalt put the fourth part of Grene Rooses in a glazed vessel (of glass rather) which thou shalt set in the sun for the space of iii days (ye xl as Aegi neta hath). Then strain it and put it in a glass. This way is better than the other. The second: Take oil and Roses as before, and hang the vessel in a well so that it may be touched of the water: and after ii months take it out, strain it and keep it. The third: Oil and Roses as before, put them in a glass anointed within with honey, which stopped thou shalt let it diep in the earth, where it shall not be touched nether with water nor other moisture. two, months. This oil willbe better smelling then the other: These writeth Rasis out of Aegineta as it appeareth. Aegineta biddeth in the xx. chap. of the seventh book, unto a Sextarium or wine pint of oil Omphacinum (made of olives not fully ripe) to put iii ounces of red Roses the nails taken away, and for the space of xxiiii hours laid out in the air, than the oil to be set xl days without doors in the sun, not upon the ground, but upon a board. ¶ Mesuae in the. 411. chapped. describeth four ways. First that fresh and new red roses be set in the sun vii days, then let them be sod in a double vessel iii hours: then (the Rose leaves wrong out) let other be put in, and let them be set in the sun and sod as before. Which when thou hast done thrice, put to the oil water of infusion of Rooses, that is wherein Rooses likewise have standed, (which he saith, we have prescribed in the chapter of syrups,) as it were the fourth of the oil (that is, the fourth part, as the monks have it. Silvius translateth it, as much as the oil is, which I like not so well.) So when it is set in the sun xl days, strain it and set it long again in the Sun. The second, mixting with the oil washed the juice of Roses, and the water of their infusion, and the leaves beaten together: then setting it in the sun and changing it as before. etc. The third, that with swiet Almonds blaunshed, & exactly beaten in a mortar, leaves of Roses be beaten again, them make them in little lumps or caakes, and keep them in a hot air xxiiii hours. Then beat them again and kneed them in the mortar very exactly, pouring unto it a little hot water of infusion of Roses. At length prees out the oil with a press, & put in a glass covered set it to sum. The fourth, that it be made with Sesamum blaunshed after the same manner as with Almonds. But Almonds are more meet for unripe Rooses: Sesame for ripe. these hath Mesue, where Silvius had it. The first composition (saith he) of the four now rehearsed, is used of many: but of the Parisians, the composition of Nicolas, which shallbe declared in his Antidotary. And again, I hear that oil of Roses is is made most odoriferous, by putrefying the roses one month in dung in a vessel well stopped. After the same manner of common Mastic, and Roses incarnate and Musk Roses and such like, I doubt not but it may be made most odoriferous without the mixture of any oil. ¶ Sith Roses, Wormwod, or any other odoriferous herb in water with the fourth part of oil, till all the water be consumed, and the oil shall have the strengths and virtues of the herbs. So shalt thou make oil out of hand of any thing. Cardanus out of simeon. ¶ There be sum that when the Rooses are beaten, and sod in only water, say there swimmeth a certain fat foom, which may be strained or gathered with a feather. ¶ An other certain man told me, that the leaves of Roses new should be sod in water till they be thick as honey almost, then crushed with a spoon, that the oil or foom may enter in to it: but sum water willbe mixed also with it, wherefore when it is gathered in a glass, it is set in the sun & the oil swimming above in the top is separated.  
oil of the flowers of Elder purgeth and maketh smouth the skin, strengtheneth the sinews, and helpeth the griefs of them. Furnerius.  
Oil of Spick most wholesome for them that have the gout in their fiet, which a certain physician of late did communicate. Fill a glass with the flowers of Spick nard dried in the sun, and power upon them oil of Olives, so that it be higher by a fingar breadth. When it hath stand iii days in the sun, make it boyll in a kettle six or seven waves and strain it with migth: then put in other flowers dried, set them in the sun xvi days or more. So shalt thou have (saith he) an oil to put away pain or grief wurth gold, as I have tried with often experience. Lay linen cloothes moistened in it unto the grief, it misseth very seldom, yea although a man do not consider the humour offending. See more in the Antidotary of Arnold de Villa nova.  
oil of the flowers of Verbascum is made, by settin them in the sun in a glass (as also of the flowers of Rosemary) most commended & praised for the gout of the fiet & of other griefs, specially hot.  
Oil of violets is made as oil of Roses, but of grien oy●l, or oil of Almonds or Sasamin: Mesue. Paulus Aegineta maketh this oil of purple Violeth or Leucoio that is yellow: or he setteth them in the sun covering the vessel exactly that it breath not through, only ten days, the Violettes in the mean season thrys changed, and at length he addeth dry violets.   

Of oil of Tartarum, that is the dry Lies of wine.  
oil of Tartarum devised by Peter Argil lata, serveth to cleanse the face and to smouth it. Tartarum cleaving to the sides of the vessel, white rather then red made into powder, is stepped in vinegar, after it is folded in a linen cloothe, then let it be put in Tow moistened with water under the ashes: after that let it be laid in a dish hielding towad the one side iii days: then shall a certain humour somewhat red distill.  
Nicolas way to make oil of Tartarum cleaning to the sides of the vessels. Take that Tartarum that is of good wine beaten, folded in a linen cloth, moisten it well with strong white vinegar: seethe it under hot ashes (burn it) till it wax black, beet it again, keep it in a vessel lying on the one side inclined eight days, in a cold place, till it be resolueed into oil, which if it do not, pres it out and keep it. The same ways doth Mesues make oils of eggs. It were better, when the Tartarum is calcinated and put it in a Hippocras bag, as they call it, & let it be put in a dry place, till the oil run out into a vessel set under it. Silvius. I find an other certain manner in Furnerius in a French book of decking, where as he biddeth to take Tartarum burned and calcinated, as much as can be taken at two handfuls and tied strait in a linen clout to be burnt and calcinated in a furnace of Glass, lime or Brick: them to be powered into a good quantity of water with as much Alum as a nut and to be much stirred about: then when thou hast let rest xxiiii hours, strain this water (casting that away that remaineth in the linen cloth) and seethe it in a skillet, till nothing else then a certain white crust remain. etc. (this place seemeth to be mangled,) which (hanged in a little bag) nigh to the earth, within three days thou shalt see it turned in to liquor: which must be a certain times strained till it becum clear.  
Sum put Tartarum to be calcinated in a new pot in a potter's oven, and when the vessels are all baked then take it out. But I think it should be calcinated better & more purely in hot ashes or cools, as apples or wardens are wont to be roasted happing them also with cools. It shallbe enough burnt, when it shall appear now white nor any more black, when it is so burnt, they hang it in a little bag with a sharp end like a spyr stieple tuned upside down, the mouth or wide end put in a cloven stick whereby it shall hang and be priest together, with a vial of glass set under with a tunnil.  
another way. Take equal portions of Tantarum and Salnitrum pund, burn them in a large pot: then grind or break them with a hot iron and put them in a little bag in a wine celer, that they may distill.  
An other. Beat Tartarum and Nitrum in equal parts, mixed them and burn them that the Nitrum may be consumed. The Tartarum that remaineth: put in a bladder (that is a glass like a bladder) hang it in hot water, and it shallbe straight resolved into oil. ¶ An other. Tartarum well washed from the dregs and very well dried shalt thou calcinat till it wax white: Then when it is beaten and sifted, dissolve it with rain water distilled and made warm: when it is melted distill it by a Filtrum: then let it gather into a jelly: when it is so, calcinat it again that it may wax more white. So at length shalt thou hang it in a little bag, as an Hippocras bag in a moist place: lay on some broad thing for a cover, that no unclean thing fall into it, and setting a glazed pot under it.  
Some distill it in a lembeek of glass (that is to say in ashes) from whence a water runneth first, than the fire increased by little and little, the oil.  
The use. It is good for all scabs and Ringwormes, it maketh the skin white, clear & youth-like. I have seen it used to running sores of the head: to the which I think that is better where with Nitrum is burned together. It maketh copper also & silver white, and putteth away spots & steins in linen clothes. It is put to colours to make them more bright, as I think, as they put to writing ink, of the colour of the bresil wode and other. Rogerius also. 4. 9: teacheth to make oil of Tartarum. This (saith he) cleanseth clothes and spots remaining after birth of a melancholy cause, & purgeth the face.   

Of oils of the yolks of eggs, worms, and Scorpions.  
Oil of eggs, out of Rasis. Put the yolks of eggs in an iron kettle upon the coals till they be burnt, and the oil that drippeth out keep it in a glass. It is good for the griefs of the tuel or fundament, and of the ears and teeth. ¶ This oil (saith Mesues) is proved with much experience to purge the skin, to heal thoroughly tetters, ringwormes and other faults of the skin, to breed hear, to sores boils and fistulas. Thirty egg yolks or there about hard roasted, crumbed with the hands, let them be parched in an earthen frying pan or skellet leaden with a moderate fire, stirring them with a wooden spoon or earthen, till they wax red, and let the oil be resolved from them, which being pressed yield more than a spoonful. Or the same yolks hard roasted let them be broken upon a moler, then let them be beaten into lumps, and priest out in a pres as we have declared in oil of Almonds, and an Oil shall destil from them. Or the same yolks put in to a belly with a limbeck let them be distilled by the force of the fire, as it shallbe said of oil of Philosophers. These saith Mesues. Whereas Silvius in his annotations saith. It taketh away marvelously the foulness of the skin, and scars, specially that be left in burnt places, for the most part it smelleth somewhat strong, yet at the last distilled by sublimation, les. It increaseth hear, as Serapion saith in his antidotary.  
Oil of eggs of Nicolas fashion. Frye sodden yolks of eggs with a slow fire made of coals in an iron skellet, continually stirring them with an iron rod, till they be well roasted, press them out in a strong linen cloth moistened in oil of Almonds. But it is better (saith Silvius) to fry the yolks raw, and move them continually with a spoon, till they being roasted, and priest with a spoon, give an oil in a vessel hielding, which put in a glass reserved good a great while. Out of xx. yolks thou shalt draw out in ii hours four ounces or there about.  
Matthaeolus' writing upon Dioscorides, praiseth this oil for the roughness of the skin, for ringwormes, for clefts of the lips, hands, feet, and tuell: also for the griefs of sores, joints, and all sinewy places: to conclude for the griefs and sores of the ears. Moreover it is good (saith he) for places burnt with fire, and in the thin skins of the brain, it separateth the impaired parts from the hole marvelously, which not without my great honour and commendation and profit of the sick, I have often tried in Surgery.  
In a wound upon the brain pan, pour in the oil of eggs, and it will take away the grief, as Abhomeron, Abynzoar teacheth, which we have also tried with good success: Marianus Sanctus.  
An oil for the sores or boils of children xvi yolks of eggs sod: an vure of Myrrh four grains of black Helleborus, let them be mixed together with a iron spoon in an iron skellet set upon a few coals, than pres the yolks, and get out the oil, till it begin to be clear without skin: put that oil in a glass and keep it for thine use: anoint the sores twice a day, and the scabs shall fall away by their own accord. Alexander Benedictus in his xxx book of experiments.  
I have seen this oil made ii ways: first, frying the yolks in a frying pan till they wax red and yield an oil: secondly, siething them much longer, till they appear black, & all the moisture gone out of them: for at length they yield an oil fodenlye: which is separated with a spoon removing the frying pan from the fire straightway, and pressing the yolks with the spoon: this some men think to be of greater virtue for places burnt with fire: it seemeth in deed to dry more.  
This oil maketh scars subtle, dissolveth Tetters and ringwormes: Rogerius. But Brassavolꝰ writeth that the Apothecaries do falsely attribute unto this oil the virtue to put away scars, to the intent they may get eggs from foolish people. Thou shalt read more of the virtues thereof in the Antidotary of Arnold. Some tie the yolckes so fried in a linen cloth, and pres them in apres  
oil of worms or bowels of the earth is commended for the assuaging of griefs, specially of the sinews & joints, also if they come of the french diseases. It is made, the worms purged from their earthy excrements, either by styping these excrements through the fingers, or rather by letting them stand alive in sum vessel where hay is, to creep: then sod with a little wine in oil and strained: or set in the sun before they be sod. Sum seethe them in water and gather the fatness that swimmeth above.  
Sum get out the peth of biggar elder pipes & somewhat strong, & put the worms into them pouring in also oil: and so stopped, they let them stand in a furnace for the space of half an hour: then they take away the oil and keep it.  
Oil of Scorpions (saith Mesues) breaketh the stone of the reins and bladder, and expelleth it, being anointed upon the loins, the privy parts where here is, and betwien the tuel beneath & the beginning of the yard, or else spouted in by the yard. It is made of twenty Scorpions or a little moo, or fewer, set in the sun in oil of bitter Almonds for the space of a month in a glass well stopped. Or round Aristolochia gentian, Cyperi, the barks of the roots of Capers, of every one an ounce, let them be set to sun in a Sextar of oil of bitter Almonds, xx. days in a glass stopped: then put in the Scorpions from ten till xu in to the oil: stop the glass and set them in the sun again a month. He that is diseased with the stone shallbe anointed with it as he cometh out of the bathe, in the iii foresaid parts, and let a little portion of it be put in at the yard every hour. It is marvelous. Sum had rather used the first, sum the latter as more effectual and better wurking. these Mesues. But Silvius in his annotations saith, it is prepared also now with old oil putting to simple medicines good against poison: and it becometh an oil of marvelous virtues against all poisons and pestilence. I know a man with the help of this, that seateth light by any be it never so cruel and strong a poison, but both he and his servants are preserved safe going with him to visit the sick of the pestilence: and with the only anointing, divers to have been delivered from most cruel poisons drunken. The first because of the Scorpions is could, the latter because of the spices is hot & more strongly wurking, not because of the heat of these and subtleness of the substance (wherewith it openeth pierceth, sclendreth, cleanseth, & breaketh thorough) but also by the property of the hool substance of Scorpions, and (as they speak) specifical form, wherewith it breaketh both the kind of stone of the reins and bladder, anointed only upon the loins, if it be in the reins: but if in the bladder, upon the privy place where the here is, betwien the tuel and the yard, and then also a little put in at the yard: Hitherto Silvius.  
In the secrets of Variguanus, we read that certain have been presently and out of hand delivered from a cotidian ague being anointed with the oil of Scorpions.  
oil of Scorpions whose operation is marvelous against poisons specially of Serpents and other beats, and peculiarly against Napellum, is written by Matthaeolus Senensis in his sixth book of his commentaries upon Dioscorides imprinted in Italian, from whence we have translated it into Latin. This oil (saith he) anointed upon the pulsing veins, where they appear most, as of the temples, hands and fiet, and in the place of the heart, so that every third hour the anointing be repeated, delivereth safely from all poisons within the body received, that have no gnawing nor fretting operation: and likewise from the bitings of Eddars, Asps, and any other venomous beast. The composition thereof is thus, which I let be known abroad, that the hool world may know and confess my liberal and good heart. In the beginning of May take three pound of common oil of a hundredth year old, or certainly the eldest of all that may be found. Three handful of Hypericon or saint john's wort fresh, (with the herb and flowers.) Put the oil into a belly of glay, twice as big as for the measure thereof, and when the Hypericon is a little beaten put it in upon it. Then the vessel being stopped, set it in most fine sand up to the midst where it may be made hot the hool day of the sun, for the space of ten or twelve days. After thou shalt put it in Balneo Marie four and twenty hours. Then pres out the oil from the herb and put to Hyperici, Chamedryos, Calaminthae, Cardui sancti, of every one a handful moderately beaten: and put them again into the bath for iii days. Afterward thou shalt strain them and pres them: and putting to them iii handfuls of flowers of Hypericon well picked from the stalks, and well beaten, set it again iii days in Balneo Mariae, and pres it out as before. This shalt thou repeat iii or four times, till the oil have gotten a colour as red as blood. Afterward take the sedes of the tender parts of Hypericon, or the husks like to the corns of barley, wherein the sedes lie hid, in such plenty that it may be equal with the three handfuls: beat these sprinkling upon them a little white wine, & power it into the said oil. then berry it in sand in the sun eight days, and strait after in the bath for iii days. Strain and pres it as before. And do this three or four times putting in new tenderlynges of Hypericon, till a very sad or dark reed colour remain in it. After this, take fresh Scordium, Calamint,, the les Centaury, Carduum sanctum, Vervin, Dictamnum Creticum, of every one half a handful. When they are beaten, put them into oil: and put them in a bath for two days. Strain them and pres them as before. Then take Zedoariae, the root of white Dictamni, Gentian, Tormentillae, Aristolochiae root, of every one three drams: of fresh Scordium a handful. When they are beaten together, power them in and let them stand three days in the bath, strain and pres. And again, put into the oil Styracis Calamitae, Belzoi or Laserpitii, of either vi drams: the berries of juniper four drams: Nigellae. three drams: odoriferous Casiae. ix. drams, white Saunders four drams: Scoenanthi, Cuperis of either a dram and a half, when they are beaten pour them in, and put them into the bath iii days, strain and pres. After, take xxx live Scorpions, gathered in the canicular days, and put them in a belly of glass upon hot ashes, and when thou seest them sweat for heat, and to send out an humour, power upon them all the foresaid oil hot (but not so hot, that the vessel break therewith,) and suddenly stop the mouth of the vessel, and put it in a bath iii days. Then strain it and pres it, and cast away the scorpions now sod: and put into the oil Rhabarbi Electissimi, common Myrrh, Aloes Hepaticae, of every one iii drams, spikenard ii drams, one dram of Saffron: treacle elect, Mithridatii perfecti, of either half an ounce. When they are beaten pour them in and put it in a bath iii days, and strain it no more after that, but set it up, and keep it as a balm. For it is a remedy of great admiration against the foresaid poisons, & specially against the Napellum, wherewith those ii thieves of Cor●ica were infected, whose history we recited in the fourth book, where we made mention of Aconitum, to which place I send the reader. These writeth Matt.  
Cardanus thinketh that the oil which should be anointed without the body against poisons, upon the pulses and region of the heart, ought to be of metal, as of orpment or drawn out of Myssi, see before in the beginning of the treatise of oils distilled of metally things.  
Of oil of Serpents or black Edders, also of oil of frogs, read Mesuae. etc.  
Oil of Castoreum is composed with many other spices, and hot gums. etc. as Silvius describeth upon Mesuen: it may also be made simple and single, and for the hard and Massy part of Castorei the fattiness cleaving to it to be added, or rather both, as I counsel.  
Brimston is made hot in oenostagmate (I understand burning water) till a certain skin swim above (they call it an oil) which a man must take in a shell, sometimes the water must be changed, till oil enough be gathered, wherewith they say Hydargiron, that is quick Silver sunken in a body is enticed out, if it be anointed straight way when a man cometh out of the baths. jac. Hollerius. See befoore amongst the distilled oils.   

Of fomentations and perfumes▪  
FOmenta are called of the Greeks Pyriamata, all things that be laid hot to the body without, either to assuage the grief, or to draw out the matter, both otherwise, and also to dissolve swellings: this peradventure is done by dri fomenta●ions rather, the other by moist. Sometimes I would use now the one now the other both dry and moist by course, as in gouty griefs either in the feet or other joints, where as it is jeopardy lest the more subtle part of the matter drawn out, the groser be left behind and made more hard. Moist fomentations seem to prepare the matter for the dry, to extenuate and make slender, to mollefy, to digest, to make them vapour out: some peradventure do none of these, according to the diversity of the matter. But dry fomentations do dry and draw outward, and heaten more. Moist be either liquid or running as simple water, or ●alte, Oil, milk by itself, or with honey: herbs and flowers sod in water or wine or other liquor, and laid upon a linen cloth or bag, or put into a bladder, or a sp●g moistened therein, or a linen cloth, or wool, or a Filtrum, that is a shred of woollen cloth. Bladders or like things full of hot water or oil. Cataplasmata also may be numbered amongst these, which are ministered hot, that is to say herbs sod, and beaten laid upon a linen cloth. Dry are such, as Milium, Salt, Sande, bran, Oats made hot in a kettle, and stirred about, are put into a linen cloth or bag. Celsus in some places commendeth the juice of hot Salt, and in an other place he saith it is most wholesome to make fomentations with moist Salt. You shall, as he expoundeth put a little bag into hot water, and lay it hot to the place diseased: putting into the bag now and then an iron s●ise hot, whiles it lieth upon the place that is grieved, & sprinkling water lightly upon it: therefore you shall have ii slices redi, that while the one slis is put into the bag the other may be heated in the fire. In the disease of the neck called Tetanus, which is the stiffness of the sinews (saith Celsus) it is necessary to have a moist and warm fomentation. Therefore the most part of men do pour often upon the necks much hot things. That procureth presently ease, but it maketh the sinews more apt to receive cold: which ought to be avoided. Therefore it were better to anoint the nek with some waxed moisture, then to lay Ox bledders, or like things filled with hot oil, or some hot plaster of bran, or round Pepper with figs beaten But the best of all is to make fomentation with moist salt. In the same we read a marvelous fomentation for the touth. To put wild Mint in a Basin, and water to it, somewhat above it: then to put in hot burning Flintes, the diseased gaping with his mouth receiveth the vapour. I hard of a late of a woman delivered from a long pain of the touth ache, which received gaping the vapour of a black flint, (wherewith the streets are paved (be sprinkled with wine. The same Celsus biddeth to use fomentations unto sore nostrils, only with the vapour of water, out of a vessel with a narrow mouth. This appor also is ministered to hot & grievous Henrods. A certain woman that had been long sick of a Paronychia or whitflow, or ilgnawing sore upon her toes, nigh the nail, when now certain, little bones were out, and many medicines used in vain, she laid unto it a fomentation of the mos of a walnut tree sod in wine, so that she held the sore place a pretty while in that vapour: then bound part of the mos hot thereupon, and was by and by made hole. A fire brand also brent, folded in a moist cloth is in stead of a hot fomentation in Celsus. I have put Caret or Cumin sede beaten in a bag moistened with burning water hot, unto the navel of them that were sick of the colic, and have had oft good success through the same burning water set on fire, in a bath stouf or sweating house narrow and close everywhere, the air waxeth hot, wherein the sinews, joints, and other parts couled, are proffitably fomentated, and if it be possible to be done they sweet also. To move sweet and to warm the bathing place with the vapour of hot water, the common people set great caudrous with hot water in their sweating places, with chaff together (to keep the heat longer) and sometimes swiet herbs. Other have a pot hoot without the bath, with water and other herbs or medicines put in it, from whence the vapour entereth into the bath by a pipe beneath. This other do with other instruments and vessels, as they in Italy in the old time heated hoathouses. When the bathing place is already made hot, a burning cool might be put into the pot, and dry medicines be strewed in, the perfume whereof is desired or ●●st, both otherwise & also chief for women's use, to divers diseases of the womb, receiving the perfume by a pipe. Hippocrates describeth a peculiar vessel for this purpose. Let them put out their head the while, which are to weak for to abide it, or such as it is to be feared lest they swoon or chance into over great thirst. etc. Sum in baths power water or wine, simple or mixed with medicines upon reed hot tile stones or dross of iron, or stones. Sweet in bed is provoked with hot tile stones folded in moist linen clothes and put in to the bed, or with tinnen bottelles filled with hot water: or with little bags wherein herbs sod are put yet hot, and the better if a hot tile stone also be put in withal. Will unskoured suppled in wine or vinegar, whereunto oil is put, Dates beaten, Bran sod in salt water or vinegar, do both repres and mollify together. Wine and vinegar, do repres and cowl and more yet either bread or meel, or a sponge, or ashes, or woull unwashed, or a linen cloth, wiet in either of these, Celsus. Sum put hot ashes, or burning cools rather in a vessel of wood, filling it to the half, the rest they fill with what herbs they list, as wormwood, mints, to comfort the stomach, either by themselves or sprinkled with a little wine: then binding upon it a linen cloth they lay it to the part diseased, specially where it is needful to heaten, to dry, to discus & to draw somewhat strongly. It is convenient for parts couled and to them that have gouty aches to use it with mugwort only or also chamemell, & unto the diseases of the womb, with Matricaria. This fomentation may be made with ii vessels to be laid unto by course. Celsus willeth men in sum place to lay about the places diseased wool perfumed with the smoock of brimstone. Hereunto may be referred all such things as Fuchsius & other wryt of fomentations, appositions, embroches, little bags and insessions. The greek word aeonein signifieth the water upon and power upon, whether it be done because of fomentation, that is with heat, or other cause. Galen doth praise the perfume of the fire stone or miln stone sprinkled with vine gar, for the taking away of hardness of the flesh as kernels. divers perfumes for the french diseases which are all made with Cinabrio that is made of quitksiluer, sum also with orpment & Marchasita. etc. shalt thou find in Nic. Mass. & certain other which have taught the heeling of this disease. The leaves dry of Tussilago made in perfumes so the smoke may be drawn in at the mouth upon, doth help the congh and Orthopnaeun, and breaketh the impostumes in the breast. The same operation also hath the rout perfumed. Dioscorides.   

Of certain juices.  
THe juices of certain herbs wrong and priest out, are sod at fire or dried in the sun, as Bulcasis teacheth severally of the juice of Hamsig, Plantain, Lettuce, Singrien, Purselan, Rostrum Purcinum, or hogs snout, Scariola, Fenel, Smalage, Volubili, sorrel, and other.  
A marvelous way to draw out the juice out of black Elleborum, which sum use as a secret mystery, the commodity whereof I also trying would not hide, lest I should seem to be sorry that our posterity should have any excellent knowledge. who found this way first I can not say I learned it of certain my most secret friends I mean that black Elleborum which communly all men in Germany name in like manner, like unto Consiligo, very many keep it in their gardens: but that which groweth upon the mountains, to be found in our country Helvetia is best. A man may try the same way in Colocynthida Esula, Laureola, etc. seethe lightly in water the routs of black Elleborum clean and washed, set infused in the same first a night or more, small cut. Thou shalt take heed both in this and in the other decoctions that thou skim away diligently all the foom that swimmeth above, as venomous. This water shalt thou keep and again power other unto it warm, and heat it a while moderately, changing the water so oft till the routs retain none or very little bitterness any more: which shall come to pass when thou hast changed the water seven or nine times. But in the mean space while thou changest the waters, distill the first ever with a Filtrum or through a brush: and at length seethe all with a slow fire, or with burnt cools rather, so that they foil not, yet let them be always at the point of boiling, until they be as thick as honey in an earthen pot glazed, or of bras tinned, the pot covered or little open. When as now a little water remaineth, about the end of the siething, stur it about gently now and then which a stick, that the juice be not burnt too, and at the same time for a pound of roots of Elleborum, thou shalt put ii drams of mastic pund, and cease not to stir it, other continually, or by little distances, till the juice seem out and out sufficiently thickened, which will chance suddenly for the most part: and that the matter may be the les burnt, the near unto the end and to the thickening the juice is, so much urge it with les fire: nor be not weary of the time: for thou shalt have a most excellent and exquisite medicine against divers diseases, specially melancholic diseases. It shall become of a dark red colour, of most bitter savour, with a piercing sharpness, like as is in Asarum or Asaraba●cha, and Cloves, but stronger, ye burning as it seemeth to the taster: yet is not burning in deed, that is because of the tenuity and slenderness of the parts, as I would have tried. It is ministered an hour after supper, in the maintenance of a pease, in all diseases whereunto Elleborus is convenient, and where it is good to lose the belly. One pill of that quantity that I said. will make a man to have four stoules. But I hear that certain when they had taken to much, as much peraventur as a bean, they have been emptied to oft by the bealye and vomiting, and have been very much weakened: which I to take heed of, using the counsel of a certain learned Physician I would bring to juice, not the Elleborum alone, but infused and decocted with other divers medicines, as I shall declare by and by. I perceive it skilleth little whether the roots be taken green or dry. But a man must take a pound at the least of the roots. Lullius and other (Cardan) have made mention of the quintessence of Elleborum, where unto I think this juice to be nothing inferior. This truly is worthy to be wondered at, that the juice so long decocted is not only nothing weaker but also much stronger: for it seemeth, (that I may speak of conjecture) that one part of this juice to be ten times and more stronger than Elleborus itself, and yet nothing more dangerous or hurtful: but the strength without harm is increased. And although I myself would have remitted and assuaged his strength, putting to many medicines, yet I can commend more this simple way already described, where as nothing but a little mastic is added at the last, specially for more hard and grievous diseases, where necessity requireth extreme medicines: and for Frantic persons and otherwise mad and doting, which when they can not be compelled to take any medicines, they are the easier deceived with so little a dosis in quantity. Yea also without the body for venomous bitings and sinews hurt, I can believe that the virtue of it should be most excellent. I find no juice made in this sort in any authors: the juice of Acatia and of Berberies in Bulcasis. For the straining of it only is decocted, not that which is depressed out: also the juice of Galbanus and Licoris: but the water in them is not changed.  
Other juices are made all by expression, and aresod till they gather into a jelly, as of S●landine, Poppy, Wormwod, nightshade, Vinae Acerbae, Memithae, Agremony, Hypocisthidis, the barks of the roots of Mandrag. The same Bulcasis also, willeth to put to a little gum to certain juices that be priest out which are sod by themselves at the fire, that the parts of them may better cleave together, as the juice of wormwood & gasid, that is Eupatorium or nightshade: also of Centaury, and Gentian (which is made of a decoction strained.) But mastic is mixed with the juice of Elleborus, not only for this cause, but also to amend the venomous virtue thereof and contrary to the stomach. Moreover in certain other medicines, where a man list to increase the strength and virtue of any medicine which is to be left and laid away in some liquor, we change not the liquor, but the medicine: that is ever when the first is strained, putting in new medicine into the same liquor, as in many decoctions and oils: but here in the juice of Elleborus we do contrary: For keeping the same roots of the Elleborus, we change oft the liquor. I may tell the cause, because the rote of Elleborus above all other things, hath most strong virtues, not in the superficial & other parts only, but in the hole substance imprinted vehemently & fastly: wherefore it may be also kept most long of all other. I myself used it, when it was ten years old, in his full strength. And certain common Practitioners bid men drink for the lousinge of the belly the wine where in a part of it hath soaked a night and the next day is strained, and the roots to be dried again: for they are nothing or veri little weaker therewith although they be somewhat often repeated to the same use and dried again. But of Elleborus itself and what we have tried and experimented thereof, peradventure we shall once have an other place and occasion to write of.  
Pills of black Elleborus, or rather of his juice, is to be taken every seventh day in the curing of the French disease that is Melancholy, as Matthaeolus counselith. Three drams of the roots of black Veratrum or Elleborus fresh and new: Dauci or yelow-Caret, Anisi, Pepper, of every one a dram vi grains of Mosth. two scrupuls of Epithy mii or the harder time: let all these be lightly beaten: then when they have stand to soak a day and a night, v. pounds of Malmsye (hear seemeth to be some fault of the printer, for it is to great a measure of wine) let them be mightily priest out. Take iii drams of this expression: of the powder of pills of Fumitory, Cochiarum, Aurearum, of every one. two drams and a half, knead them together, and then let them be dried. Moreover when they are dry & made again in powder, thou shalt steep them again in the same Malmsy, as before four times. The pills thereof, must be taken at one time, to the weight of one dram.  
Our juice composed and made of Elleborus. Two pounds of Black Elleborus new cut: Liquoris scraped and bruised with a pestle a pound stiep them a night in a good quantity of water. The next day after seethe them an hour & a half with a slow fire, or ii hours, power it out straining it, and put in to it other water warm (which shallbe ready in a chaffer by the fyr for this purpose. repeat this seven times or more. Then casting away the routs, take the whole water strained or distilled by a Filtrum, and seethe it by little and little and when as yet a little of it shall remain, power unto it this decoction: Seven handful of Betain, Agrimony two handful, Anisi. three ounces, stiep them in water and seethe them till the consumption and wasting of the third part: pres it out, strain it twys or thrice, at the length put to five ounces of Agaricum elect cut small: flower deluce two ounces and a half: Cinnamon six drams, Ginger half an ounce: seethe them to the half, pres them out & strain the water as before. Then power this decoction to the decoction of the Elleborus boiling moderately: and let them be ●od together to the thickness of honey. A little before the end put to four drams of the powder of Mastic ii drams of Scammonium: these dissolved together in a little of the decoction of Elleborus, that it may be like the substance of honey, not much before the end of the decotion power it in, (when the juice shallbe moderately thick, or beginneth to be thick) and thou shalt stur it about till the juice be consumed. Thou shalt try now and then a drop of the juice, let it fall upon a tinnen ●rencher, and when it shallbe so thick that it will almost run no more abroad when thou leenest the trencher on the one side or lifts it up, then is the juice perfect. But by the space of an hour or more before the end thou shalt now and then stur it about with a slow fire, lest it burn too. Of this decoction I had almost xi ounces of juice: I think I should have had scarcely the fourth part, if I had sod Elleborum alone. This juice have I used already sometimes: for I ministered it unto a young man sick of the falling evil, with good success, who now of long time God be thanked, is well: but with many other medicines also there with, as letting of blood and sweeting. etc. And an other certain person molested for iii years with the Ascarides or little round worms breeding in the long gut, many medicines tried in vain, was restored with this juice once received, and a few days after taking hearts horn burnt. Pills of the bigness of a pees, from ii to five may be ministered after supper, that is from half a scrupule or there about to a whole. But a man may try these better in process of time. This do I admonish physicians that be little exercised, that they use it not rashly but with diligent consideration: for it is a vehement medicine. It seemeth to be convenient and good for the quartain ague, that is no more raw, and for other divers great and long diseases, & specially for the scab coming of black choler. I gave of la●● to one sick of a quartain five pylles of the bigness of a pees, whereupon he perceived great anguish, and was purged only by vomit: voided nothing downward, neither was eased of the diseases. I imputed the cause to the distemperance of the man. I myself taking two piles like peasen after sopper, the next day I felt no small grief about my stomach, I avoided suntymes downward, but I vomited not. A man may more safely give it to them that be sufficiently full of flesh or fat, of a moist stomach, and a stomach of moo exquisite sense.   

Again of the juice of black Elleborus: and of the drawing out of the virtues out of purging medicines and certain other, as I learned of a certin friend.  
THis drawing out was invented for delicate people and such as be of a weak stomach, for them that can not abide nor bear a great potion of any losing medicine, but are loused with the least weight. The extraction of black Elleborus. iiii. pound of black true Ellebo. new & fresh, let them be straight ways washed: them cut small power upon them this manner of straining, the juice of Buglos, borage, of either ii pounds: let them be purified strained moste diligently, that they may be as pure as gold, & let them be laid or set up for a tyme. Then take fenel roots Cichoris, sperage, parsley, of every four unc. juiuba run, sebesten, of either ii ounces. Melon siedes, cucumber siedes, gourd siedes, citrul sides, of every an ounce, seethe them according to art in. 16. pounds of rain water. Unto this straining power the foresaid four pounds of juice: let them boyll a little at y● fire: afterward put in y● cut & beaten Ellebo. & seethe them lightly by little & little till that the roots appear above, them pres then out again, strain them through a filtrun, seethe this straining to the thickness of honey with a slow fire, taking continually hied lest it▪ be burnt to. Afterward take it of the fire & use it, trying & experimenting in the dosior quantity of ministration from half a scrupul to a hool or further. It is ministered to louse the belly, folded or moulded in a little moistened dough unleavened, mixed with a drop or two of oil of Anis.  
The extraction of Rhabarbari. Cut a pound of the pieces of Rhabarbarum elect small, and beat it somewhat gros, and power to it the clarified juices of Borage and Buglos, of either two pounds, let them stand xxiiii hours. Afterward seethe them at a slow fire, till the Rhabarbarum appear and be higher than the rest. Then pres it out strongly and put the decoction priest out through a woollen sight, and pres it out, that the substance may remain in the sight. seethe this sighting to the thickness of honey, putting to it an ounce of that best sugar. Sum seethe in Balneo Mariae till it be thick lest it should put to which is better, as likewise in a double vessel. In purging give it to be swallowed down mixed with a drop of oil of Cinnamon and Anis, & folded in unleavened dough, making a trial in the quantity of ministration, from a scrupul to two. Sum because Rhabarbarum by itself doth not purge greatly, do sharpen the whole extraction with a little of the best Dacrydium, which hurteth not.  
An extraction of pills. Take any lump or mass that y ●uo will of pills composed most diligently, & of the best medicines: when it is broken into little pieces, stiep it eight days in rain water juice of Borage, juice of Fenell, in equal portions, as much as sufficeth. Then seethe it in a glasen double vessel a hool day: then pres it out through a most clean woollen cloth, that will lose none of his hears, and seethe it again in a bath and double vessel diligently to a convenient thickness, and frame little pills whereof thou shalt give ii scruples or there about. A matter drawn out in this wise is most pure, very tender and melteth easily in a man's hand. In like manner may also the virtues of other purging medicines be drawn out. But heed must be taken, that ever softening and slippery juices be mixed therewith in the decoction, such as they before are: and it shall be much the better if all be sod in a double vessel.  
A description of a purging Electuari extracted, which a certain excellent Physician at Norinberg did use xiii drams of Colocynthidis, black Elleborus, senae Alexandrinae, of either an ounce, of most white Agaricum an ounce: Rhabarbarum Electum half an ounce, or if the Rhabarbarum be not very good, an ounce: xiiii. drams of Dacrydium: Turbirh, (if I read right) Stichas Ara. of either two. ounces & a half: two. drams of Cinnamon: red Roses Lignum Aloes, mastic, red Myrrh, Asarum, spikenard, Styrax liquid, of every .v. scrupuls. Pour altogether and digest or putrefy them, as they call it ten days or xiiii in warm Aqua vitae thrice distilled. The juice priest out thereof shallbe joined and mixed with iii ounces of prepared Aloes. But the Aloes did he prepare in this wise. About apound of Aloes is put into a basin, cauldron or pot, putting thereto vinegar made with rose-water, and rosewater as much as shallbe sufficient, but so that there be more of the vinegar of Roses, then of the water of Roses. Let them boil together with a slow fire ii or iii boylinge: then strain them pressing them strongly. When it is strained, let it boil again with a slow fire to the thickness of Aloes stirring it continually with a slice. When it is could, let it be kept for use. The species or particulars rehearsed are first cut small, then beaten, infused in Aqua vitae, as much as is sufficient, they are let stand in the infusion warm in Balneo Mariae or sand xiiii days, stirring and chafinge them in the mean season oftentimes every day, then are they priest out strongly through a gross linen cloth. Then are they put in a alembic, and with the fire, is the watery moisture drawn out, till the consistence or thickness of Diacy donion of the said medicine. If there remain yet any moisture let it be put upon burning coals in some vessel as much as is sufficient.   

Of the juice of the flower and Rape. etc.  
over flower-de-luce is more strong in operation in the dropsy, as seemeth me, than the Florentines: of the which opinion a friend of mine also a very well learned Physician is, who of late sent me these his experiments and trials of the juice of the root of Flower Deluce and Rape. Take a hen's egg, and pouring out the white, put the juice of the Flower Deluce in place, and mixed it diligently with the yolk: and when thou hast a little warmed it in the ashes, give it for a mornings draft, which shall avoid downward above measure the dropsy water.  
This also (saith he) have I amongst my secrets for them that be sick of the dropsy and can not sweet: take the juice of a round Rape beaten in a mortar and priest out, seasoned with Sugar or cinnamon, that it taste something else than the Rape, give this in the morning to the sick well covered a●d he shall sweat.  
The juice of Purslan, Singreen or houseleek, Cotyledonis, and of other likewise that be slimy and Clammy, because of the clammines can not be priest out alone: The herb well pounded with Omphacium is priest out. Other when they are pounded heat them at a flow fire. Other beat them and let them stand in a cold place, as a wine cellar, put in a basket of wikars, to distill down into a dish set under: Silvius, in whom thou shalt read more of the preparing and preserving of juices, in his book of the preparation of simples.  
Of Lignum sanctum and any other, we draw out tears, which is more precious than the wood itself, in this wise. The Lignum is cut in pieces, the thickness of a finger, which are put in the fire: thereby is gathered what tere so ever is in the Ligno. Cardanus.  
Milk is gathered of Esula & Selandin, cutting the highest bows, and laid hielding in a vessel, pressing (milking or sliping▪ them one by one. The liquor so gathered shalt thou dry in the sun. But the juice is gathered when the herbs are pounded and priest out: Bulcasis.  
Gums that be purging and other, (if any refuse to swallow in the form of pills) put them in boiling water, let them be dissolved, strain them: and put in oil of swiet Almonds, and give it in drink with rob.  
Put any strong purging medicine in water or wine: Then in the same liquor steep dry prunes, or dry Figs, or Rasins till they swell, then wash them in wine. These fruits received within the body do marvelously and without grief lose the bealye: Arnold in his book of wine. seethe four ounces of Passularium with water of Violets half an hour, lift them through a siue: them sprinkle in ii drams of Scammonium, let them be dried. Then when thou wilt give xxx or xl and no more with Panatella. Epiphanius Empericus.  
Some stuff a fat Goose with medicines, with well liking Kitlinges chopped small, with Salt, and roasting it softly upon a brooch, gather the liquor that drops thereout, to anoint gouty members therewith. Io. Goenrotus. I hard say how a certain practitioner roosted a goose stuff with Miso, chopped small, and ministered the liquor gathered there of to the anointing of the crooked vunche upon the back.   

Of decocted things.  
WE call decoctions liquors, water, wine, or vinegar: in the which any medicines be sod at the fire, and then strained. etc. of the which for shortness sake at this present we will speak nothing, saving that we will admonish, that when they are beaten or chopped they ought to be first stiept which should be sod and decocted in a vessel diligently stopped and cloosed. Of grien plants, the decoction is more pleasant then of dry) wherefore dry things beaten and stiept longer time then fresh, may be strained and priest out, then alone or with sugar or hovy to be decocted and sod. etc.  
A decoction in vinegar against the pestilence. seethe two handful of the biggar Salandin, the herb and root together, in four pound and a half of the best vinegar, upon cools in a glazed pot with a cover the mouth whereof shallbe fenced with clay for an hour and a half, till the third part be consumed. Then strain the vinegar and set it up in a glass. Give iii spoonful of this to a man taken with the pestilence, and if he vomit it again, give him again, and will him to sweet: One unnamed in the dutch written book. Other which Selandine, take as much rue, and dres it as before, and to one taken with the pestilence they give one spoonful to drink with a little treacle, by whose help both I myself have wholesome and healthful experience, and also I have hard it much commended of other. And of late I read almost the very same medicine in a certain book of a certain practitioner, written in french, and a few years past when the pestilence was here, a certain friend of mine sent unto me a like description. Many would have the Selandine sod in the vinegar, but other put other things to: sum, as I said, Rew only: other also Sage noble, Rosemary, the leaves of flower deluce, not the root, Zedoaria and seethe it in a pot well covered: thereof they give a few drops for preservation: but to them that be already infected, a spoonful with treacle, and bid them too sweet. Sum stiep the same thing almost in wine in a vial well closed, they stir and chafe it sometimes, than they distil it: they give it for preservation or to the infected as before is specified, and when that is received, they bid them not to sweet, but to walk as far as is possible, and if it be needful to be led of two men.  
Otherwise. ℞. Wormwood, rue, the younglings or shouts of bremble, of every one one part, Selandin. three parts. Sith them in white vinegar q. s. that is as much as is sufficient in a pot clayed, till the third part be consumed, let it be given as soon as amam is infected, & after let him sweet.  
Otherwise. ℞. A pound of the roots of Selandine, Brimstone, Saffron, Turmentill, an ounce, treacle ii ounces: pimpernel, Gentian, of every an ounce and a half: Pilosella or mous ear, with the root and all. rue, of either an handful, Sage a handful. Sith them in a new pot well clayed, with ii quarts of whit vinegar till the third part be consumed. In this decoction dissolve electuary of an egg (or treacle) to the quantity of a been let it be given to the patient as thou knowest.   

Of made wine, and mixed with medicines.  
LAst of all we will teach and declare here certain things of made and counterfeit wines, yet not of all of purpose, which should be to long. Who so desireth more kinds of made wines, and their compositions and virtues let him go to Dioscorides, Aetius in his last book, and to the book of Arnold Villa novani of wines. ¶ wines mixed with medicines are made divers ways: first siething the medicines with the wine while it is must and new, for the most part to the consumption of the third part, skumming in the mean season & straining afterward. Sum seethe the wine alone: other till the third part be consumed, other much les: afterward they hang within the wine in a little bag the medicines somewhat gros beaten. And bitter medicines specially aught to be put in decocted and sod wine (for so it waxeth swiet) in a little bad, or else to be sod together, or both. So are wines made with wormwood, with Zedoaria, with Inula, also which borage and Melissa, in Arnold. Sum seethe a little new must and when it is couled, they power it upon the herbs in the vessel. Secondly putting the herbs themselves or the medicines dry in the new wine, before it be hot, that by the heat of it in the vessel, the virtue of the medicine may be mixed with it: So the most men with us prepare wine of wormwood, and they let it stand a whole winter in the vessels, ever filling the vessels again, if they draw any thing out of it, in the beginning of vere they take the herbs out: sum leave them in all summer also, but yet it is easily corrupted, waxeth hoor and mouldy, and sour specially if the vessel be not full. Sum set a plate of iron tinned boored through with many hooles, within the vessel about the tap or spigot, that it be not stopped with the medicines that are put in. A man may any time of the year put wormwood or other herbs in old wine in a little vessel, specially in cellars that be somewhat cowl, or in a great glass well stopped: if so be it the rout callet Cariophyllata dry be put to, the wine shallbe preserved the longer. Other seethe simpely with wine the medicine whose virtue they would have to pass in the wine, at any time of the year: but sod wines for the most part, breath out and becum almost sour: therefore I allow rather the medicines beaten to be stiept in wine together with clarified honey or sugar a few hours, and then after to be strained sometimes through an Hippocras bag. So have I made sometimes wine good for them that were sick of the dropsy, of the rout of flower deluce, and for them that were short winded of Inula. etc. Wine may also be mixed and strained with the juices of herbs clarified: or else the juice of them which dry beaten, have been hanged in a little bag in it a few days, to be priest out and when it is strained to be mixed with the wine, and new medicines to be put into the bag, etc. for if the matter be priest out often and new put to, the wine shall be the stronger, and we shall fill the vessel now and then for that that is drawn out: for if not, the wine will become every foot weaker.  
Wines medicined (as we have said) may be made, leaving the medicines put in a bag, or simplely in Must or new wine, that they ma● heat together: or in wine sethinge at the fire But the first way is preferred because by it the virtue of the medicines is not resolved, nor altered or weakened. The hole of the conservative vessel ought to be covered with a little cover, that the heat may breathe out moderately, and yet the odour fewm not out to much. Yet if ye think good to seethe them in wine at the fire, let the fire be made most slow, and continued without smoke, with the vessel covered, lest it breathe out, and let it be sod a certain space (with a bigger or les fire, according as the substance of every thing requireth, Arnold in his book of wine. Such as a man list to seethe, it should be best to seethe it in a double vesselor in Baln. Ma.  
Aromatical made wines or with spices may be kept for iii or four days clear, afterward they are troubled. Plinius teacheth the confections of wines of divers simple medicines. 14. 16.  
Wine of wormwood how it is made, I have already said before. Some make it with only Wormwode: other mixed with it other divers herbs, specially hot: as Hyssop, Rue, Sage, Cardnus Benedictus, Peny royal, Costus Hortensis, Phyllitides, the flowers of Eldar, the Barks of ash. I make sometimes in a glass forthwith, putting the leaves of wormwood dry, into Malmsy and burning water, thrice distilled of either like much. This may be long kept: a little of it put to a great deal of wine, doth season it holly with the quality of wormwood. It is good for a cold stomach, it duscusseth wind, it healeth the fleumatik colik, and that is bred of wind: it healeth scabbedness being anointed upon: Arnoldus in his book of wines. ¶ A better way of making it saith he, that the Wormwod green or dry be beaten, and that the wine warm be strained upon it certain times, till it receive the savour and virtue of it, and to season it with Sugar or Honey: this way to make this wine is better than other, because all the strength of the Wormwod is in the superficial and outward parts of it, which by this means is best drawn out: then is he long in reckoning the virtues of it, Galangal or Anise may also be added, or any other thing as a man thinks good. ¶ Wine of Mugwort is made in the same manner that wormwood wine is.  
Wine of the kernels of Alkckengi or Haliacacabus, is made the same way, straining the wine up on them beaten, for one Dosis, of it thou shalt take from .v. to ten it bringeth out stony matter from the reins and bladder manifestly, and guideth out the water that is retained and kept in (see Arnold in his book of wine) whereof I myself also made a trial of late, straining together Anise, the rote of Carlina, the kernels of peaches, and the little stones of crabs, whereupon the urine holden now of long space, followed within an hour. Some put the grains of Haliacacabus hole into new wine in a little vessel, that they may seethe together, and keep it for their use.  
Wine of Betain is good for the griefs of the stomach. Alexan. Benedictus,  
Wine of Buglos of the roots of Buglos steeped in wine, is marvelously commended of Arnold against the diseases of Melancholy, with a story of a certain woman healed with the drinking thereof, which through anger, became oftentimes a fool. Wine of Buglos, wherein the roots of Buglos well washed have been a day and a night or the syrup of it, it bringeth mirth and is good for melancholical persons. Certain men have been cured by the use of that wine from madness, and the mixture & alienation of reason: Arnold, of the conservation of youth, the iii chap. ¶ An other wine composed with the roots and flowers of Buglos, with Sena or without it, shalt thou read in Arnold in his book of wine, with this title. A marvelous wine for melancholic persons and cardiacal. etc. Wine of borage is made, if in new wine the flowers of borage be put till the perfect fining: or else if Dia borraginatum or conserve of Borage be dissolved in new wine, and kept for the use: Arnoldus in his book of the conservation of youth.  
A composition of wine against burnt humours, and for Choleric persons and Frenticke, inducinge mirth. Take a pound of the roots of Buglos made clean: Red Rooses. Flowers of Violets, borage and Buglos, of every a pound and a half: Been white and red, of either an ounce. When they are beaten together put them in a bag, and the bag in a vessel containing iii burdens of good wine (new I suppose) fresh and newly priest out white and clearest that may be found. Let half this wine be sod with the said species, and the other half alone skimming it well. Then strain that where the species be in to a vessel: fill it up with the other, till the heat be gone, and it become sufficiently clear. The use of it ought to be continual, Arnold, of the conservation of health.  
Wine made with Inula. The Roots of Inula cut small as herbs to the pot, seethe them in a new earthen pot glazed in ii pints or more of Must or new wine, till some parts of it be consumed. Then seethe twenty sextars or more, that is about xvii. pints of the best new wine swiet, in a kettle till it wax swiet: afterward, pour unto it the roots of Inula together with the new wine wherein they sod, and when as yet they have sod a little while together, ye shall set it down from the fire and keep it.  
another way. When the new swite wine is skimmed and sod to the consumption of the third part, even when it is sod now enough put in y● roots of Inula. (for xxv congees or there about, which is about xu galons of our measure, take ix ounces:) and when the must or new wine hath yet a little boiled, take it of and when it is cold kiep it, and hang the roots of the Inula (the very same that were separated in the straining of the wine) in a bag within the vessel. The roots should be gathered in October in the spring of the moan, or in the beginning of summer, & to be dried in the sun. This did I translate out of a certain dutch book. See Dioscorides, which nameth this wine Nectarite.  
Wine Arceuthite. For twenty congees or there about of must, take half a fourth mi of juniper berries (a fourth deel we call of the measure of Helvetia, but that varieth also, the fourth part.) First thou shalt straw the bottom of the vessel with thin chipes of hewed ash, lest the berries may stop the entrance of the tap: then straw the half part of the berries in upon that: thirdly the rest of the chipes, furthly the rest of the berries, with a handful of mugwort together, and a half of the hearts tongue communly so called: last of all thou shalt fill the vessel with the best and swiet new wine, that it may heat together. The use of this wine is to preserve a man against poison and many sicknese. A draft of it or two must be drunk at the beginning of dinner, and one after supper before ye go to bed: The author is nameless.  
Our countrymen make wine in summer, with the black sour cherry, which, they call Visula, putting them hool into the vessel, leving the fourth part empty, pouring in upon them white old wine, which in short space will have a reed colour, and sooner if all the stalks be clean taken away, more slowly if they be so cut that part of them be left in, but yet thus, they keep the colour longest. But they are wont when they have drawn any wine out, to fill the vessel again by & by. It strengtheneth the heart and stomach, assuageth thirst, couleth, drieth, bindeth. Other put them not in hell but pund, or else they hang them in a little bag, by the which means the wine becometh more odoriferous, because of the kirnles, and bindeth les, and more provoketh urine. It may be made at any time of the year of dry cherries. Sum put the juice of these cherries alone in a vessel, and when it hath sod, they stop it and use it for wine, either by itself, or mixting a little of it with a good deal of wine. The same juice with siething is made thick and the Cherries themselves are seasoned with Sugar.  
Wine of wild Plums Bulies' or Sloos', is made in the like manner in harvest, when they shall be now sufficiently tender and ripe enough.  
Wine Raspoticium (dutch men call it rappis) Raspish wine, that is, which biteth the tongue with a certain sharp binding, it provoketh appetite binding the hears of the stomach. It helpeth the body dissolved with heat, chief in summer it is profitable for Choleric and Sanguine persons: it is made in this wise. Some sour grapes together with the ripe are put in the wine pres to be priest out together. Or that is better, let the grapes be kept and brooken together with Raspaciis, & put into the vessel with the Must: That Must or new wine, by the juice of this Raspacia (Scapos French men call grappes, our countrymen rappen, whereupon the wine taketh the name) or kernels in the grapes which are sour, doth get a certain ponticitie or taste like wormwood and binding: Arnoldus de Villa Nova. In our country they make it otherwise, they fill the wine vessels with holl clusters well rypet, and power old win in to them, and as often as they draw any wine out of it, they fill it again. Sum put in clusters and Sage leaves in course. It refresheth the stomach, assuageth thirst. Nicolaus My repsus in the letter D. the. 85. Chapter, describeth the making of a certain Dysentericall drink with good Raspe, or pure Marathratum, that is wine made with Fenell, or Elelisphacatum wine, that is win made with Sage. Fuchsius sayeth, for Rhaspe, peradventure aught to be reed Rhoites or Rhodites In the same author, the first preservative is made with good reed wine or Rhaspe: and likewise the last preservative. I understand that to be Rapysh wine, which always is made with Sage. etc. and reed always.  
Sum put spices also to the Raspish wine, as Galangal five ounces. Cinnamon, Cloves, of either two drams, Zedoaria half an ounce, Coriander three ounces, make somewhat a gros powder thereof.  
Wine of small raisins, which Arnold calleth honeyed, is made siething▪ the Rasins in wine (in must) till it wax swiet, which is put forthwith in to a vessel, and the small rasins beaten are cast in to the same, which go to the bottom into the dregs.  
But the same Arnold, describeth an other also very excellent, which he calleth Passulatu or made of small Raisins, the Raisins sod with Cinnamon in Must not much, which afterward is powered to the other Must put in the vessel already.   

Of Aromatical wines that is made of Spices.  
Aromatical wines are wont to be made two ways, either hanging the spices only in a little bag, within the vessel which is let stand in a wine cellar: or also putting to honey, that so much as we would so much may be made out of hand, and the spices beaten together, sighed & strained a few times through a streiner or Hippocras bag of wool, as they call it. This wine may be called Mulsum or Melitum, they call it communly Claret and Nectar and Melicratium but improperly, with white wine. If they put to sugar for honey, with reed wine, they call it Hippocras. There are made at the Apothecary's these spiced and aromatical wines for the most part in that proportion, that xiii ounces of honey be put to vii drams of spices: and four pounds of white odoriferous wine. Or to vi drams of spices, half a pound of most pure Sugar four pounds of red wine, or les: other put to much more sugar, and spices also. Sometimes half a dram of saffron or much les is put to, to colour it, specially unto Mulsa, that is such as are made with honey. But before the wine be strained, it should be let stand in a hot place or in a stove with the spices infused, certain hours xxiiii at the most.  
Wine called Hippocras is of the kind of made wines, after an easy way: most acceptable to the French men, specially on this side the Alps. Cinnamon, Sugar and Carpesium are beaten & bruised in a bag, through it the wine is poured, that in passing through, it may drink and soak those qualities. This is brought forth in principal feasts, with Escharite pane in stead of banqueting dishes, the which fashion, but with an other kind of wine, we read, was peculiar to the Athenians. Hermolaus Barbarus Corollarii. libr. 5. in the chapter of the Grape of oenanthe.  
An other. The inner barks of Cinnamon. vi drams: half an ounce of white Ginger hole▪ Nutmegs elect ii drams, Cloves, grains of paradise, of either a dram: Cardamomum, Pepper, Calamus Aromaticus, Coriander prepared, of every one a scrupule, mixed them and beat them somewhat groose. Eight pounds of wine, clarified honey xxvi ounces, mixed all, and strain them according to Arte. Some clarify these spiced wines with Almond milk.  
An other for cardiacal persons, described by Alexander Benedict, in his tenth book. Take a pint of Austeres and hard wine odoriferous, white ●uger half a pound, cinnamon, Ginger, of every one half an ounce, galangal, a dram.  
An other of the same man's for weakness of the stomach. Take Cinnamon half an ounce, white Ginger two drams, Cloves, long Pepper, Nutmeg, of every one two scrupulles, when they are well beaten with half a pound of white Sugar, mixed them together in a .v. pints of pure white wine and strain it: for it is the chief remedy for them that be dissolved in their stomach.  
An other. Take an ounce of Cinnamon, half an ounce of Ginger: Galangal two drams Cloves a dram: Grains of Paradise two drams: white Sugar viii. ounces: of the best wine. q. s.  
An other. Cinnamon an ounce and a half: Ginger half an ounce: Cloves ii drams, Grames of Paradise, galangal, of either a dram Sugar a pound and a half: Red wine ii measures, (that is viii pounds,) mixed them, and it will become Hippocras.  
An other. An ounce of inner Cinnamone: White Ginger half an ounce, Grains of Paradise three drams: Clooves. Moschocaryi, of either ii drams: Maces, galangal, of either a dram and a half, white Ginger half an o●nce, Grains of Paradise iii drams: Clooves, Moschocaryi, of either two drams, Macis, galangall, of either a dram and a half: long Pepper a dram: spikenard, Folii, of either half a dram, make a powder thereof. To every ounce of these put ii pounds of wine, with a pound of Sugar, and Tornsoll (so called a kind of Purple wool,) to colour it. q. s.  
An other that seemeth to be ordained for the defaults of the breast a●d lungs. ℞. the best Cinnamon, scraped from the groose bark an ounce, Cloves an ounce and a half: Anis, fennel, of either a dram, Lycoris iii drams: Maces. Cardamomum, Flower Deluce, of every a dram and a half, Sugar most white iii ounces, when every one are diligently pund, let them be infused with these that follow. Take Malmsye ix ounces, a pound of water of Borage, rose-water an ounce and a half, water of Melissa. three ounces after they are let stand iii hours by the furnace or stoufe, at length strain it oft through a Filter bag: and it shall become clear Hippocras.  
Hippocras Laxative. A wine against the quartain, Quotidian, and bastard Tertian, i● concocteth and prepareth the humours and leadeth the same by and by out by the siege. Take a pound of Esula: Epithy mi. vi. drans, Polipodii, cinnamon, small rasins, of every four drams, mastic, gin. Zedoria, cloves, of every one an once. Sugar as much as needeth: Arnold.  
Nectar in Arnold. For a pint of wine, take Ginger elect scraped, Cloves, Cinnamon scraped, of every ii drams, grains of Paradise, a dram. Let it be made wine, or Greekish, which is better: and in stead of honey put Sugar, with a gran of Musk, and it is most noble. A syrup or julep is made of wine to conserve health and youth, putting into iii pounds of good wine, two pounds of Sugar. Let it be made a syrup, the use whereof is with water. It may stand in stead of meat and drink, and refresheth nature. Arnold in the book of conseruations of youth.  
Wine made with Sugar decocted, is good for old persons, cold and feeble, and in whom the natural moisture and heat are diminished: for it nourisheth, and breedeth blood, and filleth the principal parts with spirits. Take the best wine of Vernacia, or Greekish, or like unto them iii pounds: a pound of white Sugar Caffetini. Let them be sod with a soft fire in manner of Syrup, keep it and use it with ii parts of water, or otherwise as use requireth. This wine, (or rather syrruppe of wine) Rabi Moysses in his book of the manner of diet for old men and such as are in recovering their health, doth approve and allow.   

Of swiet wines spiced.  
OF wine made with sugar & spices it is already spoken, and also generally of Mulsa or wines made with honey and spices. A man may in all the foresaid compositions, both in steed of Sugar put honey, and in steed of reed wine, white: in those that follow contrary wise. So of Hippocras wine, mayst thou make claret or clear: and of clear, Hippocras. Sum make no difference of the colour of the wine.  
The spices of claret. Ginger, Galangal, of either an ounce, Cinnamon two ounces, Cloves ii drams: Grains of paradis, long Pepper, of either a dram, Honey a pound and a half: Sugar ii pounds.  
white wine xvi pounds. Other make it with only Honey, adding a little Spike and nutmegs and with the white of an egg they clarify it.  
The claret that Philip Vlstadius in his Coelo Philosophorum describeth, the. 57 chapped. ℞. the best white wine four pounds: white hard sugar iiii. ounces, Cinnamon an ounce, Coriander prepared iii drams, Cloves ii drams, Grains of paradis, white Ginger, of either a dram & a half, long Pepper ii scrupuls, Zedoaria half a dram. All most fine beaten & strained shallbe kept in a tinnen vessel.  
A wine for them that wax old, profitable for them that be melancholic and phlegmatic in winter time: it heateth the reins and the whole body: it taketh away the swelling of the hemrodes, it helpeth concoction, it maketh good colour, it cleareth the sight, sharpeneth the wit, tarrieth and differreth hoor hears, & worketh the same things that Hiera picra, saving that it is not bitter, & looseth not the belly. Take Spike, Cinnamon, Carpobalsamum, Xylobalsamun, Ginger, Gallangall, Calamus aroma. Macis, Asarum, Myrtilla, of every one a dram, Mastic ii drams, Licoris, small Rasines, of every half an ounce, sugar as ye think good. It may be made by decocting, or without it like claret, putting the spices in a large bag, and the bag in a streiner, & straining it so oft, till the virtue & strength of the spices be holy passed in to the wine, which shallbe perceived by tasting: Arnold in his book of wine.  
An other. ℞. Ginger ii drams, Cinnamon half an ounce, Cloves a dram, whit wine iii measures, that is xii pound, an ounce of honey, white Sugar half a pound: make claret thereof according to art.  
another laxative. ℞. galangal six drams: Cinnamon an ounce, Turbit, Esula, Pills, Hermol dactyla, of every a dram & a half. Beat it & make it claret with honey and sugar.  
An other. ℞. Ginger ii ounces, cinnamon, iiii. cloves ii Galangal, asmuch, Grains of paradis one. Every one fiuly beaten & sifted, must be mixed: Then keep by itself an ounce of easterly saffron well beaten. When y● wilt make thy claret, make hoot over the fire ii pounds of honey in a new ear then vessel, & when it gins to boyll, take it from the fire, & pausing a little while, skim it: Then take ii measures (about viii pounds of wine, which shall be so much the better so much as it is more swiet and clear) & mixed with it ii ounces of the spices aforesaid and a dram or more of the saffron. Then shalt thou strain it through a bag, the upper part whereof (almost to ii third parts of the hool length) shallbe linen, the nether, for one third part of the hool bag or a little more, shallbe woollen. When the wine is enough strained, y● mayst pour the dregs into Hydromel, or Apomel, that is, drink made of honey, as it is communly made, that they may leave their strength that yet remaineth in them, in it. This wine if it be for the use of any woman or delicate person, in steed of honey take sugar, out of a dutch book written.  
An other, preserving wine in time of pestilence. Take of the best wine. a measure four pounds, half an un. of Angelica, Bole Armeniae a dram: nutmegs two. drans, Galangal, long pepper, coriander, of every one a dram & a half, ginger a dram & a half, cinnamon six drams, sugar half a pound.  
Certain compositions of Nectar of claret, out of a certain book written in Latin, when a man would have a greater quantity thereof to be kept in his cellar in a barill or vessel of wood. Lotum, as it appeareth, is a name of certain measure of wine, in Spain peradventure.  
Claret or good Nectar shalt thou make in this wise. Cinnamon a pound, galangal, Ginger, Cardamom. Grains of Paradis, Cloves, Cubebae, Macis, of every an ounce: Long pepper, and black if thou wilt, of either half an ounce: Spick narde, Nutmegs, Schenoanthum, of every one iii drams, Saffron a dram: Let all be beaten very small and mixed. So hast thou spices for half a horse lood, that is for one barrel, (peraventur a. 128. pounds. The nectar shalt thou make thus. Put all the wine in the vessel, than put the spices in sum linen cloth large enough, and let the cloth with spices into the barill wherein thou wilt make thy nectar, in such sort that the sides of the cloth may hang over the mouth of the barill. After put four pounds of honey in sum vessel, & mixed it strongly with the wine so that the whole be sufficient clear, than power in the wine upon the spices straining it, and at last the wine with the honey. Then cloosing the barrill, leave the spices in it with the cloth for ii days. Then take it away and pres it with strength, and thou shalt have very good Nectar. But if thou wilt make it for sum Prince or very rich man, ad to the foresaid, Lignum Aloes of the best, Folium, of either half an ounce a dram and a half of Musk, and in the stead of honey put sugar finely beaten in a mortar, then dissolved in the wine.  
An other very good wine with the same species, but in other weight. Take xii ounces & a half of cinnamon, ginger, galangal, grains of paradise, cloves, cubebae, macis, Cardamomum, of every ii drams: long pepper a scrupul: spikenard, Schoenanthun, nutmegs, of every a scrupul & a half: saffron to the weight of a (Deranii) of Turona or a little more. Mixed all these together when they are most small beaten, & thou shalt havespices enough for a Lotum Nectar of the city Burgens. Then take a pound of honey with a pint of springwater sod to the consumption of the water, & set it aside to coal. Then take about a Lotum, of good wine and when the juice with the foresaid spices is put into the vessel, straining the wine through it, pour it in by little and little, & the honey also mixed first with a little of the wine shallbe poured in by little and little, so that the juice be not priest together. If so be it ye will make it more preous, take sugar in stead of honey dissolved in the wine, likewise about a pound weight or more. Thou shalt strain it iii or four times, that the wine may be stronger and better. Thou shalt put also to the foresaid things Agallochum of the best Folium of either ii grains, & a little Musk. ¶ Otherwise: hang the species in a bag with in the wine mixed with honey or sugar, & after ii or iii days take it out & pres it well. But the former way is better & finer.   

Three ways to make Nectar, whereof the first ii are called Gratia Dei, the third Manus Dei, out of a written book.  
TAke cinnamon ix drams: ginger four drams nutmegs, long Pepper of either iii drams: Galangal, grains of paradise, Maris or Folii, cubebae of every ii drams: cloves a dram, spikenard a hole scrupul: saffron a half: sugar a pound or a pint of honey, that hath boiled in a little water till the water be consumed, well skimmed. Mixed them in a Lotum & a half of wine. Some ad Cardamomum, and carvi of either ii drams. And this is the better Claret.  
To the same. ℞. Aristolochia round, cinnamon, of either an ounce, Ginger half an ounce, galangal, grains of Paradise, Cloves, Cubebae, Macis, Nutmegs, of every ii drams: long pepper. iii drams: spikenard a scrupul: Saffron a half, Sugar a pound: wine a Lotum. If it be for the rich, ad Agallochum of the best ii grains, and musk half a grain. Or according to other. ℞. Cinnamon elect ii ounces: Ginger one: grains of Paradise, long Pepper, of either, half an ounce: Nuttemegs, cloves, Maces, of either ii drams: Cubebae Cardamom of either a dram: spikenard, Schoenan thum, Calamus aro. of every a scrupul. When they are pund mixed them together, with iii pounds of honey, and a Lotum of wine, as is said.  
A drink named Manus Dei. ℞. Cinnamon an ounce and a half, Ginger iii drams: Cardamomum two. drams, Folium, Galangal, of either a dram, spikenard, carvi, of either half a dram: long Pepper or black four drams. If it be made for rich men, add Cloves, Nutmegs, Maces, Grains of paradise, of every ii drams, clarified honey a pint: a Burgens Lotum of good wine. And if thou canst in stead of honey, put a pound of Sugar. If this drink be rightly made, it shallbe profitable against many diseases, specially cold, and in old men, and them that be somewhat weak & feeble unto copulation. It shallbe convenient for phlegmatic & melancholic persons marvelously, that not without a cause it may be called Manus Dei, that is the hand of God. It putteth away dumpishness & sadness, and bringeth mirth. It openeth the obstructions and stoppings of the spleen. It healeth the dropsy: & bringeth the stone out of the reins mightily, if a little Saxifrage & of the stone called Lynx be added  
Spices for Zedoartical wine. ℞. Zedoaria, cinnamon of either half an ounce, galangal ii drams mixed them and make them into powder.  
For the wine that is surnamed of Scapa or Rappish. ℞. Zedoaria half an ounce: Coriander iii ounces: galangal .v. ounces, cinnamon, cloves, of either ii drams, make a powder thereof somewhat gross.  
Otherwise, spices for Zedoartical wine, which shallbe enough for a measure of wine that is called communlye at at Straszborow. Cinnamone iii ounces, cloves, nutmegs, grains of pa. Cardamom of every half an ounce: Zedoariae. vi. drams: Cubebae, long Pepper, of either a ii drams. Beat them somewhat gross, mixed them for a bag.  
For the same: cinnamon ii ounces: ginger half an ounce, cloves, Long Pepper, Cardamom, Cubebae, Zedoria, of every one a dram: Galangal grains of paradise, of either a dram and a half. When they are beaten somewhat gross mixed them for a little bag.   

Of spiced wines with burning water.  
THat burning water doth drink in easily all the odour and virtue both of other medicines and also of spices, if they stand to stiep in it a few hours, first beaten, and a little of it afterward be poured into simple wine, and that divers wines both in savour and taste may be made by this means forthwith, we did declare before out of Arnold in the description of simple Aqua arden's or burning water. ¶ The confection or making of the wine which they call commonly Hippocras. Put into (the name of the measure is not expressed) of burning water, distilled iii or four times or more ii ounces of Cinnamon, Ginger half an ounce, grains of paradise, Pepper, of either a dram and a half: a dram of Cloves, half a Nutmeg. When they are all pund, put them into a vessel well closed for four days, and shake it about twice or thrice every day. At last strain it and keep it: it may be kept a long time Put a mean spoonful of this into a measure, or iiii. pounds of good red wine, and put a pound of Sugar to it. Yet if the wine be swiete, there is no need of Sugar. Furnerius.  
A way to make Malmsy. ℞. galangal of the best, Cloves, Ginger, Maces of every one a dram. Let all these somewhat gross beaten stand. 24. hours in a vessel of wood well covered infused in water. Then hang them in a linen cloth by a thried into a vessel of a soom as they call it, (which is about the bigness of a hogshead) or half a Soom of clear win iii days. And thou shalt have wine so good & strong as is the very natural Malmsy or Traminuum: A dutch written book.  
A wine that tasteth like Rhetish wine. In a vessel of glass or of earth glazed, hang a linen cloth full of the spices hereafter following, and fill it with burning water, stop it diligently, & let it stand at the least xii hours, when thou wouldst use it, wring out the linen cloth into sum great glass, which the wine shallbe powered into afterward, so that the sides of the pot may be wet with that spiced burning water, or else the liquor crushed out into the bottom by lening and rooling the glass a side, may moisten the sides every where: Then power in the wine, which shall have the taste of Rhetish. The spices are these: Cinnamon, Ginger Cloves, of every one half a dram, when they are somewhat gros beaten let them be mixed, and after be tied in the linen cloth.  
After the some manner is the taste of Muscatello wine made: take a Nutmeg with a little Macis: mixed them beaten as is before said.  
Cloved wine. Beat half a dram of Cloves which a little Cinnamon & tie it in a linen cloth, as is aforesaid. The taste of Elseter wine: bind sugar cā●y in a linen cloth as is before said. Or else mixed honey diligently clarified with burning water in a vessel well stopped, & when thou wilt use it, wring out a linen cloth dipped in this liquor, into the pot. All these have we borrowed out of a dutch book written.   

Of certain other Aromatical wines, specially such as are made by hanging a little bag in the vessel.  
Cloved wine is made hanging the cloves in a little bag within the vessel with must. It drieth much, dissolveth, consumeth, draweth unto it, it helpeth the old difficulty of fetching a man's breath, & cough in old men which the corruption of the humours it is profitable also in the falling sickness & swooning, it strengtheneth the virtue of concoction and retaining it, maketh swiet breath. As for the dryness thereof, sugar & licoris do assuage it much. Arnold in his book of wine.  
After the same manner any spices (& medicines) both cold & dry, may be hanged in a little bag & put in wine or Must, which we would have seasoned with their virtues & quality: In the same place.  
An aromatical wine is made to conserve youth, if spices be put in a linen bag unbeten, but cut in to parts, so that the substance of the spices be wandering in the little bag, and let it be put in the wine, the mouth of the wine diligently closed. Arnoldus of the conservation of youth.  
another way of aromatical wine, for the confirming of the temperature, and youth. Cubebae, Cloves, Nutmegs, small Rasines, of every one three drams, let them boyll in a little bag in iii pound of good wine, till the consumption of the third part: put to Sugar, and thereof morning and evening give an ounce or other about at every time to drink. Or else let it be made like claret: Arnoldus in the same place.  
Saffrond wine bringeth mirth, and taketh away Melancholines: Arnold in his book of conserving youth, the iii chapped. The manner of making it teacheth he in the second treatise of the same book, with these words: Put a little Saffron well dried in a large bag of very fine linen cloth, and let the wine be powered upon it (or also Oyll for oil of Saffron) after the manner of making Lie, and let it be repeated till the colour and taste like you. There may also other spices be mixed with it as ye think good   

Of Artificial wines which resemble the taste of strange wines, because of the spyoes hanged in a little bag within the vessel.  
HOw divers Aromatical wines be made and a counterfeit taste of certain strange wines with burning water and spices, it is showed before: Here will we add how witty men may invitate certain strange wines without burning water: not to th'intent cove tous men may learn deceit thereby, but that physicians may both gratify sometimes & profit also the sick specially such as be somewhat delicate. We have taken all that follow out of a dutch written book.  
Greekish wine is thus made. Ginger, galangal, of either half a pound, grains of paradis, cloves, iii. unc. hang them in a little bag in a vessel of wine of a mean bigness, a pipe. Malmsy. ℞. moshe, Agallochun of either a dram: cinnamon, Cardamon, (if I read right) cloves, of either ii drams: half an ounce of sugar candy.  
Wine of Romania. ℞. Succi, lycoris, cinnamon, of either ii drams, anis a dram, maces half a dram, sugar iii drams. Muscatello wine. ℞. Polypodium, lie coris, anis, of every one ii drams, nutmegs iii drams, calamus aromatic, one dram. Red Muscatello shalt thou make thus. The flowers of Sambucus, iiii. unc. cinnamon half an ounce, let them foil in reed Must. All such things are thought to make the smell of Muscatello, that do resemble Musk in their own odour, and such things as are surnamed of Musk, as the nutmeg, and the bark of it that is called Macis, also the flowers of Sambucus or elder chief, and Coriander. Many also hang the herb called Sclar●a, in wine, the flowers with the leaves: whose savour is vehement & not unpleasant yet sum think it to be unholsum, and to grieve the head. But such compositions without number may be made, and it is sufficient for a man of wit & activity, skilful in the nature of simple medicines, spices, & sauces or seasoninges, to have a certain few forms, as it were prescribed, which he many ways as occasion & divers circumstances shall serve may vary & alter at his pleasure. We giving thanks to the immortal God, upon whom dependeth all the success of medicines, do here conclude & make an end of this book for this present.  
FINIS.