¶ The questyonary of Cyrurgyens, with the formulary of little Guydo in Cyrurgie, with the spectacles of Cyrurgyens newly added, with the fourth Book of the therapeutic, or Method curative of claud Galyen prince of Physyciens, with a singular treaty of the cure of ulcers, newly imprinted at London, by me Robert wire, And be for to sell in Paul's churchyard, at the sign of Judith. Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum.  

Judith.    

¶ Robert Copland the translator hereof to the readers.  
gentle readers in consideration that every science, art, and faculty that are speculate & practised by Philosophers, not only ought to be showed and taught unto such as be present with them in their days, but also for a perpetual benefit to be set forth by writings vulgarily in every tongue, for the more eredines and erudition of all young and pregnant practycyens, as fain would attain to the perfytenes of every such science, art, and faculty. And not withstanding that there be right many and sundry sorts, aswell of very good and scyentyke books, as of right expert men within this Realm in the scientical art of chirurgery. Nevertheless this little questyonary & formulary with the other books added thereto have been often required and sought for, to be had in english (aswell of me as of other) by divers and many persons of the said science. In consideration aforesaid, and that it is commodious, utile, behoveful, and beneficial to the common wealth of the said science and art. A certain young gentle man enured in the said science have a book of the same in french moved the right honest person Henry Dabbe bybliopolyst & stacyoner to have it translated in to english. At whose instigation meaning the help of God (though most rudely) with the simpleness of a good willing heart I have enterprised to do it in following directly my copy. For I knowledge mine enernyte in pronouncing the english of the names and terms naturally expressed in the said book, aswell in greek, latin, & other, which mine author hath not reduced in to french, which names and terms I commit to the discretion, emendation, and gravity of t●em that have the perfectness of the said science and faculty. For as Phylyatros sayeth, many terms and names that are simply spoken in one language and science is hard to be spoken in an other, except they be expressed, and what they signify. wherefore courteous and gentle readers take this in worth, and desist mine ignorance in the same with your scientical benevolence, and clear fronysate intelligence. And jesus preserve you. Amen.   

¶ Hereafter followeth the questyonary of Cyrurgyens.  
¶ The Demand or question.  
WHat is chirurgery? The response or answer. chirurgery is science that teacheth the manner and quality to work/ principally in knitting/ in cutting/ and exercising other works of the hand. In healing of man, as much as it is possible. And here science is put for kind. And albeit that chirurgery is of itself properly by art and no science/ yet for the bond and affynytie that art and science have each with other/ sometime unproperly that which is art is called science/ and that which is science is called art. It is otherwise said (and better) that chirurgery is in two manners. One is that showeth only so that by it we can do nothing as touching the operation/ and that properly is called science/ as we say in physic that there be vi manners of simple apostumes/ that is to wit four humeralles/ one aignous/ & the other ventous. The other manner of chirurgery is usance/ that is to say/ that it teacheth to use/ that he that knoweth it may help himself therewith as many times and as often as he will as touching Cyrurgycall operations/ so that by it he is governed and ruled when he will use it/ as by the chirurgery that he hath in his understanding/ that teacheth him that in all hot apostumes he ought to put and lay to it repercutyves/ safe unto them that been in the sumuytones/ and to such as be venomous/ This chirurgery or art that thou haste in thine understanding/ teacheth the to work & use manually in medicines/ and is properly called art and not science. And in the end of thy definition beside the particulars that are put for differences that are set unto that which is possible/ for it is not possible to all Cyrurgyens to heal all them that are diseased and sore. ¶ Demand. In what case ought a chirurgeon to use very cure? And in what cases is he permitted to use only palliative cures. Answer. In all cases ought he to use very cure/ except in three cases/ where as alonely he is permitted the cure palliative. The first is when the disease of themselves are uncurable as lazary. The second for the inobedience of the patient to suffer the pains that he ought/ because his might can not suffer it/ as is the Canker in a particular member. The third/ if by the cure of such a disease there followeth a greater inconvenient/ as in to evil inveterate sores/ or in to old emeroides/ if there be not always left an issue there as any danger is/ for dread to fall in to ydropsy or manyake/ as hippocras saith in his Aphorysmes. ¶ Demand. Whereof is named chirurgery? Answer. It is so named of chyr/ that is a hand/ and of Gow/ that is operation/ for it is a science that teacheth to work by hand that is manually. ¶ Demand. What is the subject of chirurgery? Answer. The subject of chirurgery is the body of man that is diseased & sore able to be healed, for it is thereabout that the chirurgeon worketh. ¶ Demand. what is theffect of chirurgery? Answer. Theffect thereof is to take away the disease of man's body/ and to keep it in health as much as it is possible.  
¶ Demand. In how many kinds or parties is chirurgery devised? Answer. johamnyce sayeth that generally it is devised in two, that is to wit to work in soft membres/ as in the flesh. And to work in the hard members as the bones. And particularly chirurgery is divided in .v. That is to wit to work in wounds/ in apostumes/ in sores/ and in restorations/ and in other things belonging to handy operation. ¶ Demand. What divers operations exerciseth the chirurgeon? Answer. In three divers operations. That is to wit dissolve the thing continued/ knit the thing separated/ and put out the superflue thing. To dissolve the thing continued is by incysing/ cutting/ or scaturysing. To rejoin the separate as in consolyding the wounds and redusing the lips. And to put out the superflue things, as in curing apostumes to cleanse them and put away the coores. ¶ Demand. How many and what yrens ought a chirurgeon to bear in his case with him? Answer. He ought to have .v. as Cysers'/ Nyppers/ Launcettes/ Rasoures'/ and Nedelles. ¶ Demand. How many and what oyntementꝭ commonly ought the chirurgeon bear with him? Answer .v. That is to wit/ an ointment Basylycon for to ripe/ Apostolorum to cleanse/ Aureum to increase flesh. And the white ointment for to dry and bind. And de Althaea for to sowple.  
¶ Demand. Of how many things/ and what things the chirurgeon taketh his intentions for to heal sore folks? Answer. That after Galyen in his terapentyc they been taken of three things. That is of things against nature/ of natural things/ and of unnatural things/ and also of their annexes. And first he taketh this indication of things against nature/ that is to wit to the knowledge of the malady in his nature after Galyen in the second of his terapentic. And than come unto the naturals/ and after to the unnaturalles and their annexes. And so after his indications taken he ought to proceed to the healing of the patient in all that may lie in him possible. And let the chirurgeon note that it is said/ in all that may lie possible in him/ because it is not always possible. And with what things, and how. For as galyen saith toward the end of his third book/ and in the seventh of his said terapentyc/ ●f the intentions curatyves been few/ and according/ the cure is easy to the chirurgeon as in a simple wound. But where there is many considerations which in itself are contrary/ as in a hollow wound and apostumate and nigh to a noble member, the chirurgeon ought to consider three things. ¶ The first is, if there be two contrary diseases, whereof the cure of the one letteth the other (which is most doubtful and dangerous if it remain) in such case he ought to begin his cure at the most dangerous/ & where there is most peril in the remaining of it/ and oftentimes more sooner in the accydentes that happeneth in a sore/ than in the sore self. As when a great flux of blood overcometh in any wound or any sore freting that hath corroded any vain/ in such case often he must leave the healing of the sore for to intend to the flux of blood that is so great. Likewise if in a sore were any sinew that was pricked whereof followeth cramp/ there must he begin at the pricking of the sinew for danger of the spasna, which is most perilous. The second thing that the chirurgeon ought to consider is/ if one of the said diseases be not the cause of the other, and nourisheth not the other. In such case he ought to begin at the cure of it that is the seller and nourisher of the other. For till that that which is the causer of the other be totally extyrped the healing can not be. ¶ Demand. How many considerations ought the chirurgeon to have touching his form and general manner to work manually? Answer. After arnold de villa nova, he ought to have four The first is he ought to consider what operation it is that he ought to do to man's body. And it is known by the division of the operations of chirurgery aforesaid/ that is to knit the thing divided. The second consideration is/ that he ought to consider wherefore he worketh. And this is known by the general intention of chirurgery, that commandeth to do the operations unto the body of man profitably with confidence or sureness. The third consideration is/ that he ought to consider if such operation be necessary & convenable to be done to man's body. And this he knoweth when it can not be healed otherwise. And the fourth consideration is/ that the chirurgeon ought to know how to bestow his remedies to the body of man. In these considerations the chirurgeon ought to take heed in doing all things that he ought to do/ as touching this operation/ aswell before the working as after. The which four considerations thou mayest have and perceive by such an example. If thou wilt draw water fro the bellies of ydropikes by manual operation. first thou ought to consider that the operation which thou wilt do is to draw out the said water. secondly thou ought to consider wherefore thou dost it/ for it is for to ●eale/ or at the lest way to give ease. Thirdly why there such operation be necessary/ needful/ or possible. And thou ought to wit that it is necessary at ●●ast ways if thou wilt heal an ydropyke of the ●dropesy confirmed/ and thou knowest that it is ●●defull and possible if the might of the patient ●e strong/ for if it be week be well aware for to do it. And four thou ought to consider the manner to do it, which is such. first lie thy patient upright, and than with a razor cut the skin of his belly under the navel unto the void places that are between the cyphac and the myrac. And also thou ought to make incision on the left side if the disease come of the right side. contrariwise make the incysion on the right side if it come fro the left, and than put a little quill or read in to the hole, wherewith thou shalt draw out of that water after the strength of the patient. And when thou wilt draw no more/ take away the quill and let the skin of the belie go that will close the hole that no more water come out. And when thou wilt draw any more do as thou did before. ¶ Demand. How many and what conditions ought a chirurgeon to have? Answer, iiij, The first is that he ought to be learned and a clerk/ & not only in the principles & beginning of chirurgery/ but likewise in physic, and asmuch in theoryke as pra●tyke● For in theoryke he ought to know the natural things and unnaturalles/ and against nature, first he ought to know the unnatural things/ and chiefly the anatomy/ for without it nothing can be done surely in chirurgery/ as it appeareth afterward more plainly. Also he ought to know the complexion of his patient/ for after the diversity of the nature of the bodies ought the medicines be diversified as Galyen declareth all along in his therapeutic against Thesilus. And by like reason ought he for to know the strength. Secondly he ought to know the unnatural things, that is the meat/ the drink. etc. for they are cause of all health when they be used as they ought to be. And also they be causes of all maladies when they are evil used. Thirdly he ought to knowledge the things against nature, which are three The disease, the causes, and the accidents of the disease. first he ought to know the disease. Secondly the cause thereof/ for if he healed otherwise (it should not be of a saints disease/ as good old women say) it should be but case of adventure. Thirdly he ought to know the accidents that chance to come in diseases/ for often times it prevaryeth the same self cure of the diseases/ as Galyen declareth in the beginning of the book that he sent to Glauton his disciple. As I said before he ought for to ●●owe the unnatural things/ and to minister them as they ought/ that are meat/ drink. etc. Also by this ye shall understand that the chirurgeon ought to know how to minister medicyns ●●●atyues/ which are one of the instruments of ●●●syke as of chirurgery/ without the which the ●●●ence of chirurgery can not be complete. And this 〈◊〉 ought to know as touching the practice. Thus 〈◊〉 appeareth the verification of the first conclusion that a chirurgeon ought to have/ for he ●●ght to be lettered & learned. And this condition ●●●●areth Galyen in the first book of the Tera●●●●yke against Thesyllon, where he saith at this deynte. If Physycyens had nothing to do with astronomy/ geometry/ logic/ Grammar/ nor with other good doctrines/ the Cobbelers/ Corryers' of leather/ Carpenter's/ Smythes, and such manner of people would leave their crafts & run to physic, & become Physicyens. The second condition that a chirurgeon should have/ is to be expert/ and aught to have sen other masters work. And this witnesseth Auenzoar when he said thus. It behoveth that every Physycyen first know/ and than to have use and experience. The third condition that a chirurgeon ought to have/ is that he ought not to be a fool/ unwitty/ nor of rude understanding. But as Haly saith in the third book de regni/ he ought to be a man of good memory/ of good judgement/ of good diligence/ of a clear sight/ hole of mind/ and of his membres, with slender fingers/ & a steadfast hand without shaking. The fourth condition is that a chirurgeon should have/ is that he ought to be well mannered/ bold/ and sure in things that be not to fear. And doubtful, & fearful in perilous things. And aught to eschew all desperate cures/ and aught to be gentle to his pacientes, well willing to his company/ wily in pronostyking/ chaste/ sober/ meek/ and merciful/ not anaricious/ nor extorcyoner for money. but after the capacity of the patient/ and the faculty received/ competent and moderate reward. ¶ Demand. How many & what conditions ought the patient to have that will be healed by the art of chirurgery? Answer. That he ought to have three conditions. The first that he ought to be obedient to his chirurgeon/ as the servant toward his master/ as Galyen declareth in the first of his therapeutic. The second condition of the patient/ is that he ought to have trust in his cyrurgyen/ for he healeth most in whom he trusteth most/ as Galyen sayeth in the first book of Pronostykes. And the thyde condition is/ that he take patience in himself/ for patience is it that overcometh. ¶ Demand. How many and what conditions ought the assistants and servants or ministers of the patient have? Answer. As Galyen saith in the end of the first comment of the afforysmes. The conditions of the company/ ministers and servants of them that are diseased aught to be such as pleaseth the patient/ so that they ought to have agreeable servants put to them, being true, loving, peaceable, gentle, and discrete.  

¶ Here beginneth the second treaty/ wherein is moved and assoiled certain questions and dyffyculties touching the anatomy.  

¶ Demand.  
Whither the science of the Nathomye be necessary and needful to the chirurgeon or not/ & by how many & what manners? Answer. Yee● The science of the anatomy is needful and necessary to the chirurgeon/ as it appeareth by two reasons. The first Galyen putteth in the uj book of his therapeutic, and is such, for the Cyrurgyens that be ignorant in the anatomy may are in many manners in their incision of sinews and their knyttynges, the which if they knew the nature of every member, their setting and colligation that they have in all the body, and with every only member particular/ if it did happen that they were hurt they should know if the sinews were cut or not. And by this same reason they should not are in their incisions. And this reason is confirmed by an example that Henry de Maundeville putteth/ saying that the same manner that a blind man worketh in hewing of a log, so doth a cyrurgyens that knoweth not the anatomy. For like as a blind man that heweth on a log knoweth not how much he should hue thereof, nor how, & therefore commonly he arreth hewing more or less than he ought to do. Likewise so doth the chirurgeon that worketh in man's body without the anatomy. Also the said Henry approveth that the chirurgeon ought of necessity to know the anatomy, for every workman is bound to know the subject of his work in which he worketh, or else he should are in working. Tha● likewise if it so be that the subject of the chirurgeon be the body of menkind, it must be of necessity that the chirurgeon do know the body of mankind in itself/ and in the parties thereof, so tha● it is necessary for a chirurgeon to know the anatomy. And this is for the first part of the question. ¶ The second part where is demanded to how many and what things the science of anatomy is necessary to the chirurgeon. That is to wite how many proffytes and utylities be of the science of anatomy? The answer. The science of the anatomy is necessary and needful to the chirurgeon for four utilities. The first and the greatest is for the marvel of the great power of God the creator of men, that so hath made them to his likeness & form. The second is for to have the knowledge of the membres that may be diseased. The third for because to have knowledge to tell the dispositions to come of the members. The fourth is for to heal the diseases that come to the members. ¶ Demand. What is Anathomye, and whereof is it deryvate? Answer. anatomy is the right determination and division of every particular member of the body of mankind. And is deryvate of Ana, that is to say (night) that is to say (division.) Thus anatomy is called night division of membres done for certain knowledges. ¶ Demand. In how many & which manners aught ●he science of anatomy be taught? Answer. In too manners. That is to wite by way of doctrine as by books written thereof. In seeing and reading that which hath been written by ancient doctors/ and by experience/ in devising and Anathomysing the dead corpses. As did Mundy and Bo●oyne, and as likewise did master Bertruce, that when he had a dead body by beheading or other wise/ he laid him on a bench in making four partitions. In the first he divided the nutratyf members, for they be disposed to putrefaction. And in the second the spiritual membres. And in the third the animal members. And in the fourth the extremities. And upon every member ought to be sought ix things. That is to wit the position/ the complexion, the substance, the quantity, the number, the figure, the operation, the utility, and what diseases may come thereunto. ¶ Demand. What is the body human? Answer. It is one hole together decorate with reason/ composed of many and divers membres. ¶ Demand. what is member? Answer. divers auctors have given divers diffinitions. G. in the first book of the utility of the particles sayeth it is a body that is not holly separate, nor holy conjoint to another. And also in the first book of his canon he defineth it in plural, and saith thus, that members been bodies that are engendered of the first commyction of humours. ¶ Demand. How many manners of membres are found? Answer. Two. That is to wit, simple membres called consemblables, and members compost. The simple membres been they that may not be divided into another kind, but what party thou takest of them it beareth always the name and the definition of his hole. As the bone/ for what part thou takest of the bone be it more or less ever it beareth the name and definition of the bone, for every part of a bone in bone/ and every part of a sinew in sinew. The compost membres contraryly be they that may be divided in other kinds, for no part of them separated beareth not away the name of all. As the hand, the leg, the head. ¶ Demand. How many simple members been there? Answer. There be xi That is to wite the bones, gristles, or cartilages, the sinews, the veins, the anteres, the pannicules, the s●rynges. The cords, the skin, the flesh, the grease or fat, the hear, and the nails. The which although that veritably they be not membres/ nevertheless in asmuch as they have utility in the body of man kind, & have regeneration as the membres, they be called membres, though it be unproperly.  
¶ Demand. If all the members may regenerate after their perdition, & knit again after their dislocaciō● Answer. For to declare that behoveth two things to be noted. first that the simple membres be of two manners. Some be sanguine membres of whom the generation is of sanguine matter, as the flesh and the grease. And the other members be spermatyke membres so named/ because they have their breeding and beginning of sparmatyke matter. Secondly it is to be noted that there be two manners of regeneration. One is very regeneration, which is very reformation of the member in the same self substance, form, quality, and quantity, and other such accidents properly as it was afore the corruption and alteration. And the other is regeneration not very/ but like thereto as nigh as may be. And likewise there is two manners of consolidation/ one is true, that is when both the parts of the thing that is dissolved by separating/ and reassembled and knit without any manner of appearing of the dissolution afore/ and without any means. And the other is untrue consolidation/ and like to the other as nigh as can be done, by means of the poor that the physicians call Porus sarcoydes. These things understand & noted/ I say first that all sanguine membres may regenerate and knit by very regeneration and consolidation, for continually there engendereth blood enough within the body for to regenerate the substance of the sanguine member lost, & for to reconsolidate and knit it again. I say secondly that no membres sparmatyf after the loss of their substance may not regenerate because that their matter is attribuate to them at the very beginning of their creation, and after that never engender again. And also for their so lidite, & because they are week of here & moisture. And for these causes and reasons they do not reconsolydate with true reconsolidation after the dissolution of their separating, but nature strengthing always possible things the best that she may/ will not leave them thus dissolute, rejoineth and knitteth them the best that she may/ and engendereth a flesh (for to hold the dissolved parties) that is called porus sarcoydes. ¶ Demand. Be all the membres consemblables of one complexion. Answer? No/ for some be hot & moist/ and the other cold & moist/ and other cold & dry. And of the hot & dry there is none/ for among all membres consemblables, there is none more hot & dry than the skin that is temperate. And it is not only temperate among the membres of mankind/ but also among all the substances of things that may engender and corrupt/ as Galyen sayeth in his first book of complexyons/ & the last chapter. The membres hot & moist be the members that are sanguine/ as the flesh/ the spirits/ and the natural humydities/ as willeth Auerroys in the ●●. of collyges. The membres cold and moist are the phlegm, fat/ or the grease, and the maroughes. The membres cold and dry are all the other members after their degrees/ as the bones/ the cartylages/ the strings or cords/ the lygumentes, the ●●newes/ the veins/ arteres/ & pannycules. And here is the main see/ where as it behoveth neither Physycyen nor chirurgeon to sail, for a phy●●eyen and chirurgeon ought for to know the complexion of the members/ as natural Philosophers. ¶ Demand. Which are the members compostes/ and wherefore are they called organykes & instrumentalles? Answer. The membres compostes be menores that are composed of the simple and consemblable membres. And therefore they be called therogenes/ that is to say of divers nature's/ and may be divided in divers kinds/ that is to wite in to membres consemblables/ and their parties beareth not away the dyffinytion and reason of the hole. As to the second question that asketh why they be called organykes & ins●rumentalles? The answer is, because they are instruments of the soul/ as by the hands/ the feet/ the liver/ the face, and the semblables. ¶ Demand. How be the organyke membres ordained and composed. Answer. Some of these membres be principals/ and the other not principals. ¶ Demand. How many unpryncypal membres be there? and how many unpryncypal. Answer. There be. ii●●. principals/ that is to wite the heart/ the liver/ the brain/ & the genytalles/ all the other be called unpryncypalles. ¶ Demand. Of what complexion is the heart? Answer. The heart is hot because it is like the very brenning hot oven of all the body/ fro whence cometh the heat to all the body. And albeit that Philosopher have willed to say that it is temperate because it is principle/ and that it giveth beginning of life. Nevertheless the heart is dry in his complexion because of his composition/ for it is composed of strings & pannicles/ and of hard and stiff flesh. ¶ Demand. Of what complexion is the liver? Answer. It is hot and moist. For the mos●e part of the things that it is composed is fleshly/ bloody/ & therewith been transmysed divers pipes or arteries.  
¶ Demand. Of what complexion is the brain? Answer. It is cold and moist, because it hath a marowy substance. Nevertheless it differeth fro the maroughe/ because the brain is a sparmatyke member/ & the marough is a sanguine member. And thereby it is cold in comparison of other membres/ and that not simply/ for all membres be naturally hot. ¶ Demand. Of what complexion are the kidneys and the milt? Answer. The kidneys be hot & moist/ howbeit the kidneys be not so hot as the milt, because of the gross blood that is in the milt, like as the milt is not so hot as the liver. ¶ Demand. Of what complexion is the longs? Answer. hot and moist. It is hot because that heat is sent to it from the heart as Galyen sayeth in the fourth book of the utility of the particles/ & is moist/ but not so moist as the greas/ for it melteth not at the fire as the greas doth.  

¶ Demands upon the anatomy of the skin or the leather.  
Demand. What is the skin. Answer. It is a covering of the body of mankind/ ●at is composed & context and wonen with thre●s and veins/ with sinews and arteries/ for to ●●●●nde the body & give it feeling. ¶ Demand. 〈◊〉 many manners of skins or leather are there? unswere. Two, one is extrynsyke or outforth, and ●●at is properly called leather. The other is intryn ●●ke/ and that is properly called pannicle rym or skin as be those of the head that cover the brain and the skull/ & they that cover the bowels of the body.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the greas.  
Demand. What is the grease? Answer. It is a thing in the human body/ that is as oil that chauffeth and humecteth the body. ¶ Demand. How many manners of greas be there? Answer. Two. The one is without forth near to the skin/ & that properly is called adeps or fatness. And the other is inward & nigh to the belly/ & properly is called auxunge or fat grease.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the flesh.  
Demand. How many manners of flesh are found? Answer. Three. One is very flesh and propre/ and it is found but in a little quantity, & one in two places of the body of mankind. That is on the heed of the yard/ and between the tethe. The other is glandulouster, odenose, or cruddy and kyrnele, as is the flesh of the bollocks/ of the dugs and the flesh of the emuntores. The other is flesh musculous or lacertous that is hard as balm stiff or knotty. And this is found in great quantity, and over all the body where as is any manifest movings.   

¶ Demand upon the muscles and lacertes.  
Demand. Be the muscles simple membres● Answer. yea, as touching the sensible judgement/ Howbeit of very troth they are members composed of sinews/ of lyens/ strings/ thredes● and flesh that fulfilleth them/ & of the pamnycule that covereth them. ¶ Demand. Wherein agreeth and differ the muscles and lacertes? Answer. It is all one thing/ which after divers considerations hath been called muscle and lacerte/ for it is called muscle for his resemblance of a mouse/ that in latin height muss. And it is called lacerte because it hath thy form of a Lizard/ for like as those two beasts are big in the middle and slender toward the tail/ so is the muscle or lacerte. ●Demaunde. What is the manner & how do the muscles and lacertes proceed in the body of mankind. Answer. After that the muscles is composed as is aforesaid/ from it descendeth round strings and cords that cometh nigh to the joints/ the which when they be nigh the joints they do ●●●de abroad and enlarge/ and raise the joint all ●●out with the pannicle that covereth the bones. ●●d when they are passed the joint/ they do wax ●●unde again/ and return into cords & with ●he flesh make another muscle. And of this mus●●● proceedeth and riseth another round cord and ●●●●ges that bindeth the joint all about & moe●●●●●●. And so ceaseth not to precede till they come 〈◊〉 ●he extreme and ferthest particles of the body. 〈◊〉 thus always the muscle proceedeth the jointure. ●●d as the sinews that proceed of the noddle takes form of muscle at the neck and at the breast, and than cometh to the joint of the shoulder. And becometh round strings and spreading flat in comprising all the joint/ and do plant them in the bone of the joint and moveth it. And when they come fro the joint of the sholdre a two or three finger breed they wax round in cordewyse. And with the flesh and string that cometh from the head to the bone of the shouldre is made muscle upon the mids of the bone of the jointure/ fro which cometh a cord that three fingers breed fro the elbow enlargeth and compriseth all the elbow and moveth the little arm. And three fingers be pond it waxeth round & returneth in to a cord. The which with the string that cometh fro the neck and with the flesh make a muscle upon the said little arm/ of the which muscle is made a cord/ and three fingers fro the joint of the little hand it spreadeth and compriseth all the jointure of the said hand/ than it twisteth round again and entereth the muscle of the mids of the hand/ of the which cometh cords that move the fingers, by the which things it appeareth that the wounds that are made about three fingers of the joints be perilous, for the sinewy cords be made bare of the flesh and apparentes. Of the which all only pricking is cause of spasme or cramp/ and of death as Galyen saith in the third book de regny, and in the second of his terapentyc/ which is to be noted of the chirurgeon.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the sinews.  
Demand. What is sinew. Answer. It is a simple member created to give feeling and moving to the membres deputed to nature. ¶ Demand. For how many distributary intentions were they created? Answer. After Galyen in the fourth book of the utility of the partycules in the last chapter, they were created for three intentions. One is to give feeling to the organykes sensytyfes. The second to give moving to the motyfe or stirring membres. And thirdly to give knowledge to all the other membres of the things that hurt them. And it is notably said to the sensytyfe or feeling membres. For in the cartilages or gristles, nor in bones, nor glaudylous or cruddy flesh the sinews be not penetrate but in the teeth/ as Galyen saith in the book aforesaid. ¶ Demaū●●● From whence breedeth the sinews? Answer. All the sinews of the body breed and come out of the ●●ayne by itself/ or of the noddle that is his vy●●●●, between the which some breed of the forepart 〈◊〉 the brain/ and they be softer and more proper ● g●ue feeling than moving. And the other come 〈◊〉 and breed of the hinder part of the noddle/ 〈◊〉 descend fro the brain/ and these be har●●●● more proper to give moving than feeling. ●●emaunde. If the feeling & moving by one continue alone or by many? Answer. After Ga●●●n in the first book of the interyours/ sometime they are borne by one sinew alone, and sometime by many. ¶ Demand. How many apparel or like sinews be there that without mean spring and breed of the brain. And how many pareyle or like sinews cometh fro it by mean of the noddle? Answer. Fro the brain immediately springeth vij pereylles. And xxx pareylles come fro it by mean of the nuke that breed behind by the end of the lossarn/ as Haly Abas sayeth in his book de Regaly dispositione, in the second sermon of the fore party.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the strings ●r lyens.  
Demand. Of what nature been the lyens or strings/ and whereof breed they? Answer. They be of the nature of sinews/ howbeit they breed of the bones. ¶ Demand. How many manners of lyens or stryngis be there? Answer. Two. Some bindeth the bones inward. And the other bindeth the joints outward/ as Galyen sayeth in the xii book of the utility of the particles in the first chapter, of cowpling of bones/ that they are comprised about with strong branched stryngis.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the cords.  
Demand. Of what nature are the corbes? Answer. The strings been almost as all of one nature/ for both be of the nature of sinews/ but yet the cords more than the stryngis. For like as the strings be mean among the cords and the bones/ so be the cords mean among the strings & the sinews. ¶ Demand. Whereof breed the cords/ and whence take they feeling and moving. Answer. They breed of the muscles/ and take feeling and moving of the sinews/ whereby the membres are moved. ¶ Demand. Wherefore is it that when the cords withoutforth are cut the member loseth bowing/ and when they withinforth are cut the member loseth the stretching. Answer. Albeit the cords be round when they issue of the muscle, yet do they spread when they ●ome to the joint/ and they are lyens or strings that are set round about the said joint/ as the cords about the member/ so that they withinforth ●●awe the member/ & they withoutforth do stretch it. And when the one draweth the other loseth. And 〈◊〉 when they are cut outward the bowing is 〈◊〉. And when they are cut inward the stretching is lost.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy upon the veins and arteries.  
Demand. What is a vain? Answer. It is the place of the blood of nourishing. ¶ De●●●●. What is artere. Answer. It is the pla●● the spiritual blood. ¶ Demand. Wherein ●●ag●e and differ the veins fro the arteres. An●●●●. They do agree in that they be of consembla●● destruction through all the body/ that is in ●●rynge of blood. And they differ in two things. The first appeareth by their definitions aforesaid/ that is that the veins beareth the nourishing blood/ and the arteries the spiritual blood. The second difference between them is taken of the place of their breeding. For the veins breed of the liver, and the arteres of the heart as Galyen saith in the xvij book of the particles. ¶ Demand: Do they separe in any wise one from the other in the body of mankind/ so that the veins may be without the arteres, and the arteres without the veins. Answer. In some places the veins do separe from the arteres. And the arteries be found without veins. As it is manifest both in the arms/ and in rethe mirable, howbeit no vain is found without artere. ¶ Demand. What is the manner of proceeding of the veins & arteries through the body? Answer. When they go forth of the place of their breeding, they run forkewyse in two parties/ the one upward and the other downward/ and yet of them every party braunchet● and proceedeth unto the last and extreme parties of the body for to nourish and give life to all th● membres thereof.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the bones.  
Demand. Wherefore are the bones made? Answer. Because they should be the foundation of all the body & sustaining thereof. And therefore they are made hard and strong the better to here the burden of all the other. Howbeit some of the bones are made for the defence of the inward membres/ as the bones of the heed, the breast bone, and the back bone. ¶ Demand. How many in number are all the bones in a body of mankynde● Answer. avicen sayeth that there is. CC.xlviij. safe the bone that is called (os laud) whereto the tongue is founded. The which bones thou mayst consider and see by the figure here before written/ and of which particular mention shall be made, and declared in this present treaty. ¶ Demand how been the dyversytyes among the bones of the body of mankind? Answer. They be deversyfyed in divers manners/ for some because of the joints are full of maroughes/ & the other not. Some are straight/ & other crooked. Some are little/ and ●ome big. And all bones are bigger at the ends ●han in the mids by reason of the joints. And ●ome are enbossed for to enter, and other have va●nytees that receiveth. And some have both the one and the other. And other have neither one nor the other. And of them that have enbossyngꝭ and ●a●uytees, some have them clavelares like keys 〈◊〉 the teeth/ And other been sacratyles or saw wise, as the skull of the head. And other knotty in each ●●de as v●na in the thigh. Other be foveable or ●olow as the faucylles or fork bones. Other ha●e both sorts as the fingers. And they that have neither one nor other been joined solidatively, and they that have the enbossynges and vacuations be they that make the joints/ of whom cometh defloration and other separations.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the cartylages or gristles.  
Demand. What is cartylage? Answer. It is a substance as it were of the kind of bones, but it is softer or sowpler than the bone is. ¶ Demand. Wherefore were the cartylages made? Answer. For two reasons. One to fulfil the lack of the bone/ as in the palpebres or eye lids/ the nosethyrlles, and ears. The second to make the better conjunction of the bones with the parties next them, as in thorax and parties of the loins/ because that the soft substance, (as the flesh and other parties) be not hurt by the moving of the bones which are hard.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the nails.  
Demand. Wherefore are the nails made of the utter parts of the body? Answer. The better to take hold.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the hears.  
Demand. Wherefore were the hears made● Answer. For two reasons/ that is to wite/ to increase beauty and to purge.    

¶ Here endeth the first particle of the second treaty. And beginneth the second ptycle/ where as is moved & ass●ysed certain questions and difficultees upon the anatomy of the membres composed.  
¶ Demand.  
WHat is the skull or scawpe of the head? Answer. It is that part of the head that is full of hear/ wherein the anymal membres are contained. ¶ Demand. Upon the seven things that a good Anathomypost ought to consider on every member which are in the skull or scawpe of the heed. Answer. first his helping appeareth by definition abovesaid. The position thereof is on the highest place of the body. The col●ygaunce is notorious/ for it hath colligance with the face and the neck, and of it cometh all the parties of the face/ & the muscles moving the head be planted in the neck/ which are of two manners. Some be properly lacertes that breed nigh the ●●res/ till they come to the furcules or forks of 〈◊〉 breast. The other be common in the neck & heed/ which shall be said when we speak of the neck. The quantity is more in man than in any other beast/ as the brain is more in man than in any ●ther beast. The form thereof is round compry●ate lightly fro one part to another. And it be●oueth that the part before & behind be bony/ ●s Galyen sayeth in the second de regni. And the ●ther cause of this form saith Galen in the eight ●oke of the utility of the particles/ because that it may be the less passable. The substance is bony and full of maroughe as appeareth by experience. The complexion is cold by means of the parties that it is composed of be cold. ¶ Demand. Of how many and what parties is the scawpe of the head composed. Answer. After avicen in the. ii●. book of his canon and i chapter it is composed of ten parties. That is to wite .v. containing and v. sundry. The contenauntes that be without, first been the hears/ than the leather or skin/ & than the flesh musculous/ than the great pannicle, and than the brain pan skulle or crane. And the sundry ensuing withinforth been the dura matter and the pio matter/ and than rethe mirable/ and than the substance of the brain, & than the bone that is the foundation of the brain/ & than the roots of the sinews that breed of the brain/ which shall be spoken of by order. ¶ Demand. Of what substance is the great pamnacle that is called Per●eranium/ and whereof breedeth it/ and with what parties hath it colligance? Answer. first it is a nervous or sinewy substance. Secondly it is bred of the dura matter. And thirdly it hath colligance with the said dura matter/ and is bound with it/ by strings/ sinews/ & veins that go in and out by the commissures or seams of the brain pan or skull. ¶ Demand. Is the brain pan of one bone or of many/ and for what reason? Answer. It is of many, for it is of vij that join together/ and is so ordained because that if annoyance come to one that it should not come to another/ and is conjoint with the commissures called sarratylles seams indented as teeth of a saw to th'intent that the fumosytees or vapours may have issue fro the brain. ¶ Demand. Which are the vij that the head is composed of? Answer. The first bone of the fore part is called coronal/ that dureth and compriseth fro the mids of the orbytauntes unto the commyssure that traverseth the Crane or skull. And in it is the holes of the eyes & the collatores of the nosethyrlles. The which col●atores be departed by the adding of bones in ma●er of a crest of a hen/ within the which is fastened the cartylages or gristles that divideth the ●osethyrlles. Howbeit it is to wite that sometime ●he coronal is divided by a commyssure in the mids of the brow/ which most often is found in women, The second bone of the head in the hyn●●e part is called Occipitall/ and is enclosed by a ●ōmyssure thwartly in manner of a greek letter cal●● Lampda/ and is hard/ and full of pierced holes 〈◊〉 by the which descendeth the nuke of the ●●ayne through the mids of the spondylles or ●●dge bones till unto the end of the back, The ●●yrde & fourth bone of the head been in the myd●e of the sides thereof/ & therefore they high pery●●sles/ and be divided by a commyssure after the length of the noddle of the head/ and by two commyssures be led unto the bones of the ears/ and are square, The, v, and thee, vj. be the bones that are called Petrous/ for they are hard as a ●tone, Also they be called Scamous or scale/ for they be conjoint in manner of the scales of a fish with the said parietalles which are the holes of the ears, and the instrumentis mamylares of the emunctures. And be branched as like the bones called peryetalles with the commyssure (called Lampda) unto the bones of the temples. The vij bone is the bone bafylare/ that is like a wedge that closeth & sustaineth all the said bones over the roof/ & this bone is pierced and hath great spongeosyte to purge the gross superfluities and is of a gross substance. And these vij bones abovesaid are principals. Howbeit beside these said bones there are yet other small bones less principals that are made for certain helps, as is the bone of the crete that divide the nosethyrlles within the coronal/ and the equal bones that are in the face. And the clavall bones that are the bones of the ears whereunto are fastened the muscles and cords that cover the jaws. ¶ Demand. How ought the parties inward of the head be well seen and known at the eye? Answer. Ye ought to divide the skull with a saw after the roundness. ¶ Demand. What is the dura matter and pie matter? Answer. They be two pannicles full of veins and arterꝭ/ whereof one is of the party of the head/ and the other of the party of the brain/ that wrappeth and covereth all the substance of the brain. ¶ Demand. From whence cometh the nourishing in to the brain? Answer. It cometh fro the soft mother by veins and arteries that cometh by the holes of the inward bones/ and outward by the commissures of the superior bones. ¶ Demand. Where is the substance of the brain sytuate/ and of what shape, and of what substance and colour is it of? Answer. first it is situate under the foot of hard mother/ and is round in shape/ & white of colour. ¶ Demand. By what reason are the membres organykes/ sensytyves/ and divers other double. Answer. Because that if one of them suffered the other should not suffer. ¶ Demand. How many ●●lies hath the brain after his length/ and how ●any parts in each ventricle/ & how many and what virtues taketh their orygine in each party? Answer. first the brain in length hath three ven 〈◊〉/ that is to wite/ the ventricle afore/ that 〈◊〉/ & that in the mids/ and the anteriour a●d mean/ each is divided in ii parties. In each 〈◊〉 one virtue taketh his origyne. In the fyrs●e 〈◊〉 of the ventricle before is put the common blood. 〈◊〉 second the virtue of imagination. In the 〈◊〉 ventry●le is put the cogitatyfe and racyonal. And in the hinder ventricle is put the virtue 〈◊〉 or memoratyfe. ¶ Demand. Whi●● of these three ventricles are the bigest? Answer. The foremost is the bigest? The middle ●ost the least, & the hyndermost is mean. ¶ Demand. Hath the blood of the other ventricle any ways? Answer. Yes, wherethrough all the spirits pass. ¶ Demand. In which of the ventricles is the wit of smelling founded? Answer. In the foremost ventricle where the adding mamyllares are/ it is founded. ¶ Demand. How many cowples of sensityfe sinews come fro the brain/ and fro which part? Answer. From the anteryour part cometh vij pair of sinews sensytyfes which go to the eyes/ to the ears/ to the stomach/ and other members. ¶ Demand. In which ventricle of the brain been the places called lacune/ vernus/ fornus/ & ancafernis/ & the glaudynous flesh that fulfilleth them? response. They be in the mean ventricle. ¶ Demand. Where is rethe mirable set, & whereof is it composed? Answer. It is set under the pannicles/ and is only composed of arteries that cometh fro the heart. ¶ Demand. Where is the vital spirit made animal & how? Answer. It is made of the said arteries that rethe mirable is composed by the labour of the complexion of the brain? ¶ Demand. Is the nuche any party of the brain? Answer. It seemeth to be a party thereof, and therefore the signs and accidents are as they of the brain/ as Galyen sayeth in the xi book of the utility of the particles. ¶ Demand. Whereof breedeth the maroughe of the nuche, and how? Answer. It breedeth of the hinder part of the brain/ wrapped with two pannicles as the brain. ¶ Demand. How proceedeth the maroughe of the nuche/ & what sinews breed of it? Answer. It descendeth by the spondyles unto the end of the back/ & of it breedeth motyfe sinews. ¶ Demand. What diseases may come to the scalp of the head? Answer. There may come wounds/ apostumes/ & ill complexions. ¶ Demand. What wounds of the scalp of the heed be most perilous? Answer. To penetrate all the skull/ but more the touching the rymmes/ but most of all that toucheth the substance medulare. ¶ Demand. Wherefore is it that the operations Cyrurgycalles that are done about the commissures be suspect? Answer. For fear lest the dura matter fall not on the pie matter/ & that it compryme the brain. ¶ Demand. How ought the incy●●ons of the heed be made? Answer. They ought ●●●e made according as the hears do proceed/ 〈◊〉 so proceedeth the muscles.  

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the face/ and parties thereof.  
Demand. Which are the parties of the face/ whereof it is composed? Answer. The ●●owes/ the iyes/ the nosethyrlles/ the ears/ the ●●mples/ the cheeks/ the jaw bone/ with the teeth. ¶ Demand. Whereof is the forehead comsed? Answer. One of the skin & musculous flesh/ ●or the bone underneath is of the coronal. ¶ Demand. How is the form of the brows made? Answer, Of the bone that is under the brow, for ●he spongeosite of the second table of the said bone is raised along as if it were double/ and that maketh the form of the brows. ¶ Demand, wherefore are the brows made, Answer. They are made for the more beauty/ and to save the eyes/ & therefore the eyes are armed with them, ¶ Demand, How ought incysyons be made in those parties? Answer. They ought to be made after the length of the body/ for so proceedeth the nuche, and not after the rugnesse. ¶ Demand. Wherefore are the eyes made/ & where are they set? Answer. They are made to be instruments of the sight/ and are set within the bone arbytall that is a party of the coronal/ & the bones of the temples. ¶ Demand. Wherefore are the sinews obtykes pierced? Answer. For to be the way of the spirit visible. ¶ Demand. What is the manner that proceedeth the obtyke sinews from their breeding unto the eyes? Answer. It is thus/ for first they proceed from both the sides/ one here and another there. And when they are within the skull they come and join together/ and than divide them each from the party that it is breed/ & proceed not thwart each over other cross wise from the right side to the left side/ nor fro the left side to the right side, as some have weaned. ¶ Demand. Of how many vestures or tunycles been the eyes composed? Answer. Of vij The first without is called coniunctiva/ that is thick and white. And it compasseth all the eye/ except that that appeareth of that that is called cornea/ and it is bred of the pannicle that covereth the skull that compasseth all the eye/ suppose that in itself is but three/ yet for the diversity of colours that taketh about the mids of the eye that is called yris, it is said that there is uj where of the other three been of the party of the brain/ the other three be of the party withoutforth. The first breedeth of dura matter/ and in the inward party it is called slirotiqua/ and in the outward cornea. The second breedeth of pia matter/ and of the inward party it is called Secundina/ and of the outward party it height unca. The third breedeth of the sinew abtyke/ and of the inward party is called rethina/ and of the outward part on the humour Crystallyn it height Aranea. ¶ Demand. Of how many humours is the eye composed? Answer Of four The first that is set in the mids of the eye is called humour crystallyn/ by cause it is of colour of Crystal in form of a hail done/ wherein pryneypally is founded the sight. After this humour so nigh the brain is the giasy ●umour that sustaineth & compriseth all the hyn 〈◊〉 party of the humour crystallyne. And both these ●●mours been wrapped with pannicle oblyke. The ●hyrde humour that is on the fore party is called the humour Albugineus. And this humour is between the said weithe or tunicle called Rethina ●●hat which breedeth of pia matter. The fourth humour putteth Galyen in the book of the vt●lytes of ye●●rtycles & last chapter that is called the humours ●●●era lu●ida in the region of the black of the eye and it is all spiritual. ¶ Demand. Whereof is the eye composed beside the parties aforesaid? Answer. Over and beside these foresaid things the eye is composed of moving sinews/ descending fro the second equality of sinews coming down fro the brain/ and the six muscles that move them/ and fro the veins and arteries/ and the spongeous flesh that fulfil the places about the lachrymall/ & the palpebres neighbours cartylagynouses with hears determined closing the superior parties with a muscle/ & opening with two transuersall muscles. ¶ Demand. Of how many substances is the nose, and how many & what particles hath every substance? Answer. It is of three substances/ that is to wit of substance fleshly/ bony/ and cartilagynous, The fleshly substance hath the skin and two muscles about the hinder part. The bony substance hath two trianguler bones wherewith the bridge is raised up/ and the foundations do join on the one part by the mids of the length of the nose, and on the other after the days. The subcartylagynous is double/ one outward that maketh the typ of the nose/ and the other inward divideth the nosethyrlles. The nosethyrlles been two gutters ascending unto the bone of the collatory where as are applicate the additions mamylares of the brain where as smell is & descending unto the palace nigh lanulle/ by the which channels is drawn the fumous vaporation to the said places. And the air is breathed & respyred to the longs/ and the brain is purged of superfluities. ¶ Demand. Of what substance/ form/ and what place/ and for what cause were the ears made? Answer. first they are made of cartylagynous substance. Secondly they are hollow of form. Thirdly they are set on the petrous bones. And four they be ordained to the hearing.  
¶ Demand. From whence cometh the hearing to the ears? Answer. It cometh by the strait holes of the bones petrous by mean of a sinew that cometh to the ears that breedeth of the .v. equality of sinews of the brain. ¶ Demand. Whereof serveth the glaudinous flesh that is under the ●ares? Answer. That they may be clensers of the brain. ¶ Demand. Whereof ferueth certain veins that parnygh by that place? Answer. After Lanfrankes in tencyon/ because they carry the ●ater sparmatyke to the bollocks. And therefore if ●hey be cut a man is never apt to generation. Nevertheless Galyen holdeth the contrary/ as ●●●ycen reciteth in the treaty of the lineage. ●Demaunde. Whereof serve the temples/ the che●●●/ and the jaws? Answer. They be parties of 〈◊〉 sides of the face. ¶ Demand. Whereof are ●he cheeks/ the temples/ and the jaws compo●●● Answer. Of the musculous flesh with veins/ ●●teres/ and bones. ¶ Demand. How muscles ●re there in the said parties/ and fro whence come ●hey? Answer. first there is vij muscles that move the lips/ & the cheeks/ which after avicen cometh from the forcule of the lower parties. After Haly there is also twelve that move the neither jaws/ of the which some openeth it that come fro the place of the party of the ears. And the other close it that descend from above in passing under the bail of the bones of the temples/ & those are called tymporalles/ and are right noble and very sensible/ & therefore their hurt is very perilous/ by the reason whereof nature hath wrought wisely for to save them/ & hath ordained the bought of the temples bones/ and the other muscles are made for to grind and chaw/ and those proceed of the ball of the cheeks. And to all these muscles cometh sinews fro the third pareyle of sinews of the brain. ¶ Demand. cometh there any veins or arteries with the said muscles? Answer. Yea, chiefly about the temples, and the corners o● the eyes/ and the lips. ¶ Demand. How many bones is there in the parties abovesaid? Answer. There is many. For first there is ix bones of the cheeks as Galyen saith/ though there appear but two that are joined under the nose. And than is there two apparel that are called the bones of the temples/ the which in making a party of the orbytall/ or emynent pomall that is round bright apples of the cheeks compassing the chekes● producing an addition round about the addition of the bone petrous, and maketh the bought under the which be conserved and keep the muscles of the temples. Than is there the neither jaw bones whereof avicen saith that the neither jaw is composed of two bones/ which be narrow under the chin/ & there are knit by an only joint, and in the top of every of the other extremities/ in cutting is a bowed sarrature which is composed with an addition very subtilely made and bred there. The bones that come there are fastened with strings. ¶ Demand. Of how many parties is the mouth composed? Answer. Of .v. particles. The lips/ the tethe/ the tongue/ the roof/ and ●ncl●. ¶ Demand. From whence cometh it that the ●●the have feeling seeing that bones feel not? An●●●●e. Albeit that the teeth be of bony substance, ●●●●rthelesse a●ter Galyen in the xuj book of the 〈◊〉 of par●●●●●●●ey feel by reason of certain ●●●●wes desce●● 〈◊〉 ●ro the third pareyle of the galewes of the bra●●●●●at have there their roots. ¶ Demand. How many teeth aught every person to have? Answer. Some have more/ and some 〈◊〉. In some is sound. xxxij.xuj. in every jaw. ●nd in other is found but xviij That is to wit/ 〈◊〉 donales/ two quadruples eight molares/ and 〈◊〉 cassalles. And their roots are fixed within ●he jaws/ of the which some hath but one/ and 〈◊〉 other two/ and some three/ and other four.  
●Demaunde. What is the tongue? Answer. It 〈◊〉 a particle/ fleshly/ soft/ and spongyous composed of many sinews/ strings/ veins/ and ar●●●es for the taste/ principally ordained to speak/ and utyle to govern the meat in the mouth. ¶ Demand. Whence cometh the moving to the tongue/ and the virtue of taste? Answer. It cometh fro the veins tasting and moving that cometh fro the four and .v. pareyle of the sinews of the brain. ¶ Demand. How many muscles cometh to the tongue/ and fro whence come they? Answer. There cometh ix that breed of the addition called null of the bone named Lapheoides. ¶ Demand. Whereof serveth the glaudynous fleshes that are under the tongue? Answer. They be ordained for the mortyfyeng of the tongue, for in the said fleshes is two oryfices whereby the spatele issueth. And upon the said fleshes the tongue is sytuate as upon a molle hill. ¶ Demand. Whereof serveth the encla & the amygdales/ and faulses/ and where are they set? Answer. first they serve to prepare the breath/ & are set behind the tongue toward the palace. ¶ Demand. What is the palace Answer. It is the highest place or roof of the mouth. ¶ Demand. Where with is the palace of the mouth covered with his parties? Answer. With a pannicle that breedeth out of the inside of the stomach.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the neck/ & parties of the back.  
Demand. Wherefore is the neck made? Answer. It is chiefly made for the love of the Trachea arteryall/ and other party●ulles/ mounting and descending by it. ¶ Demand. How many parties is there that constytueth and composeth the neck? Answer. five, The skin/ the flesh/ the muscles/ the strings/ and the bones. ¶ Demand. What parties are contained in the neck Answer. Four, Trachea/ Arterea/ Ysophagus called Meri. The weasand/ the gull/ and the throat. And also there is the sinews/ the veins/ the arteres/ and portion of the maroughe of the back. ¶ Demand. How may the neck be well divided to see the anatomy perfectly? Answer. It ought to be divided after the length and at the ●●●e part. And there shall appear Trachea arte●●● that is the way of the breath in proceeding by ●●●●sion to the longs/ going fro it to the throat 〈◊〉 gull or en●la. ¶ Demand. Whereof is ●●●●●hea arter●a composed? Answer. Of divers 〈◊〉 cartylag●nous/ that are not perfectly of ●●●●●rty of Meri/ wherein they are conjoined or●●●●tly with a p●●y strong & light. ¶ Demand. ●●at is the M●ri/ 〈◊〉 is it s●●? Answer. 〈◊〉 Meri otherwise 〈…〉 hagus/ is the way 〈◊〉 meet/ & this 〈…〉 of the throat 〈◊〉 thyrieth the m●●●●● unto y● 〈◊〉 stomach. ●●emaunde. Whereof is the Me●● composed? 〈◊〉. It is composed of two webs wonen 〈◊〉 shedst ¶ Demand. With what member 〈◊〉 the me●i collygaūce● Answer. first it hath ●●●●gaūce with the skin o● the mouth because 〈◊〉 his web withinforth is contained with the ●●yd pellicule. Secondly it hath colligance with ●he belly by his outward pellycle that is fleshly/ which is contained with the pellycles of the belly. ¶ Demand. Where is the wesaunt set? Answer. Upon the two ways of the parties of the mouth. ¶ Demand, What is the weasand? Answer. It is a cartylagynous grystled particle created and formed for to be iustrument of the voice/ and the key of Trachea arteria in the time of transglutting/ by mean of an addition called lingue form/ that is one of his parties, ¶ Demand, Whereof is the weasand composed? Answer. Of the gristles, About the said weasand is planted, ix, muscles moving all the holle of each party/ in mounting and descending, & making the other moevementes/ as Galyen clearly showeth in his book of the voice/ & of clear moevementes. ¶ Demand, What veins and arteries be they that passeth by the parties of the neck/ that are to be noted at the anatomy of the neck? Answer, They be the great veins & arteries that are led by the furculles in stying upward the sides of the neck to the superior parties/ which be called Guy degi/ and popleticis/ deep & suberall, Thyneysyon of the which be very perilous, The chirurgeon ought to be right well ware, ¶ Demand, What is ridge? Answer, Spondyle is a bone (that constytueth the back) bored in the mids/ whereby the nuche passeth/ and hath in the rib that the sinews do issue many additions mounting and descending outwardly making the chine of the back, ¶ Demand, What is the back? Answer, The back is like the keel of a ship containing fro the hinder part of the heed unto the neck composed of divers spondyles successively to defend the nawpe, ¶ Demand, How many spondyles are there in all the back. Answer. There is in all and by all xxx The which to declare it is to be noted that as Galyen saith in the twelve & xiij book o● the ●tylyte of the particles that in the back is fo●●e great parties/ that is the neck/ the shoulders/ the r●ynes/ and the bone that some call (the holy bone) & some the broad bone or sholdre blade. And in the neck be vij spondyles. And in the shoulders or back there is .xij.. In the reins four then 〈◊〉 and by all there be xxiij very spondyles. And ●●s●de these there be four in the holy bone/ and three 〈◊〉 ●he rump/ which be not very spondyles, but sy ●●●●tudynarres, & as vicars. For the three first 〈◊〉 long and big/ and have none additions nor ●●●es in the rib/ but before they be much gry●●ied/ specially the last/ and breed sklenderwyse as 〈◊〉. Thus the some in all and by all as well of 〈◊〉 as not very there be xxx spondyles. ¶ De●●●●de. How many pairs of sinews issue of 〈◊〉 ●oddle/ and in sum of all the brain? Answer. ●h●●e bredeth of the noddle xxx pairs of sinews 〈◊〉 there breedeth a pair of sinews on every spon 〈◊〉. And beside all them there breedeth a sinew ●●●●out fellow by the end of lostary. And thus on 〈◊〉 party of the noddle there breedeth xxx pairs 〈◊〉 sinews and one alone. And on the fore party bredeth vij pair of sinews/ and thus in some in all and by all breedeth of the brain xxxviij pairs of sinews. ¶ Demand. What be the loins/ and whereof were they? Answer. The loins are musculous fleshes lying in the sides of the spondyles of the back that serve as hacoytes of the sinews. ¶ Demand. Whereof serveth a thick pannicle as that which is upon the skull and on the other bones that are on the spondyles? Answer. They be to bind the spondyles together. ¶ Demand. How many manners of flesh are found in the body of mankind? Answer. Three, the flesh of the loins properly called cerniees, dying next to the spondyles as it is said. And the musculous fleshes of which is made the tenants moving the head and the neck/ which are twenty in number as Galyen saith/ and in the flesh that fulfil the empty places. ¶ Demand. How many stryngis be there that holdeth the heed with the neck and the shoulders? Answer. There be divers, first the forepart where as be two big ones that descendeth fro under the ears unto the furcule, And in the hinder part there is yet other greater that bindeth it to the spondiles of the back & the sides. There be other that descend to the shoulders in such disposition that the tenant muscles and the strings been about the neck that maketh the head bow and the neck, & to life up and turn about, for without them it is not possible to make articulation or moving, ¶ Demand. What diseases may the neck suffer? Answer. divers, as well in itself as in contained places, as wounds, dislocations out of joint and apostumes/ which in it be all perilous, ¶ Demand. How ought incysyons be made in the neck? Answer. All along/ for so goeth his parties.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the shoulders/ & the great hands,  
IT is first to be noted that a sholdre/ homoplate/ & the humere is all one, ¶ Demand. Wherefore be the hands made? Answer. To take and defend the organs/ and for that cause man is garnished with hands in stead of weapons, ¶ Demand. Whereof been composed the shoulders and the hands? Answer. They are made of skin 〈◊〉 flesh/ of veins/ of arteres/ of sinews, of muscles/ of cords/ of strings/ of pannicles/ of gristles, and bones, ¶ Demand. Whence cometh the muscles and cords that move the arms/ and how are they sytuate? Answer. They descend fro the 〈◊〉/ and pass by the breast/ and comprise and be ●●●●peth all the joint of the bone called ulna/ or of 〈◊〉 addition/ & are planted therein, ¶ Demand. 〈◊〉 whence cometh the sinews that move the ●●oldres and the arms? Answer. Fro the noddle 〈◊〉 pass through the neck, ¶ Demand. From ●●e●s cometh their veins & arteries? Answer. ●hey are sent fro the arm, ¶ Demand. How ●any bones are in the sholdre? Answer. Two, the ●one sholdre blade/ and the bone furculare, The bone spatulare issueth fro the party of the back/ and is like a pal/ for it is large and thin fro the back part/ with an appearance holden by the mids, A●d at the party of the joint it is somewhat long and round in manner of a helve/ with three additions in the end, The first in the mids that receiveth the end of ulna in a socket, The second in the height is crooked, and sharp in manner of a ravens bill, And the third is on the left side outward more crooked like an anchor. The bone furculare cometh from the party of the breast/ and is round and stiff in the hollowness of the superior party of the breast bone/ & hath two branches/ one goeth to one shoulder/ & another to another sholdre/ and bindeth & closeth these two additions called Rostralles because the said middle socket hold the end of ulna more stiffly in the joint, ¶ Demand. Be the additions abovesaid other bones than the bone of the sholdre? Answer. No, after Lanfranke and Henry/ but are substantial party of it/ as it appeareth by experience. And also Galyen in the xiij book of the utility of particles the second and twelve chapter/ where he sayeth that the homoplate toucheth the extremities of the shoulders, and joineth and covereth together in manner of a covering/ which is guard of all their articulation as touching the sholdre/ & aught to defend the upper end of the arm that it go not out of his place. ¶ Demand. What colligance hath the bone furculare? Answer. It hath three great collygaunces that goeth from the end of the shoulder unto ulna/ & round about is bound and strained with great tenants that breed of the great muscles that cometh from the breast, & of the sholdre plant in the bone that stirreth it/ of the which some do stretch upward and the other downward, and the other two converse all about it. ¶ Demand. In what party of the shoulder is it where as is assigned the memory of the heart? Answer. It is assigned in the party that is under the joint that is under the arm pit that is filled with glaudynous flesh ¶ Demand. In how many parties is the arm devised that is called the great hand? Answer. After Galyen in the second book of the utility of particles & second chapter it is divided in three great parties. One is called ulna/ the other little arm, and the third the sural hand. ¶ Demand. In how many and what particles is the great hand composed? Answer. Of such particles as the other/ that is of skin, of flesh, of arteres, and veins. ¶ Demand. How many and what veins is found appearing in the arm? Answer. divers/ the which after the branches that they make/ and the ●●tending by the arm are diversified, for although ●hat they in making of branches they come vn●●r the arm pits/ yet agaynwarde they ramy●● in to two parties. One part goeth on the out 〈◊〉 of the arm/ and the other on the inside. That 〈◊〉 the outside yet brancheth more/ and maketh ● branch over the shoulder in to the head. And ●he other descendeth and maketh two branches/ of the which one is divided on the outside of the arm in divers parts/ and is called the cord of the arm/ b●t the other part descendeth to the part of the arm/ & appeareth in the fold of the elbow/ and there is called Cephalyca/ and fro that place descendeth in to the hand/ and appeareth between the thumb and the forefinger/ and there it is called cephalica occularis. And that party that was divided under the arm pyttꝭ that goeth in to the inward party in descending appeareth within the bought of the elbow/ and is called Basylyc. And fro that place descendeth in to the hand and appeareth between the middle finger and his neighbour/ and high Saluatell. And of these two said veins that are in the bought of the elbow is made a branch that appeareth in the mids of those ij. & is called Mediana. And divers other veins are found in the arm/ that for their smallness the chirurgeon hath little a do with them. ¶ Demand. How many notable sinews come in to the arm/ and whereby, and whereof breed they? Answer. By the spondyles of the neck descendeth in to each arm four notable sinews that breed of the noddle/ one above, and another beneath, one behind, and another before.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the great hand.  
Demand, How many bones are in the first part of the great hand that is named ulna or adiutor/ & how it is figured? Answer, There is but one alone full of maroughe/ and is round of figure at both ends, for at the upper end it is round as one only entering in to the socket or pit of the sholdre/ & at the neither end the roundness is double in the mids in form of a poully. And in the inward part is a little appearance/ and in the outward part backward is a concavity wherein is received the end of the addition like a beke of a raven, in to the byggest socket, what time that the arm is raised/ in such manner that the said roundelles entre in to the hollowness of the sockettis, And when the arm is stretched & bowed it cometh and maketh the joint of the elbow,  
¶ Demand. How many bones is in the little 〈◊〉/ and how be they figured? Answer. There ●e two and height focylles/ that is to wit the byg●●st that is in the arm/ and is greater and longer than the other for the addition that it hath/ that resembleth a beke/ and it goeth toward the 〈◊〉 finger, In making outward an enbossed ●●peraunce in manner of a wedge, The lesser goth ●●warde/ and goeth fro the bought of the elbow 〈◊〉 the hand toward the thumb/ like as it 〈◊〉 ●oyne to it, And in both the ends of the same ●●●●yttes receiving the roundnesses, Toward ●●●●owe been received the roundnesses graduales 〈◊〉 adjutory with the addition that is like a 〈◊〉 of the said elbow, And toward the hand 〈◊〉 roundnesses of the bones of the hand/ & they 〈◊〉 both bigger toward the ends because of the ●oynture/ and slender toward the mids/ and longer the sinews and the muscles, ¶ Demand. How many conjunction of bone be in the hand/ and how many bones in every conjunction/ and how they are figured & form? Answer. There be three conjunctions of bone in the hand. In the first conjunction be three/ and in the second conjunction four. And of this number avicen giveth his reason/ because that the first conjunction toucheth the focyll bones/ as holding all to one bone/ and therefore there may not so many hold. In the second conjunction there be four, because there might be no more for the space of three in the first conjunction toward the focyll bones. And the bones of these two conjunctions be short, and these two conjunctions of bones be called the receipt of the hand. In the third conjunction be four bones longer than the other. And that conjunction is called the breast of the hand or pecten. Howbeit avicen putteth to these three conjunction of bones one bone more/ which is added to the two first conjunctions of the receipt/ and was create for to defend the sinew of the breast of the hand. And this division of bones may be seen in the figure that was figured afore. ¶ Demand. How many fingers is there in the hand, and how many bones in every finger? Answer. There be .v. fingers/ & in every finger three bones. And thus in all the fingers is but xu bones. By the which things aforesaid it may be known that in all the great is but xxix bones. That is xu in the fingers xj in the little hand two in the arm/ and one in the adiutor. ¶ Demand. Which bones out of joint of the abovesaid members been most easiest to set in again/ & which be most difficile? Answer. The most difficyle is the joint of the elbow/ and the easiest is the sholdre joint/ & the mean is that of the hand.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the breast.  
Demand. What is the breast? Answer, It is the ark of the spiritual membres. ¶ Demand. Of how many parts is the Thorax and breast composed? Answer. Of two, for some be contained/ and the other containing. ¶ Demand. How many parts of conteynynges, and of contained been there in the breast/ & what be they? Answer. first there be four conteynyngꝭ/ the skin, the flesh musculous, the paps, and the bones. And in the parties contained there be eight That are the heart, the longs, the pannicles, the stryngis, the veins, the arteres, the Merry of Ysophagus. ¶ Demand. Whereof be the paps composed/ and with what membres have they colligance? Answer. They be composed of white glaudenous flesh, and with veins, arteries, & sinews. Therefore have they colligance with the heart, the liver, ●nd the brain, and with the genytall members.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the muscles of the breast.  
Demand. How many muscles be there in the breast? Answer, After avicen there be. lxxxx. of which some are common at the neck/ other at the shoulders/ other at the midriff/ other at the rib/ other at the back/ & properly other are at the breast. ¶ Demand, In how many and what manners been the bones of the breast divided? Answer. In three manners/ some be in the fore part/ other in the hinder part, & the other at the sides. ¶ Demand. How many bones be in the fore part of the breast? Answer. Seven, after as there be vij rib that join to them/ of which that upward is nigh the throat, that is received in the foot of the bone of the furcule aforesaid/ & that below in the furcule is an addition cartylagynous called Ency form. ¶ Demand, How many bones are in the party behind the breast. Answer xj that are spondyles whereby the nuche passeth/ whereof breedeth twelve pairs of sinews, bringing feeling and moving to the muscles aforesaid. ¶ Demand. How many bones be on each side of the breast? Answer. There be twelve that have twelve rib conjunct to the twelve spondyles above said. Of the which twelve rib there be vij very, and .v. false or lyengly, for they be not complete as the other be aforesaid.   

¶ questions upon the parties contained within the breast.  
Demand. How is the heart situate within the breast? Answer. Because that the heart is the beginning of life/ and is within the body as king and lord of all the other members/ of whom all the other membres do take influence. And for that cause it is set in the mids of the breast/ not declining to one part more than to another, as Galyen saith in his uj book of the utility of particles. And this is certainly understand, for from the neither part it is inclined a little toward the left side/ to give place to the liver that is on the right side above the heart. And as to the upper part it declineth somewhat toward the right side for to give room to the arteres. ¶ Demand. Of what shape is the heart? Answer. It is of the likeness of a pine apple/ for the narrow part is towards the neither parties of the body. And the larger part where as the roots are holdeth to the upward parts. ¶ Demand. Of what substance is the heart? Answer. It is of a hard substance/ and lacertous. ¶ Demand. How many celles is there in the heart? Answer. Three, that is the right and the left between the said bentrycles is a pit wherein the nourishing blood coming fro the liver is dygered and made spiritual/ that is sent by the arteres to all the body/ and chiefly to all the principal membres/ as to the brain/ where by digestion is take another ●ature, & is made animal. And in the liver where in it is made natural. And to the ballocke where it is made genytall/ and to all the other membres cause life. And by the right ventricle/ the branch of the vain mounting that beareth the blood fro the liver upward and issueth of itself, of the which vain the one part called vain arteryall goth to nourish the lungs. And the rest in mounting maketh sundry branches unto the hinder parties/ as is abovesaid. And fro the left ventricle of the heart issueth the vain called pulsatyle/ fro the which one part goth to the lungs that there is called Arterea venalis that beareth the capenous vapours fro the lungs and introduceth the air for to cool the heart. And the other part maketh branches upward and downward/ as is abovesaid of the other veins. And over the three oryfyces of the said three ventricles there be three pellycles that open and close the entering of the blood and of the spirit in convenable time. ¶ Demand. How many ears hath the heart, and how are they set/ and wherefore serve they? Answer. The heart hath two ears, on each side one set upon the said lateral ventricles that serve for to let the air in and out that is counseled for it fro the lungs. ¶ Demand. Whereof serveth a cartilaginous bone that is in the heart? Answer. It is to stay and strength it. ¶ Demand. Whereof is the substance of the covering of the heart? Answer. It is called precordi●●m, & is of a skynny substance/ whereto descendeth sinews as unto other inward intraylles. ¶ Demand. With what member hath the heart colligance? Answer. With all members and specially with the lungs, wherewith it is bound. And with the mediastinum wherewith it is stayed and strengthened. ¶ Demand. May the heart sustain disease long? Answer. No, for his great dignity.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the lungs.  
Demand. Of what substance is the lunges● Answer. Of a soft substance, clear, spongeous, and white. ¶ Demand. How many manner of vessels be conjoined by the substance of the lungs? Answer. Three, that is the branch of the vain arteryall that breedeth (as it is said) of the right ventricle of the heart. And the branch of the vain pulsatyle that cometh fro the left side. And the branches of Trachea arteria that beareth the air to the heart. ¶ Demand. How been these three manners of vessels set within the lungs? Answer. They be divided over all the substance by small ones and less, unto a very small quantity. ¶ Demand. How many lobbes hath the lungs? Answer .v. Three in the right party/ and two in the left. ¶ Demand. How many pā●tycles be there in the breast? Answer. Three. The first covereth inward all the ribs, and that is called pleura. The second height Mediastu●um/●nd that divideth all the breast in the right party and left. And the third is called the midriff that ●●nydeth all the spiritual members from the nutry ●yfes/ and is composed of pleura, & of the cyphac, and of the pannicle that height Cordorus/ that is of sinews sent to it from the spondyles, and the fleshly parties chyefly next the rib, that properly is a muscle, the operation whereof serveth to put out superfluities, as Galyen saith.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the belly/ and parties thereof.  
IT is to be noted upon these things that follow, that the belly may be taken for two things. first for the stomach. Secondly for the region of all nutrytyfe membres/ and so it is taken here. ¶ Demand. What is the holle position of the belly? Answer. It is under the region of the spiritual membres/ so that the superior part that is at the entering called pcordyal/ & toward the forcule, & the party that is called stomacle, a three fingers nigh the navel downward/ and the party umbelycall synual is fro the navel downward/ and the ypocondres be in the side under the rib. And the parties called yliac are over the haunches. ¶ Demand, To see the anatomy very well in the parties of the belly, as well the conteynynges as the continued/ how ought the chirurgeon to open it? Answer. He ought to open it along and overthwart/ this way and that/ that he may the lightlier see the parties afore (that be the Myrac and Cyphac) as behind/ where as are the .v. spondyles of the kidneys, and the flesh over them.  
¶ Demand. Of how many and what & how many parts is the myrac composed. Answer. It is composed of four parts. Of the skin, of the grease, of the fleshy pannicle, and of the muscles, of whom issueth the cords. ¶ Demand. What is Cyphac? Answer. It is a pannicle only that is added to the Myrac. ¶ Demand. How many and what be the parties contained in the belly? Answer vij first the arse gut, secondly the guts, thirdly the stomach, than the liver, than the milt, and the kidneys. ¶ Demand. Wherefore are the muscles of the belly formed? Answer. For two reasons. The first is to strength it. The second to expel the superfluities of the membres. ¶ Demand. How many muscles be in the belly? Answer. After Galyen in the four book of the utility of particles/ and in the vij of his Terapentycke ●here be, viii, That are two all along coming fro the boucler of the stomach unto the share bone/ and two overthwart the back, and entrelace by the mids of the belie, And, iiij, from the angles transuersalles/ of the which two breed in the rib of the right side, and go to the left side, and of the hakle bones, and of the share/ & the other two of the left side, & go to the right side of the said ●ones/ in crossing by the middle of the belly.  
¶ Demand. What is ●he perytoneon/ and whereof is it dyryvate? of what substance is it/ & wherefore serveth it? Answer. It is situate under the ●ayde muscles, and it so named of perry/ that is to ●●y round about, and of Tons/ that is to say ●ntestynon/ for it goeth round about the nutry●yfe parties/ & is a little pannicle, sinewy, subtle, and hard/ and serveth to keep that the muscles comprise not the natural membres/ and it may be enlarged, and comprymate in manner of other membres/ and that it be not lightly broken/ and that the things contained in it issue not/ as it happeneth to them that are grieved therewith/ and it is properly called Cyphac. ¶ Demand. What wounds of t●e belly are most perilous and most dyfficyle to heal, either they of the mids of the belly/ or they in the sides? Answer. They in the mids of the belly/ because the parties there been more treatable/ & the bowels there come sooner out, than by other places, ¶ Demand. What is Epypleon/ and whereof is it composed? Answer. It is a pannicle that covereth and wrappeth the stomach about/ and is named of epi/ that is to say over all or about, or pleon, that is to appear, for it pereth over all the stomach/ and is composed of two tunycles, the one thick, and the other thin, laid one on another, & of divers arteries, veins, and sinews, and great quantity of fat/ and is called arse gut. ¶ Demand. Whereof breedeth the pypleon/ & wherefore serveth it? Answer, It breedeth of the parties that be under the back/ and of the Cyphac, & it is ordained for to rechaufe the parties next thereto, as Galyen sayeth in the fourth book of the utility of particles &, xiii, chapter. ¶ Demand. May the pypleon hold long when it is hurt without great alteration/ and how ought it to be dressed? Answer, No, but it is lightly altered & changed for the fatness, and aught to be bound and not cut for fear of flux of blood, ¶ Demand. Of how many skins or tunycles are the bowels composed/ and wherefore serve they? Answer They be composed of two tunycles/ and serve first to make digestion/ and to bring the Chilus to the liver by means of the veins mescraykes/ & to put out the filthy superfluities. ¶ Demand. How many guttis be there. Answer. Syxe/ although that they be joined together/ yet have they divers offices/ & divers shapes/ whereby they are divided. Of the which six guts three be sklendre & three big. The first of the three sklendre is named Portanarium/ or Duodenum. The second is called jeiunium. And the third is called Subtle. Of the three big/ the first height Esac/ the second Colon/ & the third is the arse gut called Longaon, or the straight gut. ¶ Demand. Be the said guts garnished with muscles? Answer. Yes/ for the governing of the superfluities that they receive & put out. ¶ Demand, What is the manner to make incysion for to know, discern, and see well every gut by the anatomy? Answer. first it behoveth to begin ●t the arse gut/ that is called longaum or rectum/ and because that the filthy matter shall not let thee/ ●ynde it at the upper end, and let it be two ends, and be cut in the mids of the ligature/ and let the neither part be left/ & proceed in dyscaruing almost unto yleon/ where as the gut beginneth that height colon, which is big with little celles/ wherein the fecall matter taketh form/ and is two fathom long, or there about/ & declineth moche toward the left kidney/ & in mounting toward the milt/ & revolveth of the party coming toward the right side of the stomach, under the pannicle of the liver, where receiveth a portion of the humour coloryke/ which moveth it to put out the superfluities, and in the rancluing it descendeth to the right kidney at the hinder end of the haunch there as beginneth the gut called one eye, or the bag/ for it seemeth that it hath but one eye/ although it have two after the very truth. One whereat the filthy matter/ and another that it goeth out/ but because that they be very near it seemeth that it hath but one/ and this gut is very short/ for it is but of a handful long. And because of the nyghnesse's of the haunches/ and because it is not well bound it descendeth sooner in to the ballocke cods, when a man is grieved or broken than any other gut/ and of this gut is bred the sklendre gut that height Ylion/ the which Ylion is well vij or viij fathoms long/ & it hath many revolutions in all the back. After this is the gut that height jeiunium, because it is always empty for the great multitude of messerayke veins that be about it continually sucking it/ & for the colour that is seen between it and Portanarium that inciteth it continually to expel that that is in it. And to this gut is contained the gut called Duodeum/ which is so called because it is twelve fingers of length/ after the which followeth the gut called Portanarium, so called by his office, for it is the neither gate of the stomach, as Merry is the upper gate. ¶ Demand. Wherefore is it that the wounds made in the small guts never heal, & yet those of the great guts heal sometime? Answer, Because that the small guts be full of pannicles/ & the great guts are full of flesh. ¶ Demand. How may the Mezentereon be known by Anathomy? Answer. To see the Mezentereon very well thou ought to bind the guts toward the gut Portanarium and cut in manner as the longaon is/ and than put all the guts out. ¶ Demand, Whereof is Mezentereon composed, and how is it set? Answer. first it is composed of veins messeraykes innumerable branched fro the vain of the liver called Portanaria/ and is covered & garnished before with pannicles and strings that conjoin the bowels with the back/ and with glandynous grease/ and is commonly called seam/ which when it is out ye may clearly see the anatomy of the stomach. ¶ Demand. What is the stomach. Answer. It is the organ of the first digestion engendereth the chylous. ¶ Demand. What is the place of the stomach within the body? Answer. After Galyen in the four book of the utility of particles and first chapter. The place of the stomach is in the mids of the body/ because it is the common almoner alms dealer and preparer to all the membres of the body/ notwithstanding that the superior party thereof somewhat inclineth unto the left side toward the twelve spondyles where as the diaphragma endeth/ and the lower part declineth to the right. ¶ Demand. What members have be made for to serve the stomach? Answer. The first is the mouth/ for in likewise as the veins Mezeryalles be preparatyves of the second digestion that is done in the liver/ likewise is the mouth of the stomach. For as avicen saith/ the chawing acquireth some digestion. afterward serveth the Merry and ysophagus of the upward parties in bringing the meat in to the stomach. And of the neither parties serveth the guts, & the veins Mezeraycalles to put forth the noyful things/ and distribute the profitable things digested and chylozed in it. ¶ Demand. Whereof serveth the stomach? Answer. properly it serveth to digest by his heat of his own carnosyte in the bottom thereof, as avicen sayeth, and by the heats gotten of the next parties/ for it hath the liver on the right side that warmeth/ and the milt on the left side that traverseth it with his grease & ways/ whereby it sendeth the humour melencolyke to the stomach for to provoke it appetite. And above i● is the heart with the arteries that causeth life/ and the brain that sendeth it a branch of sinews from the upward parties giving to it feeling. Also from the party of the back/ and the veins called kyllis, and adorthy, and divers other strings descending fro it/ whereby it is bound with the spondyles of the reins. ¶ Demand. With how many skins is the stomach covered? Answer. With two, one is fleshy that is outward, and the other is sinewy that is inward. ¶ Demand. Of what villes is the stomach composed. Answer, Of longytudynalles to draw in & transuersalles to retain/ & latitudinalles to put forth. ¶ Demand. Of what shape is the stomach? Answer. It is round endlong in manner of concord such wise kerbed that his enterings be higher than his body/ because the issue of the things that it containeth be made inducly. ¶ Demand. Of what quantity is the stomach? Answer. It is manifest/ for commonly it holdeth two or three pints. ¶ Demand. What is the liver? Answer. It is the organ of the second digestion/ engendering blood. ¶ Demand. How or where is the liver set in the body of mankind? and of what figure is it? Answer. first it is set under the bought of the rib/ & is of figure as of the moon/ kerbed toward the rib/ and is hollow toward the stomach with .v. laps or pamnulles in manner of hands comprising the stomach. ¶ Demand. whence cometh the feeling to the liver? Answer. It cometh by a pannicle that covereth it/ to which cometh a sinew for his feeling. ¶ Demand. With what membres hath the liver colligance? Answer, first with the diaphragma by his pannicle that covereth it which bindeth it to the diafragma with strong strings. And also it hath colligaunce with the back, with the stomach, with the guts, with the heart, and all the other members. ¶ Demand. Of what substance is the liver. Answer. It is the substance of flesh/ and red as quayl●ed blood, entrelaced all about with veins and arteries. ¶ Demand. Whereof serveth a great vain that cometh out of the hollowness of the liver called Portanaria? Answer. It is because that all the succosyte that chyllus draweth by his branches it transmytteth and dystrybuteth by all the liver/ for that vain is divided Mezeraycalles innumerable that are planted in the stomach and in the bowels for to draw & bear away the said succosite fro the liver. ¶ Demand. Of what party of the liver issueth a great vain and hollow called killis/ and whereof serveth it? Answer, It issueth out of the boss of the liver/ and serveth to distribute all the blood that is engendered within the liver over all the body/ for that vain issueth out of the liver, and maketh branches upward & downward through all the body/ whereby it dealeth the said blood to every member to feed it. ¶ Demand. What are the medicines that ought to be applied on the liver? Answer. That for the substance seldom dyssoluable lightly it ought to have medicine somewhat stiptic. ¶ Demand. What is the gall? Answer. It is a bag or bladder pamnyculous set in the hollowness of the liver about the mean pamnulle for to receive the choleric superfluity. ¶ Demand. How is testis fellis composed? Answer. It hath two enterings or necks between which is a distance, whereof one is on the right side that adresseth toward the mids of the liver to receive the colere. The other is at the bottom of the stomach/ & in the bowels to send them colere for the utylytees aforesaid. ¶ Demand. Of what quantity is the gall? Answer. It containeth peradventure a glass full/ or the mountenance of a fyoyle. ¶ Demand. What diseases suffereth it commonly? and how be they known? Answer. It suffereth opilations aswell in the neck propre, as in the neck common. And the disease known when the stopping is in the neck common/ because that the colere may not issue out of the liver/ nor the blood may not cleanse but abideth with the blood and maketh the urine yellow, & all the body. And it is known when it is in the neck proper because that the helpynges do fail, that it was wont to have/ & even accident followeth as Ga●●en saith in the vij book of the disease & the accident, and in the .v. of the interiours. ¶ Demand. What is the milt? Answer. It is the receiver of melancolic superfluite engendered in the liver. ¶ Demand. What is the situation of the milt in the body of mankind? Answer. It is of the left side embracing traversly the stomach. ¶ Demand. Of what substance is the milt? Answer. It is of soft substance & spongyous, blacker than the liver. ¶ Demand. Of what shape is the milt? Answer. Of a long figure in manner of four corners. ¶ Demand. With what membres hath the milt colligance? Answer. It is bound by his pannicle with the rib/ and of his boss and concavyte it hath colligation with the stomach, and with the arse gut. ¶ Demand. Wherein serveth the milt in the body of mankind? Answer. It serveth by these two ways/ for by one way it draweth the superfluity melancholic of the liver. And by the other way it sendeth it to the orifice of the stomach, for the causes abovesaid. ¶ Demand. What manner disease doth the milt suffer? Answer, It doth suffer opilations because that his ma●er is gross/ whereby the said opilations follow other inconvenients/ for when it faileth to cleanse the liver of the said superfluities the body is faint and ill coloured. And when it faileth to transuyt the stomach/ not sending that it ought to do/ the appetite wasteth or is taken away.  
¶ Demand. What solutions of contynuyte be most perilous in them of the liver, or them of the milt/ and which of both suffereth strongest medicines? Answer. The solutions of contynuyte be more dangerous in the liver than in the milt? and the milt suffereth stronger medicines than the liver/ & purgeth chiefly by the belly. ¶ Demand, What things are the kidneys/ & how many are in the body of man/ and of what substance are they? Answer. They are particles ordained to cleanse the blood of heinous superfluities/ and there be two of them on every side one, and are of the substance of hard flesh. ¶ Demand. Of what shape are they? Answer. They are long of shape as an egg comprymate/ and have in them concavytees/ wheri●●hey receive that which is drawn by them/ and each of them have two holes whereby they draw the aquosyte of the vain called kyllis/ and by the other send the said aquosite called piss to the bladder. ¶ Demand. What membres cometh to the kidneys/ and with what membres have they colligance? Answer. There cometh to them veins, arteries, & sinews, whereof their pannicle is made/ and their fat is like tallow/ & have colligance with the back. ¶ Demand, Whereon are the kidneys sytuate? Answer. They are situate upon the tombs, whereon they be as on a coytte. ¶ Demand. What veins pass between the kidneys over the spondyles. Answer. There pass the vain adorty/ descending to the neither membres/ from the which very ●ere it issueth the membres sparmatykes. ¶ Demand. What diseases may the kidneys suffer? Answer. They do suffer many diseases/ and specially they suffer opilations and stones that are hard to heal.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the haunches bones.  
Demand. How many bones are in the huckles? Answer. After the verity there is but one/ howbeit after divers parties of it there are three. The first is called the hallowed sacred/ or that there be three or four spondyles on the party of the back/ and on that side it is very big/ and toward the lower end/ that is to say th● fundament it cometh in lessening/ and there is i●●artilaginous/ & this bone hath a hole before whereby passeth the sinews and not by the side as do other spondyles of the back. The two other be two great bones/ one on each side that be conjunct with this great spondyle of the hollow bone behind and before in making the pectynall bone, & these two bones are large on the yliake parties/ & on the party of the share they be narrow in manner of branch/ and joineth to the share before/ and therefore are they called the share bones. And in the mids of these bones of the back party there be two concavytees called exides or boxes/ wherein are received the ends o● the bones of the thighs, called vertebres, & there are called the thigh bones. And all the said bones thereby nigh the parties of the fundament eachone hath a great hole whereby descendeth sinews, muscles, veins, and arteres, that be brought from above downward. ¶ Demand. What is the bladder/ of what substance/ and of what shape/ of what quantity/ & how it is situate? Answer. It is a receiver of aygnous superfluities of the kidneys/ and it is pamnyculous and strong/ for it is composed of pannicles/ and is round of shape/ the bygnes for to hold a pint, & is situate under the share. ¶ Demand. Whereby receiveth the bladder the superfluite urinal of the kidneys, and whereby is it put out? Answer. first it receiveth the superfluity urinal by two long ways that descend fro the kidneys that entre by the sides of the bladder dyagnonnelly by two angles/ that which ways are called the pores uritides, and by a carnous neck/ with muscles closing and opening in bowing and overpassing to the yard in men. And in women without reflyxyon unto two fingers within the neck of the matrice/ whereby she putteth forth that urinal aquosite. ¶ Demand. To what diseases is the bladder disposed? Answer. It is disposed to opilations/ aswell by stones as by graveylous urine/ that it receiveth of the kidneys. ¶ Demand. How are medicines applied to the bladder? Answer. By chirurgery. ¶ Demand. Where ought incision to be made for the stone in the bladder? Answer. At the neck without the ●eame perignous. ¶ Demand. What are the sparmatyke vessels? Answer. They are certain veins that breed near the kidneys/ and nigh the vain kyllis and adorthi bearing the blood to the genytal members, aswell in man as woman wherein by the last generation it is made sparme or seed of mankind nature. ¶ Demand. How many manners of sparmatyke vessels be there? Answer. Two/ for some bringeth the matter sparmatyke ●n/ and some putteth it out. They that bring it ●e branches of veins and arteries that breed of ●he vain kyllis and adorthi. And they that put it out be they that mount near to the neck of the bladder/ and putteth the sparme out of the hole of the yard, and with them is the sinew suspensory and sensyfe that descendeth to the genytalles. ¶ Demand. How be the vessels sparmatyke situate? Answer. They are set thus for toward the grind about the Myrac and Cyphac is a hole whereby descendeth from above the three bodies aforesaid, that is the vain and artere that bringeth/ & the sinew sensytyfe that is hard to the neck of the bladder at the rote of the yard, and the hole of the yard/ whereby mounteth the matter sparmatyke for to go out. And thus may be seen that if the hole toward grind be out of measure large/ the bodies superiors as the zyrbus, or guts may descend in the loceon, and swell the purse of the bollocks as if one were broken, and often maketh brustenesse where as may descend moist matter that will make a hermen.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the pyntyll.  
Demand. What is the yard/ and whereof is it composed? Answer. It is the yard vyryll/ that is the cultyner and labourer of the field of mankind/ and is the way of the urine/ and is composed of skin, of muscles, of stryngis, of veins, and arteres, of sinews, and of right great bands. ¶ Demand, Where is the disposition of the yard. Answer. It is planted upon the back of the share. ¶ Demand. From whence are sent the skin, the stryngis, the veins, arteries, flesh, and the sinews? Answer. first the strings are sent fro the bone satron/ and the parties next it. The veins, the arteres, the flesh, the sinews, & the skin are sent to it from the superior parties. ¶ Demand. How many pryncypal ways hath the yard? and what diversity of names taketh it in sundry parties thereof? Answer, It hath two ways/ that is of the sperm, & of the urine/ and the end of the yard height balanum. The bowel height mitra/ and the head height prepuce. ¶ Demand. Of what quantity ought the yard of man to be? Answer. Commonly of eight or ix inches/ howbeit to be plyfyke with any woman it ought to be proportioned at the neck of her matrice.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the losseum.  
Demand. Whereof breedeth the losseum/ and whereof taketh it name. Answer. It breedeth 〈◊〉 Syphac & Myrac/ their parties passing and hanging outward of it upon the back of the share at the beginning of it. It is called the Dymdyme and there it doubleth/ and fro the lower party it is called Loceum/ and is the cods of the geny●alles. ¶ Demand. What are the bollocks? Answer. They are the principal organs of the generation of mankind/ for in them the matter spermatyke is made perfit & sure. ¶ Demand. From whence cometh the sperm to the bollocks? Answer. From all the body/ and specially fro the principal membres for the breeding of their vessels, as of the heart, the liver, and the kidneys. And for the cause of delectation the brain hath commutation therein, for the sinews that descend fro the brain to the bollocks. Thus of all the body it taketh nature/ not by quantity but by vigour. ¶ Demand. What is the matrice/ and in what place is it set? Answer. The matrice is the field of generation of mankind, & organ susceptyfe of gendering matter/ and is set between the bladder and the longaon. ¶ Demand. Of what substance is the matrice? Answer. Of a pamnyculous substance. ¶ Demand. Of how many skins or tunicles is the matrice composed? Answer. It is composed of two skins/ of which the inward is full of sharp veins/ with the ends of which veins be contained with the pannicles Lembryon/ and are divided in two parties principals after the number of the dugs/ & though there appear but these two chaumbres in the matrice/ yet after Mundyne there are vij small chaumbres in the matrice, three in each of the two chaumbres/ and one in the mids/ and the outward tunicle nervous. Nat as avicen sayeth that it is create of sinews coming fro the brain/ but as in substance is consemblable nervous, for it is white, and private of menstrual blood, & is stretching as the sinews/ for it straineth and loseth as needs requireth. It cometh but very little of sinews whereby it feeleth/ & this outward tunicle is all plain, and is not divided. ¶ Demand. Of what shape is the matrice? Answer. It is the shape of the instrument of generation of men/ for it is proporcionly made to the yard and cods of man's genitors, except that it is reversed, and is hollow within for to receive man's yard in the time of oppilation/ for the neck of the matrice is like a man's yard/ and the matrice with in is like cods or purse of the genytalles of men. And as men have two bollocks or stones that pass and appear outward/ so have women inward/ except that they be bigger in the man than in the woman. And in men they are longwyse & round/ and in women they be round and flat, and are set on both the sides of the matrice each on a side. And even so as the vessels spermatykes been in the mids of the ballockes' outward/ so be they inward in women. ¶ Demand. With what membres hath the matrice colligance? Answer. Their colligance principally is with breasts by the veins of milk, & menstrualles, for the which things nurses have not well their menstruous flowers. ¶ Demand. Of what quantity is the matrice/ and the neck of it? Answer. The matrice cometh almost fro the navel unto the utter part of the cont, in comprising the neck and all the body of the matrice. Howbeit the neck of the matrice ought for to be naturally of ten or xj fingers breed/ & after as the woman hath to meddle with man fleshly little or much/ it waxeth long or shorteneth. And also it waxeth long or short after as the man that meddleth with her hath his yard short or long.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the arse gut/ which was left afore the better to see the anatomy of the other nutratyfe membres.  
Demand, What is the Longaon/ of what length is it/ and where is it set? Answer. It is the arse gut that is a palm or handful long almost to the kidneys/ and is set right over the fundament on the back and tail. ¶ Demand. How many muscles be in the ars gut/ and where to serve they it? Answer. There be two that open and close it when it needeth. ¶ Demand. How many veins cometh to the gut nigh to the fundament? Answer. five branches of veins named Emorroides or Emorroidalles. ¶ Demand. With what membres hath the arse gut colligance? Answer. With the bladder, and therefore when one of them suffereth so doth the other. ¶ Demand. What is the pigneum? Answer. Pigneum in Arabyke is to say the arse hole. And it is the place between the arse & the yard/ which is a seam that followeth the cods/ and the stock of the yard. ¶ Demand. What are the gryndes? Answer. They are the cleansing places of the liver/ & are of Glaudynous flesh ordained to the bought of the thighs. ¶ Demand. What are the buttocks? Answer. They are gross musculous flesh ordained over the bones of the thighs, and hukcles wherfro descendeth muscles, cords, and strings, moving the thighs, and the great leg with the hukcles.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the great foot.  
Demand. Where beginneth the great foot/ and how f●rre it lasteth/ and in how many parts the great foot is divided? Answer. The great foot lasteth fro the joint of the hukcle called 〈◊〉, unto the farthest part of the toes/ and is divided as the great hand in three parties. The first is called the thigh/ the other the leg/ and the last the little foot. ¶ Demand. Whereof is the great foot composed? Answer. At the great hand, with glynne, flesh, veins, arteries, muscles, strings, grys●les, and bones.   

¶ questions upon the veins of the great foot.  
Demand. From whence cometh the veins to the great foot/ & how do they divide them 〈◊〉 the great foot? Answer. After that the veins 〈◊〉 making branches, at their beginning been ●●scended to the last spondyle & there are divided 〈◊〉 two parties/ one on the right/ another on the ●●ft/ each of them likewise are divided in two branches/ fro thence one goeth to the outward part/ and the other to the inward in making branches descending by the legs to the ankles and feet. ¶ Demand. How many and what veins been let blood commonly in the great foot? Answer. There be four the sopheynes that are upon the ankle inward toward the he'll/ and the scyatyke under the ankle outward/ and the popletyke that is under the knee/ and the arenal that is between the little too and his next fellow. ¶ Demand. Whereof breedeth the sinews that cometh to the great leg/ and where pass they? Answer. They breed of the last spondyles of the kidneys/ of the holy bone, and the most part of them pass by the hole of the thigh bone/ and make muscles in the bought of the ●ne/ so that they descending from the hukcles & cleave to the bone of the thigh with the cords moving the joint maketh the great brawn that are on the thigh that stirreth the knee and the leg, and the calf over the leg moving the foot and ankle/ & the muscles of the feet moving the toes/ after the form and manner as is before said of the hand. ¶ Demand, How goeth the long and big strings/ where end they, & wher● appear they moste? Answer. They descend by all the leg/ and appear greatly in the greyndes & under the knees, and under the heel, and on the joints of the toes, and the sole of the foot is all full/ and there they end.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of the great foot.  
Demand. How many bones are in the thigh and of what shape be they? Answer. There is but one bone/ and that is full of maroughe, and is round in one party/ and the roundness thereof upward height Uertebrum that declineth inward, and is received in the pit of the hukcle bone/ and is somewhat bossed outward/ but in the inward party toward the knee are two roundnesses which been received & wrapped in two concavytees that are in the focylle of the leg. And over it one round bone above that is called the knop of the knee.  
¶ Demand. How many bones are in the knee/ and how be they named? Answer. There be two that be called the morteys bones/ whereof the greatest is on the inside part/ whereof is made the sharpening and conjoining of the leg/ and goeth fro the knee unto the foot making the ankle inward. The lesser pit bone is in the utter part/ descending under the knee a little/ and is smooth unto the foot joining there with the other pit bone ma●ynge the outward ankle. ¶ Demand. Of what shape are that two focyl bones? Answer, The greatest hath two pits toward the knee which re●eyue the round ends of the thigh bone/ for the ●●sser cometh not unto the joint/ but is smooth as 〈◊〉 is said/ and lieth nigh under the knee/ and therefore it is called arcus. And toward the foot in the ●●ynynge with the bigger bone both they make 〈◊〉 hollow pit or morteys wherein the first bone of the foot is received. ¶ Demand. How many conjunctions or assembling of bones are in the little foot/ and how many bones are in every conjunction? Answer. There be three. In the first conjunction be three bones assembled in one roundness. The first height Caab in Arabyc, in Greek Astra gallus, & is in manner as that nut of a crossbow round on each side. In the upper roundness thereof is affirmed the hollowness of the pit or morteys bones, and there the foot is moved, and the neither roundness is affirmed to the concavity of the manyculare bone/ and after that forwith toward the bone called Nanyculer/ that is a sinew concaved on each side. In the first concave is received the roundness of Cohas aforesaid. In the second concave is received the second conjunction of the bones of the feet/ and under them is the bone of the heel, of the which all the foot is stedyed/ and issueth toward the hinder part for the strings that are fixed in it. ¶ Demand. How many bones is there in the second conjunction/ & how are they figured? Answer. There be four that be short enough/ one of them is called grandmos●n/ that is on the utter part toward the little too. And these bones be round toward the nanyculare/ & hollow toward the third conjunction. ¶ Demand. How many bones are in the third conjunction of the little foot? Answer. five long enough that coresponde & receive the toes. ¶ Demand. How many toes is there in each foot, and how many bones is in every too? Answer. There be five toes/ in every too three bones/ except the great too that hath but twain. Thus in number there be xxvi bones in the foot. And in all the great foot or great leg there be xxx ¶ Demand. Which of the said joints is most easy to set again, and which is most dyffycyll? Answer. That of the little foot is most dyffycyll/ & that of the knee is more/ and the scyatyke is mean.   
¶ Here endeth the second treaty of this present questyonary.    

¶ Here beginneth the third treaty of this present questyonary/ where as are moved and soylled divers questions and dyfycultees in the manner of binding/ winding/ or rolling/ to sew/ to make boylsters/ lynte/ and tents.  

¶ questions upon the manner of rolling or binding. ¶ Demand.  
How many manners of lygatunres or rollynges been there/ and how ought they to be made/ and whereto each of them bringeth together? Answer, There been three manners. One is incarnative/ and it competeth to new wounds, and fractures, and is done thus. The wound is bound at both ends unto the mids/ in beginning fro the party opposite to the hurt place/ in leading one end toward the upper part of the member/ & the other toward the neither in taking the parties or about them till it be seen what is best to be done, in straining more upon the hurt place than on the parties about it. Nevertheless howbeit heed must be taken to strain to hard or to lose/ but the time to bind is when the patient may well suffer it. And the fore end of the said roll ought to be sewed. And if need be there aught to take divers rolls wound by one self manner of winding. The lips of the wound are joined one to the other/ and so the appost●macion is deffended/ and some put to double clothes/ and strain them and sew them on the place. Other manner of binding is called expulsinc/ and it properly agreeth to deep wounds, for to expel and put out the matter from the bottom/ and to defend that other matters come not in the place, & this is done with a roll folded at the heed beginning at the neither part of the member in straining moste there. And fro thence in unwrapping toward the upper part. The third ligature is called the ligature holding the medicines and it competeth as unto the membres where as straining can not be made nor other ligature, as at the neck, the belly, and in all apos●umes, and dolorous distributions. And this is done with rolls of one chief or divers chyefs, or arms, beginning upon the hurt place in binding to the contrary of the said place. ¶ Demand. What ought the manner of binding to be? Answer. They ought to be softly and without pain. And if the bonds or rolls cleave fast/ let them be moisted only with wine till they be loosed. ¶ Demand. Whereof ought the rolls to be made? Answer. After Galyen they ought for to be made of boleyn cloth, old, soft, smooth, and clean. ¶ Demand. Of what quantity of length and breed ought the bonds to be? Answer. They ought to be long and large/ commonly they that bind the shoulders ought to be of six fingers breed/ those for the thighs fy●e/ those for the leg four/ they for the arm three/ and those for the fingers one/ and the length to b● after the necessity of winding. And this saith Galyen in the fourth book of his therapeutic, that th● partycule ulcerate may not well be bound wt●ut to have learned the indication of the forming of the member.   

¶ questions upon the anatomy of seeming or stitching.  
Demand, How many and what manners are there of seams? Answer. Three/ that is ●●eame incarnatyfe/ and it agreeth to all wounds whose lips be far asunder, if they may be approached and made equal/ and which ligature ●●ely sufficeth not/ and have no strange things between the lips/ & that be new or renewed by scarification/ in taking the skin away. The other seam sowing height restrayntyfe of blood/ and is done with the needle in entering & folding as skins be sewed. And this is done when for the great effusion of blood the other seams can not be made. The third is called the seam conseruatyfe/ and it is done as the other be/ but it is not so narrow/ for it is not made but for to maintain the lips till the wound be closed. ¶ Demand. In how many manners is the incarnatyfe seam made? Answer. In .v. manners. The first is making the first stitch in the middle of the wound/ and the other in mean space of each cider and going also between let two stitches be left the space of a finger breed overthwart/ and also ye ought to have a quill with a hole in the side wherewith the other side of the lip shall be stayed/ because it shall not swerver/ and because that when the needle is passed thorough it may be sen at the hole in the quill. And when the needle is passed to draw it & the thread in steyenge the lip that it follow not the thread. And first knit it with two revolutions. Secondly with one, & than cut the thread far fro the kno●. Secondly the seam incarnatyfe is made with needles or with steal of feathers led in with the needle in to wounds that be great & deep that have lips wide separate in putting threaded needles in to them as need is/ in wrapping them with thread as ye would fasten a needle with thread on your bosom or pouch lid, and to abide there unto the consolidation of the wound. Thirdly a seam incarnatyfe is made with equal the mills made of tow well writhen & slenderly, as straws the length of a finger/ or of the steal of a feather/ which appertain to the places when we will that the seam remain long time. And it is done when threded needles are put in to it by both the lips. Than is the needle returned by the same hole till that there remain a pit/ where i● is put one of the ends of the wedge/ and than the tails of the threads are strained and bound on the other end of the wedge/ and there cut of the ends of the threads/ and let the wedge lie unto the perfit consolidation. Fourthly a seam incarnatyfe is made with hokes/ and they ought to be small meet for the member, kerbed on each side, in fastening it in to one lip/ and than brought to the other. And in the same let the hokes be fastened like as the shear men do in hoking their clothes. fifthly an incarnatyfe seam is made with cloth, and is made in places wherein we would that no ●●catryce should appear, as in the face/ & it is made o● two pieces three tryangled/ and of the bigness of the quantity of the member. And anoint them with ointments myscatyves and conglutyna●●ues, made of the powder of dragon's blood, of en●●nse, mastic, sarcacole, and steing meal of the ●●yll, encorporate with white of an egg, and that ●●ery peace be laid in every side of the wound ●●ter an inch of distance/ and when they be dry ●ewe them subtilely/ and the lips will rejoin to ●ydre. ¶ Demand. What needles ought they to be for to make these incarnatyfe seems? Answer. They ought to be even and smooth, and three edged at the point/ and at the eye they ought to be hollow / because the thread shall not let it to pass easily. ¶ Demand. In what wounds accordeth the seams conseruatyves? Answer. They conjoin in wide wounds (where as the flesh is lost) for to approach the lips, wherein it behoveth to draw some thing out/ because they may the sooner be consolydate. ¶ Demand. When is it time to take away the seams/ and how ought they to be taken away? Answer. The time to do them away is when they have done their operation. And the manner to take them of, is to put the tail of the prove under the fist/ & to cut the thread of the said tail of the prove/ and in putting the flat of the prove above the lip whereby the thread is drawn out, for dread of dividing the wound.   

¶ questions upon the manner to make and to applycate the bolsters.  
Demand. What is the manner to make bolsters? Answer. anciently they were made of feathers sewed between two white clothes/ and therefore are they called plumeceaulx or pylowes of feathers in french. And because that they behoved to often to be renewed & removed/ which was over anoyous/ it is found to make them of tow or flax of hemp well boucked and cleansed/ and sometime with will or cotton/ and sometime is put soft and thin clouts in two or three folds or more/ as it needeth. ¶ Demand. Wherefore serveth the bolsters? Answer. To stay and conpryme the places dissolved/ and comfort the natural heat of the member unjointe/ and to defend the griefs of the lygatures. ¶ Demand. How ought the bolsters to be applicate? Answer. Sometime they be laid to dry/ sometime they ought to be moisted or bathed in gleyr of eggs, in wine, or in oil, as the disposition requireth. And they be of three sorts, some be three square, which (avicen saith) serve to breed flesh/ and aught to be laid on each side of the wound/ and the other on the wound in joining them together/ and some are round that are laid dry on the other to keep the natural heat, and to ripe the rottenness/ & other be square, and they are laid to defend the hurting of the lygatures.   

¶ questions upon the manner to applycate lyntes and tents.  
Demand. In how many & what case ought to be used lyntes & tents? Answer. In eight cases. first is if so be that the wounds that we will enlarge, cleanse, or draw out any thing fro ●he bottom/ as in deep wounds that have need to be searched for the liquor that assembleth in the bottom of the spaciosite. Secondly they be used in follow wounds/ wherein we ought to engender flesh. thirdly in wounds altered of air, which ought to be cleansed. Fourthly in wounds bruised. fifthly in apostumes. sixthly in wounds that must be wrought about the bones. Seventhly in bitings. And last in wounds ulcers. And all other wounds without tents and moches ought to be understand to be consolydate. ¶ Demand. Wherefore be tents and lyntes made? Answer. Some be for to cleanse the wounds/ and they be made of soft tender, as of sear old linen cloth/ other are made to keep the lips of wounds open and they been made of very clean tow/ or of fine clouts, or cotton, or of quill of brass or silver hollow, as to the nosethyrlles for to have air, or in deep wounds that the rottenness reclose not but come out. Other are made to enlarge the oryfyces of the wounds/ & they be made of sponges hard writhen or of Gencyan roots.  
¶ Thus endeth the third treaty of this present questyonary.    

¶ Here beginneth the fourth treaty of this present questyonary/ in containing four particles. In the first particle is moved & solved certain questions and difficulties upon the manner of bleeding.  

¶ Demand.  
WHat is bleeding or blood letting? Answer. divers auctors have given divers diffynytions of bleeding. arnold of the new town in his book of particular operation that bleeding is incision of veins/ by the which incision the blood evacueth and the humours that run in the veins with the blood. And avicen in his first fen, of the first book of his canon saith/ that bleeding is an universal evacuation of emptyeng the multitude of humours. And in the third book of the said canon he hath defined that it connue evacuation of humours. And Galyen upon the sixth article of the affoe of hippocras upon this canon. Quecunque flommia. etc. saith that it is the common help of pluresy. ¶ Demand. What evacuation is most surest & least dangerous/ either the letting blood or the medicine laxative? Answer. After Galyen in his little book that he made of blood letting/ that letting of blood is the least dangerous/ for it is restraint when we will, and not the medicine/ for after that it is once taken it will do the operation. ¶ Demand. For how many intentions be the bledyngꝭ made? Answer. For uj The first is for ●o purge/ and of this intention sayeth Galyen in the third of his Terapentycke that evacuation for the object regardeth all only the replexion. The ●econde intention that bleeding is made is for to divert, and this intention putteth Galyen in the ●econde book of blood letting/ it is sometime an●yspatyc/ that is to say dyversyve/ and this declareth Galyen in the fifth book of his Terapentycke/ as the flux of blood at the nose of the right nosethrylle, is restraint by the bleeding of the right arm. And when the left nosethrylle bleedeth the blood letting of the left arm restraineth it/ for the diversion of the blood that for the blood letting taketh another way/ and turneth in to other places than at the nose. And this likewise showeth us hippocras in the fifth particle of his affor/ where he saith that if the hinder part of the head did ache/ that the sovereign remedy is to make the right vain of the forehead be opened/ and not only for the evacuation that is made by the bleeding, but likewise for the antispase and diversion. The third intention wherefore bleeding is made is for to attray as Galyen declareth in the book abovesayde of blood letting. If we will cause the menstrues of women to come we cause the sophynes of the feet to be opened/ nigh to the time that they should come/ or else we apply to them ventoses with scarifications in the neither parties. The fourth intention wherefore letting of blood is made is for to alter/ as saith Galyen in the fourth book of his Terapentycke/ and upon the first article of the affor/ that blood letting unto Lipothomie/ that is to say unto faylling of the heart, suddenly cooleth all the body/ and restraineth the fever as if it had slain it. The fifth intention is for to preserve/ and this intention declareth Galyen in the said book of blood letting, and on the sixth of affor, upon this affor/ that to who soever the blood letting is good & convenable where as he sayeth that many dispose to periplemonie and spitting of blood, to quynsees, to epilence, and apoplexy were preserved of the said inconvenients/ by letting of blood at the spring time. The sixth intention is for to lighten nature/ as Galyen declareth in the eleventh book of his Terapentycke the xv. chapter, toward the mids of the said chapter/ saying that it is than better to cut the vain, not only for the fevers synocalles/ but also in all the other that are of rotten humours/ and to them that have age and suffisant strength thereto. For nature dispensed over all the body is lightened because that the thing that grieved it is taken away/ as a great burden lessened and made light. The rest it dygereth that the ought to be dygered/ and divide that that ought to be divided/ and return to kindly operations. ¶ Demand. What be they that may well bear the letting of blood? Answer. To this question Galyen in the book above said of blood letting saith that it is they that are robust and strong/ and that have big and large veins/ and that be not to lean, to white, & ten●er. And contraryly the other may scantly suffer it for they have but little blood/ and their flesh is largely enaporable. ¶ Demand. What folk ●uffreth not blood lettings? Answer. It is they ●hat are of contrary dispositions to the dispositions aforesaid/ as whytely coloured and lean folks, or over fat and weak, that have strait veins and tender folk/ & specially little children afore. xv. years/ and old folk after lxx years/ if it be not by great need and with great cautel/ and he that be not wont to be let blood, and they that have weak stomachs/ and have flux of the belly dyatryc/ and people gulling, fraunging, and drunkards, & women with child, chiefly in the first and last months/ as unto four months/ and after vij months unto the end/ and women having their flowers, and Rasis in his fourth book of his Almansor putteth to them that have fasted and suffered hunger. The fleumatykes, & them that and wont to diseases of cold maladies. And those that dwelleth in very cold regions, or vehement hot. ¶ Demand. How many and what veins are to be let blood in the body of mankind? Answer. As Haly sayeth in the ninth sermon of the second part of his book/ de regali dispositione/ there be xxxiij. Of the which there be twelve amid the arms/ that is to wite two medyans, two cephalykes, two basilykes, two affelleres, two cubytalles, and two seynalles. And in the head there be xiij That is two behind the ears, two in the angles of the eyes, two organykes, two on the sun of the head, one on the forehead, one on the hinder part of the head, one on the nose, and two under the tongue. And there be eight in the feet, two on the knees, two sopheynes, two scyatykes, and two at the ankles. Howbeit Albucrosus putteth in all but xxv That is to wit xu in the head .v. in the arms, and .v. in the legs. ¶ Demand. Is it leeful and convenable to let blood on the arteres? Answer. Yea, howbeit it is very doubtful/ and yet may ye let blood at the arteres of the temples and behind the ears. ¶ Demand. How ought the arteres to be opened? Answer. It is better to cut them thorough then otherwise. ¶ Demand. In how many manners ought the veins to be opened? Answer. After three manners, that is to wit the common veins be cut in length, the partycules overthwart/ and are cut thorough and be canterysed. ¶ Demand. In what quantity ought the blood to purge by the blood letting? Answer, It is not possible to measure the blood lettings by certain rule/ for all medycynall evacuacyons ven coniecturatyves as Galyen sayeth in his foresaid book, and in his second book of his therapeutic. Howbeit arnold of de villa nova the new town after the doctrine of hippocras measureth ●t by conjecturation/ saying that in blood letting is not to be considered the quanty of the blood all only/ but also must be considered the time, the region, the age, and the disease. ¶ Demand. Which of the said considerations that ought to be had to measure the quantity of the bleeding be most necessary/ and that ought singularly to be considered? Answer. There be two among the other/ that is the strength of the malady, and the virtue/ for if the malady be great and the necessity and the virtue be strong, a great bleeding aught to be made for one time. And if the virtue be weak and the necessity great/ it ought not to be done so moche at one time/ but aught for to b● withdrawn & taken away at two or three times/ after as the virtue may suffer at once. And this to do ought to be considered the poulce/ and when it is seen that it alyeneth to unequalyte/ and that it minissheth the vain ought to be stopped. Thus likewise ought to be considered the colour/ for if it change to better disposition & colour/ it aught to be stopped. As it appeareth by Galyen in the fifth book of sharp diseases. And the great bleeding after Galyen and avicen is of two pound/ and the least of half a pound/ & the mean of one pound. ¶ Demand. At what hour/ and at what time ought the bleeding to be made? Answer. At all times necessary and constraint. The time constraint is the time when the bleeding aught to be made/ and can not be in any wise tarried/ with out more danger whereunto ought not totally to be regarded in things that should hinder or let it/ if the letting were not so great (as sayeth Bernard of Gordon) that there might ensue greater inconvenience. In such case it may be correct & turned to some other evacuation/ as in a child that hath a fever synochal in stead of letting blood to be boxed. Howbeit that Auynzar let his son bleed that was but three years old, & healed him. Auerois recounteth in the seventh book of his collyget, in speaking of this time, and this hour, at all times, and at all hours, as well by night as day, and aught to let blood without any delay. The time chosen is the time convenable to do it/ after the instance of the bodies above/ and the dispositions below/ as to the disposing of the bodies. That is to wit that the moan have good light/ as of. vii.ix. or xi days in increasing, or of xvii. nineteen. or xxi in waning/ and neither be in conjunction nor opposition/ & that she be in a good place, and good sign/ & free of all ill signs. And master arnold de villa nova sayeth in his affor. That to let blood is best about the mids of the third quadre/ because that than be but little condensed, no renmatizanted. And the salernytans do choose the bleeding at divers hours/ after that at divers hours the humours have their course. Nevertheless it is to be noted as touching these things that are said/ that there where as the two influences may not both together overcome. The Phisycyens or chirurgeon aught soonest to stay at that that is best known unto him/ that is to the influence here beneath/ which is effect of the disposition above. ¶ Demand. How many and what conditions ought the workman to have that will dispose him to let blood? Answer. He ●ught to have four conditions. first he ought to be young, virtuous and strong/ so that he be ●at caduke nor shaking of his hands. The se●onde is that he ought to be of good sight, that he may well discern the veins on the places where they be. The third is that he ought to be accustomed for to do it. The fourth that he ought to be furnished of bends and cotton/ and red powdre/ because that he may ouerceas●e morogie if it hap to come. ¶ Demand. What ought to be the manner to set blood? Answer. first he ought to rub the place well all about that he will let blood/ and than he ought to take a list or a girdle wherewith he must bind the member higher than the place where he will make the opening. And than he ought well to hold the place where the veins is that he will open/ and seek it with the end of his finger/ and than open it softly/ and pierce it not thorough/ but aught to raise somewhat the point of the lancet upward for fear to hurt the artere or the sinew/ and his evacuation thus sufficiently done, to take away the girdle that it was bound with/ and diligently close the wound with a little cotton and bend it. ¶ Demand. How ought he to be governed that will be let blood before he do bleed/ and after that he hath bled. Answer. To the first demand I say or he be let blood/ if he double that the blood be gross/ or in cold wether as in winter/ he aught to walk a little and travail/ or be bayned the day afore/ specially if he should bleed at any little vain of the hands or feet. And if the veins as yet appear not well, a day before he must have a plaster of leveyne And if he doubt of his strength that he were to weak/ or he bleed give him a ●o●te with wine/ & than proceed and make him bleed ●yttynge if he be strong. If he be weyke let him ●yt in his bed somewhat raised. To the second demand how he ought to be governed when actually he is let blood. first if he have rings or stones that have special virtues for to staunch that he leave them of. And than when the opening is made give him a staff in his hand/ and that he remove his fingers and cough/ and that he be a little stricken on the hand and shoulders. And if the wether be cold/ or that ye doubt that the blood be to gross, or that ye make fecondacyon/ ye must make an opening long enough. And in wether/ and opposite disposition ye must make it lesser/ and if the virtue be weak ye must have cold water all ready for to rub him. And make him other things that are accustomed to be made for failing of the heart, if his heart do faint. As to the third question, how he ought to be governed after the bleeding/ I say that if for the bleeding he chaufe, ye must give him some of a pomgarnade to eat with a little cold water, by the council of Galyen/ and if he be not chafed give sauge leaves wet in wine. And then lie him upright upon a bed declining somewhat on the side that he hath bleed on/ and close the door and the windows/ so that by over moche light his eyen be not troubled. And an hour after, (not before) let him ●ate temperately & not greedily/ & let his meat be of good substance and quality/ and that it eugendre good blood and rectify the ill if any be, and let his drink be more than his meat/ but not so much as he is wont. And if he be accustomed to sleep two or three hours/ after let him sleep a little. Howbeit avicen forbiddeth wholly the sleeping soon after letting of blood/ for the confraction that than after ensue in the membres/ & that the patient take good heed that his vain open not again/ and he ought to keep this rule three days after. ¶ Demand. Is the chirurgeon bound to have the knowledge of the blood that is drawn? Answer. No, but the beholding of the said blood belongeth to Physycyens. Nevertheless for to comfort him that hath bled/ & to rejoice him he ought to look on it, and tell him that his bleeding was good/ for the blood that is drawn was good/ and that is better that is remained, and if it be ill it was a good bleeding for him. ¶ Demand. If the chirurgeon would have the knowledge of the blood that he hath drawn by the blood letting/ how shall he discern the good from the bad? Answer. For the good is it that is his substance is neither too thick nor to thin, and that is frangyble/ and in his colour is red. In odour pure, and in savour sweet and amiable/ and the ill blood is it that is devoid of the said conditions, as the choleric that is to thynne and yellow and bitter/ and is sharp in smell. And the melancolic blood is thick and black, or yellowysshe drawing to dymine● & aygre in savour. And the blood stewmatyke is thick and gleymy/ and white in colour, and sweet in ●auour/ and the blood where as is moche water betokeneth that the patient was a good drinker/ or that his reins be feeble and weak. And that that is graveyllous, and of colour and substance of ashes/ betokeneth that he is a lazar/ & the blood black and ashy is ill, & betokeneth corruption of humours/ and disposition to fevers and apostumes/ and evil pustule & blains. And that which is thick/ and the skin over strong, so that scantly it will break/ signifieth disposition to oppilations. And the blood that hath the colour of greas and blood, signifieth coldness, or over great heat and adustyon. Of the which thou shalt know the difference by the behaving of the body. And the blood that can not congeal, signifieth that he is waxed cold and ●nnatural. And that that congealeth in competent time, as in half an hour, signifieth that he is natural. And of all these manners and significations it is very good for the chirurgeon to call the Dhysycyens because of perfit knowledge.  
¶ Here endeth the first partycule of this treatise.   

¶ And here beginneth the second partycule wherein is moved and assoiled certain questions and difficulties upon the manner of ventosing or boxing.  
¶ Demand.  
WHat is ventosing. Answer. It is the putting of boxes upon any member for to expuls the matter between the skin and the flesh. ¶ Demand, What are ventoses? Answer. Uentose is an instrument made in manner of a box with a strait neck and a wide belly. ¶ Demand. Where of aught ventoses to be made? Answer. After Albucrasis they be made of three things. Some of horns, some of glass, and some of brass. ¶ Demand. How many forms is there for to use ventoses/ and what is their effects? Answer. Some be with garsing/ and other without scarification. Those that be done without scarification draweth the matter out feeling, and the other contraryly. ¶ Demand. What difference is between evacuations done by blood letting, by ventosing, and by snails blood sowkers? Answer. The most difference is of blood letting/ for it draweth the blood deeper than the boxing or the snails/ and the snails deeper than the ventoses/ which properly draweth but between the skin and the flesh. And therefore avicen sayeth that they purge more the thin blood than the thick/ and more the upperest than the neither. ¶ Demand. For how many and for what intentions are ventoses applicate with gar●●ng upon a man's body? Answer. For twelve intentions. Some general, and some partyculer. The general is made to cleanse sensibly/ and have the place of a blood letting/ when blood letting dare not be done for dinners things that letteth blood letting, as in a child of xiiij year old, & in aged folk above lxx years. And for this cause avicen calleth ventoses curates of the veins. The vij intentions whereby the said ventoses is applied, is taken of the places that they be set to. The first is to purge the matter of the head, and the parties thereof/ and therefore they are applied in the nawpe of the neck, and keepeth the place of the cephalyke bleeding. And therefore they be good for the diseases of the eyes, to the infections of the face, and stinking of the mouth. The second intention is for to cleanse the spiritual matters/ and therefore they must be applied between the shoulders/ & keepeth the mean for blood ●ettynge of the medyan/ and therefore they be conpetent to the diseases of asma, palsy, & spitting of blood. The third intention is to empty the matter that is contained in the nutrytyfe membres/ and therefore should they be applied to the reins and to the loins/ and there they take the place of ●asilica/ & therefore they avail to the opilations ●●ostumes, and dolour of the liver of the reins, and scabs of all the body. The fourth intention is that it is applied in the mids of the arm, for the ache & pains of the parties thereof. The fifth intention is for that it is applied in the mids of the thighs and the legs nigh to the ankles, and applied there is in the stead of the blood letting of the sophynes/ and therefore they provoke the flowers to women/ and causeth them to piss, and easeth the pains of the matrice and the bladder, and confereth to the gout of the feet & evil sores. ¶ Demand. For how many/ and for what intentions the ventoses applied without scarification? Answer. But for one general intention/ and for xi particulars. The intention general is for to draw, and the particulars do vary after the places that they be applied to. The first place is upon the ypocondres to reduce & dyvert the blood of the nostrils after Galyen in the fifth of his therapeutic saying that when the right nosethryll doth bleed, for to staunch it the ventose must be applied upon the liver/ and when one bleedeth at the left nosethryll it must be applied on the milt. The second place where they be applied is under the breasts for to staunch and divert the flowers of women, as hippocras saith in the fifth of his affo, and as Galyen declareth in the beginning. The third place where they ought to be applied is on the interyour part of the head for to raise the evela/ & to staunch the rheum. For to draw the deep matter outward as Galyen declareth in the xiii. book of his Terapentycke/ and for that cause they be often applied upon the apostumes that be in the cleansing places/ the which avicen biddet to be drawn out as much as may be. Likewise they be applied for the same cause upon the thighs/ for to provoke flowers in women. And also nigh to the apostumes of the joints/ to withdraw & defend that the said apostumes do not breed/ and to put ferof the humours fro the said joints. The fourth place to apply them is upon the breeding of sinews, in palsy, for to heat them as avicen sayeth in the third book of his Canon in the chapter of palsy. And Galyen in the third book of the interyours, where as he proveth against Archygenes that the brain is principle and beginning of the virtue animal. The fifth place to apply ventoses is upon the belly in colic passion, for to resolve and unuapen the ventosire, and cease the pain. The uj place is upon the matrice, and upon the bowels for to reduce and withdraw them to their places, as avicen saith in his third canon. The vij place is upon the rib & like bones for to reduce and return them in to their places, when they are broken or dysjointed. The. viii. place is upon the ways and poors whereby the urine passeth from the reins to the bladder/ as avicen saith in the third book of his Canon. The ix place is upon the ears & gaps of depen wounds, for to draw out the filth or other noyance if there were any. The ten place is upon the neck for to enlarge the ways of the breath and of the meat. The xj place to apply ventoses is upon venomous bytyngꝭ and blains to draw out the thick venom. ¶ Demand. How ought they to governed that must be ventosed before & after it? Answer. To the first answereth Galyen in the third book of the cretyke days, and the same proveth Albumazer in his great introductory that the chosen days for to apply ventoses is when the moon is full & not in the wane. For as the moon increaseth in light/ likewise increaseth the humours within the body/ and as it waneth so descreaseth the humours & withdraw them inward. And therewith it ought to be an austral day/ that is to say hot and moist/ and the ventoses ought to be plied fro two of the clock unto three. And after the intentions of doctors/ first the place ought to be bathed and fomented (which should be ventosed) with warm water if the blood be thick/ but if it be thin it is not need at all, for it should be danger of to much resolution/ and that the strength should weyken. And it is to note/ that never scaryfieng aught to be made but first ye must put to the ventose dry, because the blood must be drawn or it be voided. As to the second question it is to be noted as is afore spoken that there be two manners of ventoses. Some be of horn/ and some of glass. They of horn are applied in sucking. They of glass with tow put in to the ventose/ and fire in the two and laid on the flesh/ than the fire quencheth where the ventose taketh. Or after Albucrasis/ take a little candle of wax and give it a little stay below that it may hold right upon the flesh, and light it, than set on the ventose, and the candle will quench and the ventose take hold. And the chirurgeon ought with his hands to rub all about the place to move the blood to it. As to the third question after that ye have applied and set to the said ventose by two or three times if it be need when it is taken away ye ought to make certain scarifications very deep with the razor/ and than wipe and dry the bloody place/ and then ones again set to the ventose as ye did before/ and keep it on half an hour till it be half full of blood, and then take it away and ●ype the place, and set it on again, and hold it there more or less till ye have sufficiently half a ●ounde of blood, or to a pound, after the tenor ●f the strength the quantity of the replexyon. And 〈◊〉 after the first apposition after the scaryfyca●●on if it bleed not well rub the place with the mouth ●f the ventose, or give it small fyllyps with your 〈◊〉/ and garse it a new that it may bleed well/ and when it hath been ventosed wipe and dry the 〈◊〉/ and than anoint it with oil of Roses or ●●her ointment to mitigate the smart/ and go●●rne the patient as is aforesaid of them to be ●●ten blood. ¶ Demand. Shall they be set upon ●restes of women or other soft place? Answer. ●ay, for danger that it do not enter to deep in quantity, & may not be had again. ¶ Demand, If the ventoses will not hold when they be set on, what ought the chirurgeon do to make them fast? Answer. He must bathe and foment the place all about with warm water in such wise & so long that the air entre not. ¶ Demand. Is it needful for to continue & keep them long? Answer. No, specially about the principal membres that are the mines of strength/ for behind the neck they hurt the mind/ and behind the shoulders they annoy the heart/ & in the right ypocondre they noye the liver.  
¶ Thus endeth the second partycule of this treatise.   

¶ Here beginneth the third partycule of this treatise/ where as be moved and assoiled some difficulties & questions upon the manner to apply blood souckers or horse leches.  
¶ Demand.  
Wherefore are horse leeches applied? Answer. For to understand the solution of this question is to be noted what horse leches be. They are well known to be certain little black worms like to Mice tails and have small yellow streykes on their backs somewhat brownysshe under the belly/ and to the question they are put and applied to draw or soucke as is beforesaid. ¶ Demand. Which are the blood suckers that ought to be chosen/ and which are wholesome/ and which are dangerous and ought not to be applied in any wise? Answer. They that be good are found in clear waters/ and they that be of a loathsome colour with great heads, and that be rotten, and found in naughty waters be dangerous, evil, and venomous. ¶ Demand. To what bodies and to what membres aught they to be applied? Answer. They ought only to be applied in bo●●es void of replexyon/ for in cacechymyke bo●●es and replete they ought never to be applicate as touching the places and membres that they ought to be put to/ they are applied but only to ●uche places as ventoses can not be set, as to sinews, in the lips, gums, & in places dry and ●●ar●e of flesh, as the fingers and joints. And ●hedery● willeth that sometime they be set upon ●●ostumes of the cleansing places, which are of ●●ffycyle ●uracyon and maturation/ & some will ●aue them set on hemorrhoids for to open them.  
●Demaunde. In how many maladies are blood ●●●kers good? Answer. avicen sayeth that they be ●ood to scabs, to hemorrhoids, and to apostumes of the cleansing places as it is said. ¶ Demand. How should blood suckers be applied? Answer. They ought not to be applied when they are new taken/ but kept in fresh clear water all a day till they have purged of all that was in their belies. And than rub the place that ye will put them to till it do wax r●ddy/ and wash it or anoint it with a little blood, or garse it with a rasor that some blood issue/ & than put them to with a reed or your hands/ and put them in two or three places as need shall be. And when they have well sucked and drawn till they be full, they will fall of by themself/ or else put a little vinegar on their heads, or white salt, or aloes, or separate them with a horse hear or a fine thread. ¶ Demand. How shall the place be ordered after that they are fallen of? Answer. Rub and wash it with salt and vinegar. ¶ Demand. If after thextraction and fall of the worm there follow emororgie or to great flux of blood, what ought the chirurgeon to do? Answer. To staunch it with a plaster of Bolarmynyke galls, balastye, & other that staunch blood. ¶ Demand. How ought he to be ruled that hath been blood sucked after that they are fallen of? Answer. He ought to be ordered as they that be let blood, as it is written in the first particle of this treatise/ and he ought to take treacle for doubt of ventosytees that blood suckers do breed.  
¶ Thus endeth the third particle of this present treatise.   

¶ Here followeth the fourth particle/ where as be moved and soiled other difficulties touching the manner of canterising or searing.  
¶ Demand.  
WHat is cauterisation? Answer, It is an operation made with fire artyfycyally in the body of man for certain utylytees. ¶ Demand. How many manners of Canteres be there? Answer. Two manners Some are actualles and they appear suddenly in ●ffecte, as they that are made with instruments of betall, and brenning/ or with the rote of Arysto●ogie, or of Affodylles that are sore heart, or with water, or with seething oil laid to the place, cō●yngly & not at adventure. Other are potential whose operations are not so sensible nor so sudden, but appeareth afterward as they that be made ●●th burning or ruptycke medicines. And there is 〈◊〉 manners of them. Some are of strong oppression, and maketh scars as lime & soap and ●●●●ardus. Some other thyrleth more lightly 〈◊〉 make no scars, but blisters as canterides, ●●●mule, and pantalupina. ¶ Demand. Which ●anteres are the surest, the actualles, or the poten●yalles? Answer, The actualles, because the action of fire is most simple. And also it hurteth less the next parties, and principal membres than the action of rapture/ for it is greatly suspect to the principal membres/ and therefore it ought not to be applied, but if case be that the patient were faint hearted and durst not abide the fire/ and in case that ye would apply canters lastly and for to purge/ for in such case the rapture for the pain that it maketh and for the big scar that it leaveth, and in weyking of the place is cause of bigger flux of blood. ¶ Demand. Which is most profitable to make actual canters with gold or with iron? Answer. In principal and tender membres, as the eyes it is better to do it with gold than with iron. Howbeit in other members it is more behove full to do it with iron as saith Albu. For the fire may be better esteemed in the iron than in the gold or in silver because of their colours, but if it were a goldsmith that is wont thereto. ¶ Demand. If actual canters be necessary, and to whom, and wherewith? Answer, first they be necessary to conserve health and to heal diseases, and keepeth the room of profitable purgynges, as blood let tynges, and cleansing by medycyns' laxatives, in such that may not suffer them. And the rest that remaineth after the purgynges it correcteth in great and strong diseases, where as it is wont to be given. Secondly they be necessary and convenable to be given in all dispositions of maladies/ and special in material maladies, safe in such as are hot and dry/ wherein they do many evils/ and that it is true that they be profitable in the other first dispositions, and cold dispositions and moist, in as much as it contraryeth them holly. Thirdly in hot and moist dispositions in which suppose that holly they do not contrary, nevertheless they contrary accydentally/ in as moche as it voideth the cause of the malady. Howbeit it is to be noted that suppose a cantere be a profitable remedy & very convenable, yet it is not now adays so moche in use as it was wont to be for the abusers of the art and that exercised it, the which indifferently and in all dysposy●ions, that is to wit in replection or otherwise apply them. And it is evil done/ & many evils followeth thereby. And therefore good chirurgeon beware right well, that in a person full of humours good or bad never to apply Cantere without precedent purgation. ¶ Demand. For how many and what utylytees are canters made and ordained? Answer. For uj utylytees. The first to comfort the membres, for they chanfe and dry the membres that were dulled with cold and humy●●te. And therefore Galyen sayeth of the authority 〈◊〉 hippocras, that the dry thing is nearest the hole ●hynge/ and the moist thing farthest of. The seclude utylite is to withstand & defend the memore from corruption. And therefore avicen in his fourth book commandeth them to be done round about the estionoenes sores spreading or compassing, and to corrupt bones. The third utility that avicen putteth is to resolve the coarted matters in any member/ and therefore biddeth Albucrasis and Haly abbess that they be applied to the pains of the joints, & great dolour of the head. The fourth utility is to staunch the blood, as avicen putteth, and Galyen in the fifth of Terapenty●/ because they make scar. The fifth utility is purging old fluxes as the eyes, & of all the body, & this utility putteth arnold of villenensis. And for that cause be the cetons & canters done (behind the neck,) and in the fontenelles of the lacertes where as one is divided from the other) under the said lacertes a two or three fingers fro the joints. The sixth utility that Galyen putteth is to entrebreake, and intercyde the matter. And for that cause are the veins of the temples canterysed/ because that the matter run not in to the eyen/ and in ruptures that the bowels shall not descend, and in the cyrcuyt and next places to wicked sores. And of this utility arnold of vylle. maketh an afforysme/ where he sayeth that the running can not be diverted nor issue kindly/ & that his abiden may be competently cleansed by canteres. The vij utility is for to draw out the superfluities. This utylite the common usage approveth by operation of apostumes by canteres, and by cutting of kernels, & extirpation of flesh quick or dead. ¶ Demand. Which are the places and particle of actual canters? Answer. After men of this time there be eight The first is applied to the ●oppe of the head whereto the master finger may reach beginning a span fro nigh to the rote of the nose stretching upward/ & the doctors will that there ought to be applied a round cantere with an olivare for to resolve the brain and dyvert the rewpose matters in the subject places by low/ and some deep them to the bone/ & other raze & make bare the first table of the skull. Howbeit Alb. approveth it not/ and the said canters applied to the said places availeth to idleness, falling evil, pains of the head, and to running of the eyes, to ptysyke, and to all rheums. The second place to apply canteres ought to be in the flesh of the head behind in the noddle. And they ought likewise to be applied round with an olyvare/ and availeth for to heat and comfort the head in palsy, in trembling of limbs, cramp, and to pale lazery. The third place to apply can●eres is on the eye lids to correct them & raise ●hem/ and is done with a cantere mytilyn in stead ●f pitch, for to close the holes or places of the drawn ●eares, to let them grow again/ and aught to 〈◊〉 actual, that is in manner of a needle. Likewise ●●ey be applied to the lachrymalles to consume the superflue flesh/ and is done with a small actual ●●ntelayre nigh to the nose, for the fistula, & with 〈◊〉 quill. Likewise to the temples with a cantelayre to close the veins, to staunch the rheum that falleth over the eyes. And it is applied to the nose with an actual through a quill or read for to consume the stink. The fourth place is for to apply them within the unulle for to cut it with a sharp cantere through a quill. The fifth place is the neck where as cetons are applied with tongues cetoned or with a needle cetonned behind the neck in the pit/ and they are applied to depart the humours that run to the eyes/ as Lanfrancke sayeth. And other say that they have sen by experience that round canters applied to the said places & left long open heal the madness, and the frenzy, & furious. And Galyen in the xiij of his Terapentye sayeth, that a ventose made on the noddle is good help for rheums that descend over the eyes/ and for the most help so did Guydon. The sixth place is in the fore part of the neck under the chin (by the council of some masters) for to cleanse the matter of gout rose/ & other infections of the face and mouth/ and they will that there be applied a cantere with cetons. The seventh place is on the homoplate under the fontelles of the arms three fingers fro the joints, where as manifestly is divided the lacert from the lacert with a cantere and round clavall with head and plate pierced. And in the said place is applied inwardly the canteres for remedies of the face, & fore part of the neck. And applied in the said place outwardly on the arm, is for diseases of the heed, and hinder part of the neck. The eight place to apply canteres is on the parties of the breast or thorax under the furcules with a round cantere or cetons for disease called asma, or shortness of breath, and disease of the lungpype. And likewise they be applied under the arm holes for the pains of the shoulders and to cleanse and appall the lepry/ and likewise for the disease of epimace, or apostumes of the rib is opening made with a knife ansall to draw out the rottenness/ howbeit it is dangerous of the fistule or of death for the weakness of the heart/ by cause of the air that thyrlleth in at the opening as Albucrasis sayeth. The ix place is on the fore part of the belly on the stomach with round canters, or canteres with cetons, that keepeth it better open, for the diseases of the stomach, or on the liver, or on the milt, for the diseases of the said membres. And under the navel for the water of ydropesy. And Albucrasis and Haly do them with clavalles, double or triple. The ten place is in the flanks for the rapture, and in the cods for swelling of the cods, and flanks, with ceton/ and on the share for the bladder. The xj place is behind on the reins/ and is made with a round or clavall cantere. The twelve place is on the fonty●elles under the knee three fingers breed, there as the ●●●ert is divided fro the lacert/ and is made with ●ounde clavalles with place for the purgation of ●●l the body/ and the diseases of the legs. ¶ Demand. Which are the general utylytees of can●eres potencyalles? Answer. potential canters are profitable/ and serve to such things as the actualles do, safe that they comfort not as the actualles, but they weyken the membres/ & therefore be they more appropried to empty and derive the humours, open apostumes, and restrain flux of blood than the actualles. ¶ Demand. Which are the particular, and profitable places of potencial canteres? Answer. first as touching their particular utylytees, they are taken of the places where as they are applied/ and the places where as they are applied been such/ for the brenning potencyalles ought to be applied in f●esshely places, because of their de●e drawing/ and deeper than the actual burnings. Howbeit they be more grievous in noble membres. And the blisters potential canters be applied upon places between flesh and fell, as under the chin, behind on the neck, in the face, on the ankles, and on the hands, for it holdeth but humours that are between the skin and the flesh, as it appeareth by experience. ¶ Demand. Which and how many be there of actual canters, whereto they be used, and what shapes have they? Answer. divers auctors have used and described the form or shape of certain. William of Salicet discriveth uj or eight Lanfranc ten Henry of Mundevyll vij Howbeit of all common canteres Guydon describeth but uj whose names & forms followeth. ¶ The first is called Cultelere (of C●ustean) that is a knife, and it is of two manners/ one is called Dorsall because it hath a back & cutteth but on the one side/ and the other is Ansall because it is made in manner of a sword cutting on both sides. And with this Cultelere be the superfluous fleshes cut, and apostumes are opened, and the sores ulcers rectified. Of the which Culteres the shapes or forms are such as be here figured.  
¶ The second cantere is named Olivare because it resembleth a kernel of olive, as sayeth Haly abbess in his ix book de ragali dispositione in the second party, and chapyter of doctions of the head, and not like to olive leaf as weaned Lanfrancke, Salicet, and Henry. Also his operation declareth it, the shape is thus.  
¶ The third Cantere is called Dacteler because it is in semblance of a Date stone/ and it is bigger than is the Olyvare/ and the form is such.  
¶ The fourth is named punctual, which hath the point sclendre and round/ & it is of two manners. One is made with a rest or plat, because it shall not ●erce thorough the skin/ and with this there be ●anteres to the diseases called knots in the fontenelles/ and in the arms and legs. The other is plain & long in manner of a beme of the son/ which is applied with a quylle/ The forms of them are such.  

¶ The quill.  ¶ The fifth is called a cantere subtle wherewith the Cetons are applied with small tongues broad and pierced. And this is lighter and more durable.  

¶ The pl●●●.  ¶ The form of the second is such/ that the punctualles because the name of punctualles do fall often, & have need of binding more tydeous than these be/ the form is such.  

¶ The tongues.  ¶ The uj is called Cyrculare/ which hath .v. adiutours to make .v. canteres ad nodulum with plate pierced of .v. holes after this form following.  
¶ Demand. How and in what manner ought the canters be applied? Answer. They ought to be applied in the form as followeth. That is, first the place must be sought where that they shall be applied, and wipe it well and dry it, than bliss it, after take your platyne or quill and apply them all cold/ but ye must not let them ●ye long/ and than give the canteres to the work man that shall apply them all hot and very flaming, so that the patient see them not. And let them be applied upon the said places in revolving them continually from one place to another that they cleave not to the flesh, till the redness begun. And they must be harder pressed upon the bones ●han on the sinews, and more lightly/ and let it 〈◊〉 done as oft as need shall be. ¶ Demand. In what time, and in what hour ought the canteres ●o be applied? Answer. After Galyen in the third ●nd thirteen book of his therapeutic, at all times ●nd at all hours as necessity requireth/ so that ●he body be clean and not full of humours. ¶ Demand. How long ought they to be kept open after the canterysing? Answer. After the doctrine of Rog. & of those masters by the space of xl days or more, by the space of three months/ for that is the last term of apostumes as hippocras saith in the uj particle of his afforysmes/ and second of the pronostyces. And the cause is, for the virtue confortatyfe entereth by the canteres by the foresaid time is evaporate, and the place weyked/ and also there abideth replexyon of evil humours by the said opening. ¶ Demand. How ought the place to be kept open after the canterysing? Answer. They must be kept open with tents or knots of wax, or with water in the which is steeped and dissolved the virtue of Euforbie, or scamony, or coloquintida, or of elebora, after the kind of the humour that shall be purged, or with a pease, or a nut made of the wood of ivy, or of Gentian/ and over it lay a coal leaf, or an ivy leaf/ & over that a linen cloth three double, and a platyne of brass or laton, or of silver bound thereon, and be removed twice or thrice a day. ¶ Demand. How must they be ordered that shall be canterysed? Answer. Thus. first or they be canterysed they must be comforted, and to them declare the utylytees and goodness that canters will do to them/ and if it be need to make to hold him fast, and to bind him well. And after that they be canterised ye must apply on the said places oil of Roses (with white of an egg well beaten together and well in corporate) by the space of four days. And than apply upon it a maturatife made with butter well washed and unsalted/ and a little wheat flower, or with some other unctuous thing and sweet without salt unto the scar be fallen/ and than to be dressed & healed as ulcers be/ safe only that if ye will keep them open for to purge the humours and the vaporous fumes, or that the place had been opened long aforehand. For which thing it should not be sure to close it without that it were evacuate by another place, for it should be danger that the humours that were wont to run in the said member should remain within/ and that peradventure it would deryvate to other membres and do more harm than was before. ¶ Demand. Is it of necessity that after it is closed to open it again, if it be leeful to open it in the same place? Answer. Yes, or in another member near to it, or to the next place, as arnold of new town saith in his parabolles. ¶ Demand. If they that be canterised with potential canters may be ordered as they be canterysed with actualles? Answer. Yes safe that they shall not be bound. And also those that blister make no scar, which must be well applied, correct, and reprymate of their malices. And after that the blisters be raised pierce them with cysours or a needle, and lay a colewort leaf thereon/ and cover it with linen, and order it as ye list. And because that they be not blystred nor make no scar thus they fall within vij days.   
¶ Thus endeth this present questyonary made in the honour of almighty god/ & profit of young studyentes in chirurgery/ willing to apply their study in the same art.    

¶ The manner to examine lazares/ & to approve lepry meselry/ after the minds of Doctors.  
AS Galyen witnesseth it is great injury be it done to man or woman to depart & put away them that be not infect with lepry, nor touched with meselry, & not being lazares. And also it is great danger to support, haunt, or be with such as are stricken or diseased therewith/ for it is a courageous and dangerous malady. And therefore they that ought to judge and approve them should right diligently behold them & consider the unyvoke signs and equyvokes also. And not for one only token give their sentences/ but by many convenaunces/ and specially unyvokes. ¶ first than when that the approvers come or call them diseased to their presence for to examine them, they ought to comfort them with wholesome words, and tell them that the said disease is penance salutary for the salvation of their souls, and bid them to take it patiently. And that they fear not to say the troth/ for if they were found lazares it should be their purgatory in this world. For albeit that they were refused of the world/ yet they were and be chosen of God. etc. And than cause them to swear to say the troth/ and inquire of them such things as followeth. ¶ Secondly the examyners ought to inquire of them by the prymatyfe causes of lepry. And first inquire of them if there were any of his lineage that he knew to be lazares/ and specially their fathers or moders/ for by any other of their kindred they ought not to be lazares/ but if it were by some constellation that influed equally upon a kindred/ and specially on them that dwelled together, and have one self manner of living/ as we see oftentimes by the time of pestilence, if any of a kindred be stricken or infect/ that also many other as brethren, and cousins, or other parents soon after are stricken, & yet or they have be borne. For as avicen sayeth in his second treatise the first son of the fourth of his Canon in the first chapter of rottenness. The first cause of rottenness is meats/ and the nourishing that is of evil qualities. And for that cause if a child be nourished of a woman corrupt and infect in her humours ought also to be infect. And not all only if the mother be a lepresse/ but let us behold also that for the said cause by experience that they being conceived in the time that the woman hath her flowers/ ●nd that she be not clean that scantly the child ●●apeth lepry, or to be scalled, or tached with such ●●fecte diseases/ or that he bear some attach upon ●ym. Also if the father were foot and in the matter whereof he is composed. For as Galyen sayeth in the first particle of the efforysmes of hippocras upon this canon Et qui crescunt. ¶ The things that are dissolved of an other thing necessarily extendeth of the nature of the thing whereof they are dissolved. Than ought ye to inquire if he hath had the company of any lepresse woman. And if any lazare had meddled with her afore him and lately/ because of the infect matter and courageous filth that she had received of him. It is to be noted that a woman is not so dangerous to be a lepresse to habit with a lazare, as it should be a man to habit with a lazarous woman, or with one that hath habited newly with a lazare. For all infections remain in the matrice of the woman, unto the time that they be purged by their flowers & cleansed/ which a man can not do, because he hath no receptacle where to hold the said immundycytees. ¶ Than ye ought to inquire of him if he hath had the quartain fevers/ and how long sith? For howbeit (saith avicen in his first fen of the first book of his Canon) the fever quartain delivereth a man of evil melancolic diseases/ and wite if he hath not had the hemorrhoids, and sith when? Like reason/ the hemorrhoids keepeth that he fall not in to inconvenience. ¶ Than inquire him of his dreams/ & if his dreams be not terrible/ and that he seeth black things, and devils/ such dreams betoken the melancolic humour to have dominion whereby he is so inclined. And wit of him how he is wont to live/ as if he hath used meats with strong spice and in great quantity, and strong wives, or garlic, lekes, onions, and coleworts, old cheese, goats flesh, of bears, of foxes, of mesyl swine, or salt meats, and of unclean fish all at one table, & if he have continued therewith. And also of all manner herbs, and such meats as burn the blood, and holly consumeth it. Than ask if he hath had great solycytudes, & chargeable thoughts that hath dried him made him melancholic. ¶ Than ye ought to behold and consider in yourself of what complexion he is, aswell natural as accidental, for suppose that lepry be a cold disease by incineration of humours, yet avicen saith, the most ancient cause of lepry is the evil complexion of the liver that is so hot and dry that it burneth the blood & melancolyeth it. ¶ After that the patient hath been examined upon the first causes that dispose a person to be a lazare/ he ought to be examined and approved by the signs of lepry aswell equivocals as unyvocalles/ and are the signs that conveneth only in this disease/ and the equyvocal signs conveneth them in divers maladies. ¶ Of the unyvocall signs. first than in proceeding as it is said to the knowledge of the unyvocal signs, in following the doctrine of hippocras in the first book of the pro●ostikes saying. Primo enim egri faciem ꝑnotabis. first thou shalt note the signs appearing in the face for they are the truest/ for all the signs unyvocalles are holden there because that in the face among all other members of the person is no greater number of spirits because of the .v. organs of knowledge that is there. That are the hearing, speaking, seeing, smelling, & feeling/ & also it is the barest of flesh/ & therefore it is soon altered of all the other members/ & at this cause Gordon preserved a man at Mountpyllier ten years to be cast out, against the intention of all other doctors there, because the tokens appeared not in the face, & yet it did over all the other membres. ¶ first than begun at the height of the heed, & behold his here & his brows, & pluck at them, & look if with the rote they draw any flesh by the rottenness & corruption of their flesh. Such by default of nourishing is soon seen. Item feel with thy finger if his brows be not gravellous, and full of grains, because that in all lepry the virtue assymulatyfe defayleth. And for that cause when the nourysshing cometh to the members they may not assemble them to the members at all/ & therefore they remain grayny/ the which thing mounteth always next the membres bore of flesh as is the face. Than behold his eyen if they be round specially to the domestyke party. Also likewise if his ears be round & thick and rugged. Also if his nosethyrlles be wide outward narrow within & gnawn. Also if his lips & gums are foul stinking and corroded. Also if his voice be horse, and as he speaketh in the nose. And also if his brethe and sweat stink, and all that cometh fro him/ and if there apere any straightness of breath as if would querken/ and for that cause have the most haunt. Also if his look be stayed and horrible in manner of monster. These signs be unyvocalles that alway betoken lepry/ when they are all or the most part of them with the equivocals as it shall appear/ and such signs come in lepry by these causes as avicen sayeth. The first generation of lepry is in the entrails, & for that cause the lungs and lights be hurt/ & the pipe of the voice assysteth it, and causeth them to speak as it were in the nose. And for the rotten and corrupt fumes that mount upward by the conducts of the brain, and the hears lessen and fall for default of good feeding. And they appear in the face and in the breast.  

¶ Of the equivocals tokens.  
THe Doctoures put uj tokens equivocals. The first is hardness and tuberosyte of the joints outward as the arms, legs, hands, and feet, for the dry matter, that is stopped by melancholy. The second is a morfewe colour & dark ●or the black melancolic humour that corrup●eth the blood. The third is falling of hear, spoken of in the unyvokes. The fourth is wasting of a brawn, and chiefly of a poulce, so that when it ●s pinched it abideth upright by the consumption of the said muscle. The fifth is the insensybylyte of the rotten humours of the outward parts ex●cemytees, spread within them. The uj is black ●operous skal and scab in the face, and sores on the body by rotten humours and corrupt, that strive with the evil fumosytees. The seventh is grains under the tongue, & behind the ears/ the causes are in the unyvokes. The eight is brenning and feeling of prickings over all the body. The ix is ruggyshnes of the skin in manner of a goose, for the great dryth of the blood and humours. And therefore they ought to be unclad & water cast on them/ and look if it take and sink in the skin by cause of their dryth/ where it seemeth that they are anointed they seem so moche to be fat. The ten that they be of ill rule/ and are commonly beguilers. The xj that they have terrible dreams, as I said before. The twelve that they have weak poulces. The xiij they have white urine, thynne, and ashy. The xiiij their blood is black and dusky●●he, of leady colour, and sandy/ & to see this it must be washen and strained.   

¶ The manner to let them blood, and to wash and strain it.  
FYloyne saith, that there must be a great opening in the vain when they be let blood because the thick blood should not remain and the thin only come out. And when it is drawn, consydre the substance and the colour if it be so as is abovesaid, and than wash it, and pass it through a fair white cloth/ and than look on the flesh that abideth in the clout/ and if it be graveylous and troublous it is a great token. Otherwise take salt and meddle it in the blood, and if it melt soon. Another way, take his urine and vinegar/ and look if they will mingle together. Yet do thus, put some of the blood in to a basin full of water/ and if it go down to the bottom like meal it is a token that he is a lazare.  
¶ Then good chirurgeon do not as a foolish judge that forthwith giveth his sentence/ but first or thou give it prefer God before thine eyes/ and consider diligently the unyvocal signs and the equivocals, and see if they agree/ but yet neither judge a man to be lazarous by the equyvocalles/ nor for one or two of the unyvocalles/ nor by the least of the principals/ but there as the unyvocalles in all or in the most part, and of the principals accord with the equivocals of the most part/ and of the principals.  
FINIS.  
¶ Thus endeth the manner for to examine lazares/ and to approve their diseases after the intention of Doctors.    

¶ Here beginneth the Formularye of the aids of apostemes and pustules ordained at Paris by master Guydon of Cayllyac chirurgeon and doctor in medicines at Mount pyllier.  
Because that after the doctrine of Galyen in tertio de ingenio sanitatis likewise as of that workman is the taking of the essence of the disease. Also the science of things whereof it is given it behoveth that it proceed of the same/ I than Antydotary ordinary in the science of apostemes whereby the local remedies of the same apostemes shall be accomplished/ but we must first know the matter of the same. And that done may be found and chosen the intention cutatyfe after the natures of them. And I say for certain that it is right and artyfycyall way to work as it is proved in the treatise before alleged. Than I will put in this present formulary the knowledge of apostemes & the aids whereby may be given local remedies after the intention of Galyen, Rasis, and avicen, such as I can comprise in their doctrine. And marvel you not if I have not willed to publish this work, & have kept it secret. For it hath not been for pride/ but for certain reasons which admonished me there to because that the weapons that a man may beat down his enemies with all ought not to be put in to their hands. For when one enforceth his enemy wittingly, it is no marvel if he fall in his own turn. Than take this little Antydocary in worth. And that howbeit it containeth but a little/ if God lend me time and give me good fort●ne I shall perforce me to make it hole complete. In the which shall be given doctrine and artificial manner for to order after Rasis, Galyen, Albucrasis, and avicen. ¶ And this present treatise shall have four chapters. The first shall be of the local remedies of hot apostemes. The second of the local remedies of pustules. The third shall be local remedies of cold pustules. The four shall be of the exitures Rubrica, of that cures of hot apostemes. ¶ The cure of hot apostemes have. ●ij. intentions. The first is to equal the matter antecedent. The second to govern the matter con●uncte. And the third is to abate the accidents. As of the first and third I hold my peace/ but of the second whereby the matter conjoint is governed is fulfilled by repercussyon at the beginning except in ten cases/ which I leave as now because of bryefnes, & with repercutis & resolutis, and maduratis, in the increasing, and with resolutis in the estate, and with dessicatis in the declining.  
THe local remedies that fulfil th'intention of the beginning be of three forms. ¶ The first is Epitheme de Auicena. R. succi solatri, succi super vine, aque rosꝭ, acete ann. ℥. i.fiat epithema. ¶ The second form is a plaster of Sandal. de auicena. R. farine ordei. ℥. i.sandalis rubei psidie, acacie, sumac ann. ℥. ss. Epithema predicta ꝙ sufficit fiat emplastrum. ¶ The third form is cerot de. G. that avicen alloweth/ and is. R. Olei Ros. ℥ four cere. ℥ i fiat unguentum/ and be it washed in cold water two or three times.  
THe local remedies that accomplish thintention of th'increasing been of three forms. ¶ The first is Epithina. R. vinum dulce. quart troy. i.aqua Ros. aceti ann quar. ss. croci. ʒ. ij. infundantur per horam, et coletī/ and make epitheme. ¶ The second form is de volubili of avicen/ thus. R. maluarum. M.i. Ros. abscinthij. ann. ℥. s. farine ordei. ℥. i.olei camomille, aque fabrorum, ꝙ sufficit ad decoquendum, fiat emplastrum in seething it on the fire. ¶ The third form is Cerot of Camomile. R. olei camomille, olei ross, ann. ℥ two cere, ℥ i, fiat unguentum.  
THe local remedies that accomplish thestate are of three forms, ¶ The first is de paritaria of master Dinus, R, paritaria, malue, ann, M, i, camomille aneti fenu greci, siminis lini ann, ℥ s, olei vini albi, aque fabrorum, as much as sufficeth to seth it & make a plaster. ¶ The second form is diaqui●lon common made thus. R. litargiri lib. s. olei communis quar. iij. mustilaginis, altee, fenugreci ann quar. ij. fiat emplastrum cum custodia litargiri. ¶ The third form is basilicon triafamarcum de. G. made thus. R. cere, resine, picis, spice, licij, olei ann. ꝙ sussicit fiat unguentum. And these two abovesaid have such virtues than when they find matter ready to ripenesss they do maturate/ and to resolve, they resolve, And the remedies that accomplish th'intention of the declination, be all things dissycatyves and consumynges of the matter/ and specially dyapalma is much praised, and is of, G, in Cathegenis, and is made thus, R, auxungie porci veteris, lib, ij, olei antiqui, lib, iij, litargiri, lib, ij, Coperose's quart, s, fiat emplastrum cum spatula de palma viridi, vel ●anne, vel iunipero, and apply it.  

¶ The second chapter of the local remedies of hot pustules.  
THe cure of hot pustules accomplisheth three intentions/ but the first two be left. ¶ The third is which is equal, The matter antecedent hath two intentions, and the other is after, before the ulceration first ought to be ministered medicines that be cold, dyssycatyves, & infrigidatyves, with some repercussion. And hereto is the plaster of solatra and farnia order are well allowed/ and it belongeth to colerykes. But for certainty unto sanguynes is appropriate emplastrum of Arnoglossa / the form whereof is after, G, R, Arnoglossa, M, i, lentisi quar, i, panis furfuris, quart, s, ros, aut gallarum, as the faculty of the matter is, ℥, s, and be put with smith water (as master pilgrim saith, till it be thick, And for the same is the plaster of pomogranato of avicen proved & expert in the one and other regiment, the form thereof is thus, R, pomorum granatorum, ij, seth them in veneygre or water acetum put thereto. ¶ The governal accomplishing the intention after the ulceration is to dry the rottenness that is thick and fleshy, bloody, and vyrulent/ and after need to defend the ambulation in the one and the other. ¶ The rottenness drieth with divers dissycatyves and are made diversly after the diversity of the case to thacomplysshing of the said intention in five forms, of the which. ¶ The first is unguentum apostolicorum/ of avicen called venera, and of Hebemesue/ and is called the ointment of Sarrazeos that rectifieth the evil ulcers and wounds of ill consolidation and fistules, The form whereof is, R, cere, resine, armoniaci, ann. ʒ, xxiv, litargiri, ʒ, viii, thuris, myrrh, galbani, bedellij, aristology ann, ʒ, v, florum eris, oppoponaci ann, ʒ, iij, olei communis, lib. ij, In winter and summer, lib, ij, and do make an ointment, ¶ The second form is unguentum Egiptiarun, and is put of Galyen and Albucrasis/ and is stronger, & well proved at Boleyn, where it is used, R, florum eris, ʒ, iiij, alumins' ʒ, ij, aceti, ℥, s, melles, ℥, ij, make an ointment, and boil it on the fire till it be thick & red. ¶ The third form is unguentum viride for the same intention, but it is stronger, and therefore avicen commandeth it in the chapter of hestiomeno/ because that in cleansing, it letteth not the ulcer to grow large, and is made thus, R, florum eris, ℥, s, mellis, ℥, ij, make an ointment and stir it on the fire, ¶ The, iiij, form is trocisun aromatici that are put of avicen and of Galyen, and in falling maketh crust, and openeth with cantere, R, vitrioli, calcanti alumis, ann, ʒ, s, corticis granatorum, ʒ, x, gallarum, ʒ, v, aristology, myrrh, ann, ʒ, s, put all to powder/ and with sweet wine be well trocysked. ¶ Also the trocyskes of Caldaron, that are called Affrodillorum of master Roger/ the form of them are, R, calcis vine partis, i, arcenici rubei et ●●●rini alkali, ann, partis, s, let them be encorporate ●●●e of affrodylles et fiani trocisci/ and when the ●●●st is very hard make it ●al with butter, & avicen counceleth to meddle a little sulp●ere with butter. The ●yrulent drieth and wasteth with one of these, iij, dyssycatyves, that followen, Of the which the first 〈◊〉 unguentum litargiro, proved at all exitures, 〈◊〉, litargiri puluerizati ut alcofol, ℥, ij, olei ros, lib, ● aceti, ℥, i, ducendo in morterio fiat unguentum. ¶ The second form is unguentum de cerusa/ ●● is approved of Rasis, to all fleyenges. R, ceruse ℥, s, litargiri, ʒ, ij, olei. ros, ʒ. iij.cere. ℥. s, de albu mibus ●uorum, ij, numero camphor, ʒ, i, & make an ointment, ¶ The third form is unguentum de calce, of, G, that is proved at the bearing of sinews R, calcis, vine ●onies ablate et dissicate. ℥ i olei ros. ℥. iiij.cere albo. ℥. s.fiat unguentum. ¶ The prohibition or deffending of the ulceration is and ambulation is made with red ointment, made this wise. R. baliarminaci. ℥. ij.terre sigillate, ℥ i aceti modicum, olei rosarum ꝙ sufficit, fiat unguentum.   

¶ The third chapter wherein are accomplished the local remedies of cold apostemes.  
IN the cure of cold apostemes be iij intentions. The first is to equal the matter antecedent. The second is the conjoint matter. And the third is to correct the accydentes/ leave we the first. ¶ The second is to accomplish with repercutyves in propres, & that is not often/ and with stiptic resolutives for the most part, and for common workmanship. But for asmuch that the materes are divided in to hardness and softness, and resolve them by right way of working, keeping the matter soft that it fall not in to rottenness/ howbeit the soft matter hath an only intention/ that is to wite to resolve. Therefore shall I say in the sum of xvij Antydotes/ that now are belonging to the soft matter, and shortly to all cold matters, of the which some resolve & some mollify, and some do both. Therefore the diligent workman, working the matter of cold apostemes ought to wit to which resolution is due/ and to which mollification, and to which both. ¶ The first Antydote, or the first form is Epythime of lirinium of ashes/ and is of. G. Ras. and avicen/ and competeth properly in udimia, & in apostemes mollified, whereby it appeaseth and resolveth/ of the which the matter is thus. R. lexinium cinerum, ●la●●llatorum cinerum. seven. cinerum salic, optimi ac●ti, ann quar. unum olei violarum. ℥. i. and must be applied lukewarm upon the place with the sponge, and straightly bound thereon. ¶ The second is a plaster of Cool wortes proved in swellings of legs. R. caulum rabiorum. M.ij salic. ℥ i lexinij cinerum, clavelatorum lib.i. aceti optimi quart. i. olei viol. ℥. i.fiat emplastrum in the seething on the fire/ & than beat and stirred in a mortar as it sufficeth. ¶ The third form is of mirra, and is of avicen and Rasis & Serapion proved in pains 〈◊〉 joints of cold matters. R. myrrh, aloes, acas ●●●●li●ij, ciperi, boliermenici, croci, ann. ℥. s.fiat pul●●s et cum aceto & aqua calumi confictendo, fiat em ●●astrum. ¶ The fourth form is a plaster that ●●●cyally availeth against the swelling of the pains 〈◊〉 the joints. R. urine vacce, absinthij, abrotani, ●●cenardi, calami aromatici, ann. ℥. s. thur, mastic, ●●●racis, calamint, ann. ʒ.i.stercoris vaccini quar. i ●onficiendo cum aqua et aceto fiat emplastrum/ and apply it. ¶ The fifth form is diaquilon of Rasis proper for scrofules and kyrnelles proved by avicen. R. diaquilon come, lib. i.pulueris radi cis yreos. z, i, et malexando cum oleo de lilio, fiat emplastrum. ¶ The sixth form is Dyaquilon magnum, expert to mollify and resolve all hardness. R. litargiri, triti, et cribellati ann, ℥, uj, olei yri ni, olei camomille, olei aveti, ann, ℥, iiij, mustilaginis, altee, fenugreci, semins lini, et ficcus succi yreos, succi squille, ysopi humid, glutinis alcambi, and is lime to take birds ann, ʒ, v, and, s, terebinthine, ℥, i, et si resine, cere, citrine ann, ℥, i, let it be confyct and made as it should be. And who that will put thereto serapinum armoniacum ann, ʒ, i, and that shall be dyaquilon gummatum. ¶ The seventh is unguentum ufifur good and expert to molyfy scrofules, and competeth to all ulcers fraudulentes. R. litargiri, galbani ann, ʒ, v, armoniaci, ʒ, iiij, ufifur, ʒ, viii, olei lib, i, and make an ointment. ¶ The, viii, form is a cow torde, which is praised to mollify & resolve scrofules and all knots, and is of avicen R, stercorum vaccorum, ℥, ij, radicis caulium, squille, ficuum, pingneum lupinorum aun, ʒ, ij. mellis, auxungie porcificis, olei antiqui ann, quart, s, and make your plaster. ¶ The ix form is de stercore caprino for the same intention. R. stercorum caprinorum ℥, ij, cucumeris, azimi, ficuum immaturatarun ann, ℥, i staphisagrie bdellij, farine fabar●m, amigdalarum amarum ann, ℥, s, fecis olei antiqui ꝙ sufficit, & fiat emplastrum. ¶ The ten form is emplastrum de semine urtice, which avicen saith resolveth hardness in a week and less, that is in three days. And. G. putteth in Cathagenorum. R. seminis urtsce, seminis sinapis, sulphuris vive, spume maris, aristology, ros, bdellij ann, ℥, i, armonici dissoluti in ace to, et olei antiqui, et cere ann, ℥, ij, fiat emplastrum. ¶ The x●. form is antidotis de limaceis, expert and proved/ and hath propriate to heal kernels R. cinerum limacearum. ʒ.i.auxungie porci antiqui quar. s.iterendo misceantur, and make a plaster. ¶ The twelve form is de serpentibus/ and is appropried to scrofules. R. cinerum serpentis. ℥ i mellis, aceti ann. quar.s.fiat linimentum. ¶ The xiij form is linimentum of greaces, appropried unto scrofules, & is mollyfycatyfe of all hardness, and ●esolutyfe. R. auxungie porci anteris, macis, et galline, medulla bonis ann. ℥. i.cere ꝙ sufficit, & fiat unguentum. ¶ The xiiij form is a plaster of gums, generally to all hardness. R. terebinthine, ℥ i bdellij, galbani, oppopanici, masticis ann. ℥. s.ar●●●●aci, storacis ann. ʒ.ij. unguenti predicti ꝙ suffi 〈◊〉, fiat ●m●lastrum, vel unguentum, for the best ●s ye seem for the quantity. ¶ The xu form is ● plaster of roots for the same intention. R. radi 〈◊〉 maluarum, radicis budie, radicis cucune R egress 〈◊〉 ficuum pignium ann. ℥ i farine fenugreci, seminis 〈◊〉 ann. ℥. s.aurungie quod sufficit, fiat unguentum. ● The xuj form is de sordicies'/ and is very pro●●● to the hardness of the milt. R. ysopi humid, ●●●sordiciei balnei. ℥ i mustilaginis, seminis lini, a●eti ann. quod sufficit ad incorporandum, fiat emplastrum. ¶ The xvij form is of minerals/ that is right propre to the hardness of the sinews, after the suffumigation of the stone Marcasite. R. litargiri quart, s. marcasite. ℥. s. mustilaginis, altee, fenugreci, seminis lini ann. ℥. ij.olei antiqui q i fiat emplastrum, ad modum dyaquylon.  

¶ The cure of the exitures.  
THe cure of the exitures hath four intentions. The first is to ripe the matter. The second after the maduration to open it. The third is to purge the place. The fourth is to dry it after the opening and cleansing. ¶ The first intention accomplisheth four forms. The first form is tetrafarmacum of. G. that maketh it with meal of wheat, saffron, water, and oil. ¶ The second form is a plaster of malowes that is made thus. R. radicis maluanisti quar. ij.farini fenugreci, se minis lini ann. ℥. i.auxungie porci. ℥. iiij.fiat emplastrum. ¶ The third form is a plaster of Tebes, that is propre to our form. R, ceparum coctarum su● pr●nis, iiij, numero frumenti quar, i, farini fe nugreci, ℥, i, auxungie porci, ij, fiat emplastrum, ¶ The fourth form is dyaquilon and basilicon, and to the same intention is dyaquilon magnum abovesaid,  
THe second intention is accomplished by hot iron in unsynewed places or by blood suckers to such as be fearful, and by corosynes, in mean places the form whereof is double, ¶ The first form is a plaster of Galbanum that openeth the exitures of children, R, galbani, ℥, i, fermenti, ℥, s, stercoris Columbi, ℥, ij, mellis, ʒ, i, make your plaster and lay to it, ¶ The second form is rapture that is made with lime and soft soap, cum salina aliqualiter pistata,  
THe third intention is accomplished by three mundifications, ¶ The first is of honey that is made thus, R, farine ordei, ℥, i, incorpor●ndo cum melle rosato, fiat emplastrum, ¶ The second form is mundyfycatyfe with eggs, and is of avicen, R, vitellorum ovorum numero, iij, mellis, ℥, i, fenugreci ꝙ sufficit, fiat emplastrum, ¶ The third is mundyfycatyse of Apio/ and is proper to ●●ytures unmadurate, because that in mundyfy●ng● it madureth, and suffereth not to fistule, R, ●●cci apij, ℥, iiij, mellꝭ optimi quar, i, farine frumenti ℥, i, incorporentur in patella ad ignem et tunc fiat emplastrum.  
THe fourth intention accomplisheth by the ointment of calcadum/ and is dyapalma 〈◊〉 as avicen saith bathed with tow in vyney 〈◊〉 as Galyen sayeth/ & is the same that abideth 〈◊〉 our discretion in the agregation of local remedies of apostemes, after as I may comprise by mine understanding, the manner to make it I do ●●aue to the wit of the workman, for I should be to long/ and it is to presuppose that he knoweth it,     

¶ Here followeth the formulary of the helps of wounds and sores, ordained in Auygnon by master Guydon of Cayllyac/ cyrurgyen & master in physic.  
FOr doubt to forget, & for the necessity of mine own proper brother I will show the remedies properly localles whereby is healed the sores and disruptions, & solutions of continuing, after the doctrine of Galyen, avicen, Rasis, & Albucrasis/ and some masters that I have seen work, I intend to form summaryly, and abredge with the formulary of the apostemes and pustules that I ordained of late at Paris, And because that, G, prince of Moges, in tertio terapen, saith that the cure of ulcers hath two general intentions, That is to wite one taken in the essence of the disease/ and the other for certain to the nature of the member/ And therefore this present treaty shall have two parties, In the first shall be the propre forms of the helps in all simple wound or sore in asmuch as a wound is simple, In the second party of wounds composed,  

¶ The first chapter of the cure of wounds simple,  
ALL simple wounds after the intention of Galyen in the place alleged been new wounds in the parties of the flesh, that only requireth consolidations wounds after the agreement of al● workmen hath four intentions, ¶ The first is to draw fro the wound that ought to be drawn, The second to staunch the flux of the blood, The third to the form of the wound, The fourth to dry it, ¶ The first is to accomplish the wit of the workman in working, The second accomplisheth it by one of viij, manners of blood staunching, after Galyen in the fourth Canon, as by ●ood stitching, or by good binding, & by convenable drying, ¶ The aids to accomplish thyntencyon/ that is to draw fro the wound that is to be drawn (without the words of the Empe●ykes) be of three manners, The first is a common instrument, (as is contained in the great work, and ●ere be named, viii,) that is to wite the tongues, The first is good red wine with tow wet therein ●nd wrong laid on the wound, The second is ●●●mentum rubium common, that is such, R, tera destyne lote quar, i, pulueris rubei dicti superius, 〈◊〉, misceantur, & lay it on with tow, and a play●●●, for it drieth, encarneth, and comforteth.   

¶ The second chapter of wound composed,  
THe wounds composed after the intention of Galyen aforesaid, be they that have sometime dispositions that require divers intentions for their healing. And although it be that the dispositions that make compositions in wounds be sundry/ nevertheless because of brevity I will put here but the comunes/ that is to say the best known. ¶ The wounds are sometime composed with unnatural matter/ sometime with loss of substance/ sometime vyrulent & fraudelent venomous filthiness/ sometime with fistule and canker/ sometime with concussyon & apostemes. And sometime with pricking of sinews, and ache, and with superflue flesh, and other like things. ¶ The help of composed wounds with loss of flesh requireth two things. first the regeneration of the flesh lost. Secondly the consolidation of the flesh and the skin.  

¶ The regeneratyfe medycyns any mundyfyement, & abstersion be of eight forms.  
THe first form and the second is v●guentum aureum that I make. R. cere.ʒ.u.resini quarti. i. terebentine lib.i. mellis quarti, i. thuris, masticis, sarcacole, myrrh, aloes cicotrini, ● fiat unguentum. ¶ The third form is unguentum aureum of Hebemesue/ that is, R, cere citrine, ●, ut, olei boni, lib, ij, terebentyne quar, ij. resine, colophony, ann. ℥ i &. s. croci, ʒ, s, olibani, Masticis, ann. ℥ i et fiat unguentum/ for it breedeth flesh, comforteth, & maketh strong. ¶ The fourth form is the great basilicon that is praised over all/ and 〈◊〉 called tetrafarmacum/ and is of Galyen. It is regeneratyfe of flesh, with riping & purging, and is one of mine own making. R. cere, resine, picis niger, cepi vaccini, olei cominis ann, quarti, i, vel quantum vis fundantur ad ignem, et fiat unguentum. ¶ The fifth form is unguentum fuscum, of Nycolas, of Roger, of jamerius, and of all Apotycaryes and Barbers. R. olei lib, i, &, s, cere, ℥, iiij, Colophony, ʒ, two, picis nigre, cepi, arietam ann, ʒ, ij, fiat unguentum. ¶ The sixth form is unguentum de lino that avicen and Hebumesue putteth, which is, R, ●asure vetusce, pa●ni lini bummundati, ●, oppopanici partis, ij, vini, mellis, olei to ●, ann partis duas, litargiri, aloes, sarcacole ann, partis unius fiat unguentum. ¶ The seventh form is emplastrum croceum made by master Peter de Bonaco, R, fenugreci, partis, i, infundatur ꝑ ix dies in vino albo, donec tumescat, deinde tere fortiter, & cola addendo cepi hircini quart, iii, insimul terantur et coquantur, et postea pinguedo et mustilago congregantur quibus addatur cere quart, i, resine. ℥ two fundantur oina, et colentur, & fiat emplastrum. ¶ The, viii, form is unguentum ●eruo ●, qualiter preciosum, taken in my comyne ●●●tulary, to heal all wounds, R, arthemesie, sca●rose, aurum valens, absinthij, galbani, lanceolate, plantaginis, tanasceri, apij, verbene faciole, ancer be siluistris, senationis, saponarie, pimpinelle, lingue canis, celidonie, pillocelle ann. M.i. conterantur oina mundata a radicibus, et extra●itur succus, et cum lib.ij. auxungie porci, et lib.i. cepi hircim et lib. iij. olei, et partis i mellis coquendo, incorporando in mortario, et fiat unguentum. And master Peter of Bonaco wrought with it, but he put thereto at the last the decoction of thure, mastic, aloen, as he thought best and washed it. ¶ The ix form is emplastrum gratia dei/ and is taken at the cartulary of master Peter/ which is commune unto all wounds/ aswell in the head as in any other party of the body/ for it draweth the blood and the venomous humours from the bottom, & engendereth flesh and consolydeth. R. cere albe, resine armeniaci ann. lib. s. terebinthine quar. i. galbani, olibani, masticis, myrrh clare ann. ℥. s. aristology rotunde. ʒ. ij. The things to be grounden be grounden and molten in good white wine that vervain was sudden in, consolida maioris et minoris, centaurea, pimpinelle, ipericon, herb sarraconice, herb g●a dei, baucre, sanabario ann. M.i. & after be drawn and wet in woman's milk and oil of roses, and be made a plaster. ¶ The ten form made the earl Antidotis. R. auxungie porci recentes, cere albe ann quart. i.olei camomille lib. s. ambre, greasy. ʒ.ij. mastici. ℥ two fiat unguentum, ¶ The xj form is unguentum de yreos/ and is of master Dinus of Florence. R. cepi vacini lib. s. olei ros. ℥. iij.cere.ʒ. ij, Radicis yr●os. ℥ i Thuris, sarcacole, Masticis, aloen, aristologia ann. ℥ two terebinthine quar. i. fiat unguentum/ and this was used of the Barbers of Mountpyllier. ¶ The xii form is nutritura litargiri that, R, putteth, R, litargiri b● puluerisatis lib, i, Olei ros, aceti optimi ann. lib.1.&, s. terendo in mortario paulatine addendo modo oleum, modo acetum ꝑ tempus incorporetur, et serueturin olla. ¶ The. xiii. form is the powder of, R. R. olibani, aloe, sarcacole, sanguis draconis ann. pulurizentur et super ponatur, it is marvelous. ¶ Another powder commanded by Lanfranc. R. thuris, masticis, fenugreci, ann. quantum vis, fiat pulvis. ¶ The things that causeth generation of flesh & skin and to strength. ¶ The helps conglutynatyves, consolydatyves, and sigillatyves be of xuj forms.  
THe first is wine of the decoction of Rasis. ¶ The second is unguentum album that is made thus. R. ceruse. ℥ i Litargiri. ℥. s. Olei ros. lib.i. aque ros, quar. s. And let them be well stirred in a mortar in putting sometime oil, & sometime rose water, & make an ointment & it is of Domo. ¶ The third form is unguentum album de Rasis, R, olei rosarum, lib, i, cere, ℥, two, ceruse, ℥, i, camphor. 〈◊〉, albius ovorum, iij, in numero/ and make an ●●ntment/ and if a little litargiri were put thereto 〈◊〉 will be the better for scabbydnes, ¶ The fourth churme is a precious white ointment for scab ●●d serpygine, R, ceruse, ℥, ij, litargiri, ℥, i, thuris masticis, ann. ℥. ij.& s. olei ꝙ sufficit, addendo aque ros. a●t acetum/ siat unguentum. ¶ The .v. form is unguentum de calce/ and is of avicen marvelous to consolydate and dry the conbustyons and wounds of sinews. R. unflaked lime washed. ix. times in cold water until the sharpness be all gone/ quar. i. et cum oleo ros. ducendo in morterio fiat unguentum. And it may be made with wax and with the white of an egg as ye seem to be best, for it is the better. ¶ The sixth form is a white plaster of ceruse that Galyen putteth in libro cathagenorun/ and master Peter darle of Auynyon used it. R. cere. ℥ four olei ros. lib. s. terebinthine quar i ceruse.ʒ.ij.litargiri. ℥ i olibani, alumins. ℥. s. post infusionem olei, cere et terebinthine/ reliqua misceantur in morterio et fiat unguentum. ¶ The vij form is a black plaster of the book Cathagenorum that is one of mine. R. litargiri partis i olei, et aceti ann. partis three incorporando coquantur per diem integrum, continue agitando cum spatula, et vocatur emplastrum unius diei. ¶ The eight form is dyapalma in cathaginis, R, auxungie porcis veteris lib, ij, litargiri lib, ij, coperose quar. s, coquantur ad modum emplastri nigri, cum spatula de palma viridi vel canna, et fiat emplastrum. ¶ The, ix, form is a plaster of master Peter of Bonaco, R, plantaginis, consolida maioris, be thenice, berbene, pimpenelle, piloselle, mill foli, lingue canis, caude equine ann, M, i, concassentur cu● lib, ij, cepi arietini coquantur et collentur/ postea addatur resine, cere, galbani ann, quar, iij, terebinthine quar, i, &, s, effundantur et fiat emplastrum. ¶ The, x, form is a plaster of centaur/ & that used master Peter of Arle, R, centaurea minor, M, uj, temperetur per noctem in vino albo, deinde coquantur usque ad consumationem medietatis, colentur, et iterum illa collatura boliatur usque sit reducta ad spissitudinem mellis and let it be kept/ And when ye make a plaster take of the same wine of centaur, ℥, iiij, lactis mulieris, ℥, ij, terebentine lib, s, cere none quar, i, masticis, gummi armoniaci, ann, ℥, i, malaxando fiat emplastrum. ¶ The xj form is the plaster of Dinus that is thus. R. bethonice, centaurea ann. M.iij. conquassantur/ et cum vino albo buliantur et collentur/ et collature addatur terebinthine lib. s. resine quar. i.cere. ℥ i Iterun buliatur et super acetum proiciatus et congregentur/ et tum lact mollificentur/ et fiat emplastrum. ¶ The xii, form is the king of England's ointment. R, cere albe, resine ann. quar, i, aloe, ℥, ij, terebinthine, lote, ℥, i, thuris, masticis, ann, ℥, s, fiat unguentum. ¶ The, xiii, form is a plaster that the earl William had (of master Anferyn of Genes) and gave it to the french king. R, pimpinelle, bethonice, maligrane verbene, vernucularis ann, M, i, bu●iant in vino albo usque ad consummationem duatum partium/ deinde coletur et iterum bultatur et addatur cum eo resine lib, s, cere alba lib, s, masticis, ℥, iij, ●t coquantur & proiciatur super lact mulierum/ et mollificetur/ et fiat emplastrum. ¶ The, xiv, form is unguentum gratie that master Iohn nephew to master Anseryn of Genes did make. R, olei udegaris, lib, i, cere quar, i, semen illarum ros, agrestum, ℥, s, fiat unguentum. ¶ The, xv, form is a green ointment. R, cere et olei ann, ℥, uj, liquefiant/ et in fine addatur viride eris, ℥, i, ducendo cum spatula fiat unguentum. ¶ The, xuj, form is unguentum viridum herbarum common of Nycolas/ of Roger/ of jamerius/ & of all the Ceciliens. R, celidonie, panis cuteli, qui dicitur hallelujah, centrungalli, levistici, scabiose ann. M, i, olei, lib, s, cere, masticis, aloes, viride eris ann, ℥, i, fiat unguentum, ¶ The, xvij, form is of master Gnillam of Saliceto/ which is praised of Lanfranc & Henry, R, balanstis, aloes, cathume argenti, eris usti ann, fiat pulvis, Item, R, corticis pini, ℥, i, litargiri, ceruse ann, ℥, s, nucis cipressi, centaur minoris, aristology uste ann, ℥, ij, fiat pulvis/ for it is very profitable.   

¶ The helps for fraudulent wounds and sores,  
THe helps for wounds composed with corrupt sores are they that require excitation/ & be of, seven, forms, of which, ¶ The first form is washing with wine and honey, ¶ The second form is purging with honey/ in secundo ad Glanconem/ that is such, R, mellis cocti, lib, i, thuris, ℥ s, farine ordei vel orobi, ʒ, i, misceantur/ and it may be made so with terebentyne/ & is good in sinewy places, ¶ The third form is mundyfycatyfe of smallage/ that is of Guyllyam and Lanfranc, of Henry, and of all the Physycyens/ for it purgeth and ripeth the corrupt sores, R, succi apij, ʒ, viii, mellis, farine frumenti vel aliorum quar, i, seth it on the fire continually stirring it till it be thick, and be made an ointment/ and put thereto succi absinthij, It suffereth not any fistules or canker to bre●● in wounds/ and if the wound did chaufe put thereto succum plantagi●s or crassela, it should be profitable, ¶ The fourth form is mundyfycatyfe of myrrh/ and is of Bronne/ and of Thederye R, mellis lib, i, farine siliginis, farine lupinorum, fenugreci, ann, ℥, i, myrrh, ʒ, i, succi absinthij, lib, s, terebinthine quar, i, buliendo succum cum farinis in fine addantur alia, et fiat unguentum, ¶ The, v, form is mundyfycatyfe of resina/ and is strong/ and is appropried to sinewy membres, R, mellis/ terebentine ann, lib, s, myrrh, sarcocole, farine fenugreci, semins lini, ann, ʒ, i, dissoluantur gum cum mellis/ et terebentina/ & additis pulueribus, fiat unguentum/ & it is greatly in usage, ¶ The sixth form is mundyfycatyfe of yreos, and is of master Dinus, and it is such as putteth and draweth out the rottenness, R, mellis, lib, s, terebinthine quar, i, raditis ●reos, ℥, s, misceantur, et fiat unguentum, ¶ The, ●i●, form is another mundyfycatyfe of Dinus ma●e of gums/ for thick corruption/ and is such, R, galbani/ armeniaci/ resine/ terebentine/ picis/ 〈◊〉/ vaccini/ cere/ olei antiqui ann, ʒ, i, dissoluendo ●●●mas cum aceto/ et fiat unguentum,   

¶ The helps of wounds and sores with venyms,  
Helps of composed wounds apostemate with venom requireth strong desiccation/ & be of, vi, manners, ¶ The first manner is the washing with wine and aluminous water with good and artefycyall ligature, ¶ The second is a plaster of the bishop of Lodene that was of how should with the earl of Armynac/ appropryate to all old sores/ ulcers/ fistules/ and cankers. R. auxungie porci mundate a pelliculis temperate in aceto per x. dies renovando semper aceton de tertio in tertium diem. lib. ●. aluins ruppe quar. s. pistando in morta rio per diem integrum, fiat unguentum. ¶ The third manner is unguentum azurimon very profitable to pustules of the face in scabie s ipigine. R. auxungie porci preparate ut dictum est, lib. i argenti vivi extincti quart, i aluins quart. s. sulphuris vivi. ℥ i bugie. ℥. s inde de baldac. ʒ.ij.pistando in morterio fiat unguentum. ¶ The fourth manner is litargirun nutritum/ and is of Rasis and avicen/ and proved of all workmen. R. litargiri bene puluerizati quantum vis/ et cum sufficientia olei ros. et aceti/ tantum ducato in morterio donec inspicetur et tumescat et renovatur et servetur/ et si adderetur cum una part juxta pars facti de ere usto, anthimonio plumbo usto/ aluminis balaustiarum/ rub cururine/ galli/ sanguis draconis/ cathine argenti/ serico vernubus/ terrestribus siccatis ann. partis/ fiat pulvis/ et misceatur in morterio. It should be an ointment profitable to all sores that be venomous and of difficile consolidation. And if it be made in a mortel of lead/ it should be the better to all dispositions of canker/ as Galyen sayeth/ prima part me amir.   

¶ The helps of wounds with filthiness.  
ALL the helps of sores and wounds with filthiness/ & venomous corruption requireth strong washing with desiccation/ and be of xij forms. Of which. ¶ The first form is decoction of petis potz de sauces or without decoction. ¶ The second form is unguentum apostolorum that is appropried to mundy●y the ulcers. R. cere albe, resine, armeniaci ann. ℥. xiiij.oppoponicis, viride eris ann. ℥. iij.aristologie ro. thuris ann. ʒ.xuj. mirre● galbanum ann. ʒ.iij.b dellij. ʒ.vi. litargiri. ℥. ix.ole●●oīs lib. two. dissoluantur gum in aceto, et misceantur cum litargiro cum oleo decocto, et addatur c●ra ●esina liquefacta/ et coquantur quousque gutta in●●piat coagulari/ et inde ponando ad ignem misceantur pulneres/ et in fine viride eris ponatur et ●●at unguentum. ¶ The third form is gratia ●e● of Hebemesue called saraceos and emplastrum magnum/ which he used to cleanse the wounds of ill consolidation/ & master Anseryn used the same/ and master Peter of the argenteri/ the matery●lles whereof are as unguentum apostolorum save that ●hey put erugo de campane/ seth it till it be black. ●The fourth form is unguentum egiptiacum and 〈◊〉 of Rasis & avicen. And my master of Boleyn used thereof/ and is one of mine/ for I have found good proof always in it/ for it corrodeth lightly & mundyfyeth very well. R. mellis lib. i. aceti, lib, s. florum eris. ℥ i, aluins. s. sodden on the fire till it be thick and sufficiently red. And therefore it is called the double coloured ointment. ¶ The fifth form is the green ointment of Rasis & avicen, howbeit I have used it but little/ because the green ointments are defamed on the behalf of the people. R, mellis, lib,, viride eris, lib, s, misceantur ꝙ non approbo, for it is to strong, ¶ The, vi, form is emplastrum rubium grecum, and is also of two colours, the which Galyen putteth in tertio ad Glamnconem, & it is allowed of master Dinus/ because it rectifieth the evil ulcers that are of dyffycult consolidations. R, olei, lib, two, aceti. lib, i et, s, litargiri, lib, i, coquatur litargirum cum oleo et aceto donec ingrossetur/ et tunc ponatur viride eris et coquatur donec inspicetur/ et rubeum efficiatur. ¶ The seventh form is unguentum viridum of herbs/ and is commended of master Dinus because it mundyfye the old sores/ and wasteth gently the superflue flesh and healeth. R. celidonie, plantaginis, scabiose, urtice, levistici, centrungalli, galine, grass, ann, M, i, concassantur, et cum lib, two, olei per, seven, dies temperentur, deinde buliantur et exprimendo colentur cui colature addatur cere, ℥, iii, terebinthine, ℥, vi, resine, ℥, two, buliantur donec parum spissentur/ deinde tolletur ab igne et misceatur thuris, sarcocole, aloen, ann ℥, i, aristology long, floris eris. ann, ℥ vi, misceatur, et fiat unguentum, for it is good and proved. ¶ Many other helps are put in the incarnatyfe helps that breed flesh and mundify. ¶ The eight form are trociskes. And first the trociskes andromathi that Galyen and avicen putteth to be called Aldaron, and are made in powder tempered with wine or with vinegar. R, corticis granatorum. ℥. s. gallarum. ʒ. viii. myrrh, aristology ro. an.ʒ.iiij, draganti, aluins ●ametr●●, ann, ʒ, two, zetgi ꝙ est vitriolum, ʒ, iiii, be put to powder/ and with sweet wine incorporate, and be made to trociskes. ¶ Also trocisci caldicon. R. calcis vi●e partis i arcenici rubei & citrini, alcali, acassie, ann. partis, s, puluerizentur et conficiantur cum capitello, et fiant trocisci. And are of Galyen Capitellum after Roger, and Albucrasis is made thus. R. calcis vi●i, salis armeniaci, ann, lib, i, terē●●r et piscentur cum lexivia cinerum truncorum fabarum et ponantur in olla infundo minutim perforata et ponatur in alia olla integra de subtus in quo reci ●iatur capitellum, And it is good to gnaw all superflue flesh/ and maketh opening of cantere/ ●nd lightly causeth the bark to fall. ¶ The, ix, ●●●●me are tricisci affrodillorum. R. succi affrodil●●●●. ●. uj.calcis vive. ℥. iij. auripigmenti. ℥ i con●●●●antur et fiat trocisci/ and let them be dried in ●he son in August/ & they are of mine. ¶ The ten ●●●●me are the trocyskes of arcenyc after thee, iiij. ●●ysters. R. arcenici sublimati quart i pastetur ●●●u●co solatri/ or of cawls wortes or other her●●●/ and be dried in the son or at the fire/ and do ●●so three or four times following/ and make tro●yskes. ¶ The xi form been the brekynges of Albucrasis/ that make them of arcenyc and unslacked lime/ & of soft soap, And some put thereto to alter the colour foot of the chimney/ and incorporate them with salina. ¶ The xii form is actual cantere of Albucrasis comforting the member/ rectyfy the ulcers of ill complexion/ and appeaseth the brenning in the two first days with the whites of eggs, and oil of roses bet together. And than proceed to the brenning with butter and a little meal. And make a defensyfe about it with bolearmenyake, & terre sigillata, camphor, and oil of roses & vinegar, or with ointment populeon.   

¶ The helps of wounds and sores composed with fistules.  
THese helps or aids are of four forms. Of the which. ¶ The first is drink proved for fistules, R. agrimony partis, i. decoquantur cum vino albo/ et fiat colatura/ whereof shall be given every morning a goblet full to the patient to drink. ¶ The second form is a plaster of agrymony. R, agrimony et pistetur cum sale et succus exprimatur infra fistulam et folia supponantur. ¶ The third form is lexivium infusum in aqua forti or any of the trocyskes abovesaid be tempered in brenning water in the capytello or wine and aqua fortis, after the alkamystes strong water is made thus. R. salis armoniaci, auripig menti rubei, et citrini, cuperose, viride eris ann. partis equalis puluenzantur et ponentur in alembico vitreo benelutato/ et distillentur cum lento igne/ et prima aquo qui exit abiciatur/ postea dupletur ignis/ et quando alembicum sit rubeum retineatur statim aqua in vase vitreo vn̄ cooperto custodiatur/ for it is of so great strength that it melteth iron, and pierceth it/ and therefore one only drop mortifieth the fistula/ & destroyeth warts and exeressence. ¶ The fourth form are ruptures actual canters of Albucrasis, as it is said of fraudulent ulcers/ and certain ointments and plasters that is aforesaid.   

¶ The aids of wounds and sores composed with canker,  
SYxe forms there be of wounds and sores with cankers, ¶ The first be potions for cankers, and be heavy herbs/ and chiefly it is said that cerac availeth when it is drunk, Likewise saith master arnold of Newtowne of cen●●nodia called lingua passerina, swines grass, Also sapphires and emeralds be good, ¶ The secon●● form is precious wasshyngꝭ vinegar sudden ●ith salt, And treacle & flesh of vipers are good ●●●raynly/ for they put all the venom in to the ●ynne, ¶ The third form is linimentum specially ●leiro, s, stirred in a mortar of lead in the 〈◊〉 till it become black/ and be made ointment, 〈◊〉 allowed of Galyen & avicen, ¶ The fourth ●●●rme is lethargy kept in a mortar of lead till it be black, for it is a precious thing to all fleyngꝭ of the skin/ & to all cankered passions of all the parties of the body chiefly in the ars, And it is of Galyen in ten terapentice. ¶ The fifth form is unguentum dyapamphiligos which thederic alloweth and all his suit, because it cureth canker and herispila, & combustions/ which is. R. olei ros. cere albe. ann. ℥. u.succi granorum rubiorum, solatri. ℥. iiij.ceruse lote. ʒ.ij.pamphiligos, it is thutia plumbi usti et loti ann. ℥. i.thuris. ℥. s. fiat unguentum cum oleo et cera et reliquam. ¶ The uj form been the ruptures mundyfycatyfe ointments that are spoken of before. And the actual canters of Albucrasis of wounds & ulcers composed with concussions.   

¶ The helps of wounds or sores made with concussyons or stripes.  
Of sores & wounds made with concussyons be xj forms. ¶ The first is restorations with olei mirtillorum, et olei ros, with white of eggs. ¶ The second is resolutyfe made with wine and honuy/ and salt with flax. ¶ The second is a plaster made with wax and common. ¶ The four is with floribus camomille, melleloti, mirtillorum, absinthij, aneti, & cimini. ¶ The .v. is emplastrum malnarum, absinthio, furfure, et aneton. ¶ The. vi. is a plaster made of semine ordei, fenugreci, seminis lini, camomille, et furfuris subtilis. ann. ℥ i arcenici sublimati, puluerizati, ʒ, s, decoquantur cum vino decoctionis calamento addendo in fine, modicum de olei camomille/ & this is right good to resolve the dead blood of the concussions/ and it is greatly approved of Auycen. ¶ The vij is imbrocation of jametius that healeth & resolveth all concussyons. R. olei Ros ℥ two capitum caparum, et seminis ciminis, ruth, arthemesie, absinthie, persicarie. ann. ℥. s. fiat emplastrum. ¶ The eight is a plaster of master Peter of Bonaco commune to all concussions. R. cere quar i armoniaci. quar. s piscis navallis, quar, s, cimine, ruth, absinthie, peritarie, ann, ʒ, s, succi ꝑitarie, aceti optimi, ann, quar, i, confundantur armoniaci in succis per noctem, et mane ponatur super ignem, et liquefiat cum re ●●quis usque ad consumptionem succorum, et pulue ●es malexentur cum oleo laurino, et fiat emplastrum. ¶ The ix form is occicrocium common at the Apotycaryes'/ & is good for the concussyon of bones, and is made thus. R, cerc, picis, colopho●ic, croci, ann, ℥, iiij, terebinthine, galbani, armoniaci, m●●re, thuris, masticis, ann, ʒ, i, dissoluantur gum cum aceto, fiat emplastrum. ¶ The ten form is a●os●olicum, comune at the appotycaryes that resolveth and rectifieth marvelously the hurting 〈◊〉 the bones and concussyons, and is made thus. R. litargiri, ℥, i, cere rub colony, ann, ℥, i, pulegij, ●●sci quer●ini, ann, ℥, i, armoniaci lapidis calamity, 〈◊〉, ʒ, v, thuris, masticis, ann, ʒ, i, terebinthine, galba ●●●●dellij, myrrh, eris usti, lapidis calcis, aristolo●●e, d●aprassij, oppoponice, sarcocole, ann, ʒ, ij, disso●●tis gummis cum aceto, et mixtis cum litargiro cum oleo decocto, et in fine aliis positis, fiat emplastrum. ¶ The, xj, is apostolicum cirurgicum of Roger/ very good to all concussyons. R, colophony, lib, i, picis navalis, lib, s, galbani, serapini, oppoponice, thuris, masticis, terebinthine, ann, ℥, s aceti, lib, cere, s, iiij, dissolutis gummis cum aceto, & bulicis, er liquefactis reliqua addantur et mollifican do, fiat emplastrum. And if red powder be put with the said plaster it will be good rapture.   

¶ The aids of wounds and ulcers with composition of apostemes.  
Wounds & ulcers composed with apostemes and ache have four forms of help. Of the which the first is olei Ros with papaveris albi cum vitello oui. ¶ The second form is of mygrayne/ and is of avicen. R. granati dulcis et de quoquantur cum vino pontico usque ad dissolutionem, et fiat linimentum. ¶ The third form is a plaster of sudden bread/ and sometime is a little honey put thereto and meddled plasterwise/ and is of. G. and oftentime is put to it de succo ebulorum/ and sometime de succo apij/ and is allowed of four masters of Salerne. ¶ The fourth form is a plaster of malowes/ and is allowed of Thederic/ and is of mine. R. foliorum malue. M. iij. coquantur fortiter, deinde terentur, et postea cum modica de coctione super ignem/ addendo modicum de furfure subtili, fiat emplastrum.   

¶ The helps of wounds with pricking and ache of sinews.  
THe helps of wounds with pricking of sinews, and ache be of vij forms. ¶ The first is fomentation with oil and terebentyne meddled & warmed. ¶ The second is a plaster of Euforbio, and is of Galyen, of Browne and Thederic, and is one of mine. R. resine, cere, picis ann. quar. s. terebinthine, olei cominis ann. ℥. s. euforbij. ʒ. ij. olei, masticis. ℥ i fiat emplastrum. ¶ The third is purging of sinews, allowed in the hurtynges of the noddle of the heed, by master Peter de Bonaco. R. mellis rosarum colati. quar. i.cere. resine, terebinthine ann. quar. s. farine ordei. ℥. s. masticis, sarcocole, mummy ann. ℥. s. olei, Masticis. ℥. fiat emplastrum. ¶ The fourth form is emplastrum ●umbricorū that breedeth flesh and knitteth the sinewy members, which is of Lanfranc. R. utriusque consolide, arnoglos. s. piloselle utriusque plantagins, ann. M.i. vermium terrestrium. lib. s. terarantur ●īa et ponantur in. lib. i.et. s. olei cominis by uj days after that it is sudden and strained, & pressed, than put to it cepi mutonis. lib, i, picis navalis, lib, s, pi ●is grece quar. i. armoniaci, galbani, oppoponaci, cerebentine ann. ℥ i thuris, masticis ann, ℥, s, dissolu 〈◊〉 gummis in aceto, fiat emplastrum. ¶ The fifth form is unguentum dulce mollyfycatyfe, resolu●●se, and mytygatyfe of the pains of the sinews. 〈◊〉 butiri sine sale, lib, i, olei viola, lib, s, auxungie, galline, aut anceris, azimi, medule bonis retentis a. ●. ʒ.i. cere ꝙ sufficit, fiat unguentum. ¶ The uj, form is unguentum marciatum et agrippa, marvelously resolutyfe and comforting the sinews and the joints, & is made thus. R. cere albe. lib. ij. olei, lib, viii, rorismarium, foliorum lauri, ruth, thamaristi ann, lib, s, sauine, balaustie, balsami, thimi, epithuni, oximi, lilifagis, polij, calamenti, arthemesie, enule campane, bethonice, herba Sarazenice, herb sancte marry, branch urcine, spargule, herb venti, pimpinelle, herb paralizis, simarum sambuc● crassuli, millefolij, semper vive, camedrios, centinodie, mirte, centaurce, foliorum fragule, quinque folij siccatis, radicis maluavistis ann, ℥, iiij, urticar, violarum papaver, mente turelle, herb muscate, hallelujah, lingue ceruine, crespule, camphorate ann, quar. s. fenugreci, cimini ann. ℥, i, butiri, medule ceruine adipis, ursi, galbani, armoniaci ann, ℥, i, thuris masticis, storatie ann, ℥, s, olei nardini, ℥, i, infundantur herb in vino, postea coquantur et colentur, et colature alia addantur, et fiat unguentum. ¶ Unguentum agrippa resolutyfe is made thus. R. bryony, ℥, ij, radicis stechados, lib, i, squille, lib, s, yreos, ℥, iiij, radicis filicis, radicis ebuli ann, ℥, ij, olei, lib, iiij, cere, ℥, v, buliant herb cum oleo et tolentur et addatur cera, et fiat unguentum. ¶ The, seven, form is unguentum de ramis, and is of. G. in libro cathegenorum profitable to all hardnesses, as cramp, or stitch, and carthecanoes, and such like. R, olei radicis cucumeris agrestis, lib, two, olei maiorane, alkangi, cere, terebinthine, medule ossium cerui ann, lib, s, sanguis testidinum quar, i, ranarum numero, vi, balsami, ℥, s, coquentur ranis & sanguis testidinum cum oleo colentur, et colatura cera, et reliqua misceantur, et fiat unguentum, which is very precious.   

¶ The helps for wounds and ulcers composed with venom.  
THe helps of wounds and ulcers composed with venom are of iij, forms. ¶ The first is unguentum ingr●m, & is of Dinus. R. cepi arietam, picis, oppoponaci, terebinthine ann, lib, s, fundendo misceantur proiitiendo in aceto/ and is of William in de secretis/ and in Macer in libro cathagenorun. ¶ The second form is emplastrum de cepa, and is allowed of William of Saliceto. R, unum cepe nuon, radicis lilij siluestris quar, s, ●corte, ℥, i, salis, ℥, s, olei mellis, ℥, two, coquendo radi ris in vino, & pistendo in mortario, fiat unguentum.   

¶ The helps for wounds and sores with superflue flesh.  
THe wounds and ulcers of superflue flesh are of eight forms. ¶ The first form is 〈◊〉 ●●ax or tow chopped small and laid thereon. ¶ The second is powder of dactiles applied ther●●, ¶ The third is alum sudden. ¶ The fourth is coperose laid upon it. ¶ The fifth is powder of ●●●ciskes affrodillornm. ¶ The sixth is lime of chalk and honey mingled together/ & seth them or dry them & make a powder, ¶ The, seven, been the trociskes of arsenyke abovesaid, ¶ The, viii, been ruptu R, incisions, & canteres cutellerias aforesaid,   

¶ The helps of fractures and dissolutions or dislocations of bones or joints.  
THe helps of Algebra & of dislocations are of uj forms. ¶ The first is glutynatyfe that serveth at the beginning. R. farine volatile pistetur part i pulueris rubei part. s. pistentur cum albumine ovorum et fiat emplastrum. Or the plaster of brown that serveth at the second removing. R. aloes, myrrh, boliarmenici, glutinis acatie, dragaganti, lapdani ann. puluerizentur, et albumine ovorum incorporentur/ and lay it on with tow. ¶ The third form is that serveth after the twenty days is the decoction of roses, absinthij, moss able arboris, quercus et salis/ and lay it to with flax. ¶ The fourth form is a plaster of Lanfranc/ appropried to comfort the member/ and therefore it accordeth to serve the last/ and is made thus. R. olei ros. ℥ four resine. ℥ three cere. ℥ two colophony, masticis, thur. ann. ʒ.ij. nucis cipressi, cucumer. ann. ʒ.i. fiant magdaliones aforesaid. ¶ The fifth is apostolicum cirurgicum/ et oxcicrotium. ¶ The sixth form is spannadrapi. R. thur, mastic, picis, farine volatilis, boliar menici ann. ʒ.ij. cere, cepi arietum, ann. lib. s. Melt the wax and the tallow together/ than put the powdres thereto & stir them together/ and dip a cloth therein and apply it to the place. But because that sometime after the restoration there remaineth some hardness/ therefore shall be put here the manner to soften it again in this wise. ¶ first the member shall be mollified with the decoction of the heads and feet of sheep and the middle bark of Elm/ and with corticis radicis maluavisti ann. M.i. florum camomille, meliloci, fenugreci, semine lini ann. quar. s. & boil them by the space of an hour/ and let the hardness be bathed therewith the space of a day or a half/ and than be wiped and anointed with other, or with this ointment. R. dial●ee, agrippe, olei laurini ann. misceantur. And if the member be not suppled, do it with this. R. maluavisti, lib, two, semini fenugreci, seminis lini ann, lib, i, squille, lib, s, olei, lib, iiij, cere, terebinthine, gummi edere, galbani ann, ʒ, two, colosonie, resine ann, lib, s, coquantur herb cum aqua et ●●clentur, et reliqua addantur, et fiat unguentum. Or this that is propre. R, olei laurini, olei masticis, olei mustellini ann, quar, i, auxungij ●zī vel viculi. lib, s, alipte muscate, galley muscate, ●dellii, ●●rcocolle, aspalti, storacis. calaminte ann, ℥, s, castor ●, ℥ ii, musti, ʒ, s, cere quar, i, fiat unguentum. And when it is anointed lay thereon de lana succida, aur ●iaquilon magnum, vel gummatum, aut●radicis maluavisti co●tas et pistatas cum farina, fenugreci ●●minis lini, et fecis olei coins. And if it be an old hardness it were behoveful to bathe or stew the member with the infusion of a piece of iron, or of ●●myll stone well heat in the fire/ and put in vy●●ygre, and set the member thereon. Also to wash ●● it with the water of man's blood once distilled is precious/ or for to wash it with hot blood.     

¶ Here followeth the formation of the proper and common remedies of the diseases from the head unto the feet after the diversity of the membres/ & first of the helps for the head.  
HEre after we shall put the helps for the wounds of the head. ¶ And first the potions made by Thederic and his fellows. R. cinomomis, ℥, i, ʒ, ℥, s, galangi granorum paradisi, cardamomi, piperis longi et nigri, gariofili ann, ʒ, i, fiant pulvis/ & they say that if he broke it, it is a good sign/ and if he vomit/ it is an ill sign. ¶ The second form is purging of the brain & pannicles thereof. R. olei mellis Ros. callati ann, ℥, two, olei Ros, ℥, i, let them be meddled/ and with fine clothes laid thereon. ¶ The third form pulvis capitale/ and is of master Dinus, allowed of Lanfranc and Henry. R. radicis yreos, aristology, thuris, myrrh, sanguis dra, farine orobi ann, fiat pulvis.  
¶ The fourth form is emplastrum bethonice, which is used at Paris that breedeth flesh & comforteth, raiseth the bones, purgeth, and healeth. R. cere, resine ann, lib, i, succi bethonice, succi plantaginis, succi apii ann, lib, i, coquetur cera et resina cum succis usque ad consuptionem succorum/ deinde ponatur terebentina et incorporentur et colentur et fiat emplastrum. ¶ The, v, form is emplastrum capitale of master Anserin of Genes that draweth & raiseth the bones, breedeth flesh, & healeth. And, M, Peter said that he had proved it in a dogs head that was wounded to the brain & healed him. R. terebentine part, ij, cere ꝑt, i, resine ꝑt, s, melted on the fire & strained on vynygre/ & than molten again & cast upon the juice of these herbs, bethonice part, ij, berbene ꝑt, i, et cum aliis succis et lact mulieris diu mollificentur/ & make a plaster thereof, it is stronger than the first. ¶ The uj form is ordained to raise bones if they may be had none otherwise & was of, M. Peter. R, olei antiq ꝑt, i, sordiciei al●eorum, cere a●, part, s, euforbi quar, ꝑt, unius, aristology long ꝑt, unius, lactis mulierum modicum, fiat emplastrum. ¶ For the scab take this salve as, G, willeth R. litargiri, sulphur vivi, calcis, vivi, atramenti, ●itrioli, auripigmenti fulginis, viride eris, et elebori albi et nigri, alumins, gallarum ann, ℥, s, argenti ●iui, ℥, i, cere, picis, olei nutum ann, lib, s, succi lapatij, succi fumeterre, succi scabiose, succi, boraginis ann, quart, i, buleantur cera et oleum cum succis usque ad consumptionem reliqua incorporentur, & fiat unguentum, diligenter. ¶ Also for falling baldness of ●●e hears/ & to cause the hear to breed in the car ●●iary of, M, Peter. R, succi calcidarum, ℥, i, pulvis ●●nguissugis combustarum, lacerci viridis, adusli ●●lu●ris talparum, apum combustarum solerium combu●●●ū, cetatum porci abustarum, viride eris ann, ℥, i, mel●s quod sufficit ad incorporandum, fiat unguentum/ ●robatum est.  

¶ The remedies for the face and parties thereof.  
first the gutta rosa is allowed unguentum citrinum of the commonalty of the antydotary. R, auxungie porci preperate libram, i, argenti vini, ℥, i, viride eris, ℥, s, pistendo in mortario, fiat unguentum, ¶ Secondly gommera is put to white the face/ which is of Rasis, R, cicerum fabarum, ordei mundati, amigdalarum excortitatorum, dragaganti ann, part, i, septem raphani part, s, fiat pulvis/ and temper it with milk and anoint the face by night/ and in the morning wash it with water and bran, ¶ Thirdly is put to it a water of france, R, litargiri calcinati, lib, i, masticis, ℥, ij, pistentur cum albumine ovorum, et ponantur in alem bico et fiat aqua/ it is right precious, ¶ Fourthly lac virgineum to purge & dry the vyrulent pimples, & spotty skins of the face is made thus, R. litargiri subtiliter puluerizati, ℥, iij, aceti albi optin lib, s, misceantur simul & admictantur residere et distillando cum pecia trianlanti filerim vel cum sacculo sussipiatur aqua/ deinde illa aqua misceatur cum aqua salis puluerizata, et lib. s, aqua plwialis vel fonranee/ et misceantur ambe aque & coagulabuntur ad modum lecti, & rub the place with it that is infect.   

¶ Helps for the diseases of the eyes.  
first take the water of. M. Peter of spain, that comforteth and cleareth the sight. R. feniculi, ruth, celidonie, berbene, eufrasie, clarete Ros, & aque eius ann, concassentur et temperentur per diem naturalem in vino albo/ deinde ponantur in alembico, et fiat aqua colirium album. ¶ Secondly take Colirium album for the pain of the eyes, made by Galyen. R. ceruse lote. ℥. i.sarcocole.ʒ.iij.agmidum, ʒ, ij, tragacanth, ʒ, i, apij, ʒ, s, puluerizentur omnia valde/ et cum aqua pluuiali mollientur sub tegulam et fiant parvi pillule/ and let them be steeped with woman's milk/ or with rose water, and be administered. Colirium de thutia. ¶ Thirdly is administered colirium de thutia/ made at Mountpyller in the end of optalmia, for it resolveth and drieth the moisture that cometh to the eyes. R. thurij preparate, lapdani calaminarun ann, ℥, s, gariofil. x. numero favi cum melle, ʒ, i, puluerizanda puluerizentur subtillissime, et ponantur in, ℥, ij, vini albi et aque Ros, quar, s, camphor, ℥, i, colentur subtillissime, et fiat colirium.   

¶ The powder of master arnold.  
¶ The fourth form is put by master arnold for to dry the tears/ and to rectyfy the redness. R, thutie preparate, ʒ, i, anthimon, ℥, s, margari●arū, ʒ, ij, florum coralli, rubium, ʒ, i, &, s, ceciri cru●● prorie de flostulo vermie minutim incisi ʒ, s, fiat pulvis subtillissimus et servetur in pixide erea. ¶ fifthly is put the powder of welcome, of mine own making for all spots of the eyes. R. zuca●i tandi, ℥, i, thutie preparate, ℥, s, puluerizentur, et cum aqua Ros, pestentur et in prelium spergantur et in versetur peluis super fimium, lini, aloes, & exsiccetur et puluerizetur subtillissime, & fiat pulvis et servetur in pixide erea, & ponatur in oculis cum s●ilo argenteo. ¶ Syxtely is put colirium for the redness and the tears/ and is made by Dinus. R. thutie preparate. ℥, i, aloe cicotrini, ℥, s, camphor, ʒ, i, aque Ros, s, lib, i, &, s, vini granatorum, lib, s, puluerizanda puluerizantur subtillissime, et misceantur cum aliis et calafiant sub carbones modica bullitione, coletur et servetur.   

¶ Helps for bleeding at the nose.  
FOr bleeding of the nose. ¶ When the flux of blood cometh in the nosethyrlles it is staunched in putting in to them tentis anointed with licio dissolved in water/ holding the nose thyrlles with your fingers till it be staunched/ & hold a sponge at his forehead bathed in strong vinegar. And also it helpeth to staunch the hinder parts. ¶ Also for popilipo master Peter de Bonaco alloweth a tent de radice achori tempered in oil of juniperio wherein scamony hath been dissolved.   

¶ Helps for the pains of the ears.  
THe pains of the ears are appeased by putting in them the milk of a woman/ as is aforesaid. ¶ The ulcers of the ears be cleansed with honey Ros, putting thereto a ointment made thus. R. rubiginem ferri et teream fortiter et pone eam in sartaginem cum aceto fortissimo/ et far oam bulire donec siccetur. Item distemperetur cum aceto et siccetur ad ignem/ postea iterum subtillissime pulueriza, et cum aceto coque donec recipiat spissitudinem mellis. And put of it in to the ears, for it healeth the old sores. Or else after master Peter. R. nitri cardomini decoquentur in succo r● the et colentur, and one drop be distilled in to the ear/ for it bringeth the rottenness outward/ and destroyeth the superflue proud flesh & healeth.   

¶ Helps for the pains of the teeth.  
THe dolour of the tooth ache is appeased with holding vinegar of the decoction of peletory, or herbam hearts tongue. The blackness is washed as was approved with this water. R. salis armoniaci, salis gem ann. quar.i.aluinss, quar, s ponantur in alembico et distillentur et fiat aque. ¶ The chauffynges and swellings of the gums are appeased with the water of chervil, plantain, ●●luine, or with this washing made of Dinus. R. ro●●●ū. ℥. i.lentium ann. quar.i.baulaustium quar. s. cōcas●entur et buliantur cum aqua & aceto/ fiat linimentum.   

¶ The third chapter is the remedies for diseases of the neck.  
THe neck hath divers diseases of the which some be here specified/ and first de bocium of 〈◊〉 neck. ¶ Bocium of the neck hath. ij forms/ ¶ The first is powder of master Dinus. R. se●●●●ulare. ℥. ij.ʒʒ. ℥. i.brionie, piretri, scrapini, ma●●●●l●e, oluiarun, salis gem, ossium, cepie, spongy ●●bustie ann. ʒ.ij. garioffilis piperis, cinamomi, 〈◊〉 ℥ i fiat pulvis in quo sit modicum de alumine. ¶ The second form is to emplaster the place with diaculum, or with a plaster of gootes dirt, or with a plaster of the phlegmatic apostemes.   

¶ The four chapter of the helps for the shuldre and parties thereof.  
FOr the pain of the shoulders there is an ointment meddled with martiacum & agrippa. For the gilbosite & bocement avicen alloweth 'em plastrum de acoro. R. acori, enule campane, sauine ann quar. i, bdellij quar. s. castorei.ʒ.i. coquantur in vino et eleo usque ad consumptionem vini, et de oleo cum cera fiat unquentum. ¶ Cyragra of the reins is cured as the phlegmatic apostemes/ but specially in it is plasters of mountpyller of red cawl wortꝭ sudden with lie of ashes bowked & knodden with a little vynygre.   

¶ The .v. chapter is of the helps of the breast and parts thereof.  
THe helps of the breasts are of two forms ¶ The fryste is potion resolving & wasting all the matter/ and height fundatorum. R. caude equine terrestris. M. i radicis osimandi quari. radicis draguntee quar. s. coquantur cum vino et melle/ and admynyster a goblerful when he goth to bed, and he shall sleep. ¶ The second form is another potion or drinks common to all inward sores, made by. G. R. centauree cesti nepiti gariofilate, pimpinelle, pilosselle, sumitate canateneritatum caulium tanatesti rubee, penthaphilon, aurum valens ann. coquantur in vino et melle, and be ministered as is said before. It causeth the rottenness to come out at the sore/ and cleanseth the venom that is in it/ but if it be vomited there is no hope of cure/ as the people saith.   

¶ The uj chapter is of the help of the belly and parties thereof.  
ANd first for the three days is allowed lana succida infusionis decoctionis cimini. Secondly pro offensionibꝰ is allowed the common potion of R. R. mummy, boliarmenice, terre sigillate ann. ℥ i fiat pulvis. And be administered. ʒ.i.cum. ℥. i.aque plantaginis. Thirdly the potions of the breast are allowed for to resolve the matter gathered within. Fourthly outward may be made plasters that be formed in the concussyons. In ydropesy it is good to provoke or stir the urine. Therefore by the doctrine of. G.M. Henry gryllettes black flesh ●lyes or cantarides/ & took away their wings & heads & brent them in flower and made a powder wherewith he administered at even a grain with wine, and caused so moche urine that many were healed. ¶ In the pains of the kidneys and of the bladder, I have sen administered lie of the ashes of bean steals/ which did merueyles in moving ●f ●ryne and cleansing the ways thereof, the ror●●nes, and gravel, and stirring the menstrues. ¶ remedies for the pain of the reins and the ●●adder. ¶ Rabymoyses for the ulcers of the kyd●eys and of the bladder approved water distilled 〈◊〉 ●●cane goats milk under this manner. R. peri●●●ini lactis picherios. ʒ.iij, iubebe, sebesten ann. ℥ i ●●armenici. ℥. s. quatuor seminum frigidorum mun ●●torum. ʒ. iij. seminis papaveris albi, citoniorū●●. ʒ.ijs, conquassantur, et distillando fiat aqua. And avicen granteth in diabete the water of the clear milk of a sheep/ but I have put to it herba caude equine, plantaginis, Ros. semen maluaviss ℥ i, alkangi & mection of milk with the colyres aforesaid & plasters & ruptures between nature is allowed.   

¶ The, seven. chapter of the helps of the loins and their parts.  
first the pain of the yard is appeased with crumbs of bread knodden with yolks of eggs with oil of poppy. The ulcers of the yard been washed with alum wat/ & emplaysterd with ointment of populeon/ & anointed with unguentum album/ or with oil of roses with the white of an egg & powder of brent lead, ceruse, & aloes. ¶ The swelling of the cods is suaged with a plaster of malowes & bean flower & comyne sudden in water. ¶ The rapture hath, iij, helps. The first is an electuary, R, conserve x ma. lib, s, conserve ro, quar, s, pulueris dragaganti frigidi, ℥, i, radicis valeriane, se nationis, bolearmenicise, nasturtij, lapdani, sanguinarun ann, ℥, ij, panis succari, lib, i, fiat electuarium cum aqua ferrata, ¶ The second is a plaster of sheeps hear of all the communaltees, R, picis navalis, colophony ann, ℥, ij, litargiri, armoniaci, opponaci, gabani, bdellij, mastic, serapini, terebinthine, sumar, x ma, & mi, ann, ℥, i, visciquerci, ematistez, thu●, gipsi, myrrh, aloen, mummy, boliarmenici, sanguis dra, aristo, vermium trestrium, ann, ℥, s, sanguis humant ℥. ij.conficiantur cum pellis arietina cocta aqua plu●ialivsque ad dissolutionem et fiat emplastrum. ¶ The third form is of. B. & myself. R. nucis cipretum acassie, gallarum, baulastiarum ann. ʒ.u.mir, sarcocole, thur, gummi ara. an.ʒ.iij. fiat pulvis subtillissimus et pastetur cum aceto, et fiat emplastrum/ for it is proved in hemorrhoids to suage the dolour with suffumigation of the decoction of moleyn, camomile, millelote/ & inwardly put flies bathed in ointment made with buter stirred in a mortar of lead till they be drowned/ if the pain be to great ointment of Alexandre prove by me should be good, which is. R. mir, croci thur, licij, ann, ꝑt, i, apij, ꝑt, ij, terantur & conficiantur cum mustilagine, psillij● & vitello oui/ & outward. R. praiseth this plaster. R. camomille, melleloti ann quart i conquassentur do●ec dissoluantur vitellorum ovorum elizatorum quar. s. farine fenugreci, seins lini, ra●●●●s altee ann. ℥, i, croce, myrrh, aloen, ann, ʒ, ij, et, s, ●ntiri ꝙ sufficit fiat emplastrum.   

¶ The vi●. chapter 〈◊〉 of the helps of the thighs, legs, and feet.  
FOr the neither lym●es be divers helps. The first is for to dry, let the thighs, legs, & feet ●e bathed & fomented with water of the see or water salted with the decoction of ebulorum, sambutij, tribulorum ann, 〈◊〉 ij. calamenti, origani, abscinthij, persicaria ann, ●art ●i. And lay upon the swelling this plaster. R. 〈◊〉 furis ꝑt, i, farine fabarum ꝑt, i, stercorum columbini ●●●t, ●, puluerizentur, & cum aceto decoctionis affro●●●orum et succo caulium super ignem. Probatum est.  
¶ Imprinted by me Robert wire/ for Henry Dabbe/ and richard banks. Cum privilegio rega●i ad imprimendum solum per septienn ium annum.    

¶ The fourth book of the Terapen●yke or Method curative of claud Galyen Prince of medicines/ wherein is singularly treated the cure of wounds and sores.  
Translated by me Robert Coplande. Anno. M. CCCCC. ulii. the iiii, day of February.  

¶ Philiatros the translator in to French to the Reader greeting.  
Friend & diligent reder, Quintylian in his first book of the Oratory institution reciteth how Philosophy and eloquence are conjoined by nature, and unyed together by office and action. Nevertheless the study of philosophy and eloquence have been separate one from the other, such wise that the negligence of men hath made that they seem to be sundry acts, and divers sciences. And he yieldeth the reason wherefore. For sith that the tongue & eloquence hath begun to give it to the practic. I say lucrative exercytatyon, & that men have abused the goodness and graces of eloquence, they have forsaken and all holly left the cure of virtues. And good manners, which is the very philosophy the which of very proper n●●●●e ought to be coniuncte with eloquence, in following the sentence of Quintylian. I say likewise that the parties of the art of medicine (that is to wit dyetityke, pharmaceutyke, and chirurgery) been such wise cowpled 〈◊〉 connexed together that in nowise they can not be separated one fro the other without the damage and great detriment of all the medicynall profession. For the one is helped, made perfit, and consumed by the other. In such wise that the one ●●lteth, and stumbleth without the other. How be 〈◊〉 now a days I wot not if it be by negligence, or because of the lucratyfe practise, whereto the most part of Physicyens do study more than to the Theoryke, which is none other thing but the perfit and entire knowledge of diseases and tem●ere●s of mankind bodies, with the faculties & ●●●tues of the medicines, whereof the indycatyon ●●●●atyfe is taken) the said parties of physic is ●●parated. Of the which the first is abiden with ●●e● that the vulgar people call Physyci●ns. The ●●●nde with the apotycaries, whereof they have ye●●●me of pharmacopoles. And the iii to the Cy●●rgyens. So that the physycien (now) trusteth ●●all or almost to the apotycaries in the knowledge of simple medycyns the which are so necessary that they can not well compose, nor well use the medicaments sometime composed without the same. And as touching the chirurgery (which is but a manual occupatyon) the physytions esteem it a thing to vile and unworthy of their profession. And not only the said manual occupation the which Hipocrates and Galyen have not shamed to treat of and to exercise, but also the Method to cure the ulcers and tumoures against nature, hath been left by them in such manner that the barber's and Cyrurgyens in these days are more ●tudyous than many physytions. Which is the cause wherefore I have traducte out of latin in to french this fourth book of the method of Galen moved of the great and ardent desire that I have known among the said Cyrurgiens' to have knowledge of some things. Wherein I would desire gladly the greekish tongue or the latin, because of the great pain taking in the translation, and also because that every tongue hath his property in such wise that many things can not be swooned in the french speech, so well as they be written in the Greek or Latyn, praying the good reader take this my present writing in worth.   

¶ Here beginneth the four book of the therapeutic, of claud Galyen prince of physic.  
VUe have said that there is a kind of disease, that is called solution of contynuyte, which cometh in to all parties of the body of mankind. Howbeit it hath not one name in them al. For solutyon of contynuyte in the fleshy part is called ulcer, in the bone, fracture. The greeks call it catagma. In the sinew, convulsion, the greeks call it, spasma. There be other kinds of solutions of continuity, that the greeks call Apospasma, rhegma, and thlasma. That is to wite thlasma in the ligament, Apospasma, and rhegma in the vessels and muscles, because of any violent stroke or grievous fall, or any other great motion. ¶ The solution of contynuyte called ecchymosis in greek cometh most often with concussyon and ruption. Sometime solution of contynuyte cometh by opera●yon of the oryfices o● the vessels, in greek named Anostomosis. Also 〈◊〉 cometh because that the greeks call it dyapede●●s. Other solutions of con●ynuyte happeneth of e●oysion in greek called Anabrosis. But it is a dysposytyon already meddled and composed with an other kind of disease that consisteth in the quan●●te of the parties, as before hath been showed, 〈◊〉 we have spoken of hollow ulcers which ●●●●ede of two causes, that is to weet of excysyon ●●d of eroysion. It is notorious in what man●r ●●cysion cometh. if eroysion abound inwardly ●●●s caused of catochimie. if outwardly it is done ●●●her by strong medicine or by fire. It behoveth ●hen as before is said to take heed diligently and dysc●rne the simple diseases fro the compound. For to a simple disease a simple healing is due, And ●o a composed disease a healing unsymple. Also we have said before what Method must be kept for to heal the composed diseases. Howbeit it is not enough to know the generality of the said Method/ but behoveth to be exercyced in all the parties thereof, saying that in the same is need (by manner of speaking) of sundry particular methods, because that every kind of disease hath his own Method. Than that which resteth of of the curatyon of ulcers must be performed in this book, taking the beginning here. ¶ Every ulcer is either simple and alone without other dysposytyon or affection beginning with it, or precedent, or suusegement, or it is with some other disposition, or divers/ whereof some have not all only excited the said ulcer, but have augmented it. The other are without the which the said ulcer may not be cured/ & of them have we treated here before. ¶ We shall treat in this present book the dispositions which augmenteth the ulcer/ in the which lieth double council of curation/ that is to wite, either to take the said dispositions all holly out of the body/ or to surmount the incommodity that aboundeth 〈◊〉. The which thing may be easily done/ if the disposition be little. But if it be great the ulcer may not come to cicatrice until that remedy be put to the said disposition, whereby we must diligently consider what the said affections and dispositions be/ and how many in number, in taking our beginning as is aforesaid. ¶ Every ulcer is be it alone or with hollowness requireth and demandeth that the flesh subject be natural/ and that there be nothing between the lips and extremities that ought to be conglutynate/ which oftentimes happeneth, so that hear, a spider thread, matter, oil, or such like thing letteth the knitting. And those things are as symptoms and accidents of the said ulcers/ which if they be present may hinder and let the curation, if they be not, they let not/ but the disposition of the flesh subject is cause of that which followeth. For with the same flesh/ and by the same the lips that were asunder are closed and the hollowness filled. It behooveth than that the said flesh be kindly, because that these two things may well & commodyously 〈◊〉 made perfit. Than shall it be kindly if it keep itself temperately/ the which thing is common to all other parties. Whereby it behoveth that the flesh subject be wholly temperate/ aswell to close ●he viceres as to fill them with flesh/ but is it ●●oughe of that? Must not the blood that gathe●●●h to it be good also? and moderate in quantity? 〈◊〉 seemeth thi● to be true/ for it lacketh as much ●●t the corrupt blood be as wholesome for the clo●●sge, and as to fulfil the flesh/ as sometime it ●●keth erosion and exulcere the body. And if it be 〈◊〉 abundant in quantity it engendereth exertment in the sores/ and as is aforesaid letteth and hindereth the curation. ¶ And also there be three manners of ulcers difficile for to be healed. The first manner aboundeth by the untemperance of the flesh subject. The second by the vice and ill quality of the blood gathering to it. The third for the over great measure and quantity of the said blood. Ought not the division to be made thus? or otherwise/ that is to wite the cause wherefore some ulcers are stubborn and defycyle to be healed is for the mystemperaunce of the flesh ulcerate, or for the gathering of humours ¶ Yet again, the mystempered flesh ought to be devised in two differences. The first is when the subject flesh is out of nature in an only quality. The second is when with the evil quality it hath tumour against nature. ¶ The flowing of humours is divided in two differences, that is to wite in the quality of gathering the humours, & in the quantity. Sometime divers of the said dysposytyons are meddled together, and sometime all. But the Method for to cure them all together ought not to be given but each one by itself. As if the intemperance of the flesh be dry & filthy moderate it with bathing, and witting in temperate water. But at all and as many times that this remedy shallbe used, the end of the bathing and witting shallbe forth with that the particle becometh ruddy and rise in a lump. Than seize that bathing & moisting. For if ye bathe it any more ye shall close the humour again that was loosed out, And so ye shall profit nothing. Like wise the moisting faculty of medicines ought to be greater than it is commanded in hole party if the flesh be more moist, than natural habytude. Ye must have regard to the contrary, for the faculty of medicines ought to be desyceatyfe, and in no wise to use any water. But if ye must wash the sore take wine or posca, that is to say oxycraton, or the decoction of some sharp herb. Likewise ye shall cool the pride of the flesh that is to hot, and heat that which is to cold. ¶ Ye shall know such untemperaunces partly by the colour, and partly by touching, and partly by feeling the diseased. For sometime they feal great heat in the party, sometime manifest coldness, & delight them in hot or cold medicines. And sometime appeareth redness, and sometime whiteness. But it is an impertynent thing to this work to dystynke these things. In the which work we show not the Method to know the affections, ●ut for to heal them. In such wise that by one consequence of words, we be come unto the said Method to know the affections. Return we ●han to our purpose. ¶ If any parties are ulcerate with swelling against kind, first the swel●ynge must be cured, What ought to be the cura●yon of all swelling we shall say hereafter● Presently we shall treat of which is convict and common to the curatyons of unkind humours or swellings with the ulcers. if the lips of the ulcers are dyscoloured only, or somewhat hardened, they must be cut unto hole flesh. But when such disposition or affection hath to proceed further/ there must be had delyberation, to know if all the party dyscoloured and hardened unkindly aught to be cut, or if it ought to be cured by long space of time. And without any doubt in such case it is necessary to know the patients will. For some had liefer to be long in healing than to suffer incision. And other are ready to endure all things/ so that they may be soon healed. ¶ Likewise here shall be spoken of the curation of evil humours that gathereth in the parts of the sore places, in as moche, and because that it is an humour gnawing about succorosyfe. But in as much as it is a wicked humour or over increasing in quantity/ the curing thereof shall be spoken of in his own place. ¶ Than when the humours that gathereth in the ulcerate parties is not very far of, nor in quantity, nor quality, it behoveth to dyvert & drive away, that is in restreyning and to cool the heat of the parties that are before the sore place. Like manner ye must begin the ligature at the ulcerate party, in leading it toward the hole party/ as Hippocrates willeth in the fractour of bones. Also that the salves that are laid to the said ulcers must be more undryeng than they that are laid to a single sore. And if the flux or running will not stop with salves, seek the cause of the said fluxion, and take it first away. If the fluxion come by weakness and feebleness of the party that receiveth it, the said weakness must be cured. And such curation also shall be proper for the ulcerate party. But if cause of the said fluxion abound either by over much blood, or filthiness of all the body, or of any of the superior parties, ye must first delay the said causes. The weakness of the party for the which gathereth to much humour aboundeth holly of the intemperancy. And not all together of intemperancy/ whereof followeth that the ulcerate flesh is only intemperate/ & not weak and feeble. And sometime chanceth both the one and other, that is, both untemperate and weak. For the great untemperance is cause of the weakness of pained party. The which untemperauncy shall be cured (as it is beforesaid) in cooling the heat, moisting the dryth, warming the cold, & drying the moist. And if the place be to cold and moist together/ in warming and drying also together. And so of the other untemperaunces in doing away ever the quality that surmounteth by his contrary quality. The reason is/ every thing that behaveth it well, & is according to nature/ not only in quick things, or plants, but also in all other things, 〈◊〉 moderate (which the Greeks call symmetron) and without excess of all vicious humours. For ●he thing wherfro nothing can be taken, nor put ●o it, neither any party, nor any quality, it is all parfytely moderate. Contraryly, the thing that must be taken fro, or somewhat put to it, is not in a natural estate, whereto is not possible to return, but in doing away the excess, and putting to it that it lacketh. ¶ In an other place we shall speak of the over moche or lack of the parties/ but when any quality is over excessive, it is needful that the other quality contrary be overcome. And that the corruption untemperauncy be delayed, in restoring the said quality that was overcome. For in cooling that which was to hot, thou shalt restore that which lacketh/ and dymynysshe that which was to much abundant. Thus it is necessary that the enracyon of the things that are put far fro their natural beynges, by some in temperacy be made by things of contrary vertne. And thus the flesh/ or any party thereof wherein is fluxion because of weakness, aught to be cured in this manner. And when the intemperauncy is cured, heal the ulcer. Curing the temperauncy as if it had come without ulcer. By the which thing it is manifest that all such curation is not proper to ulcer, but to intemperacy. Likewise if any corrupt fluxion happen in the ulcerate parties/ as well by the occasion of any particle as of all the body whereto the blood or any ill humours do gather. first remedy must be had, either to the party that is cause of the fluxion, or also to all the body. Thus than we shall heal first the varyces that are often over the sore place/ because that anon after we may heal the sore. Likewise in them that have disease in the milt, or of any other notable party. first it behoveth to cure the said party/ and than after we shall come to the curation of the sore or ulcer/ howbeit none of the curations thereof is not proper unto an ulcer, but to some other affection and disposition, either that engendereth ulcer, or that nourisheth & conserveth it. ¶ Now it is time to make an end that no strange cause (or as it is now said) the first judicial is iudycatryce of curation, but the curative judicial affection & disease. But the things that ought to be done particularly are found, either that the first judicial showeth either of the nature of the sore party, or of the temperance of the air/ and of other like things. For to speak briefly no indication may be taken of things that be not yet permanent. But in as much as for to know a disease that is not evident by reason nor by wit, we are often constrained to inquire of the extern and prymityfe cause. For this occasion the vulgar meaneth that the said primitive cause is indycatyfe of curation, the which is all other. As it appeareth clearly that may well & perfectly be known. For if ecchymosis, or ulcer, or erisipclas, or putryfaction, or phlegmone be in any part, it a superflue thing to inquire the efficient cause of such diseases, but if it be yet present and remaining. ●or in this matter we will heal that which is done all ready/ and should prohibit the efficient cause to proceed any further. And if the said efficient cause which hath produced the effect thereof hath no longer being, we shall do away the said effect. For to do away the cause that is no more/ it should not be possible for us, when we would do it away, because that the curation appertaineth to the thing present, as providence to the thing to come/ but that which we fear not that it may hurt neither for the present nor for the coming is out of both the offices of the art, that is to wit, of curation and of providence. Wherefore in such a thing ought to be no searching of any judicial, neither to cure nor to purvey, but (as said is) the knowledge of the primitive and extern cause only utile in the diseases to us unknown. Nevertheless the Empirykes take sometime the primitive cause as party of all the course of the disease (that is called in Greek syndrome) wherein they have observed and experymented the curation/ as in them that have been hurt with a mad dog, or venomous beasts. Thus doth also some Dogmatystes/ which do affirm to heal such diseases by experience only without rational indition/ for they inquire the cause primitive as party of all the syndrome, and universal course. But the primitive cause serveth nothing to the indition of curing, although it be utile to the knowledge of the disease, to them that have known the nature of venomous beasts by use and experience, and thereof taketh curative indition. For put the case that I know that the venom of a scorpion be of a cold nature. And for that cause as of a cold thing that I take indication of the remedy, howbeit the case is such that I have no sign whereby I do understand that the body is hurt of a scorpion. It is manifest if that I know that the said body is hurt with a scorpion that I would enforce me to warm all the body/ and also the party stinged without abiding for any other experience in taking mine indition of the nature of the thing. For like as we have showed in the book of medicaments/ wherein it behoveth to be exercyted who soever will take any fruit of these present commentaries. No such faculty can be found with out experience. soothly it should be a gift of fely ●yte so that any having the sight of Litargiri, of Castoreum, or Cantiride forthwith to understand their virtues. But likewise as in all things is committed error, as well by excess, as by lack, so is it presently. For if they that affirm that the virtues of medicamentes is not yet known/ & that after so great experience. And the other that esteem the said virtues to be known by one experience ●lone, do gainsay each other. For the first speak ●●er lightly and to imprudently, if it be imprudence to affirm a thing impossible, and the other are all together stupydes, sturdy, & lytygious. But for this present time we will say no more, because I have spoken more plainly in the third book of temperaments/ and also in the book of medicaments. Nevertheless for knowledge of the diseases some primitive causes are profitable/ but after that the present disease is all together known/ than the cause primitive is totally unutyle. ¶ Now have we abovesaid/ that it behoveth not to meddle and confound both the doctrines together/ but the emperyke ought to treat by itself/ & the rational also by itself. We must now call to mind (because we have preposed in these present commentaries) to treat all only the doctrine rational. Albeit that to some things that we say we do not add that them all and absolutely be not true, but only after the sentence of the Methodyke sect/ howbeit every one of himself ought to reason it, and for to add it. And at this present time we have added that any cause extern and primitive is profitable to the indication curative/ albeit that it serveth well to the knowledge of the disease. And we confess that the cause primitive is a party of the syndrome, and of all the emperykes course is that they cure all diseases, by reason or by experience. But in all that we will say hereafter it shall not be necessary to add such words. ¶ Than let us return to our first purpose in taking the principle certain and undowbtfull/ whereof also we have used heretofore/ there as we have said that the disease that requireth to be cured judgeth the end whereunto the Cyrurgien ought to intend/ and of the same all other indications been taken/ whereby ye may understand principally of the ulcers, whereof we have begun to speak, that the said indication hath no manner of society with the cause primitive. For put we the case that any ulcer be come of a fluxion in any party than it is manifest that the said ulcer proceedeth of corrupt humours/ for nature is wont for to do so in diseases/ when she purgeth the body she sendeth all the corruption to the skin/ in such a manner that the said skin is ulcerate/ & all the body purged. ¶ What is than the curation of such ulcers? Certainly as of other ulcers wherein no corrupt affection or disposition (that the Greeks call Cacoctes) is adjoined. And if it be so, it is evident that none indication is taken of the cause that hath excited and made the ulcer. But if the vicious humour remained some indication might be taken of the said cause/ or otherwise it should be a deaf thing that that thing which is no more being should require curation Or if any thing judged and showed curation/ where there no manner of ●●de. Wherefore it is a strange thing/ & all ho●e against reason to say that the indication cura●●fe ought to be taken of the cause extern & prymy●yfe. And for because that the said indication 〈◊〉 not taken of the same cause/ it is evident that 〈◊〉 ought to be taken of the cause that is present. ¶ But what is such indication fyna●y? Certainly who that should well and pr●prely speak/ it is ●hat thing that belongeth to providence, who so would be abused with the vocable. The greeks call it Prophylactice. For the curation of ulcers either being only single ulcers, or being with hollowness (if ye esteem and consider diligently) is perfit in eschewing and foreseeing the things that may annoy nature. And the sum in effect when all is done, it is the work of nature, as is closing of a sore ulcer/ and regeneration of flesh. In the which things belongeth all the cure to that part of the art medycynall/ that is called Prophylactyce in Greek/ that is to say providence/ although that vulgaryly it height, healing. ¶ And therefore this party that is named providence is divided in to two kinds. The first is it that doth a way the disease that is present. And the other with standeth the disease that is not yet in estate. Thus the young leeches understand not that their contention and dysputynges is of names. Howbeit that if they were studious of things/ they should invent and know that there be two first differences of the functions and actions of medicine. That is to wite, either to cure & heal the diseases all ready grievous/ or to let and withstand them that are not yet present. ¶ Than is there no man but he will say that to cure and to heal is none other thing/ but to do away the diseases all ready present and grievous/ be it but that is done in doing away the things that do let the work of nature, or by medicaments. But providence is none other thing but to let that the said diseases come not. And certainly they that by reason & Method admynyster the art of medicine do cure the ulcers that come afore of corrupt humours/ in purging the said humours/ and also in doing away the things that letteth the work of nature. And properly to say these two manners of curing are called Prophilactykes in Greek. For they let (as is aforesaid) that the filthiness engendereth not at the sore/ or over moche moist corruption. It behoveth not than thus miserably to strive of the names. But rather it is more convenient to give some good Method to cure the ulcers, such as I have given (after my judgement) as well in the book precedent as in this. But I marvel me much of the ●ole hardiness of Thessalus writing so of the curation of ulcers, that is named Cacocthe that is to say wicked. ¶ The cōmuny●●es of ulcers that last long time that are uncurable/ or that return after the cicatrice induct been very necessary, in likewise as in ulcers that may not grow together and be closed. It must be esteemed what is the cause that letteth and pro●●●yteth the said cleaving, or growing together/ 〈◊〉 which cause ought to be done away. But in ●hem that renew the cicatrice induct/ it behoveth ●o keep the said cicatrice, that is to wit in strength 〈◊〉 comforting the suffering member/ or all the ●ody in common/ and in ordering it that it endure ●at lightly, by the remedies appropryate thereto. ¶ And after that Thessalus hath proposed such words in the beginning of his book of Cyrur●ery, he writeth afterward more plainly of this matter, in this wise. The ulcers that endure long, & that may not be healed, or that renew and come again after the cicatrice, give such indications. That is to wit/ in them come not to cicatrice, it behoveth the lettyngꝭ of the unyon and coalescence/ and renew the ulcerate place. And after that ye have made it like unto a fresh wound/ it must be healed again as a bleeding ulcer. And if the said cure profit in nothing, ye ought to mitigate thynflammation/ and make all other diligence. But the ulcers that come to closing and open again in the acts and outward sores/ ye aught to heal them, like unto them where there is fresh brenning. And afterward ye ought to lay upon the said ulcers a plaster made of mytygant things, until that the ire and fierceness be abated. After this done ye ought to help to dress the cicatrice. And than that ye make the parties about it wax read/ in wrapping it about with a malagme (that is to wit a salve malactyke) the which is made of Mustard/ or with some other medicament that may change the said parties, and make them to be the less subject to disease. And if they cease not in this manner/ ye aught to have cure of all the body/ in strengthing it with divers exercitations, iestynges, and vociferations, in committing them that keep him to such things. Also by manner of living, dymynuing, or augmenting by degrees/ in beginning at vomiting made by Rayfortz. Ye shall also use white Hellebore, and all other things, whereof we use in diseases and difficile to do away that are subject to reason and manner of living/ behold here the saying of Thessalus. ¶ Now we must esteem the stupydyte or audacity of the man. I say the stupidite if he think to say well/ and the boldness if he fool himself culpable to say nothing. And by this means hopeth to abuse and deceive the readers. But tell me Thessalus/ what is the indication curative taken of old sores? In good sooth I never found curation that was indicate and showed of the old ulcers, nor of new, nor also of the time in what disease that it be/ but of the affection & disposition that I have purposed to heal. For totally if we regard time/ as if the indication cura●●fe were taken of it, the second day we should give all other indication than the third. And likewise to give the four day another, than the .v. and so of the uj and all other days following. And by ●he mean we shall no more consider the diseases that we cure. And the indication shall no more be ●●ken of them/ whereby we could never think a ●●●aunger reason. How than are the communytees 〈◊〉 ulcers necessary that endure a great while, se●●g that the time of itself can indicate in nothyn●●● For when one ulcer is with erosyon, that cō●eth of evil humours/ we shall not take for that ●he months after another indication, but that which we have taken at the very beginning, and for a troth I will not parmit that such an ulcer should abide long time/ but at the first I would take the cause thereof away. For it is leeful the moste often to knowledge the disease at the beginning, and it is necessary that the indication be taken of the said disease. But I can not conject what may show and ensign the time more than the number of days, but that Thessalus will say that to have knowledge of such ulcers/ we must tarry the time/ but in such a manner he should be an ydyot all together. That is to wit, if he confess openly that of other thing the indication curative is taken/ and of other the knowledge of the disease. For although that the time serveth somewhat to that disease/ nevertheless the indication curative is not taken of the time. But whereof serveth it if any ulcer be inveterate, to do away that which letteth the coition and coalescence, and to renew the place that is pained? For a man inept if by a filthy fluxion (that the Greeks call cacoethe) the lips are disposed in such or such manner/ what shalt thou profit if thou cut it before thou hast provided to stop the fluxion? That is to wite/ thou shalt make the ulcer wider than it is/ as some do that cure ulcers in the same manner/ because that as long as the cause lasteth that before made the ulcers hard and flinty. Other thing shall not come of thexcision of the said ulcers but amplyfycation. For them that thou cuttest shall be again as hard and stony as they were before, albeit that the prudent and wise Thessalus (God knoweth) hath not added this word, that is to wit, that the party of the ulcer that is stony and hard & uncoloured aught to be cut, but commandeth by absolute sentence and diffynytife, that we ought to cut that which letteth the closing of the ulcer, and renew it, if he counciled to do away the causes that let and hinder the agglutination. And that this reason and manner were antyke I would not excuse him. For it is a precept and commandment almost of all the ancient masters/ which have written by any reason and Method of the cure of ulcers that it behoveth to do away the efficient causes of the said ulcers, like as of all other sores, ●or to say that in ulcers the cause efficient must 〈◊〉 first done away, & not in other diseases, it were of no purpose. But totally in all diseases wherein the efficient cause remaineth still, it behoveth to begin the curation at the same cause. And if the ●ayd Thessalus hath left to tell all the causes that let the coition and conglutination, & that he hath only spoken of the labyes (as he hath showed afterwards) it appeareth that he ignoreth, more than 〈◊〉 knoweth not what belongeth to the curation 〈◊〉 ulcers. For it is possible that the same cause 〈◊〉 alone, wherefore the ulcer may not be cured, as 〈◊〉 said the intemperancy that is in the ulcerate ●●●tyes, without any tumour against nature may 〈◊〉 the cause. It is also possible that the said intemperancy be conjunctly with tumour, the which notwithstanding requireth not all together that the labyes should be cut. It may so be that varix/ that is to say a swollen vain that is above it may be the cause, or that the milt is augmented, or some disease of the liver, or the weakness of the party grieved, the which is none other thing but a clear and notable untemperateness, or evil and vicious humour in all the body that the Greeks call Cacochynne. The which is the greatest cause of all them that may unproffyte and annoy in the ulcers. As much also may grieve the ulcers the superhaboundaunce of humours equal to the same that the Greeks call Phethora. ¶ If Thessalus command to do away every of these causes above said, I allow him, as he that consenteth and is conformed to the auncyentꝭ. But also if he be not of the opinion that only the labyes should be done away, I say that of many things he hath known one alone, which is so evident that the shepherds are not ignorant thereof. For if a shepherd saw the labies of a sore, hard, flinty, wan, and black, or of any other notable vice of colour, he would have no doubt for to cut it. Than for to cut is a ready and easy thing/ but for to heal by medicaments is a greater thing/ & that requireth workmanship. Nevertheless Thessalus never knew what the labyes are that may be softened by medicamentꝭ. For all confess that he hath swerved from this party of the art. And thus (as himself showeth) it seemeth that he had never experience nor rational science of any medicamentꝭ, which is a manifest thing of the book that he hath made of medicaments. ¶ But to the process of this work we shall treat of the passages whic● he hath not written well.  
ANd now we will dispose us with delyberation to speak of the curation of inveterate ulcers, the which he hath treated in saying aforesaid. Certainly it had been better to have called them Cacoethe, that is to say wicked, and not inneterate, and than declare their nature, and expos● the cause of their generation, and curation of each of them. That is to wit, first the common cu●acion of all ulcers, in asmuch as they be ulcers, ●●e which I have written in the third book next ●fter the particular and proper curation of each of them, after the kind of the efficient cause, as I have taught in this present book. And howbeit ●●at Thessalus hath done nothing of all these ●●●nges, yet he esteemeth that the ulcerate place must ●●●●●ewed. Than when that it is made as a fresh ●●●●nde, to heal it as a bloody & raw ulcer, what 〈◊〉/ if he be exercised in the works of the art 〈◊〉 understandeth not evidently that such do●●● hath been written by him that never healed 〈◊〉 Is it possible that any may heal a inue●●●●e ulcer as it that is cruent and full of blood, 〈◊〉 that he hath made it like a fresh wound? shall 〈◊〉 in drawing the labyes of the ulcer together by rolls, or joining them by stitches, or sooner neither by the one nor the other/ but by medicament apt and convenable in ulcers cruent & bloody with ligature? What is he that knoweth not that an ulcer Cacoethes is caved, seeing that it is made by erosyon? Is it possible than (O fool and imprudent Thessalus) that an ulcer caved may grow together and be agglutynate before that the cavyte be replete with flesh? Is not that to cure an ulcer as a green wound? Than hast thou written in vain/ that the indication to cure caved ulcers is not closing, but filling. And howbeit that every ulcer Cacoethes and wicked were not caved of itself and of the own nature/ nevertheless when it is made as cruent in cutting the labyes (as thou commandest) necessarily it is made caved/ and acquireth right great distance of labyes/ in such manner that I can not see how thou mayst conglutyve it and make close as that which is cruent. For if thou assay to approach them by force and violence, the labyes that are far asunder, is of necessity that there come a phlegmon/ and also the said labyes may not meet and close together, which as me seemeth is only to be under stand of Thessalus. Than afterward he addeth these words/ if the ulcers be not bound that thou mitigate the phlegmon. For it is necessary that they be not vynculate/ but because that the same also be given to Thessalus, and that we pass over without so curious examination. It is evident to every one that he followeth not the community that himself hath given. For if we take the which lets we shall take no more any thing of the community of inveterate ulcers, in asmuch as they be such. notwithstanding this, put we the case that it be so, and let us see what followeth. Thessalus writeth in this manner. ¶ The ulcers that come to cicatrice, and open again shall be healed in the acceys and ulceration/ in such manner as they that lately have be vexed & grieved by phlegmon. Than after he saith/ ye must cause readnes to come to the parties that are about it by a plaster, that is to say revollytyfe, which is made of mustard sede. What sayest thou made fool? if the fluxion be bitter and hot, must the party be made read with mustard seed? In such wise that that which the said party ought to have of the fluxion ●t shall obtain forthwith by thy salve? That is, ●hat it be all ulcerate and read. For the auncyen●●● made the weykenesses of the parties that was ●●me of cold, or abundance of humour without manifest heat in making read them. But thou 〈◊〉 rubrification in all sores. first without ma●●●● any difference, if the ulcer be not cured ey●●● by the weakness of the party, or by the ma●●● of the fluxion, & than thou turnest the order. 〈◊〉 after that thou hast brent the party by mustar●●●●●, and hast proffyted in nothing, than thou 〈◊〉 to the curation of all the body. Howbeit ●●●t after my judgement, all the countries be ordained and stablished in such things, as well by reason as by experience. That is to wite that all the body be first emptied of supfluytees, or that any dare admynyster any bitter or hot medytament to the party. For all those medicaments draw unto them from all the body like unto the cucurbitule, that is to say ventose or boxing. And thus if thou do not empty first all the body thou shalt leave matter of fluxion to the bitter medicament/ which thing the emperyke confess/ and so do the dogmatistes, & the most ancient doctors have esteemed it so. For in as much as Thessalus hath made mention of them, it shall be no strange thing to city and allege them as witnesses. That is not lawful to heal the eye well before all the rest of the head, nor the head before all the body. Such was the sentence of Arystotyll & Plato in the curation of diseases. Likewise of Hypocrates, Dyocles, Praxagoras, and Plistonicus/ but Thessalus alone gaynsayth this opinion/ and cometh first to the composition of mustard/ and than he hath sollycytude of all the body/ without showing any thing wisely. For as if it were leeful after to have once purged all the body/ forthwith to feed it with wholesome and good meats, of vociferations, and exercitations, and of iestynges/ and of the manner of change of living/ by certain circuits and acts. Than of the vomits made by Rayffortz/ and for sum and conclusion he hath ordained the elebora. It is himself that hath promised to heal all diseases easily, but I can not understand how that any hath so well healed, either in more longer space of time, or by more unprofitable labour. ¶ Now than like as we have seen by usage and experience/ put we the case that there be any to whom it behoveth to cure an ulcer malygne and Cacoethes/ put we the case also that there is any other that is in health/ but because he hath scratched himself in any party, as on the arm, and suddenly is risen a blister or pustule. Than within a while after there cometh an itch to the party/ and after the pustule is broken there cometh an ulcer dyscoloured with fre●yng unegally/ and that such things is come in. iiii. days fro the beginning. To this purpose let the master Thessalyen answer me/ in what ma●●r it behoveth to heal such an ulcer. I call it ●ntyerly malygne & cacoethes. And therefore forth ●●th I will consider what is the disposition and ●●fe●●ion of all the body. For I will invent of what ●●●de the humour superflue shall be; as well by the symptoms of the ulcer/ as by the signs of all the 〈◊〉. Than forthwith I will purge the said su●●●●●e humour/ without tarrying that all the elbow of y●●●●ent get any disease/ stubborn & wayward to ●●●●yon. But the sectatours of Thessalus/ that 〈◊〉 wit they that observe his preceptis will tarry 〈◊〉 ulcer be old, because it may return to 〈◊〉 wondrous, and marvelous community of in●●●●rate ulcers, as if it were not much better to show the community of contumace & wayward ulcers/ the which would indyke the curation, and not of the inveterate ulcers. afterward the said Thessalyens would do one of both/ either they would cut the ulcer and make it as it were fresh, and approach the parties as for to knit them, or else they would first use of the salve that is made of mustard. And all that profit not, they will have their refuge to vociferations, & gestations, and other exercitations, and to the manner of living that changeth by circuits/ and after they will move vomiting by rayffert/ and if the ulcer be not cured by such things they minister hellebore called veratran in latin. And if the hellebore serve of nothing/ they send the patient in to Lybie for the change of air, undoubtedly Thessalus ought to add this word. After this excellent and singular curation of froward and rebel ulcers. For of troth the Thessalyens stay in vociferations, gestacy●ns, & other like things, as if they should cover the evil habytude of the body (which the Greeks call Cachexte) and not the vice of the humour (that the Greeks call cacochymy) Is it not marvel if they confess not to know the ulcer Cacoethes as soon as it is made/ and that they tarry till it be old? And that often they use cyca●ryce/ and open many times or they understand what to do? saying also that they council them that have the fevers in what manner soever it be/ to pass the excess that ought to come the third day or no? God knoweth how they have well and perfectly known the contemplation of the Cryse, and in what manner they may fore ●e the great increasing of the sore. What cometh thereof most often? Of a certainty it cometh that the pacyentis abideth in their beds/ and consume through their default/ which might have been healed the second day. Of a truth not once, or twice, or thrice alonely, but uj C. times have we washed many febricitans incontinent after the first acts, which we have seen done by our preceptours and masters. And consequently have permitted them to live without fear in their manner accustomed, as they that should no more have the fever, whom wise Thessalus that hath exigited the first diet, that is to wit not to eat in three days should ha●e dried up and consumed in making them starve for hunger in three days long. Than as I conject he would feed them a little on the fourth day/ and ●o nourish them by little and little/ in such wise th●t the uj or vij day they should scantly be able to 〈◊〉 about their customable business, they that ne●●● had the fever but once only. Of troth he con●●med his patients always in their diseases/ the ●●●iche right easily might have been helped. For 〈◊〉 so were that the ulcer began to swell at the be●●●nyng, it might have been helped in few days, ●hessalus would suffer it to run a year or more. 〈◊〉 tarried often so long till the said ulcer often ●●●e produced cicatrice/ and would often open it to wit if it were contumaced. Than after that he had begun the curation he purgeth not forthwith the body, but first of all used his salve of mustard, and than his jests, vociferation, & certain manners of living, & than his vomit of rayffort. And finably of the Hellebore what it is? any other thing than to lyngre a hole year? That is to wit (by the living god) when the patient may be healed in uj days or in vij at the most/ should we prolong a month to know if the ulcer be Cacoethes and wicked/ and than that we should begin the curation? But what necessity was it to speak of the proper community of ulcers iveterate, saying that they are mutyle in the curation/ albe it that it were leeful to write, not of the communyte indicatryce, but of the curation of ulcers, not inveterate, but contumaced and rebel. For it happeneth that some ulcers and diseases are contumacy and rebellion to heal. Howbeit indication curative is not taken of this contumacy and rebellion. But it is the disease that giveth the first indication of healing. And of the said first indication are found the remedies as I have declared. That is the manner to heal by Method, as that we do in following the ancients, if it so be that Method is an universal way, which is coming to all partytuler things. ¶ Here is Thessalus be guiled, for he weaveth that all the knowledge of them that do any thing by Method, is Method/ surely it behoveth that he that doth any thing by Method have notice and knowledge of the like and unlike. Nevertheless that is not Method/ that is ●o wit the said notice of like and unlike. Also Arystotyll and Platon affirmeth it not/ which Thessalus dare falsely allege. But at this time is not convenient to reffute & reprove such purposes/ wherefore I will return again unto the Method curative, promitting to show that there is a principle of Method in all curations, and that the way that leadeth fro this principle to the end is semblable in all particular things, where by (albeit that in all diseases it seemeth that there is one proper and prive Method to heal) nevertheless in all things there is one common gendre/ for it behoveth always to begin at the indication that is taken of the disease that we intend to heal. And than we must esteem and discern if the cause of the disease be ceased a ready, or yet presently it augmenteth & maketh the said disease. If the said cause be already ceased, we must come so the Method whereof hath been treated in the third book of this work. But if the said cause yet presently make the disease, the Method is treated in the four book. By the which Method thou shalt find the remedies of a phlegmon and of a ●euer, and shortly to speak of all maladies. That ●s to wit, if nothing is done, thou shalt not take ●ayne to inquire the precedent causes/ but shalt begin only at the disease. But if any thing be done presently thou shalt prepose two fynalytees of curation. And than do the other things by order, as it is said. ¶ Now it behoveth to marvel of Thessalus disciples/ not for because they fail in such things, but because they do use these names, Dyspathies, Metasyncrises, Imbecyllitees, ●yrmytudes, and sundry other such names. And if ye question them what such names mean/ they wot not what to answer. For to know what it signifieth that they call in all inveterate ulcers Metasyncrynien ten exu in Greek/ they answer not with one accord, nor clearly, nor prudently, if that it were an ancient name, or usurped by any of the Greeks, at adventure we might understand of that they have written, what thing it signifieth. But because it is a proper name unto their stupydite, that is to wit, that is come of the supposition and Hypothese of Asclepiades like as their other decrees, is it not then just & reasonable that they iustyfy their dreams? That is to wit, from whence this that is said Syncrinestai ta somata ●ai diacrinestai. As ye would said meddle & divide the body. And that it were only lawful to usurp such names, to them that call and constitute the little body Atoms, and the poors, and conduits or the individnes, & vacuyte. And finably the impatable and inalterable things to be the first elements. As that for certain they usurp and continually use such manners. Moreover Thessalus in his Canon when he confirmeth the principles reneweth some thing beside that which was put in writing by Themyson and Asclepiades/ and ensigneth clearly what he will say, for he hath not esteemed all together as As●●epiades. That is to wit even in such wise as in Symmetrye, that is to say, that in competent and commoderacyon of small conduits lieth and consisteth the health. And in Ametrie, that is to say/ in uncompetence and immoderation in them the disease. Also that curation or sanation is none other thing but a return to the first symmetry or commoderacyon of the said conduits/ but he weeneth that all the state and condition of the said conduits must be changed. And of this opinion is proceeded the name of Metasyncresis, which may signify as much as Metaporopoesis in Greek. That is to say, mutation of the state of pores & small conduits. Howbeit it was not leeful for him to use the name of Dogmatystes, in places where he commandeth to eschew the uncertain and dark names & only have the understanding attentive in the communytees which appear evidently. Than his disciples and servants answer that he must not be herd as a dogmatyke/ when he useth of these names, Mais alephos, that is to say, simply. For of a troth some of his disciples are accustomed to sustain and defend him in this manner/ in revoking us again to another name, that is Arphi●●a, which we translate, simpleness. The which name (of a troth) I can understand what it signifieth. For if he did send us again to a name more vain (that is in Greek vioticos) the which they expose doth signify as much as semblably to the vulgar of men. Truly as much should it be to say Apheloes not duly nor rightwisely/ but without art or science. For the men that are the most lightest and quick of speech use names of arts and sciences, under some sense that hath no foundation. And when they are demanded what they mean, they can neither tell nor show. The which thing th●se Thessalyens confess to be their decent custom, the which thing we do object them, and for certain they will also confess that they understand not partfytly & exactly what is Metasyncrysis, if it be said of the mutation of poors, that in Greek is called Poropoia, in deed it should have some understanding, and signify somewhat, but vain in many manners, because that our bodies are not composed of corpules' motes/ nor of poors. And if they were true, yet should it not be possible to show in what manner Mustard might change or alter the state & condition of the poors. And if any can show it, yet should he not be consenting and confirmed to their sect, seeing that they say, to be content with the apparent communitees, whereby that they use no more such names, and that they hinder and let us no more, for it is lawful without the name of Metasyncrysis, to say in other words the curation of froward ulcered, as the Emperykes do. ¶ Also we have showed in the second book, how the said Thessalyens' ar● likewise abuse at the vocable Atonias, that is to say, Imbecilite, for they take the name as the emperykes, for it signifieth none other thing, but that the actions is not kept. But if they propose that there is any faculties and virtues that governeth man, which we affirm, and almost all the ancients, besides that they gainsay to the precepts of Asclepiades, they propose uncertain things, of the which the auctors agree not well together/ howbeit they command to fly such things. ¶ But tell me Thessale clearly, what betokeneth this vocable Metasycresem? if thou say that it betokeneth to change the poors & small conduits, thou begylest thyself, and usurpest uncertain things/ if thou say that it is as much to say, as to yield the party of the body steadfast and hole, or all the man, thou sayest no more to this purpose than the Emperykes, except the noun. For they know well that man becometh hole by other remedies, but they know not by what cause and reason the remedies restore health. For none of the Emperyke can tell if the faculty of medicament changeth the poors/ nor if it make symmetry and commoderacyon/ nor if it altereth the quality of the patient party, howbeit the Emperykes are discrete if they say that they know only one thing, that is to wit, if they have noted and observed often times, that utility hath followed when the me●ycament of Mustard hath be ministered to such a sore, and in such time. Nevertheless they speak not of Method, nor raise their brows at it. And be not pleased with such notice, and missay not the ancients, nor dispraise not Hippocrates, not esteeming him as nothing/ but they allow him and affirm that he hath said all veritable things. But if Thessalus here that myspryseth Hypocrates, and all the other masters, understandeth not that all the precepts that he hath written of the froward and rebel ulcers been Emperykes. Albeit if he wrote them well & commodiously it should be somewhat profitable/ but it appeareth not that he hath done so/ seeing that he parnerted the order of remedies/ and used remedies for the party, or that all the body was prepared. In good sooth it is a sign and argument of an untaught and great ignorance (seeing that in this thing almost all the masters of medicine do agree, albeit that in sundry things they jar) that is to wit, that all the body must be emptied and purged of all his out waxynges, or that any party be take subject to the strong and vehement remedies. ¶ For who soever would judge, either by experience or by reason (for there is none other third manner to judge, nor in what art soever it be, nor in any party of life) he shall find that it is a great incommodity to minister to the sore party any salve or plaster that is bitter and hot, or he provideth for all the body, which first requireth his proper cure. For the said medycament draweth to it from all the body in the manner as cucurbit and ventose doth the excrements and superfluities. And so it cleaveth and sticketh to the said party grieved and sore, in such wise that with great pain it may be scantly pulled of. ¶ Wherefore it must be asked of these Thessaly●ns, from wkens the said fantasy came to Thessalus to write fables and toys, as touching the curation of froward and rebel ulcers, saying that none Emperyke, nor rational hath so written before. Albeit neither Thessalus, nor any of his disciples and sectatours dare not affirm that such ordres or remedies do agree with expexyence or with reason. Moreover they can not show in what manner of time indyke and not the disease, nor also (that is yet more) how Th●ssalus is not all holly foolish and dull, that judgeth that the cause must be esteemed that letteth and kyndreth the cicatrice of ulcers, the which cause is to be done away/ and likewise seeth not that it sufficeth, and that the length of time of ulcers serveth of nothing/ with this he considereth not that he must do thus, not only in ulcers, but also in all other diseases, as the ancients do admonish. But they answer nothing to these purposes, but that they say always, that we do not understand them well, as if they knew perfectly the thought of Hippocrates, and of all the ancients. And affirm that Thessalus hath a good opinion when he saith that there is a community of the inveterate ulcers, and that Hippocrates understood it so in the book of ulcers, which writeth in this manner. It is profitable that the blood do flow continually from the old sores, in what manner that it hath been seen needful. ¶ At all adventures than what may come to speak sommaryly of the sentence and intelligence of Hippocrates, though I have not promised that I would speak of it in this place/ but that which I will say shall be of the interpretation, of the wit & knowledge of the auncyentꝭ. The which as we have said as yet hath given no see't, but studying with simple and pure thought to invent some thing profitable to health, it is well seeming that they have found some things by use & some by reason. Than did they write their inventions many times without giving any reason to their inventions, & sometime they did, the which they have done for cause of the profit of the readers. For they trusted to be profitable to their successors, as to the good and right usage of invented things to know the reason of their invention) and have written it diligently. To the contrary, where they have esteemed that it should be superflue to recite, they have obmysed and left some. ¶ Now it is well known to all after that I hold my peace, that the ancients have well loved shortness of speech, and principally for that cause. Nat a lonely Hyppocrate, but also all the other ancients. Sometime without making mention of the middle most added the third thing. For if the first thing be sign of the second, the third necessarily followeth after the second. For this cause the first they put the third, obmytting and leaving the second. ¶ I have showed sundry times how the ancients and chiefly Hippocrates have written such things. And he that will know and perfectly understand the manner of interpreting, that the ancients had, aught to be exercised in their style and manner of writing. For this time I will expose only that which I have purposed/ that is to wite the ulcers the which (after well and duly to have done all things requisite) although they be not cured, the masters in medicines call them Cacoethe in greek, we call the malygne or wicked, stubborn and rebel. ¶ Now have we spoken in the book afore what curation of ulcers is. Than these ulcers here all are called Caroethe, inveterate, and dinturnes in using such names indifferently. Likewise for to know the disease Cacoethe is (that is to say wayward, stubborn or rebellious for to heal) it maketh somewhat with the other signs, nevertheless the dyuturnyte, or that the said ulcers be cal●●d dyuturnes, of long continuance. And inveterate, as waxed old/ and in deed ar● such that 〈◊〉 manner of convenient indication of curing/ 〈◊〉 it must be invented because that the ulcerate ●arty is ill ordered and painful. That invented, ●he manner of curing is evident. But thou must ●●ye, how so? Of a troth if thou heal the ulcerate parties, provided that they only are pained, but if all the body abound in vicious, and corrupt humour. In emptyenge & cleansing the said humour/ for truly the sign of the vicious humour is the dyuturnyte of the ulcer, but the invention of that which is utile and expedient cometh not first of the dyuturnyte, but of the malice of the humour/ whereby these three things follow each other by order. That is the sign, th'affection, and the curation. The sign is the dyuturnyte, th'affection is the vice of the humour, and the curation is the evacuation of the said humour/ by this mean ye shall find that the ancients many times after the first anon make mention of the third, leaving the myddylmoste. As Hippocrates did when he said it is utile to cause the blow flow often out of ulcers inveterate in what manner that it be, so that the thing be seen behoveful not that the dyuturnyte indyketh the curation/ but the vice of the blood. For a little after he saith thus. The vice of the blood hindereth greatly the healing of the said ulcers. Also putrefaction of blood/ and all thing that is come by transmutation of blood letteth all other ulcers for to heal. Anon after when he speaketh of ulcers that come not to festering he saith this wise. The ulcers may not be closed together if the lips and parties that are round about it become swart or black, because of the rotten blood, or varyce (that is to say a tumyde vain) that causeth the fluxion if ye heal not the said parties that be about it. afterward he writeth of the cure of the varices. And furthermore he maketh mention of the purgation of all the body, as well in other wounds, as in them where there is fear and danger of rottenness (called in Greek spha celoes) and also in serpentzes ulcers, and in all Eschirmenes, that is to say that are eaten and read. ¶ And thus Hippocrates is accustomed to name the ulcers that be reed by any humour. And also when he speaketh of them that ensueth he sayeth in such words. In every ulcer where as chanceth to come Erysipclas/ all the body must b● purged. And finally if ye read diligently the book of ulcers, ye shall find that he taketh indication of the disease always, as sometime of the time, but that is to know the disease. And that it is so, ye may know it at the beginning of the said book, which is such. It b●hou●th not to moist the ulcers, what soever they be, but with wy●e. Then telleth he the cause saying. For the dry ulcer is the nearest of health, & the moist to ●orenes. Then anon after he saith/ for the ulcer 〈◊〉 moist, but that is dry is hole, & therefore in all the ●●●e, in as much as he hath constitued the end of all ●●e ●ure of ulcers to be dryness/ forth with he hath ●●unde the particular thyng● admonysshing us many ●ymes of the said end/ for when he writeth in this manner. Every ulcer that is divided with a cutting in●●●ument or sharp pointed receiveth medycament ●is mynysire at the beginning in bloody & raw ulysses, that which medicament in greek is called Enhameon, or otherwise a drying medicine that letteth it to come to suppuration/ for it becometh drier because of the fluxion & shedding of the blood, & yet again Hippocrates saith. All ulcers that are purged in time behoveful, so that they come always to more dryness, in the most part of them come none o●ergrowynge nor superfluity of flesh, but that there is bruise, and again. If any ulcer may not cleave or grow together, the moist flesh is the cause. ¶ In all these passages Hippocrates admonisheth us of the first indication curative of ulcers. For of a very troth the curation of an ulcer (if as) & being but ulcer is mean and moderate drying, whereof the demonstration hath been given in the book afore, but the curation ●f an ulcer that is conjunct with another affection, whereof the cure ought to proceed, is not like an ulcer alone, but the first curation shall be of the same affection, and the second of the ulcer. For if there be either phlegmon or swart colour, or ecchimosis, or erisipclas, or tumour, that is called ●edema in the ulcerate party, first ye must begin the curation at one of the said affections, howbeit every one knoweth well that the ulcer sometime not only is not well & commodiously cured, but becometh moche greater, for if in the parties round about the ulcer there is either bruise, phlegmon, or other tumour, we must find the proper curation of the said affection, & have it for a certain that it is not possible to heal the ulcer, if the place where it is be not cured first. And therefore Hippocrates putting us in memory that which he had treated in the beginning of his book to write all the other things comprised above, that are ●sent when he saith. Every ulcer that is dy●yded with a cutting instrument, or sharp pointed receiveth medicament called Erhaemon & dyssycatyfe that letteth the vile matter. But if the flesh be contused or cut remedy must be given, in such wise that it come soon to suppuration/ for in so doyng● it shall be the less gr●ued with phlegmon. And also it is ●e●essary that the flesh that hath been contused, and incised, the which putryfyeth, and cometh to suppura●yon, in collyquieng and melting, and after that the new flesh is engendered. ¶ By these w●rdes Hippocrates showeth manifestly that all disease's of the ulcerate parties ought to be desiccate except them that we will suddenly breed pus, t●at is to say rotten matter/ and passing forth ●e teach●th us that pus or suppuracyo● is made wt●ome pu●t●faction. Now all things putrefy by heat and moistness/ and therefore the Cathaplasm●s made of barley meal (se●ng that they chaufe and moist) we shall m●nystre, to all diseases whe●●●t is expedient to engendre pus. For the barley ●ea●e with water and o●le, and likewise bread ●ith oil, or also a fomentation with much hot water, and the strength of the salve called Tetra●●ne make, and finally all things that warm ●nd moist, forthwith engender rotten matter or pus. And for the cause in the parties where as phlegmon is, if there be all ready vehement pulsation/ in such wise that there is no more hope of the curac●on of the said parties without suppuration all the ancients appl● the said suppuratyfe medicines, and not sooner. The which thing Hippocrates showeth plainly in the words beforesaid, whereby he biddeth to dry moche the wounded parties without brusure. And they that be with bruising, it behoveth to bring them soon to suppuration. ¶ Moreover when he sayeth, that all ulcers that be not well and duly purged, & begin always to breed & increase, in them the flesh over groweth greatly/ but they that are purged as it behoveth, and always cometh to dryness, in them the flesh overgroweth not, but if that there be contusyon. Of troth to ●he purpose, when he addeth, but if that there be contusyon, he reduceth us to mind of that he hath said before. That is to w●t all ulcers require for to be dried, but they where as is bruising. For if ye do lay to the parties where as is phlegmon, a Cataplasm that is hot and moist, it is not done by the first & pryncypal reason. That is to say, as remedy to the sore, but assuaging of the symptom and grief. For the remedies of phlegmon are of dissicatyfe virtue. ¶ hearken now what Hippocrates sayeth. The plasters of tumors called Cedemata, and phlegmons that consisteth round about, be verbascum sudden, and leaves of trifolium raw, and the leaves of Eperitron sudden pollom. All these medicaments have virtue dissycatyfe, as we have showed in the books of simple medicines. And the sum and short cure of the parties where as phlegmon is, is done by the remedies that doth away all the hole disease. Or if the said remedies have left any thing remaining that cometh to matter, it is needful to have another medicament bitter & strong, that may make suppuration. Or that the skin that is about it be thin, & that thou wilt not that the patient be sooner delivered o● i●, ye must make incision/ but of the cure of phlegmon by barley meal is sooner lenition than curation, & fighteth against the disease, & of the dyfierence of such things we shall sp●ke hereafter more at large. ¶ N●we me thinketh to have manifestly showed how Hippocrates hath commanded that all ulcers ought to be dyssyccate, & that he hath ordained & confirmed that it is the end of the curation. In asmuch as the indication is taken of the disease, & not of the ty●e. And if any desire to have greater persuasion, let him red● diligently all the b●ke of Hippocrates, that he hath written of ulcers. For he shall understand clearly that there is one general incarnation of all ulcers, that is to wit that which we have showed in the precedent book. And also that there is none indication that is taken of time, nor at ulcers, nor a● phlegmon, nor at other griefs. And therefore we are comen to the purpose & place to speak. It is a thing just and true to show that Hypocrates hath been inventor, not only of that we have said be●ore, but also of all other things that is for to be known to him that ought to hele an ulcer well. For it appeareth that he hath invented the reason and manner to heal the simple ulcers, and that are without other affection, which lieth and consisteth in dissiccacion● But also particularly by the kinds of every disease. For either the vicious humours flow no more in the sore party, or else it floweth still. If it flow no more, it behoveth only to secure and remedy the party that is pained. That is to wite if it appear pale, black, or read, it must be scarified and made to bleed. Then afterward (because that I may use his words) must be laid thereupon a sponge more drier then moist. I think that no person is ignorant that this particle (that is to wite than) hath in this place any strength of denial, as if he said thus dry and not moist. And afterward aught to be applied remedies dyssyccatyves. And than (if it be requisite) for to draw blood again, and forth with after make such things as is abovesaid, unto the time that the health be all together gotten. And if the lips of the ulcer appear hard and stony, they must be cut, whereof is spoken in this wise. If the ulcer that are cyrculer and round be caved somewhat, it behoveth to cut in manner of a circle the parties that are comen in swelling, which in Greek is called call apostema. Either a hole or half a circle according to the length. Also it is written of all tumors that are conjunct with an ulcer how it ought for to be cured, Likewise of the varyces/ for by the occasion of them the ulcer is wayward and rebel to be healed, if that any humour of the said varyces do flow in the ulcerate parties. In likewise when the fluxion of humour cometh from all the body, he biddeth that all the body be purged without taking of any indication of time. And for certain it should be a laughing thing that so many of divers and often contraries should be taken of a community. For put the case that any indicion of time be taken/ yet finally it must be said what it is, and comprise it in a sum/ as Thessalus doth (not only we) which hath always an indicion of the disease of the body that is stopped, that is to wit that it be unlosed/ and another unlosed of the body to be stopped. Likewise in the ulcers, that that is filthy requireth to be cleansed, that that is caved to be filled, that that is equal to be festered. And that that overgrown f●esshe, that it be had away, as Thessalus self is author. Let him show than that there is a thing proportioned in the dyuturne and inveterate ulcers, as there is in all them aforesaid, which is not possible to him, for he biddeth that they should be cut. But what is that rational indicion taken of time/ and than to use remedies of Mustard/ of the which he taketh and usurpeth this vain word Metasycrisis? after that he provoketh vomits, by Raffortz. And at the last when he findeth none other remedy to use Hellebore? Of the which things shall be spoken more plainly hereafter, when we shall show that no indication in what disease soever it be not taken of time. Albeit that the time is sometime sign of the disease. ¶ But I find again a● Hippocrates, whereof I marvel of his great diligence in all other things, and chiefly that he hath not forgotten that which is principally to be considered, of the master in medicyns touching to indication. Nat only in one disease or two, but in all. That is to wit the indication that is taken of the mightiness of the disease, which the Methodykes only have not left (which is no marvel) but also divers of the racyonalles, & Emperykes although it be in divers manners. For when they say that they have observed the evacuation of the course of to much blood/ they confess manifestly that they have no regard of other things that appear in the sores for to come to such evacuacyon, which that I say therefore the purgation is evacuation, the which is not indicate by the course of to much flowing of blood, but also for because that (although that there be no course of redounding blood) we must sometime come & have refuge to the sending of blood, in greek called phlebotomy? For when the disease is great, with the force of strengths there is none but he make phlebotomy, if he be expert in the works of the art. And soothly we see that the emperykes cometh to the sending of blood when any is fallen from a high place. Or when there is any parties sore bruised & hurt with any wound though that the patient were hole & sound before & without superhabundaunce of blood. By the which it appeareth that it is not the redounding of blood that indicateth the phlebotomye, but it is the mightiness & vehemency of the disease, & the force of the strengths, accepting always children. And by an other reason, as if a man be hole & sound & in no wise hurt & is full in abundance of blood, for all that it is not necessary to take his blood from him. For to some, fasting may satisfy, to another small eating, to another's flux of the womb, or purgation, or haunting of baths, to another only business, or abundant freting may be enough. But the phlebotomye is not necessary to such folks, as the emperykes say also. Likewise purgation is not convenable in the only abundance of vicious humour. But like as the phlebotomye is made either for abundance of blood, or for the magnitude & fierceness of the disease, also the purgation is made for the abundance of some other humour, & for the vehemency & force of the disease. ¶ As touching the myssyon of blood we have treated in another book, & shall treat hereafter. In this present book I will speak of the purgation. For they that be diseased desire it. Nat only because that it evacueth the superflue humour & noisome, wherewith they be grieved, but also to put it out & be cleansed. And for this cause Hippocrates aswell in his other works as in that that he hath written of ulcers considereth the vehemency & strength of the disease to the indication of purging saith thus. ¶ purgation by the belly is profitable to many ulcers, to the wounds of the head & of the belly, & of the articles, or also if there be danger of rottenness in the bone, or where sutares behoveth, or also to gnawing. Likewise to serpent ulcers & other affections that maketh the ulcers long in healing. And also where as rollynges must be used, in all such affections behoveth purgations. ¶ By these words it is clearly showed that purgation is profitable to all ulcers & wounds, at all & every time that they are greatest. For in asmuch that not only the said affections, but also other be made grievous & great in three manners. That is to wit either for the excellency & nobility of the party, & mightiness of the disease, or because that the said maladies & affections are Cacoethe, that is wicked. Hippocrates hath made mention of all these things by themselves. That is when he showeth of wounds of the head, & belly, the dignity & excellency of the party that is hurt. ¶ I think that it is manifest to all that here must be understand not only the inward belly, but also the superior. For in dividing the trunk which is between the neck & the legs, is two great capacytees. The first is contained under the Thorax. The second under the fundament, that is to the membrane that is stretched under labdomen, & for certain the wound that hath pierced within the Thorax, or within the arse hole is very dangerous, principally if any of the inward parties be wounded. ¶ Likewise there is but few but he knoweth well that all wounds of the articles are Cacoethes and wicked. The which thing the Emperykes understand by only experience. And they that have studied to have the science of the nature of the body, understand it by the nature of the hurt parties. For in the sinews and bony places & without flesh there is danger of pain, waking, & privation of rest, & also of con●ulsyon. Such wounds abovesaid, & such as be stytched, that is to say that are so great that they have need to be sowed, or at least ways of binding or rolling require purgation. & We have said in the next book afore that all the great ulcers ought to be conjoined, either by seams or by byndyngꝭ, like wise that the ulcers where there is danger of the corruption of the bones are with magnitude of phlegmon. Also they that are with erosion be cacoethes & wicked, & proceed of evil humours. And also cankers cometh of bylyous excrements. That is to wite choleric superfluite, & all other old ulcers cometh of such a cause/ wherefore in all the ulcers aforesaid Hippocrates commandeth to purge by the belly, and following after he addeth these words. In all ulcers whereto erisipclas is comen the body must be purged in the party most utile for the ulcer, so that the purgation be made either by the upper parties or by the inward, whereof he hath taught us the dyff●rence in the book of humours/ where he bindeth to return to the contrary parties & deryvat to the side. And when there is great fluxion that it behoveth to make another ulcer in the contrary parties, & thereof he speaketh in the said book, whereof if yet again if the fluxion be impetuous & great we shall make revulsion in the contrary parties, that is to wit if the ulcer be in the upper parties, by purgation downward, if the ulcer be in the inward parties, in purging the upper belly. But if the fluxion be stopped all ready, in such wise that it is drawn to, & fixed in the member, it is more expedient to drive it out by the next places, seeing that the translation & transport is by the parties that be next it. Seeing also the thaccess & actraction of the purging medicament is more easy & prompt near then far. The which reason belongeth also to another party of the art, that is to wit of that which treateth of the purgation of humours, as it is well known to all, & therefore hereafter it shall be necessary to repeat it, and make it all parfyte● ¶ Now will I show that the force or if ye will call it the mightiness, or fierceness, aught to be stablished & ordained by indicatrice of phlebotomye, or of purgation, and that Hippocrates was the first inventor of the said indication, which I will show as touching to other diseases in the books that follow, & in this present book I will treat of ulcers. ¶ I have all ready spoken clearly of the purgations. For sith it is so that every disease is grievous & fierce in three manners, that is either by precellence & nobleness of the party, or for the strength & magnitude of the affection & disease or for the wickedness & frowardness of the same, called in greek Cacoethia. Hippocrates hath made mention of all these things where as he spoke of purgations, but some perchance shall say. How than? doth not Hypocrates persuade sometime for to draw the blood for the same causes abovesaid? It seemeth that he commandeth them thus, but in few words, & nevertheless not without demonstration, as he is accustomed, & also all the other ancients. Thou shalt understand that it is thus. first if thou read again his words that are such. In all ulcers newly made, but if it be in the belly, it is expedient that forth with it flow in blood either more or less. For by that mean the ulcer shall be less grievous by a phlegmon, & also the places that are about it. ¶ And after these words that be written in his book of ulcers (if thou haste mind of it) that he hath often proposed it in his other books. How that medicine ought to be immytatour not only of nature, but also to those things that are profitable when they come to their, proper & natural flyring thou shalt clearly understand the mind of Hippocrates, that is, that blood must be drawn when the wounds are great. For if it be expedient that the blood flow in such ulcers, & that be not letten slow, thou must add & supply that that is needful. T●ese words that he writeth after the declaring thus, & conjoineth them forth with to them abovesaid. It is profitable that the blood be letten flow many times from the inuetera●● viceres (in what soever manner that s●all be seen opportunate) aswell in the ulcer, as in the parties about it. For in asmuch as he hath said before the blood ought to be taken from every green wound, seeing that he made no mention of veterate ulcers, it would have we●ed to some that he had only spoken of green or fresh wounds, whereby he hath well added that it behoveth to draw blood from the inveterate & old sorꝭ. ¶ Now sith it is so that the doctrine that we have taken of him is perpetual & always true, that is how fluxion ought to be drawn (the which beginneth) as the contrary parties, & that which is all ready fixed in the party ought to be purged, either by the said painful party, or by the next party to it. ¶ It is now easy to us to conclude of the detraction of blood, how from the beginning it ought to be done in the party far of & most distant, & then in the ulcerate parties. Likewise if ye add to the abovesaid things that Hippocrates admonished to empty the superflue humour, sometime ye shall use detraction of blood, that is when the blood surmounteth. Sometime ye shall give a medicament that hath virtue to purge the humours choleric or melancolyke, or else phleume. Having ever in mind in all these works how none of them is the curation of ulcers. In asmuch & as ulcer. But rather of cacomye that is conjunct with the ulcer, or of Pletore, or of phlegmon, or of herpes, & other like disposition, without to forget that any of the accidents of the ulcer give any force of his proper indication, as magnitude. ¶ In the book afore we have spoken of ulcers, wherein we have exposed all the differences of ulcers, how many, & what they be, & what is the indication of each of them. Howbeit I have not spoken in the said book how sometime to purge is taken of the force & vehemence of the disease, because it should be to long demonstration. Also in the said book I have not conjoined the cure of all the body with the ulcers, but I have written it in this present book, in asmuch as it is good & utile for the thing proposed. For the perfit & absolute exposition of this kind of indication, which we have said is taken of the mightiness & strength of the disease, shall be also treated of hereafter. Likewise of the indication taken of the age, and also of it that is taken of purging of humours. And likewise the indication that is taken of the pained parties shall be perfectly declared in the books that followeth. For as now we have only made mention of the curative indication, which may be taken of the nature of the said parties, that is to wit of the temperance & substance, without touching of that which is taken of the situation of the form & figure, of the utility & usage, & of the feeling sharp & dull, ¶ Now then let us speak of the said indi●acions that is profitable to the curation of ulcers. The party that is sharp of feeling ought asmuch as ●s possible to be cured without dolour or pain. The ●ater of such remedies is treated in the books that be written of simple medicaments. But the party that is but of small feeling receiveth stronger remedies, if the disease require it so. Now we must consider the strength of the principal member, as we shall say more at large when we speak of phlegmon. But if it be not a principal member, it is leeful surely & without danger to lay to it such manner of medicament as mitigate & assuage, the greeks call it Calastyce, we shall speak of it plainly hereafter. At this present time we will show the reason & manner to heal, which is taken of the situation & figure of the parties, & than we will impose the end of this fourth book. ¶ For this cause we have cogitate & invented that we must give medicamentꝭ to drink to him that hath his ventricle ulcerate, which vulgarily is called the stomach, & if the bulk that properly is called the stomach, that the greeks call cesophagus be ulcerate, the said medycamentis ought not to be taken & swallowed at ones, but by little & little in continuing, because of the passage, & also of the touching there come utility in the ulcers that are in that party, & not for to contain the said medicaments that be adherent, as in the ulcers of the ventricle. ¶ Likewise we have indicate & showed by the situation & figure of the said party that such medycamentis ought to be made grosser & thick, & more gleymy & cleaving, because that the bulk is a passage of the things that is eaten & drunken. For that cause it hath need of remedies that may draw to it, & almost in all parts to be coagulate & cleaving, & not such as are thin & easy to run & fleet lightly. And also the course & thick medicaments do crud & make concretion in the parties of the bulk or oesophage, & they that be gleymy do cleave to. Likewise in ulcers that are in the thick & inward guts have more need of remedies which are cast out & put out by the siege, in asmuch as the said thick are next to the siege. But of the ulcers that are in the intestynes upward & thin, because they be farthest from the siege, & are set in the middle situation, require both the two medicines, that is to wit, those that are received by the mouth, & those be infused and cast out by the siege. ¶ Now for certain the common indication of all the interyour parts is that we ought to choose those things that be most familiar to the nature of man, be they meats or medicines. And that we leave & cast away all contrary things. Albeit that in the ulcers which be in the outward parties, the usage of such medicament be not noisome as is aerugo, aes ustum, & aeris squama & cadmia, & pampholix commonly called thutie, & argenti spuma, that is litargiri, & ceruse. Such & like medycamentis ought not to be used nor administered to the ulcers of the inward parties, of whose nature we have written in the book of temperamentes, and in the book of the simple medicines. ¶ And if ye will bring the ulcer to a festre or cleaving ye ought to choose tart meats & gleymy that have no manner of erosyon. But if ye will cleanse the ulcer ye must choose things that absterge or wash moderately, as raw honey, which above all thing is cleansing thus. As touching scar potions & meats they are commonly known over all. I call austere which in greek height (styphon) that is to say a little adstryngent. For sour or vytter is it that is tart (in greek stryph●ion.) ¶ The medicines that may be taken surely and without danger is treated of in the books of medicamentes. Nevertheless we will say some formulary for the inward ulcers such medicaments are wholesome, as hypocistiss, & balaustium, that is the flower of tame pomgarnets, & galla, & malicorium, that is the husk or pill of the pomegranate, terra samea, et leminun, that is terra sigillata, & the pith of Rhus, that is symac, also the juice of roses, & achatia, & other like, which annoy not the bowels & inward parties. And ye must show & give the said medicamentes with some decoction of tart things, as decoction of quinces, of lentister, or of the highest boughs of rubus, or of wines burgeons, or green myrtles, or with tart wine. ¶ It is now manifest & none is ignorant, that he must beware of drinking of wine if there be phlegmon, or else there is no danger. In likewise it is well known & evident that the said medycamentis must be prepared & received with the decoctions, & moist things. Also ye must meddle together fraga, cauthu, & gem, chiefly to the ulcers that are in the bulk & resophage. Also it was commanded to make gargarysynes to the ulcers that are in the parties called fauces & pa●ysthmia, but in the ulcer that is in the sharp artere called tracheia, the patient must be laid upright, & keep the medicament long time in his mouth in losing all the muscles that be in that place. For in so doing some part of the medicament will flow by little & little in to the artere sensibly & manifestly. As we may know when the said artere is well disposed after the nature of it, that somewhat of the which is drunken runneth & passeth through it. But likewise as in health & good lust it must be kept that it influe not to much, so in it must in disease for fear that it engendre not the cough. For as long as the humour descendeth in every part nigh the tunycles of the artere as water doth by a wall it exciteth not the cough, but if some thing pass in the mids of the way of the spert, that is the air, forth with it breedeth the cough. All the indications of it is taken of the situation & form of the party. Likewise also honey must be meddled in all medicamentes destined & ordained to the ulcer of the Thorax & the lungs. For if ye use only tart medycyns they will remain in the belly. Then thinstrument of the digestion and distribution of the said medycamentis over all the body shall be honey. Also of their sudden passing as a vehicule, with that there is honey it noyeth not the ulcer. Like manner all and as many times as there is ulcer in the bladder & in the reins it must be mixed with the medicaments of the ulcers, not with honey, but with some diuretic medicaments, that is such as provoketh & stirreth to piss. ¶ I think that that is patent & manifest to every man, after that I hold my peace, that is to wit that they can know & discern the ulcerate parties by their substance, action, utility, position & figure, the which hath been showed plainly in the book of the signs of the pained parties, but this is not now that time to speak of them. ¶ I will return to the Method curative, & I say that not only the things abovesaid, but also many other are the indicyons of the figure, & situation of the parties. For ye can not well & commodyously bind the sore party, but if first ye have taken indication either of the figure, or of the situation, or of both two together. Nor ye can not set the pipe of a clyster right without such indication. It is also many times necessary to make iniection of the medicaments in the bladder by the yard, wherefore it is no need to make mention here that totally ye can not well use a syringe of brass that the greeks call Cathering, but if ye know perfectly the position, & figure of all the bladder. ¶ Than in all these things it appeareth clearly that the pained place indicateth moche to all the curation, but of the ruptions (that the greeks call Regmatha) divers indications are concurraunt to one purpose, & principally the indication that is taken of the position ought to be examined. For saying that the ruptions be hid in the depth of the body, therefore they require other curations than the ulcers that appear outwardly, & because that all holly & always such ruptions be with ecchymosis or ecchymonia, & sometime with contusyon about the broken flesh, therefore there be divers indications curatyves therein, for always the curative indications are correspondent to the number of the affections & diseases, which we shall show more plainly when we speak of phlegmon, how the diseases that are in the deep places requireth stronger medycamentis, than they that be at the superfluity of the body. Than for the least I do think for to be manifest and patient, that it is necessary that the strength of medicamentꝭ that are ministered outward be resolved & dymysshed when the party that should be helped & remydyed is hid in the dypenes of the body, & therefore it behoveth asmuch to intend & augment the virtue of the said medicament, as it should be remyssed & diminished in the depth of the body. Certainly all acchymosis or ecchymonia indycateth vacuation for remedy of the cure, whereby it hath need of medycamentis moderately hot and dry, for they that dry excessively, of troth do digest & resolve at the beginning more evidently than they that be weak, but also some party of the disease scyryous, & dyffycyle to heal, we shall speak of it hereaft diligently, for as now we have spoken enough, after as it belongeth to the matter. ¶ Of troth all the medicamentes & ointments, that moisteth & heateth more than they that all the greeks call chalastica, that is to say laxatyfes, also among the said medicaments all they that decline somewhat to dryness, nevertheless be not yet clear nor manifest contraction (they be called syntatica in greek) such medicaments been the remedies of all ecchymosis. But ye must take good heed that the medicaments applycate to the ruptions that are in deepness of the body have strong virtue, and that they be sourer & digestyfe, that is resolutyfe. (And for to say sommaryly) that such medicaments to be of greater force & effycace, in as much as lecchymosis is further of, from the skin unto the deepness of the body. In such affections & diseases the usage of the heart bytuleth, that is to say ventose should not be inutile, which is an instrument invented & excogitate of masters for to make violent attraction. ¶ And when ecchymosis is all dygested & resolved, than it is parmytted to dry the broken flesh, moche, & to conjoin it with ligature, & to do all that is convenable to coalesse & close an ulcer together. Than if ecchymosis be soon digested & resolved the broken flesh gathereth together & waxeth plain easily, but if the said ecchymosis tarry long or it be resolved, moche filthiness breedeth in it, & occupieth the space that is between the labyes or lips of the ulcer, so that the ruption can not close, wherefore it followeth that all these things abovesaid admonisheth us for all causes, how small soever they be. For though that some hath had rigour, that is to say unegal concussyon of all the body, or that it hath not made good concoction, or that it hath had the fever, or that it hath been over wearied or fatigate, anon it shall have pain in the said party where as the ruption is. For because of the said ruption have been unied & nowryssneth together, but have alonely been approached one to another, whereby it followeth that a little thing may depart them easily, & fill the place with superflue humour, but what engendereth it in such ruptions continually but now ecchymosis, & like unto the first, that is to wite when the flesh was first broken, except that presently ecchimosis is made of more tough & subtle corruption, & at the beginning it was made of blood. And herfore now it digesteth & resolveth more easily than it did at the beginning. And thus that which we have said hitherto shall suffice for the disputation of ulcers. Therefore as now I make an end of this fourth book.  
¶ Thus endeth the fourth book of the Method of claud Galyen.    

¶ Here finisheth the Questyonary of Cyrurgyons, with the formulary of lyte● Guydon in chirurgery. And the spectacle of Cyrurgyons with the fourth book of the therapeutic or Method curative of claud Galyen, with the trea●yse of ulcered. Newly translated out of the french (at the instigation and coftes of the right honest parson● Henry Dabbe stacyoner & bybsyoposyst in Paul's church yard) by Robert Coplande of the same faculty, within the most famous & opusent Merchant 〈◊〉 of London, the vii day of Novembre, the year of our Lord. ●. 5.41. In the. wviii. year of the reign of our sovereign & most faithful king Henry the viii  
¶ Imprinted by me Robert wire/ for Henry Dabbe/ & richard banks. Cum privilegio regali ad imprimendum solum per leptiennium annum.   

To the Reader.  
Dear Brethren, and friendly Readers, we have here according to the truth and meaning of the Author, set forth this needful and necessary work concerning the Anatomy of man's body, being collected and gathered by Master Thomas Vicary, and now by us the chirurgeons of S. Bartholomew's Hospital revived, corrected, and published. And albeit this treatise be small in volume, yet in commodity it is great and profitable. Notwithstanding, if the things therein contained be not discreetly and wisely studied and applied, according to the true meaning of the Author, we have to tell you hereof, that therein is great peril, because through ignorant practitioners, not knowing the Anatomy, commonly doth ensue death, and separation of soul and body. Furthermore, whereas many good and learned men in these our days, do cease to publish abroad in the English tongue