The Composition or making of the most excellent and precious Oil called Oleum Magistrale. First published by the commandment of the King of Spain, with the manner how to apply it particularly. The which Oil cureth these diseases following. That is to say, Wounds Contusions, Harquebus shot, Cankerꝭ, pain of the Rains, Apostumes, Hemerhoids, old Ulcers, pain of the joints and Gout, and indifferently all manner of diseases.  
Also the third book of Galen of curing of pricks and wounds of Sinews.  
A method for curing of wounds in the joints, and the manner how to place them.  
A brief gathering together of certain errors which the common Chirurgeons daily use. Very profitable and necessary for all Chirurgeons & all other which are desirous to know the right method of curing.  
Faithfully gathered and translated into English by George Baker Chirurgeon. 1574.   

 de Vere coat of arms 
VERO NIHIL VERIUS    

¶ TO THE RIGHT honourable Edward de Vere Earl of Oxford, Viscount Bulbeck, Lord of Escales and Badlesmere and Lord great Chamberlain of England, his singular good Lord and master, George Baker wisheth health, long life with much increase of virtue & honour.  
IT IS NOT unknowene to any (right honourable) which have been but meanly conversant in good learning, how far the Grecians did surmount all the nations of the world in renown of virtue, learning, politic government and noble victories. For what nation doth not reverence their sages? what people doth not embrace their studies? what City doth not desire their government? what province was not subject to their Empire? yea was not Grecia the Theatre, Spectacle and light of the whole world? were there not in it many famous Cities whose people & inhabitants for civility, whose laws for policy, whose edifices for magnificence might seem Angelical, divine, and celestial? as Athens and Thebes. etc.  
But none more famous than the City of Sparta, which by the space of seven. c. years excelled all the Cities of Grecia when they most flourished, both in renown of glory and equity of laws, & when they were subdued: this one city Sparta by defending themselves from foreign invasion achieved more honour then whole Graecia did ever win by enlarging their Empire. For when Philip of Macedonia (in his conquest of those islandish Countries and his son Alexander after him at the winning of Thebes (were proclaimed Emperors of Sea and land, the Spartans consented not thereto nor would be come tributoryes.  
What should be the cause that this one City should less fear the force of Alexander then all other? how became it so inexpugnable? was it so strongly fortified with walls and Bulwarks and warlike munition? not at all. The courage of the Citizens was their only wall of defence. Did the name of Hercules (whose progeny they were) defend them? nay rather the good counsel of Lycurgus made them invincible? who among other things exhorted them to endeavour to excel the whole world in renown of virtue and glory of valiantness as their proginitour Hercules did, which if they did not: it were but vain to vaunt of their petydegree. Can it be said that the multitude of Citizens made them strong that when by continual war the number was greatly diminished and their force much weakened? Surely by concord they were preserved.  
Such is the strength that the observation of good laws doth bring to commonwealths, such fruits, kindly branches (not degenerating from a virtuous stock) do yield, such commodities proceed from virtue, and contrary effects from contrary causes as may appear in those same Lacedæmonians which afterwards by degeneration were brought to the like thraldom that their neighbours were in, being at length more ashamed, then proud of their petty degree, more fearful, than glad of their long resistance. Such alteration followed the change of government when no jot of Lycurgus laws, nor any other steps of their proginitors virtues remained among them, but each man neglected his oath given to the common wealth, each man as he was able most to prevail exercised tyranny over his own Citizens, each man accounted that liberty to do what liked him, to live riotously and licentiously, each man studied to enrich himself, to fortify his own house and to feather his own nest. But in the mean time the strength of the common wealth decayed and their foreign enemies increased, and at length they found by experience how pernicious a thing it is to abrogate good laws, to change the countenance of a well governed state. To raze out the memory of their noble progenitors.  
Which example (right Honourable) I wish to be marked of all noble families and famous Cities, that therein they may consider that by virtue they are preserved and by degeneration they fall.  
Yet do I not wright these things to your honour by the way of exhortation: but rather as a testimony of that which is already apparent to all men, namely to your honours study carefully to join the commendation of virtue with your nobility of blood and lineage, whose desire it is (with noble Themistocles) so to advance the glory of your country (whereby your own honour is the more excellent) that no barbarous Siriphian may upbraid your honour as though it depended only of the nobility of your country and family, when as if opportunity would serve your honour I doubt not would be found in noble attempts and valeant acts nothing inferior to Themistocles.  
In the mean time among infinite tokens: this is one espetial sign of your honours heroical mind, that is in courage, activity and Chivalry, you yourself seek to express Achilles and other noble personages, so also your honour doth heartily embrace all such as excel in any worthy virtue, whether it be to commend & adorn her with her semly colours as Homer. etc. or to attend like handmaids on her as Hipocrates or Galen with their needful art of Chirurgiry, neither doth your honour suffer them to pass unrewarded, as may appear by the most part of them which your honour hath entertained into your service as I myself have had experience since it pleased your honour to entertain me (though far unworthy) for my profession in the art of Chirurgiry since the which time I have accounted both myself and all my labours whatsoever, to be due unto your honour. So that if by continual study I might happily invent, or by daily practice in the art of Chirurgery find out any mystery which other before me had not obtained. I was fully purposed to consecrate and dedicate the same unto your name, not that I am so foolish to think that by any my inventions & labours any thing should be added to that huge heap of your heroical virtues, but partly because (as I have said) I might transfer them to any other, being owing unto your honour, and partly because the renown of your honour's name might obtain grace for my boldness, and bring credit to my labours.  
But in the mean time till I shall be able of mine own knowledge to add some thing to the perfection of the Art and open some good rule to the relief of my countrymen: I have adventured to interpret one small work of the fatherly both Physician and Chirurgeon Galen, which I judged most necessary for our time, having joined the same with other treatises, no less fruitful than profitable.  
Which work although it agreeth neither with the dignity of your noble name, nor peradventure is answerable to your honour's opinion and expectaon of me, and (which I must needs confess) is superfluous to your honour, who can both read and understand the same in the first tongues wherein the Authors have written: yet be cause other may be relieved thereby, I thought I might both easily obtain pardon, and also be bold to use your honour's patronage in this behalf, seeing the same your honour's courtesy and clemency is usually extended to all men which doth not use to esteem such gifts as this according to the value, but accepting willingly the good meaning of the person.  
Thus beseeching your honour to take in good part this testimony of my thankful heart such as it is. I beseech also the Immortal God to uphold the renown of your Honour's name in the noble lineage of your noble Progenitors.  
Your Honour's humble and obedient Servant George Baker.   

To the Reader.  
THere are two instruments aswell in Surgery as in all other Arts whereby a man is directed to the scope or purpose which he intendeth, namely reason and experience.  
Reason is occupied about method, and method as Galen in the first book De method medendi teacheth, is a contrary thing to experience rashly made and at adventure, and proceedeth a sure way taking iudications of the complexion of the body, of the nature of the diseased part, of the causes and differences of the diseases and so orderly passeth from iudication to iudication applying apt remedies such as certain experience hath taught to have virtue correspondent to such purpose as learned method prescribeth, till at length health (which is the scope and end of the art) be obtained.  
By this description of method: ye may see plainly and distinctly the use and necessity both of reason and experience, but here must you understand by reason such learned judgement as proceedeth by discretion and certain knowledge of the iudications above mentioned, and afterwards maketh apt choice of experiments.  
Experience also whereof Galen speaketh is a thing of more perfection than the rude observations of undiscrete pratisers of our time, but if they would read Galen his second book, De simplicium medicamentorium facultatibus. cap. x. they should learn better what appertained to experience how they try and examine their medicines and to judge truly of their virtues. And reason applied to true method is the cause of certainty in Physic or Chirurgiry, so on the other part when it is used at random without discretion and not derived from true iudication but as fantasies do feed the idle brain, it is a thing (as Galen witnesseth) full of great danger. And therefore he wished the unlearned practisers of his time rather to use the experience which they knew warily, then to busy themselves with devising every man a method after his own way, which thing passed their capacity.  
Such was the method of Thessalus before Galens' time, and such is the method of Paracelsus in our time, but what peril did ensue of the rash method of Thessalus: is by Galen in sundry places declared and how great harm hath been done and daily is committed by the Paracellistes both learned Erastus and Desenius with others do witness by their writings and daily experience itself teacheth.  
And although the common practisers do by their experience he'll many diseases: yet as Galen saith in the same first Book of his method they themselves must needs confess that the end of their labour dependeth upon the pleasure of fortune. For sithence experience is but the observation or remembrance of the success had in particular things as Galen himself defineth it, and that neither art nor science consisteth in particularities: it must needs follow the naked experience maketh no art. And then for as much as those which be healed are healed either by art or by chance, than it must needs follow that those which cure by experience without method: do heal by chance and not by art, and therefore are they well termed of Galen to await the pleasure of Fortune.  
Thus mayst thou loving Reader perceive what great difference there is betwixt him that cureth artificially observing the learned method and order: and the unskilful practizer which after some fantastical devise bred in the brain of the unlearned or by undiscrete experience proceedeth to the same.  
So far doth the one of these differ from the other, as light from darkness, knowledge from ignorance, order from confusion, and to conclude: certainty from uncertainty or blind chance. Now let the sick man be judge, whether is for him the more safety tobe heeled orderly, artificially and surely: or to depend upon the hazard of blind Fortune, happy or not happy, at adventure whether yea or nay. But if ye believe Hipocrates. Age re foeliciter est agere prudenter et agere infoeliciter est agere imprudenter, to be happy is to be skilful, and to deal unluckily is to deal unskilfully. Therefore have many observations of the daily practices of many men perceiving yea almost daily great errors committed in many things concerning mine art of Chirurgery for lack of true method, and that most of all in the wounds of joints and Sinews or Sinewy, or musculous places which require peculter & distinct method & order of cure from the common wounds of other fleshly places, and the same being more painful, and for the greatness of the accidents which follow them being of far more danger do require therefore the greater care & more artificial handling then any other.  
I have therefore for love I bear to my faculty, which I wish void of infamy, and for the hearty desire I bear to the profit of such as be hurt and diseased, endeavoured to set forth some thing in our english tongue, as those which are willing to learn: might thereby be instructed and directed to the true method and trade of curing the said wounds of Sinews. etc.  
And as Aristotle requireth in Philosophy: the same I think also in Chirurgery most necessary. Vt exempla sunt non chaerilia sed homerica, that is, not to follow the practice of bunglers or the unskilful sort, but to learn at the best learned.  
Then for as much as Galen by the judgement of the learned of all nations hath excelled all other that have written in Physic but chiefly in his method: I thought good to translate into our native tongue, his third Book of the composition of medicines according to places, wherein both learned & abundantly he teacheth the curing of these wounds which my labour taking for the furtherance of such as be willing to learn to do well, if it be on thy part (most loving Reader) well accepted: I have them herein my desire as for the wilful ignorant I leave to themselves.  
And thus beseeching God to bless the handy work of such as faithfully and charitably deal in the affairs of the sick and diseased: I rest to trouble thee any longer from the reading both of the composition of the most precious Oil called Oleum Magistrale: and also of Galen himself.  
From my house in London the xv. of March 1574.   

The Preface to the Book.  
IN the Realm of Spain there inhabited a people called in the Spanish tongue Moriscus, of the which nation this Oil was first practised, unknown to the Spaniards: which afterwards came to their knowledge and understanding by the baptised Africans, of the which nation there are a great number in Granado and Arogan, and as yet they follow the orders of the Turks, both in their meats, apparel and language, and have no affinity with the Spaniards, but only that they be baptised and become Christians. And although they be not as yet grown so subtle & crafty as the said Spaniards: yet nevertheless it hath been well proved and seen by experience that they have had more knowledge than the said Spaniards, both in the secrets of nature, and also in the properties of herbs and generally in the art of curing.  
In this said nation, there was one named Aparice, the which about the year of our Lord, 1566. did take his dwelling place at Madrid a town situated in Castille lafoy neufeve, 12 leagues from Tolleta, at the which place the court is most commonly kept: where he did think best to be for his profit, and there did begin to practise the art of Chirurgery and to cure Wounds, Contusions, Harquebus shot, Cankers, pain of the Rains, Apostumes, Hemorhoids, old Ulcers, pain of the gout, and indifferently all manner of diseases, so that within short time he did such cures worthy of praise that the people (having intelligence of his marvelous experience) resorted unto him three score miles about, to the end that by his help they might receive their health. And after that he had healed them: he dealt so favourably with them, that most commonly he took less than they did offer unto him, and healed them in viii. days which the Chirurgeons of the Town could not do in iij. weeks.  
In so much that he was esteemed of all men, aswell for the excellency of his art: as also for his great courtesy which he showed unto them.  
Yet nevertheless as we see that science and virtue is never peaceable (although that the common people were well certified of his labour and service) yet the M. Chirurgeons of the town (feeling their particular profit and authority to decay by this aforesaid Aparice) began to be at great strife with him, and summoned him to appear before the Alcaldes, which are the judges of the aforesaid town, saying that he did them great injury & wrong in meddling with the art of the which he had no knowledge, which art did pertain only to them being sworn to that faculty, and that they would bring in good proof in the common wealth, that he did more harm then good. So that their desire was to have him imprisoned, to the intent that if he should fear any thing in the mean time, to absent himself, and also laying many heinous crimes against him. The judges could do no less than commit him to prison.  
Upon whose imprisonment: certain gentlemen and others (which having by his means received their health of great hurts and diseases, and regarding the profit of the common wealth, and also seeing the great wrong which the said Chirurgeons used against the said Aparice, being so honest and upright in his dealing, concerning his art, & that nothing which was laid against him could be approved: thought among themselves that he deserved a better reward than he received at their hands.  
Whereupon they made with one consent a Supplication in his behalf for the bailing of him out of prison, the which (by reason of his long being sick in prison) they obtained upon that condition that he should meddle no more with any cures, until such time as he were authorized.  
Yet nevertheless many diseased persons being afflicted with divers griefs, would not abstain from him, but resorted unto him daily, the which he would not by any means meddle with for because of his great charge that he had to the contrary, yet not withstanding the importance of the people was so great: that he was constrained secretly to minister unto them.  
The which at length was disclosed unto the Chirurgeons of the town, and immediately after they made their complaint to the aforesaid judges and declared unto them that the said Aparice had done contrary to the order that was made whereupon he was committed to prison again, which caused that the whole assembly of the town both Gentlemen, Burgesses & merchants (in his behalf) complained to the judges, in so much that in th' end it came to the king's ear, which being a wise prince and desiring the profit of his common wealth: was desirous to know the aforesaid Prisoner, and the true & right cause in all things.  
And when he understood the just cause and that which the said Aparice did, was by the virtue of a simple Oil: he was desirous to know the composition of it. The which the said Aparice (what for the grief of his wrongful imprisonment and the uncourteous dealing of the Chirurgeons) refused to declare, saying that it was the means whereby he did get his living, so that if it were commonly known: it would be an occasion that he should be no more sought unto.  
When the King perceived that he could not obtain it: he offered unto him (in consideration that he should show the receipt) a thousand Ducats, which the said Aparice refused, saying that he did hold himself better content with his science than he could with gold & Silver.  
So that immediately following the said Aparice (being very sore handled with his foresaid sickness, and partly for the grief that he took of his wrongful imprisonment) ended his life, for the which many noble personages did much lament, thinking that with his dead carcase: this noble treasure should have been buried, and also the king himself was very sore grieved for the loss of such a rare and precious science.  
Nevertheless the said Aparice having married a Spanish woman (by the which he had certain children) declared the secret of this precious Oil unto her as shallbe showed here after.  
Immediately after the death of the said Aparice, the king being very sorry because he could not get the knowledge of such a science: made a diligent search to know if their were any of his friends which had this secret medicine, and also to know whether his wife had it, to the which they all answered that there was none other that ever had the knowledge thereof but only he himself, and that he kept it from his own wife, for fear lest she should (being a woman) disclose it and make it common although she dressed patients in her husband's absence, and also whilst he was prisoner.  
At his last imprisonment, he feeling himself not like to live because of his disease, and considering that he should leave his wife and Children but in a woeful state: discovered this secret unto her, and did leave it unto her for a precious treasure and there withal gave her a great charge that she should not disclose it to any man, what soever should be offered unto her for it.  
But as in the end all things come to light, she (for to get her own living and her poor children's) began to intermeddle for to cure secretly with the said Oil and sold it unto them which stood in need of it, saying that it was of the same Oil that her husband had made.  
Not withstanding the people (perceived that it lasted very long & that it could not be chosen but that she must have the receipt) offered unto her for the composition thereof, five hundred ducats, but she answered that she had it not, and said if she had it: she would rather die then declare it.  
For the cause of the which sharp answer: she was expressly inhibited from curing with the said Oil, neither to sell it for any manner price. By the which means (what with the council of her friends and necessity constraining her) she offered to declare the the secret, in consideration that she might have the thousand Ducats, but in th'end she was constrained to take five hundred Ducks, whereunto the King granted in the presence of certain Physicians and Chirurgeons which were appointed, unto whom she declared the secret and showed by experience the composition and the manner how to make it.  
And they to prove whether it were the same or no: applied it to many diseased persons, and it was found of the same virtue and effect of that that her husband had made. And then was named by the Physicians and Chirurgeons the Oil magistral, esteeming it to be the best and most precious among all others.  
So that when they had justly approved that it was the very same secret that her husband left unto her: they delivered unto her the five hundred Ducats which the King promised unto her.  
Then by the commandment of the King: the Physicians and Chirurgeons of the Town had the perfect knowledge of it, in such sort, that at this present day almost all the whole Realm of Spain useth none other medicines, what manner of hurt or wound so ever it be, which is a most excellent and approved Mitigative or appeaser of pain, and is a very good secret necessary to be known in a common wealth.  
And as for my part: I would it were aswell known and experimented in this Realm as it is there. Therefore for the good will and affection the which I bear towards my country (to the which I am bound to serve to the uttermost of my power) I thought good to write this secret and to bring it to light, although I know that there be some which will not be well pleased herewith, and peradventure will demand of me the experience of it, for the which I do not force seeing that I have the truth on my side, and that it is not unknown to a great number (which have traveled in the Realm of Spain) the notable and singular virtues of this Oil, the which they do daily sell to all other Nations, and I myself having seen the notable virtues thereof approved upon divers of our own nation, at the hands both of Merchants and Mariners which brought the said Oil from thence.  
And now chancing with the Copy of the making of the said Oil, and being so well assured, that it is the right and perfect order, and for the which I will answer: I thought it my duty to disclose such a noble secret, for the profit of so many as I know shall receive aid thereby, rather than to please some particular persons.   

The composition of the Oil called Oleum Magistrale invented by one named Aparice.  
FIrst you shall take a quart of the best and oldest white wine that may be gotten, Oil Olif of the oldest iij. pound then put thereto these flowers & herbs following, to wit. The flowers and leaves of Hypericon half a l. Cardus benedictus, a quarter of a l. Valerian a quarter of a l. of the least Sage a quarter of a l. of every one of these you shall take the leaves & flowers if it be possible. Then let all these stéep xxiv. hours in the aforesaid wine and Oil, the next day boil them in a nealed pot or in a copper vessel, upon a soft fire until such time as the wine be all consumed, always stirring it with a Spittle.  
After you have thus done: take it from the fire and strain it, and to the straining: put a l. and a half of good Venice Turpentine, then boil it again upon a soft fire the space of a quarter of an hour, then add thereto Olibanum v. ounces, Mirrah iij. ounces. Sanguis draconis. one ounce, and so let it boil till the Incense and the Mirrah be dissolved, then take it of and let it stand till it be cold, then put it into a glass Bottle and set it viii. or x. days in the Sun and keep it to your use.  

The manner to apply the said Oil according to the qualities of the wounds or diseases, doth consist in these vi. things following.  

¶ To the patiented, to the preparatife, to the wound, or disease, to the plaster and to the diseased part.  
FIrst the hurted and afflicted party must use this Regiment following, that is to say, to keep no strait diet, neither in eating nor drinking for fear of weakening the body and hindering of his health. So that he may eat and drink, as he was accustomed to do before he was hurt. As for example, he may eat to his dinner new laid Eggꝭ, Mutton, wild foul of the woods, principally when they have bled, and likewise at night ye may roast any of these, and if he were accustomed to eat gross meatis in his health, as Pork, Onions, Garlic and such like, he need not to forbear them but to use them according as his appetite will serve him and also to drink wines, if he have used them before he was hurt.  
Yet nevertheless if he be a body filled with humours, and given to a Fever or any other inconvenience: he must use his meats and drink with discretion, and if he drink any wine it must be delayed with water. Notwithstanding Aparice did never forbid any kinds of meats to his patients which they were accustomed to use in their health.  
Secondly, if the wound be great: the patiented aught to keep his bed, if he cannot keep his bed: yet at the least he must keep his Chamber without taking any air which might annoy him.  
Thirdly, he must keep an order in his lying, that is to say, he may not always lie on one side: but often turn from one side to an other, aswell upon the wunded part as otherwise, and especially an hour before he be dressed, to the end that the humours may descend to the grief, which ought to be used in wounds aswell with cuts as with pricks as shallbe said in his proper place.  
Fourthly, he must endure the Oil as hot as ever it can be possible, for it is the nature of the Oil tobe applied seething hot, for the hotter he is applied: the stronger he is in operation. It is needful also that he abstain from the company of women for because that it would bring great inconveniences unto him, and not for the time of his healing: but also xx. days after, and principally if the wound were great.   

¶ A Preparatif.  
TO prepare the wound before the applying of the Oil, you shall take good white wine and boil it with one handful of incense, (which is only to comfort) with the which you shall wash the wound as hot as the Patient can suffer, both within and without, then wipe it very well with a clean linen cloth before that you apply the Oil, which shallbe showed hereafter, the occasion and the time how to apply it: and when the afore said washing shall not be used.   

¶ Of the Oil.  
THe said Oil, the more older it is: the better it is▪ and of the greater effect. And you shall remember (as before hath been said) to apply it as hot as may be, for by this means he shall the finelier pierce and heal the wound the sooner.   

The time of dressing of the wound.  
IT is necessary that if the wound come by any bitings or broosing: that he be dressed twice a day, and likewise to all other as shallbe said hereafter.  
That is to say, in winter at viii. of the clock in the morning, and at three of the clock at night. And in Summer at ix. of the clock in the morning, and at iiij. at night, because they be the most convenient hours. But if they be green wounds: after the first dressing you shall not need to change it again until the next day.   

¶ The differences of diseases.  
THe wounds & diseases do differ, for some are old & some are new, some in one part and some in an other, as in the head, arms or legs, and other places, for the which the wounds do differ, as shallbe showed hereafter of every one particularly, and also the manner & usage to apply the said Oil according to the manner, and grief of the diseased part.   

¶ The use of the Implaister that is to be applied with the Oil upon the diseased part.  
FIrst for wounds of the head, you shall shave away the hear ij. or iij. fingers breadth round about the wound.  
And then stay the blood with lint or tow being dipped in the said Oil, with the which you shall fill the wound, and upon that apply a linen cloth ij. or three double, which shall cover all the place, (as far as the here hath been shaven away) being steeped in the prepared wine before mentioned, and afterwards wrung out then role it up. This is it that ought to be applied at the first dressing. Also this is to be understanded, that at the first dressing: the prepared wine ought not to be used for fear of causing the flux of blood.  
Also you shall note that if the wound be very great, or in a dangerous place, by the which means there might ensue a flux of blood: you shall dress it but once a day at the first and second dressing, and from that time forward, at every dressing you shall wash the wound with the prepared Wine aforesaid both within and without, them wipe it very clean with a fine linen cloth that the wound may be made clean within and without, for it is very needful.  
Then afterward you shall fill the wound with Oil and cover it with lint steeped in the same, and upon that again apply a linen cloth ij or iij. double round about being dipped in the said said Oil.  
And then upon that again lay an other cloth moistened in the said Wine and wrung as aforesaid.  
This is the particular order of all manner of wounds and must be used till such time as you perceive the wound is upon healing, and then you shall heal it up with this Unguent following.   

¶ The manner to make the Unguent and how it ought to be used.  
TAke of the said Oil Magistrale, Venus' Turpentine and new Wax, of each like quantity, set it on the fire in a little pan, always stirring it the space of a quarter of an hour. Then take it from the fire and let it cool, and when it is cold: put it in a box and keep it to your use.  
And when you shall have occasion so use it: it will serve both for the Unguent, and the Implaister. You shall apply the Unguent upon Lint and lay it to the grief, and afterwards a little dry Lint upon that, and then apply upon that again an Implaister made with the foresaid Unguent,   

¶ Here followeth the particular orders how to apply this Oil magistral in every disease  
FOr wounds of the head, you must have a good consideration whether it were done with stone, staff or fall, or such other like accidents which are commonly called contusions. So that if the wound be healed up, and that there be engendered any Apostume or accidents (which may chance by contusion or bruising of the vessels or breaking of the bones) it would be a great offence to the brain.  
Wherefore to avoid such inconveniences, you shall order it in this sort, that is, you wall shave the hear of the place round about it, and then wash it very well with the said Wine, then wipe it very clean, and anoint it round about with the said Oil, and lay round about it linen clothes steeped in the said Oil, and upon that again other linen clothes steeped in the said wine, which shallbe used for the space of v. or vi. days or according to the grief of the place.   

For wounds of the legs.  
IF the wound be in any of the legs, and the muscles or sinewy parts, being cut overthwart: it must be stiched according to the bigness of the wound, or if there be any dislocation of the bone: you shall place him in his due order after the best manner. Then you shall wash the wound both within and without with the said wine, & if you fear any accidents which might happen by th'offence of the wound; you shall wash the whole member with the said wine. As if it be in the arm, from the shoulder to the fingers ends, & if it be in the thigh: down to the ends of the toes. Afterwards anoint the whole member with the said Oil & say round about it a linen cloth steeped in the said Oil, & upon that another double cloth being steeped in the aforesaid wine & wrung. And then role it in such sort that it be neither to strait nor to slack, & as for the rest of the cure: you shall finish it in such order as hath been showed before in the wounds of the head, but if it chance that the wound be very great and that there be loose bones which must be had out: you shall apply a tent in the lower part of the wound, for fear lest the wound should shut up to soon, and by that means might fall to some inconvenience. Therefore you shall keep in the tent till such time, as you have taken out all such things as is against nature.   

¶ Of wounds made with Harquebus and thrusts with Swords, Pikes, and such other like.  
FIrst it is necessary to stay the flux of blood as before hath been said in wounds of the head, then wash the wound with the foresaid wine and wipe it very clean. And if it fortune that the wound pierce through the member: you shall tent both sides of the wound, according to the length thereof, to the end that you may purge the wound of Contusion or bruised blood, which might remain in it & so to be dressed twice a day. And you shall dress both sides of the wound, as before hath been said, both in the washing and anointing. And if it be so that the wound pierce through the body: you shall tie the tent with a thread lest it should slip into the body and so annoy the Patient. And also day by day as occasion shall serve to shorten the Tent.   

Of swellings and Apostumations.  
IN what part of the body soever there chance any Apostume or swelling whether that it will come to matter or resolve: you shall hath the grieved place with the aforesaid wine, being warmed and lay thereon linen clothes (being steeped in the said wine and wrong) a good breadth round about the place, as before hath been said. And if you see that it resolve: apply the said Oil and wine until such time as it be whole. And if it come to suppuration: you shall use it as before hath been taught.   

¶ For the Hemerhoids.  
YOu shall wash them with the foresaid wine, and then apply your Oil with linen clothes, as afore said and pvon that your prepared Wine.   

For cold Gouts.  
FIrst you shall anoint all the whole grieved place with the said Oil, then apply linen clothes upon that, being steeped in scalding water, and wrung very hard. This done three or four times: shall cease the pain.   

¶ For Cankers.  
IF the Canker be not opened: the washing with the said Wine, and the pledgets steeped in the said Oil and applied will cause him to open, and when be is opened, you shall prosecute the cure as afore hath been said.   

For pain in the Rains.  
YOu shall anoint the Rains very well with the said Oil from the ridge of the back to the belly, then upon that apply a linen cloth being steeped in seething water and wrung hard as before hath been said, & upon that again great pledgets of Tow, and you shall wrap his legs very warm with hot clothes and let him lie down upon his bed and cover him warm, then will he begin to sweet, which sweat willbe an occasion of his health.   

¶ For old Ulcers.  
YOu shall first cut the lips of the Ulcer with a very sharp Razur, then wash it very well with the foresaid wine and so finish the rest of the cure as before hath been said.    
Finis.   

¶ galen's third Book of the composition of medicens.  
GAlen (the father and light of Physic) seeing the great abuse which was in his time in the curing of wounds and hurts of Nerves or Sinews: thought it necessary (in this his third Book of the composition of medicens) generally to entreat and write the method or manner of curing wounds in the Nerves or Sinewye parts, which cure before Galen's time was much abused, and many patients suffered both terrible torments with loss of their limbs and also grievous convolsions and painful cramps, not without dangerous fevers and great putrefaction, hastening untimely death.  
So that there was none that had the perfect cure thereof, for at the beginning: they used conglutinative and knitting medicines, 
The errors which have been used before Galens' time.  which they ought not to have done. And if there chanced any inflammation: then they fomented the afflicted place with hot water, and applied Cataplasmus of wheat meal, boiled with Hedraelaeum, that is to say Oil and water boiled together, in the which was a great error and contrary to all true method, for in so doing: the diseased part quickly corrupted, and came to putrefaction, by reason of unnatural heat and to much moisture, 
Hot and moist engendereth putrefaction and corruption.  which are the only and chiefest causes of putrefaction.  
Nevertheless it doth not follow that at all times drying & cooling things ought to be used, because that the cold is an enemy to the Sinews, 
Hip. lib. 5 Aphoris 20.  as Hypocrates testifieth, wherefore there must be used drying things tempered with mode rate heat, or at the least more declining to heat then to cold, which ought to be of a subtle and piercing substance, for heat alone doth not engender putrefaction, except it be mixed with abundant moisture.  
And after these things being well considered: there must be diligent regard whether the Sinew be uncovered or not, 
Method for the cure of Nerves.  for if the sinew be uncovered: the medicen aught not to be so strong, for in such a case, gentle and mild medicens are most meet where the Sinew is bare otherwise it will bring most perilous accidents.  
These medicens that are here rehearsed are of a thin subtle substance or nature, as Succus cerenaeus, 
The qualities and faculties of Simples, which must be used in these medicines.  Succus medicus, Sagapenum of the East Euphorbium of the West, and the juice of Tithimales. Of minerals or medicens which are found in the Earth, some be very subtle as Aphromtrun id est Nitri spuma, the frothy part of Nitrum, which easily will dissolve or be melted in water. Like wise these are subtle, Nitrum beronicum and Asia Petra, the flower of which among all earthly medicens is the most subtle. Of metals Lorpin and Sulphur be both subtle and hot. After these Misy, verdigrece and Chalcitis a minerals of Lime, the which be very hot and somewhat astringaunt.  
Therefore in the compounding of such subtle medicamentꝭ: we commonly burn or at the least wash and such like to mitigate the sircenes of their corrosive & fretting nature as Chalcitis. And next to this are placed Spodium, Pompholix, Psoicum & Chrisocolla, medicines of subtle substance, without any smarting heat. And of the like qualities are Succus laurinus and Cedrinus, that is to say the juice of Bays and cedar. Nevertheless the Bay is not so subtle as the cedar. And of the like qualities and kinds is the liquor or water of Lixivii which the Greeks call Stacta, and yet Oil of Cedron is of a greater and more excellent virtue, although that the said Lixivii be made of subtle things most finely and artificially burnt.  

The composition of this said Lixivii.  
Is of a wild Fig tree, which the Greeks call Erineon, and of Tithimales burnt. The best of the said Tithimales is that which the Greeks call Characias, which is the male & the greatest mover. The Corn which the Greeks call Sitera that is to say Wheat, and Eruus or Orobus is the most suttlelest, considering that they have no great faculty to heat.  
You shall understand that the most part of Simples which are subtle and fine are hot. And those which are of grocer substance, cold, the reason is evident, for the heat is subtle and light, and the cold: thick and heavy, and doth both repress and bind togethers.  
Yet for all that some cold Simples have a sharp quality with subtle substance, yet in operation it is cooling, as Vinagre, 
Cold is an agent quality aswell as heat.  for among all the Simples it is most suttlest.  
Therefore it is necessary to have good knowledge in the nature and quality of simples, 
Method for the knowledge and faculty of Simples and how they must be used.  whereof medicens have their being. For without the knowledge thereof: it is not possible to do any thing in this art, and especially in the cure of Sinews worthy commendation. It sufficeth not to have great store of Receipts, except ye know the particular nature of every simple. And with having knowledge: he shallbe able to frame his composition himself, according as the nature of the grief shall require.  
The perfect knowledge of Simples is in three things, that is to say, of plants, of metals, and of living things, and it is not sufficient to see them once or twice: 
Every this in his time  but you must mark and behold them often, as in their beginning, growing, state, and declination. 
All things are kept in their place out of the which as soon as it is removed it is the more subject to be corrupted.  For by this beholding: you shall know in what time it is best to gather them, if they be not gathered in their due time: the heat of the Sun will burn and take away their virtue. And also the place where they must be kept ought to be temperate in heat & moisture, for fear of changing their nature or virtue, for without the knowledge thereof it is not possible for a Chirurgeon to have the true understanding and method to compound medicens nor to govern well the curation of diseases.  
So than it is necessary to know the nature and faculty of Simples which is amply showed in many good Books and especially by Galen in his Book of Simples.  
I find a certain history in the foresaid Author the which I think may well and fitly be rehearsed in this place, 
The history for an example of the contusion of joints.  to make this more plain to the reader. Upon a certain time there was brought to Galen a child, having a contusion or bruise upon the first joint of his middle finger in such sort that the whole joint began to putrefy & corrupt, them Galen applied to the putrefied part a Cataplasm or Pultise, made with Barley meal & wax, & fomented it with the Lixivii round about the afflicted place, but where there was grief and pain: he made fomentation with hot Oil, and then after the moisture was drawn out, by the applying of dry wool, he used a medicine made with Oil, wax and Euphorbium, by the which means he preserved the joint. The like he did to an other which came to him in winter which had great cold with pain in his Knee continually, the which he cured in like manner with Oil and Euphorbium, for the Sinews and tendones 
The tendones are drier than the sinews  do receive all one curation, and the accidents that chanceth to the one: chanceth to th'other. For the names of such passions or griefs it is no matter, for because it is not the names that do either good or harm. But it is the faculty of the medicines which doth all. Let us return to the cure.  
Afterwards the said Child's finger began to putrefy more and more, and he began to feel pain and grief upward in the whole places. Then Galen in the place of Barley meal: the tenth day, did use the meal of Orobus with the said Lixivii, or Stacta wherewith the Patient began to amend, 
Stacte was made of stilled wild Fig leaves  and within iij. days was eased of his pain, saving that there remained in the bruised place, a certain Nervous or knotty substance much like unto a great tendone the which was ready to fall, & after being half rotten: fell all togethers, which did make many think, seeing this knotty substance: that the Sinew had been altogethers rotten, which was for lack of the knowledge of their Anothomy, and for lack of that knowledge they did not consider how the Tendones 
The tendones and their situation.  or cords are covered with the said Nerves, Membrana as defensatives, not only throughout the inside of the hand: but from thence go in order to all the fingers.  
Then after that Galene had taken away that which was putrefied from the said bruise: the cord was very sound and clean, & then he used Trosis dissolved in Sapa, & applied it in the foresaid Nervous part, & made particular unction again and in like manner used the Pultis, and the anointing with Euphorbium as afore said. And when he had thus done: the fourth day, did think with himself what medicine that were best then to apply, and considering that if there were no inflammation or distemperance: it were best to apply skinning things, but if there were any inflammation: then he thought best to use moderate drying things with out Cicatrising or skinning.  
And when he did see there was inflammation: he used the medicament that is called the green Plaster of Epigoni, which the Greeks call Isis. The which Emplaster you shall find in his second book of composition of medicines in general, than afterwards for to finish the cure: he used an other medicine composed as followeth.  
Rec. of wax, drachmas 150. Tereben thinae, drachm. 200, Seui vitulini, drachmas. 50. Galbani, drachmas 24. Man thuris, drachmas 24. Salis amoniaci, drachmas 12. Aeris usti, drachmas 12. Aloes, drachmas. 12. Squame aeris, drachmas 24. Alluminis rotundi, drachmas 24. Alum plum, drachmas 8, Chalchitis drachmas. 8. Miseos. draehmas 8. Apopenex, drachmas 8. Erui, drachmas 6. Ammoniaci, drachmas. 6. Mineii rubi, drachmas 6. A ceti, drachmas, 3. Olei hemi. 2. consequently when Galene had thus used it: them he came to sicatrisatises and for the outward part he applied Euphorbium mingled with Wax & Rosin in form of an Emplaster.   

Method for the curation of the wounds of Nerves or Sinews and of what faculty the medicines which must be applied aught to be be.  
GAlen in his method of wounds of Nerves, did use Liquid medicines and sometime Emplasters. And without the wound about the place, he applied very soft Wool with hot Oil. Sometimes also he used Oil with a little Vinagre. 
Vinagre is an eneto sinews.   
But in such sort that the cold virtue of the Vinagre was without offence, nevertheless the suttlenes or piercing virtue did remain, and two or three times a day did unbind the wound to see if the medicine did make any fretting in the Ulcer or sore. And if it caused any grief or pain: then he fomented it with Oil as hot as the patient could endure.  

All cold things are contrary to the Nerves  For if it be but warm: it will do more hurt then good, and much worse if it be cold, for the cold doth stop and hinder out breathing of the member. But the heat doth resolve and make thinner. etc.  
As for the use of water: it must be in such sort used that at no time in the curation it touch the Ulcer. Therefore when it doth chance that there remaineth any cluttered or congealed blood to be taken away out of the wound: it must be done with Oil.  
And for an example: Galen reciteth an history of one which being hurt, 
An history to prove, that all cold is contrary to the wounds of Nerves.  was four days without the feeling of any pain, and when he did see that there was no inflammation: he went abroad about certain earnest business which he had to do, the wether being very cold and tarried somewhat long: then he returned to his house with great grief and pain, even to the very nape of his neck. Then Galen being called after that he did see the pain that the Patient was in: made fomentation with hot Oil all about the pained place, and applied great quantity of wool moistened in Oil, and the liquid medicines made with Euphorbium and Castorum, and by this means the pain was eased, and after that he had slept: all the accidents did cease.  
Therefore it is very profitable to apply the Wool very warm, and so continue it whether it be applied with Oil, or Oil and Vinagre, which may well be done, if you apply also upon it dry Wool.  
And if it be in the Winter: the patient must keep his house until the fift or sixth day of his grief. For if he be free from inflammation until the seventh day, and that he feel no manner of pain or grief than he is without danger.  
Also you shall keep in memory that in this manner of cure, cold Oil & astringent is contrary. But there must be used the suttlest Oil that may be gotten, as very old Oil, for lack of the medicine that is made of Euphorbium or Vinagre, or other such proper medicine: Galen doth teach to take in their room, Propolis being very new, liquid and fat, and very old leaven, or else of the juice of Tithimall, with new leaven, or Propolis liquified in Oil with leaven, dissolved in very sharp Vinagre, and the Oil must be very old.  
The Flowers that are tobe used to make Pultasis or Cataplasemus of: 
The flowers for to make Cataplasmus.  are Farina, Fabarun, Orobi, id est erui Loliis. Ciceris vel Lupinorum, Amarorum polenta, made of Barley with oxymel, these Cataplasmus be not only good in boisterous people: but also to all others, whether there be any inflammation or no.  
For lack of these aforesaid medicines you may use these Cataplasmus following, that is to say Propolis being new, Liquid and fat, and apply it upon the wound, sometime with leaven alone and sometimes with both, & sometimes with meal of Orobis and leaven, but the leaven must be very old, and contrariwise the Propolis must be new. If it be old: you must soften it with Oil by the fire, or in the Sun, or else you may use the juice of Tithimales mingled with leaven or Oxelam, the Vinagre must be very sharp wherewith the Oxelam is made.  
These be medicens which may soon be had in a readiness for lack of others, 
Medicine which are easy to be prepared.  which at necessity Galen did use in wounds of Nerves. By this you shall note then that the medicines which be applied in wounds of Nerves, in what manner so ever it be: aught to be actually hot, and for the punctures or prickings of Tendones, the medicen which is made of Euphorbium and old Oil, in the form of a Liquid cerat is very good and proper.  
And with the said medicine Galen did heal one which was hurt in a tendone, within the space of four days.  
Then there was one that seeing the good success that he had with the Euphorbium and Oil) thought to take an example by the said curation, and did use new Euphorbium whereof did follow great heat and pain with corrosion in the Ulcer in so much that he was constrained to call Galene to remedy it, the which by fomentation of Oil and Vinagre did appease the pain and diminish the accidents, wherefore it doth appear (as before hath been said) that you must not neglect to have the knowledge of the faculties and kinds of approved medicines, and of them which will soon lose their strength, 
Note this wil  from the others which do keep and maintain long time. For Euphorbium 
Euphorbium to know whether it be old or new.  is one of these kinds that will lose his heat very soon, which is easy (by the colour) to be known. For if it be new: it is of an asshie colour. But if it be old: it is of a pale or yellow colour, & for that cause it is very dry, & will hardly be dissolved in new Oil, for in the mingling it doth drink up the Oil incontinent, wherefore to dissolve it well: 
The manner how to dissolve the Euphorbium and the nature and quality.  it must not be mingled together with Oil all at one time, but laboured in a mortar by little and little for fear of running togethers.  
Euphorbium is one of the Simples which will soon lose his heat, and doth not keep long, which is known easily only by the colours without tasting of it. 
Euphorbium is hot in the two ij. degree.   
Truly when it is old, it is not of an Asshye colour as it is when it is new, but it doth decline toward a pale or yellowish colour, and if it be new: in the tasting of it, it will be so hot that it will burn the tongue But if it be old: you shall feel no great heat in it, nevertheless, Euphorbium doth keep his virtue longer than Tapsia, for Tapsia in i year loseth his strength very much & in ij. years loseth his strength utterly & is good for nothing. But Euphorbium if he be good when he is new, that is to say if he be hot & burning as safore said: he will last three years, sometimes four years & to the fifth, but the he doth vi. lose all his force & strength.  
For which cause Galen did use often times old Oil without wax, for be cause that the Euphorbium was of five or six years of age. So that the use of the Euphorbium cannot be comprehended by weight, for when it is new: ye must put twice so much Oil, and three times so much Wax, and if it be old, the more Oil shallbe put to it and the less Wax.  
Wherefore if you will make the foresaid medicament in form of a Liquid cerat: 
The manner how to use the Euphorbium whether it be old or new  you shall put four times so much Oil as Wax. But if you will make it in form of a Plaster: you shall put thereto as much Oil as Wax, and principally if the Wax be old and dry. For if the Wax be new: you shall not need so much Oil, and less in Summer then in Winter.  
For to make Emplastrum Carotodes.  
That is to say a Cerat or Ciroene, you shall take of the best wax, liquid it in Oil, then add to the vi. part of Euphorbium, and temper it, as aforesaid, or else as followeth.  
Rec. Euphorbium, drachmas. 1. wax, drach. 6. Oil, drach. 5. or 6. And for because that the Wax is not so cleaving and viscus as Rosin or Pitch is ye shall add to either of the Cerats, Pitch or Rosin, 
The qualities and differences of Rosins.  or of both, and then ye shall not need so much Oil as you should have done, if it had been made only with Wax. And this is to be noted that you ought to have a diligent regard to the moisture or dryness of the Rosins, for you have sun more drier than other some, and others again be more liquid. Of the driest of these kinds is that which some call Fricta, and others Colophonia. After the same kind doth follow, that which is brought in earthen pots, which is unclarified, and when it is clarified: it is like the fore named Fricta.  
There is an other kind which is called Pityinon phisema, that is to say Germane Pitch which is more drier than the other two aforesaid, the which Galen did judge not to be used in this cure because of his uncleenes but did use the (aforesaid) Fricta.  
There be divers kinds of these (as before hath been said) of the which some will remain more liquid than other some, 
The quality and faculties of Rosins according to their degrees  for the Turpentine will remain most liquid, the other doth soon dry, as Strobolina and Abiotina, and of these two, the hottest is Strobolina, and next unto them in heat: is Turpentine.  
As for the Rosin of Cypress I do not reckon, for Galene never durst nor would use it in any Plasters to be applied to Narues, because it is astringant. The b●st and principal of all these kinds of Rosins: is Turpentine 
The Turpentine is the most principal of all Rosins.  not for his heat, for Strobolina and Abietina (as before hath been said) are hotter.  
The which Turpentine Galene did use by experiments, the great utility that was in it to mundify, to resolve, and to draw, and is very comfortable to the Nerves: witnesses also thereunto Dioscorides and Anabarzeus.  
And when you will have the Cerat very cleaving: you shall put to the more Rosin (as is afore said) and mix it according with the Oil and wax.  
The Emplaster which Galen did use.  
YOu shall take of Turpentine, and put thereto three times so much wax. Then add to them the xii. part of Euphorbium, if you know not whether the Euphorbium be exactly hot or no: you must prove when the medicine is made by this means, that is, ye shall strike a little of it upon a linen cloth, and apply it upon the thigh or arm, and there let it remain for a certain time, and if you perceive that it doth somewhat warm: then is the midicine temperate, and if it do cause no manner of sensible heat, 
Note this well.  or else that he give more fervent heat than he ought: it is certain that the medicine is either to week or to strong. The heat may be diminished by adding the more of Oil and wax, and also it may be augmented by adding to of the Euphorbium, for the confection of these kinds of medicines, the Propolis is the best and most convenible among all other kinds of Rosins, 
The utility and commodity of Propolis.  but it ought to be new & fat, because it will the better draw to the outward part, the thick vapours, and superfluous humours, but Rosins are to be mingled with Wax, only to give thickness and form to plasters, and are not so conveniable in this curatton as Propolis is.  
Therefore you shall note that in tender & soft complexions: the medicines ought not to be so strong, as in strong & boisterous complexions. For the Cerat which is mingled with old Oil is very conveniable in some, and likewise Fermentum, that is to say leaven, is very good so it be old, for the older it is the better, be cause it doth both resolve and attract more than new, moreover Sulphur vivum is very good in these afore said compositions, and it may be used with Tetrapharmacum. Also Aphronitrum may be used and Beronictum litrum, so that it be not gravely, which may also be mingled with Tetrapharmacum.  
Arsenicum which is called in the Attic tongue, 
Quenched Lime.  Arenicum, being mingled with Tetrapharmacum is profitable, and for lack of these you shall use Sandaracha as of Lime quenched and unquenched, 
Metalla lo tione et adustione fuit mitiora.  washed & unwashed. But there must be less of the unwashed then of that which is washed: for because that it is more sharper then that which is unwashed.  
Now then to have the perfect knowledge to heal wounds of Nerves, 
This aught to be known in the cure of Nerves.  it is needful to know the end and intention of the cure, likewise the faculty of simple medicines the which in this cure ought to draw and resolve without excessive heat and without great sharpness or biting. And likewise it is needful to know and understand perfectly the Anathomye. 
Note.  And the nature and complexion of the members of the body, and perfectly to understand and the difference between the Tendones membranes & ligamentꝭ for when occasion shall serve to stitch any wound: you must not touch the tendones, for the Tendones and the muscles have conjunction togethers, therefore when the muscles be separated: there must be very good heed taken in the stitching of them, lest ●ou cause pain, for if they do endure any pain: it causeth convulsion, and then afterward turneth to putrefaction, and so all the parts there abouts doth suffer the like accidents, yet nevertheless the musculous flesh may well be stitched as shallbe hereafter said. Therefore to have perfect knowledge of the Tendons, this is to be understanded, that therebe two kinds: that is to say, the one round like unto accord, for which cause the ancient writers have so called them: the others be flat like unto membranes, whereof some pass along by the thigh near unto the knee. Also they are within the palms of the hands and the souls of the feet. 
Of tendons their ●●●de ●ormes & situations   
Now we will return to the matter, in wounds of Nerves you must not make fomentation with hot water, as the Physicians before Galen's time did: nor yet use Cataplasmus made with wheat meal, and boiled with Hidrelaeum, for Galen made only fomentation with Oil, and the medicines aforesaid, by which means he healed many. And being but of the age of xxviij. years, at which time he came from Alexandrin into his own country, did invent and devise the manner to cure the wounds of Nerves: 
A note of Galen.  and since that time hath been many goodly cures, by the method and midicines aforesaid. And now for an example mark this history which is recited.  
Upon a time (among others) there was a certain Captain of war, the which had a wound in his thigh, transuersales, the which wound was of a great depth, that the one side was drawn upward & the other downward toward the knee, & for to heal the said wound: Galen did not doubt to stitch it in the musculous parts. Nevertheless he gave good respect in touching of any Tendon, for he knew that the muscles might well be stitched without danger and not the tendones, albeit that some ancient Physicians do stitch but only the upper lips of the skin, though the wound be never so deep, for they did fear to stitch the muscles, and there were others which would stitch the fleshey parts of the muscles, but they were of the upper part of the wound and not in the depth.  
Wherefore when there did chance any deep wound being transuersales: he did boldly stitch the musculous parts. As for the other woundis made according to the length of the member: it is not needful to stitch them, for with good and convenient rolling the musculous parts may well be agglutinated.  
Therefore they which be ignorant in the Anothomy, do fear to stitch the membranes with the muscles, but Galen being learned in that matter, did stitch them safely & without danger, although that the large Tendones are much like the membranes, yet for all that, there is difference, for the Tendones be more hard and of a grocer substance, than the said membranes be. 
The difference between the tendons and membranes.  Except it be in the muscles of Abdomen, which the Prince Auicenna calleth Mirac, for in that place they be very tender and subtle, as the membranes be in all points, except it be in the strait muscles.  
By this it appeareth that the iij part of Physic which the greeks call Chirurgia that is to say, the which is exercised by handy operation. Pharmaceutice, that is to say by medicines as to the Apothecary. Diaitetice, by regiment of the life, have need one of the other: wherefore he which doth take upon him this profession: ought exactly to be exercised in these iij. 
Note this place well.   
After that he first hath had the perfect knowledge of the Theoric, that is to say speculative, in the which is taught the method to cure by reasons and Demonstrations, and if he be ignorant in any of these: he is not worthy to be called a good Chirurgeon, and shall never be able to do any thing, which shallbe to the profit or easement of his Patients.   

The composition of medicines for wounds of the Nerves made of metals.  
AMongst the metals you must avoid them which are astringant, and principally in the prickings of the Sinews. 
The substance of metals.   
But the abstersives, as Aeris squama, & others are profitable. And this must be noted that all metals are partly of a gross and terrene substance, because that there doth contain in them, much earthy nature, wherefore they do require to be prepared, to the end that they may be more subtle. One way to prepare them is this.  

To prepare the metals.  First the said metals ought to be laboured in a mortar, only with very strong Vinagre, which hath a piercing faculty, and aught to be so laboured very long.  
There be some of the said metals that will not well be beaten, although they be very long laboured. Nevertheless they may easily be dissolved as Chalcitis, misy and such like, but others may be beaten and redused into powder, as Aeris Squama and such others. And this you shall note, that Chalcitis & Erugo if they be burnt: they have less sharpness in them, wherefore the greater quantity may be occupied when any medicine is made.  
The Pastils or Trocis of Andronis Poluidas and Pation, be right excellent and conveniable in wounds of Sinews, so that they be dissolved in Sapa as they ought. 
Excellent pastils.   
Sapa is made of Must, 
Sapa and whereof it is made.  that is to say sodden Wine, but the said Must aught to be made of sweet Raisins, and not of sour, which are abstersives and of the latter running of the Tub, the which wine must be boiled unto the consumption of the half, and with the said Wine the Pastils may be dissolved, to be applied unto the Nerves which lie bare. But when you use them, you shall take that kind of Polidas, for they be most temperate, and principally in these bodies which are temperate & tender, in which bodies all the kinds of Pastils ought not to be used, but medicines according, which we have all ready spoken of, and will speak hereafter, for all bodies be not of one temperature, for they differ in three things, that is to say, as for their temperature, secondly in the augmentation of their age, and last in their states and exersises, as they which work much, or live idly. Wherefore it followeth that no medicine can be convenient, 
A method worthy to be noted.  in all bodies. And for this cause you must have two sorts of medicines, the one strong: and the other week, and then when necessity doth require, 
According to the temperature of the body the midicine ought to be compounded, prepared and applied.  the mixtures may be according to the temperature of the body.  

¶ Medicines for strong and boisterous people.  
Rec. Aeris squama part. 3. Misyos crudi parts. 2. Chalciteos cruda part 1. Cerae part. 12. At the beginning when Galene prepared this medicament: he did put to it Arsenicon, and after that when he saw that it was superfluous: he left it out.   

¶ Medicine for delicate and tender complexions.  
Rec. Misyos combusti, Chalcitidis usti ana, part, 1. Aeris squamae parts. 4. Cerae, part, 18.  
Medicine for mean complexions which Galen did often use.  
Rec. Misyos usti. Chalcities ustae, Erugini ustae ana, part, 1. Aeris squamae part, 3. Cerae, part. 5.  
For to make these medicines, the quantity of the Oil ought to exceed the quantity of the Wax, 
Note that galen's pound is but xii. ounces.  as if there be viii. ounces of Wax, you shall put xii. ounces of Oil (which is a pound) and the Oil must be like the Oil of savin, that is to say, of a subtle substance, and not astringant, and the old Oil is best. Wherefore new Oil which the Greeks call Homotribes, is neither good nor convenient.  
After that the metals have been well beaten long time with Vinagre: you shall add to of Thus, but it must be white and good, then again you shall beat it with the metals, before that you add to the Cerot, but the quantity of the Thus shallbe the half of the medicines, for to make the medicine in a mean temperature. And if you will make it more weak: you shall add to more than the half of Thus.  
And if you will have the medicine more sharper: you shall not put to the half of Thus in the foresaid medicine. It is expedient that ye mingle some Rosin with the Wax and Oil, nevertheless you ought to consider, that if you do put to it Strobolina, that the medicine willbe more stronger and sharper, and if you put to it of Terebenthine: the medicine willbe more softer and mean in sharpness, and if you will have it between both: you shall put to it Abietine or Benjamin larix, 
The faculty and quality of Larix.  which is one of the moistest Rosins, and is of substance like unto liquid Pitch, which some merchants and Factors sell for Terebenthine, to them that know it not, nor can discern the one from the other.  
Yet not withstanding there is great difference which may be easily kowen by the taste and by the sharp smell which he hath more than Terebenthine, nevertheless their strength doth not differ much.  
Wherefore if you will make your medicine in form of an Emplaster: you shall mingle with your Wax, the vi. part of the said Rosin, which is for a pound of wax: ij. ounces of Rosin, and if it be liquid and fat, half an ounce shall suffice. And when you will not make the medicine in form of an implaister: you may leave out the said Rosin, but you may add to of Galbanum sometimes as much as of Thus according as need doth require. For when you put to as much Galbanum as Thus: the medicament is the gentler, and when you will have it more stronger: you shall put to it but half so much Galbanum, and sometimes the lesser weight or quantity, as if there be iiij. drams of Thus, and iiij. drams of Galbanum: 
This is meant because the Galbanum is more liquid than the Thus.  the medicine shallbe the more mitigative and gentle. But if you put to but ij. drams of Galbanum: the medicine willbe somewhat stronger. Wherefore in sensible and tender bodies or Cacochime it is expedient to have the medicine tobe prepared with the more quantity of Galbanum. Then when you will make your medicine to be applied to the Nerve being bare or discovered: you shall not put in so much Galbanum for fear of causing pain, for the Sinews being bare may not abide any strong medicine.  
Among the simples, Vinagre is sharp and very painful, and for that cause Oil is applied with it, and also sometimes Galbanum, and for lack of Galbanum: you may take such greaces that are of fine & subtle substance, as of wild beasts, that is to say, of Lions, wild Boars, Leopards or Bears.  
Likewise of flying fowls, as of wild Ducks and such other like, 
The choice of the best greaces.  in their stead you may take of Cocks, Hens or Chickens, but this is to be noted that the greaces of wild flying fowls and which do live abroad in the fields, 
Note this for they which do not exercise the body doth engender humorꝭ gross and cold and undigested  are better than of them which be nourished about the houses, for those which be nourished within or about any houses: are more heavy, and their fat is of a more gross substance and more moist, for because that they are shut up, & have no scope to fly or run as the others do, for the exercise & stirring of their bodies doth lighten and make fine their gross humours.  
When you will have your medicine of the thickness of a Cerot: them must be added to the third or fourth part of Wax, or if the grease be very moist: you may put to the one half of Wax, and so after such sort as shallbe thought good, but if the grease be mean between both, that is to say neither to dry nor to moist: you shall add to the third part of wax, the which Cerot shallbe profitable for many purposes, and is called Diasteaton, that is to say made with tallow and grease.   

¶ The Medicine which is called Dieuphorbium.  
WE have spoken heretofore of the quality, nature and faculty of the Euphorbium, and after what sort it will keep, & how in time he looseth his strength and how he must be known by his colour and substance. Now we will entreat of the medicines which are compounded with the said Euphorbium, and is made as followeth.  
Rec. Euphorbii, part, 1. Cerae parts 3. Olei, parts, 4.  
To the composition of this medicine the wax ought to be triple, that is to say, iij. times so much in respect as of the Euphorbium and the Oil the fourth part, but the Euphorbium must be new and good. The use of this medicine is profitable in the punctures of Nerves, 
The virtue of this medicine.  and especially when it is feared that the wound will close up, therefore it is necessary to have a respect to the strength of the medicine, for if it be to week the quantity of Euphorbium may be augmented, sometimes there may be added to the half of Euphorbium, & sometimes as much as of wax or more. Namely if the Euphorbium be old, for it must be according to the strength of the patiented. But if the medicine be to strong: you may weaken it by adding to of some Oil, or else to make an other more weaker according to the form and manner aforesaid. And if you will know when the medicine is to strong: you shall mark these signs that follow, that is to wit, if the Patient feeleth great heat with Erosion, 
Signs for to know whether that the medicine be to strong.  or if the parts about it be hotter than they were before, or if the pricking pain be more raised up then it ought to be, or if the side of the said prick have any inflammation.  
Therefore for to choose apt and convenient medicines: it is needful to make the composition in the which there is put iij. times so much wax as new Euphorbium, the which is more stronger than the other. If there be v. times so much Wax: the composition shallbe more week and gentle. And if there be iiij. times so much wax: the composition shallbe mean between both. And if you will have your Unguents such as the Physicians call Acopa, 
Without labour. unguentum Acopa.  that is to say taking away of weariness or pain: you shall put to iiij. times so much Oil as Wax. But if you will have it in form of a liquid Cerot: you shall put to double of Oil to the Wax and if the Wax be dry: you shall put to of Oil ij. parts and a half, which is to say, for one pound of Wax, ij. pound and a half of Oil. And if you will make it plaster wise: there must be added as much Wax as Oil, namely if the weather be temperate. And if the wax be to old and dry, and that the weather be cold: there must be somewhat more Oil than wax. But if the wax be new and moist, and the weather hot: there must be somewhat more Wax than Oil, that is to say, for one pound of wax: xiii. ounces of Oil, & in the composition of the medicine, for the better mingling of the Oil and Wax together: you shall add to some Rosin and principally of Terebenthine or in stead Colophonia, and if you do add as much of it as of Wax: the Pitch doth make the consistence of the Cerot, and note, that which is most liquidest: is the best, even in like sort as of the Rosins. And if the Rosin be liquid, as is the new Terebenthine: it shall suffice to put in the third part, in respect of the Wax.  
When Galen did compound any medicine, wherein is Rosin and wax, it is to be understanded that he meant not that which was dry and old: but such kinds of Rosin and Wax that were of a meant substance, for else being mingled with the others will soon dry and lose their strength, and that for two causes. The first by the intemperature of heat of the weather, and secondly by the reason of being to long kept. As for Propolis: it is no other thing but white Wax, and it is more conveniable in plasters and cerotes then Rosin or Pitch. And more Galene doth account Terebenthine among the Rosins, and is most convenient of all the Rosins in the fore said plasters and cerotes.   

¶ Medicines made of Simples which will dissolve.  
THese Simples which follow are liquible, that is to say, which will dissolve upon the fire, and whereof cerotes and Plasters be made, and may be boiled with moist things as with water, Wine and Vinagre.  
The simples, which are these that follow, Propolis, Wax, Rosin, Laudanum and Senum, that is to say, tallow, and Galbanum, which must be prepared in a double vessel commonly called Balneum Mariae, which is as much to say, in putting of the foresaid simples within some vessel, and then to set it in a Cauldron of water upon the fire. There are also simples that will aswell dissolve without fire as with fire, in moist things as Gutta Ammoniaci, the liquor of Sagapeni, Panacis, Cerapion and Oppoponax.  
Rec. Oppoponacis, Galbani, Terebenthine, Propolis, ana part. 1  
You ought to take good heed that your Propolis be neither dry nor old, but for lack of the other: you may put in such as may be gotten, but it must be double in weight and the other Simples must be new and liquid.   

¶ Another of the same effect.  
Rec. Aseti sexta 1. Picis. 1, pound. Oppoponacis 4. ounces, the Pitch must be boiled with the Vinagre. Et fiat.  

The use and facultit of these medicines.  These medicines afore named are good in punctures of Nerves, and for biting of mad Dogs, and principally for a wound made by any venomous beast, by the reason that they are piercing, and do keep the sides of the wound from shutting together by the which means the venom which lieth within: shall the more easily be drawn out. But for because that the said medicines are strong: you must use them in strong & boisterous bodies.  
And if the said diseases, do chance in tender and delicate people, as women and little Children: then they must be liquified with some kind of Oil, or resolutive Unguent, namely Amaricum and Oppobalsamum.  
Then afterwards with Irinum and Comagenum, and in stead of these Susinum and Ciprinum, or if these be not to be had: you shall take Oil. Or if it be in Alexandria, you shall take Oleum recinum and Rhaphaninum, for surely there is abundance of this aforesaid in Alexandria, & also through all Egypt. But there is not to be found Oleum sinapinum but with great disicultie, the which Oil if it be put in the afore said medicament: there is no doubt but that it will be much more stronger and better to keep open the punctures of the Nerves, and if you have no Oppoponax to make the said medicine withal: you may take Sagapenum dissolved in Vinagre, Rosin or Propolis, or some greaces, 
The greaces which are most requisite in this medicine.  being very old so that they be sharp, and of a subtle substance, as of a Lion, Leopard, Bear or Fox or else of wild Ducks.  
Or else these greaces' following being very old, of a Bull or of a Goat. And this is to be noted, that the older the greaces' be: the more sharper, and namely the grease of a Hog the which is more soft and moist than all the aforesaid. And of the like nature is Wine and Vinagre and Mary, but of all mary's: the best is the marrow of a Hart, or of a Calf. Of these aforesaid medicines Galene doth counsel to have in a readiness, the which he did always use in punctures of Nerves, wherewith he had good success.   

The use of Pigeons dung.  
FOr because that Pigeons dung is sharp: it must be used in the stead of Euphorbium, nevertheless it is of a more subtle substance than Euphorbium, wherefore it is more convenient in strong and boisterous people, as rustical bodies dried with labours, Galen sometimes did mingle metals togethers beaten in Vinagre in the form (as before hath been said) and by that means the medicine was made more sharp, even as though he had put in Verdegrece.    

¶ Of Medicines called Diabotanum, that is to say, made of herbs.  
GAlen the interpreter of Physic and learned in all things: would omit nothing which did appertain to the curation of wounds of Nerves, for which cause he hath taught divers manners of curations, to the end that if the one should fail: they should have others at all times when need required, and also when upon the sudden a Chirurgeon is called to visit any Patients, whereas the Simples requisite cannot be gotten, therefore Galen right wisely hath taught the way to compound medicines for wounds of Nerves with herbs in stead of the metals aforesaid.  
First the said Galen did compound medicines for wounded Nerves of those herbs which were of a subtle substance, 
Herbs and roots for the composition of medicines.  that is to wit of Dictamus, Amaracus, and Malus terrae which is Aristolochiae, moreover he did make some in the which he did put in Marou amaricum, which is Margerum, Polium argemonae, which is called Aigrimony, Chamapitis id est vina artetica centaurium Radicis omnium, Aristolochiarum, Draconculi, Ficus agrestis, Brionia, Althaea, Iridis, Acori mei, Asari phoud est Valeriana, Gentiana and Panacis. All the which herbs and roots afore named Galen hath written and declared in his Books of Simples. And this you shall note, that because they have a bitterish taste without abstersion or immoderate sharpness: they are convenient in woundis of Nerves, and how they ought to be used mark this that followeth. 
The manner for to compound medicines with the said herbs.   
First they must be dried, then stamped and beaten very fine, then seared through a fine searce. For if it be of a gross substance: it is not convenient in wounds of Nerves, which doth require the most subtle and finest that may be, (as before hath been said) then after that these herbs and Roots be finely powdered: they must be mingled with Wax and Oil, in such sort as we have said of Euphorbium.   

Compositions for wounds of the Nerves, which the Greeks call Politeleis, that is to say sumptuous,  
IT is not only profitable to have the knowledge to compound medicines of the simples aforesaid: but others sumptuous & of great price, for although that they be but seldom used, yet nevertheless it fortuneth sometimes, that if you have a great number of medicines: you shall scant please the Patient, for he will have them made of such Simples as are very sumptuous. As for an example Galen maketh mention of a very rich man which he doth not name, in his first Book of the knowledge of the judgement of the pulse, and this third Book. The which rich man did by all the means possible he could, approve to heal a malign Ulcer upon one of his servants, then when he did see that he could not heal it: he did commit it into Galens' hands, and after that he perceived that Galen 
An history of a cure which Galen did on a malign Ulcer.  had healed it: he did desire him to give him the receipt of the midicine wherewith he did heal his foresaid servant. The said rich man did not consider that there are many kinds of malign Ulcers: but thought with one medicine to heal all manner of ulcers, yet nevertheless Galen did give to him the foresaid receipt. But when he had the composition: he said go thy ways and give thy receipt to beggars, and let me have an other more costlier and of richer Simples.  
And also at a nother time when he could not heal a Child that had a certain infirmity about his ear (with his own medicine which he used without method) did send him to Galen, and afterwards he met with one by chance, of whom he did understand that the said Child was healed: he was very desirous to know what manner of medicine Galen used.  
Then considering that he had seen many that have been wounded, both in Nerves and other places, and having their fingers cut with putrefaction, and some of them have died, and others lamed. And contrary wise he did understand that none of them which Galene did dress died, nor were in danger of death, but that spéedyly did help them: he demanded the receipt of same manner of sumptuous or odorifferous Unguent for wounds of Nerves, 
An excellent method to cure wounds of Nerves.  than Galene did give to him many receipts faithfully dispensed, with the which he healed many that had wounds in the Nerves, for the which he gave Galen great praise, and gave him most hearty thanks for giving of them so liberally, for which cause he did present Galen with a present, the receipts which he gave him were these that follow.  
Rec. Cinamomi, Dictamni, Mary, ana drach. 40.  
Certainly these Simples are odorifferous and subtle, he would not put in Amaracum, because it had not a good smell, also at Rome it was very hard to be found, as of Marum. You must beat these Simples very fine and serce them as before hath been said, and then temper them with the Cerot made of very good Oppobalsame, and Tyrrhenique Wax, which Cerot is made of viii. parts of Wax, and x. parts of Oppobalsame.  

¶ The composition of the receipt is thus.  
Rec. Cerae, part. 8. Oppobalsame, parter. 10. ad to of the best Turpentine part 1. the Terebenthine is added to in the end, and if you will have the medicine cleaving, and of a reasonable form: you may add to also of precious Myrrh.  
Where the Nerves were bare Galen did use the Cerot which the Greeks call Mirepsice, & the Unguents 
The manner to prepare Unguents.  which the Romans call unguentum spicatum, and Phuliatum, in adding to the xii. part of Pompholigoes' washed, which must be prepared with Terrhenique, Wax, and burnt Nardus in a double vessel, which is vulgarly called Balneum mariae, and all Unguents ought to be prepared after the like sort.  
In punctures of Nerves the most sharpest medicines are most convenient because they keep the wound open, but in wounds of nerves discovered, 
A note of punctures and wounds of Nerves discovered.  it is convenient to use medicines which have a mean astriction with resolute virtue, and without biting, as Amomum. spicanardi, and Folium Malabathri.    

The composition of Medicines by other Physicians which Galen maketh mention of.  
THere was none before Galens' time which did write the reason and manner to cure the wounds of Nerves, nevertheless some have since his time, but without distinction and good order. Among other a Physician of his time did prepare one as followeth.  
Rec. Cerae. 6, ounces. Olei. ounces. 9 Myseos. ounces. 6. Chalcitidis. drach. 1. Aeris squama. ounces 2. and a half. Thuris half an ounce. Galbani 1. ounce.  
The Simples which may be liquified, that is to say, the Wax and the Galbanum after that they be resolved: you shall mix them with the metals. first being beaten very fine with strong Vinagre. Galene never knew the Author of this composition, and saith that he never found it neither in Asclepiades Apothecary, nor in Petron, nor in Andromacus. Albeit that the ancient Physicians did compound good medicines.  

Another of Adromachus.  
The which is good as Asclepiades doth write for wounds in Nerves and Muscles, contusions and gallings, and for any member being broken, there may be made with it also Collires, for diseases of the eyes, and is a good remedy for pain of the head and for all griefs.  
Rec, Argenti spuma, 
Alius. 18  Cerae ana drach 144 Ammoniaci drach. 72. Terebenthine drach. 36. La●oe succidae combustae drach. 12. Aeris squamme, Thuris, Aristolochiae ana drach, 8. Olei ricini hemi. 3.  
The manner to prepare it is thus. First you shall boil the Oil and the Litarge together, af●er that ad to the Wax and the Turpentine, and when it hath boiled till it come to a reasonable consistence: you shall add to Ammoniacum. Note that this medicine 
The faculty and usage of this medicine.  is not conveniable in punctures of Nerves: for because it is astringant. Nevertheless it may be used where the Nerves and tendones be discovered. And if there be any inflammation: it must be liquified with Oil of Roses, and if there be none: it may be liquified with old Oil, Recinum chamamelium and others which are for soft and tender bodies, and for the strong and boisterous: you shall use strong Oil as Oleum radicis, ●icus, Aggrestis, Brioniae, Asari, Dracunculi, Aristolochiae and Panacis, but the Aristolochia and Panacis are more strong than the others.   

Another composed by Claudius Philoxenus Chirurgeon for the foresaid griefs.  
Rec. Argenti spumae, Cerae ana drach 160. Ammoniaci, drach. 80. Propoleos drach 40. 
Alius. 18.  Terebenthine, Resine, Siccae, Thuris, Squame aeris, ana drach. 16. Lanae succide▪ combustae, Squamae Stomomatis, ana, drach. 8. Oppoponacis dra. 4. Olei ricini hemi. 3.   

A reddish medicine of Halieus.  
Rec. Argenti spumae, Cerae ana. drach 100, 
Alius. 100  Terebenthinae, Mannae, Thuris, Galbani, Minii Cinoptici, ana drach. 8 Olei sexta. 1.  
This implaister 
The utility of this Emplaster  is good in green wounds, and for wounds of the Nerves, and for Ulcers of the eyes, which be hard to cicatrice. And to resolve all hardness and principally of the Dugs. It is likewise good for biting of mad Dogs, and for the stinging of Dragons, and the venimouse fish called in Greek Trigon Thalassia, and in Latin Pastinaca Marina, Asclepiades doth write that it is only for wounds, & maketh no mention for punctures of Nerves although it will serve in both.   

Another catagmatique medicine composed by Moschion.  
Rec. Argenti spumae, minam. 1. which is 160. drach. Picis aride drach. 160, Seve vitulinae dra. 160. Resine Terebenthine drach. 80. Man thuris drach. 80. Cerae drach. 40. Eruginis oppoponacis, Galbani ana drach 8. Olei ricini hemi 1. Aceti hemi. 1. liquorice cicamini hemi, 1. Picis liquid, ciath. 3.  
The manner to boil this Unguent is thus. First you shall boil the Litarge and the Oil together, then add to the calves grease, and after that the Manna and the Thuris, let them be stirred continually till they be incorporated, them you shall put to it the Pitch, the wax and the Turpentine, and consequently the others, which must be boiled in form of an Emplaster, after that you shall add to the Galbanum, Eruge and Oppoponax, dissolved in Vinagre, than ye shall take the liquor of Cicamini, and the liquid Pitch, and boil them in another vessel, and when they be melted together, and somewhat thick: you shall mingle them with the others, and set them on the fire again, till they come to a perfect consistence.  
Then you shall let it stepe in white Wine the space of iij. days, after you may strike it upon a linen cloth to use as an Emplaster.  
This Emplaster 
The virtues of this Emplaster  is very good in green wounds, and for cutting and contusion of Nerves, for a Fracture with a wound and with convenient ligature doth cause calls to engender in bones, it is likewise good in the beginning of an Hidropsye, for contufion of the Testicles, for Rhagadies, for tumors of the Throat called of the greeks, Bronchocilas', to be brief this is a right excellent medicine.    
FINIS.   

¶ The curation of wounds of Nerves, Tendons & joints,  
THe cause of solution of continuity the whole and sound parts in Nerueus places, may chance divers ways, that is to say, by contusions, as blows with Stones, staves, Hammers, Clubs, Harquebus, Crossbows, bitings and such other like. Likewise it may come by sharp and pricking Instruments. As a Bodkin, Spear, Dart, Thorn or venimouse Beast, or such like. Also by cutting with a sword, or Knife. Of the which wounds some be made according to the length of the Tendone, Nerve or Sinew, Membrane or Caule, and others according to the breadth with great incision, and some mean or lesser, of the which hurts these accidentꝭ may follow.  
As pain, vehement fluxion, inflammation, Fever, loss of reason, Sinope, Apostume, Gangrena, and mortification of the whole part, and often times death by reason of the communication and consent that they have with the Brain and other noble parts.  
Moreover it is to be understanded, that when the Nerves or Tendones be but half or little cut, the wound is more dangerous, then if they were cut quite a sunder.  

That which covereth the Skull.  And so is it with the Periosten, pericranium and membranes, or because that the portion or part that is cut doth draw himself to his beginning, which causeth convulsions and Cramps, but when they be wholly cut: there followeth no accidents. Insomuch that they have no contrariety when they retire, the which is manifestly seen in the woundis of the head, for where the Pericranium is but half cut: the accidents are more vehement than when it is wholly cut, as we may daily see by example, when we make incision to apply the Traepan.  
And amongst all the hurts of the Nerves, the prickings bringeth most pernicious and terrible accidents, by reason that the orifice is so small, that the humour cannot issue out, but remaineth within and there gathereth a sharpness, which drinketh into the Nerves and Tendons, and doth cause them to swell, and by the swelling they are shortened, whereof cometh such pain, that it causeth most painful cramps, and such other like accidents as before hath been said.  

The cure of punctures of the Nerves.  
FOr the curation, there are two things to be considered, that is to say, to appease the pain, and to defend the part afflicted from fluxions and Apostumation: for the accomplishing of the which, you shall apply upon the wound at the beginning a dessiccative medicine, of a thin and subtle substance, to the end it may penetrate more easy the bottom of the prick, and consume the moisture therein, which other wise would cause an eager sharpness (as afore said) which sharpness would bring great pain and accidents. Wherefore you shall apply Oil of Turpentine, with a little Aquavitae well rectified, or Euphorbium and Sulphur powdered and incorporated together, and applied very warm, or else Oil of Vitroel and Aqua vite, and round about the place this Cataplasma following.  
Rec. Farine hord. & orrob. ana unces 2. syrup. acetosi, unces 3. Flor. Camomile two handfuls. Lixivii qui sufficien. fiat Cataplasma.  
If by this order the pain doth not cease, and that there be any contraction of Nerve: you shall apply speedily hot seething Oil with lint being dipped in it, as well at the bottom as the edges of the wound, which must be done two or three times at one dressing, for by this kind of Cauterization: you shall cease the pain, by reason of the burning of the Oil, the Nerves or Tendons doth lose their sensible feeling.   

Of the wounds of the joints.  
THe wounds of the joints are for the most part mortal by reason of their deneruations or Tendones and membranes, with the which is mingled Nerves, for the which cause they have greater feeling, for the Nerves being mingled with them: causeth more pain, which pain bringeth this aforesaid accidents, and especially if they be in the interior parts, as under the arm holes, the bought of the arm, in the wrists or in the hams, or groins. By reason of the great Veins, Arteries and Nerves which are in those parts, and by the means of solution of continuity, that are in those parts, causeth great pain, flux of blood and other like accidents.  
For the ordering of the which: you must persever according to the nature of the said accidents, in staying the flux of blood and appeasing the pain as much as you can possible, and if the wound be great: you shall stitch it leaving an Orifice in the lower part thereof for to give issue to the matter, this being done: you shall apply this powder following the space of ij. or three days to preserve the stitches.  
Rec. Thuris sanguinis draco. Boli armenici, terrae sigil. ana drach 2. Aloes, mast. ana drach. 1. fiat pulvis subtilis.  
The which powder you shall apply upon the seem, and round about the joint a defensive made of the whites of Eggs, Oil of Roses, Bol, Mastic and Barley meal. And if you apply any tent: he must be short and not to big, lest he should cause pain, which tent shallbe applied with a digestive made with the yolk of an Egg, Oil of Roses and a little saffron.  
Also if the said wound be little and strait (rather than to fall into these aforesaid accidents) you shall enlarge it to the end that the humours which be come to the part (by reason of the pain) may have a large issue.  
Moreover the afflicted part must have rest and be kept from cold, and also from medicines which doth relax, soften or moist, but contrary wise they must be astringant and dry as this Cataplasma following.  
Rec. Furfuris maciris, farinae hordei, et fabar. ana ounces. 4. Flor. Camomille Melliloti ana half an handful. Terebent. ounces 3 Mellis communis unces 2. Olei myrrh ounces. 1. oxymel sump. vel Oxicrat, vel Lixivij. qui suff. fiat cataplasm ad formam pultis.  
Or else this. Rec. the lies of wine, wheat Bran, Cipres Nuts, Galls and Terebenthine, with this make a Cataplasma, many such other like may be made, but this shall suffice.  
For those that be applied on these parts must restrain, dry and corroborate or strengthen the joints, this doing you shall cease the pain, and keep the humour from the afflicted part.  
Moreover, this is to be noted, that neither within the wound nor without, you shall apply any Oilly or greasy medicine, for as much as it relaxeth the substance of the muscles, membranes and Nerves: by the which means it doth make the place more apt to receive defluxions. And also it doth so relax and moisten the wound, that it is a great hindrance to the consolidation.  
Therefore the medicines (which ought to be used in this cause) must be desiccative and astringant as this that followeth, which is both astringant, desiccative and glutinative.  
Rec. Terebint. venic. ounces 2. Aqua vitae parum. Pul. aloes. Mast. myrrh, Bol armene ana. 2. scruples. And so applied as need shall require, or some other good Balm, being applied with desiccative powder, so that the powder be without any sharpness, and if there come any accidents: it shallbe remedied by medicines contrary to the same, according as need shall require.  
And this is a principal thing to be looked unto, that you keep the wound from cold, the which is all together contrary both to wounds and ulcers, by the which means a great number have perished as Hypocrates 
Hippo. 5. Aphoris. 20  testifieth, saying that to all ulcers the cold is biting, it hardeneth the skin, it causeth pain and keepeth wounds from suppuration, (for as much as it doth choke the natural heat, which should bring suppuration) and causeth the place to be evil coloured: with shakings, fevers, convolsions and extensions. So that the excrements which do avoid is a glitting Musceledge, thin or waterish humour, which doth commonly follow in these kinds of wounds, for because it is a proper humour that floweth out of these wounds, for every place doth give his proper humour: as for example the bone being broken, the nourishment of them engendereth a Calus.  
Now this humour which commonly issueth out of the nervous places, is mixed with cold, which causeth extreme pain, and resisteth the medicines, although they be potential hot.  
To appease the foresaid pain, and to correct the intemperature of the cold humour: you shall apply warm things, not only potentially: but also actually, as a Bullocks bladder being half filled with some resolutive medicine and warmed, or of Bricks being made very hot and then quenched in Wine, and so applied about the joint, and to heat them as often as need shall require.  
By this actual heat, nature is helped to digest and resolve the humour contained in the place, and doth strengthen it, for because that the joints have but little heat in them: for the which cause there be few medicines that will profit, except they be actually hot. Wherefore I will conclude that the offence of the jointꝭ is increased rather of cold then of heat.  
For the which cause the Methodical Chirurgeon, must have a great respect to these wounds, in taking his judication of things natural, not natural and against nature. And moreover he must have the knowledge how to place the wounded joints, which shallbe showed here following.  

The situation of the wounded joint.  
IF the wound be in the fore part of the shoulder: 
This is meant by great wounds in the joints.  you shall lay under the arm hole a Bolster and carry your arm in a Towel bearing up the elbow to the end that you may raise and hold up the bone, and so to keep him in his right place, for by this means, the glutination and consolidation, shall the better and sooner be done.  
And if the wound be in the lower part, then when you see that nature beginneth to engender flesh, and that the lips of the wound beginneth to close: you shall have good respect to cause the Patient often to lift up and down his arm, for if you do forslewe this, and that the Cicatrice be once made: the patient shall never lift his arm high, but with great pain.   

The situation of the Elbow.  
IF the wound be in the joint of the Elbow, you shall situate the arm in a mean form, that is to say, neither to strait, nor to much bowing in, for if the arm be healed in a mean form: the diseased party shall have the use of it a great deal the better, than otherwise he should have had if it had been to strait or to much bowing in.   

The situation of the Wrists.  
WHen the wound is in the outward or inward part of the wrists, or in the joints of the fingers. The hand and the fingers must be situated half bowing and you shall put within the hand some round Ball or compressor, for because that if he keep his hands and fingers in a strait form & nothing bowing: they will remain without any office, for because that the action of the hand is to take. Wherefore you shall observe the form to the half bowing, and having the said form, he shallbe able somewhat to help himself, in handling of many things as a sword, Pike, Halbart and the bridle of his Horse and such other like, which is done by the action of the hand.   

The situation of the Hip.  
IF the wound be in the Hip, you shall use such order that the Os femar. do not come out of his place, the which may be done by compressours and ligatures, and so to place the Patient upon his back until such time, as it is grown to a perfect Consolidation.   

The situation of the Knee.  
IF the wound be in the joint of the Knee, the Leg shall not be kept strait out: but a little bowing, for if he remain strait: the Patient shall go very ill, also if it be to much bowing in: it will be to short.   

The situation of the Foot or Toes.  
IF the wound be in the joint of the Foot or Toes: the Patient shall keep them out strait, and not crooked for if they be any thing bowing: the Patient shall never go so well as when they be strait.    
FINIS.   

A brief gathering to gither of certain errors which the common Chirurgeons use: very necessary and profitable for all Chirurgeons, which are desirous to have the right method of curing.  

The first error which they use: is touching the disease called in Latin, Lues Venerea, and in English the French Pocks.  
THe errors which be used at this present (touching the Venerian disease) are very great, principally at the beginning, for when it beginneth it appeareth in the yard with inflammation, Ulcers and excoriation of the conduct of the Urine, which cometh from the neck of the Bladder. And after that commonly followeth Apostumes of the groins, with pushes and such other like discouloured Pimples according to the infected humour, for the cure of the which, they begin with vehement or strong medicines, as Colocinthis, confection of Hamech or such like. And the next day following they open a Vain in the right or left Arm (respecting not that there may follow a Lask of their vehement purgation) and then minister their Unctions and suffumigations which is certainly a manifest error.  
By the which means they draw the infectious blood and humours to the noble parts, and feeling the inward annoyance of the same: sendeth it to divers outward parts of the body. The which doth engender hard tumours as knots and kernels not easily curable and most sharp and fretting (rebellions against curation) botches with such other like.  
And so by the maliciousness of the humour: it corrupteth and eateth the bone, with such pains and torments that the poor patients are so afflicted: that they know not where to rest, and especially more in the night then in the day. Therefore at this present, I have thought good according to my little skill: to teach a method for to bring these errors into a perfect order.  
At the beginning of this contagious disease: you shall first begin this curation by evacuating of the body with gentle Lenitives, which do both cool the boiling rage of the blood: and also make it thinner, in mundifying the blood, this must be used according to the temperature of the body,  
The which shallbe done after that the body is prepared, to the end that the solutives may the better work upon the aforesaid humours. For in this case, nature must rule the Chirurgeon, & not the Chirurgeon nature. Then after that: it is necessary and profitable to open the Ankle vain, in the right or left foot, according as the Apostume doth appear & if therebe no apostume: according to the discretion of the learned Chirurgeon, this done: you divert or pull back the aforesaid infectius humours, from the principal parts. And upon the Apostume, you shall apply continually mollifying & drawing medicines, in doing what may be to bring him to suppuration. This Indications being accomplished: you shall use of the potion made with Ebenum & Guaiacum, prepared according to the temperature of the humours, which shallbe used the space of a month or there abouts.  
And although that some learned men have an opinion, that the decoction of Guaiacum ought to be used without any other medicines, yet never the less it hath been found by experience, that the use of other Simples with it, (being fit and agreeing to the diseases) hath a great deal more profited, & been found of better effect than if it had been ministered alone, for in a compound disease: a Simple remedy is not requisite.  
Although that Alphonsus Ferrus hath written to the contrary, the which Alphonsus useth this decoction of the wood in a manner to all diseases (whose opinion is not to be followed) which decoction is used in Pthisi. etiam si dies placuerit in senio Philippi.  
Moreover they have greatly erred, which have set forth the Radix chim being a root very deer, unprofitable, and all togethers without taste, and the greatest error of all is committed among them, which have brought in use, the diet of the decoction of Box tree, which is an astringant wood, stinking and an enemy to all the principal parts. And if you will have a wood which is most agreeable to the Guaiacum: you shall use of Fraximus, the which openeth obstructions of the Liver, of the Melt and of the Rains, for I have known many which by the use thereof have recovered their health.   

¶ The second error touching the said decease when it cometh to suppuration.  
WHen this disease hath been once taken in hand and evil handled, either by Ignorance of the Chirurgeon or the negligence of the patiented: The common Chirurgeons use commonly new errors, that is, in giving solutives with out preparing of the evil humours. By the which means they take away the best and leave the worst behind, whereof engendereth Nodes, old and cankered fores, and such like. Then they (as evil or rather worse) apply their unctions or suffumigations before that the ulcers be made clean or the Nodes taken away, and sometimes leave the bone foul. By the which means they purchase to themselves both shame and infamy, for with in four or five months the ulcers open with great corruption of the bone.  
Moreover they commit an error touching the unction, for they anoint the head, the Region of the heart, and other noble parts, against all reason. And also all the whole body over, which is the occasion of many a man's death.  
Therefore to amend these errors (when you see that this disease is confirmed, and that there are hard Ulcers, hard swellings or Nodes) it is the most surest way to mundify the said Ulcers and to open the Nodes with a cawstick, than you shall make incision in the node unto the corruption of the bone, and then apply Praecipitatum, or else pledgets with Basilicon and Presipitatum mingled together, this done: you shall take away the corruption of the bone.  
And then after that you may safely use your unctions made with Axungia Gums, Minerals, Oils and Mercury, also if you add thereto of fine Treacle or Mithridatum, it will be the better.  
You shall anoint the shoulders, the muscles of the back, the Loins, the Hips, the Thighs, the knees, and all the outward members, as Legs and Arms.  
But you must take very good heed that you touch not the head, the region of the heart, the Stomach, nor the ridge of the Back. Also ye must have a good respect to cease your anointing, in such order that you bring not to much accidents to the mouth, whereby the Patient might utterly lose the use both of his tongue and teeth.  
Because that so many ignorant Chirurgeons, have taken upon them this cure (without either discretion in applying the unction, or ordering of the patient) I have thought good to write ij, or three words touching the ordering of the Patient.  
When the body is prepared of his humours, with apt and meet medicines, aswell syrups, Decoctions, purgings, and opening of the Vain according to the disposition of the body: the patient shallbe placed in a place naturally hot or else otherwise made warm, which must be free from all cold, having the doors, windows and other open places closely stopped, for the cold air is very hurtful both for the Sinewy parts, and also for the working of medicines, for it will diminish & hinder the actions thereof. And in this case there are many which commit great errors, which are worthy of reprehension, for aswell in the winter as in the Summer: they anoint the Patients in great and large Chambers, where very much air entereth.  
Wherefore at the beginning of this cure (if the place be not very close & warm) you shall make a Pavilion with coverings and such other like round about a fire, by the which means you shall keep the cold air from the Patient. But if it be possible: it is better to have a little chamber close and warm, and also continually a pan with Coals in the midst of it.  
If it be so that the Patients be so week that they cannot abide the heat of the fire, or would be loath to be seen naked (as women or maids) you shall anoint them lying in their beds. First the patient shall put out one Arm, and then the other, and so the rest of the parts shallbe anointed one after an other. And you shall use the Patients from time to time according to the disease.   

The third error is concerning wounds piercing into the Breast.  
IT fortuneth often times, that the wounds pierce the hollowness of the breast, so that great quantity of blood doth fall down into the bottom of the same, and there doth stay upon the Diaphragma, 
Diaphragma 〈◊〉 two muscles which go 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the ●●●st & separateth the heart from the Liver.  also the heaviness of the said blood oppresseth the Diaphragma, and putrefieth and engendereth an evil qualtitie. The which putrefaction sending vapours to the heart: causeth a continual fever, and commonly death within ● days. Of the which the common Chirurgeons have no consideration or else by their ignorance they know not the cause, and so the Patient is destitute of all help.  
Wherefore when you see that the wound pierceth into the Thorax or breast you shall take good advisement, in searching out diligently, whether the blood be descended into the lower part of the Diaphragma, the which may be known by the stinking of the breath, and by the relation of the Patient, which doth feel the blood quivering or shaking inwardly. And also commonly his face will be of a reddish or high colour, by reason of the vapours which ascend up.  
And note that at the which side the blood doth most remain in lying upon the same side: the patient shall feel less pain than upon the other, because that the said blood oppresseth the Lungs and the Diaphragma, the Chirurgeon ought to have a good respect to the signs above written, and whilst that the strength of the patiented is yet remaining: it shall be needful to make way for the said blood to be Evacuated, between the fourth & v. rib, a hand breadth or a little more from the Ridge of the back, and your incision knife shall be very sharp, also you shall do it by little and little very gently in cutting Mesopleuria or the muscles between the ribs, it ought to be done toward the lower part of the said muscles, for the vain which nourisheth them and the ligaments which giveth them their moving and feeling: are placed more above then below.  
After that the incision is made: you shall let out the corrupted blood by little and little, according to your discretion, and it shall suffice to evacuate every dressing v. or vi. ounces, this done: it shallbe very profitabe to use the wunted potions which you shall find in the writings of learned practitioners which have largely written of the said potions, and by this means above written: I healed four in one year. The which Cures, without the aforesaid remedies: could never have been helped, for the which I give unto God most hearty thanks.   

¶ The fourth error touching the applications of the Traepans Terebelles, for fractures of the head.  
IN the fractures of the Skull: there are committed great errors touching the application of the Traepan, principally when the bone is broken in many parts, for they have no consideration of the shivering of the skull, but apply the trepan, by the which means, they press down the shivers of the bone upon the Dura matter, & rend or tere it in such order that it bringeth great & grievous accidents, whereby commonly death ensueth. Wherefore in this case: you shall have a good consideration, before that you apply the Traepan, for it is better (if it be possible) in this case to use other instrumentis as Eleviatories, Scissors, Lenticulj or such other like, to make way for the bruised matter which depresseth the Duramater, it shallbe the better & less danger for the Patient. By this means I I have many times forborn the applying of the Traepan, to the profit of my Patients and my good name and estimation  
Moreover there be many Ignorant Chirurgeons which without consideration apply the Traepan, upon all parts of the head aswell upon the comistures or seams: as other places, which is the cause of the death of many Patients.  
Wherefore they ought to have a great consideration, and to be very diligent in this respect, and for to use their art according to the true method.   

The fift error touching the punctures of Nerves.  
WHen it chanceth that any is hurt by the punctures of Nerves, if he be not speedily helped by some cunning and expert Chirurgeon: he is in great danger to fall into convolsions, which is the occasion of many a man's death which commonly chanceth to them that be dressed by the Ignorant and common Chirurgeons, for when they begin the cure: they make fomentation, with hot water, wherein hath been boiled Mallows, Violets and such like, then after the fomentation they apply an appeaser of pain, made with the crumbs of white Bread being mingled with the yolk of an Egg, Oil of Camomile and Oil of Roses. The which things are altogether contrary to the Punctures of Nerves.  
For as much as their application doth moisten to much the Nervous places and retaineth or keepeth in the matter which is all ready come to the place, and if there be any apostume it doth augment and increase him, and causeth the matter to ascend up to the brain, whereby ensueth convolsion and finally death.  
Wherefore to avoid this danger, and to follow the cure methodically: you shall have first a regard to the evacuation of the body, and if the strength of the patiented be good, to use Flebetonice Revolsive or according to the cause of the grief. Then (to take a way that which is ready conjoint) you shall enlarge the Orofice, to the end that the medicine may the better penetrate to the bottom, and take away the sharpness of the humour. In this case I have found very profiitable the Oil of Hippiricon prepared in this form that is to say with Venice Turpentine, and for one ounce of the said Oil, you shall take half a scrupple of Euphorbium, which shallbe applied very hot with pledgets, & upon that a Plaster made with Propolis, Gum ammoniac and Wax as much as shall suffice. By this means the matter (which is drunk into the Nerves or tendons) shallbe drawn out to the outward parts.  
Also for this intent I have found profitable Linseed Oil and Enphorbium of each like much, with the xx. part of Sulphur being very finely powdered, with Perosin and wax as much as shall suffice to make an Unguent.  
This Unguent doth heat moderately, attract and dissicate and is of a subtle faculty, with the which (by the help of God) the Chirurgeons shall get both honour and profit,   

The sixth error is touching the abuse of the runners about called cutters for the stone and Ruptors.  
AMong the common Runnees about (which use to cut for the stone and Ruptures) is used a great abuse and to be lamented of any christian heart, for under this cure of cutting the Hernyes they do miserably take away the stone aswell in the Hernia aquosa or ventosa as in all the rest, the which is unmanly and against the will of God, and they do not only use it in men, but most of all in little Children, therefore it should be very good for the parents which have their Children in any manner of ways troubled with any kind of Hernies, that before they commit their Children to lose their stones, and some times lives, by any of these that be Runagates, (for so may I well term them) that they show them to some learned Chirurgeon to the end that he may see what kind of Hernies they have, and so to discern the Aquosa or Ventosa, from Intestinale or Omentales.  
For certainly I have seen Hernies in children which came by the relaxasion or division of the Peretoneun, have been perfectly healed by the apt applying of glutinative medicines & such otherlike, without cutting or taking away of the Testicle. But such is the covetous desire of these Runners which make the parents believe that it cannot be helped without their butcherly cutting, and for to intrapmony, for they be as greedy after it as any living thing is after their prey, not having the fear of God before their eyes, but like greedy gripers catch what they may for the time, and care not what become of them afterwards, whether they live or die, we have had it by experience of them what harm they have done both by the murdering cruelly and also laming with continual pain, for when they come rushing into England and have such a great name at their first coming. But after when their woorkis be tried and then the proof of them seen: the people for the most part are weary of them, and many a fatherless child and widow which they have made: may lament the time that ever they knew them, and many others (which is not a few) bide tormentis and pain by the dealing with them. I dare affirm they never did any cure in this Realm but that there be English men which have done the like and greater.  
Such is the foolish fantasies of our English nation that if he be a Stranger: he shall have more favourers than an English man, though the English man's knowledge do far pass the others as experience therein hath showed, and this I will stand to the proof that there be English men that shall in all things do as much both by learning and experience as any of them all. Peradventure you will object and say, that there be Strangers which have done cures which some English men have refused, I will grant that it may be so, for there be a great many of unlearned Chirurgeons which take upon them the art, & look what they do it is by blind chance, and so through their blindness some are marred, whereby after it falls to a strangers chance to do it, and then it is given out that all the Chirurgeons in London could not do it, and so the whole company is defamed and evil thought of, but I could show to the contrary, where the strangers have left and could not do, English men have done it divers times: which if need be I can bring the proof and no small sort, which to name I will omit till another time more meet. And now to return to the matter, see how long any of these cutters do tarry in a place, some a quarter of a year, some half, and none scant a year, for it will be to hot for them: for after their beastliness is once known: then they must seek a new place, for if they should tarry in one place they would be hated like mad Dogs, & that they know well enough. Now for because that they shall not deceive the common people with their fair promises: I will write all the kinds of Ruptures or burstings and how to know every one of them to the end that if any Chirurgeon which hath not the knowledge, may strait at the first sight know what may be done, and so to inform the parents of the Children the truth of it, & what the Cutter may do in it, for most commonly they be so ignorant that they know not the one from the other, therefore as I have said before, it is needful for the Patients to have an expert chirurgeon to aproove him and see whether he be able to fulfil that which he promiseth or no. Now I will begin to treat of the kinds of Ruptures and first I will begin with the division of them in general and then particularly.   

Of the viii. kinds of Hernies.  
THere be eight kinds of Hernies or Ruptures whereof sun have their proper names: and the others by similitude, the proper Hernies do most commonly come by the relaxasion or Rupture, of the Pretoneū, insomuch that the Intestines and Epiplocon or zirbus doth lose their natural place, and of these are seven. kindis, that is Enterocele otherwise called Hernie Intestinale, Epiplocele or Hernie Zirbale, Bubonocele or Hernie Inguinale, the hernies by similitude are when there is some tumour against nature in the Cods or in some part of the Groin, without the coming forth of the Intestines or Zirbus, and of these there are v. kinds, the first is called Hernie Aqueuse and of the Greeks Hidrocele, the second hernie Charneuse or Sarcocele, the third: Variquese, the fourth Venteuse which is called of the Greeks Pneumatocele, the fifth Humorale, which shallbe spoken of pertitulerly in order, and first we will begin with the proper kinds.  

Of the hernie Intestinale.  
FOr because that the hernie Intestinale is the most convenientest, I will speak first of it. This kind is no other than a certain descending down of the Intestines in Scrotum, the cause of the which is when the Peretoneum is broken or relaxed in the place where the spermaic vessels do pass, which comes commonly by some vehement strain, as by vehement running, leaping, lifting, or vehement crying, and such other like, the signs to know when the Intestines is descended into Scrotum, is when he lies, they will easily be put up again without any manner trouble, or may be reduced the patiented standing with one's hands, and in the redusing you shall hear a gurguling or noise, & by this you may know it from Zirbus because that when the zirbus is put up it makes no noise, and also it is not so painful: the other signs shallbe declared when we come to speak of the hernie Zirbale.  
When this kind is not very far gone, and that it be not complete: the best way is to cure it by medicines, aswell to be taken inwards: as to be applied with out, that is to say with emplasters and so by convenient trussing and boulstering stipt in the juice of herbs convenient for Ruptures which are of astringant and glutinative faculty. I have seen many by these afore said medicines have been perfectly cured, yet nevertheless if for the oldness of it that it be not to be cured by these means: than you must come to the last remedy which is by cutting, for the executing of the which I wish all men to choose an expert workman, and not to trust to much to these runners about, and as for this kind it may be cut without taking away of the Testicle.   

Of hernie Zirbale.  
HErnie Zirbale which the Greeks do call Epiplocele, is a nother thing than the falling of zirbus (which is a grece that covereth the Guts) into Scrotum the which most commonly falls within Didimes, but yet sometimes by the breaking of the Didimes it falls out, the causes aswell inward as outward are the same which cause hernie Intestinale, for look how the Peretoneum is broken or relaxed in the other: even so doth it in this, the signs are much like also, saving that it is much more softer, for in the touching it handleth like wool, and is also less painful, and it is more difficult to put up than the hernie Intestinale, and in the redusing makes no noise, this kind is less dangerous than the others by reason that the pain is less and also for because that the excrement is not in it as it is in the hernie Intestinale.  
Now here is a special thing to be noted in this kind, which the common cutters do use, that is, they do use to cut away the zirbus which is descended within Didime without either tying or cautrising, and so there followeth a flux of blood which having no issue but is retained in the belly there doth corrupt which causeth most perilous accidents and most commonly the death.   

Of the relaxation of the Peretonium called hernie Inguinale.  
HErnie Inguinale is a descending of the Intestines or zirbus into the groins, which the Latins call: Inguina, the which sort doth never go further than the Groin, for when the Intestines or zirbus doth pass thorough the Peretoneum: then is it either Intestinale or zirbale, for this kind is nothing but a relaxation of the Peretoneum. The causes are as of the others aforesaid, and it is easily to be known by the roundness, and it will be more easily reduced then any of the others, you may know when the Intestins is descended by noise that it will make, though not commonly: yet most oftennest as hath been said of Enterocele, but if it be the zirbus it makes no noise, and is much more softer and not so great pain.   

Of the kinds of Hernies which be by similitudes or improperly called.  
Heretofore we have spoken of those three kinds of hernie which are properly called, now it remains to speak of the five kinds which are by similitudes, & first we will begin with the Aquose, which is no other thing then a certain waterish tumour of Croton increased by little and little, & for the most part lies between heritroides and the spermaic vessels, how beit some times it may be contained between Dartos and heritroides and between Dartos & the Scrotum as many learned men have written, the signs are, that the Scrotum doth wax big by little and little and for the most part without pain, and the tumore is heavy and glistering and hard principally when the Scrotum is filled: it waxes in length and doth not return as doth the Intestinale and zirbale but remains at one stay.  
This kind if that the water, have long line there and so corrupted the Testicle: it must be taken away.   

Of hernie Charneuse.  
HErnie Charneuse which the Gréekꝭ do call Sarcocele is a tumour against nature in the Scrotum which there doth grow to a certain scireuse flesh, and doth much resemble the Verequeses or swelled Veins, the causes of the which are by the gathering togethers of abundance of gross humours, which nature cannot rule because of the weakness, the signs are an unequable hardness, and inflation which doth always remain in the part that is to say the Dideme, and doth always increase with pain being unequal and not even, wherefore Guido saith that this kind and Vanqueuse are very dangerous.   

Hernie Verequese,  
HErnie Verequese is an appearance of Veins not accustomed about the Testicles and other parts contained with in Scrotum. The causes are gross humours gathered togethers as melancholic blood and such like, which nature cannot disparce because of weakness. The signs are, repletion of the veins about like to the Twigs of Vines with softness of the Testicle or Dideme.  
This kind if it be not very great and far gone it may be healed by solutive medicines.   

The hernie Ventose.  
HErnie Ventose is a tumour of the cods increased of a windiness, the cause is of the imbesility or weakness of the part, and is known by the swelling of the cods and yard, and glistereth like unto a slikt paper, which comes suddenly and is round and light, so that there be not another humour adjoined with it,  
This is to be cured with Carnificatives as Oleum nucum, Oleum Anethinum, Costinum etc. and there may be added to of Seeds and herbs, as Semen, anisi, carvi, Faeniculi, Agni casti, Ruta, Calaminta, Origani. etc.   

Hernie Humorale.  
HErnie Humorale is an Apostume contained likewise in the cods which is engendered of humours hot and cold not much declining from his natural habit, which may lie between Scrotum and Dartos or between heritroydes and Dartos or only within heritroydes, as for the causes, signs and curation are like to other Apostumes.  
Now that I have declared the definition, causes and signs of hernies: it shall not be amiss to expound in few words those parts which must be opened when any of these kinds must be cured by handy operation, and this is to be noted first, that the Testicles are covered with three Tunicles, the first of them takes his original of the skin & is called Scrotum or purse, the second which takes his original of the Peretoneum and is called Dartos, the third which is proper to the said Testicle and is called Heritroydes, these two last do not only cover the Testicles but also the spermaic vessels, aswell they which bring the substance where with the sperm is made which are named Preparans: as then which bring the sperm to the neck of the bladder which is called Eiaculatoires or expelling, the which goes up to Osepubis.    

The declaration of the weights and measures used in Chirurgery.  
Here gentle Reader I thought good to declare certain weights and measures for the better understanding of this book of Galens and all other of his works to the end that young Studients in this art should have none occasion of let from the perfect understanding of it, and first I will show you how they were called in the old time of the Greekꝭ & also of the Romans and as near as I can how much every one doth contain according to our measure. And as for the names of the simples: I thought it good to write them in the Latin as they were, for by the searching of their english names: the Reader shall very much profit, and another cause is that I would not have every ignorant ass to be made a Chirurgeon by my Book, for they would do more harm with it then good.  
First Mina which the Greeks call Mna, there are of divers sorts, for some are Romain others Attic, others Egiptienne, others Alexandrine, but Romans is according to Paulus Aegineta and Galens 16. ounces.  
The pound according to the Romans is 12. ounces.  
The Attic and Egiptienne is .16. ounces.  
The ounce which is the 12. part of a pound is 8. Drams.  
Deunx is 11. ounces, which are .264. scruples, that is, 2. third parts and 1. fourth part of a pound.  
Dextans is the half and the third part of a pound, that is to say 10. ounces and 240. scruples, vitrvuius in his third Book saith that it is the measure of ten Inches.  
Dodrans is the half and one quarter of a pound, which is 230. scruples, vitrvuius in his Book afore said doth call Dodrans the measure of 12. Inches.  
Bis is 2. third parts which is 8. ounces and 240. scruples.  
Sextunx is 1. half and 1. twelve part that is 7. ounces and 168. scruples.  
Selibra is half a pound or Semis, and 144. scruples.  
Quincunx is 5. ounces.  
Triens is the 3. part of a pound which is 4. ounces and 120. scruples.  
Quadrants is the 4. part of a pound which is 3. ounces and 72. scruples.  
Sextans is the 6. part of a pound which is 2. ounces and 48. scruples.  
Vnsia is to say an ounce which is 8. Drams.  
Semiuncia is half an ounce.  
Denarius or Drachma is the 8. part of an ounce and is 3. scruples which the Greeks call Grammata that is xxiv. letters in the Greek, and the ounce hath as many scruples as the Greek hath letters.  
Scrupple is as it were the beginning of all weights as an introduction and is 2. Obols, an Obols is 2. Siliques, and a Silique 2. Chalces, & the Chalces is 8. Grains.  
The pound of liquid things as Wine, Oil, and such like, was in Room measured by a vessel of Horn which had xii. rundels about it, and every one of them did signify an ounce, and was called a measured pound, Galen makes mention in his first book Decom. medic. secundum genera, in the making of the white plaster.  
Amphora of the Italy measure, doth contain 72. pound of Oil, and of Wine 80, and of Honey 108. the Honey is the 4. part more heavier than is the wine, and the half more than Oil  
The Ceranium is of Wine and Vinagre 80. pound, and of Oil 72. pound, and of Honey 120. pound.  
The Urn is of wine & vinegar 40. l. of Oil 36. l. and of Honey 60. pound.  
The Congee is of Wine and Vinagre 10. pound, of Oil 9 pound, and of Honey 15. pound.  
The Sestier is of Wine and Vinagre 1. pound. 8. ounces, of Oil, 1. pound, and of Honey 2. pound  
The Hemine is of Wine and Vinagre 10. ounces of Oil. 9 ounces, and of Honey 1. pound.  
The Cotile is of Wine and Vinagre, 10. ounces of Oil 9 ounces, and of Honey 1. pound.  
The Oxibaphus is of Wine and Vinagre 18. Drams, of Oil 18. Drams, and of Honey 27. Drams.  
The Acetabule is of Wine and Vinagre .18. Drams, of Oil 18. Drams, and of Honey 27. Drams.  
The Ciath is of Wine and Vinagre 12. Drams and 4. scruples, of Oil. 18 Drams, and of Honey 20. Drams.  
The Cheme is of wine & Vinagre 3. Drams and one Scrupple and of Oil 3. Drams, and of Honey 5. Drams.   
The end of weights and measures of the ancient writers.   

¶ Faults escaped in the Printing.  
¶ Note whereas you find this letter (a) that doth signify the first side of the leaf, and this letter (b) the second side.  
In the first page, read (the third Book of Galen of the composition of medicines in general). Then in the first page of the Epistle to the Reader the xii. & xvi. lines, for iudications read (indications).  
In the 11. leaf a. the xiii. and xiv, lines read (drachmas) for drachmas, & (Opoponacis) for Apoponax.  
In the 14. leaf a. and the nineteen, line read (the sixth he doth) for he doth vi. lose.  
In the 26. leaf a. and the vi. line read, (Maron) for Maron. And in the xii. line of the same read (phou idest) for phoud est  
In the 27. leaf a. the xviij. line. red (the child's parents did send for Galen) for, did send him to Galen.  
In the 30. leaf a the first line read (Paps or Breasts) for, Dugs.  
In the 31. leaf a. the iiij. and v. line leave out, the whole and sound parts.  
In the 33. leaf b. the xv. line read (Olei mirtiles) for, Olei myrrh.  
In the 36 leaf a. the iij. line read (bowing for, lowing.  
In the 38. leaf a. the xvi. line read (no apostume in the groin: then according) for Apostume: according.  
In the 41. leaf a the iiij. line read (quality) for, qualtitie. And in b. the twenty-three. line (read wound potions) for, wunted potions Fo. 47. line .6. read, is none other thing,  
Gentle Reader I shall most heartily desire thee that if in the reading this work other faults you find then here is noted not rashly to condemn the Author for assure yourself that by his will none should have escaped, and though the Printer be never so careful, yet in the printing some will escape.  
Vale  
FINIS.   

Imprinted at London at the long Shop adjoining unto Saint Mildred's Church in the Pultrie, by john Alde.   

¶ Octostichon joannis Banisteri Nottinghamiensis medicae & Chirurgicae artis professoris in laudem medicinae.  
Miramur crebro medicos molimine claros,  
corpora praeceptis nostra iuvare suis.  
Eccé quót assidué scribunt hinc inde libellos,  
in laudes artis docte Galene tuae.  
Hanc et maiores, hanc et coluere minores,  
hijs confert magna part, Bakerus opem  
Cuius ab ingenio prodit, vigilique labore,  
utilis iste liber, dignus & ipse legi.  
Hanc artem docuit, vasto qui presidet orbi,  
saepius hanc laudat filius ipse dei.  
Haec visum caecis, mutis parat ista loquelam  
hac audit surdus, claudus et hac graditur.  
Hac redit in vitam, vitali lumine cassus,  
vivere qua vidi, qui moriturus erat.  
huic ergo faveant, iunctis vmbonibus omnes  
et simul huic himnos voce stiloque ferant.   

¶ Tetrastichon eiusdem in librum Bakeri.  
¶ Mistica magnoperé quicunque Chirurgica  
huc debes posita saepe venire mora.  
Hac studij fructus: doctissima multa videbis captas  
abdita quae longo delituere die.  
At nunc sic lucent, ut si laudare pararem,  
in mare tunc videar, fundere ineptus aquas  
Ergo Bakere tuum superabit sidera nomen,  
atque aliqua semper part superstes eris.   

Gulielmi Clowei, Chirurgi Londoniensis carmen encomiastichon ad suum studiosum Georgium Bakerum.  
Laudibus egregiis efferri pulchra solebant,  
nec praeclara, sua laud carere decet.  
Quantos idcirco poscat Bakerus honores,  
hoc opere exacto, dicito musa mihi.  
Te tua sedulitas transfert ad laudis honorem,  
Et tua te virtus inclyta ad astra vehit.  
Tu magni Hippocratis reseras tu tecte Galeni  
A tantis ad nos nobile ducis opus.  
Anglia, quas fraudes tibi nunc smalkaldia ferret  
Bakeri clarum si latuisset opus.  
Ergo quisquis Apollinias sectabitur artes,  
Bakerum celebret, nocte dieque meum.   

G Good cause of praise you do deserve,  
E evertly to set forth:  
O Old works of Father's wise and grave,  
R report doth show is troth.  
G Give forth the same with spéedynes,  
E incline your whole endeavour:  
B Behold you not what praise it is,  
A a man to live for ever.  
K Knowing that so the wise do wright,  
E earth though they truly be:  
R Revive again by Books in sight,  
who so will read may see.  
qd William Clowes Chirurgeon.