A BOOK OF THE Invention of the Art of Navigation, and of the great traveles which they pass that sail in Galleys: Compiled by the famous Sir Anthony of Guevara, bishop of Mondonnedo, Preacher, Chronicler, and Counsellor unto the Emperor Charles the fift. ⁂  
Dedicated by the said Author, unto the famous Sir Frances de la Cobos, great controller of Lo●●, and Counsellor unto the said Emperor Charles the fift. Wherein are touched most excellent antiquities, and notable advertisements for such as sail in Galleys. ⁂  
Imprinted at London for Ralph Newberrie dwelling in Fléetestreate.  
ANNO. 1578.   

TO THE RIGHT HOnourable the Lord Charles Haward Baron of Effingham, and Knight of the most noble order of the Garter: Edward Hellowes wisheth long life, with the fullness of all perfect felicity.  
RIght Noble, I not only directed by the glorious Guevara in this example and treatise which he dedicated unto a noble man of Spain, & in singular favour with the Emperor Charles the fift, but also constrained with the oppression and burden of your bounty, wanting all other mean either of ability or faculty, to discover my dutiful affection, with the more boldness, not without regard of the mildness of your humanity, with an humble fear to be noted of mine own part, of some presumption, or want of due consideration of any imperfection of the matter, do present, respecting your age & honour annexed unto the rare virtues of fortitude and temperance, with the experience of the sea and sea matters, with ships and shipping, wherein approved trial, no less worthy credit, hath made known unto all persons not insensible: your readiness & aptness in all weathers, to manure not only the meanest matters, as all manner of cordage and tackle within board, namely sheet, halliard, bowline, tack and helm, with such other, as also the use and practise of the Astrolabe, Balistilio, Card and Compass: but also the diligent search in knowledge, of all capes, forelands, shores, ports, creeks, havens, races, tides, banks, and rocks. All which things although not usual to Noble men, & yet most necessary unto all manner persons that haunteth the seas: expresseth kind to be an assured guide, to yield unto your honour more expertness than is common or easily obtained, to be heir and successor of Neptune's charge and government. This small treatise, (as a subject in nature) were it of worthiness sufficient, most due unto your honour: but barren provision impairing my good meaning, forceth me to present unto your honour, the handful of water, (as it were) which was presented unto the mighty Artaxerxes, who with such mildness did accept the same, that he said no less nobleness did consist in receiving small things, then to give great and mighty gifts. Right humbly beseeching, that it may please your honour, not only to receive this simple present in good part, but my sincere meaning into your good favour: and I shall not cease with fortified mind to crave the omnipotent GOD to give your Honour large and virtuous increase to the nobleness of your mind, as also the concluding and most absolute felicity, which yieldeth happiness in all worlds.  
Your Honour's most humble to command: Edward Hellowes.   

To the Reader.  
RIGHT Christian Reader, dedicating myself unto thy good disposition, by this small treatise, I give thee to understand, of the first and old invention, as also the inventors, chief of Galleys, as also of ships: by which device we generally conceive all countries to obtain participation of each others commodities: Sea fishing with the profits and nourishment thereof obtained: as also the territories of divers countries defended: with divers & many such others. Wherein of the other part, if I should allege the opinion of certain, which affirm, that so unremovable bounds declareth Gods omnipotent ordinance, that every country so divided aught to content themselves to live, by the gifts of the same God & country: and that God's justice consenteth not unto so great mischiefs, which both first and last ships and galleys not only by murders and slaughters have been committed, but also by transporting excessive vanities, advancing this world's insolency, would not grow overlong & tedious, but also somewhat besides the matter. But to the purpose, thou hast also (gentle Reader) herein to understand, the opinions of divers Philosophers, which in their own persons would never consent unto Navigation, wherein as me seemeth they have discovered their own weakness, of all men to be noted, but not of all persons to be embraced. Also the mighty & famous Pirates of old time, to be marveled how they might attain unto so great power & continuance: & in the end, unto so miserable destruction. Also privileges somewhat strange which they use in Galleys, of all persons which mean to haunt the same to be noted. Also the subtle disposition of the Sea, and perilous properties thereof aptly declared. As also the necessary provision for passengers, therein to be used. Farewell.   

A Letter Missive, or Dedicatory of the Author, unto the renowned sir Frances de la Cobos. (⁂)  
Among the Philosophers, namely Mimus, Polystorus, Azuarchus, and Pericles, there passed no small contention, and no less variety of argument, in the definition, what estate or condition of men were most subject unto the inconstancy of Fortune? & unto whom she discovered herself most suspicious, and least worthy credit. The Philosopher Polystorus said that Fortune was not in any thing more uncertain, & wherein she did less keep promise, then in the act of matrimony: for so much as there had been no marriage wherein there was not found some want, weakness, or deceit: which is to say, that the wife proved either foolish, subtle, absolute, of tedious parents, of dowry uncertain, full of strife, or such other infirmity. The Philosopher Azuarchus held opinion, that Fortune was not more uncertain or suspicious, then in the feat of arms, or martial affairs: affirming, that it was in the hands of men to enter battle, but in God only to give victory. The Philosopher Pericles affirmed, that Fortune was not in any thing more inconstant, or unsound, then with the private and favoured servants of Princes, with whom she stayed long in advancing of them, and after with a blast she overthroweth them. The Philosopher Mimus avouched, that Fortune in any thing did not more use her will, and less observe promise, then in sea matters & Navigation of mariners: for there neither profiteth substance, or is wisdom sufficient: either doth she respect persons: but if Fortune fancy, she leadeth a Lighter amongs the mountains of the high seas, and after drowneth a Carack in the haven. Applying that which is said, unto that which I would say, me seemeth (right noble) that of these four manner of Fortunes, two of them are knocking at your gates, which is to say, the possession of great favour with our Caesar, and the oft sailing which you use at sea. He whose honour dependeth on the will of others, & many times commendeth his life unto the sea, the one is very dangerous, & the other proceedeth of great rashness. Your honour performeth no small attempt, to beard & make head against the stumbling blocks that Fortune bestoweth upon such, as she advanceth to great honour, but that you also hurl & abandon your person so often into the waves of so fierce seas? Publianus the Philosopher said, Improbe Neptunus accusat, qui iterum nanfragium facit. As if he would have said, He unjustly complaineth of the sea, that two times passeth the same: since he that only twice passeth the sea, hath not licence to complain thereof: then, by what justice may he complain, that four times twice hath provoked her fickle condition? Always give not credit & yield not faith unto signs, likelihoods, or conjectures, either for that always you are served with a good galley, or make your choice of a good captain, or special Pilot, or served with most chief provision, and observe or watch most aptest time. All which things give good cause the more doubtfully & with less surety to return unto the sea: for that flattering Fortune never shooteth her so cruel shot, as against such persons only as she hath led many years in great security. Lucius Seneca writing unto his mother, said: O my mother Albinia, if thou know not, I give thee to understand, that I never gave credit unto whatsoever Fortune did advertise me, although at times there was truce betwixt us: all things which she sent unto my house, she said they were her absolute gifts, but I never conceived or received them but as lent: by which mean it cometh to pass, that when she returneth to demand them, without any altercation willingly I do yield them: in such wise, that if she remove them out of my coffers, at the jest, she shall not tear them out of mine entrails. He that said these and such like words, was native of Cordova, which is not far distant from your city of Vbeda: and further, he was as private with the Emperor of Rome, as your honour is now in Spain: And after forty two years that he had manured the common wealth of Rome, in ambush Fortune had placed so great mischief, procured by her great despite, and no less deceit, that in one day he lost both life and goods. Sir believe me and be out of doubt, that in this life there is nothing more certain, then that, what soever it containeth is most uncertain.  
The Emperor Titus on a day eating with great joy, soudeinely at the table clapped his hands and gave a great sigh, and being demanded, why he sighed so deeply, made answer: I may not satisfy myself, with sighing, either cease from weeping, so often as I call to remembrance how at the will and pleasure of Fortune, my honour is committed, my goods sequestered, & my life deposed. O high, and very high words, right worthy to be written in the hearts of the mighty! Opulent riches, high estates, and sovereign favours, if I durst say, I would say, that it is more honourable and also more safe to despise and hold them in small estimation, then to possess them: because to obtain them it is but fortune, but to contemn proceedeth of valour. To give you counsel to cease to follow Caesar, were of too great want of reverence: and to persuade you, not to return into Italy, were rash overthwartness: but that which I dare say, is, that you should as much presume to be a Christian, as to be in favour: and that first you accomplish with reason, and then with opinion. Not without consideration, I did say & adventure myself to give you this counsel: because all the mischief of Prince's Courts doth arise, that nation followeth nation, people followeth people, & opinion followeth opinion: but reason never followeth reason. And for that unto Princes we must give our words by weight, & unto the favoured by measure: my letter concludeth with this advertisement, that you commit trust unto the galley but seldom, but unto Fortune never: because they be matters much better to behold far off then wherewith at hand to be conversant. I have composed unto your honour a book, entitled, An advise for the favoured, at times when you shall be on land to peruse: & now have composed this other treatise of the life of the Galley: for when you shall pass the Seas, my intent hath been, that the one may serve to pass the time, & the other the profit of time. And if for that I am of small power and less valour, you hold my watchings in small estimation, yet my intent is not to be rejected: for that none doth so much desire, that you be in favour, as I desire that you be saved.   

A TREATISE OF THE inventors and invention of the Art of Navigation, and of the travels of the Galleys. Compiled by the renowned sir Anthony of Guevara Bishop of Mondonnedo, Preacher, Chronicler, and Counsellor unto the Emperor Charles the fift.  
¶ The Theme and Introduction followeth.  
To live in the Galley at the Seas,  
God dispose it to whom it shall please.  
WHich words being taken for the foundation of this present treatise, are the terms of an ancient proverb, which amongst the common people is greatly used, and of such as escape the Galleys much lamented. That which we term in Spanish, Retrans: is said in Latin, proverbs: in Greek, is understood, Sentences: and in the Chaldean, is named Experiences: in such manner, that Refrans, or proverbs is no other thing, but certain Sentences of Philosophers, and advertisements of men of experience.  
In this manner and kind of proverbs, many ancient and learned persons have written, That is to say: Xenophon the Theban, Pittacus the Greek, Anacharsis the Numidian, Solomon the Hebrew, Mythas the Egyptian, & Seneca the Spaniard. plutarch Cheronensis saith, that he gave more credit unto poor women's proverbs, then to the sayings of the lofty Philosophers: for the one never say but that which they have experimented, and the other do writ very often, that which they do but dream.  
If Trogus Pompeius deceive us not, in the common wealth of the Sicyonians, Philosophy was never read, neither did they ad●●…t Philosophers, but commend their warlike affairs unto valiant Captains, and the government of their Common wealth unto men of experience. The Sicyonians being demanded by King Cyrus, who they did not admit Philosophers, or give themselves in Philosophy, made answer: O King Cyrus, we give thee to understand, that this our country is pair, and full of mountains, & hath more necessity of labourers and plowmen, then of Philosophers. And further, we find by experience, that from studies they proceed more vicious than Philosophers: for which cause, we determine to govern our Common wealth by the experience which old men possess, & not by the science which Philosophers do learn. That the Sicyonians should utterly reject the learned, I condemn them for brutish: but jointly therewith, for their government, by men of experience, I commend them as discreet: because for mine own part, and also for thine that shalt either hear or read this same, we shall be much better governed, by him that is of two years experience, then by him that hath ten of science. The Theme of this our treatise which saith:  
To live in the Galley at the Seas,  
God dispose it to whom it shall please.  
We may safely and without prejudice swear, that it was not invented by the Philosophers of Athens, but by mariners at Sea: for which consideration, it is great reason that we believe and give them credit, & hold it in estimation: since the invention proceedeth of matter well proved, and not dreamt or divined.  
But the matter is, that in this treatise we shall speak of the original, and first beginning, of the manner & making of Galleys, and what provision is to be provided and used in them: all which things being said and declared, I am assured that many will wonder, and some will laugh. All that we shall blazon and say in this matter, our audience hath to understand, not hearsay, but experience doth give us direction: for that scarcely there is not any port, channel, or gulf in all the Sea Mediterrane, but therein we have been, having also passed no small danger. That which is said sufficeth for the introduction, and there resteth not, but that ye he attentive: for that he goeth to the Galley in an evil hour, that taketh not hold of this my doctrine.  

Of the strange report of Historiographers, concerning Galleys. The first Chapter.  
BEfore King Ninus, before the destruction of Troy, before the flood of Cantion, and before the great battle at Peloponnesus, although many and very notable things were found and invented by curious men, & of delicate judgement: yet we know not who were the inventors, although their inventions remain with us at these days: for that in those so ancient worlds, men understood not to read, much less to writ.  
After that man's industry at leisure had found out letters, and the manner & order of writing, we know every notable thing, from whence it was invented, how it was invented, who was the inventor, and wherefore it was invented.  
Among all old things, one of the most ancient is the art of Navigation: in which many have said many and variable things in their writings, wherein, for so much as they have been so diverse and contrary in opinions: it is very credible, that they were rather feigned, then either seen or read. But that which we mean in this matter, is, that for such as are curious, we will writ curiously, that which in this art of Navigation, the most ancients have written, as well Greeks as Latins: and it shall rest in the discretion of the wise Reader, that he believe what he thinketh to be true: and as touching the rest, to hold it as fabulous.  
And for that in this treatise our principal intent is, to speak of Galleys, & of the inventors and travels thereof, we shall here recite, how many fashions of them were used in old time, amongst the ancients, as well Greekes, Egyptians, Carthaginians, as also Romans.  
Writers of histories do report, that Demosthenes the Theban was the first which invented to row with two oars on a bank: which was some what before the siege of Troy.  
Also they report, and the Greek Thucydides saith no less, that a tyrant of Corinth named Amonicles, was the first that invented Galleys, with three oars on a bank.  
The Gaditanes, and the Penes, have great contention betwixt themselves, for the first invention of four oars on a bank. But Aristotle doth rather yield his opinion in the favour of the Penes, who used that new invention, when they came to secure the Lydians their friends and confederates.  
The Galley of five oars on a bank, is said to be the invention of the Rhodians, when Demetrius did besiege them: and others give the glory of this act unto Nasicus a renowned captain of King Cyrus.  
The Galley of six oars on a bank, plutarch saith was the invention of Amonides the Lycaonian: but Thesiphont denieth that it was the invention of any, but of Xenagoras the Syracusan, in the days the Nicias came from Greece to subvert Syracuse.  
The Galley of seven oars on a bank, Pliny in a certain Epistle would give us to understand, to be the invention of Nessegatus.  
Pretonius a most ancient writer doth afirme, the invention to appertain only unto Promotheus the Argive: and yet others do say, that the singular Alchimides' in invention did found out the same: and which of these is true, he knoweth that is only true.  
plutarch in the book of the Fortune of Alexander, would give us to understand, that when Alexander the great did make an army at the Sea against Diomedes the tyrant, he had a Galley rigged and furnished with twelve oars on a bank: although of truth he writeth it so obscurely, that therein he discovereth his want, both in knowledge and exercise of Navigation.  
If any will give credit unto Barbo●us Theneus, must hold it as verified, that the great Ptolomeus which was named Philadelphus, attained to have four thousand galleys of twenty oars on a bank, the shafts all trimmed with lead, to yield them pliant and handsome for rowing.  
Th●s●phont, & Alercius, & also Hermogenes make mention of a certain galley, made by the ancient Herisson of Syracuse: which had two forecastels, and two p●…pes, and under hatches, thirty. chambers, and a pond of fish that contained twenty thousand Canthars of water: adding thereunto so many other strange things, that they rather seem Poetical, then otherwise.  
Also it is said of Ptolomeus Philopater, that was king of Egypt, against whom the good Machabeans did fight: that he made a Galley of forty oars on a bank, which was so stately to behold, & so hard to be governed, that it contained more than four thousand oars, besides six hundredth mariners.  
The son of this said Philopater, which also was named as his father, made another Galley, not so stately, either so costly, but more beautiful, & also of greater devise & engine: wherewith in Summer he did solace upon the river Nilus, and did winter the same in the Isle of Meroe.  
After the terrible battle Pharsalian, where Pompeie was overcome of Caesar, they say that Caius Caesar pursued and also did take a Galley, that fled from that conflict of five oars on a bank, wherein there were so many trees with fruit, as it had been an orchard of Campania.  
Lucius Seneca, in a certain Epistle, reprehendeth Lucullus the Roman of a certain curiosity, or to say better, a vanity: which is to say, that he made a Galley near unto his house of the Castle de Lobo, which was so large, that therein they did not only chase the mad Bull, but also the Mariners gatt infinite money, to give place unto multitudes of people to behold the same.  
Dionysius the Syracusan, and Photion being mortal enemies: Photion caused a Galley to be made, wherein he, with his wife, children, servants, friends, allies, and confederates, amounting to the number of six thousand and odd, which in the day time came up the river, and at night did retire unto the Sea.  
Of Aurelianus the Emperor his Chroniclers do recount, that after he triumphed of the Queen Zenobia, he caused on the river Tiber such and so great a Galley to be made, that the largest parts of Tiber hardly might contain the same: in the waste whereof there was room sufficient, with horses to run the Carrera, as also to tourney and just.  
To say all the frivolous vanities that in this matter of Galleys is said and written, would grow very large to be written, and tedious to be read: only we will recite these few, to the end the readers may understand, that also we have read, and thereof very little believed. In this Chapter following, we will report the opinion of other history writers, as concerning the invention of Galleys, the which in my opinion are more credible, & that which they have written more to be credited.   

¶ Of the inventors and users of Galleys, serving for Navigation, and of diverse their deeds. The second Chapter.  
Theseus' the renowned Grecian, was the first that did change and altar the great city of Athens, naming & creating therein Senators, & commanding Palms to be given unto the Conquerors: which custom endured until the time of the Romans, who afterwards devised to give their Conquerors triumphs.  
This Theseus was he that entered the Labyrinth, and slew the Minotaur, & gave an order to the people to live, as also unto their soldiers how to fight: because he was a Prince of a clear & delicate judgement, and of a valiant and noble mind.  
This Theseus in a conquest, which he determined upon Rothana, which is a country in Asia, of his own proper devise invented the first Galley of this world: which first devise attained but unto thirty oars, and the mast of xl. shaftments.  
The athenans held this new devise in so great veneration, that their King Theseus being dead, they placed the same within a temple, where long time afterwards it was kept and conserved.  
Alcibiades was among the Greeks of noble blood, and of devise very ingenious, although of him not very well employed: for that he naturally was an enemy to quietness, and of great affection to innovations.  
This Alcibiades did use much to say, that only for one thing, men aught to travel in this life, which is to weet, to be famous amongst strangers, and a Lord in honour amongst his vassals.  
He being condemned to die by the athenans, hearing the sentence, said: Not I of them, but they of me are condemned to die: since I go to the Gods, with whom none may die: and they remain amongst men, with whom none may live.  
This unquiet Prince Alcibiades came unto the city of Syracuse of Trinacria, with an hundred & thirty Galleys, thoroughly well rigged and furnished with men and munition to destroy and subvert the same: for that he was advertised they had armed a navy to chastise his insolent deeds done at Sea.  
This Alcibiades was the first that added other twenty oars unto the Galleys, and unto the mast fifteen shaftments, & also of the Galley he called the forep●…t Prora, and the hinder part Puppis.  
Themistocles the Greek was a mortal enemy unto Aristides the Theban, for the death of the beautiful Aestigilia, whose death and injury, was of all the people of Greece bewailed: and by the hands of right glorious Princes revenged.  
Being demanded of a Greek, whether he had rather resemble the great Achilles, that achieved so great and many things, or the Poet Homer that did writ them with so high a style: thereunto Themistocles answered: I would always rather triumph with Achilles, then proclaim with Homer.  
Being demanded of his enemy Aristides, why he was so ambitious of wars, since the attempters thereof (for the most part) did all perish therein, answered: I confess, o Aristides, that many that are affectionate unto the wars, do perish therein, but thou mayst not deny me, that very few which are not dedicated thereunto, be crowned.  
When he was requested, and also counseled to marry his daughter unto one that was very rich, & no less covetous, he answered: I would rather have a man that hath need of money, than money that hath need of a man.  
The athenans being in great fear of the Cretensians, with whom they traversed cruel wars, but the more, for that they had Atheutides of Corinth for their captain: thereunto Themistocles answered: fear not Theutides, for I know him, that if he have a sword to kill, he wanteth an heart to draw it out of the scabbard.  
This Themistocles did arm and rig forth an hundred Galleys, against the Agisinetes, who were pirates, all whom he did take and hung: which deed made him in Greece to be served, and in the Seas to be feared.  
This noble gentleman was the first that invented to place the forecastell, where mariners might shroud themselves from the weather, and with more safety fight with their enemies.  
Simon, a famous captain of all the Lycaonians, when his friends and parents did sharply reprehend him, for leaving his study, and negligence in letters, he answered: Brias my brother is meet for study, because he is phlegmatic: and I for the wars, since I am choleric: for that Philosophy agreeth very well with men that be dull and negligent, and war is to he commended unto men of lively and intermeddling Spirits.  
When in the Senate of Athens they argued in his presence, whether were more safe to have a good captain and a weak army: or a strong army governed with a weak captain, he answered: For my purpose, I had rather have an army of Hearts, a Lion being their captain: then an army of Lions, being governed by an Heart.  
Being bound unto the conquest of a certain people of the greater Asia, and also persuaded of a captain to send for the Agisinetes, who did know very well to die, he answered: The Gods never command, either my destinies permit, that any such people should march in mine army: for in the wars we have no need of men that know to die, but have courage to kill.  
This Simon was the first that gave order in the Galley to row with three oars on every bank: and first invented also the mizzen sail.  
He obtained an hundred Galleys to his own proper use, of whom plutarch sayeth, that he so vowed himself unto the Sea, that he passed three years, in all which time he never set his foot on land.  
King Demetrius, who was son unto King Antigonus, as he had success with Fortune, so did he order his life: which is to weet, in time of peace he would suffer nothing that might be tedious: and in time of war, he admitted nothing that might be pleasant.  
If King Demetrius had been answerable in his old age, to the beginnings of his youth, he had been another Achilles amongst the greeks: and another Caesar amongst the Romans.  
His father King Antigonus being dead, although he always followed the wars that he had enterprised, and the partialities which he had taken in hand, on the other part he was so inconstant of his word and promise, and so effeminate in his facts, that to follow his love Lamia, he suffered detriment in his fame, was abhorred of all Greece.  
King Demetrius being demanded, why in his youth he had been so prosperous, & in his old years so infortunate, answered: Because I was an enemy to reason, and gave overmuch trust unto Fortune.  
In great conflicts and perils, many times sighing he did use to say: O deceitful Fortune? how easy art thou to be found, but how difficil to be kept?  
Being blamed by his familiar friend, for his often murmuring at Fortune, by whom he had obtained so many victories, and was endued with so many gifts: he answered: O, how great reason have I to complain of Fortune? which with victories hath made me a fool, and with adversities hath not rendered my wit.  
This King Demetrius always delighted to have a great fleet at Sea: & was the first that invented Galleys with xxv. banks: amongst the rest, he made a bastard galley, which was furnished with four hundred oars, and contained two thousand armed men.  
Philopater the Theban, although nature had made him lame on one foot, and squint in one of his eyes, yet his great and doughty acts were such, and so renowned, that he was entitled throughout all Gréece, Philopater the just, for his good government: and, Philopater the fortunate, for the victories which he obtained.  
A certain captain named Aristo, thwarting Philopater with words of reproach, that his lame foot in the wars did rather serve him to stumble, then to fight: Philopater answered: O Aristo, I confess unto thee, that to go to the wars, is a matter much more safe for thee then for me for unto thee there wanteth an heart to fight, & yet hast thou feet to fly: but unto me there wanteth feet to escape by flight, but no heart or courage to endure all conflicts and hazards.  
This Philopater was much and long time at Sea: and being demanded, if he were not at some times afeard, he answered: We that go to Sea, are but only once afeard: and that is on land, before we enter the Sea: for after we be entered and determined, than we hold it for most certain, that at the mercy of a proud and lofty wave of the Sea, a sandy bank, or a ragged rock, we lead our lives to be sold.  
This philopater came from Asia to conquer Rhodes with an hundred Galleys, all rowing with seven oars on a bank: certainly, a thing very monstrous to behold, and no less difficult to sustain.  
Many Princes both Greeks and Latins did imitate philopater in making galleys with seven oars on a bank: all which did perish, and had an end: and in the end of many experiences practised in Galleys, they resumed in general, that the good galley is not to be more than of five oars on a bank, either less than three.  
The renowned Cleopatra sometimes Queen of Egypt, and only love unto Mark Antony, (which love cost him his life, and her both life and honour:) when she passed from Egypt unto Graęcia, to encounter with Caius Caęsar, the oars of her Galley were of silver, her anchors of gold, her sails of silk, the ppooe of Marfile entailed.  
Behold here the inventors of Galleys, & also their inventions, wherein, to this day, Seamen have always somewhat to be amended, and no less to be added.   

Of the first invention of Navigation, and the great dangers thereof, and of many philosophers that would never sail or pass the Seas. The third Chapter.  
IF we should believe Isidorus in his Etymologies, the Lydians were the first that invented the art of Navigation, who attained not, but to the joining of certain beams or logs, which being fastened and calfated, they entered into the Sea, fishing therein: not with courage sufficient to wander far from land.  
After the Lydians, the Sidonians were the first that added their invention of certain baskets made with Willow rods, skins, canes, and cement, wherein they did not only venture to fish, but also to sail somewhat further into the Sea.  
Long time after this, the Islanders of Choronta brought forth the invention of mean Barks: and also of little ships made only without all other matter but of timber.  
All writers of histories do agree, that somewhat before the battle at Maratho, Epaminondas the Greek, did finish to place in perfection the manner of sailing, and the form to make ships: for in the Peloponnesian wars, the renowned captain Brias was present, with ships, Carreckes, and Galleys: but be it as be may, and the invention to whom it appertaineth: for many times I stay to consider, how loathsome it was unto the first man, that being safe on land, would commit himself unto that watery Element, and unto the waves and pillars of the Sea, since there is no sailing so sure, wherein betwixt life & death is contained more than a board.  
As me seemeth, exceeding covetousness, and want of wisdom, did join hands in the devise and art of Navigation: since we see by experience, that for men not infected with covetousness, & endued with peaceable disposition, there is no land in this world so miserable, which stretcheth not to serve the necessity of man's life.  
Herein it is seen, how man is much more brutish than all other beasts, since all beasts do fly, for no other cause, but for fear of death, pressed by nature to conserve that life which is given, and may not be had, but only by divine gift: only man, being captive unto covetousness, saileth, and goeth to the Sea.  
But thou, O Mariner, give me to understand, if for the salvation of thy soul, or conversation of life, any safe matter may be found at the Sea?  
What thing is contrary unto us on land, which is not much more on Sea? On land we are vexed with hunger, cold, thirst, heat, agues, sorrows, enemies, misfortunes and angers, all which things do yield double and triple vexation unto men at Sea.  
And besides all this, the sorrowful sailor standeth at the mercy of the wind, to be overthrown, and of the terrible waves to be drowned.  
I neither lie, or repent myself to say, that if covetousness did not tyrannize man's heart, there would no fleets remain on Sea: for that is the only cause that doth altar their hearts, draweth them from their houses, yieldeth them vain hopes, placeth in them new strengths, banisheth them from their countries, maketh them towers of wind, depriveth them of their quietness, leadeth them wandering out of their wits, carrieth them sold unto the Sea, and also teareth them in a thousand pieces on the rocks.  
The Philosopher Aristo said, that he died twice, that died on Sea: that is to say, first his heart was drowned in covetousness, and after his body in the water.  
certainly, a sentence right worthy to be noted, and to memory to be commended: since God hath not created man to devil in the Seas, but to inhabit the heavens.  
The Consul Fabatus, in three score years, which he lived, he never passed out of his city Rhegio, to see the city of Mesana: which was distant by water but nine miles, and being demanded in this case, why? he answered: The ship is foolish, and uncertain: for she never standeth still. The Mariner is foolish, and uncertain: which is never of one judgement. The water is foolish, and uncertain: for she never ceaseth her unquietness. The wind is foolish, and uncertain: which in her flight is so variable. And since this is so true, that shunning but one fool on land, how wouldst thou that I should commend my life unto four fools on Sea?  
From a clear judgement, of a man of experience, of a wise Philosopher, and of a man of great sapience, was this answer of the Consul Fabatus: for if we profoundly consider the furious importunity of the Air, the rage and swelling of the Sea, the inconstancy of the ship, the tedious travel of the Mariner, and the uncomfortable voyage of the passenger, as God shall save me, and so never more, let me return to Sea, if all that willingly go to Sea in ships, deserve not most justly to be bound as distraught fools.  
What portion of wisdom may he contain, which liveth in the Galley? What thing mayst thou more justly sing in the Galley, than that response or answer of the dead, which saith: Memento mei, Deus, quià ventus est vita mea.  
Is not wind perchance thy life? since thy chiefest business in the Galley, is to talk of the wind, to behold the wind, to wish for wind, to tarry for wind, to fly the wind, or sail with the wind?  
Is wind perchance not thy life, that if it be contrary, thou mayst not go thy voyage: if it blow extreme, although large, yet must thou amain: if it be calm, then must thou row: if it be a tempest, then must thou hale, or try for thy life: and if it blow from land, then must thou not believe it: in such wise, that it shall be no false witness to say, The wind be thy guide, since thy fortunate or unfortunate life consisteth in the wind.  
There is no man on land, be he never so poor, that in a great necessity obtaineth not money to yield himself relief: or children, to serve him: or friends, to secure unto: or parents, to restore him: or assistants, by whom to be supported: or neighbours, in whom to put his trust: Except the miserable person that goeth in the Galley, who hath placed his life at the judgement of a foolish Pilot, and of a contrary wind.  
plutarch reporteth of the Philosopher Att●lus, who dwelling in the city of Sparta, through the mids whereof ran a great river, would never pass the same, to view the rest of the city all the days of his life: affirming, that the air was made for birds, the land for men, and the water for fish. It is said, that this Philosopher jesting used to say: When I shall see fishes walk on land, then will I go sailing at Sea.  
Alcimenus lived ninety years amongst the Epyrotes, unto whom was left a certain inheritance, which he would never accept, or as much as view the same, for that it lay on the other side of the river Marathon: affirming it to be a miserable inheritance, the profit whereof must be conveyed by water.  
Marcus Portius Censorine, at the point of death, said, that in his life he had offended the Gods but three manner of ways, which is to say: for that there had passed one day, wherein he had committed no virtuous act in the Common wealth: for that he had discovered a secret of importance, unto a woman: and for that, when he might have traveled on land, he sailed as a passenger on Sea.  
Cropilus Philosopher and disciple of Plato, commanded the windows of his house that were towards the Sea, to be dammed up. The question being demanded, why? he answered: To escape all delight to enter therein: for my master Plato did oft use to say: That sailing at Sea was rather the exercise of fools, then of Philosophers.  
Titus Livius saith, that his Roman people were not more happy on land, then unfortunate on Sea● for which cause the ancient Romans never consented to make or send forth Galleys or Navies, from the time of the good Camillus, unto the birth of the great Scipio.  
When the Senate of Rome determined to make conquest of Asia, and to the same effect commanded the Consul Cneius Fabricius to provide a great navy: with a loud voice the Consul Fabius Torquatus exclaimed: all men that hear me, and the Gods that see me, I call to witness, that I am not, or do consent, unto this counsel, which is to we to: that the fame & glory that our mother Rome hath obtained by land, ye should commit unto fierce waves of the Sea: because, to fight with men, is but Fortune: but to deal with winds, is great foolishness.  
Wherefore, the word of my Theme, seem to be well said, which is:  
To live in the Galley at the Seas,  
God dispose it to whom it shall please.   

Of many and very famous Pirates which have lived on Sea. The fourth Chapter.  
SPeaking with truth, and also with liberty, sailing in the Galley alongst the coasts, is somewhat more safe, but in no less danger, being ingulffed. Whereof it may very well be gathered: that Galleys were rather invented to rob, then for navigation.  
Before the Greek Theseus invented the making of Galleys, it is not found in any history that the Sea was haunted with any Pirate or robber: but since the making of Galleys, there hath never wanted that hath descended to sack towns, and also to rob at the main Sea.  
If I be not deceived, the end wherefore any man maketh a Galley, is either to defend his own country, or else to offend strangers.  
And as the Galley is both tedious, and also costly, so I think not that any man employeth therein his own proper goods, but that he supposeth to sustain the same by other means substance.  
And as there: have been many excellent persons, which have been renowned by the conquest of countries, and subduing of people, by land: So have there been many much feared, and famous, for their robberies, which they have committed on Sea.  
The famous Pirates of old time, have been many: but amongst the rest, the most r●●●… wined was Dionides in the reign of Alexander: Aeste●●, in the days of Demetrius: Cleonidas, in the time Ptolomeus: Chipandus, in the government of Cyrus: Miltas, in the rule of Dionysius: Alcamenus, in the alteration if the estate committed by Caius Caesar: and Agathocles, in the happy years of the good Augustus.  
To make an ●●…ire report of the beginnings which these Pirates had, the robberies they did, the perils they passed, the men murdered, the towns they subverted, the cruelties they committed, the wealth they obtained, the ends they made, & the Fortunes wherein they finished, would grow very large to report, & tedious to read.  
For the present, it shallbe sufficient to say, that none of these Pirates died in their beds, either made a will of their goods: but the hour being come of their sorrowful destinies, they quited the mischiefs they had committed, and did not enjoy the riches which by robbery they attained.  
And because it shall not seem, that we speak at large, or of favour, somewhat we will say of them.  
Dionides was Pirate in the Levant Seas, in the reign of Alexander and Darius, which would neither serve she one, or make peace with the other: but without respect of any person, made good price & havoc of all things.  
Against this Dionides, Alexander commanded a great fleet or navy of ships to be rigged: who being taken, and brought before his presence, Alexander said: Tell me Dionides, why hast thou scandalized the whole Sea? Who answering, said: Wherefore hast thou sack the whole earth, & rob all the Sea? Alexander answered, because I am a King, but thou a Pirate. Whereunto Dionides replied: O Alexander, we are both of one condition and office, but that they term me a Pirate, because I assail with a small army: and thou art entitled a Prince, because thou robbest with a great Navy. O that the Gods would grow mild with me, and Fortune cruel against thee, in such wise, that Dionides might be Alexander, and Alexander turn to be Dionides: it might happen me to be a better Prince than thou, & thou a worse Pirate then I  
Aestelio was a Pirate sixteen years on the Adriatic Seas, in which he committed great robberies upon the Bactries, and did great hurts unto them of Rhodes. Against this Pirate King Demetrius caused a certain fleet of ships to be rigged and launched: who being taken, and brought before his presence, was demanded: Aestelio, what offence have the inhabitants of Rhodes done against thee, that thou hast so rob them? & the Bactries, that thou hast so subverted them? Who answered: Tell me Demetrius, what had my father done against thee, that thou shouldest command him to be slain? And, what offence had I committed against thee, that thou shouldest command me to be banished? I counsel thee, O Demetrius, in this last and extreme hour, that thou persecute no man to the uttermost: because it is not a little perilous, to deal extremely with any man that hath lost his honour, and is of desperate life.  
Cleonidas was a Pirate in the days of King Ptolomeus, who continued in that estate, traversing the Seas xxii. years, of which he was never seen in seven years, to set his foot out of the Galley.  
This Cleonidas was lame and crooked, whom Nature had not marked in vain: for he was most cruel with such as he had taken, and with any observed no truth.  
The enemies whom this wretched Pirate recovered into his hands, amongst other torments which he gave them, their hands & feet being bound, he did fear them with ladels of hot oil.  
Against this Pirate King Ptolomeus commanded a fleet of ships to be set forth, who being taken, and brought before his presence, the King said unto him: What barbarous inhumanity, or rather, what infernal fury hath taught thee torments never heard of, to be practised upon men like thyself?  
Whereunto Cleonidas answered: I will not only torment mine enemies in their bodies, wherewith they did persecute me, but also burn their entrailed wherewith they did hate me. King Ptolomeus commanded this Pirate Cleonidas daily to be scalded with hot oil, to increase his pain, by enlarging of his life.  
The Pirate Chipandas was native of Thebes, which did concur with the days of King Cyrus, and was a person valiant, liberal, and of great power: for he obtained to possess an hundred Galleys, and thirty ships, where with he forced service of all the Kingdoms of the East, and terrified all the Princes of the West.  
Against this Chipandas' King Cyrus commanded a great navy of ships to be rigged forth: who being taken and brought into the kings presence, said unto him: Thou Chipandas, receiving my wages, why goest thou to serve the king of Parthians? Who answering said: The laws which are made on land, bind not such as go to sail and live at Sea: and such as we use on Sea, are not observed on land: which I say, for that it is a custom amongst us Pirates, that wéee as oft change our Master, as the wind changeth on Sea.  
Miltas, the Pirate, was in the days of the first Dionysius of Syracus●, who were great enemies, and strived, not for the sovereignty in virtue, but who should obtain the highest degree in vice and wickedness: for that Dionysius subverted all Sicilia, and Miltas sacked all Asia. This Pirate Miltas traversed the Seas of Asia more than thirty years, in the end the inhabitants of Rhodes armed certain ships against him, who being taken and brought unto the place of execution, life up his eyes to heaven, and said: O Neptune, the God of Seas, why dost thou not help me at this instant? since I have sacrificed within thy Seas, five hundred men, whose throats I did cut with mine own hands: forty thousand I cast over board, and thirty thousand that have died of diseases, and also twenty thousand which have perished fight in my Galleys. Is it now possible, that I which have slain so many, should now be slain of one only man?  
Alcamenus was Pirate in the time of Silla & Marius, who followed the partiality of Silla: And as Caius Caesar fled from Silla, he was taken by Alcamenus, unto whom jesting he did use to say, That he would get lose, and hung them all. And after, when Caius Caesar saw himself Lord of the Common wealth, presently he commanded a great fleet to be armed and rigged against Alcamenus, who being taken and brought to the place of execution, said: It grieveth me not of all that which I have lost, or of the death's which I shall die: but to fall into his hands, whom I had in my possession: and that he should command me to be hanged, whom I might, and should have hanged.  
As we have said of these few Pirates: we might say also of others of great antiquity, and also of later time. But it sufficeth, that,  
To live in the Galley at the Seas,  
God dispose it to whom it shall please.   

Of many and great privileges which they have in Galleys. The fift Chapter.  
SInce we have spoken of the foundation and beginning of Galleys, and of the notable persons that were enemies of Navigation, and also of the most famous Pirates that vowed themselves to theft: we will now say somewhat of the notable conditions of Galleys, and of the great privileges wherewith they are privileged.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that all manner persons which shall enter therein, must always sail very suspicious of Pirates that shall take them, and no less timorous of the cruel Seas that shall drown them: for there is no Sea so safe, wherein wandereth not some notable Pirate: or absome time riseth not some cruel storm.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that for all men which shall enter and sail therein, before all things, must loose all liberty of commandment, and jointly therewith, both captain, Patron, and all the whole ●roope of Mariners he must obey: and if he will there any thing presume of that which he hath, and of his value and worthiness, the most poor Rower shall say unto him, that presently he be packing out of the Galley, and go to command at home in his house, in an evil hour.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, whether she be of her own condition, either strait or large, & of oars much pestered, and no less cumbered with other carriage: the passenger that shall enter therein may hold it for an advise, only to lean where he may, and not to sit down at his pleasure.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that the passenger which shall enter therein, be he never so worshipful, rich, or stately, must call the captain, Signior: the Patron, Cousin: the Boteswane, friend: and the pages of the Squiffe, brethren: and the rowers, companions. The cause proceedeth, that the passenger in the Galley wanting all liberty, hath there of all persons necessity.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that all manner of persons, which there will enter or pass, must be humble of conversation, patiented in their speech, dissembling in their necessities, and of much suffering in injuries: for that in Galleys, it is a thing more natural to suffer injuries, then either to do or revenge them.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that all persons which there do enter, shall want the conversation of women, of dainty diet, of fragrant wines, of comfortable and sweet smells, of cold waters, and such other delicacies: all which things they shall have licenes to desire, but no faculty to obtain.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that all manner persons which there do enter, shall eat ordinary bisker with a condition, that it shallbe covered with Tapestry of Cobwebs, black, worm eaten, rat eaten, & also wet either more or less. And also I advise the squint eyed passenger, that if he be not handsome, readily to take it out of the water: I bid him to an evil feast.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that if at any time, by descending on land, the passenger shall obtain any small parcel of bread, that is new, white, and well seasoned, that he adventure not to feed of it himself alone, but to make division thereof amongst his companions: and it shall happen, that he alone being the only buyer, shall obtain so much unto his share, as may serve for a piece of holy bread.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that no man at dinner time, shall there demand water that is either clear, cold, wholesome, or sweet: but of force must content himself to drink troubled, gross, warm, & unsavoury water: yet is it no less true, that unto such as be very nice, the captain giveth licence, that all the while they shallbe a drinking, with the one hand they may stop their nose, and with the other hand lift the pot unto their head.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that if any passenger betwixt meals would drink a little, refresh his face, or wash his mouth or hands: the water which he therefore needeth, he must either crave it of the captain, or bribe the Steward, bring it from land, or buy it of some Rower: for in the Galley there is nothing more desired, and whereof is less abundance, than water.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that no passenger shall presume to shed water in the poop, or much less adventure to spit therein. And he that shall herein be negligent or careless, the captain shall chide him, and the swéepers for a penalty shall receive six pence: in such wise we control no Mariners for spitting in our Church, and they make us pay a tribute for spitting in their poop.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that the flesh which they ordinarily shall eat, is joints of Goats, quarters of Sheep, salt Beef, & rusty Bacon, not boiled, but parboilde: not roasted, but burnt: in such wise, that being set on table, it is loathsome to behold, hard as the devil to gnaw on, salt as broyne to feed on, and indigestible as a stone.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that if the passenger will eat any Mutton, Beef, or kid that is fresh, he must either buy it of the soldiers which have stolen it, or adventure on land for it. And when he hath all done, is it true that he shall enjoy it? Not, truly: but he that shall flay off the skin, of right must have the skin, the entrails, and a quarter: and after, with the flesh which remaineth, he shallbe charged with roasting and boiling, and commonly at large, with all persons to eat it.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that any person that would eat boiled meat, he must steal, bribe, or buy, and in time provide a pot: which after he hath gotten, he himself must wash it, dress it, scum it, and also watch it: and to remove from thence for no cause: for if otherwise, but with the turning of his head, another shall eat his boiled meat, and he shallbe left to make report of the jest.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that he never stay to dress his meat until he have an appetite, but when he may: for, as the pots, pipkins, mortars, cauldrons, kettles, spits, and grateyrons do compass the hearth, the passenger shall go and come, as one poar-blinde: if first he have not recovered friendship with the Cook or Steward.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that the passenger that will there feed in platters, with spoons, upon trenchers, and with saucers, that first thereof he make provision for himself, or bribe the steward, or hire them of some rower: and if he happen to be careless to provide them, or negligent to procure them, the captain will friendly give him licence, to cut his meat upon a board, and sup his pottage out of the pot.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that if any passenger would eat with gravity, that is to say, with clean napkins, large towels, & table clotheses, he must bring them not only all ready bought, but as well kept: for a merchandise so cleanly, is seldom found in galley: & if in this, as in the rest, he be forgetful, he may with a safe conscience, as also with shame enough, wipe on his shirt, and now and then on his beard.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that therein is no bench to lie on, no stool to repose on, no window to lean on, neither board to feed on: but jointly therewith, that licence which they give unto the passenger which is dim sighted, that hard by the hearth, he may eat on the floor as a Moore: or upon his knees, as a woman.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that every passenger, rower, mariner, servant, ecclesiastical, gentleman, or knight, may with a safe conscience, break his fast without grieve Figs, without Cherries: a beaver without Apricockes: a supper without Cream: and make collation after supper without green Almonds. If of these & such other refreshings, he shall happen to have some appetite, or taken with an extreme lust: he shall have time sufficient to sigh: but all place & opportunity wanting that should obtain the same.   

Of other twenty travels that are in the Galleys. The sixth Chapter.  
IT is a privilege of the Galley, that on the day in which sailing ye shall pass a gulf, or that suddenly any tempest do arise, they kindle no fire, they dress no meat, & that all passengers go under hatches: because to raise the mast, it is necessary that the Galley be free, clear, & not pestered: and it is most true, at that instant and conflict, the confusion, noise, & cries of the mariners giveth more terror, than the rage and fury of the Sea.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that all passengers which be Christians, and have the fear of God, at the passage of any gulf, or any other danger, commend themselves unto God, repent them of their sins, reconcile themselves with God & man, and make some vows: all which things, and much more, is done at Sea: and after on land, silde or never, is accomplished.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that when the Sea doth go aloft, the wind contrary, or any furious tempest assail, the Mariners are accustomed presently to bring home their anchor, they take in their Squiffe, take down their hale, and uncover the poop: then, woe be unto thee, thou poor passenger, because thou shalt remain at the mercy of the Sun which shineth, & to receive all water that shall rain.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that as often as the wind changeth, so oft the sail is altered, and if it blow much wind, they strike sail: and if it be more calm, they hoysse sail. And that wherein the passenger hath most to employ himself, is to lift up his eyes unto the foresail, lay his hands unto the rope, and occupy his heart in the torment: for in the Galley at Sea, there is no greater sign of danger of life, then when the Mariners do often hoysse and strike the foresail.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that no man presume to crave either field bed, sheeets of Holland, pillows of down, or Moriscoquilts: but jointly herewith, if the passenger be delicate, or be acrazed, the patron will give him licence, to sleep upon a board: and for a pillow, to lay his head upon a Target.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that no man, be he never so worshipful, may obtain a place assigned to walk in, or else to retire, neither at all times when he would to sit down: if any man desire, in the day time, to be sometimes in the poop, and to sleep on nights in some room of crossbow shot, he must first buy it of the captain by force of praying, and obtain it of the Boteswane for good money.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that if any man need to warm water, to make lée, or drive a buck, to wash his shirt, that he care not to attempt or to remember the same: but if he will be occasion for some to laugh, and others to scoff and deride: But if his shirt be somewhat foul or sweaty, and hath no change, forcibly he must have patience, until he go on land, or by rottenness to finish the same.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that if any nice or curious passenger will needs wash any handkerchief, headkerchife, towel, or any shirt for his own person, that it be in no fresh or sweet, but salt water. And as the salt water doth breed itch and scurf, so the captain will give him licence, and the Boteswane will allow him place to rub his back against the Mast, or seek a Rower to scratch the same.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that no passenger shall be bound, or as much as to adventure to pull off either hose or shoes, doublet, coat, or cloak, when he goeth to sleep: because the poor passenger hath allowance of no better bed in all the Galley, than the garments which he shall wear.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that the beds which there are made for passengers and Rowers, have no appointed head or feet, but that they lie down, where they may, and as it shall chance, & not as they would: which is to weet, that the one night, where they shall lay their heads, the next night to place their feet. And if by chance his companion have eaten chestnuts, or supped with radish, and so shall let fly, you understand me what: Good friend, thou must make thy reckoning, that thou didst dream it, and never report that ever thou heardest it.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that all fleas that leap upon the hatches, and all lice that breed in seams, and all cheslockes that walk in chinkers, be common unto all men, and be divided and parted amongst all men: and if any person which is fine and nice, shall appeal from this privilege: from thenceforth I prophesy, that if he make but a secret inquiry, in his neck and bosom, and a privy search in his breeches, he shall find more louse, than money in his purse.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that all the Rats, and Wezels therein, both dare and have liberty, when they may, without any penalty, to steal from passengers, napkins, and fine Sendal, silk girdles, old shirts, fine Coyffes, and also perfumed gloves: And all the same to hide to sleep in, to breed in, & to bring up their young ones, and also to gnaw on when they want meat. And brother passenger, marvel not when thou feelest, that sometime they do bite thee: for that when I passed betwixt Tunes and Sicil, they did at one time bite me by the leg, and another time by the ear: and as I had sworn to the privileges of the Galley, I made no boast thereof.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that the bread, the cheese, the wine the bacon, the flesh and fish which thou shalt prepare for thy provision, thou must give thereof unto the captain, Boteswane, Pylott, Mariners, and to him that is at helm. And as concerning that which remaineth, hold it for certain, the dogs will have a catch, the Cats will have a snatch, the Rats will gnaw, the Stewards will tithe, and the Rowers will steal: in such wise, that if thou be a little dim sighted, and not very well advised, the provision which thou madest for a month, will hardly last thee ten days.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that if the Billow do somewhat roll, or the tempest rise, or the Galley passing some race, thy heart will be dismayed, thy head grow idle, thy stomach wamble, thine eyes wax dim, thou beginnest to belch, and discharge thy stomach of all which thou hast eaten, & also lie down upon the hatches: and think not that any of the beholders will hold thy head, or cherrishe thee with a caudle: but they all at deaths door with laughing will say, it is nothing, but that the Sea will make a proof of thee: thou being at point of thy last gasp, and also in utter desperation.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that if any passenger will at some time refresh himself on land, recover a Can of water, or seek or buy fresh victuals, or with others strike an hand, as a Friar, he must ask leave of the captain, and entreat the Boateswane to arm the Squiffe: he must flatter the pages to set him on land, and promise' them somewhat to tarry for him: and give money unto him that upon his shoulders shall carry him out of the water: And if for the wickedness of his sins, he be not ready to embark at the first sound of the retreat, the Galley shall make sail, and he shall remain on land to be hanged by the justice.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that every passenger that will purge his belly, is forced to the common places of the forecastell: or else to climb and stay by some loop hole for the Crossbows: and that which may not be said, much less done without shame, all men may so openly behold him, sitting at his necessities, as if he sat banqueting at the table.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that no man presume to crave to drink in plate, in glass of Venice, or pitcher of Barcelona, or nut of the Indies: in such a case, if the passenger have not provided a cup or pitcher, wherein to drink, the captain will dispense with him, that in a spoon of wood, (wherewith the Rower eateth his pottage,) they will give him to drink a little water.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that neither captain, Pursser, Patron, Pilot, Rower, or passenger may hold, keep, or hide any wife of his own, or others, married or at large, but that of all persons in the Galley she shallbe seen, known, and also served of more than twain: and if any there do adventure to pass, they are rather lovers of charity then of chastity: and sometimes it chanceth that some wretch hath brought her to his great cost. And she of her own courteous condition yieldeth pleasure unto many.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that freely a Friar of Saint Benet, Saint Basil, Saint Austin, Saint Francis, Saint Dominicke, Saint Hierome, Carmelite, Trinitarie, and Mercenary, may go therein: and to the end, that such religious men, may go there with safe conscience, the Captains and Purssers do bear them in hand, that they have obtained a Bull, to be divested of their habit, cowls, crowns, girdles, and scapularies, & in the place of Breviaries or Portasses, they place in their hands oars to learn to row, and to forget to pray.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that the ordinary neighbours, and fraternity thereof, are false witnesses, pirates, thieves, traitors, men whipped and mangled, adulterers, homicides, and blasphemers: in such manner, that unto him that demandeth what is a Galley? we may answer, It is a certain prison of the wicked, and a scourge to all passengers.   

Of other greater travels and perils, which they pass that go in Galleys. The seven. Chapter.  
IT is a privilege of the Galley, that all the Purssers, patrons, Pilots, Mariners, Counsellors, Pages, Helm men, Swéepers, and Rowers, may ask, take, bribe and also steal from the poor passengers, bread, wine, flesh, bacon, cheese, fruit, shirts, shoes, caps, coats, doublets, girdles, and cloaks: & also if the passenger be somewhat purblind, and hath not his purse tied fast unto his arm: let him make a reckoning that he forgot it in Civil.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that that which is once lost, forgotten, lent, or stolen, the right owner may safely yield up his account, that for evermore he hath lost the fight thereof: and if by the force of entreating, and not without money, the Boteswane do proceed for search thereof, and in terms to found the same: let the loser be assured, that the thief with his unshamefastness will much rather cast it over board, then with safe conscience make restitution.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that when they go on land for water, or fetch wood, if by chance they find any lamb, or stumble on a cow, meet with any sheep, encounter with a goat, or light upon any hog, goose, hen, pig, or pullet, without all wambling of stomach, or scruple of conscience, they take and kill them in the Galley, as if in the market place they had bought them.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that when the soldiers, the Rowers, the Barbarous, & also passengers, go on land near unto some rich or wealthy place, there are no woods which they hue not, no hives which they do not unemptie, no dove house which they view not, no game which they hunt not, no garden or orchard which they do not ransack, no maid or woman whom they do not violate, boy which they steal not, slave whom they remove not, vineyard which they gather not, bacon that they unhange not, either garment which they bear not away: in such wise, that in an hard year the frost, hail, and grasshopper, do not execute so great harms, or commit so great cruelties, as they of the Galley do perform in one half day.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that if any bankrupt, quarreler, periuror, ruffian, robber, thief, or murderer, be once there placed, no justice may there enter to make search, or any person which is offended, to accuse: and if any such, through the wickedness of his own sins, do once enter, either they set him to the oar, or apply him to some miserable use: in such wise, that in the Galleys it is, where good men be cast away, and evil defended.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that therein they have liberty to live in the law wherein they were borne, which is to say, married, unmarried, nuns, Monks, Friars, Priests, hermits, Greeks, Indians, Heretics, Moors, and jews: in such wise, that without any scruple on Fridays, ye shall behold the Moors make feasting, and the jews on the Saturday keep holiday.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that if any poor passenger would carry to sea, any chest with victuals or apparel, or any trusset with bedding, or barrellet with wine, or pitcher of water, he must hold it for most certain, that for the captains consent, the Rowers for carriage, the Purssers for registering, & the Stewards for keeping, some will have money, and others be served: & in this case they are not satisfied with that, which you would give: but that they must bear away, all that, which they demand. For myself, I may safely swear, that in our last voyage with our great Caesar, in the ports of Barcelona, Mallorca, Menorca, Sardinia, Lagoleta, Callar, Pallermo, Micina, Riioles, Naples, Saicta, Civita Vicia, Genova, Nissa, Frevil, Tholou, and the dead waters: I had more trouble, and spent more money, with imbarkage and disimbarkage of horses, mules, servants and provision, than ever I passed, or would have thought in all my life.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that at the time of lading or disimbarkage, of the poor passenger they take account of his money, they open his chests, they take view of his stuff, they rip his packets, and take custom for all the same: and if the passenger be poare-blind, or somewhat squinteyed, they will not only take the right eye, but also the left.  
And for that it shall not seem, that we speak at large, I swear by the law of an honest man, that for the custom of a cat, which I brought from Rome, at Barcelona, they did take half a Rial.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that upon the waters there is no Galley so perfect, sufficient, or so furnished, that in her is not some want, or defection. which is to say, that either she is weak of timber, old, heavy, a slug of sail, not armed, open, leaketh much water, or is unfortunate: in such wise, that notwithstanding she be furnished with the best Patron, or chiefest captain, there is always in her, more to be wished, then to be praised.  
It is a privilege of the galley, that neither on Christmas or Sabbath day, the Rowers and passengers cease not to play, steal, blaspheme, travel, or sail: for that Feasts and sabbaths in the Galleys be not only unobserved: neither do they know when they fall.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, to be oblivious of all days and times of abstinence, for that their godly devotion to fast is never moved, but by some extreme necessity and want of victuals.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that neither mariners, rowers, adventurers, or any other officers, have any care, or make any conscience of Religion, or any part thereof: but only that good part of a Christian which remaineth in them, is: that in a dangerous torment, they begin to pray, to sigh, and weep: which being once past, they sit down at great leisure to eat, talk, play, fish, and also to curse: recompting unto each other, the dangers that were passed, and the vows which they had made.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that all neighbours, inhabitants, and passengers therein, stand discharged, of all customs, portage, loans, tributes, subsidies, pensions, tenths, and first fruits, either to the king or Church: as also discharged of all excommunication, for any offence whatsoever. And when in jest I demanded a testimonial of their confessions, presently they would show me a pair of cards: affirming that in that holy fraternity, their chiefest religion was to play, curse, and swear.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that none which shall there happen to die, shall be bound to be innoyled, or pay for ringing of bells, either to the priest for his burial, either building of his sepulchre, either to the friars for their diriges, either to the poor for carrying of torches, either sowing of his winding sheet: because the miserable, which there once dieth, shall scarcely yield his spirit to God, when they shall hurl the body unto the fishes.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that there all manner persons do eat flesh in Lent, in Vigils, and all other days forbidden: and question being demanded of their want of shame or of conscience, they answer, That since all manner persons on land, do adventure to eat fish which proceedeth from the Sea, upon any day: by the same reason it is convenient for them, to eat flesh at any time, that cometh from the land.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that all bread, wine, bacon, powdered flesh, cheese, butter, raisins, biscuit, dishes, and pots, which shall remain unto any passenger of his provision, to leave all unto the Galley at his departing unto land: in such wise, that they never cease to take the surplusage: and in time of necessity, to relieve always, not so much as with a raisin.  
It is a privilege of the Galley, that every passenger that presumeth of Gentry, courtesy, or shamefastness, to gratify the captain, to embrace the steward, to speak unto the Pilot, to take his leave of the whole company, to reward the swéepers, to give somewhat to the helm man, and also to have remembrance of the pages of the squiffe: all which if he do not perform, they will yield him a cruel departure, and will not afterwards accept him into that Galley.  
But the conclusion is, that notwithstanding their privileges are many, notable, and extreme, we always affirm, and confirm with the words of our Theme, which is to say:  
To live in the Galley at the Seas,  
God dispose it to whom it shall please.   

Of a certain subtle discretion of the sea, and of her perilous properties. The viii. Chapter.  
SOmewhat being said of the privileges and conditions of the Galley, now let us say somewhat of the nature of the sea: for that it is no small error to commend our life unto him, whose virtuous conditions, or cruel inclination is to us unknown.  
To the end we may understand the deeds of the sea, consider the name wherewith she is endued: since this her name, Mare, importeth none other thing but bitterness: because her water is very bitter, but her condition most bitter.  
The sea is not so well conditioned, that any man should adventure to enter the same, of will, but of necessity: because that man which saileth, except it be to the discharge of his conscience, or defence of his honour, or to support his living: I say and affirm, that such a one is either unadvised, or detesteth his life, or else they hold him as a fool, or as one distraught of his wits.  
The sea is delectable to behold, and perilous to pass.  
The sea deceiveth no man, but once: for whom she once deceiveth, shall never more complain of her.  
The sea is a Mine, where many be enriched: and a Cemetorie where infinite people are buried.  
The sea, if she like, doth suffer to be sailed with a plank: and if she be enraged, she consenteth not a Carack to endure her.  
The sea resembleth a fool, for that she altereth every quarter of the Moon: and maketh no difference betwixt a king and a plough man.  
The sea suffereth neither fools nor sluggards: because it chief agreeth with all such as wander therein, to be of great life in their business, and most diligent in their Navigation.  
The sea is a cloak for sinners, and a refuge for malefactors: for in her, there is none waged for their virtue, or rejected for their wickedness.  
The sea dissembleth with the vicious, but liketh not to be inhabited with cowards: for he entereth her limits to small & very evil purpose, that is a coward to fight, and timorous in sailing.  
The sea is very malicious, and always to be considered by her contraries: for that in calm, she prepareth a tempest: and in time of tempest, she prepareth a calm.  
The sea is affectionate to some, and appassionate with others: for if she like, to one she sustaineth life xx. years, and another she depriveth the first day.  
The sea is a great enemy to all things that sustain human life: because her fish is phlegmatic, her air importune, her water salt, her humour hurtful, & her sailing perilous.  
The sea of as many as saileth in her, holdeth none contented: for she yieldeth their bodies tired with the grossness of their life: and their hearts always in great carefulness of some perilous tempest.  
The sea of her own condition maketh all stomachs hungry, but we may well pardon her the appetite which she giveth to eat, through the force which she useth to make us cast our gorge.  
The sea enticeth or deceiveth any man, to the end to enter or to commit trust unto her: for unto all men she discovereth the monstruousnes of her fish, the profundity of her depths, the swelling of her seas, the contrariety of her winds, the cruelty of her rocks, and fierceness of her torments: in such wise, that such as be there lost, be not cast away for want of advisement: but for certain great dizards.  
The sea suffereth herself of all men to be seen, to be fished, and to be sailed, but jointly therewith, she removeth all jurisdiction from all men, and from all sufficient power to change her condition. We say no more in this case, but that:  
To live in the Galley at the Seas,  
God dispose it to whom it shall please.   

Of the things which the passenger hath to provide, when he entereth the Galley. The ix. Chapter.  
SOmewhat being said of the privileges of the Galley, and of the conditions of the sea: there remaineth not, but to speak of the necessary provision for Navigation: for it sufficeth not that the passenger be advertised of all things, from which he hath to save himself: but that also he enter provided of all things necessary.  
It is a convenient counsel for every man that goeth to sea, either in ship or Galley, not as an Infidel, but as a Christian to commend himself unto God: for that the sailor leadeth his life in as great hazard, as if he should enter into a set battle.  
Also it is a convenient counsel, that all manner persons, before they enter the Sea, do make their will, declare their debts, accomplish with their creditors, repart their goods, and reconcile themselves with their enemies, because they may afterwards happen to find themselves in so terrible a storm, that for all the treasure of this world, they would not be burdened with any scruple of conscience.  
It is a convenient counsel, for the curious passenger, either sailor, ten or fifteen days before he go aboard, to cleanse and evacuate his body, either with Rossid, Honey, Rosa Alexandrina, good Canafistula, or else with some perfect Pill: for that naturally the Sea useth more pity with empty stomachs, then with such as are replete & oppressed with ill humours.  
It is a convenient counsel, and no unsound advise, to sail in a Galley of new timber, and that the Thoughts thereof be worn smooth: for at the doubling of a point, passing any race or gulf, or investing with another Galley, or at the chase of an army, or in some furious storm, the new Galley is more light and nimble to be governed both with sail and oars, and best doth save herself at Sea, & the smoothness of the Thoughts helpeth much in rowing.  
Also it is sound counsel, that before the passenger do embark, he go to visit and talk with the captain, and to use him with fair terms, and no less courtesy: which is to weet, if he be aboard, to send him some refreshing: and if on land, to banquet him, or to accompany him: for as the Captains of Galleys desire wind, go with the wind, live with the wind, sail with the wind, always there cleaveth unto them some attach of the wind: wherewith they will of their friends be honoured, of their enemies feared, and of their passengers served.  
It is sound counsel, that at the instant he shall enter the Galley, he frame friendship with the Steward and Boteswane, to have licence to walk on hatches, with some rower to attend him, & to make him neat: with the Pilot, to accept him: with the justice, for his favour: with the Cook, for his fire: with the swéepers, for attendance in the poop: with the pages, to row him to land: for if he hold them not all well pleased, he is entered into the Galley very evil appointed.  
It is also convenient counsel, before he be embarked, that he make him some garment, that is strong and well furred, more profitable than comely: wherewith he may without loss, upon hatches, lie down in the crossbow room, climb into the poop, go on land, defend himself from heat, secure himself from rain, and also at night to use it for his bed: for that, garments in the Galley, aught rather to serve for profit, than honour.  
It is convenient counsel, that the curious and delicate passenger, do make his provision of some half bed, of a doubled sheet, of a little mantel, and no more but one pillow: for, any man to carry an whole and a great bed into the Galley, is to give occasion unto some to deride, and unto others to laugh: for on the day time, there is no place to lay it, and at night much less to spread and make it.  
It is sound counsel, that for his provision he have white biscuit, old Bacon, good cheese, powdered beef, and also some fat hens: for these, and such other things, he may not be excused to buy, that goeth to Sea.  
It is sound counsel, that the worshipful passenger make his provision of some Barrel, Butt, or Skin of good white wine of a year old, clear, and fragrant: whereof, after he hath discharged his gorge, he shall more esteem one drop, then at another time an whole Barrel: and further, the savour thereof shall reform his stomach, and the smell comfort his head.  
It is convenient counsel, for him that would eat cleanly, to be provided of some towel, napkin, pot, pitcher, and cup: because these trifles are seldom sold in Galleys, and much less borrowed.  
It is sound counsel, especially for that person, which is poareblinde, that if he carry any chest with provision, any Male with armour, any Barrel with wine, any pack with garments, or any Caskett with writings, presently that he 'cause the captain to see it, the purser to register it, and the Steward to save it: for that in the Galley, for scruple of conscience they leave not from a needle upwards.  
It is sound counsel, that he do very well consider with whom he is conversant, with whom he entereth, in whom he trusteth, with whom he speaketh, and also with whom he playeth: for, in the Galley they are so handsome, and advised, that if they find the passenger but a little wittlesse, there shall not want three, which by playing booty, shall provide him a release of all his money.  
It is a convenient counsel, that at the instant in which he is embarked, he importune the captain, request the Steward, entreat the justice, and recover friendship with some rower: to the end, that if he may not obtain place in the poop, or be admitted to some cabinet, at the lest to assign him to some crossbow room: for, if he be dull or negligent in these cases, let him hold it for certain, and also condemned, that in the day he shall not find where to sit, much less at night where to lodge.  
It is convenient counsel, for the passenger, that presumeth either of wisdom, or honesty, to procure books, both good and pleasant, and some of prayers as matter of devotion: for of three exercises which are used at Sea, which is to weet, play, talk, and read, the most profitable and least hurtful is reading.  
It is convenient counsel, that the passenger before he be embarked, do provide hooks, lines, bait, and canes: that when they are becalmed, or lying in any road, or placed behind some rock, or the forecastell being thrust aland: to draw forth his trinkets, and settle himself to take fish: since in fishing he shall take recreation, and great savour in the eating: for his mind peace and quietness, and for his purse much more profit it is, to be fishing in the forecastell, then at dice in the poop.  
Also it is sound counsel, that the nice passenger make his provision, of raisins, figs, almonds, diacitron, dates, comfits, and other delicate conserves: for, when the Sea rolleth aloft, and the torment increaseth, belches be practising, to cast the gorge, and discharge the stomach, the eyes grow dim, and the appetite is lost: if in that conflict the poor passenger be unprovided of some comfortable conserve, I command him some hard adventure.  
Also it is convenient counsel, not to be unprovided of a bunch of garlic, of a rope of onions, a bottle of vinegar, a barrelet of oil, and also of a box of salt: for, notwithstanding they be rustical meats, and not delicate for sailors, or licorishe to be stolen. And further and beside all this, it may happen that of sops, water, salt, and oil, there may be made a slampamp or an hotchepotch, that at some other time, shall exceed a Capon in taste.  
Also it is convenient counsel, that every discreet passenger provide himself of corked pantophels, double soled shoes, of Mariners slops, of close hunting caps, and of four or five clean shirts: because Sea water is of such a quality, and the Galley of such indisposition, that first thou shalt soul them all, before thou shalt wash one.  
Also it is sound counsel, chiefly for nice & delicate stomachs, to provide themselves of perfumes, as of Beniamine, Storax, Amber, Aloes, or of Pomander of some special good confection: for it many times happeneth, that the Pump yieldeth so cruel a stench, that only it dismayeth not, but also constraineth to discharge the stomach.  
It is also a profitable and necessary counsel, that every passenger do carefully consider, to have his stomach always in temper, and not overcharged with meats or drinks: that is to say, to eat little, and drink less: for if on land it be unhonest, at Sea much more, and dangerous in tempest, to eat until he belch, and drink until he cast.  
And because it shall not seem, that we speak at large, passing the gulf of Narbona in a great tempest, there was in my Galley, a gluttonous drunkard, which at two belches cast up his meat, and with the third he did yield up his soul.  
Also it is sound counsel, and of experience, that to defend the stomach from the sickness of the Sea: a paper of Saffron be placed upon the breast, near unto the heart, and in the fury of the tempest to keep himself both warm and quiet: whereupon he may be assured, that his stomach shall neither wamble, nor his head grow giddy.  
In all the navigation which we had with my Lord and master Caesar, when he attempted the conquest of the great Tunes in Africa, these rules I used, which did yield me my life: I say, the life of the body: because the life of the soul, is given us in that glory, Ad quam nos perducat jesus Christus filius Dei, qui cum patre & spiritu sancto vivit & regnat in secula seculorum. Amen.   
FINIS.   

Imprinted at London, for Ralph Newberrie, dwelling in Fleet street, a little above the Conduit.  
1578.