A WORTHY TREAtise of the eyes; containing the knowledge and cure of one hundredth and thirteen diseases, incident unto them:  
First gathered & written in French, by jacques Guillemeau, Chirurgeon to the French King, and now translated into English, together with a profitable treatise of the SCORBIE; & another of the CANCER by A. H.  
Also next to the treatise of the eyes is adjoined a work touching the preservation of the sight, set forth by W. BAILEY. D. of Physic  
Printed by Robert Walde grave for Thomas Man and William Brome.   

A Treatise of the diseases of the eyes, which are in number, an hundred and thirteen: whereunto they are subject.  

The first section containing the description of the eye.  
The preface.  
FOrasmuch as amongst all the sense, that of the eyes is most dear and precious unto us, 
The annatomy of the eye is necessary.  it is needful that the Chirurgeon which taketh in hand the preservation of them, should have perfect and sound knowledge, both of their temperature, and of their composition, that is to say, of their whole nature. For we are careful, and consider of every part, to the end we may restore it to the own proper nature. But this knowledge of every member can not be generally comprised, but only by a full knowledge of every part in the same. Therefore whosoever will know the nature of the eyes, must first of all know and understand by little pieces all the parts whereof they are made, and by the same manner all their offices and functions, to what end they serve, and of what substance or matter they are made. 
Gal 3. book of method. med.  For the curing of diseases doth not only consist in the knowledge of them, but also in the skill rightly to appoint and duly to apply the remedies which are proper to the diseased parts, all which in respect of their divers nature require divers medicines. For this cause I have thought it very expedient to declare the nature of the eye, before I lay open the particular diseases of the same.  

CHAP. 1. Of the profit, use, and situation of the eyes.  

The excellency of the eye  GOD hath created and framed the eyes with so great cunning, and set in them such marvelous excellency and beauty, that justly they may be judged the most perfect work which is in our body, whether we consider the commodity of them, their use in moving, their place, their rampires and defences, the matter whereof they are made, the beauty which is in their form and shape, or the diversity of their colours Concerning their commodity and use, 
The use and commodity of the eyes.  they are given unto man principally to see therewith and to guide and direct him to the knowledge of God, by the beholding of his fair and goodly works, whereof we can neither have knowledge nor institution by any other sense, but by the eyes: as also to serve in the place of guiders, and leaders to the whole body. And by good right they have such rule and sovereignty amongst all the senses, and all other parts of the body, that those which are deprived of sight either by nature, or by any other mishap do think themselves in great misery. They could not have been placed more fitly then in the highest part of all the body, 
The place of the eye.  as it were in a most high tower, seeing they must serve as spies and watchmen to defend and guide all the other parts: whereunto nature hath made most cunningly two hollow places or troughs in the head named of their roundness orbitas.   

CHAP. 2. Of the rampires & defences of the eyes.  
THE eyes are compassed and armed above and beneath, on the right hand, and on the left, and on every part, not only for their protection and defence, but also to make them appear more beautiful & fairer. And indeed the nose serveth as a rampire and bulwark unto them, purging them and the brain of superfluous humours. The bones named Ethmoides & jugale are no less commodiously placed for their preservation and maintenance. And concerning the eye lids wherewith they are defended and covered: 
The use of the eye lids.  they are not only an ornament, but also as gates and drawing bridges, having their muscles as chains to lift them up, and let them down when it shallbe expedient, either in seeing, sleeping, or waking, and to stay whatsoever might fall into them, and on their edges they have the hairs called Cilia, which are as little pales strait & sure placed in a convenient distance one from another, 
The hairs of the eye lids  that they might mutually embrace each other, whereby the eye should be more surely shut. Moreover, they serve to direct the beams in seeing, that they may look more straightly, and in like manner to defend them against little flies, against the dust, against little chips or shivers, and such like things, which entering into them might hurt them: and they do also beautify them being set round about them as a little border. 
The brows and hairs on them.  Not unlike to these are the brows with their hair, which besides the ornament that the eyes receive from them, do serve principally to defend them against rain and sweat of the head and forehead, which descending down, might fall upon them: therefore were they fashioned like unto half a circle or cross, or a little vault, or appenthouse jointly or equally agreeing at the top of the nose, to the end that the sweat and the rain might have his course & easy descent on both sides without flowing or dropping into them. And lest themselves should be any hindrance unto the eyes or enter into them, 
The hairs on the eyelids grow little or nothing.  God hath created them & the hairs on the eye lids of such a nature, that either they grow not at all, or else very little, but abide almost always in the same estate which the hairs of the head and beard do not.   

CHAP. 3. Of the coats and membranes or Partchmemtlike skins of the eyes.  

The matter of the eyes most excellent.  COncerning the matter whereof the eyes are made, it far excelleth all other parts, whether we have respect to the membranes or partchement-like skinnnes, or to the humours, sinews, veins, arteries, muscles, or to the glandulous substance, and kernels whereof they are made. Now because the humours are thin and moist, 
The use of the membranes.  nature hath given unto them membranes or parchment skins which might fitly keep them in their appointed place to the performing of their office, which by the searching of the Anatomists have been noted to be five in number. 
The first coat of the eye.  The first is noted in Latin adnata, alba, adhaerem, coniunctiva, in English the white of the eye. This membrane or parchment skin is very thin and slender, serving to contain the eye in his circle or collet: whose beginning is from Pericranium, that is from the skin which compasseth the the skull, and his end is in the circle named Iris or the rainbow: this which is called Iris, 
what Iris is.  is a circle in the eye representing many divers colours, the variety and number whereof are not to be judged to proceed from the humours but from the membrane called vuea. For the humours in all persons are always of like colour, 
Humours are like in all men.  but the circle named Iris is not so, because in some men it appeareth more black, in others more white or blue, according to the diversity of the colours which are in the membrane called vuea. It was named Iris, which in English signifieth a Rainbow, because in it do appear such change of colours as are seen in the Rainbow. 
The second coat of the eye  The second membrane or parchment skin is named Cornea, that is, horny, which is more strong and hard, resembling horn that is made thin & bright, even such whereof Lanterns are made, from the likeness whereof it seemeth to have been named Cornea, that is horny. Now god hath so created it, that it should be a surer defence to all the humours of the eyes, & to help the light which the eyes receive into them, through whose midst it shineth & sendeth out the light even as the candle which is in the Lantern, casteth his light toward the horn whereof the same is made. 
The horny membrane is not in every place of the same nature  This horny membrane is not in every part like unto itself: for the former part of it, which we may and do behold: wherein the apple of the eye is placed and environed with Iris, or the Rainbow, that part I say, is bright, & hath a through light, that so colours might have the better passage and entertainment, but the hinder part of it is dark and very thick & gross, 
The error of Arabians.  which thing caused the Arabians to make it two membranes. We must mark and observe that it is made of many little skins, and as it were thin barks, which take their beginning from dura matter, which is divided into sundry small skins. The use and office of this membrane, is to make the eye round by compassing in all the humours of the same. 
The third coat.  The third membrane or parchment skin is vuea, which is in English like to a grape, being so called, because it hath in the outward part the resemblance of a black grape when it is pressed, whose beginning is from the second skin, compassing the brain, called pia matter, which after it hath enclosed the sinew of sight, named neruur opticus, spreadeth abroad under the horny membrane, ascending unto the circle Iris, and yet inwrappeth not the whole eye. For when it is comed thus far, then leaving the horny membrane it maketh the hole for the apple of the eye, and bendeth backward to the circle & large circumference of the cristaline humour, unto which it cleaveth fast, staying the waterish humour that it should not cover & bury all the whole crystalline humour. 
The use.  The outward part of it is black, to the end it might gather and heap up in itself, the glittering beams, and that the divers kinds of colours might be thereby better united, received, and conjoined. For as it is the property of white to scatter abroad, so is it the nature of black to gather together. 
divers colours in the eyes.  And touching the innermost part of it, it is endued with many colours, that by seeing many colours we might the better judge of them, and be able to distinguish one from another when they are offered to our sight. Otherwise, if it had been died but with one colour only, than all things which our eyes do behold, would have seemed to have been of this only colour: even as we see a green or read glass maketh all things appear green or read. Furthermore, this change and diversity of colours refresheth the wearied eyes in such sort, that before we have viewed and looked on a thing diligently, we stay our eyes for this purpose, that the spirits of sight may as it were, retire themselves to this diversity of colours as to a place of recreation and comfort. This membrane named vuea is soft, lest it might hurt the crystalline humour, 
wherefore v●ea is soft.  and found directly set to the said humour, that the light might have more free entrance, and that by his darkness the passage of the colours might not be stopped: it is nourished with the veins & arteries of the horny membrane. 
The apple of the eye.  Now that which is seen on the hole or centre of the eye like unto a black prick, is named the apple of the eye, by the which we see: and albeit it doth appear black, yet is neither it nor any thing under it black, but thoroughly clear and bright. 
The 4 coat.  The fourth membrane is named in Greek amphyblestroides, which in English signifieth a casting net, which taketh his beginning from the sinew of sight called ner●us opticus, whose coat is stretched forth, and woven like to a net of many veins and arteries, which it receiveth from the membrane vuea, both for his nourishment and life, and for the glassy humour wherewith it is clothed on the hinder part. 
The 5. coa●  The fift is called Arachnoides, because it resembleth the Spider's web, which is in greek arachne, whose beginning as some think is from Pia matter, but as others affirm, from the crystalin humour to wit, from the superfluous matter & excrement of the same. His use is to enwrap the said humour in all the former part. 
Ambrose Pare.  Ambrose Pare reporteth one most excellent commodity of the same: that it serveth to the cristaline humour, as a glass to behold, so that it is unto it as Led, whereby it falleth out that the divers sorts and kinds of visible things which are sent from any part of the object, that is from the thing which is offered to our sight, may be retained in the said humour by such a conjunction, and linking of each to other, as we see in a looking glass that is made of glass and Lead, which hath force and power to stay the outward face and image from passing through, but holdeth them as it were gathered on a heap in the uppermost part of it.   

CHAP. 4. OF the humours which are in the eyes  
COncerning the humours whereof the eye is made, the first called aqueus, 
1. The waterish humour.  that is, the waterish humour, because it is not unlike water settled in the foremost part of it, between the horny membrane and that which is called Vuea, and some part of the crystalline humour. It hath the fi●st place that it may bridle and stay the raging colours which come upon it, 
The use of the humour  and that the horny membrane should not press down that humour which filleth almost that part of the eye. 
Celsus.  Celsus hath observed that between the waterish and crystal humour, there is a place as it were empty, being only filled with bright shining spirit, wherein the Cataracts are engendered, as we will show in the proper place. There is a further commodity of this humour to keep by his moisture the crystal humour, 
2. The christalin humour.  from too much dryness. The second humour is the Crystal, so termed, for the resemblance it hath unto Crystal in whiteness and shining, to the end it might more easily receive the diversity of colours, 
The place and use.  as we see only white doth. His seat is in the midst between the waterish and glassy humour, not only ministering nourishment and moisture, and so preserving from dryness, but also to help and preserve the same, and to moderate & appease the rage of spirits and colours, 
The form of it.  which might hurt it. The fashion of it is round, which more easily resisteth outward injuries: for this figure is hardly hurt, because it hath no corners. It is true that the roundness of it is somewhat pressed and pinched before and behind, but so that thereby it remaineth more sure and steadfast in the place, which was hard to be done in a round figure. Again by this compression, the colours of such things as we see are retained without any dispersing on either side, which they must of necessity have done, if the figure & shape had been perfectly round. It receiveth nourishment from the glassy humour, 
How it is nourished.  by the help of the little veins & arteries which it imparteth unto it. And it is necessarily required that the glassy humour should make white the blood before it pass to the Crystal humour: for if it were nourished with pure blood which were not white as it is necessarily required. It is given to the eye as the first instrument of sight, and therefore it is in it as a little clear Crystal glass. And albeit the other humours do so shine, that the light may pass through them as it doth thorough water or glass: notwithstanding they have no light of themselves as hath the Crystalline humour, 
This humour hath light of itself.  which could not receive the light which it receiveth outwardly, if it were not partaker of the same within, & so partaker that it agreed naturally with the same. And to prove that it is the first instrument of sight thus it is plain, that after it shall be taken out of the eye, 
It is the first instrument of sight.  & laid upon any thing written or imprinted, it showeth the letter twofold greater than it is in itself: and from this observation it is supposed that men learned the use of spectacles. 
Invention of spectacles.  The third is the glassy humour, 
3. The glassy humour.  so called because in his substance and colour it is like clear shining glass when it is melted: it is hollow in the midst to the end it might keep the Crystalline humour whereunto it is in place of a cowshin, as the watery humour is placed in the former part of the eye: 
The place of it.  so is this in the hinder part for this purpose, that it may repress and keep in subjection sometimes the furious spirits which come upon the Crystalline humour. 
How it is nourished.  It is nourished by means of the veins & arteries which spring from the membrane called of the form of a casting net, Amphiblestroides, 
The greatness of it.  the greatness hereof is threefold, exceeding both the other membranes.   

CHAP. V OF the sinews, veins, and arteries, of the eyes.  
THE eyes are endued with two sorts) of nerves or sinews whereof the first are called optici in Greek, 
The number of the sinews and use.  and visuales in Latin, which is in English sinews pertaining to sight, whereof either eye hath one proper unto it, which differ from other sinews, because they are neither of so sound and firm substance but soft, 
They differ from other sinews.  and within full of little holes (albeit this hollowness is not so evident in them that are dead) which are as small Conduit pipes and little gutters, to carry unto the eyes the spirits of sight, which in manner of a little flame do issue from the light, by whose help they receive from the brain both life and power to see. But before they come to the eyes, after they are gone out from the brains, they are gathered together like as the iron in a Mill, 
The form of them.  and make but one only body and conduit, whereby the spirit of sight is carried out wholly and conjointly, which appeareth in this, that one eye being closed, the apple of the other doth so enlarge itself, that by the passage thereout of the whole spirit, 
Wherefore we see as well with one eye as w●th both.  we may see as fully and certainly with one only as with both the eyes. This union was necessary, lest when one thing is offered to our sight, we should have beheld two, to wit, with either eye one, so that in looking upon one man, we might suppose to have seen two. After this conjunction & linking together they are divided, and each of them passeth thorough the holes in the head, and is planted into either eye severally, ending their course in the coat or membrane called amphiblestroides. 
Sinews which move the eye.  The second sort of sinews are those which serve to move the eye, whereof each eye hath one, which beginning near unto the aforesaid sinews, passing thorough the holes in the head, are engrafted into the muscles of the eye to 'cause them to move. And if we respect the veins, there are two in either eye, 
Veins in the eye.  one within which is derived from the vessels of the brain with the membranes, and the other without, which is plainly stretched unto the outward parts thereof, & specially to the white of the eye, by means whereof are stirred up oftentimes inflammations and redness in the eyes. These help to the nourishment of the eye, as the artery serveth to bestow life on the same.   

CHAP. 6. Of the muscles of the eyes.  
ANd seeing the eyes are given to men to guide the body, and to discover such things as might outwardly hurt them, they could not conveniently have been fastened in one place, and so look only and continually straight forward: therefore God hath given to either of them six muscles, 
The number and use of the muscles.  partly to hold them sure and straight in their places, and partly to change their motions, upward, downward, to the right hand, to the left, inward, and round about. There are four of these muscles strait, taking their beginning from the bottom of the circle, in which the eye is placed, 
The use of the four muscles  called orbita, which compassing the sinew of sight do end in the midst of the eye, that is to say one in the uppermost part drawing it towards the nose, an other in the left side drawing it upward, the third in the lowest part drawing it downward, the fourth in the right side drawing it towards the ear, and when they have accomplished their action, they pluck it inward. The other two turn the eye, yet not fully, but only on the side, that it might look backward. For there is not any thing to be seen within, but only without the head. The first is very long & slender, beginning at the bottom of the circle named orbita, toward the great corner ending with a thin tendon, which pierceth thorough a little membrane or skin like unto a ring, which is made fast near unto the moist kernel, from which in weeping tears proceed, called commonly glandula lachrymalis, by the which when it hath passed as it were by a powly, it maketh a strait corner going forward, until it be imparted in the uppermost part of the eye. His office is to turn it toward the nose. 
The use of the two muscles.  The sixth beginneth in the lowest part of the circle orbita, being very slender, it ascendeth toward the little corner, and embracing the whole eye with a small Tendon, endeth near unto the insertion, or implanting of the fift. His office is to turn the eye towards the ear.   

CHAP. 7. Of the kernels commonly called the glandules of the eyes.  
THere are beside the fat in the eyes, three kernels called in Latin Glandulae, one within the circle, 
The number and use of the kernels.  an other underneath it, and the third above, which all serve to keep the eye moist and wet, as shall be expedient, because of their continual moving and hot nature, withholding also the humours, lest in two great abundance they flow upon them and hurt them. From these kernels issue out tears, either by straightness and compression when we are sorrowful, or by rubbing the eyes, as those gallant Dames use to make themselves weep, when they would obtain their desire at the hands of their lovers, 
Many causes of tears.  either by enlarging as, those which shed tears for joy, either through weakness, as they which weep at their death, because their strength is quite decayed, either from the abundance of any humour as it falleth out in them which are drunk: either by sharpness in the humour, which we may perceive by smoke, or the pilling of an Onion. Concerning the third kernel, it is placed in the great corner of the eye near to the nose upon the little bone in the circle orbita, in which place there is an hole which entereth into the eyes on each side, to stay the course of the excrements coming from the brain, from running into the eyes, as we may see it come to pass in such as having the said kernel changed or consumed do weep continually, as shall be declared in the proper place when we speak of the disease called Fistula lacrymalis, that is a continual watering of the eyes.   

CHAP. 8. Of the form and figure of the eyes.  
ALL the forenamed parts jointly together, do make and frame the eyes in the fashion of a Pyramid, that is, 
Pyramid.  of a sharp steeple, whose point turneth inward to the bottom of the circle called orbita. But if we consider every part thereof separated from the muscles, we shall find them to be in form and shape round, which is commonly called spherical, 
Sphere.  which is the most excellent and perfectest shape of all others, both in regard of the easy and swift motion of it to the right hand, or to the left, upward or downward, and in respect it most easily resisteth all outward and foreign injuries.    

¶ The second section containing such diseases as befall the whole eye.  

CHAP. I. Of the eye that falleth out of the place, which disease is called in greek ecpiesmos or proptosis, and in latin pro●ipsus, exitus, expres●io, exertio. Also of the Ox eye, or great eye, which is in Greek named exopthalmia, in latin o●uli prominentia, of the common sort goglo eye.  

Definition.  EXopthalmia, is a standing out, a lifting up, and as it were a casting forth of the eye from the hollowness and circle wherein it is set and placed as a precious stone within his collet. This affection or disposition is sometimes merely natural, as we may see in such as have great eyes, & to them it is not needful to apply any thing. But if the eye do thrust out more and more, until it departed wholly out of the naturalll place then cometh ecpiesmos. 
Ecplesmos.  In some it standeth so far forth that it cannot be covered with the eyelids, and is in such sort removed out of the circle, that it hangeth without the bone ethmoides.  
This disease cometh either of outward causes, 
Outward causes of it.  as from falling from an high place, by a great stroke on the head, or about the eye with a ball or stone: it may grow also from strangling or choking as appeareth in them which use wrestling, whereunto we refer the great violent straininges which women suffer in hard travels, and the stretching which they abide that have the disease called tenesmus. It is incident to them which are troubled with grievous vomiting, straightness of breath, and use blowing in great horns. The inward causes amongst others are great inflammation, 
Inward causes.  and flowinges commonly called fluxes, which fall upon the eye, and then this standing out of the eye, because of the inflammation, is called by Celsus proprosis. It may be called also by an Aposteme, being in the substance of the brain, 
Pr●ptosis.  or in the skins and coats which cover the same, and from too much fullness and windines, which is heaped together and engendered in the eye, as it cometh to pass in the child which dieth and putrefieth in the mother's womb: and to these may be added the losing, and overmuch mollifying of the muscles and membranes, which move & turn the eye. 
Signs.  According to these causes there are divers signs whereby the disease is known. For when the eye falleth out through the abundance of humours, it is greater and grosser then if it fell out by strangling and choking, by straining or blowing (if there be none other fullness of humours) albeit there is in both great stretching out of it: but if it arise from the softness & tenderness of the muscles, and membranes, it is not so puffed up & swollen, yea scarceslie can any stretching be perceived.  

Cure in general.  Touching the general cure, blood letting is most necessary, and in that place specially where the pain and inflammation appeareth, and in like manner apply the cupping glasses, with scarrifiing upon the shoulders & neck and if it seem needful because of the great abundance of humours, you may use purging, and cut of somewhat in the diet of the patiented. 
Cure in particular.  But concerning particular remedies, as the causes are divers, so must the medicines be divers. For if the stroke be round, or the eye in the thrusting out do hung, than first of all, let him with his hand put it into the place again, pressing it down gently with his hand, and when it is either wholly or in part thus put again into the place, he must lay on it little stupes made of fine linen clothes, or such like, wetting them in Rose water, Plant in water, and the white of an egg, or rather make your medicine of an egg, oil of Roses & wine, as Aetius appointeth, 
Aetius.  or some such like.  
All these medicines must be applied warm, and changed oftentimes, lest they heat too much, and so cause suppuration, that is, bring it to ripe matter. After these remedies, let the eye be easily kept into the place, with a soft Roller, named of Hypocrates, 
Hypocrates roller.  opthalmos. After this order you shall do if the like accident proceed from strangling, choking, straining or vomiting, for the child which is dead or putrefied in the mother's womb when it is drawn forth: and if it seem convenient, use things to mollify & soften the muscles & membranes which may keep it in his place, then apply a fomentation with a binding decoction made of the pil of the Pomegranate, shepherds purse, 
Aui●en. 3. book. fen. 3. tract. 3. c. 36.  Endive, Poppy, thereby to make the part strong, & upon it lay a Cataplasm of bean flower, Roses, Frankincense, and the white of an Egg. And where the eye seemeth full of vapours, & slimy humours without any inflammation, there must you use a fomentation and fume to make them thin before you do undertake the restoring of it into the place, to the end you may waste & disperse such humours as hinder the restoring of it. But if the eye fall out thorough the greatness of the inflammation, you must take that away and delay the pain. And for this purpose Celsus commendeth this Collyrium, that is the eye salve of Nilens. 
Celsus his collyrium. 6. ca 6  R. Nardi Indici, juice of Poppy, anaʒ i Gum, ʒ i. Saphron, ʒ ij. leaus of fresh roses, ʒ 4. & seethe them in rain water, or tart wine. Now following this pattern you may appoint this prescription. R. of Spicknard ʒ j leaves of roses fresh P, i, the pomegranate pill ʒ ij. & seethe them in rain water, ℥ iiij. then dissolve therein of the juice of black Poppy ℈ j Saffron ℈ s make your Collyrium. In it you shall wet linen clothes, folded together, commonly called stupes to be laid upon the eye. They may use also this Cataplasm. R. of the leaves of Poppy & henbane, ana, m, i Sorrel leaves & Plantin, 
A cataplasm.  ana, m, i ss read Roses, m i seethe them in water with dried Rasins, put thereto ʒ two. of Myrrh and the yoke of one egg, make it a cataplasm, & apply it to the eye. In this case those medicines will be necessary, which we shall set down in the disease called opthalmia, which is the inflammation of the eyes. But if neither by all these remedies, nor rolling, the eye can be restored into the place, but it still remaineth ready to fall out and seemeth to hung, than it is to be supposed that the sight is lost, & that the eye is in danger to become dry and withered (because nourishment is wanting, which should keep the parts in their natural moisture) or else to come to suppuration. And it is expedient there to open the part towards the temples of the head where suppuration appeareth to the end that the filthy slimy matter being avoided, the inflammation and grief may cease: notwithstanding let the coats thereof remain safe, and put them again into the place to eschew hereby the deformity which might be in the face, using afterward such medicines as may assuage pain: such is the white of an egg beaten with Rose water & plantain. 
Celsus h●s counsel.  And in what place through dryness and withering the eye shall be dead, lest it 'cause further infection by putrefaction, that which standeth forth is to be cut away. He which shall do this, shall bind thereof as much as is corrupt, filthy, and hanging out, as near unto it as it is possible, then must he cut away so much as hangeth over the ligature or binding, applying in the mean time such medicines as may appease pain and stay inflammation. 
Aetius.  Notwithstanding Aetius would have it stayed till it come unto suppuration. Now which is the best way to cut it after it is bound, we will declare in chapter where we shall speak of staphyloma.   

CHAP. 2. Of the lean, withered, or diminished eye, which is called in Greek atrophia opthalmou, in Latin imm●●tio profunditas macies oculi: Also of the little eyes, commonly called pinking eyes, and in Greek Micropthalmos, in latin parvus oculus.  
Atrophia opthalmou is an affection of the eye when all the parts of it are leaner and slenderer than they aught, 
Definition.  and the whole eye smaller and lesser then naturally it should be, whereupon there appeareth an hollow deepness, it being sunk down within the circle, and the sight being darkened & dimmed in such sort, that the things which they look upon do see me much greater than they are. This affection differeth from Pthisis, 
Difference of Atropbia and Pth●sis.  that is the consumption of the eye, because therein is only a diminishing of the apple of the eye, and not of the whole eye. The inward causes are the flowing unto it of sharp and thin humours, continual tears, sharp fevers, sadness, 
Causes.  old ache, great ache in the head: the outward, a greatstroke, troublesome cares watching. 
Micropthalmos.  Micropthalmos, that is the pinking eye is, when any one hath from his birth so little eyes, that they seem scarcely opened, albeit they are not sunk down within the circle more than they should be, whereunto it is not expedient to apply any medicine, sith nature cannot be amended. But to speak of curing the lean eye in regard of general remedies, 
Cur●.  exercise is here first of all necessary, then rubbing of the head and face, and washing of it, and closing the eyelids to rub the eye gently with the fingers. The Patient must use to eat good nowrishing meat, and drink wine if it be pleasant. He must not meddle with his household affairs, but command them to be kept from his ears. Concerning particular remedies, such are most commended which be gentle, & assuage pain, as fomentations of warm water with a sponge, to use common milk warm, or woman's milk, 
Contrariety of opinions P. Aeginet●.  dropping it into the eye, to avoid all sharp biting medicines which may provoke weeping. Notwithstanding P. Aeginet● used this R 〈◊〉 ʒ i crocomag. ʒ iiij. crociʒ ij. erug. ʒ i. stamping them in water, & so framing them fitly for his purpose. But it hath been well observed, that he did not this to procure tears, neither to dry as such remedies would do, but rather as it were by tinkling and pricking of it a little, to bring and draw thither the humours and spirits and more plentiful nowrishment: which thing is also usually done in other lean parts when they rub, and apply sharp medicines unto them, pricking also & beating them, to the end they may draw to them more store of spirits & blood. Nevertheless Celsus rejecteth the aforesaid medicines which cause tears.   

CHAP. 3. Of the bursten and broken eye, called in greek rexis, in latin ruptio.  
RExis is taken generally for the separation or dissolution of any fleshly part without a wound: 
divers uses of this word rexis.  notwithstanding Galen placeth it amongst the particular affections of the eyes, 
Definition by Galen.  affirming it to be a cut or wound made by a stroke or any other cause in the bottom of the eye, which suddenly dividing asunder the membranes or parch mentlike skin, 
Definition by G●l●a.  the humours which govern the sense of sight are poured out, and scattered abroad The causes are round strokes upon the eye, a fall from an high place, a violent motion, 
Causes.  stretching, and enlarging of the membranes, which being broken are not able to contain the humours in their natural place, whereupon it cometh to pass that all the eye bursteth, 
Cure.  and the humours flow out. It cannot be cured considering the humours are issued forth, and the membranes remain d●ye, albeit that some will constantly avouch the aforesaid humours may be engendered again. For prose of their speech they bring the trial which hath been made on a pigeon's eyes, 
The humours lost may be restored in a Pigeon.  whereof they crushed forth the humours, which nevertheless in fifteen days they have found recovered and restored, and the eyes as plain and sound as before, which I am able to testify that I have seen, but it is not not hath not been proved true in any man. 
A strange history in Galen.  In deed Galen reporteth a history not ordinary, but rather incredible of a young boy which being pricked directly upon the apple of the eye, the waterish humour issued forth suddenly, by means whereof the apple of the eye remained much less, and the horny membrane stood forth with wrinkles notwithstanding all this he was healed having perfect sight afterwards the humour being again engendered which had before flowed out and perished. 
Waterish humour is an excrement.  Which thing might befall to the waterish humour because it is nothing else but an excrement of the nourishment which is in the Crystalline and not any part of seed as the glassy and aforenamed Crystalline are, whose decay in this respect is desperate and unrecoverable. For my part I have seen much of the waterish humour issue forth when the needle hath been plucked forth, which was thrust in to take away the cataracts, 
Waterish humour may be restored.  and afterward in short time the eye hath been as full great and fair as at the beginning: which yet could not be if all the humours were lost. Therefore the Chirurgeon shallbe contented with assuaging the pain, 
Cure.  which he may accomplish partly by general remedies as blood-letting, cuppings on the shoulders to prevent inflammation and flowing of humours, partly by particular remedies, and before all othe●s with this eye salve of most singular virtue & easy to be provided, 
An excellent easy medicine.  which is the blood of a pigeon hot, wherein dipping a linen cloth lay it on the eye, and the rest of the cure is so to be ordered as the accidents shall require.   

CHAP. 4. Of the eye which is troubled or confusedly mixed, and set out of order, called in greek Synchysis, and in Latin Inflatio ●culi.  

Definition.  Synchisis is a breaking or cutting of the eye coming by a stroke or of itself, in the innermost membranes with a dispersing or overturning of the humours, and alteration of the apple of the eye, which in the beginning standeth forth largely, but in the end is made less than nature affordeth it: the humours of the eye in like manner possess not their natural place, neither keep their appointed order, but are carried hither and thither, and mingled together (as we say) hand over head. This malady ariseth after a great stroke or inflammation of the membrane named Vuea, 
Causes.  because some part in it is broken. Those are more easily cured, 
who are most easily cured.  which have the apple of the eye only made brother retaining still his colour and figure, than such as have it rend, and as it were cut asunder. The cure must be in this order. 
Cure.  If the intermeddling and confusion of humours came by a stroke, first let the corrupt blood be quickly taken away, then fill up the eye with blood of a Turtle or Pigeon very hot, and upon it lay a Stupe (as it is commonly named) of linen cloth, or wool wetted in the white of an egg and oil of Roses beaten together, continuing the use of it by the space of two days or more if need require it. Or the third day yo● must use a fomentation dropping into the eye warm milk, or woman's milk, and afterward apply this medicine made of the yokes of eggs hard roasted, mingled with honey and a little saffron to cleanse the part. In the rest of your cure, you shall have in readiness proper medicines for such accidents as may happen.   

CHAP. 5. Of the eye which is swollen, and puffed up, called in greek oedema ●pthalmou, in latin inflatio oculi.  

The divers significations of Oedema.  OEdema is taken in ancient writers for all kinds of tumours or swelling, but here we use it particularly according to Galen for a blowing or puffing up of the eye, 
Definition by Galen.  when it is lifted up on high, looseth his natural colour, and is hardly moved, the white part being higher lifted up then the black: 
Aetius.  or as Aetius would have it, when the eye (without any manifest cause) becometh puffed up, swollen, and discoloured, through the flowing unto it of sharp thin humours which stir up itching. 
Old age subject most to oedema●.  Others say, that swelling of the eye which is termed oedema is taken only for the tumour which outwardly ariseth in eye lid. This affect happeneth many times to men, the itching beginneth at the corner of the eye, not unlike to that when one is stinged with a Bee or Gnat. 
Causes.  This disease is more incident & common in Summer then other times of the years. The causes are the flowing to it of sharp waterish humours, or vapours rising from the entrails and ascending on high, which afterward fall down upon the eye, and chiefly upon the white of it called coniuncti●a, which being not so solid and hard as the horny membrane doth sooner suck in, and as it were drink up the aforesaid vapours and humours, which causeth it to be raised above the horny membrane. In curing of this malady, we must look to that cause which went before, 
Cure.  that it may be turned away by frications or rubbings on the neck back, and arms, by cupping upon the shoulders by good diet, by avoiding all meats which sand up vapours, and principally strong wines. In particular you must use fomentations, which do partly resolve, partly comfort, applying them with a Sponge as Aetius ordaineth. 
Atius medicine.  Take of flowers of Camomile and Melilot an. p. i read Roses, p. ij Sage and betony ana p. i of Fenegreeke, Anise, Fenell, Line seeds anaʒ iij. seeth them in equal portions of tart wine and Spring water, apply it with a sponge. In like sort you may lay to the eye this eye salve. Take of the mucilage of linseed and Fenegreeke drawn with water of eyebright. ℥. two. Fenell water, & rose water an. ℥ i wherein dissolve of myrrh & Aloes an ʒ s. tutia prepared ʒ i. & with this make your salve. The coniunctiva or white of the eye is sometimes so so swollen, 
A necessary caution.  that it goeth forth of the eielidds, and is red & shining, which some being ignorant of, would have cut it. Therefore you must take heed thereunto, sith by little & little the aforenamed remedies will bring it to the own proper nature, as I have seen it accomplished contrary to some men's opinions. But if this thing be not speedily achieved, than the Chirurgeon must put it gently & easily into the place with the point of a round prop, which some have been constrained to do, the white of the eye standing and stretching beyond the eyelids.   

CHAP. 6. Of the hot burning eye, or Carbuncle in the eye. called in greek anthracosis opthalmou, in latin, carbunculatio  

Definition.  ANthracosis in a general sense, is a hard, crusty, fretting ulcer with flowing of humours, & swelling arising in any part of the body, but specially in the eyes about the beginning of pestilent Fevers hurting not only the eye, 
Causes.  but also the eyelids. It happeneth sometimes through great inflammation, or rather by melancholic blood boiling & remaining in that place. 
Signs set down by Aetius.  Aetius giveth these signs to know it, that there ariseth a little tumour like unto a Barley corn, read in the beginning in such manner that the sick party thinketh his eye doth burn, albeit the tumour is not much swollen: for because of the great heat it openeth itself & bursteth out, & that which runneth out of it, albeit it be sharp & biting, causeth the top of the carbuncle to be dry & crusty. 
Infection of parts adjoining.  It infecteth the parts adjoining, whereupon ensueth great inflammation in the eye, in the next parts & in the kernels commonly called glandules, which are under the ear. Sometime it maketh great rents & ulcerations in the eye, yea the hairs fall away, & the eye lids are bore. In the general cure both of that which is in the eye, 
Cure.  and the other on the eye lids, it is expedient that the patiented eat little meat, be let blood, & use glisters: For applying medicines to the place affected, if the Carbuncle be on the eye lids, 
Aetins.  Ae●i● commendeth a medicine made of Coriander, and Nightshade beaten together with dried Rasins, and laid to the Carbuncle. If the Carbuncle grow brother, apply a fomentation to the eye of Rose & Vine leaves. 
Oleum vitrioli.  It shall not be amiss if you stay the said Carbuncle with laying on it oleum vitrioli in little quantity and softly touching it. But if the Carbuncle begin in the eye, the most excellent course is to wash and cleanse the eye with milk, and to seethe together in water, honey and Bean Flower, or white flower, which you apply like a Cataplasm, 
Aegineta.  and sometime bruise to powder the root of the Flower-deluce and lay one it. Against the great inflammation the mucilage of fleaseed quinceseede made with Rose water, is wunderfullie commended, & in place of Rose water, you may take Plantain water or milk. If the disease creep farther, lentils sodden with honey are singular, & where it shall continued Olive leaves or the pill of the Pomegranate sodden in wine then dried, & afterward mingled together with honey are most excellent. Now when you see that the malady goeth not forward, and that his crusts are ready to fall away they shall use this medicine made of the yoke of an egg hard roasted and beaten with a little honey and Saffron using it till it be fully healed, or rather oil of eggs mingled with a little Venise Turpentine, and a little oil of Saint john's Wort, or else some common cleansing medicine.   

CHAP. 7. Of the moist, running, or weeping eye, called in greek Reuma opthalmou, in latin Fluxus oculi, delachrymatio.  
RHeusma opthalmou is a flowing of thin humours, 
Definition.  which in such sort against the will, fall down into the eyes, that there cannot be any means found to stay them. It cometh to some by nature, as we have seen some from their childhood never having dry, but always moist eyes, with a thin piercing humour, which always was painful to them. 
Causes.  And it will soon stir up an inflammation, and blearedness, in many tormenting them all their life without admitting any cure. Those also which have great & gross heads are subject to it, and scarcely doth any medicine at any time profit them. It may also arise from some outward causes, as from a Fever, from some medicine, or sharp thing which hath been put into the eye, or fa●ne into it, from great weakness either in the faculty which retaineth, or that which digesteth the nourishment in the eye, by the unskilfulness of the Chirurgeon, which in curing the disease of the eye called vngn●a did cut away more of the flesh in the corner of the eye than he aught, whereof we will speak in the proper place for a full discharge of all the head touching this part. Concerning the cure, the Chirurgeon must have recourse to former medicines set down in the beginning, which are most easy & gentle, which are either general or special. The general are, 
Cure  his manner of diet, which must be of such things as have thick juice, sith the humour is thin & sharp, his purgations, as blood letting, frictions downward, applying the ruptories o● seton, and this to be done with the advise of a learned Physician. For the particular cure, 
Caution in curing.  if this affect was caused through the use of any sharp medicine or by any other thing falling & fastened in the eye, let him abstain from the aforesaid remedies until he hath taken out that which so vexeth & molesteth the eye, otherwise the patient shall never be at rest and quietness, which being done, he may use the medicines there set down. If it proceed from a continual course of humours, there shallbe particularly applied a stringent & binding plasters upon the head, having shaved off the hair, & upon the forehead and temples, as R. emplast. contra r●pt. & unguent. de bol. ana. ℥ i s melt them together & make a plaster for your use, or R. unguent. desiccat. ●ub. & comitiss●an ℥ two. Mastich. ℥ ss mingle them for your use. And upon the eye you shall lay plasters which are comfortable and somewhat binding, that thereby the eye may be strengthened and armed against the flowing of humours. 
Aetius  Aetius doth much commend this eye salve, which procureth no great pain nor heat. R. aeris vst. ℥ iii cadmi●e ℥ iii opii, mirth an●. ℥ four acaci●e, gum arab. ana. ℥ seven. s. put them into water: of these or the like you may make a salve, & when you will use it, put it into the eye, and let him shut his eye a little while and so keep it in, whereby it cannot bring much pain as the Author himself affirmeth. And when all the former remedies will not prevail the most singular mean to cure is the cutting of the veins and arteries of the head and temples which dtaweth out the humour if it flow inward, 
Incision in the veins and arteries.  and cutteth off the course of it, if it be outward. For the better perfecting of this work, let the diseased party be set on a bed, or in a chair, or bind his neck with a Towel put about it, writhing both ends together that being straight it may press his neck: let him hold in his breath a short time that thereby the veins and arteries may swell and appear more plainly: For by this means the blood and spirits will rise up, 
The compression of the neck causeth the blood to rise up.  and fill the veins and arteries. Then with your lancet open whether you will, making no greater an issue than you do in common blood-letting letting run forth s; oh much blood as shall be expedient, which, that it may come forth more speedily, make straighter sometimes your Towell. when he hath bled sufficiently, the Rowler or Towell shallbe taken from his neck, and put on the orifice or mouth of the vein or artery a little burnt linen cloth, 
How the blood may be stayed.  or scraped lint, lay upon that a plaster agglutinative that is, which hath virtue to knit and join together, upon that lay a thick enfolded linen cloth to the end that the band or rowler may with greater ease keep fast the vein or artery. Some use only a little dry linen cloth wrapped together, as they do in the blood-letting of the arm. 
The opinion of the old Physicians.  The old Physicians have left in their writings that we must sear the artery lest the blood will not be stayed, but I have always stayed it by this binding without causing more pa●ne to the sick party. Oftentimes the only opening of a vein or artery, and the avoiding of blood in them sufficeth not to heal and help this malady, because they are filled again with new matter which floweth as before; therefore the counsel of the ancient writers is to cut the vessel asunder, that by this means you may break the course and stop the way to the humours, 
Arteries cut asunder.  and then it shall not be unfit or unprofitable to sear it, or rather to bind it above, and below as it is used to be done in the veins called varices, which shall be a debarring of the whole passage of the humours. But when this is done, I counsel you to apply your searing iron to the arm of the sick party thereby to make an issue to this matter, 
Diverting of the humour.  which might Perhaps fall upon some other part, namely the Lungs.   

CHA.P. 8. Of certain diseases which the old writers have assigned to the whole eye: and first of such as see best downward, or things that be near them, commonly called purblind, in greek m●opiasis, miopia, citossis, in latin, lus●ositas, nus●iositas, propiaqua visio.  

Definition.  M●opiasis, myopia, catopsis is when one cannot see one thing, but such as be very near and even offered unto his eyes with great difficulty piercing those which are far of. They which have this default are constrained when they read to look very nigh, imagining oftentimes that they behold little bodies like to flies, or motes which fly in the air, as we see it happeneth to those which have looked very long on their books, or have viewed any thing diligently. 
Causes.  This affection although it be in some from their birth, yet it proceedeth also from the small quantity of the spirits of sight, and weakness of the same. Notwithstanding Aristotle imputeth the cause to the great quantity, 
In his book de generat, animalium.  by marking little children to be most subject unto it, by reason of the moisture of their brains: in like manner those which have black eyes are more moist, as on the contrary the like is seen in old men, because of their dryness: they which have blue or grey, or ●kie coloured eyes are subject to the disease glaucoma, which hath the same cause from dryness that the membrane v●uea hath from moisture, if we may so compare one with an other. 
Wherefore some see nearer, some farther.  The reason wherefore some see better near then far off, as saith the same Philosopher, proceedeth from the situation of the eye. For such as have them standing forth cannot see far, and contrariwise they which have them sunk into their circles do more easily discern things present before them, because the spirit cannot be so easily scattered, when the eye is settled deeply as when it standeth out. Concerning the cure, albeit the old Physicians appoint none, accounting it incurable si●h it ariseth from the want of spirits, 
Care.  or îs naturally incident unto men, yet sith it proceedeth from the fullness of moisture, mine advise is, to use cuppings upon the shoulders and neck, to purge him with such medicines as draw from the brain, to dry the head with bags and coyfs made to this purpose, to apply a seton, or rather a ruptory, either upon the hinder part of the head, or upon the arms. And touching other medicines which are to be applied to the place affected you shall have recourse to the chapter following, entreating of the dimness or diminishing of the sight, and appointing such remedies as will strengthen and repair the decayed and dispersed spirits, which are in very small quantity.   

CHAP. 9 Of the continual dimness, diminishing, or hindrance of the sight, called in greek amblyopia, in latin, hebetudo, or caligatio.  
AMbliopia is a continual dimness & hindrance of the sight, 
Definition  without any appearance of any thing in the eye: notwithstanding the sight is darkened, and yet no hurt to be perceived in the membranes, neither appeareth the apple of the eye made lesser or greater, 
Causes.  or having any other disorder. This disease happeneth either when the spirits are gross, or the membranes are thick and strait or the humours of the eye are not only gross, but also slimy. It proceedeth from some long tedious disease, and trouble, because the spirits are wasted: it may come also by age. For old folk besides the thickness of the membranes, and humours, have the spirits of sight much weakened, and in fine diminished and lost. 
Cure.  In the general cure of dimness which is caused through the grossness of membranes, spirits & humours, you must deal as it is used in the beginning of the cataracts: & touching particular medicines to be applied in any kind of the perishing of the sight this collirium is exceedingly commended to have restored (as one writeth) sight to him that had been blind by the space of nine years. R. succi api●, foenic. verbase. chamedr. pimpinel. gariophil, 
Holerius.  saeluiae, chelidon. rutae. centinod. m●rsus gall. farinae, volat. ana. ℥ i piperis crasso modo triti, nucis moschaiae, ligni aloes ana. ʒ iii let them all steep in the urine of a sound child, and a pint of malmsey one hour, then seethe them a little while afterwards strain them forth, and put the water into a glass stopping it very close: put some of this water into his eyes when he goeth to sleep. 
Strawberry wine.  In like manner put Strauberies into wine which is sweet, and boil them together a short time, & of this take every morning, & of the same make a drink which you may use with your meat. Others esteem this water as miraculous. They bury vipers in dung, 
An excellent water.  whereof are engendered worms which they distill, and put this water into the eyes. The distilling of white honey and rose flowers is most singlar. 
Leonellus Fauen●.  Leonellus Faventinus saith he healed such a disease by dropping into the eye the juice of the Selandine and that he tried this remedy, to take of water which runneth through a vein of white earth, after you cut the earth, a pint, & put into it the quantity of a nut of amber beaten to gross powder, let it stand eight days in the Sun, afterwards put thereof into the eye. Beside the ascrenamed causes. Avicen saith, 
3. book fen. 3. tract, 4. chap. 24.  the decaying of sight may be procured many times by great light or whiteness, as when one doth a long time look upon the Sun, or upon snow, and specially if one come forth of a dark place: so that he cannot see but such things as are near, and those hardly: even as they which look upon any colour suppose they behold some white thing above them: 
Cornarius.  
Galen.  he nameth this affection altum●r that is in latin albedo vincens in english too much whiteness Galen maketh mention hereof in his tenth book of the use of the parts. This thing befalleth them which are shut up in a dark place, as in dungeons of prisons, and come out suddenly into the light. And some are of this opinion that the crystalline humour is so weak, and so hurt that it is turned upside down, as if it were out of the place by the meeting & encountering with this great light naming this disease in greek acatastatia christalloidous. 
Savanarola.  In curing of it the patient must usually behold green and blue colours, and be kept in a place neither overlight, nor overdarke Avicen praiseth fumes made with wine poured upon a brick, 
Cure.  or rather a decoction made with herbs having virtue to dissolve, as Hissope, Melilot, Camomile, Sage, Rosemary, and such like: whereof may be made also little fomentations: as R. of the leaves of Sage Maioran, Hislope, ana. m. s Betony, eyebright an m.i. of leaves of Camomile, Melilot, Roses, ana. p. s of Any seeds and fennel ana. ℥ s seethe them in wine and water equally to be used with a sponge, and make this your collirium, R. of water of Selandine and eyebright ana. ℥ i water of Hissope ℥ s in which dissolve Myrrh ʒ s Benjamin, Stirac. Calamitae, ana. ℈ ij. when you have used your fomentation apply this eye-salve to the part.   

CHAP. 10. Of those which see not in the night which disease may be called night blindness, in greek it is called Nictalspi●sis, in latin Nocturna or Vespertina Caecitudo.  
NIctalopiasis is when one seethe nothing in the night albeit he see most clearly in the day, 
Definition.  and in such sort, that as the day passeth, so his sight faileth. This affect groweth from the weakness of the head, and grossness of the spirits of sight, 
Causes.  as also from the humours and coats of the eyes and principally of that cornea or horny coat, which are broken and stuffed with a thick slimy juice: or as Actuarius affirmeth, 
3 book chap. 7. method.  it cometh from the impurity and plenty of humours which being enlightened by the brightness of the clear air is able to minister sight but being obscured and made gross by the shadow and darkness of the night, it troubleth and overthroweth the whole action of sight. To this place may be referred that disorderly affection which is called by some acies solaris, or solana visi●, 
Acies solaris, or solana visi●  that is, when one cannot discern any thing but by the Sun beams. In curing hereof these general things are to be observed, 
Cure.  blood-letting in the arm, and corner of the eyes and purging according to the physicians advise: this done move sneezing by putting things fit for that purpose into the nose. Some commend the use of selandine and eyebright water in drink. Concerning local medicines Avicen avoucheth this experiment, 
Avicen.  to take the thin moisture coming of a goats liver laid on burning coals, putting thereto a little salt and long pepper. 
Aetius.  Aetius extolleth the liver of a Buck goat roasted with salt and eaten and to put the thin humour issuing from it into the eyes, or rather whilst it is in roasting to receive into the eyes the sum arising from it. The gall of a Vulture or any other ravenous bird mingled with a little juice of a pig, and honey is much praised, as also the juice of Chickweede, or Fenell dropped into the eye. Also to receive the vapour of Rue, Fenell, Eyebright, Selandine, Ligni Aloes, Saffron, sodden together in wine or water, or else to still them with honey, and put the water into the eyes.   

CHAP. 11. Of day-blindnesse, or cats eyes, called in greek hemeralopia, in latin nocturna visio.  
HEmeralopia is, 
Definition  when one seethe better in the night, then in the day but if the moon shine he cannot see: 
Causes.  which thing proceedeth either from the thinness and small quantity of the spirits of sight, which are dispersed by the light of the Son, as on the contrary, they are made strong, thick and gathered on an heap by darkness: or rather because the membranes of the eye are over slender whereby the spirits can not be retained, but breath forth, and pierce through them. We may bring to this place the disease named of the latins tenebrosa affectio, which is, 
Tenebrosa affectio.  when one with great pain beholdeth the light though it be but very little. Concerning the cure, there must be regard had that the sick party use good diet, 
Cure.  which may procure store of blood, and thick gross spirits, if want and thinness did first bring this disease: but if it proceeded from the weakness and slenderness of the membranes, let the eye be comforted and strengthened with medicines agreeable thereunto, and which may moreover make thick the spirits, as R. gallar. ballast, anaʒ i foliorum plantag. betonicae, an. m. s seethe them in ℥ iii of sharp wine in which dissolve acatiae gum. trag. aloes, an ʒ s make your collicium an other R. rosar. rub. fruct. oxiacan. tapsi barbati centinod. ana. p. s seethe them in water until it come to ℥ iiij. put into it sarcocol dissolved in a woman's milk which giveth suck ℈ s iutiae praeparat aecerussae lotae, antimonij loti, ana. ℈ i or a collirium made of half a dram of olei vitrioli, dissolved in plantain and rose water is singular.    

The third section containing the diseases of the muscles of the eyes which are by some referrd to the whole eye.  

CHAP. I. Of the squint eye, called in greek Strabismus, in latin Strabositas or oculi distortio.  

Definition.  STrabismu● is a wresting or writhing, which draweth the sight unequally: or a convulsion and pulling of the muscles which move the eye: or when some muscles of the eye are loosed, and the contrary to them shortened, in such sort, that it is drawn either upward, or downward, 
Observation  to the right side, or to the left. For sometime in the same part are contrary muscles, equal in number and greatness, and strength, so that if some of them be subject to a palsy, a convulsion falleth upon the contrary: 
To whom this disease incident.  Old folk many times by the drawing back of the muscles being very dry or moist are subject to this disease, or the like affection, as they also which have been vexed with any great disease of the head as the falling sickness, giddiness or any other: 
Causes.  I have seen it proceed in some of having too much company with women, the excess whereof doth marvelously scatter the spirits. 
Children most subject to it.  But commonly it is a malady most incident unto children presently after their birth, through the negligence of the Nurse, who setteth the cradle in which the infant lieth on the side of the light, & not directly contrary unto it which maketh the children looking to the light to turn the eye on the side to it, and thus by continuance they are accustomed to turn their eye awry when the muscles have attained to a habit, because one sort of them doth so obey and follow the contrary which draw them that these do grow longer the others shorter. 
Cure.  For the cure if the disease come of fullness, softness, palsy, in some muscles, it shallbe necessary to purge the brain and to dry it, wherein the foreruning cause of this disease was contained, to which purpose also let him chew things in his mouth, & put other into his nose, use good diet, and strengthen the part as much as may be with drying and resolving fomentations. But if on the contrary it is engendered by too much want, and emptiness of the blood and spirits, the sick party must b● nourished very well, and use to drink asses milk. The particular remedies must be fomentations which are moist, and the blood of a Turtle or Pigeon dropped into the eye. Paulus A Eg●neta appointed a mask for such as had this disease, 
3. book.  to the end they might look always strait, which is most fit for young children. The portraiture with the description is in Ambrose Pair his book, 
Ambrose Pair his pains commended  which without knowledge of the same set down in the old writers hath very wittily & cunningly invented the said mask & instrument as he hath done many other, through the long observation which he had in viewing many diseases. Moreover the Nurse shall draw her hand over the child's eyes oftentimes to repair the sight. 
Avicen. Aeginet. Actual Oribas.  And following the counsel of the old writers there shallbe some red thing hanged and fastened upon the temples, or on the contrary ear to the wresting of the eye, that the child may to that turn the eye, and so amend the deformed sight. In like manner the cradle shallbe set with the contrary side to the light.   

CHAP. 2 Of the shaking eye, or horse eye, called in greek hippos, in latin equus.  
HIppos is an affection of the eye coming at the first framing, 
Definition.  and from the birth of the party wherein the eyes cannot abide in one place, but are always shaking, and continually trembling in such manner, that you may behold the eye going hither and thither without any rest. This affection (as Galen saith) cometh by the default of the muscle which maketh fast the eye, 
Definition. med.  compassing the lowest part of the sinew of sight yet the latter anatomists have not found this muscle in men, 
Later anatomists descent from Galen.  neither have I observed it, albeit in Oxen it is most evident. Therefore I judge the cause of this trembling to come not from the weakness of one, but rather of all the muscles. The same Author compareth it to the natural grinding or gnashing of the teeth, 
In prognost. Hip. come 2. sect 21.  which is in us from our Nativity, whereupon Gor●eus accounteth it not a disease sith no Physician hath set down any cure for it. 
Gorraeus.   
Nevertheless in labouring to redress this fault I would use the instrument called a Mask as we have spoken in the former Chapter, to the end, that he which were infected therewith might not see but by that little hole, whereby the eye should be compelled to stay in that place in looking which might 'cause it to remain afterward steadfast in the same place Some think it best to bind or roll the eyes for a short time, and again to unroll them, which may be profitable in this affection as also in the squint eye.   

CHAP. 3. Of the Senseless eye, or Palsy in the eye, called in greek paeralysis op●halmou, in latin resolutio oculi.  
PAralysis is taken for want of sense and motion in the whole body, 
Definition.  or in any part, as we see in the eye, when it can neither be moved to the right side not to the left, up, nor down because the muscles are benumbed, and if any sharp remedy be laid to, it cannot feel the same. 
Causes.  The causes are the flowing of the humours, and especially of phlegm, which fall upon the second pair of sinews coming from the brain, which spread forth their branches into the muscles of the eye. 
Prediction.  If the whole eye be loosed it is hardly cured especially in old folk: if it be natural it is utterly incurable. And where there is hope, you must do as followeth. The sick must eschew strong wines, vaporous & gross meats, using such only, which are easily digested, and make the humours thin: if the party be of a good complexion he shallbe let blood in the arm, them being prepared with clysters, he shallbe purged, afterward let him use to chew certain proper remedies in his mouth, and have others put into his nose to draw down the matter, and use vomit fasting, yet without great constraint, & also having bound the eye before lest it might start forth through the vehement vomiting. There shallbe applied unto it cupping glasses on the shoulders, with scarification, and set bloodsuckers on the temples. His head being shaven make an embrocation of oxirodinum, wherein a little castoreum is melted. In the particular cure the eye shallbe bathed with such herbs as are good for the sinews, having virtue partly to comfort, 
A tried remedy.  partly to make thin, and let a plaster or cataplasm be laid upon it made of the same herbs putting to it a little castoreum carefully providing that it go not into the eye. Then the water of Fenell, Anyfeedes, Cinnamon, Eyebright, mingled together and dropped into the eye in small quantity are singular: so is the blood of a Turtle or Pigeon.    

¶ The fourth section containing the diseases which are incident to the ey●liddes.  

CHAP. 1. Of the blowing or puffing up of the eyelid called in greek emphisema opthalmou, in latin inflatio.  
EMphisema is taken generally for an heap of windy spirits which are gathered in the empty places of any part, 
divers acceptions of this word.  as appeareth in Galen, But it is here particularly used for a puffing up of the uppermost eyelid when it is lifted up, losing his natural colour with heaviness and hard moving, 
Def.  and in the end becometh pale and wan: and sometimes the white doth in part stand higher than the black. There is also a lose swelling without it round about which being pressed down with the fingers, is suddenly stayed, but presently is filled up again. And herein it differeth from the tumour called Oedema because it being pressed with the finger, 
How it differreth from oedema.  the mark and sign thereof remaineth afterward, and it proceedeth also from a stroke which compassed the eielidde, which thing is not so to be seen in this windy swelling of it. 
Causes.  This disease groweth from some thin humour or vapour which ariseth in it by weakness of heat, which is not able to altar the blood to the likeness of the part, whereupon either wind or thick spirits are engendered, which cannot be dispersed, nor digested, as we may see it happen to such as are sick of fevers, or which watch much and sleep little, or which have an ill constitution of body, or which are entering into a dropsy. 
Cure.  In curing of it, you shall use medicines necessary for the whole body, and particularly shallbe applied fomentations partly strengthening, 
3 Book chap. 22.  partly resolving. Paulus doth much commend a fomentation of wine and water, lentils and roses sudden together or this R. ros. rub. P j Flor. athas. P s. Camomile. melilot. hyssop. absinthii, puleg●i, origani ana. m. s. Seethe them in equal portions of wine and water, and apply it with a sponge. afterward you may lay upon it vigoes plaster siue merc. or de baccis lauri, de meliloto. 
vigo's plaster  
Experiment.  I have tried unguentum desiccatiuum rub. ad comitiss. mingled together to dissolve such tumours. 
Aetius.  AEtius praiseth a Cataplasm made of Lentils sodden with a little honey. Now of this ill affect followeth oftentimes heaviness of the eyelids called by Avicen, gravitas palpebrae, 
Gravitas palpebrae. 3. Book fen. 3. tract. 3. chap 9 Cure.  when the thinner part is dissolved, or rather when there is weakness in the part, or when it drieth or consumeth: In curing of this there must be used contrary medicines to the former, whose virtue shallbe to make moist and soft: as fomentations of mallows, Holihock, Pellitory of the wall, Branck ursine, muscelage of Fenegreek and lineseed: of these also may be framed Cataplasms. Emplastrum de mucaginibus, and that of Vigo aforenamed have singular virtue and force to mollify and dissolve.   

CHAP. 2. Of the Tettar, ringworm, or Scabs on the eielidds, or sharp fleumy blearedness, called in greek Psoropthaimia in latin L●ppitud●pruriginosa.  

Definition.  PSoropthalmia is when the eyelids are red, and salt biting tears issue from them, the corners of the eyes having ulceration and reddnesse with much itching. 
Causes.  This proceedeth from salt sharp phlegm flowing down to the eye stirring up this itching and fretting. 
Cure.  To cure it you must change the course of the humour by blood-letting, cupping, rubbing on the shoulders, abstaining from all salt slimy meats. In particular you must use fomentations ex posca lenticulae decocto, 
Collyrium Philoxeni.  & rosarum, afterwards apply collirium philoxeni which is named of AEtius achariston, because the Patient is not able sufficiently to requited it: it is this R. cadmiaeʒ. two. chalcitidis crudaeʒ. i aloes, obol. two. aerug. obol. two. piperis gran. x. florum rosarumʒ. iii beat them together and use them. My counsel is to put to them ung pomat. to bring them to such a fit & commodious form for your use as is unguentum de tutia, and then to put some of it into the corners of the eyes. 
Medicines against itching  For the itching after you have applied your fomentations use this collyrium Take Rose water and plantine water. ana. ℥ two. in which boil with a soft fire aloes hepaticaeʒ s of white coporas ℈. two. of sugar Candie ʒ. i. this eiesalue consumeth & drieth the sharp phlegm and giveth strength to the eye.   

CHAP. 3. Of the itching or dry ringworme, or blearedness of the eyes called in greek xeropthalmia in latin arida l●ppitudo.  
XEropthalmia is a dry blearedness wherein the eyes are neither puffed up, 
Definition.  nor sand forth tears but are only red and heavy with pain, 
Celsus in his 6. book. 6. chap.  and in the night the eyelids stick fast, and are as it were glued together with thick phlegm: which disease is of the longer continuance sith the matter is tough and heavy. In curing hereof baths are most meet, 
Cure.  and good diet, and particularly such medicines as provoke tears to the end to draw the moisture to the eyes whereunto serveth the plaster of AEtius named acharistor. This remedy is greatly praised of Celsus to take bread dipped in wine and apply it to the eye. 
Celsus.  For if there bee any humour it draweth it forth and beateth back the flowing of other humours unto it. Now whereas they which have this infirmity are grievously vexed in the mornings, not being able to open their eyes, because their eyelids are so fast giewed, they must at night when they go to bed anoint them with unguentum de tutia, which will hinder the eyelids from sticking together.   

CHAP. 4. Of the hardness of the eye, or hard blearedness called in greek Scleropthalmia, in latin lippitudo dura, or siccitas oculi.  

Def.  SCleropthalmia is when the eye-lyddes are more hard then accustomably they use to be, and also the eye, more slow in moving, more red, more painful, especially when one awaketh, the eyelids can hardly be opened, yet no moisture issueth from them and in the corners of the eyes sticketh some phlegm dried and and folded together: and when we would turn the eyelid, we cannot do it easily, because of the great hardness, neither can we shut it without pain, 
Causes.  except we take the advantage. This affect happeneth by the flowing of a gross humour, or after a great inflammation of the eye, when the slimy humour is dried, either of itself or by the heat, or it befalleth through the default of the Chirurgeon, who hath applied over drying medicines. 
Cure.  In curing hereof, the same remedies are very convenient which are before appointed for the dry blearedness, sith they only differ in greatness the one and the other being dry, 
3. book fen● tract. 3 ch. 5.  Avicen extolleth greatly these remedies to apply a Fomentation unto the eye with sponges wet in warm water, and after to put upon the eye the white of an Egg with oil of Roses. And where the humour is thick and very salt he useth the mucilage of fenugreek drawn in milk, and such remedies as are of power and virtue to scatter & mollify such an humour. For my part I have oftentimes tried unguentum rosatum Mesuae anointing the eyes with it, both within and without, especially at night when he would take his rest.   

CHAP. 5. Of the falling of hair from the eyelids or bauldnesse of them called in Greek Maedarosis and Milphosis, in latin Def●●uium pilorum or Glabaties' palp●bra●um also of thickness joined with baldness in the eyelids, called in greek Ptilosis 〈◊〉 latin, Cra●sittes callo sapa●polrarum.  

Definition.  MAdarosis is only taken for the falling of hair from the eyelids by a flowing of sharp humours, and where the hairs do simply fall away, and the utmost part and banks as it were of the eyelids are read like unto lead the affection is called milphosis or miltosis. The cause according to Avicen is gross salt matter, 
Milphosis.  which maketh the eyelids red, bringing ulceration to the parts where the hairs take root, 
Causes.  the eye thereby being sometime impaired and corrupted. ●ut if the edges and banks thereof grow thick and hard in such manner that the hair cannot there be fastened and pierce through the disease is named ptilosis jointly mixed and compounded of madarosis and xeropthalmia. The cause as Avicen recordeth, is not only in regard of the matter (as when vermin and worms are engendered, or rather when the humour is salt) but also in respect of the place, as when it is hard and thick, which hindereth the passage of the vapours whereof hair is engendered, so that they cannot come to the edges of the eielidds. 
Cure.  In the cure you shall have regard to make sweet this humour so sharp, and so biting, and if any vermin be there, they shallbe either taken away, or destroyed by medicines applied for that purpose. This being done, lay to it such remedies as have force and virtue to make hair grow. Avicen advanceth misedounge beaten to powder, 
Avicen.  as also alcoole cum melle. Where the eyelids are thick he useth this Cataplasm of Endive, oil of Roses and white of an egg, commending moreover the use of baths in the morning.   

CHAP. 6. Of the hardness of the eyelids, called in greek Scleriasis, in latin Durities palp●brarum, and of the hard apostume in them called Se●rrosis.  

Definition  SCleriasis is an hard tumour on the eyelid with reddnesse, and pain which cannot without much difficulty be wholly taken away, being of longer continuance than an inflammation, and when it groweth harder, and the reddnesse of it changeth into blewenesse it is named scirropthalmia. 
Causes.  These fall out upon some great inflammation which hath gone before. 
Cure.  In the Cure especially the hardness being ontward you must shut the eye and rub it a long time with your finger, and then use a mollifying Fomentation, as R. of Mallows, hollyhock Pellitory of the wall, Violets an. M.i. linseed ℥ s make thereof two bags which seethe in water. After this shall be applied a mollifying plaster, as de mucaginibus, and diachylum ireatum, amongst other Vigoes plaster sine Mercurio is singular. You may put also into the eye Colliria of mucilage of linseed and Quinces, and a little woman's milk.   

CHAP. 7. Of the roughness of the eyelids called in greek Trachoma, in latin Aspritudo: Also of the Fig in the eielidds in greek Sicosis, in latin Ficositas, or Ficosa Palpebra, and of the brawny eyelids called in greek Tilosis, in latin Callosa Palpebra.  
TRachoma, 
Definition.  is an inequality and roughness of both the eyelids in their inward part with an hard ruggedness as if the seeds of millet were in them. If the malady grow farther and there appear clefts and rents and little parts standing forth not unlike figs it is called sicosis. 
Sicosis.  And when the disease is waxed old and hardened, the eyelid becometh as hard as brawn, which is called tilosis. 
Tilosis.  This ill affection cometh many times by the long use of eie-salues or by a sharp humour flowing unto them, 
Causes.  and sometimes without any evident cause. 
Cure.  In curing of it after general things accomplished the use of this collirium is wonderfully commended by AEtius R. testae sepiae, 
Aetius.  ʒ viii. punicisʒ viii. rubricae sinopiae, ammoniaci thimiamatis an ʒ x. gummiʒ viii. put them into water, wherewith make an ointment for the eyes, and presently upon the anointing with a sponge, dipped in cold water, wash the eyelids: or R. cadmiaeʒ xuj. aeris ustiʒ iiij. seminis hiosciamiʒ i opiiʒ ij. myrrh. fructus ericae, acaciae ana. ʒ iiij. gummi. ʒ viii, bruise them all dry, and put to them woman's milk, and then beat them again, into woman's milk, lay them to the eye, but first look you have used a Fomentation or R. chalcitidis ustaeʒ iij. crociʒ viii. meline ix. bruise them with water, and then dry them, put afterwards honey unto them and use them.   

CHAP. 8. Of the Hare's eye, or open eye, called in greek Lagopthalmos, in latin Leporina palpebra.  

Definition  LAgopthalmos is when the higher eielidde is so drawn back, that in shutting the eye, the whole is not nor cannot be covered wholly, and in sleep it is open, as we see Hares do sleep. 
Three kinds thereof.  There are three kinds thereof according to Avicen: the first is, when the eyelid being drawn back, covereth not the white of the eye, which cometh either from the first frame of it, or by incision made in the aforesaid eyelid, and this is called leporinus, that is the hares-eie. The second kind is when one part of the white is not covered, and thereupon ariseth abbreviatio that is shortness, which hath the same causes with the former. The third is, when the higher eyelid toucheth not, nor covereth the lower, which proceedeth either of some kernel, or outgrowing of flesh, or by a convulsion of the same eyelid. Beside the aforenamed causes, 
Causes.  this disease may come sometime by the closing up or as it is commonly called, cicatrizing of a wound or ulcer, and that, either where the ulcer doth it of itself, as in a carbuncle, or after the eyelid is very much cut, and so over much loosed, or because it hath been lifted up by cutting, or hath been cauterized or feared unadvisedly. Concerning the cure, 
Cure.  if the eyelid be too short, it is unpossible to recover it by any kind of cure or operation: If it want but a little, it may be amended and restored in this manner, when you have felt the sick party fitly, 
The manual operation.  you must cut the skin a little under the brows in manner of a cross, whose points and corners are turned down, with this consideration, that if this default have arisen from the rash incision & sewing of the eyelid, you then make your incision upon the scar, or where it is drawn back. The deepness of the incision must enter to the gristle, yet not touch it: For if it be cut, the eylid falleth down, and afterward cannot be lifted up. You shall make separation of the edges in the incision with scraped lint, to the end that the eyelid may fall down, and return equally to his former shape and greatness, as also to stay the divided skin from rejoining, causing a little flesh to grow and fill up that place, that afterward the eye may be easily and conveniently opened. Concerning local medicines, 
Local medicines.  there may not be any used which a●e drying, but only losing, made of gross unctuous things, as a fomentation of mollifying and losing herbs. unguentum basilicum made of wax, rosine, black pitch, & the suet of an Ox is much commended, as the mucilages of quince, senegreeke, and linseed.   

CHAP. 9 Of the inversion, or turning inside out of the eye, called in Greek Ectropium, in Latin Inuersio.  
ECtropium is, 
Definition.  when the lower eyelid turneth the inside out, & draweth so much back, that it covereth not the white of the eye, nor is joined to the other eyelid which is above. This affection is not natural, but hath grown from too much losing medicines, 
Causes.  or from superfluous flesh which hath grown in the inner part of it: or rather, as Aetius saith, 
Aetius.  when the flesh in the corner of the eye is increased and overgrown: or by cutting away too much of the skin in a palsy, labouring by that means to make it shorter: in like manner, burning, cicatrizing, or cutting in the outward part of the eyelid, may bring this fault▪ and old-age also may procure it. The cure must be divers, 
Cure.  as the causes are divers requiring rather the hand of the Chirurgeon than medicines: If then it proceed from the overgrowing of flesh, and the same be little and tender, it may be abated and consumed with medicines properly affected to take away flesh, if it be old and dry it shallbe cut away. The operation shallbe in this order. Take a needle with thread in it, and put it through the lowest part of the flesh which groweth out, then with the same thread lift it up, and the eyelid with it, and with the point of a penknife cut it by little and little, or with a crooked vause, you may cut it all at once if you can, but take heed lest you rake any part of the eyelid away. If the eyelid recover his natural fashion, and returning inward do cover the eye, we will be content therewith using only medicines, somewhat a stringent to close up that which is cut away, and to prevent pain and inflammation: but if it fall back, and return to the former disorder, 
another way of incision.  them must two overtwhart incisions be made gently in the innermost part of the eyelid, which shall begin in the midst and lower part of it, being drawn both overthwartly, one to the great corner, the other to the sesse, nigh unto the eyelid, and having gathered both together there will be taken away a little piece like unto the great letter of the Grecians named Λ, being notwithstanding careful to avoid cutting of the skin in such manner: Let the point of it be to the lower part and bottom of the eye, & the larger open part arise and ascend towards the eyelid. Now if this default have proceeded from incision, burning, searing, cicatrizing in the eye lid, which hath not been well and cunningly performed, then must incision be made of the skin in the outward part, not far from the eyelid, which beginning at one corner of the eye shall end at the other, in form of a cross, making separations of the edges with lint put between them lest they should join again. But if it proceed from old-age, or of too much losing, all that which is lose must be outwardly seared, either with a fine instrument, which kind is called Cauterium actuale, or with a medicine which is called Cauterium potentiale, with great care that you touch not the eye.   

CHAP. 10. Of the eyelids which are tied & joined together, called in Greek Agcylosis, and Agchyloblepharon, in Latin Inuiscatio, or detentio palprebrarum: & of the divers kinds thereof, named Symphisis and Prophisis blepharon.  

Definition.  AGchiloblepharon is, when the eyelids take hold each of other, and join together, so that the eye cannot be opened: And it so falleth out sometime in this malady, that the eyelid is knitted to the white of the eye, commonly called coniunctiva, 
Causes.  and sometime with cornea, or the horny membrane, & this disease is called Simphisis, or prophisis blepharon. It is so that from the birth and conformation of the part, the eyelids are joined together, as it is also sometime seen in the hole of the ear, yard, matrice, fundament, mouth, or when an ulcer hath been negligently and ignorantly cured, either in the eyelids or membranes, coniunctiva or cornea, because in healing of the ulcer, the parts which aught to have been separated, have been glued together. 
●re.  Concerning this cure if the eyelids are equally joined, they must be separated, which I would have cunningly done with the point of a little slender lancet, and after the incision, to put between both parts little clotheses dipped in some eyesalve which may keep open the wound, 
Observation.  until both parts be healed▪ but when the eyelid is linked and fastened to to the white of the eye or horny membrane, the eyelid must be with great dexterity and discretion parted from the eye, cutting rather (if so it must be) the eyelid than the eye: which being done, use such medicines as will assuage pain, to eschew inflammation, flowing of humours, and pain issuing from them, and by little and little afterwards to apply medicines, which may heal and take away the roughness which the incision hath left, stirring it daily, not only to put the medicine upon it, but also to keep it from joining together again, giving in charge to the patiented to lift it up many times with his fingers. 
Celsus.  Celsus saith he never saw any cured, 
Mesua.  and to his opinion agreeth Mesua, albeit he had assayed many things, because the eyelid is unseparable from the eye.   

CHAP 11. Of the short or maimed eyelids, called in Greek Coloboma, in Latin mutilatio, and after Celsus, curtum.  
COloboma is here used for any defect & want, 
Definition.  either in the lips, ears, nostrils, or eyelids, when by nature (as it oftentimes falleth out) these parts are cloven, in such manner as if there had been some whole piece taken away, and they left maimed. The cause of this default, 
Causes.  is either natural through the feebleness of that faculty and virtue which fashioned the body in the womb, or from want and insufficiency of matter, whereof those parts were framed, or from some other accident, as rottenness, a carbuncle, or gangrene, which have eaten & wasted the part, or by a stroke which hath cut away or made a division in the part. 
C●e.  As touching the cure, it is unpossible to restore that want which is in the substance: that must be nature's work, not the chirurgeons hand. But the deformity of the part so maimed, may be repaired and recovered if it be but little: if it be great it receiveth no cure, but he which dealeth with it, 
Prediction.  shall make it more ugly and ill favoured than it was before the cure. The way to amend this fault, when the eyelid is somewhat lame and maimed is, that which is used in the disease called hare-lips, you must cunningly with a lancet or crooked Vause, take of the skin from the outward and inward parts, which are to be joined▪ and then make fast together the edges of both parts: but if they cannot conveniently touch each other, beside this pulling away of the skin, there must be made two cross incisions on both sides, as we have before said in the hare's eye, 
Celsus in his 7. book.  which shall be turned from the wound, cutting only the uppermost part of the skin. When this is done, there shall be a needle thrust through both the lips and edges without touching the gristle, and the thread shall be made fast on each side as in the Hares-lippes, which Ambrose Pare hath largely set forth, 
Ambrose Pare.  plainly laying open the portraiture and fashion of that whole work.   

CHAP. 12. Of a fat substance lying under the eyelid, called in Greek Hidaus, in Latin aquula, or palprebarum aquositas, or vesica.  

Definition.  HYdatis, is a growing out of fat in the higher eyelid between the skin and the gristle. In some, & specially in little children which are very moist, this fat groweth more and more, and causeth many grievous accidents overlading the eye: and for this cause drawing down the rheum, the eyelids seem swollen under under the brows, neither are they able to lift up themselves when need so requireth. 
Signs.  If any one press them down with his fingers divided in sunder, that is between the fingers ariseth up, when the other which is under them is pressed down. Those children (saith Albucrasis) which have this malady, 
Albucrasis.  lie sleeping always upon their face, and at the dawning of the day are greatly tormented with that abundance of humours which hath been gathered in the night: they are not able to behold the sun, but their eye trembleth, and sheddeth tears. 
Cure.  If this disease be but newly begun, it may be easily healed with resolving medicines without chirurgery: but if it be of long continuance, it must be taken away by manual operation, that is by the hand of the Chirurgeon. When you have set the sick party in a convenient place, you must press down the eyelid at both corners with your fingers, that by this means the skin stretching forth, may be cut overthwart, your hand remaining hanging down, lest the skin or bladder wherein the fat is be touched and hurt: and moreover, that it being opened, the same may be taken away jointly with the bladder. This done, you must pressed it out with the fingers, or rather with a pair of pincers pluck it out by the roots, sith it may be easily separated, dealing afterward with it, as you would in the disease called a Wolf. But if the bladder be cut it procureth great pain, because it sendeth forth his moisture, which being thin and small, or as it were minced, cannot be gathered again. If this do so fall out, you must apply such medicines as will bring it to suppuration, and so consume it, and if it be needful to use such as will take away the abundance of flesh called cathairetica: lest if there remain any skin of the bladder it may engender again the like disease, as we see it fall out in wolves.   

CHAP. 13. Of the corruption or rottenness in the eyelids, called in Greek Mideses, or midosis, in Latin putredo.  

The diverse use of this word●.  Mideses taken generally, is common to all parts, yet it is specially used for the corruption of the eye lids, when they seem much swollen, and slimy matter doth distill from them usually, and they are overloaded with fatness. 
Causes.  The cause of this disease proceedeth from a stream of superfluous and corrupt humours which fall down upon the eyelid, specially in the inward part of it, wherein nature hath placed a fat substance to make the eye moist because of the continual moving thereof. 
Cure. Dioscorides.  To cure it Dioscorides saith, Nardus is a singular remedy, sith it bindeth and drieth the superfluous humours, whose corruption bringeth forth this disease. Such eye-salves as dry without great sharpness are most fit for it, as this: R. aquae plantag. & rosar. ana. ℥ j iutiae prepar. aloes lotae anʒ ss. trochischor alb. ras. ℈ j fiat collyrium. If there be great corruption, a little unguentum Aegiptiaecum dissolved in wine will be most excellent: but you must be circumspect lest you hurt the eye.   

CHAP. 14. Of the wart or barley corn on the eylidde, commonly called (as I suppose) a Stian, in Greek crithe, or posthia, in Latin hordeum, or hordeolum.  
CRithe is a small, hard, firm, 
Definition.  and somewhat long tumour, like unto a barley corn whereof it hath the name, growing in the outmost part of the eyelid, where the hairs be, which hath his humour contained in a little skin, and it hardly cometh to suppuration or ripeness. 
Galen.  Galen nameth it in Greek Posthia, which signifieth desire, as Philippus Imgrassias writeth, because that women when they have conceived are naturally subject to longing, and desiring of many things, which if perhaps they be in the power and possession of any who will not give it them at their request, 
It is reported of the Romans. Cure.  they curse him with this malady, and threaten him with crithe, which commonly befalleth them. In curing of it Avicen useth the blood of a pigeon, 
Antonius Musa.  or turtle, and this lineament. R. oliban. myrrh. an ʒ two. ladani. ʒ s boracisʒ i. cum oleo liliorum fiat linimentum. Antonius Musa appointed a plaster of galbanum mixed with nitrum Paulus made a fomentation of sodden barley, 
Aegniet. Galen.  Galen of the blood of ravenous birds which issueth from them after the head is pulled off, or else a plaster of white wax. If the matter in it may be evidently seen, 
Celsus.  Celsus commandeth to open it, that the humour may run forth which by the resting therein might corrupt the gristle. But if this accident be in the outward part, 
Aetius.  to purge and cleanse it Aetius useth the yolk of an egg and honey mingled together, and to engender and restore flesh, pulvis capitalis. If the gristle be corrupted within, than he turneth the eyelid, scrapeth away so much of the gristle as is decayed and defiled, putteth upon it orichalcum burned and made in fine powder, and upon that the yolk of an egg mingled with honey and oil of roses: on the second day he useth a fomentation, and continueth the former medicine: on the third day he filleth up the eyelid with honey, and upon it applieth a collyrium having force and virtue to repel, o● beat back,   

CHAP. 15. Of the hailestone of the eyelids, called in Greek chalaxion, in Latin grando.  

Definition.  CHalaxion is an heap of superfluous humours gathered both in the higher and lower eyelid, in fashionlyke to an hailstone: when this tumour is pressed, it remaineth not fast fixed & unmovable but changes the place, wherein (as also in the form▪ it is distinguished from aforenamed disease hordeum, 
How it differeth from hordeum. Aetius.  or a stian, Aetius maketh two kinds of them, whereof the one is plainly to be seen in the outward part, in which it groweth like unto little round knobs, clear as hail, out of the which when it is opened issueth forth an humour like to the white of an egg. The other kind is a tumour in some part hard like to a bean, marvelous painful, if it be roughly touched, 
This kind is painful.  yea sometime the extremity of the pain causeth the patient to faint and sown. Concerning the cure, 
Cure.  if the tumour be without the eyelid, let the incision be outward upon the same, and with a little hook or other instrument pluck forth the corn, applying to it incontinently a plaster having virtue to knit and join. But if the hailestone be within the eyelid, and shine overthwart the gristle, when you have turned the inside out of the eye lid, make incision overthwart, and when the corn is taken away, use joining and knitting medicines: 
Paulus in his 6. book.  Some put thereto a little chewed salt to consume the humour that may there remain.   

CHAP. 16. Of hard knots upon the eyelids, named in Greek Poriasis, in Latin Tophus: also of gravel or the stone in the eyelids, in Greek Lithiasis, in Latin Lapidescentia, or lapis palpebrae.  
POriasis is an hard brawny tumour arising in the outward part of the eyelid. 
Definition.  Galen affirmeth it to come also in the inside. Lithiasis is an hard, 
Galen.  white, rugged tumour, in colour resembling the sapphire stone. 
Causes.  They are both caused principally by an hardness of humours, which are assembled and gathered in the eyelid, as if the second kind of Grando aforenamed should become dry and thick, whereupon should ensue poriasis, and by growing more dry and hard like unto a stone, should ensue lithiasis. In curing the hard knotnamed poriasis, 
Cure.  the skin must be cut in the outside, and all the the matter taken forth from the bottom, laying afterward unto it a joining plaster. In curing the gravel or stone called lithiasis, the eyelid must be turned, and the incision made in the inside, drawing the matter of the tumour forth with an instrument, and then apply unto it a little salt with spittle. 
Aetius.  Aetius useth the powder of orichalcum burned, and upon it layeth a defensive made of an egg, wine, and oil of roses mingled together, and rolleth it.   

CHAP. 17. Of louse which breed in the eyelids, called in Greek pthiriasis, in Latin pediculatio.  

Definition.  PThiriasis is, when many little broad louse trouble the hairs on the eyelids. 
Causes.  They are engendered by excessive eating and drinking, of uncleanness, & ill diet. 
Cure.  In the cure, the patient must eat good wholesome meat, sith they come only of ill humours, his hair must be shorn, he must use frictions or rubbings fasting every morning, such remedies must be applied as may dry, strengthen, and comfort the head. After this the louse which are engendered must cunningly be taken away, & such medicines used as may not only destroy those which remain, but also prevent the generation of other. 
Aetius.  To this purpose Aetius commendeth this medicine, to have a fomentation of Sea water, and then to apply this collyrium. R. alum. sciss, ʒ i, staphidis siluest. obol. i. piperis obol. ij. aeris ustiʒ i beaten them to fine powder, and use them dry. Celsus used this. 
Celsus.  R. sandarac. spumae nitri, vuae taminae, beat them together, put unto them as much oil, and also vinegar until they be as thick as honey. Avicen commendeth brimstone to this purpose. 
Avicen.  This is a tried ointment. R. unguent. rosar. mesue ℥ j sulphur. vivi. & staphisag. an ʒ s. hydrarg. cum saliva extinct. ʒ i fiat ungnentum.   

CHAP. 18. Of hairs growing in the eyelids which hurt the eye, called in greek trichiasis, in latin oculorum a pilis offensio. also of the diverse kinds thereof.  
TRichiasis is, 
Definition.  when the hairs which grow either naturally or unnaturally on the eyelids, do hurt and prick the eye, and cause weeping. The old writers have left unto us three kinds of them, whereof the first is named ptilosis, which is, 
Ptilosis.  when the eyelid is lose, & the natural hair falleth round about into the eye, and pricketh it. The second is called districhiasis, 
Districhiasis.  or duplex ordo pilorum, that is, a double order or set of hair, when one hurteth the other as contrary adversaries. The third is called phalangosis, 
Phalangósis.  or acies pilorum, that is, ranks of hair, when the edge of the eyelid with the hair which is upon it without any relaxation of the eyelid is turned and wrested into the eye, in such manner that the hair is hid, neither can it be seen without the eielidde be lifted on high. 
Causes.  The cause of this unnatural generation of hair, proceedeth of the abundance of superfluous moisture, which nevertheless is not sharp nor biting, even as the earth being over moist bringeth forth plenty of herbs. For if the humour were sharp or in any manner fretting, by remaining in the eyelid it would the and corrupt the hair, which nature had there planted. It might also 'cause by increasing and long continuance a looseness in the eyelids. Concerning the cure, if the hairs be unnatural which grow there, 
Cure.  let them be pulled away with pincers, and afterward apply such medicines as may stay them from growing again: of this sort, are ants eggs, the gall of a calf, the blood of all sorts of frogs: amongst other, rhis of Archigenes is praised wonderfully, 
Archigenes medicine.  which is made of the blood and gall of an hedgehog, with castoreum in equal proportion. I confess I have not seen any trial of these remedies, and therefore, after the eye is turned where they stick, the best course is, to sear them to the roots with an iron made for that purpose, for this will utterly destroy them. This done, apply such remedies as may prevent inflammation, & the eschar being once removed, the ulcer will heal easily. In this order shall you deal with those hairs which grow naturally, if their turning inward offend the eyes. But before you come to sear the place, you must labour to gather and tie up the hairs, which you shall do more conveniently, if you knit them with other hair which is near to them, by a plaster framed after the manner of dry stitching. When all are thus gathered and made fast to the outward part, let them so abide a good space, that they may not return into the eye, but receive another shape: But if the edge of the eyelid be also turned inward, yet the eyelid not loosed, there must be incision made on the inside in a strait form or line, that by this means the skin may be separated and let lose, 
The cure of the old Physicians.  which did draw the eyelid inward, and the hair jointly with the same may look upward. Concerning the curing of ptilosis, which is, when the eyelid is relaxed, as we say, or too much loosed, you shall have recourse to the operation, which shall be set down in the chapter following, touching atonia, or weakness of the eyelids.   

CHAP. 19 Of the looseness or weakness of the eyelids, called in greek atonia ton blepharon, in latin imbecillitas palpebrarum.  

Definition.  AToniaton blepharon, is a simple weakness of the eyelids, without appearance of any other outward cause yet the party thus affected is not able to lift them up, but is enforced to keep them shut, unless he lift them up with his hand, which is the cause that they which are in this miserable estate, cannot awake, nor see plainly. 
Causes.  This malady cometh by the abundance of moisture which softeneth and looseth the eyelid, which is stretched further than the bounds of nature, so that when one would by the benefit of the muscles lift up his eyelid, and open his eye, he cannot do it fully, because of the weakness and looseness. 
Cure.  The cure must be in this order. When the Chirurgeon hath placed the patiented to his liking, he shall take between his fingers the skin of the eye lid (leaving the gristle, which, sith it is not loosed, 
The gristle must not be cut.  needeth not incision) lifting up so much of it as he shall think expedient in the restoring of the natural form to be taken away. For there are two dangers: one, lest too much be cut away, for then the eyelid will not cover the whole eye: the other lest too little be cut, for then your labour is lost, and the incision utterly unprofitable.  
Therefore in this consideration, it shall be necessary to mark the place with ink, drawing two strait lines where the incision shall be made In this order, that between the edge where the hairs do grow, and the nearest of your lines, there be space remaining to thrust in a needle. 
Celsus.   
This done, you shall cut gently, piercing the skin which is between the two lines, 
One kind of incision.  which may be done all at once, holding with the fingers, and lifting up so much of the eyelid as you will cut away: afterwards with a penknife, lancet, or scissors cut directly upon the two lines, taking away the piece which is in the midst: or rather make your incision upon each line so long as is requisite, 
another kind of incision.  and cut away that which is in the midst, beginning at one end, and gently removing the skin until you come to the other, and all be clean taken away. Having proceeded thus far, you shall then join both sides of the wound with a needle put into the midst, which shall not be wholly and suddenly stayed, but command the patient to close his eyes, and if the eyelid come not down to cover all the eye, let the point of the needle slip, if it do cover all, make it fast: & in what part the skin of the eyelid shall be yet too large, there take away your thread which is in the higher lip of the wound, and cut away so much of it as you see needful, 
How to stitch  then thrust thorough the thread again, and draw together both the lips or edgcs of the wound: and afterwards at both the ends put thorough the needle. This part of your work thus finished, you shall then apply a defensive, and also a medicine, which may join the contînuitie dissolved. You must be prudent in pulling away your needle, lest it may procure too great deformity by the scar which remaineth. 
Aeginet.  Paulus Aegineta saith, he knew Chirurgeons which used no stitching, but such medicines only as had virtue to close it up, notwithstanding the aforesaid manner of stitching is the surest way.   

CHAP. 29. Of little pieces of flesh in the eyelid, or mulberry, called in greek pladorot● 〈◊〉 i●la● m●rum.  

Definition.  Pladarotes' are little soft discoloured bodies growing within the eyelids: as sarcosis is an outgrowing of thick flesh, resembling small pieces of pitch coming forth within the eyelid. 
Causes.  These proceed from corrupt blood, which engendereth soft, slimy, discoloured flesh, not unlike the blood of flesh when it is washed. An exulceration in the innermost skin of the eyelid which cannot close up, may also 'cause this affect for in continuance these do grow out, and close up the ulcer in some part. Concerning the cure, 
Cure.  if they be thick and gross, they shall be cut away finely with the point of a lancet, and and afterwards let the place be touched with a little fine salt, allam, or copperess water, applying also medicines which may dry the eye without great pain.   

CHAP. 21. Of the swollen or stretched out veins called varix or varices, in Greek cirsoes, also of meliceris, steatoma, atheroma.  
Cirsoes is a stretching forth of the vein most usually proceeding of melancholic blood. 
Definition.  Atheroma is filled with matter like unto a pulteise of wheat meal. Steatoma containeth matter not much differing from sewit: the humour in meliceris resembleth honey. All these humours are enfolded in a little bladder or skin, and with the same oftentimes may be found many other strange bodies, as stones, hair, nails, glass, yea little beasts, like to flies or gnats. In the cure, 
Cure.  the skin of the eyelid must be cut even to the bladder which keepeth the humour, and if it be possible it must be wholly together taken out: for if any part remain, the disease returneth. Therefore, if by occasion you be constrained to leave any part behind (as sometime it falleth out that must be consumed by medicines which have virtue to mollify & procure suppuration, but in fine such as do cleanse & increase flesh in the wound. But concerning varices or swollen veins, 
Aetius forbiddeth meddling with varix.  Aetius would not have them handled, because they are rebellious and malignant for the most part, as also certain other red painful tumours are in like sort pestilent and incurable.    

¶ The 5. section, containing the diseases which are incident to the membranes or parchment like skins of the eye.  

CHAP. 1. Of the black mortified or bloodshedding eye, called in greek hipospagma, or aimalops, in latin sanguinis effusio, or sugillatio.  

Definition.  HYposphagma are red spots in the end appearing black or blue, coming from blood which floweth in the eye by the veins scattered amongst the skins and coats of the same. This happeneth of some stroke, 
Causes.  cry, fall, or great gushing out of blood when the mouth of the veins are opened, or by bursting of them when they are over full. They which are troubled with this malady, imagine whatsoever they see to be red, because the blood is not only dispersed, 
Wherefore all things seem red.  & as it were spilled amidst the conjunctive membrane, or white of the eye, but also in the horny membrane which maketh them red, whereupon it followeth, that whatsoever is offered to the sight seemeth red. The plain proof whereof we may and do daily behold in glasses, which being green, red, or yellow, represent to us all things of their colour. 
Cure.  In curing it, blood-letting is most necessary, and of local medicines, the blood of a Turtle or Pigeon is excellent at the beginning, as is also a fomentation of camomile, melilot, hyssoppe, and other herbs which have virtue to dissolve. The cataplasm of hyssop sodden with cows milk, 
Old medicines.  is praised of A●icen. In old blueness or blackness Aetius commendeth this remedy. Put the urine of a sound boy into a vessel of read brass, & beat it with a brazen pestle many days in the sun, that by this means the moisture may decay: when it is dried, put honey into it, and use it.   

CHAP. 2. Of the puffing up, or swelling of the membranes of the eyes, called in Greek epanastoma octhodes, in Latin ficus, or otherwise hymenon epanastasis, rebelliones, or membranarum eminentiae, & extuberantiae.  
EPanastema octhodes, is a tumour or swelling of all the membranes and skins in the eye: 
Definition.  and when the affect is greatly increased, it is named hymenon epanastasis, as if the said skins should swell until they were thrust out of their proper place. This disease ariseth from abundance of humours suddenly and jointly falling down upon the eye, 
Causes.  or from a windy spirit enclosed amongst the skins, or rather from an inflammation which stretcheth forth the membranes. It may also be caused in like manner, as is set down in that disease when the eye falleth out. The cure shall be the same which is used in great inflammations, and falling out of the eye.   

CHAP. 3. Of wrinkles in the membranes, called in Greek rutidosis, or russosis, in latin corrugatio.  

Definition.  RVtidosis or russosis, is a wrinkling or plaiting of the coats & skins whereof the eye is made. Some make two kinds of it, whereof the one is inward, to wit, when the membrane called vuea is wrinkled, which causeth the disease named pthisis, of which we will speak hereafter. The other is outward when the membranes cornea & adnata are loosed. 
Causes.  This disease groweth of weakness & cold, which sufficiently appeareth in this, that it is most common to old folk, as we may see by their wrinkled eyes. For the humours being diminished in old folk, & the spirits become thick, yea the humours so dry, that the eye is utterly empty, it falleth down, & the membranes are so wrinkled & plaited together, that some see not any thing, others with great pain & difficulty. For the plaits & wrinkles being doubled upon the membranes, they make the horny membrane so thick and dark, which should be naturally plain and bright, that the things which are offered to the eyes cannot be discerned. 
Cure hereof hard.  There is small hope of the curing hereof, sith it is principally procured by old-age: nevertheless that we leave not the sick party destitute of all succour, let him use such meats as are fit to beget and increase good juice. Let him use particularly these eye-salves, whose virtue is to make moist and comfort the membranes. R. euphras. betonicae, verb. gariophyll. ana. m ij. chelidoniae, saluiae an m.iiij vini albi lib. s. seminis anisi, & feniculi an ℥ j nucis mosch. ℥ s. cinnamon. ℥ ij. aloes hepat. ℥ iiij. distill them together. Thus shall you use this water: you shall take a little of it, and as much of the mucilage of quinceseede mingled together, and thereof put some into the eye. The medicines set down before for dimness of the sight and afterwards in the chapter of the cataracts are very profitable in this case.   

CHAP. 4. Of the inflammation of the eye, called in greek opthalmia, in latin inflammatio adnatae, ot lippitudo: also of the diverse kinds thereof, which are chemosis in greek, in latin hiatus or hiatulatio, phimosis, or praeclusio, taraxis, or perturbatio, epiphora or delachrimatio, opthalmia sphacelisousa, or inflammatio ocularis in sphacelum degenerans.  
OPthalmia is an inflammation of the membrane in the eye named coniunctiva, joined with swelling, 
Definition.  extension, pain, redness, heat, puffing up of the eyelids, which do hardly either open or shut, and cannot suffer touching with the hands. 
Taraxis.  Taraxis is taken for a swift inflammation of the eye, being red and moist, but less grievous than opthalmia, 
Causes.  growing from outward causes, as smoke, dust, the sun, the moon, oil, rubbing of the eye. Some affirm it cometh by the use of strong wines, garlic, onions or mustard Chemosis is, 
Chemosis.  when the membrane called coniunctiva, is higher lifted them cornea, as if this were in a hole, which beside the redness and heat, causeth the eyelids to be turned, so that they cannot cover the eye: 
Phimosis.  contrary unto this is phimosis, when by means of a great inflammation, the eyelids do stick fast each to other and cannot be opened. Some impute this default to the eyelids, but the hurt which they receive is but an accident in this disease. 
Epiphora.  Epiphora. is taken generally for a sudden stream of humours in any part, as pliny calleth epiphoram uteri, ventris. Notwiihstanding it is properly used for the affection in the eyes, when with great inflammation, 
Galen.  great quantity of humours flow unto them All these aforenamed affections do accompany each other. The causes are the recourse of blood, 
Causes.  choler, fleum, & melancholy, & most commonly blood & choler These are signs that it is engendered of blood, 
Signs of blood.  redness, heat, great swelling with extension, thick tears & soon dry, soft slimy matter congealed in the corners of the eyes, the party of a sanguine complexion. If choler be the cause, the tumour is not so apparent, the colour of it somewhat pale, 
Signs of choler.  the pain sharp and biting, either no tears issue out, or if any do, they are salt and bitter, the slimy matter is dry and gross, the party of a choleric complexion, whereby he is sometime subject to a tertian ague, & avoideth choleric excrements. When the swelling is greater, 
Signs of phlegm.  more loose, white in colour, the tears without taste, and cold, little or no slimy matter troubleth the eyes, it may be supposed to come of phlegm, which is called by Aetius a cold distemperature of the eye. The general cure consisteth in blood-letting, diet, 
Cure.  purging by the advise of a learned physician, not omitting in this case the applying of cupping glasses upon the shoulders, with scarifying if it be thought expedient: & if the inflammation be very great, & the malady violent, it shallbe necessary to open the veins in the temples & forehead, yea to open an artery, as also to apply a fellow behind in the neck, or a ruptory, either on the crown of the head, or behind, or rather upon the arm, all which remedies bend only their force to altar & turn away the course of the humours. 
Observation.  And forasmuch as such a course of humours for the most part passeth by the vessels which are within, so that it might seem lost labour to open such as be without, sith they being emptied of the humour which was in them, yet are filled again from the humours that are within, because of the fellowship which each hath with other, it must be confessed that this cure is not speedy▪ as touching medicines which are to be applied on the temples & forehead, they must be of force & nature to beaten back as emplastruncontarupturan, d●siccatiuum unguentum comitiss. ung oxirhodinum, or oxicrat. and such like. Upon the eye if the inflammation be little, it shall be sufficient to use this collyrium of the white of an egg, 
To assuage great pain.  rose-water and plantain beaten together. Where the pain shall be vehement apply this: Take of the mucilage of quinceseede, and fleaseede, drawn in rose-water one ounce, in which dissolve trochis. alb. Rhasis sine opio one dram: make your salve, and apply it warm. If the inflammation do continued, the aforesaid mucilages shall be drawn in water of poppy, or in a decoction of it, adding thereunto a little camphor or poppy, and lay upon the eye this cataplasm. R, of sodden apples 4. ounces, and with the white of an egg, & woman's milk make a cataplasm. 
A cataplasm assuaging pain.  Also a cataplasm of pure cassia, new and presently drawn is most excellent. Above all you must have especial care to change and renew these medicines, lest they dry, and so cause heat. Not long after you may use this collirium. R. gum arab. trag, ana. ʒ j cerus. lotaeʒ s opii grana. iij. let them be all dissolved with the white of an egg, & two ounces of a woman's milk giving suck. In the declining of this disease, 
In the declining of the disease.  this may be used. R. of the mucilage of fenegreeke and quinceseede drawn in rose-water, and water of eyebright ana. ℥ s j. s wherein dissolve sarcocol. in a woman's milk that giveth suck. ʒ ij aloes lotaeʒ i. myrrh. ʒ. s make an eye-salve. And where there is any great itching, or rather where the inflammation cometh of phlegm, 
Against itching or inflammation.  this is a most singular collirium. R. tutiae preparat. aloes lotae ana. ʒ s sarcocol. myrrh. an ℈ s. saccar. cand.. ʒ i. vitriol. alb. ℈ s. aquae rosar. & foenicul. an ℥ ij. boil them all together a little while in a viol glass, & then drop thereof into the eye. Some commend this collirium in all inflammations of the eyes, to take snails with the shells, and to beat them with a little salt, and thorough an hypucras bag to let the water hereof distill, which being clear, 
Observation.  put it into the eres. It many times falleth out by long and unadvised applying of medicines, which do cool and beat back, or else by some great inflammation, that the natural heat is extinguished and choked, and thereupon ensueth a worse inflammation than any of the aforenamed, 
Opthalmia sphacelisousa.  which is called opthalmiaes sphacelisousa, which depriving the eye of the natural temperature, doth make it corrupt & utterly perish, which disease is named by Galen in his introduction gangraena opthalmon, 
Galen.  the gangrene, or mortification of the eye. When this happeneth, you shall have recourse to the remedies proper for gangrenes, changing them as the state of the disease & party shall require.   

CHAP. 5. Of the nail of the eye, commonly called the web, in greek pterugion, in latin ungula, or angulus.  

Definition.  PTerugium is, when the white of the eye called coniunctiva, is increased above measure, or when in it is engendered a superfluous growing of flesh, after a continual recourse of humours or scabs, 
The beginning of it.  or an inflamed itching. This malady most commonly beginneth to increase at the great corner of the eye, nigh unto the nose, seldom at the less, and most rarely it is seen to begin at the higher or lower eyelid. It is stretched unto the horny membrane, growing greater and greater until it cover the apple of the eye, 
Three kinds hereof. 1. membraneus  and darken the sight. The ancient writers have made three kinds of it. The first is named membraneus, that is skinny, which is a sinewish skin beginning at the great corner by little & little stretching and growing outward. 
2. adipeus.  The second is called of Guido adipeus, that is fatty, which is as a congealed humour that becometh round when it is touched to be pulled out: it groweth in the same place with the former. 
3. sebel, or pan●niculus.  The third is called of the Arabians Sebel, in Latin panniculus, which is worse than the others, being interlaced with gross read veins, and arteries, resembling a thin cloth or web: upon this appeareth oftentimes inflammation, redness, and itching. Some of them stick not to the eye in every place, but hold only by their edges, so that between the nail and the eye an instrument may be put thorough. 
Causes.  The cause is a fullness in the head, specially of thin blood mingled with salt phlegm, and weakness in the eye, which maketh it fit to receive these humours.  
It followeth oftentimes, the ill curing of an inflammation, whose heat hath been disorderly assuaged, or else old & hard slimy matter which hath taken root in the eye. 
To what persons it is incident.  In some bodies it is engendered thorough the coldness of the time and place, as in old men which abound with salt phlegm, or in an intemperate person. which drinketh so much that he quencheth natural heat: the coldness of the time and place do increase it, when they which are overladen with such humours, by cold do multiply and stir up the coutses thereof. If the stream of humours be outward, 
Signs to know the course of the humours.  the veins seem red and great, there is an obscure darkness like to smoke upon the horny membrane, the checks are red, and the disease very much lifted up above the white of the eye, there is great pain and heat on the brows, and the skin named Sebel, groweth in some part of the eyelid. If the course of humours be inward, the veins are not so thick and red, the party neeseth often, specially if he be in the sun, he feeleth great itching, the eye sendeth forth tears. This disease, and principally Sebel, is joined with itching, boiling, reddenesse, ulcers, tears, swelling of the eyelids, slow motion of the eye: it so hindereth the sight, that the party cannot abide the light any long time. The cure is both long and hard. 
Predictions.  For some are never healed, other have it by inheritance, 
Avicen.  and in certain it is contagious, yea (Avicen saith) it goeth from one eye to the other. That kind which is white, 
Which be curable or incurable.  and narrow at the bottom, is easily cured, especially if it stick not fast in every place, but that which hath none of these qualities can hardly be healed. There is no dealing with a nail or web which is thick, standing forth, hard, and by consent causing pains in the temples: for this is malicious, and of a cankerous nature. The red nail being cured, causeth pain in the head, and procuseth the megrim. Moreover if the web be spread over the apple of the eye, and be made fast unto it, 
Observation.  the cicatrice which remaineth after it is taken away stoppeth the sight. If at the same time there be a cataract and a web in the eye, and the cataract be but beginning, by labouring to take away the web, the cataract will be greatly increased. 
Cure.  After the general cure ended, which consisteth in blood-letting, purging, cupping, good order of diet, and other necessary means, which may stay the increasing of the web, and turn away the humours, you may cure it either by medicines, or by the hand of the chirurgeon. If it be but newly begun, it may be consumed by such medicines as are used to make thin and eat away the cicatrices in the eyes. Aetius affirmeth that they may be consumed by medicines, whereof this is most singular. 
Aetius his corrosive.  R chaleitidis ustae s xx cadmiae s x. squamae aeris rubri s j, piperis s i. But if it be old and thick then must it be healed and taken away by incision in this manner. 
The manner of he manual operation.  The patient must be placed either over against the Chirurgeon, or rather in such sort that he may say his head in the Surgeon's lap (as we use to speak) Let one turn up one of the eyelids, and the Chirurgeon the other: if he sit over against the patiented, let him turn up the lower, if he have his head on his knees, than the higher eyelid. At this same time let the Chirurgeon with a pair of pincers, 
Celsus.  or some fit instrument lift up the web, and with the other hand thrust thorough a needle with thread under the web, close by the membrane, whereunto it is fast joined: and leaving the needle there, he shall take both the ends of the thread which is passed thorough and by them lift up the web: 
How to separate the web.  if it stick fast in any part he shall separate it with the point of a vause, or scissors, or some such sharp, fine, and delicate instrument, wiping away the blood issuing from it at the same instant, until he see the veins of the web decayed and consumed by the avoiding of this blood: continuing his work until he come to the corner: and mark how often he draweth the thread, so often shall he lose it, until he attain to the beginning of the web, and the end of the natural flesh resting in the corner. 
Two inconveniences.  For there is danger of two inconveniences, one, lest some piece of the web remain behind, whereby it may grow again unless it be removed by medicines: the other lest he cut the flesh which is in the corner, sith it followeth the web being violently pulled out, and so may deceive the chirurgeon. If this flesh be cut, the hole which it did stop is opened, whereby issueth out water continually, which affect the Grecians name Rhyada, of which we will speak in the proper place. Therefore he must be able to discern how much sufficeth to be cut away, which being done, he shall say a fine linen cloth or lint dipped in honey upon the eye, and above that a defensive against inflammation, and three or four times in a day the patient shallbe dressed, and open his eye, lest perhaps the eyelids glue and join together or else stick to the eye, which is a third inconvenience. 
A third inconvenience.  You must continued the applying of lint in this order, and in fine use a collirium which may close up the ulcer. As R. aquae plantag. & rosar. ana. s i. s ii, tutiae praepar. aloes an s s trochise. alb. Rasis s s. saccaricand. s i. If any other hurtful accidents fall out, you shall help and heal those, omitting the proper cure for so long time.   

CHAP. 6. Of certain white spots in the membranes named cornea, & coniunctiva, called in greek aglias, or aiglias, in latin albicans cicatrix: also of a knot there arising, in greek poros, & porosis, in latin tophus, or durities adnatae or corneae.  
AIglia, 
Definition.  is a white spot resembling a cicatrice gathered upon the membranes coniunctiva and cornea. 
Causes.  This cometh by a phlegm which by little and little is heaped in the part. It may also proceed of some piece of a web being left behind, about the which some humour may he congealed, and in time come to a scar. And where these humours become very hard, there may be seen as it were a knot upon the membranes coniunctiva and cornea, it is called porosis. 
Porosis. Cure.  Concerning the cure, if this white spot be very high lift up, it shall be consumed away with the collyrium set down before in the cure of the web, or rather if it may be conveniently done, there shall be only used a drying medicine. In curing the knot called poros, you shall first pull off the skin, then apply such means as may consume it, afterwards use a drying collirium, which may also close it up. But if neither of these aforenamed maladies be much deformed, neither a great hindrance to the sight, mine advise is, 
The council of the author.  to use such means only as may stay the increasing thereof any further. For it falleth out many times, that whilst some have endeavoured to heal them, they have made them worse. Put therefore into the eye a little of tutia prepared, and sugar candy, with a little of the dried fishbone called sepia, in english a cuttle, mingled all together in fine powder.   

CHAP. 7. Of the blisters in the horny membrane, called in Greek phlictaenae, in Latin pustulae: also of their diverse kinds.  
PHlyctaenae, are little hot blisters arising in the skins of the eye, 
Definition.  but especially in the horny membrane, to wit, between the skins of it. For it is most certain that this horny membrane consisteth of four little coats or skins, 
Aetius.  in regard whereof these blisters are accounted diverse. 
divers kinds  For when they grow under the first skin, the humour flowing between the first and the second, then is the matter of the blister more black: it is at other times between the second and third, or third and fourth, and the blister seemeth more white, 
The blister is black.  albeit it is hidden in the bottom of the horny membrane. Now the natural colour of the blister is black, but the membrane is white, resembling horn: therefore by how much deeper the blister is hidden in the membrane, by so much more it representeth the colour of it being most grievous and tormenting, and in danger to make an ulceration, by breaking thorough the membrane, whereupon might ensue an utter loss and decay of all the humours. Those therefore which are in the overmost part of it are less dangerous. 
Causes.  For the most part they are engendered of choleric sharp biting humours, or of a thin malicious humour running between the aforesaid skins. In the general cure the patient must be careful to be quiet, to beware of much light, to use little speech, to keep his belly lose. Concerning local medicines, he must use soft cataplasms, as is accustomed in great inflammations, which will cover not only the eye, but also the temples, forehead, 
Aetius.  and cheeks, renewing them often lest they be too dry. Aetius appointeth this remedy: take the white and yolk of an egg, beaten with saffron, and a little juice of poppy, small quantity of wine and bread: in like manner you may use sodden quinces. According to these medicines you may appoint such a cataplasm. R. micae panis albi in passo vel lact tepido macerat. s iiii. pulpae cydonior. coctor. sub cineribus s ii. croci s i. opii s s. make your cataplasm, adding to it the white & yolk of an egg. The salves which are to be put into the eye, shall be made of the mucilages of quince-seed, & fleaseede drawn in milk, or rose-water and plantain. After the heat is delayed and the pain mitigated, you may put thereto a little myrrh, frankincense, 
Celsus salve.  and saffron. Celsus praiseth this collyrium. R. myrrh. papaveris lachrim. an s i. plumbi elot, terrae samiae, tragac. an s iiij. stibii cocti, amyli an s vj spod elot. cerusae elot. an s viii. put them into rain-water, use your collirium with an egg, or milk.   

CHAP. 8. Of the ulcers in the horny membrane called generally in greek elcoes, in latin ulcus: also of the divers kinds of them, as mistines, in greek aclis, in latin caligo, cloudiness, in greek nephelion, in latin nubecula, the round ulcer, in greek argemon, in latin ulcus rotundum, the fiery ulcer, in greek epicauma, in latin ulcus inustum, the pit, in latin fossula or annulus, in greek bothryon, hollowness, in greek coiloma, in latin cavitas, the filthy ulcer, in greek egcauma, in latin vlcu● sordidum  
ELcos is taken generally for any ulcer in any part: 
The diverse acception of this word.  but Galen applieth it to the eye. The old physicians have made seven kinds of them, 
7 kinds.  whereof four are in the overmost part of the horny membrane, which may be named outward, and three are inward in the bottom of the same membrane. 
Achlis.  The first of the outward ulcers is called achlis, which resembleth smoke, or a misty air, of a sky colour, relying upon the black of the eye, possessing a great part of it, and when it hath gained the apple of the eye, 
Gorren●.  the party seethe very little. Some suppose it to be a black scar, which beginneth to obscure and make dim the sight. 
Nephelion.  The second is called nephelion, like to the former, but more deep and white, occupying less room, because it is not so stretched, not lifted up▪ yet it hindereth the sight. The third is called argemon, 
Argemon.  which is a round ulcer in the white of the eye near unto the circle named Iris, or the rain bow: it is white near to the apple of the eye, and red in the membrane coniunctiva. 
Galen.  Galen affirmeth it to be an ulceration appearing white in the black of the eye, & red in the white of it. The fourth is called epicauma, 
Epicauma.  which is a fiery boiling ulcer, rough, in colour like unto ashes, lying upon the apple of the eye, as if it were a flock of will. 
Third book 22. chap.  Notwithstanding Aegineta taketh it for a deep, filthy, and crusty ulcer. Beside these, there are three other inward and deeply settled. The first is named bothryon, 
Bothrion.  which is a little strait deep ulcer, like to a prick without filthy matter. The second is coiloma, like to the former, 
Coiloma.  but greater, yet not so deep. The third is encauma, 
Encauma.  which is a filthy and crusty ulcer, out of which cometh most vile, stinking slimy matter, which can hardly be kept clean. Concerning the cure, although some ulcers be little, 
Cure.  yet if they be not well handled, or utterly neglected, they prove malicious. And in what place the humour is sharp and biting, there happeneth elcosis, that is a bursting of the horny membrane, by means whereof, either all the humours, or part of them issueth out. 
Elcosis.  This may also chance by inflammation. After the general cure consisting in blood-letting, purging, cupping, rubbing of the shoulders, the chirurgeon shall carefully consider whether there be any inflammation as sometimes it happeneth, that he may ease it with the medicines set down before in optholnia, or the inflammation of the eye. If the ulcer be in the left eye, the patient shall lie upon his left side, and on the contrary. And according to the filthiness of the ulcer, 
A cleansing medicine.  it shall be cleansed with medicines fit thereunto. As with this: take of water, of eyebright and plantain an ℥ i of syruppe of violets ℥ i s, of sugar candy ℥ s make a collirium. If greater cleansing be required, you shall use this▪ take of betony and bugloss water ana ℥ i s, of honey of roses, and syrup of worm wood, ana. ℥ s, of myrrh and aloes, ana. ℥. i make a salve. The mucilage of fenegreeke is most profitable, if you add unto it a little syrup of dried roses. When the ulcers are cleansed, you must use dry medicines made of olibanum, cerufae lotae amili, gum. tragac. plumb vst. & litharg. 
Celsus.  Celsus used this medicine to cleanse and dry. R. aeris combust & eloti, thuris, stibii combust. & eloti, myrrh. gum. ana. ℥ ij make a salve. This salve may be dissolved in rose-water, and the mucilages of fleaseed, quince-seed, fenegreeke drawn in eie●bright or plantain water.   

CHAP. 9 Of the malicious eating or consuming ulcers, called in greek nomae, in latin ulcera depascentia.  
NOmae are malicious ulcers, 
Definition.  which partly begin at both the corners, partly at the white of the eye, & sometime at the horny membrane. They gnaw the eye suddenly, especially in corrupt bodies: 
Signs.  there cometh out of them a great quantity of most stinking slimy matter, with exceeding pain▪ the party hath a fever, and oftentimes a bloody flux. They go forward in such sort, that oftentimes they consume the parts next adjoining to the eyes, 
Cure.  as the muscles and eyelids. In the cure the patient shall use good diet, and have his belly lose: if the veins or arteries in the temple seem very full, it shallbe most expedient to let them bleed, and for the eye, the salves set down in the former chapter are to be used. But if these ulcers creep further to other parts beside the eye, 
Aetius.  then take scorìa ferri, cerusae, olumbi, wash them all together, with woman's milk make them fit for your use, applying them with pomaton or oil of roses, in form of an ointment. Now if these gentle and easy medicines stay not the ulcer from going further, then oleum vitrioli is to be used, which I have seen stay the course hereof with good success. And where necessity doth so require, this cataplasm is much commended of the old writers: videlicet, take two quinces, four handful of nightshade, as much houseleek, seethe them in woman's milk.   

CHAP. 10. Of the crabbed, or as it is commonly called, canctous ulcer, in Greek elcoes carcinodes, in Latin ulcus canceratum.  

Definition.  ELcos carcinodes are little ulcers, happening in the black of the eye, which cannot be closed, 
Aetius.  very painful, full of swollen vessels, as in the disease called varix: and sometime when they seem to be closed up upon no manifest occasion, they open again, and become ulcers. 
Signs.  They may be known by wandering & running pointed lines which go to the temples by a sharp and thin course of humours; the white and black of the eye are always read, the patiented refuseth his meat and drink, the grief and pain is greatly increased by using sharp medicines. 
Old folk and women most subject to this disease.  This malady is incident many times to old folks, by reason of some great inflammation, and to women whose months are stayed. In curing of it the ancient Physicians do counsel the Chirurgeon, to foretell, that the sick party cannot be fully and perfectly cured: 
Prediction.  the especial cure must be therefore to assuage the pain by good diet, purging, cupping, the seton and seating applied either behind on the head, or upon the arm, 
Cure.  to the end that the recourse of the humour which might increase the disease may be stayed and diverted.  
Amongst local medicines, the white of an egg beaten with woman's milk is praised by many: also lintels sodden and steeped in plantain water, or juice, the mucilages of quinces and line-seede often renewed. But where great pain and inflammation is, there you shall use the cataplasms set down in the chapter which entreateth of opthalmia, or the inflammation of the eye, that by this means the grief may be mitigated.   

CHAP. 11. Of a scar in the cornea, or horny membrane, called in greek owl, in latin cicatri●: also of the divers kinds thereof, as the spot in the eye, commonly called argis, and leucoma, in latin albugo: of the white shining scar, in greek paralampsis, in latin cicatrix splendens.  
Although owl be used generally for a cicatrice or scar in any part: 
divers acceptions of owl.  yet Galen taketh it for a white high scar upon the horny membrane, because of a deep vlcer●t may also happen in the white of the eye, but not so evidently to be seen. The kinds thereof are aigis and leucoma, 
Hip. in prophet. Galen in d●f. ●d.  when the scar in the horny membrane is thicker & higher than the former, arising of a greater ulcer than the former, possessing sometimes the circle Iris, or rainbow. Some assign this default to the crystalline humour, which is wholly made white. 
Paralampsis.  Paralampsis is a scar on the black of the eye, more hard, gross, and shining then aigis. In the cure you must consider whether they be hollow, or standing up. 
Cure.  If they be hollow, 
Celsus.  Celsus useth this collirium to fill them up and make them plain.  
R. lachrym. papais. sagap. op●pon. an s ij. aeruginis s iiij. cumini s iiij. pipe● s. xii. cadiniae elotae, & cerus. ena. s vj. make them into a salve. 
Aetius forbiddeth dealing with old scars  Aetius giveth counsel not to attempt the curing of very hard, gross, old scars, sith they cannot be removed but with sharp medicines, which will 'cause ulceration in the parts adjoining▪ but on the contrary, others may be dimished with gentle cleansing medicines, as aes ustum, squama aeris, flos aeris, calchitis usta, which shallbe washed & prepared, that their great sharpness may be delayed: mares milk with a little honey is commended. 
Celsus.  Celsus appointeth this collirium. R. gummi s ii aerug, s i. crocomag. s iiij. make of these a salve. It is a most singular remedy to 'cause a little child, or some other person who hath a clean tongue, to lick the scars which are not over hard and gross. This salve was given to me for an undoubted experiment: 
An experiment.  take a pint of white wine▪ wherein you must put an ounce of tutia well prepared to steep, half an ounce of myrrh, as much aloes, two ounces of sugar candy, let it all stand soaking or infusing in a glass bottle in the sun by the whole space off the Dog days. Others distill this water, and put some drops of it into the eyes. 
How to change the colour of scars.  Now to altar and change the black scars to white, such medicines must be used which have virtue to bring blackness unto it, as galls, the pill of the pomegranate, nux cypress, vitriolum, lethargy, plumbum ustum, calx lota, sage: of these or such like you may appoint this remedy. R. calcis lotaeʒ s. litharg. utriusqueʒ i cum decocto gallarum, nucum cypress. & saluiae, make your medicine. Although the ancient physicians do use these remedies yet I have not seen any great profit of them, and indeed I have found more hurt then help reaped thereof, in so much that the white of the eye hath been changed black: for it cannot be but that the medicine which is applied to the horny membrane, should flow upon that. Therefore they which will use these, must be very careful to wash their lime, for avoiding of imminent danger.   

CAAP. 12. Of the eye full of matter or corruption, called in greek pyosis opthalmou, in latin oculus purulentus: of the kinds thereof, which are a nail or web, in greek onyx, in latin unguis a putrefied eye, in greek hipopyon, in latin sanies in oculo.  
PYosis opthalmou is an heap or lump of slimy matter, 
Definition.  with inflammation in the black of the eye. The old physicians make two kinds thereof, 
2 kinds.  whereof the first is named onyx, which is when the corruption or slimy matter is gathered by a deep ulcer, 
Onyx.  between the skins of the horny membrane, and showeth itself in the apple of the eye, about the circle iris or rainbow, like to the pairinges of nails. The second is called hipopion, when the corrupt matter is in greater abundance, 
Hip●pion.  so that it possesseth half the blackc of the eye, or shineth thorough the horny coat which covereth the whole apple of the eye. 
Causes.  This affection may arise not only of an ulcer, but also of great pain in the head, or inflammation in the corrupted eye. And beside this inflammation, it may grow from great abundance of humours which break open the mouths of the veins, also by a stroke or fall, which may make the blood disperse & scatter abroad, which turneth to suppuration or slimy matter, when it is out of the proper vessels. When this cometh, the party feeleth great throbbing pain, the eye is red round about, 
Cure  and about the temples he hath much pain. To meet with these inconveniences, the party must with all speed be let blood in the arm, in the temples, in the corners of the eyes if it be possible, use cupping upon his shoulders, and medicines which may stay inflammations by the space of two or three days, so long as necessity doth require. After this shall be used such medicines as will resolve and assuage pain, such as this is, which for the excellency is named in greek isotheen, in latin par deo, 
A divine plaster.  it may be called in english a divine remedy. R. cadmiaeʒ viii. aeris ustiʒ iiij. rosarum siccar. ʒ iiii. crociʒ i folii ʒ i lapidis scissiʒ i myrrh. ʒ i. gumʒ vi. beat them with sweet wine, and use them with an egg. 
The last remedy.  If all these medicines heal it not, but still the eye is full of matter fast remaining there, than must you come to attempt this course and way: Let the patiented be set conveniently, having one to stay his head: let the Chirurgeon hold his eye with one hand, with an instrument called speculum oculi, 
Speculum oculi in Ambrose Pares book.  of which you may see the description and picture in Ambrose Pare, and with the other hand with the point of a lancet he shall finely and cunningly pick the horny membrane until he come to the slimy matter, which by little and little shall he avoided. After this operation ended, he shall use medicines which have virtue to beat back, and mitigate pain, as the white of an egg beaten with rose and plantain water: and then apply the remedies before set down for ulcers, which may cleanse, increase flesh, and close them up. 
The sure experience of th●s operation.  This practice I have seen performed by Ambrose Pair the kings chirurgeon, and even most excellently hath he accomplished it, being at the age of threescore & twelve years: and according to his example I have twice practised the same without any hurt, yea with great comfort ensuing thereupon. The Chirurgeon must be provident, lest flesh grow and increase in the incision of the membrane, which will bring both hurt and deformity to the party. To prevent this danger, this collirium is much commended that no inflammation happen thereby. R. gum. arab. ʒ vi. spodiiʒ iiij. thuris, mirrhae. acatiae, spic. nard. squamae aeris, opii an. ʒ i. with rain water bring them to a perfect form, & then make them unto little round balls named trochisci: when you will use them, wet them in the white of an egg with rose and plantain water.   

CHAP. 13. Of the falling out of the membrane vuea called in greek proptosis ragoides, in latin procidentia: also of the divers kinds thereof, resembling the head of a fly, in greek miochephalon, in latin formicalis ruptura, or muscae caput: 2. resembling a grape, in greek staphiloma, in latin vuatio or vuea: 3. resembling an apple, in greek melon, in latin malum: 4. resembling the head of a nail, in greek eloes, in latin clauus.  
PRoptosis is here taken for a starting or falling out of the membrane named vuea, 
Definition.  when the horny membrane is either loosed or broken: & as this malady appeareth greater or less, so there are numbered diverse kinds thereof, 
Miocephalon.  having names given unto them from the likeness of things which they do represent, as miocephalon, when the standing forth of the skin is little, like unto the head of a fly 〈◊〉 Staphiloma is of two sorts, whereof the first is, when the horny membrane is lifted up, or drawn awry, 
Staphiloma is of two sorts.  either because some humours are gathered between the skins of it, or rather because a wheal is engendered amongst those skins, which may happen without any breach in the horny membrane. This kind of staphiloma causeth only a standing forth like to a grape, not in colour, sith it is not black, but in roundness add whiteness as it were an unripe grape.  
The other sort of Stapholima is, when the horny membrane is by ulceration fretted in sunder, in such sort that the coat or membrane named vuea, slippeth forth, and maketh a round swelling tumour, resembling a black grape when it is ripe. 
Melon.  It is called melon, when the vuea issueth forth a greater quantity, so that it over-reacheth the eye lid, representing an apple hanging by the stalk. 
Eloes.  Eloes is, when vuea being so far thrust out of the eyelids becometh hard and the horny coat round about being brawny presseth it down, as if it were the head of a nail. Howsoever this malady groweth, it bringeth with it two dangers and discommodities, 
Two discommodities of this disease.  whereof one doth impair and decay the sight, the other doth deform and disgrace the face. If the sight be lost, there is no recovery: if it be only a deformity in the countenance it may be helped, 
Cure.  and chief by chirurgery. When the staphiloma or grape is new, & stirred by inflammation to lift up the horny skin of the eye, it must be cured by salves & cataplasms appointed for the assuaging of inflammations, & also by good order of diet. But if the recourse of humours amongst the skins of the horny membrane hath raised this swelling, and therewith pain, you shall use the mucilages of fenegreeke and line-seede with a little honey. When the grief is somewhat delayed, 
Aetius.  Aetius commendeth this remedy, to wit, a cataplasm made of bean flower, and the seeds of roses sodden together in water. You may in like manner make binding and comforting fomentations, applying them warm, with this proviso, that too much heat draw not humours to the place affected. 
Theodotius collirium.  The collirium of Theodotius tempered with liquor of coleworts, applied very thick upon the eye with a sponge, and kept close with a roler, consumeth & disperseth this tumour, if it be not of long continuance. And seeing Aetius reporteth so great fruit and effect of it, I will here set it down. R. cadmiae lotae, stibii loti, acatiae, gummi ana. ʒ xxv. rosar. siccar. depurgat. ʒ xii. aeris usti, myrrh, ana. ʒ viii castorii, licii indici, croci, folii, spicae nardi, chalcitidis tostae, cerus. glancii seminis ericae, opii, gall, omphac. ana. ʒ two. make them all in fine powder, and frame thereof with water little round balls. When you will use them, you may dissolve them either with the juice of coleworts, or with the white of an egg. another medicine for miochephalon. R. cadmiae, sqammae aeris, croci an s viii. opii s xii. misios usti, mirrhae, acaciae, gummi ana. s iiii. put them in water. Now, that kind of staphiloma which hath a deep and large bottom, 
Predictions.  and veins full of blood is most hardly healed. Those which stand far out, change their colour, as that which is in vuea, stir up vehement pain even to the temples are incurable. When these signs appear in stophiloma, none other remedies are to be used, but such as may ease the pain. But where the bottom of them is not narrow, neither the ulcer of a malicious nature, the cure may be performed by binding and rolling not unfitly in this order. 
The manual operation.  The patient shall be so placed, that he may say his head upon the Chirurgeons knees sitting in a chair. Then thrust thorough a needle with a double thread in the midst of the root of the tumour, beginning this work at the great corner of the eye, and so piercing it unto the less: when the thread is passed thorough, he shall cut off the needle, that there may be two ends of the thread in the same place, and take two ends thereof in one hand, and two in an other. This done, he shall knit one of the threads on a fast common knot, & afterwards with a running knot to the end it may be more easily loosed at your pleasure: according to this manner you shall tie the other thread. In continuance of time these threads by little and little will separate and cut out the tumour. And where the tumour is gross, you may cut off the top of it, leaving only the root of it, in which the threads may be retained. For if they fall out, the humours issue forth wlth the fame, and the eye sinketh down. Some are not contented with two threads, but will have four. This part of your work thus accomplished, such medicines must be applied as will mitigate pain, which are the white of an egg, beaten in rose water, or milk, or specially in the blood of a pigeon, laying upon it a defensive to prevent inflammation and other inconveniences. When you will dress the party, you must be careful lest in removing the cataplasm you pluck away the threeades which oftentimes are dried, and stick fast to the same. Therefore make a little fomentation with milk which may moisten it, using the same medicines until the threads of their own accord fall away, tying them straighter if need do so require. When they are fallen away, you shall use gentle medicines which may cleanse and increase flesh: after them apply such as may close it up, whereof you have had before prescripts set down, 
Chap. 7. & 8.  which as occasion is offered, may be altered.    

¶ The sixth section, containing the diseases which are incident to the apple of the eye.  

CHAP. 1. Of the enlarged or broad apple of the eye, called in greek mydriasis, or platycoriasis, in latin pupillae dilatatio: also of the displaced apple of the eye, in latin pupillae e loco remotio.  
MYdriasis or platicoriasis is, 
Definition.  when the apple of the eye doth not altar nor change his colour, but is greater than naturally it should be, stretching sometimes unto the circle iris, or rainbow, whereby the sight is either much impaired, or utterly lost. They which are troubled with this disease, 
Signs.  think every thing which they see to be greater than it is, which error cometh by the scattering of the spirits at the largeness of the hole in the apple of the eye. Sometime it is not only enlarged and stretched abroad, but it seemeth to be removed from the midst of the eye, and to have changed his place, which in Arnoldus is called, pupillae e loco remotio. 
Pupillae e loco remotio.  Now both these diseases happen either naturally, or of some other cause. If they be natural and from the birth, 
Causes.  yet they hurt & hinder the sight. If any other cause have procured them, it is either outward, as by a fall, or stroke: or inward by a recourse of humours, which falling down by little and little, do cause the membrane vuea to be stretched out, whereupon ensueth the enlarging of the apple of the eye. This disease is hardly cured, 
Predictions.  because the coat vuea being much stretched forth by his skinny nature in continuance of time becometh so hard, 
Black eyes have the apple of the eye great.  that it cannot be afterward easily drawn straighter. They, whose eyes are naturally black, have also the apple of their eye great, and for this cause do easily incur this inconvenience. Some see very well, although they have this default from their birth. 
Cure.  Concerning the cure, it is general in good diet, purging, cupping, rubbing, blood letting, both in the arm and corners of the eye, or particular in the use of binding, and strengthening medicines, as fomentations and salves made ex rosis, croco, nardo, thuris cortice, pompholyge, spodio, acatia, being provident to avoid sharp medicines, because they draw down great abundance of humours, 
Observations.  which still make the apple of the eye broader. And you must be no less circumspect that your medicines bind not overmuch, lest on the contrary the apple of the eye be over straight and little. 
Avicen.  Avicen commendeth this collirium. Take of the gall of a kid and craine, of each three drams, of saffton one dram, of pepper 170. grains, of juice of liquorice five drams and an half, of armoniac two drams, as much honey as will be sufficient, make them all into fine powder, and then put to them fenel water, and with honey make them into little round balls.   

CHAP. 2 Of the consumption of the apple of the eye, called in Greek Ptisis opthalmou, in Latin tabes oculi.  
PThysis is used generally for all kind of decaying and leanness: 
Pthisis' diversly used.  notwithstanding it is used in the old writers for that affect of the eye, 
Aetius.  when the apple of it is made narrower and weaker. This default (saith Avicen) may be in it from the first beginning, 
Little eyes have quick, sight.  but they which have the apple of the eye so little have their sight most sharp and quick. When this affection is not natural, 
Causes.  it may grow by the dryness of the membrane vuea, which is withered and drawn together, or by abundance of moisture descending upon the same, which maketh the edges and borders of the hole so large, that they touch each other, and so it is made narrow: even as we see in a sieve made of parchment, the which being wet, the holes thereof are closed up. Moreover the dryness of the waterish humour may procure this disease, which being dried becometh less, and thereby is the coat that covereth it made narrower. 
Weakness of fight causeth all things to seem greater than they are.  It may also be engendered thorough great weakness and extreme ache of the head. To them which are thus affected, all things appear greater than they are of their own nature: and in truth in alweakenesse of the sight, the objects are more great in show, but not so plainly discerned: which error happeneth by the littleness of the apple of the eye. 
Cure.  This order must be observed in the cure: If moisture have brought forth this malady, it shall be cured by contrary medicines. It is profitable to rub the parts above it, and also the eyes with the fingers, to wash the face and head, to rub it, and anoint it with oil of flower-deluce. In like manner to use some sharp biting salve which may draw moisture unto the eyes, as this. R. ammon. thimiamat. ʒ i. crocomag. ʒ iiij. crociʒ ij. aerug s iiij. put them into water and beat them, afterward make them fit for your use. If dryness procured it, Avicen giveth counsel to use moist and suming meats, 
Avicen.  and upon the place this salve must be applied. R piperis, ammoniac. ana. parts i●. olei balsami nonu●partis unius, croci part. i. dissolve the armoniac with fenel water, put upon it oleum balsami, & then with honey make up your medicine. The author accounteth this a most singular remedy: but in my judgement, I would in place of oleum balsami, take good venice turpentine.   

CHAP. 3. Of the web or cataract, called in greek hypochymas, in latin suffusio, gutta, aqua, imaginatio.  
HYpochyma is an heap of superfluous humours made thick, 
Definition.  like to a little skin between the horny membrane and the crystalline humour, directly upon the apple of the eye, swimming above the waterish humour in that place which Celsus affirmeth to be voided and empty. 
●ernelius.  It hindereth the sight, or at lest the discerning and judging of such things as are before our eyes. Fernelius appointeth the place of it between the membrane Vuea, and the Crystalline humour. 
Differences herein.  The differences of it is borrowed from the quantity or quality. From the quantity, when it is whole, covering all the compass of the apple of the eye, in such sort, that the party cannot see any thing. Sometimes it covereth only half of the apple of the eye, 
How it cometh to pass that only some part of the obiectis seen  or some part of it either above or beneath, or in the midst in such manner that that only part of the thing before our face can be discerned which is placed against the part of the eye which is free from this disease, whereby it falleth out oftentimes, that either the party seethe nothing, or only some part of things. For if that which is offered to the sight be set before the part affected fully, he seethe nothing, but if he pry at it with that part of the eye which is sound he may see clearly. Now if the spot or web be in the midst of the eye not touching the edges or borders thereof, even as a prick in the midst of a circle, 
The cataract▪ in the midst of the eye.  than the party seethe only the extremity and edges of things, in the midst thereof supposing there is a window, or covering, 
Differences from the quality.  or some dark place. The differences which are drawn from the qualities, are either from their essence and substance, sith some are thin, slender, and clear, through the which the light of the Sun may be discerned, others are thick and gross: or from their colour, sith some are like brass, others white like Plaster or Pearls, others pale coloured, mixed of green and white, or green and yellow, others like gold, others black, others resembling ashes. Amongst the Arabians, 
Arabians.  cataracta, suffusio, aqua, gutta, imaginatio are used for the same things, herein only is the difference, that imaginatio is called by Avicen, 
Imaginatio.  gutta zala, as it were the beginning of a web or cataract, because we imagine we see that which in deed we see not, when the cataract is as thin and slender as a spider's web. It is then named, 
Aqua & Gutta.  aquae and gutta when the cataract beginneth to receive some form enlarging and running abroad like water: but when it is thick and ripe, 
Gutta obscura.  and harder, it is called a cataract, and of Avicen gutta obscura. The causes hereof may be a fall, stroke, heat, cold, pain, by whose means the humour is drawn and gathered thither, or rather vapours and humours ascending to the brain, 
Causes.  and from thence descending to the eyes, which in process of time, and by reason of cold are changed into water, and in fine become thick and congealed. In like sort this malady may proceed of ill digested nourishment in the eye, or if the nourishment have been good, yet the superfluttie of it hath not been avoided, which is an excrement of the third digestion. 
Fernelius.  Fernelius thinketh the cause thereof to be a course of humours descending by little and little upon the sinew of the sight, which in the beginning cannot be perceived: 
A cataract engendered in one day.  notwithstanding he boldly affirmeth to have seen a cataract made & framed in one day. For (saith he) if at one moment a gross slimy humour may fall upon the sinew of sight, whereupon ensueth the loss of the whole sight, why may it not suddenly engender a perfect cataract, having before time had recourse upon the apple of the eye? 
Signs of the cataract beginning.  Now when the web or cataract beginneth, these signs and tokens are incident to the diseased. They imagine there are before their eyes little dark things resembling flies: others suppose they see hairs, others threads of wool, others spiders webs, others think they behold a circle about the candles when they are light, and sometime two candles for one. When these things do thus fall out, if you look upon the apple of the eye, it appeareth clear and pure, but if you behold and view it more nearly, it will seem somewhat troubled, and if you compare it with the other eye which is sound, it will appear somewhat appalled. 
Predictions ● couching cataracts.  It hath sometime the colour of the sea as the disease increaseth. Concerning predictions, and foretelling of the event which will ensue, those which are like to rusty iron or pearls, or have a green or ash colour or resemble a turquoise, or sea water, are fit to be couched: on the contrary, those which are like to chalk, lead, citrons, black or yellow, cannot be couched with a needle. Beside their colour the substance is to be examined whether it be fit and prepared: for that which is enlarged and spread abroad without separating into pieces, 
Consideration of the substance.  returning to his former figure & greatness is known to be curable by this his ripeness. But if it be scattered into pieces when it is spread abroad, it is not yet ready nor fit to be couched. Neither may you deal with that which is not stretched forth in breadth and largeness, sith it is an evident sign that the sinew of sight is stopped, whereby the spirit which causeth sight should be conveyed forth as with a blast made larger: for it is but lost labour sith he could not see any thing albeit that were removed. 
How to know if the sinew of sight be stopped.  Thus you may make proof hereof, if the eye being shut he rub gently upon the eyelid with his fingers turning it sometime to this side, sometime ot that, and then lifting up the eyelid suddenly, consider, if the cataract do spread abroad and return again presently or not. The same observation you may take by closing the other eye wherein is no cataract: for in thus doing you shall perceive the spirits enlarged in that which aught to have been carried to both the eyes.  
That cataract is the worst, which cometh either by great sickness, 
The worst cataract.  or extreme ache in the head, or by a grievous stroke or wound. It is incurable in old men and children which without this imperfection have their sight decayed. Only age is a sufficient mean to receive cure in a cataract if it be full ripe and the eye be neither too little, nor sunk down deep into the head. Concerning the cure, if it be in the beginning of this disease, you shall labour to prevent the further increase thereof by good order of Diet, and by blood-letting in the Fore●heade, 
Cure in the beginning.  Temples, and Arm, by Purging, Cupping, Cauterizing, applying of a Seton, and other remidies to be kept in the mouth, or put into the nose And touching particular remedies, these salves following are highly praised. R. terebintl●. lib. s. sulph. viu● ℥ ij. ●ellis ros ℥ iiij. plantag. & arn●gloss, euphras. chelidon. ana. m.ii let them be altogether distilled in an alembicke of glass, or this. R. zinzib, cinnamon, garioph nucis mosch. gran. parad. ana. ℥ two ss foli●r. saluiae, m.ii cardam. masti●. cubeb. galang▪ rorism, maioran, lavand, m●liss. beton. an. ℥ i let them soak in four pound of excellent wine, by the space of ten days, then distill them. Put two or three drops of this water into the eye, continuing this order a sufficient time. But if all the aforesaid means both general and special be not able to heal the cataract, it shall grow until it be ripe, without applying any other medicine unto it. When it is ripe, which may be known by the signs before set down, then enterprise the work, but with this caveat, that you have diligent regard to the time of the year, 
What time is fittest to couch the cataract.  wherein this may be most fitly achieved, which is especially the spring time, then summer, and also if necessity so require, and the patiented be willing, winter, or the fall of the leaf. But above all other things do not adventure to couch a cataract, either on a rainy, windy, very hot, or very cold day. For we have learned by experience, that the couching of them at such a time stirreth up gteate, yea almost intolerable pains in the head. Therefore when you have chosen a convenient time, the party must eat little, and drink water, or some other thin drink, 
The patient's diet sober.  abstaining from wine by the space of two or three days before you attempt the couching of it▪ and especially on the day before, his eating and drinking must be with marvelous sobriety. This being done, let him be set in a light place, having his face turned toward the Chirurgeon, and the light coming directly upon him, let one hold his head steadfastly without moving: for any little motion of it may bring blindness without recovery. The Chirurgeon must have a higher seat than the patitient. The affected eye must be kept open, and the sound eye covered with a little linen cloth. Let the Chirurgeon rub the right eye with the left hand, and the left eye with the right hand, before he begin his work, or rather let some child having a very clean mouth chew fennel or a●-seeds, which when he hath spit forth, let him breath upon the diseased part, that by this means the cataract may be made more thin, and smaller. When you have proceeded thus far, bid him turn the eye which hath the cataract toward his nose, as if he would look upon him and presently put your needle unto it, which must be sharp pointed, not slender, flat, nor round, to the end it may enter & pierce more easily, & that the roundness thereof 'cause it not to slip upon the cataract, than thrust it strait inward, or overthwart the membranes named coniunctiva & cornea, in the midst of the black of the eye, 
Observation  at the corner which is nearer to the temples guiding & directing it upon the midst of the cataract, so that no vein be hurt: nevertheless you must thrust boldly without fear, sith the place is there voided, lest after it be entered in, the Chirurgeon though he be cunning, be deceived, if he lift it up with the needle, & perceiveth nothing to resist it. Now when the needle is thrust through, it must be stayed on the the top of the cataract, & by little and little turned gently to bring the cataract toward the lowest part of the apple of the eye: & when it is couched there, you shall press it down very hard, that it may abide in that place. If it do remain there, the cure is perfect, if it ascend up again, them with the same needle break and cut it into many pieces, which will 'cause less hindrance, and require less room. After this draw out the needle, & lay with in the eye the white of an egg, with a linen cloth folded together, and with out apply something to prevent inflammation, with a roller binding it up. These things ended, 
The patient must be quiet, and use abstinence.  the sick party must remain quiet without stirring, lying in his bed, without moving his head any way, or very little, not seeing any great light for a certain time, abstaining from meat, supping only thin broth by the space of six or seven days, without chewing any meat with his teeth, because it might dtawe down humours to the eye, and make the cataract ascend again. When the inflammation is ceased, you shall order the patiented as if he were grievously wounded. He may not be dressed, nor the eye unrolled, until the second or third day after the couching of the cataract, unless there happen any inflammation, or great pain.  
When you will dress it, shut the windows, and set a candle lighted behind him, and not before his eyes, or rather far of from him on the side, 
Great light is hurtful.  lest the great light suddenly offerred to his sight, may trouble the eye, & stir up the cataract. Now, sometime in couching of cataracts, 
Flux of blood.  there happeneth a flux of blood within the eye, in such sort, that the humours seem all red. This ariseth of blood issuing out of some little vein or artery which is cut or pricked: this blood mingling with the waterish humour, giveth it this read colour, and as it were drieth it so, that the Chirurgeon if he have not seen the like event, and all that stand by would judge the eye bursten and utterly lost: notwithstanding about two or three days after, when the patiented shall be dressed, this blood will be so wasted, that no token thereof will appear. There are some cataracts which vanish and scatter assoon as the needle is applied to couch them, because they are not hard and solid to bear the needle, which goeth thorough them as it were a green cheese, 
Cataractae lact●a.  whereof they are commonly called cataractae lacteae, because their colour and substance resembleth milk. That the Chirurgeon may meet with this inconvenience, he must labour to lose it, pressing it with his needle on every side: for by this means I have seen and proved sometime the grossest part of the cataract to fall away, and come lower, the thinner part to be loosed and consumed, and in the end the party hath recovered his sight. 
Albucrasis.  Albucrasis doth write, that it was reported in his time, one had devised to pick the eye with an hollow needle, and by the hollowness of it he could raise up and draw forth the humour of the cataract. Notwithstanding I think he might sooner raise and draw forth the waterish humour, than the cataract, when it is ripe and ready to be couched, because it is an hard skin.    

¶ The seventh section, entreating of those diseases, which are incident to the humours of the eyes.  

CHAP. 1. Of green, pale, or grey eyes, called in greek glaucoma, or glaucosis, in latin glaucoma, or coesii oculi, and by the interpreter of Avicen, viriditas oculi: also of the wolues-eie, or cursed eye in greek aethemoma, in latin ravi oculi.  

Two significations of glaucoma.  GLaucoma is used in two senses: for it is taken unproperly for a web cataract or spot which is gathered and dried round about the apple of the eye: which signification some of the old physicians have used this word as Aegineta writeth saying, the ancient writers have supposed Glaucoma and hypochymas to be one and the same disease, 
Aegineta.  which have been only distinguished by the new writers. 
Galen.  Neither doth Galen much descent from this opinion, affirming glaucoma to be like to the web or cataract, and that both of them may be comprehended under the same name. 
Gorraus.  Nevertheless (as Gorraeus saith) it followeth not that they are like. For the cataract is a collection and an heap of other humours, then of those which are naturally in the eye, flowing unto it from some other place: but glaucoma is properly used when the Cristaline humour is dry and thick, 
The difference between glaucoma and hipo●himc.  and the colour of it is green whereupon the eyes seem green or pale. Moreover, the cataracts are always so great that they overspread and cover the whole apple of the eye, and hinder the wholesight: but glaucoma possesseth all the Crystalline humour, and it is dry in every part, and by reason of the dryness it groweth so thick. Besides these, cataracts may be cured, but Glaucoma is uncurable, when it hath once attained to perfection as Aegineta writeth concerning the opinion of Rusus. 
Aegineta.  When this affection is only found in one eye, 
Heteroglaucosis  it is called in greek Heteroglaucosis, as if that party had unlike eyes, & of two parishes. There is incident to the Crystalline humour, an other malady, named in greek Argyrias, in latin, 
Argirias.  albedo in Christilloide, which is a white spot growing upon the Crystalline humour, which is easily perceived if you look upon the eye: it hindereth the sight more or less, as it is greater or smaller, and may be accounted the beginner and messenger of glaucoma. In old time, and even in these days also, green or grey eyes, called in greek glauci, in latin coesii, were much commended in women, whereupon in Homer Minerva is always surnamed glaucopis, that is, having green or grey eyes. 
The diversity of opinions.  Although Aegineta assign the cause of this disease unto moisture, yet Galen and Hypocrates impute it to dryness, for which cause old folk are subject unto it. 
Arist. 5. lib de generat animal.  Some have imagined that a green colour intermeddled with the Crystalline humour causeth this disease, and maketh this grey or azure colour called glaucoma. The cure is to be taken in hand in this order. When you perceive this malady beginning, which is evident in the Crystalline humour appearing somewhat grey, first use your general cure, than such medicines as may comfort and stay the Crystalline humour, lest it wax dry and be frozen: as moist and comfortable fomentations. R. of the tops of mallows, hollyhock, violets, ana. m. i eybright, selandine, an. m. s of camomile flowers, and melilot, an p. s line-seeds, ʒ two. faenel and ani-seeds an ʒ i. seethe them for a fomentation. This collirium shall be put into the eye. Take of the mucilage of quince, and line-seed drawn in water of pellitory on the wall, ana. ℥ i of faenell and eyebright water ana ℥ s dissolve herein of myrrh and aloes, ana. ʒ s, of benjamin and storax calamit, ana. ℈ two. make a salve of all these. This aforenamed ingredience may be distilled, and the water of it will be very profitable. Those medicines which have virtue to dissolve cataracts and webs in their beginning may be in this case discreetly used, as also hot bread taken out of the oven, wherein is baked the powder of aniseedes and faenell, may be well applied in this order. Divide the bread in the midst, and lay it upon the eye so hot as the party can abide it and let it so remain upon the eye a good space. The breath of a sound and clean person which hath chewed faenell or aniseede is not unprofitable in this case. The distilled water of faenell and any seeds is most singular, if it be wisely used and so are the mucilages of quince, fenugreek, and Linseedes drawn in the aforesaid waters. There happeneth to the eye an other affection called in greek, Ae●hemoma, 
●themoma.  in latin, ravi oculi, in French the wolves eye, or evil boy, and I think we call it in English, the cursed eye, or evil eye, or sometimes greedy eye, which is, when the humours are all black, and thereupon the whole eye is black. In curing of this seeing it differeth little from glaucoma, you shall have recourse both to general and special medicines set down for that disease. Fernellius writeth of an other affect incident to the eye, called in Latin, 
Occulusleoninus.  Leoninus oculus the Lions eye in french, the brazen eye, when the eye is red, cruel, proud, resembling sparks of fire, as we behold in a Lion, and in them which have the leprosy. Seeing this affection is joined with the leprosy, before you adventure the helping thereof, you must cure the leprosy itself.    

¶ The eight section, containing the diseases incident to the corners of the eye.  

CHAP. I. Of an Aposteme in the great corner of the eye, called in greek, anchilops, in Latin, abscessus ocularis.  
ANchilops and aegilops are sometimes used for one self same disease, 
The difference of anchilops & aegilops.  but they are most commonly distinguished in this manner. Anchilops is a swelling or apostume between the great corner of the eye and the nose which is not opened, but aegilops, is a fistula procured by means of this apostume. 
Causes.  The cause is an heap of thick gross humours like to honey or pulse, which is sometimes wrapped in a little skin increasing by little and little, 
Predictions.  but without any pain. This disease is hardly cured, because the delicateness, and tenderness of the bone, whereupon the swelling groweth, and because it is so near unto the eye that the medicines may endanger the same. Concerning the cure, assoon as the apostume beginneth, with all speed apply medicines which have great force to beat back, and may bring little astonishment: of this kind and nature is emplastrum contra rupturam, unguentum de bolo, comitiss. desiccatiuum rubrum, where unto you may add a little opium. For these medicines will quickly dissolve & disperse that, which is gathered to that place. But if you see the course of humours & inflammation remaining, than such medicines shall be applied, whose property is to resolve without sharpness lest by molesting the eye the inflammation be increased. 
Aetius.  Aetius appointeth this remedy. R. thuris s viii, myrrh. s viii. ladani s i. cerae s viii. alumin. sciss. s iiij. spumae nitri, s iiii. ●oaguli leporis, s iiij beaten these together, and with the grossest part of oleum Ir●num make them soft and fit to be used. If in despite of all these medicines the tumour cometh to suppuration, 
when this apostume must be opened.  open it speedily, that the humour may run out, which if it be in a bag or skin, take the same away cunningly: and if it cannot be taken away without danger or hurt, consume it with pure powder of Mercury, or rather mingle with it some cleansing medicine, or such ike. To make the cure perfect, and to prevent the returning of this malady some use to sear the edges of it. The remainder of the cure shall be accomplished with this medicine: R. olei hipericonis ℥ i gum. Elemi ℥ s. thuris, myrrh. an ʒ ij sarcocollʒ j melt them together and make a salve. If you perceive the ulcer doth not heal, you must have care to observe, lest it turn to a fistula, if the bone be corrupted and rotten: & for this cause, the cure shallbe changed as the condition of the disease doth require.   

CHAP. II. Of the weeping fistula, called in greek, aegilops in Latin, fistula lachrimalis.  
AEgilops is a little fistula, in the corner of the eye near to the nose, 
Definition.  out of which issueth continually phlegm or a thin humour, arising of some former disease, as of anchilops suppurated, but either not speedily opened, 
Causes.  or negligently dressed: or rather it is procured of slimy matter, or moist medicines, or the air which hath altered, and rotted the bone in that part. 
Signs.  This malady vexeth the eye without ceasing, being sometimes read, & piercing thorough cven to the nose. It hath in some, the nature & properties of a cancer, & in those the veins at stretched forth, & crooked, the colour pale & bluish, the skin hard. If it be touched as gently as is possible, it stirreth up inflanation in the parts adjoining. 
Predictions.  It is dangerous attempting the cure thereof, when it is of a cankrous or crabbed nature: for it hasteth the death of the patiented. And it is lost labour to take in hand the cure of it when the apostume toucheth the nose, sith it will never be perfectly healed: those which are in the corner of the eye are curable, but yet the nearer their hole or mouth is to it, the greater difficulty is in the cure: that which is of short continuance may be most easily healed▪ these things thus considered, & the bon corrupted thorough long continuance of the disease, & the cu●e set down in the former chapter be not available, it behoveth the chirurgeon to enter into an other course. Let him make wider the mouth of the fistula either with the point of his lancet, 
Cure.  or some other instrument, or with a sponge prepared fitly to open and enlarge the same. This don, let him place the patiented conveniently, & defend the eye either with a plate made for that purpose whereof you have a description in Ambros Pares book, the kings chief Chirurgeon, 
Ambros Pare●.  or with any other thing commodiously serving thereunto. Afterward with an actual cautery (as it is called) sear the bon & the parts which go cross within the fistula, and especially the over most parts of them, because in that place there is a strait hollowness whereat issueth a thin humour like tears into the ulcer from the higher and overthwart part: If this place should not be dried by searing, it would make the ulcer to short, & thereby hinder the perfect closing up of the same. I have seen Ambrose Pare heal many with good success, 
Experience.  in short time by whose example I have most happily practised the like. When this part of your work is ended, you shall use a digestive made of turpentine, and oil of eggs: apply within the eye the white of an egg beaten with rose water & plantine, whereupon lay a defensive, and continued the use of your digestive until the eschar be removed. Not long after nature will cast of a little scaile from the bone where it was touched with the fearing iron, which, whether it be with matter or without matter, let not the Chirurgeon suddenly and rashly pull any part of it away, 
Nature must be followed.  but wait the leisure of nature in disburdening itself of the same. For whosoever will hastily and by force draw it away, especially before nature have brought forth flesh between the sound bone, and that which shallbe cast off, he shall 'cause a new rottenness in the bone. In the mean time, let the ulcer be kept clean, then use means to increase flesh, lastly, close it up when it shall seem expedient.   

CHAP. III. Of the outgrowing of flesh in the great corner of the eye, called in greek encanthiss, and according to Avicen additio carnis lachrimalium.  

Definition.  Encanthiss is a tumour, or addition of flesh to that which naturally groweth in the great corner of the eye near to the nose, or rather when the natural flesh groweth beyond his compass. Of this there are two sorts. The one is most commonly tender, lose, 
Two kinds  without pain, red in colour, yielding easily to medicines. The other is malicious, hard, rugged bluish, having pricking pain, not relenting by medicines but is only curable by the hand of the Chirurgyan. There are three principal causes of this malady, The first is a flowing, 
Three causes  and an heap of melancholic humours, which make the flesh in the corner of the eye gross, as we see it in warts. The second is, when the flesh groweth out through ill handling of an ulcer which hath been in that place. The third is the remainder of a nail or web, which was not fully taken away, and therefore hath grown and increased unto a more gross nature. Concerning the cure, that which is little, 
Cure.  gentle, not malicious may be healed with only drying medicines, as with this, 
Aetius.  commended by Aetius. R. aluminis usti, mysi Combust. vitriol. an parts aequales: make your medicine in this case that Collirium is most singular which we have set down before, for the disease called miocephalon. I have seen the trial of oleum vitrioli, wherewith the part affected hathbene touched, but first of all the eye hath been sufficiently defended. Now if this flesh which groweth out, 
The manual operation.  be great, and malicious, but not of the nature of a cancer, it shallbe taken away by Chirurgery in this manner. The Chirurgeon must put thorough the midst of it a thread, wherewith it shallbe lifted up, then with his razor or scissors he shall cut it, being provident lest he cut any part of the natural flesh adjoining unto it. Otherwise he shall bring into the place of it a worse disease named rhaeas, which causeth the eye to weep continually. When you have finished this work, you shall lay upon it dry medicines to prevent the growing of the flesh again, proceeding in perfecting the rest of your cure according to that, which is written before in dealing with the web in the eye.   

CHAP. 4 Of the weeping eye, called in greek, rhaeas or rhaeades ●pthalmou, in latin fluxus oculi.  

Definition.  RHaeas is a diminishing or consumption of the flesh which naturally groweth in the corner of the eye with continual grievous weeping. It ariseth either by ill curing of the web, fistula, or encanthiss, 
Causes.  when too much of the glandulous flesh or kernels which growin that place is cut away or consumed by medicines. For hereupon the tears cannot be stayed, but the eye seemeth to weep always, yea the cheeks are continually wet with the tears. 
A double use of the glandulous flesh.  For seeing there is a double use of this glandulous flesh or kernels, whereof the first is to stop the hole in the corner of the eye which hath passage into the nose▪ lest the excrements which descend from the forepart of the brain upon the bon called as cribrosum because it resembleth a sieve should run into the eye, and it preventeth the violent carriage of air into the eye thereby, when we blow or snuff, or any way cleanse the nose of that filth which is in it The second use is to cover the little corner conduit in the corner of the eye, by the which the excrements and natural superfluities are conveyed into the nose. This excrement is a thin liquid humour which floweth out in weeping, or laughing, and whensoever the brain doth disburden itself of these superfluities. If this humour be not much in quantity, and commendable in quality, than the kernels do receive, retain and keep it, 
The eye must be kept moist.  to sprinkle it upon the eye (as is the office of other glandulous flesh or kernels placed at thee root of the tongue) to keep it moist, and make it move more easily, which it could not do if it were very dry, and it could not but be very dry, sith it is moved continually, whereby it is made hot. But if this humour contained in the kernels offend either in quantity, or quality, it bringeth forth ulcers, tears, and other diseases before set down. Now when too much of the flesh is taken away, either by cutting, searing, or corrosive medicines, there is made not only a scar in the place, but also the hole entering into the nose remaineth open, through the which the excrements of the brain fall without any hindrance upon the eye, which procureth continual weeping. 
Cure.  In curing hereof some use binding medicines to the end they may stop the hole, and cut of the passage: others scarify the skin, round about, with incarnative medicines (as they call them) labouring to restore, and engender new flesh in place of the former which was decayed: and when it is grown sufficiently they close it up and make it dry. But because this kind of cure is both hard and dangerous, 
An hard and dangerous cure.  many content themselves with closing up of the hole, not regarding the restoring of new flesh. These men force not the manifold discommodities which spring by stopping of the eye. For first the passage of ordinary excrements unto the eye is debarred. Secondly, 
Aninconuenient cure.  sith the cicatrice is none other thing but hard dried flesh, by reason of the thickness thereof it is not able to receive & drink up these superfluities: hereupon ensueth continual tears dropping from the eyes. Therefore in regard of this inconvenience it is more expedient to adventure the generation of new flesh, then only to close up the ulcer.   

CHAP. V Of fretting and itching Ulcers in the corners of the eyes called in greek Peribrosis, and Epinyctis, in latin Angulorum Erosio, or Pruritus Lachrymalium  
PEribrosis is taken for a little itching Ulcer in the corners of the eyes, 
Definition.  and there is itching sometime without appearance of any ulcer. 
Causes.  This disease cometh of a salt humour flowing unto that part, and there staying: whereupon they which are troubled therewith, put their hands often to their eyes, take delight in rubbing them, & suppose often times that there is sand or some other such like thing in their eyes. 
Epinictis.  Epinictis is used generally for little ulcers growing of their own nature, resembling in the beginning red weals, wherein is found bloody matter: On the day time they are not much painful, but in the night season, their torments are more vehement than could be imagined to come from so small a thing. 
At what time this pain beginneth.  This pain beginneth usually about three or four hours before night, and continueth until midnight, at which time it ceaseth, in such sort, that on the morrow the party feeleth either very little or no grief, neither doth their remain any thing, but dry tough matter wherewith the eyelids are tied and joined together, which you must help by anointing the edges & borders with unguent de tutia. 
Pliny.  Nevertheless we according to Pliny: do take epinictis in this place for an ulcer in the corner of the eyes whereout islueth uncessantly slimy matter. This ulcer it more grievous than the former, because it is more filthy, malicious, & painful especially in the night, whereof it is named. 
Cure of Peribrosis.  After the general cure, these local medicines may be used in peribrosis. Take of the mucilages of quince seeds & linseeds drawn in the water of Plantine and Pellitory of the wall ana. ℥ i of white coporas dissolved in rose-water ℈ i s mingle them for your use. 
Water of coporas.  This water of white coporas only I have proved with very good success being provident lest it were too strong. It is a conterpoison against great itching, 
An history reported by Ambrose Pare.  which doth so much vex the party, that Ambrose Pair the king's counsellor and chief Chirurgeon reporteth he saw a woman constrained to wash her eyes with strong vinegar, finding in it more ease and comfort then in any thing which she could use. Concerning Epinyctis, 
Cure of Epinictis.  because it is a more filthy ulcer, it must be diligently cleansed, to the which purpose you must dissolve into the aforenamed salve a little syrup of wormwood, and honey of roses, or else touch the ulcer with this collyrium which will not offend the eye. Take of rose water & eyebright water ana ℥ i Myrrh and Aloes anaʒ i unguenium egiptiacʒ i s. dissolve them all together and make a salve, dip a linen cloth in this salve and touch the eye therewith, and put upon the eye immediately a medicine which may delay pain and cool, as the white of an egg beaten with plantine water, or rather in place of it, wash it with strawberry water When these ulcers are thus cleansed the Chirurgeon must have wise consideration in closing them. For otherwise, there is great danger lest the eyelids stick together, in that manner which is spoke of in the disease named prosphysis, sith both of them are ulcerat. To prevent this, 
How to prevent prosphisis  you must use unguentum de tutia spread upon a fine linen cloth and laid between the eielidds to withhold one from an other. In this doing that which is ulcerated and kept clean shall heal a part, and the other in like manner. But if this inconvenience do grow, than you must have recourse to the chapter entreating of anchiloblepharon, or the joining together of the eielidds.    

The ninth section comprehending the diseases incident to the sinew of sight, which is called ●n latin Nervus opticus ór visualis.  

CHAP. I. Of the stopping of the sinew of sight, in greek amaurosis, in latin obfuscatio, guita saerena: also of the deceiving or dim eye, called in greek parorasis, in latin halluctnatio, or calltgatio.  
AMaurosis most commonly is a hindrance of the whole sight, 
Definition.  without any appearance thereof in the eye: for the apple of the eye remaineth sound, and unchanged the sinew of sight only is stopped. Savonarola seemeth to name the beginning of this disease in greek parorasis, in latin hallucinatio, 
Causes.  or caligatio, which we may name in english the dim or deceitful sight, when we take one thing for an other, which thing is a forerunner and messenger of blindness. These defaults befall to some suddenly, to others by little and little, but so, that either they see nothing, or very little. 
The difference between ambliopia and lamaurosis.  The causes of this which cometh by little and little are like to that malady which is called in greek ambliopia, in latin, b●be●udo. And some have thought the difference of these two to consist only in this, that the causes of ambliopia are less, but the causes of amaurosis are greater and stronger. Now the cause of that which cometh altogether suddenly, and (as we say) at one push which is rightly called amaurosis is when the sinew of sight is filled & stuffed with thick slimy humours falling into the hollowness of it, which will not suffer the spirit of sight to be conveyed thereby into the eye. 
How to know if the sinew of sight be stopped.  The way to know the stopping of the sinew of sight, and that no spirit can pass thorough it is this Shut the other eye, & the apple of that eye which is stopped will not appear to be enlarged, which it would be if the spirit of sight were conveyed thereto by the sinew: for this spirit doth as it were with a blast make the apple of the eye broader. Therefore where this is not apparent, you must judge either the sinew to be stopped, or rather that the brain is not able to sand spirits to this sinew which may happen by weakness thereof, growing of long sickness trouble, or old age, whereby the spirits are wasted & scattered. 
precedent causes.  The forerunners and as it were outward causes of this disease are much rawness or ill digestion, drinking of pure wine, great heat of the son, or cold on the head, continual reading, baths after meat, vomiting, immoderate company with women, holding in of the breath as we see in trumpeters: for all these things fill the head with vapours. Before this effect do plainly appear the party perceiveth great heaviness in his head, 
Cure.  specially in the root & bottom of the eyes. In curing those to whom this disease hath befalen thorough fullness it is necessary to let them blood on the arm, then on the forehead, to use cupping upon the shoulders with scarrifiing, to purge to observe good order of diet, to eschew strong wines, to abstain from fuming meats, to rub the lower parts, 
Aetius most excellent salus  is much commended we have this salve (saith Aetius in great admiration and honour Take of Safron ʒi. mirhʒi. pepper gra. xv. spicknard ob. ij juice of Fenell ʒ xvi ammoniac. thimiamat. ʒi. honey ℥ v. When they are all beaten finely, power into them the juice of Fenell, then beaten them again until they be dry, afterwards put the honey unto them, and keep this salve in a brazen box for your use. Before you do use this Collirium you must have a fomentation of Sea water hot, wherein dip a sponge and often bathe the eye. This Author approveth the applying of a caustic behind on the head, as also to dry the head. There hath been seen great fruit and profit by the use of bags and coifs put upon the head, when the hair is shaven. Take of the flowers of staechadis or both sorts of Lavender, Hyssop, Betony, Camomile, Ana P. i read roses P two. calam. aromat lign. aloes ciperi an. ʒ. i bay leaves, marjoram ana. P i nutmeg, the root of the flower deluce, 
A coif to were on the head.  excellent cinnamon an. ʒ two. s cloves ʒi. s stiracis Calamit ʒ i. ambargrise gra vi. musk gra. iiii. beaten all these to powder and sow them in a linen cloth with, bombast made to the fashion of a coif. But before he use it he must rub and stroke down his head with a little bran, putting unto it a little salt, which must be made moist with a little wine. This electuary is commended to comfort the stomach, 
A comfortable electuary.  & to prevent the engendering of gross fleum in the brain. Take of fine cinnamon. ʒi. and ℈ i cloves ligni aloes, mace ana. ʒ. s. ginger ℈ s. aniseeds in powder ℈ i take the equal weight of sugar to them all, & with wormwood water make lozenges in weight ʒiij. let him use these in the morning three hours before dinner. Or rather let the patiented use this singular electuary. R. electuarii human. descript, Mesuae ℥ i s. aromat ros. ana. ℥ s. mingle them together, and let him take thereof evening and morning before meat the quantity of a chestnut. I have not set down here any eye-salves, which have none use in this case, sith the default is not in the eye.   

CHAP. 2 Of the depression or weakness in the sinew of sight, called in greek simptosis in latin, concidentia.  
SYmptosis is when the sinew of sight, 
Definition.  is so flat, weak, and pressed down, that there is not any hollowness remaining in it, because the inside of the skins do touch each other. 
Causes.  This thing proceedeth of abundance of humours which fall not into the hollowness, but upon the mere substance of this sinew which is so much loosed and softened that it falleth down, and one part lieth flagging upon an other. It may also come of dryness, whereby it is withered and gathered together, and becometh wrinkled, as may be evidently s●ene in old men, whereby the holes and poorie passages thereof are stopped This default may grow in like manner from weakness, 
Celsus. 7 book chap. 26.  albeit the sinew be neither too moist, nor too dry. This we may behold in old folk, which have the conduit of their urine so depressed thorough weakness and feebleness of the part, that no water can pass that way. So we may judge of this sinew of sight, which being feeble & decayed cannot give entrance and a free course to the conveying of the spirit of sight into the eye, whereupon the party must of necessity be deprived of sight. Now, 
Cure.  although there be small hope of cure▪ yet let not the Chirurgeon leave the sick party destitute of all help. For if he perceive the disease doth grow from abundance and fullness, 
In old folk uncurable.  the general and particular remedies set down in ambliopia will be fit and agreeable in this case. But if old age bring this infirmity, than it is to be accounted incurable.   

CHAP. 3. Of the breaking asunder of the sinew of sight, called in greek, aporrexis in Latin abruptio also of paremptostis or coincidentia.  
APorrexis is when the sinew of sight is broken asunder. 
Definition.  by a stroke, or fall in such sort, that presently upon it doth ensue most desperate blindness because the spirit of sight cannot be carried unto the eye. 
Paremptos●.  Paremptosis is when the sinew of sight is stopped by means of some humour which floweth into the same, because the sinew gapeth and seemeth as it were cloven or chincked. The way to discern and distinguish one of them from the other is this. If it be utterly broken as in aporexis, and separated from the brain, 
now to discern aporrexis from paremptosis.  by a stroke or fall on the head, first the eye is thrust forth, afterwards it sinketh in deep, than it receiveth no nourishment as it should, the sight is wholly lost without any recovery: and if one of the second pair of sinews be broken, the eye hath neither sense, not moving, but abideth fixed in the circle. But when this sinew of sight doth only gape seeming to be cloven, and as it were rend, the eye remaineth in the place, and the sick party seethe (as we say) by fits, especially in short time after, when some part of the humour which was entered into the eye is resolved and dispersed, the sinew is strengthened, & in some part joined again. Concerning the cure, 
Cure.  the Chirurgeon shall have more care to maintain and preserve the beauty of the eye, then to endeavour the restoring of the sight which is utterly lost. And it is to be feared lest some great course of humours, pain, or inflammation, do come unto the eyes, whereby they may be constrained either to fall out of the head or to burst asunder, as we have written before. Therefore to avoid and eschew the returning again thereof, you shall have recourse both to general and particular medicines which are able to stay and heal the aforesaid inconveniences whensoever they shall happen.  
WHen I had finished this my treatise to be printed, I received a letter from Mounsieur le jeune Chirurgeon to the king, and to my Lord the Duke of Guise, a man much travailed and experienced in Chirurgery: the Copy whereof I have thought good to add in the end of this my book because the disease of the eye whereof he hath written unto me is very strange and rare.     

The Copy of the Letter.  
FOR as much as I understand that you have written a little treatise touching the diseases of the eye, wherein you have comprised not only whatsoever the ancient writers could afford, but also what by your own observation yourself hath learned: I thought it expedient to advertise you, that in this place not many days past, one of our house came unto me troubled with a disease in the eye in this order. There are upon the membrane coniunctiva or white of the eye little beasts, like unto little lice, or great worms in the hands, which cause so vehement itching, that when the party is troubled therewith, he become unpatient, rubbing his eye without ceasing. I laboured to cure it by those means which the old writers have set down in Ptheriasis, but I prevailed either nothing or little. Therefore the aforesaid patient addressed himself to go to a woman dwelling about joynuille, who in my presence with a silver needle took away very cunningly and with small pain the worms or the nits from the membrane: And unless I had seen them go, I should scarcely have been persuaded that such vermin could be engendered on the white of the eye. The woman avouched to me that she had taken the like from many others at divers times without any hurt ensuing, and that many in this part the country were subject to the like malady, which thing by diligent inquisition I have proved true.  
Far you well.  
FINIS.   

¶ To the courteous and careful Chirurgeon.  
THis Treatise of the Scorby, hath been a long time prepared for thee, but it wanted a prosperous gale of wind. Perhaps delay may b●● some disgrace to it: for erst other Treatises of the same matter have here arrived. Surely, others gain, is not my grief, but I am sorry that I cannot also present them to thee. I hope a better furnished leisure and skill will shortly impart to thee this benefit. In the mean time, have Wires pains, in high price, which are not inferior to others. Ronsleus and Langius wade into deep difficulties, fit for a learned censurer, than a plain practiser. Ecthius painteth out the signs, and pointeth to the cure▪ but affordeth not the pith and marrow of special medicines: The other Treatise which is of the canker, was painfully weaved by Textor: who (in mine opinion) discovereth the deceit of Penelope's web. For the crabbed ulcer craveth help, hut accepteth none, as the matron ever laboured, never ended her work. Nevertheless as her web deluded her suitors, and supported the hope of Ulysses' return: So this crooked Caecilius may receive often ease of pain, though none end of grief. The authors deserve commedation, the interpreter, desireth friendly acceptance, the Printers discourage, both.  
Farewell.   

¶ A discourse of the Scorby translated out of Wyers observations.  
I He Scorby is a stopping of the spleen hindering thereby the course of Melancholy, which mingling with the rest of the blood infecteth all the body with vile wasting corruption, the gross part whereof falling down, staineth the legs with spots like unto pomegranates, and the thinner part being carried up defileth the tender gums with sharp fretting and loathsome growing out of the flesh. It is lawful for Physicians to define and lay open so largely the nature of things for the better understanding of them, although I know that amongst Logicians, these things willbe more narrowly sifted. The name was invented by the Duchmen which devil nigh to the German Sea. For Scorbuc in their language signifieth bursten belly, as if the sides and belly (as it cometh to pass) were affected. In high dutch when the gums are infected, it is called Scormunt, that is bursten cheeks or mouth, but when the signs and tokens thereof appear in the legs they name it Scorbem, which is broken legs, the Hollanders of the spots resembling pomegranates call it blanschuit. It seemeth to be stomacace and sceletyrbe whereof Pliny maketh mention in the 25. book of his natural history and third chapter in these words: Neither do beasts only hurt but sometimes water and the soil where men live. When the Emperor Germanicus pitched his tents beyond the river Rhine in Germanye there was upon the sea coast one only spring of sweet water, whereof whosoever had drunk within two years space his teeth would fall out, and the joints of his knees would be loosed. The Physicians did call it stomacacen and sceletyrben, to the curing of the which they have found out, an herb named britannica, which is not only wholesome for the sinews, but also for diseases in the mouth, against squincyes and serpents, the leaves of it are long and black, the root black, the juice of it is pressed forth both of the leaves and of the root.  
The people of friesland amongst whom they camped, showed it. This disease hath hitherto grown worse & worse amongst them, and the near inhabitants of the sea, specially amongst such as devil towards the North. But in these latter years it hath begun to creep into the country's adjoining (wherein it was never heard of before) either through ill diet, or contagious infection, so that it is now known almost in all low germany: notwithstanding it is unknown in the dominions of high Germany, as in Italy, France, and Spain. If this infection may perhaps be in any place of Asia, or Africa, either that bordereth on the sea, or there is want of sweet water, or their diet and the Air nourisheth it. Therefore this disease is proper to that Region, as to the inhabitants of the North parts, and not familiar to all places in the world, as is the crew of other maladies. The Nabathaeans which dwell in that part of Arabia, which for the fruitfulness is called Arabia Faelix, that is happy Arabia, and the Romans also coming thither in the days of Augustus Caesar seem to have been troubled with this disease. For when at his commandment Aelius Gallus had lead the Roman Army into Arabia, he was constrained in the voyage to leave it in Albo vico which is the greatest market Town of the Nabathaeans, where they remained all Summer, and winter, that they which were weak, might recover their strength.  
For the Host was afflicted with diseases in their mouths and Legs, and other sicknesses incident to that place, in both which diseases there was a dissolution and looseness of the Legs, and jaws, which proceeded from the water, and fruits as Strabo writeth near to the end of his sixteenth Book, who lived in that same tyme. I find not any proper name, for this disease amongst the Arabians: but either the Greek Physicians which then practised amongst the Romans, or such as understanding Latin and being also cunning in the Greek tongue folloed and waited in the Roman Army invented Greek Names, from the signs and accidents which appeared in the mouth and Legs, calling it Stomacaece, of hurting the mouth, and Sceletirbe of hurting and infecting the legs. For the Physicians which then attended on the Emperor Germanicus received not these names from the Hollanders, which seem at that time to have been destitute of learned Physicians, and such as were cunning in strange languages, so that they were not able to give fit names in Greek unto diseases: but if they had any Physicians they were of their own Country, and very meanly learned. Neither received the Physicians which followed Aelius Gallus these names from the Arabians or Nabathaeans. Moreover that disease which is named Scelotirbe by the Author of the definitions which bear Galens' name, is not our Scorbie, seeing he writeth that it is a kind of Palsy, which suffereth not them which have it to walk strait, but sometime they bow to the right hand, sometime to the left, sometime they draw their legs after them, not unlike those which go up steep places: his his words are these: Scelotirbe is a kind of Palsy wherein the Patient cannot go strait, but now writheth to the right hand, now to the left, and draweth his leg after him, as they do which ascend into high places. I suppose that Marcellus called this disease Oscedo because it eateth into the mouth & gums, it is called of others Gingipedium, as it were hurting the feet and gums. Here now ariseth a question, whether this pestilence were known and written of by the old ancient Greek and Arabian writers of Physic. Albeit some do affirm it to be true, yet I incline to the contrary, for Avicen Chapt. 3. Fen. 15. tract. 2. Chapt. 2. of the tokens of Apostemes in the Spleen rehearseth a number of such signs and accidents as may be seen in the scorbie: Nevertheless he describeth not our scorbie though he come near unto it. Hypocrates writeth of great Spleanes in such sort, that in the second book of his Predictions he pointeth out certain marks of the scorbie, but our scorbie is not laid open with a few signs and tokens which appear in the diseases of the Spleen. For he saith, they which have great Spleanes are subject to soar gums, and a stinking breath, again whosoever have great Spleanes without bleeding, or a stinking breath, they have ulcers and black scars in their legs. Let us now weigh and examine Hypocrates words. He affirmeth that such as have great Spleanes have infected and stinking gums, that is one token: then he addeth. If in such as have great Spleanes there is neither rotten gums, nor bleeding, then there arise in their legs malignant ulcers, and black scars. By this it is plain that Hypocrates judged both these tokens could not jointly happen in a great Spleen, but that ulcers would be then in the legs when the melancholy sharp humour was either not carried up to the gums, or was diminished by bleeding, and when it settleth into the Legs it breedeth filthy Ulcers, and leaveth behind it black Scars. But in the Scorbie, jointly the Gums do rot and stink, and great blue spots appear in the Legs, which very seldom come to be an Ulcer.  
The spots go before the Ulcers, which are very malignant, and also very rare, neither is there any mention of these spots which are always evident in this disease, but Hypocrates only speaketh of such scartes which remain after all melancholic Ulcers. It is true they are most hardly cured: Wherefore P. Aegineta, 
3. Book. c●ap. 49.  affirmeth they cannot be closed together when the spleen is hard.  
Mine answer is the same to Celsus, who hath translated into Latin these words of Hypocrates, in his second book and seventeenth Chapter. And in this manner I answer to Celsius, and all the ancient aucthorityes which are alleged to this purpose.  
Furthermore I have found out by long experience that the Scorbie differeth from the black jaundice, and from the third kind of Volvulus, called by Hypocrates Haematites: and Balduinus Ronsseus, an excellent Physician, and my familiar acquaintance showeth the same very learnedly, in his excellent Book entitled De magnis Hippocratis lienibus. Amongst the new writers Olaus Magnus, borne in Switzerland, somewhat setteth out the Scorbie, in his history of those Nations which devil under the North Pole, in his siixteenth book and fifty one Chapter, albeit in many places he is full of forgeries. There is a disease amongst Soldiers vexing such as be besieged and shut up, in such sort, that the fleshy parts wax gross and senseless, consuming under the skin as wax melteth, and when they are pressed down with the finger they yield. The teeth are set on edge, and ready to fall out, the white skin hath blue spots, there is a heavy sluggishness with loathsomeness of medicines, this disease is commonly called in their tongue Scorb●k, in greek cachexia, peradventure of the soft matter which rotteth under the skin. It seemeth to grow by eating of salt meats being not well digested, and to be fostered and increased by the cold exhalations and vapores arising from walls. For it is not so full of force and strength, where their walls are boarded with any kind of wood, whatsoever it be. If this malady wax more fierce and continued long, they drive it away by the continual drinking of wormwood, as they use to take away the roots and relics of the stone by drinking old Ale sodden together with Butter.  
In his 9 Book and 38. Chapter he saith: At the first they steal away by force, but when their Soldiers are lost by continual skirmishes, by craft and subtlety the victuals of such as do besiege them, especially their cattle, which they put to feed on the tops of their houses which are full of grass, lest wanting new and fresh flesh they should fall into this sickness of all other the most grievous, called in their natural tongue Scorbuck, that is to say, a wounded or weary stomach which pineth away with horrible torments and daily sorrow For cold meats & not digested being greedily devoured do cause a disease not unlike that which the Physicians call universalem Cachexiam, that is an ill disposition or state of the whole body. Also Alberrus Coraniz, in his Saxonia, and Euricius Cordus in his Bonaetologiens' do by occasion speak of this pestilent disease.  

The causes.  
THe first and nearest cause is a gross, raw, cold humour contained in the veins, whether it come only from melancholy, or be mixed with phlegm. Causes far of are those which are commonly called in Physic, the six things which are not natural, as corrupt Air, evil and unholesom diet, which is usual in the North parts, chiefly amongst Mariners, as swine's flesh even smelling assoon as it is sodden, Bacon stuffed and dried with smoke, being sometimes resty, and at the killing of it unclean, and showing manifest tokens of infection, which oftentimes they eat raw: also other flesh, and fish salted, then hardened in the smoke, or powdered to keep longer, also such as are of a groasse substance neither have any juice, stinking flesh taken in hunting, fowls living in the water, all things which have been soused a long time in Vinegar, Coolewortes, Cabbage, Garlic, breadde twice sodden and somewhat hoary, Pulse, drink thick and full of dregs, use of stinking waters when sweet fail, from whence grievous diseases do springe as Hypocrates, and Pliny do witness.  
Moreover, fasting with a little meat, in which is ill nourishment whereunto may be added watchings, untimely labours, immoderate affections of the mind, great and daily cares, and studies: Causes going before, Fevers, hindrance, or staying of the usual & due purging, as of the emroodes, or flowers, and such like.   

The Signs.  
THe signs in the beginning of the disease are heaviness of the whole body, sudden grossness, straightness about the sides, and belly, weakness in the legs, and some coldness with little pain, soreness in the jaws, with an itching reddenesse altered from the natural colour, the face from paleness changing into blueness: In the increasing appear a lose swelling, and flowing of blood from the gums, rottenness with a styncking breath, sometimes the flesh is consumed to the roots of the teeth, and they shake ready to fall out, there are spots in the legs, not unlike the spryncklinges of blood, and almost resembling flea-bitinges, yet somewhat greater, which may sometime be seen in the thighs, and dispersed over all the body, proceeding of the less grosser blood: commonly the spots are great, coloured like to lead, blue, purple, darker than black violets, begotten of the grossest corrupt blood, which falleth down that way, wherefore they seldom spring in any other places, except the legs And whensoever these appear, they foretell most certainly, that the Scorby is there, albeit other marks are hidden and secret. Sometime this blueness showeth itself in the jaws, but that is in such, whose whole body is drowned in this corruption, that death is nigh at hand. When the disease groweth worse and worse, than there is coldness in the sinews of the legs, unability to walk, the cramp, straightness of breath, especially when the sick party sitteth, moveth or is lifted up: for than he either soundeth, or is near unto it, but when he lieth, he doth breath more easily, and is much refreshed. Some do often desire meat, others have their appetite decayed. The grievousness of it is observed in many on the fourth and fift day, in the most on the third day, in very few every day, yet without any evident fever. Notwithstanding there is no doubt, but at the same time some have a fever. For in this disease, some are troubled with a lingting and changing fever. It so falleth out, that there go before it burning pestilent fevers, double tertians and I have seen when the Scorby not being perfectly cured, a most pestilent quartain hath ensued, and in the decay of the quartain, the Scorbie hath again appeared, which by sound advise and council hath been overcomed. So those fevers seem not so much to be ended in their separation, as to 'cause new diseases worse than the former, by the weakness of the bowels, want of nourishment, and the great & filthy corruption of the blood. Some have their bellies bound, some lose. The blueness doth so compass all the legs with swelling unto the feet, that it might be accounted a token of leprosy. Again, some have their legs so small, that there seemeth to be nothing but the simple skin covering the bones, with great heat most commonly, yet sometime without heat. Some men have their spots, turning and consuming into scales, as for the most part it falleth out in Erisipelas, others have them remaining light, smooth, and shining, leaving a little print when they are pressed with the finger. And sometime (albeit but seldom) there appeareth a fullness and swelling of the veins, such as is to be seen in the disease varix, and under the tongue are little veins not unlike to that, and they are also evident in the neither lip.  
The pulse, as in the quartain fever, is inconstant, slender, hard, swift, weak, altering with the time of the disease. The urine or water is red, troubled, thick, and like the lees of new red wine, as also it is usually seen in a hot quartain, having also a strong smell & savour.   

The Prognostications.  
THe Scorbie is sometime perceived to be common in the same house, because they all have used the same diet: therefore it is accounted infections, which contagion partly proceedeth by drinking of the same cup, when the mouth and gums are infected, partly corrupt spirits are drawn in by continual handling of the sick. Sometimes it is received as it were by inheritance from the parents. Fevers many times do cease & change into this disease. A consumption is a most common companion of it. Sometimes the dropsy, or flux, but always Atrophia, that is, a languishing of the body, for want of nourishment waiteth on it.  
If ulcers arise in the legs (which are very rare) they are hardly joined together, because they are stinking, pestilent, and sometimes change to a gangrene, so corrupt, that they feel not a lancet thrust into them. Some have sound gums, albeit fifthy and spotted legs, and such do bleed either at the nose or mouth. The spots are hidden in many that die, in others they bud out abundantly after they are dead.   

Their Diet.  
Let his diet be of such things as may be easily digested, having good juice somewhat hot, thin, piercing, & cleansing, whereunto add such as have some force to bind and strengthen. Fried barley, or oats, or barley husked, and sodden in pottage, or water, then strained with wine, small corains sodden in some broth agreeable thereunto, or in water, or wine, and so strained, whereunto you may put sometime the yolk of an egg. If the sick party be thirsty, he may eat of those raises: also sweet almonds, & a few bitter, prepared in a decoction made with wheat, is very profitable. Sometimes spices, in regard of the feebleness of the body, and state of the disease, are to be mingled with his meat, as cinnamon, mace, nutmegs, ginger. It is not unprofitable to eat sower grapes. Let his sauce be capers, with great rasyns steeped in oxisaccharun, or oxymel, which are not to be swallowed before they be chewed very small. Let his drink be good ale well clarified, specially with wormwood, and wormwood wine, which is marucilous profitable, if he be declining to a dropsy. Let him use with discretion the whey of milk: also goats milk, or the milk of kine when it is new, in which let there be sodden watercresses, or garden-cresses, which some call winter-cresses, whose leaves are broader. Many use with good success Scorby-grasse, such especially as have been accustomed to eat milk. Let him be kept in a dry, warm, clean, & light chamber, & let him avoid sorrow. You shall begin your cure with blood-letting, if the body be full of blood, and the age and strength of the patient can bear it, but let him not bleed much It is best and fittest to procure the emroodes, to be purged that way. If the spleen be specially affected, open the spleen or middle vein in the left arm, but if the liver be more or as much grieved, then open a vein in the right arm. Now seeing the Physician is seldom called, except the malady have taken deep root, and prevailed much, and spots do appear in the legs, my counsel is, to abstain from blood-letting. Purge the body gently with the leaves of sena Alexandrina, ℥ s, or ʒ iii or less if you put thereto a little epithimum, with a few great rasyns, fennel seed, & ginger, of each half a dram, which when you have put into a sufficient quantity of whey, and made hot, let them stand soaking a whole night in the same: In the morning after you have again made it hot, strain out the clearest part, and give it to him to drink. Half an ounce of this powder following, may be in the same manner steeped and strained, and then drunk.  
R. foliorum senae Alexandrinae ex purge ℥ i. epithymi, tartari albi, ana. ℥ s. cinamoni, gariophil. galangae, seminis a●isi, ana. ʒ i. diagrediiʒ i s. fiat pulvis. The pills of fumitory, and diasene, are much available. Although some give pills de lapide lazuli, & armeno, yet I allow them not. If any will give confectionem Hamech, they must have singular regard to the quantity, sith this disease cannot receive vehement purging without danger, because the heart is so quickly hurt The body being thus gently purged, on the days following in the morning when many sweat, and at four of the clock in the afternoon, he shall take ℥ iiii. of juice of the herbs following, putting there to some sugar, and a little cinnamon. Take Scorbye grass, watercresses, winter-cresses, of each equally being green, and half as much as of one of them, of brook lime, stamp them with a wooden pestle in a stone mortar, and then strain out the juice. For these have a singular privilege, and prerogative in reason, to pull up this disease by the roots, sith the three first do cut, make thin, and purge by urine, the fourth bringeth the other to a just temperature which therefore in respect of the body, and heat of the disease, may be increased or diminished. They may be stamped and sodden in goats milk, or cows milk, and so strained out and drunk.  
It is most forcible, being newly made every day. I have had good success when I did seethe the herbs in whey, yet the drinking of the juice is to be preferred. But these may be changed at the discretion of a learned and expert Physician. I remember they have been sodden not unfitly with red wine. And forasmuch as the herbs are full of juice, you must not put into them much liquor, but so much as may cover them, when they are sodden.  
Otherwise you may stamp & strain the juice with other liquor, wring them strongly. Common wormwood put unto it is exceeding profitable, and I have with no small fruit and benefit added fumitory, and germander. When the bowels are weakened, & the joints loosed, then put to it twopenny-grasse. Other men delight to have a mixture, or a hodgepodge of many other things, as of Indian myrobolanes, motherwoort, maidenhair, selandine, betony, hyssop, agrimony, scabious, roots of valerian, enula campana, sortell, parsley, pimpernel, cychory, borage, bugloss, ash, fool-foote, fennel, elder, broome-flowers, aniseeds, fenell-seeds, lichoras, dodder, time, rasyns, bistortae, corticum radicum capparum, phillitidis, ceterach, tamarices', senae Alexandrinae, seminum frigidorum, & many others, but I have had happy cures by using a few herbs in good order I understand many have been cured with this medicine. Take of the tops of common wormwood dried, juniper berries beaten to powder, an. m.i. of goats milk lib. iiii.lette them be sodden until the third part be consumed, then strain it, and put thereto a dram of saffron in powder, & boil them again a walm or two, and after strain it, give him a draft of this warm thrice in a day, in the morning, at three of clock in the afternoon, and when he goeth to bed. I knew a woman famous for curing the Scorby, which after the body was purged, gave to the patiented this drink. Take of brookelime, watercresses, of either three or four hand-full, when the herbs are bruised, put thereto of rockat-seed, of the root of the garden flower-deluce, of each half an ounce, ginger two drams, long pepper one dram, with two pound of red wine, strain them. She gave them of this drink stirred together, every day in the morning warm, and covering the patiented with clotheses procured sweat, so bestowing 9 days in this cure. In the country of Marchia, the noble matrons drink brookelime, watercresses, and aloes beaten together, & strained with milk. A certain Countess did give this potion to a tender infant often with great success. R. rhabarbari, centaurii minoris, rhapontici vulgo dicti ana ʒ s anisi liquiris ana. ʒii. made in powder, let them be strained with a hand full of damask flowers sodden in water, where-with putting to it sufficient sugar, make a syroppe thereof let the patiented drink evening and morning a spoonful. I will here set down an unpleasant and abominable drink used in the East parts of Friezeland, as a most certain cure of the Scorbye, that every man may behold what force is naturally in excrements, which nevertheless we approve not to be used, because other which are more pleasant and less loathsome, may be more safely used, and there is found out a more delightful way of curing.  
Take six quarts of Rhenish wine, (every quart must weigh four pound) four ounces of the radish root new, and beaten to powder in a stone mortar, let them steep in a little earthen pot with some of the wine, by the space of an hour, than put this being strained again to the rest of the wine: after into an other portion of this wine, put the quantity of three filberts of Ox doonge, and goose doonge, and let it remain an hour, then wring it forth, and put it to the other wine: This being done, take nutmegs, cloves, of each ʒ two. beaten severally, and binding them in a linen cloth, hung them in the foresaid wine, and let this drink stand xxiiii hours. Let the patiented drink hereof so often as he is thirsty, neither let him use any other drink until he be fully sound. If need so require, this drink may be prepared the second time for him. But he may not eat salt meats, nor rye bread, during the time of his cure.  
Because Friezeland is full of Bulls and Oxen, and plentiful in geese, therefore they prepare their medicines of such things as may be most easily gotten It is not to be doubted, that there is so great heat in goosedoonge, for it burneth the grass where it lieth, and therefore infused in a fit liquor, it helpeth to procure utyne, the flowers in women, and second birth. The aforenamed purgations may be repeated often in the cure.  
Afterwards on other days, let him take in the morning the conserve of Scorby grass, or germander mingled together, or severally, to the which add a borage, bugloss, or enula campana root preserved. Hear must be noted, that all sharp plants which have force to cut and make thin corrupt matter, do help to drive away this malady, lest any man should imagine that either of their hot substance, or by secret property only these herbs were so effectual, (whereof we have spoken before, and which are so familiarly known, I mean Scorby grass, watercresses, brook lime) to expel this disease. Of this sort (beside the aforenamed) are taragon, scordium, stone-croppe, all herbs appropriate to the spleen, opening roots, hot seeds, bay berries, juniper berries, and other of this sort. Anoint the sides, the left with this, or the like. Take oil of capars one ounce, the ointment of bryony against the spleen half an ounce, mingle them. Anoint the right side with the oil of wormwood, wherein, if need so require, you may seethe the juice of the former herbs.  
In the mean time let the lose stinking gums be washed with a decoction made of the leaves and bark of barberies, Scorby grass, water and winter-cresses, red roses unripe, prepared in water, in which iron or steel hath been quenched, to which being strained, you may put a little alum. In regard of the taste and cleansing, mingle with it either unclarified honey, or honey of roses, or for the surer preservation and strengthening of the gums, & delaying of heat conserve of mulberries. To this purpose are profitable the leaves of the wild olive strained with plantain water, and the bark of the sloe tree.  
Another water to wash the mouth, may be thus made. Take a pound of water, salt, and alum, of each two drams, boil them together. Also take the citron pylle, sumach, the citron flowers, of each half an ounce, an ounce of raisins, seethe them in four pound of rayne-water till half be consumed, and when the liquor is strained, put to it two ounces of honey of Roses, two drams of alum.  
Let the lose and bloody gums be rubbed with salt burned, wherewith the powder of pomegranate flowers is mingled, or the ashes of Vyne-braunches, burned with oystershelles or muskle-shelles. In the mean while suck and spit forth the bloody matter. After wash the gums with a decoction of radicum bistortae, which is in strength not inferior to britannica, press out the juice of it, as you were taught to do in your cresses, and mingling with it the double quantity of conserve of mulberries, anoint the teeth. Or take the juice of bistorta, and honey of roses, of each three ounces, seethe them until the juice be spent, put thereto a dram of alum, make of it a lineament. Use this confection.  
Take of bistortae ℥ s salt ℈ i with conserve of mulberries, make a conserve of them together. You may make the like of alum, pellitory of Spain, and not clarified honey mingled together, adding to them a little sage and olibanum made in powder.  
The Woman of whom I spoke before used this washing water, of byssope, betony, Ambrosia, roots of enula campana sodden in water, putting to it when it was strained in quantity two pound, half an ounce of alum, seething it with honey, and taking off the scum. The Fryzians make an other water of two pound of ale vinegar, half an ounce of bowl armoniac, two. drams of alum, three ounces of honey, boiling all together. The saxons for the most part put to it savin. If the rotten swelling of the gums grow too rank, cut some part away with your scissors, and consume the rest with unguentum Aegyptiacum, or burned alum mixed with honey of roses, or stay it with oleum vitrieli. This water excelleth against their rottenness, as also against all pestilent ulcers, if wetting a sponge in it you rub your gums. Take of Arsenicum prepared a scruples, burnt alum, ʒ two. s, beaten them to powder, & boil them in a pound of plantain water, by the space of an hour in a double vessel. The spots in the legs must be washed, or as we use to speak, fomented with a decoction of juniper berries lightly bruised, watercresses, winter-cresses, Scorby grass, whereunto you may add if you will, camomile flowers, motherwort, balm, wormwood, rosemary, marjoram, time, hyssop, and like herbs to be sodden in the water. If you wring out of it warm sponges, and apply them to the lower parts of the legs round about, you shall draw out such spots as lie hidden under the skin, that the manifest signs of the Scorbye may seem to flourish. Also anoint them with this.  
Take two pound and an half of May butter, six drams of iunyper-berryes bruised, two ounces of pure wine, seethe them in an earthen pot, until the wine be consumed, strain it, and anoint the legs evening and morning.  
Or make an ointment with cream gathered from the milk, wherein have been sodden water and garden-cresses, brooke-lyme, worm wood, iunyper-berryes bruised. dip clothes therein, and lay them to the legs. There is consideration to be had of heat, that such herbs as are over hot may be diminished, and brooke-lyme increased, and that the decoction be prepared in milk without butter. The curds of milk, wherein is no butter, may be alone applied, or the cheese newly made.  
In hard tumors and swellings, lay to it a Cataplasm of milk, wherein hath been sodden great comphrey, wormewoode, both sorts of selandine, bryonie roots, bread crumbs, bean or barley flower, or lupines, as the quality and state of the diseased part doth require. If the sinews, ligaments, and tendons have sucked into them great plenty of this gross heavy matter, and are thereby stiff, and unfit to move, either before the fomentation, or when there is none, let them be anointed with goose or ducks grease.  
If there be ulcers in the legs, things that are to be applied, must be altered as the condition of the ulcer requireth: to cleanse it, prepare an ointment or lineament of Scorby grass, parsley, wormwood, stamped and strained, and with sufficient honey brought by seething to an unguent, to which (if the filthiness do so require) you may add a very little powder of aristologiarotunda, or burned alum, or praecipitat. In this case the plaster named diacalcite●s, or diapalma, which may be melted with oil of roses is of great virtue, and the sooner to bring it to close up, the plaster de minio, or vngu●ntum de rutia, or some of such nature is to be applied.   

An Addition.  
FOrasmuch as amongst the causes of this disease, unwholesome water is not the lest. I have of purpose adjoined the discommodities that grow hereby for the fuller declaration of this matter out of Hypocrates his book, entitled De Aere, aquis, l●cis, that is, of the air, waters, and region wherein men do live, in which he writeth in this manner. The waters which are frozen cold, and troubled, thorough snow and ye, are full of slime and filthiness. They which drink of them, have great spleens and swelled, and their bellies are hard, slender, and hot, their shoulders, neck, and face, are thin and small. For their flesh wasteth into the spleen, whereupon they become lean. Such cannot but eat and drink much: and sith they have both their higher and lower belly exceedingly hot, it is requisite they should have stronger medicines. Therefore this disease is familiar unto them in winter and summer. They are also subject to many and incurable dropsies. For summer bringeth forth many flixes lasks and quartain fevers. And by long continuance these diseases lead them into dropsies, and kill them.  
These are the diseases of Summer: but winter causeth in young men inflammation of the longs, and madness, in old men hot fevers, because they are bound in their bellies: but women are swollen, and stuffed with phlegm, they conceive hardly, & bring forth painfully: their children are great and swollen, and thorough their ill nourishment, they become deformed, and pine away. They are not sufficiently purged after their travail.  
Ruptures are incident to children, and swollen veins called varices, and ulcers in the legs unto men.  
Wherefore it cannot be that such should live long, but before their time they seem old. Moreover women think they have conceived, but when the time of their deliverance is now present, that burden and fullness vanisheth away. This proceedeth from water where-with the womb is troubled. And truly I suppose these waters to be utterly hurtful.  
He meaneth marrise and fenny water, which standeth in pools and ditches, whereof he had spoken a little before. And whereas they seethe their herbs in milk, and the patientes drink the juice of them, when they are strained with good success, I think it falleth out rather in regard of the whey, then in respect of the whole substance of the milk, whilst the butter and curds of it doth stick and remain in the linen cloth, or strainer thorough which the juice is pressed, and if any of it run thorough, that delayeth the sharpness of the juice by his hot and fat quality. This wheye is in virtue like unto the thinnest part of the blood which is the urine, and therefore it is sharp, hot, thin, cleansing, opening, moving urine, and most profitable to the abandoning of this disease by the testimony of old writers. For Aetius Amidenus writeth thus out of Galen in his second Book and 94 chapter. Every one useth stronger whey to those bodies and diseases which have need of stronger remedies specially in old blisters and weals, and blue swellings in the veins, and in all corrupt humours which pierce through the skin, as leprosy, and such like, also in old untamed ulcers, in running sores of the head: Moreover in continually watering eyes, in scabs on the eyelids, in spots on the face, yea in the continual course of fevers, and in them which from a former sickness fall into a dropsy. Mesues gave the first place to that whey, which is separated from goats milk, than next to whey of sheeps milk, saying thus: the watery part of milk is fit matter wherein any thing may be steeped and soaked, and it is of itself a safe medicine without danger. That is esteemed best which is gathered from the milk of black goats feeding in good pastures which have lately brought forth their young. It is hot and dry perfitly in the first degree and unto the second. Moreover it hath virtue to make thin, to wash away, to cleanse, and to purge the belly gently through the saltness which is in it. It expelleth both black and yellow choler begotten of dried and burnt humours, whereby it is marvelous profitable to mad and melancholic persons. It is available in the stopping of the entrails, and helpeth the diseases that grow from thence, as dropsies, yellow and black jaundice. It may be conveniently given in Agues proceeding from choler, and in the stoppings of the vessels and bowels. It serveth also in diseases proceeding from burnt choleric humours which arise out of the skin, wherefore it is fitly and agreeably used in tetters, mesels, scurviness, morphewe, leprosy.  

CHAP. I. Of the nature and divers kinds of Cancers or Cankers.  
A Cancer or canker is an hard, unequal, round tumour, with swelling edges, loathsome to behold, blakcker than an inflammation, but less heat, somewhat blue resisting greatly when it is pressed, having Veins swollen round about with melancholic blood, standing forth like the feet of the Crabfish, yet rather reached forth, then stretched by inflammation, 
Gal in his book of tumours. Aegineta 6. book. chap. 45  because the humour which is as it were the the mother of this tumour, is over groasse to fall out of the vessels into the flesh adjoining.  

Tagault. I. book.  Neither appear the veins red as they are seen in an inflammation, but black, resembling the colour of the noisome humour. In the beginning this tumour is obscure and hardly known, not unlike chichpease or a bean growing suddenly▪ at the first with small pain, but in process of time intolerably tormenting the Patient continually, afterward having an outward pricking heat which sometime bringeth astonishment: sometimes it is painful and grievous if it be handled sometime not.  


Aetius 16. book. chap. 44.  
Aegineta 4. book chap 26 Tagault 1. book.   THis disease borrowed the name of the crab-fish which it representeth many ways: First of all, the veins which compass this malady are stretched forth like the feet of a crabfish: Secondly as the crabfish is hardly pulled away from the place where it hath catched hold with the cleys, so is it in this disease: Moreover it resembleth the crab in blackness, roughness, and hardness: and to be short, it standeth forth like it, it yieldeth not when it is touched, & it will scarce endure handling. There are two differences of cancers, one is not ulcerate, commonly named an Aposteme, and called almost of all antiquity an hidden cancer, the other is ulcerated. Again, one possesseth the superficial or uppermost parts, 

Aetius book 16 chap 44. Aegin book. 6.45.  
Gal. in his book of unnatural tumours.   the other lieth hid within more secret, as in the bowels, matrice, fundament, roof of the mouth. This kind is specially called the secret cancer by Philoxenus whom I follow. Also, some cancers are new, some old, some little some great, some gentle, some stubborn: all which kinds we will in order prosecute hereafter.  
THe cause of this disease is black choler remaining in the place, 

Gal. in his book of unnatural tumours:  
In his 2 book to Glauc· Aeginet. 4. book. ch. 26. Guido. 2. book. Tagault. 1.1. book.   which if it be not boiling heat, but only somewhat sharp than it ingenpreth a cancer without ulceration: but if it be sharp and malignant it bringeth forth an ulcerated cancer, even as when it is exceeding sharp it procureth a carbuncle. It happeneth in many parts of the body, as in the face, eyes, ears, but especially in such, which are more lose, spungye, full of kernels, 
Gal 2 book to Glauc.  receiving naturally the grossest matter of black choler, as ate the nostrils, lips, and breasts. 
Aegineta. 6.45. ● Tagault. 1.  But it is most usually incident to the matrice and breasts in women.  
They are undoubtedly subject to this disease whose constitution is melancholic, 
Aetius 16.44.  or which use a melancholic diet, or inhabit a melancholic place, 
Guido.  but women more often then men especially such as have large fleshy breasts, or too hot a liver, or a weak spleen which is not able to draw those melancholic dregs, or which want the usual course of their flowers or Emroodes: they (I say) are subject hereunto, which have either all or some of these things.   

CHAP. 2. The Cure of the Cancer in general.  
EVery Cancer almost is uncurable, 
Guido. 2. Tagault 1.  or hardly cured, sith it is indeed a particular and worst kind of Leprosy. It is therefore very expedient speedily, even in the beginning to meet with this disease, before it have taken root. For that which is very great (as you shall hear hereafter) is not removed with that incision, & most commonly it remaineth uncurable, because this juice being exceeding thick, obstinately resisteth all medicines, whether they beaten back or disperse, or purge the humour. The part must be gently handled, 
Aetius 16.46.  not receiving any trouble from the things which are applied. Plasters and cerecloths which are much wrought must be eschewed, because their hardness presseth and grieveth the part. There must be gende, and sweet ointments, whereof I will set down many hereafter. 
Aetius. 16. 4●  The belly must be kept soluble with fit nourishment, and either aloes or hire a picra, or rhubarb, or cassia, preservatives against poison must be daily used, as treacle, or mithridate, or these things which are more simple, to wit● to drink the blood of a goose or duck newly killed, or to drink one or two spoonfuls of claper which is called trifolium bituminosum in three or four spoonfuls of water: or an ounce, or a dram of wild rue, or a dram of pennyroyal sodden with Mallows: or the broth of Crevisses given with Ass' milk by the space of five days, and the crabs in like sort eaten: this is marvelous profitable. If this order be continued 7. days the cancers in the breasts become gentle, and then with easier medicines health may be recovered.   

CHAP. 3. Of the new Cancer, not secret, but superficial, that is to say: consisting in the outward parts, and not ulcerated, which Galen sometime calleth the hidden Cancer.  

Galen. 2. to Glauco and Alakia.  GAlen did often cure the new, or green cancer, especially if the melancholic blood were not very thick, but gave place to often used purgations, until the part returned to the natural temperature.  
First therefore it must be helped by good diet with thin nourishment, not much lest it corrupt, not hot, but rather cold, and chief moist, if the disease have grown from an hot liver. Moreover he must eschew all sharp, salt, and tart meats, and whatsoever doth engender melancholy as thick, unfined, red wines, Vinegar: brannye bread, lentils, coloworts, old and corrupt cheese, the flesh of old beasts, or flesh long powdered. beef, goat, hart, hare, walnuttes, too much abstinence, watching, immoderate labour especially in the heat, sorrows, cares. He must use barley cream, mallows, spinach, 
Gal. 2. to Glauco. Aegineta. 4.26.  lettuce, sorrel, porcelaine, endive, hops, violets, bugloss, gourds, cucumbers, whey mutton, kid, veal, all kinds of birds, except those that live in marshes fishes living on rocks, rear eggs, white or claret wine not strong.  
Secondly let the party be let blood if his years and strength will suffer it.  
Then let the flowers be provoked in women in whom they are stayed, as in like sort the Emroodes in them which have been accustomed to them.  
Afterwards let him be purged with appropriate medicines for melancholy, ministered at sundry times. For this kind of humour cannot be purged & brought away at one time nor in great abundance.  
Consequently use the preservatives against poison before mentioned.  
Lastly local medicines must be applied to the affected part which may strengthen it. The humour abiding in the diseased part is to be dealt with all, either with repelling or digestive medicines, yet so that neither of them do much provoke nature: In the beginning both before & in the time of purging, repelling medicines are to be used: after, reasonable purging repelling and digestives jointly together: but after full & perfect purging only digestives, observing in all these great moderation, and avoiding biting medicines. In this cause the juice of nightshade which is cold and repelling is most profitable wherein a folded linen cloth is to be dipped, & lay upon it soft wool, which at sundry times is to be sprinkled with that juice. Or use a medicine of pompholygoes which is of force to beaten back, & is also profitable in ulcerated cankers, or that which is made of bras oat commonly called chalciteos which hath property to discuss, or else a medicine made of lethargy, & white lead beaten together in the sun in a leaden mortar, with a leadden pestle with oil of Roses, until the ointment be in colour like the lead. This also repelleth and digesteth. Take of burnt lead washed, pompholygoes, frankincense, of each ℥ ij ss of sea wormwood ℥. s. oil of Roses ℥ iij. wax ʒ. vj. and so much of the juice of nightshade as will bring them to the form of an ointment, you must beware of a cataplasm made of bread, & comfrey, 
Aetius 16 49.  lest the greatness of it may hurt and grieve the part. This plaster in the beginning delayeth pain, digesteth, and strengtheneth. Take roses, melilot, poppy-seedes, first bruise them, than seethe them in wine, & putting to them the yolks of eggs, bring them to a perfect form or a plaster made of hollyhock alone, or mingled with bread is fit to digest, an other which repelleth digesteth and assuageth pain is this. Take plantine the heads and seeds of poppy, fleaseed, of each equally beaten altogether without the fleaseed, and then scarce them finely: with the fleaseede, and wine make a mucilage which work with fat dates, then mingle them with other things which are dry putting to them a little goose grease: this plaster may be safely applied warm. Or if the nature of the disease do rather require it cold, then make it thus.  
Take the aforenamed plantain, poppy, fleaseede beaten fine, and seared, bring them to a form with the flesh of dates and a little bread, apply this cold. A plaster made ex sen●ne crisimi cum aesipo & mulsu being applied warm dissolveth the Cancer.  
This medicine following assuageth the pain of a malicious ulcer, which being daily continued for a long time hath marvelous force to dissolve. First a cataplasm made of ash leaves sodden in water until they be very soft, afterwards bruised and applied warm. Also of the same water wherein the leaves were sodden is made a most excellent Fomentation. Afterward apply a plaster of Planteine, or that which is called hicefion, or panaceon, which is most gentle and easy to the sense.  
Theodoricus diapompholygos preserveth a cancer from ulceration, repelleth, & drieth. Take oil of Roses, and wax of each ℥. ij. s the juice of the read berries of nightshade ℥. ij. white leadde washed ℥. i. led burnt and washed, tutia or pomtholygos of each ℥ s. franchinsence ʒ ij. Apollonius ointment for cancers, or a scald head is this. Take oil of Roses ℥ ix or else half as much put it into a leaden mortar, with a piece of lead, stir it in the same until it become thick, and black like unto the lead, then beat severally litharge and white leadde of each one pound or an half, mingle them with the oil and frame an ointment. Paulus and Avicen make a plaster, & Archigines a powder ex cancris flwiatilibus & cadmia.  
But if every Cancer is naturally so rebellious, that it cannot be cured in the beginning as it is plain by Galens' confession, what shallbe thought of that which is old? It is therefore sufficient (if an old not ulcerate Cancer be in the outward parts) to stay it from growing greater, sith there is no hope of perfit Cure. Avicen would have it taken away by incision, if so be it be not dangerous to the part where it is.   

CHAP. 4. Of the great, old, rebellious, and ulcerated canker which is only cured by manual operation.  
FOr as much as the new cancer being a disease of his own proper nature so evil, is not for the most part amongst the best practised Chirurgeons found always to be curable, it seemeth not then a thing very much to be marveled at, if the old and great canker be so rebellious, that it is not tamed with the most strongest medicines, not not with cutting and searing, but rather is sometimes made far worse thereby.  
Notwithstanding, sith this only remedy remaineth to the perfect Cure thereof, then if the Patient be so tormented that he crave the Surgeons helping hand, and the cancer be in those parts which may be cut and seared safely, to the bottom and roots of it, than (though happily it be found exceeding great) yet is it to be cut away from the sound parts, and so plucked up by the roots. I call the roots the Veins abounding with melancholic blood stretched forth round about the place.  
But although we grant this manner of Cure to be greatly commended of Auicenne and Galen, yet because it is dangerous in a great and old Cancer, we allow not so rash proceeding. For that in such kind of incision, it is many times much to be feared, that an excessive flux of blood may follow because there are large veins and Arteries in the place: and in scaring of them some noble part of the body thereunto adjoining is hazarded, and so both ways the life of the party is in peril. Mine advise is rather to stay the malady from growing both by the diet afore set down, and also by gentle medicines wherewith many have continued until old age, without further violence offered to the disease. At the leastwise if no other remedy at all be thereby attained, this one good property thereby yet ensueth, that by such means it is kept clean from filthy matter.  
To be short their gentle dealing with this disease is more safe, and free from slander: on the contrary, rough and sharp medicines exasperated the malady and hasten death.  
For experience teacheth, that after a cancer hath been thus healed, it hath shortly after become more fierce not without danger, yea with loss of life. Nevertheless some are not afraid to adventure this manner of Cure, but with what success they see. But if cutting be requisite, there must purging go before it, by which means whatsoever is hurtful and noisome may be removed utterly. After the incision if there be flux of groasse blood a cautery is to be used to disperse and consume the rest of the matter, to strengthen the member, to stay the flux of blood. This done, the Cure is to be finished according to the order in other Ulcers.   

CHAP, 5. Of the secret Cancer in the Matrice, or such like place which cannot receive incision.  

Tagault 3.  A Secret Cancer which is in a place where can be neither incision made nor caverye applied, or being near to a principal part, or in a weak body or fearful, and discouraged, or where after there Cure by cutting and searing greater danger is suspected, and yet there is none other means of Cure but by incision, which yet is not safe must be thus handled.  
You must stay it from further increase by good diet afore set down, which aught to be cold and moist because the hot and dry liver engendereth groasse and melancholic blood also the party must beware of sharp things, or ear-ring much. Then must follow purging, and blood-letting at sundry times, except the age of the party will not bear blood-letting. The flowers are to be provoked in women, and the emroodes in such as have usually had them.  
Afterwards gentle medicines must be used, and not sharp and vehement lest you stir up an hornet. Apply therefore those whereof mention is made before to assuage the pain, and strengthen the place, that no more humours flow to it Let them be cold and dry as the juice of nightshade, or in default of the juice the stilled water led burnt and washed, ungnentum album unguentum ex lithargyro etplumbo usto, medicamentum ex pompholyge & chalcite. Camphor water. Plates of lead, which hath great and incredible virtue against an ulcerate Canker. Now these medicines assuage the pains of Cancers: Mallows, or hollyhock, stamped with Muscadel and oil of Roses: or a Cataplasm made of dry figs, Melilot, Rue, Frankincense, Nape, beaten together diligently with oil of Roses: or Dates, sodden in wine with the yolks of Eggs and husked barley, or Poppy, Coriander, and knottegrasse sodden together.  
Guido saith a piece of Scarlette, or the flesh of Chickens, or hens do stay and mitigate the greediness of Cancers: or man's ordure with Anifeedes burned in the fire, and finely made into powder: or these following severally applied, to wit: Scabious, or common clover, or mullein, or herb Robert.   

CHAP. 6. Of the secret and hidden Cancer.  
IF you cure not this the Patient will live longer, if you do Cure it, 
Aegineta. 6.45.  it, becometh worse, and the party will soon dye according to the saying of Hypocrates in his sixth book Athoris. thirty eight. It is best not to Cure secret Cancers. For when they are cured, the parties die sooner, but being uncured they live longer For as Galen in his Comentarye affirmeth. It hath been found by experience, that by cutting and fearing these Cancers have been made worse, and have shortly procured death. Here therefore we must be content with most gentle medicines.   

CHAP. 7. Of the ulcerate Cancer,  
I Will let pass, pain, hardness, swelling, and other notes which this kind hath in common with the not ulcerate Cancer.  
It is an Ulcer, fretting unequal, filthy, with swollen, hard knotty, turned, high, hollow, edges loathsome to behold, abounding with black putrefied matter, blue, sometime red and bloody from whence floweth continually a thin, waterish, black, yellow, stinking humour. It is named malignant, and fierce of wild and fierce beasts. For it is a stubborn disease made worse by healing and handling. It must be thus Cured. 
Tagault. 3.  First the black choler must be purged, and other things observed whereof mention is made in the Cure of the rebellious old Cancer. Then if the place will suffer, 
Aetius 16 44. Aegmeta. 3.67  the whole body of it is to be cut away from the roots and the blood must be suffered to issue out, yea the parts adjoining must be pressed, because the blood is gross. Afterwards the cure is like as in other ulcers. Otherwise when the cancer is cut away, and the blood pressed out, the place must be feared with an hot iron as some use to do. Or if the place will abide it, first cut it, then fear it to the quick, and afterward put upon it cantharides beaten to powder with alum, and oil of cypress, as some do use. Moreover of ulcered cancers those only are cut & seared, which are in the uppermost part of the body, & do so torment the party that he necessarily requireth the Surgeon's hand, & also may be cut away with their roots. Some omitting cutting & searing with hot iron, eat away the soar with consuming medicines (which way I mislike) as with arsenicum siblimated, which medicine Guido & Theodoricus do marvelously commend as most safe & excellent, defending the parts adjoining when the caustic is applied with medicines resisting inflammation & flux of humours, with bowl armoniac. In three days space the effect of arsenicum will appear. After the removing of the arsenicum the pain is to be assuaged, & the falling away of the crust or eschar to be hastened, when the cancer is taken away the ulcer which remaineth is to be cured after the order of other ulcers. The signs that the cancer is quite gone are these, good & sound flesh, no filthy stink of matter in the place, no loathsome smell. Archigines appointeth this medicine for ulcered cancers. 
Aetius. 16.48.  Take lethargy, new swine's grease, white wax of each one pound, of good oil eight pounds, xii yolks of eggs, it must be thus made. The litharge must be beaten with a little water, than power in a little oil and also mingle the eggs, the swine's grease having the skins taken away must be beaten in a mortar, then mingle it with the wax, and when they are melted strain them. After they are cold pour the rest of the oil by little & little, & beaten them thoroughly in a mortar, this ●one, and the rest being well prepared. This medicine is to be applied like a linament in soft wool. If the ulcer be not painful put to ●ryreos, mirth Anstolochy of each ʒ. iii this is also very good for Cancers not ulcerate, this medicine following is good for ulcerate, and not ulcerate cancers: take good wax, turpentine, Bull's foot, marrow of Hart, or Calf, oil of gourds, oil of Roses, new goose-grease, pure honey, frankincense diphrigis of each equally, aesipi thrice as much, this is more gentle without frankincense, but with it, it doth more discuss and ripen and is more agreeable to not ulcerate Cancers.  
another gentle medicine to delay pain in malignant ulcers is mentioned by Theodorus, take the ashes of cypress washed, and dried, white lead burnt and washed, juice of roses of each ℥ s. frame it and use it with oil of roses: this medicine following is of wonderful force, to root out a malicious gnawing and fretting cancer. Take of coriars' sumach 3. pints. pillul cupressi. ℥ iij. uripe galls, cassia of each a ℥ j s. beaten them together, then steep them in 5. pints of old read wine, and after boil them continually stirring them with a cypress slice, till the third part be consumed: this done strain them forth, & cast away the dross, but seethe the juice till it be of consistence like to honey, & so keep it in a glass. This is to be applied alone to the cancer, but if it wax thick, you may put to it a little wine. If it be applied to the cancer in the nature, it must be often washed in wine. If it be dissolved in asses milk it assuageth pain, and is profitable for all eating ulcers without inflammation. It hath property to dry filthy running ears, and lose consumed gums, and all ulcers will hardly be cycatryzed. For how should gentle ulcers resist it, sith fierce and untamed yield to it. I Textor did thus prepare it. R. rhu. lib. ij. pillul. cupress. lib. s. gallar. immaturar. cassiae ana ℥ ij. vini astringentis lib. viii. In the declining of it, treacle washed in milk & oil of Roses in soft will is to be applied to the ulcer. And it may be drunk with wine very profitable against this disease, as other counterpoisons and preservatives used against the stinging of beasts. I think it is not meet to close up a cancer until all the hardness be consumed by ointments and cearceclothes. But to say the truth touching an ulcerate cancer, whether it be so by nature, or otherwise, seeing it refuseth gentle medicines, yea scarcely at any time abideth them, and is not to be cured, but with strong medicines: which nevertheless make it worse & more fretting, is not to be deemed incurable? Certes if any such be cured, it lieth not deep but only is in the uppermost parts, from whence it may be removed by incision, or searing, if the part will suffer it, and the roots of it may be pulled uppes and the grief of the patiented causeth this extremity to be adventured. Aetius in his sixteenth Book and forty four Chapter saith thus: An ulcerate Cancer gnaweth continually, and diggeth deep without stay, it sendeth forth a thine corrupt matter, more vile than the poison of any wild beast, most abominable both for abundance and smell, and the pain is continually pricking. Tagaultius with many others saith thus: An ulcerate cancer, whether of it own nature, or by medicines applied, is worst of all others, and utterly refuseth all sound cure. For whereas it needeth sharp biting medicines to cure it perfectly, by these it becometh worse. I have said heretofore, that I did utterly mislike burning medicines, commonly called caustics and ruptories, as hurtful to be used to any kind of cancer, which is near to the heart, of which sort is that which is in the breast, because they procure extreme pains, watching, abstinence, agues: and this stinking sink being once raked, there follow more cruel torments, and the strength decaying by little and little, at the last the whole body languisheth and consumeth.   

CHAP. 7. Of the cancer in the head, neck, shoulders, breast, armholes, flank.  
ALl these are desperate and incurable. For besides that they cannot be cut away, it is to be feared lest the party dye in the Surgeon's hands by too much effusion of blood. That cancer which is in the top of the teat, may be cured by putting away that part. A cancer not ulcerate in the breast is an exceeding great swelling, not yielding when it is touched, unequal, cruel, like a savage beast, piercing and sticking fast within. stretching his roots very broad, bound as it were with veins swelling like varix round about: the colour is ashy, somewhat declining to purple, of a dark blue, soft to the sight, but in feeling most hard, having pricking pain every where so largely stretched, that by consent thereof it hath procured pestilent buboes in the armholes, which have reached unto the shoulders.  
Aetius in his 16. book, and 46. chap. setteth down out of Leomidas, how a Surgeon is to deal in curing a cancer in a woman's breast Let the patiented lie on her back, and first cut the sound part of the breast, & presently after the incision sear it, to procure a crust upon it, which will stay the flux of blood: Not long after make incision again to the bottom of the breast, with often scarifying, then also scare it Both cutting & searing must be often used. After all is cut away, sear the parts until they be dried. For the first searing is to stay blood, the latter to abolish the relics of the disease. In the apostemous swelling of the breast, which threateneth a cancer to ensue, cutting without searing to the sound part will suffice, when there is no danger of great issue of blood. After the incision, linaments must be applied to bring it to suppuration, then must a dry cure be continued as the manner of ulcers requireth. When there is searing with incision, these things are to be applied immediately: a cataplasm of plantain, or knot grass, or sesamine finely beaten, putting sometimes to them crumbs of bread. Lay upon the cataplasm a linen cloth wet in water, which only remedy for the most part is sufficient. Also milk mingled with honey, applied like a lineament, removeth the crust. Her diet must be such, which may be safe from cold when the ulcer is cleansed, lest any convulsion ensue: Therefore the patient must be kept in a warm house.  
On the second or third day unloose the medicine, and wash the place with warm water, then make an ointment of lentils with a little honey, and upon it lay a vine leaf or lettice, which you must continued until the crust fall away. Afterwards your lineaments must be made of women or asses milk, wherewith oil of roses is mingled. Let your linen cloth be single, and very fine, which must be wet in the milk. Beware of sharp and fatty medicines, both which recall this disease. Many clothes are grievous to the sore. When you would bring it to suppuration, let your oil be most, when to cleansing, let your milk more abound.  
If extremity of pain do so require, apply melilot with oil of roses and water, or woman's milk above the cataplasm. If there be need of dry medicines to close up the ulcer, the ashes of pompholygoes washed and dried, or cadmia thrice burned and quenched in oil of roses, afterward finely beaten, must be applied dry. Her diet mus●●ee this: In the time of the cure, she must refrain from wine, meats which are hardly digested, and drink cold water. While the ulcer is enclosing, the whole body must be strengthened, and nourished with good juice, to which purpose serve commendable meats, and exercise, and other meet means.   

CHAP. 8. Of the Cancer in the matrice.  
A Not ulcerate Cancer in the matrice, 
Aegineta 3. book.  is a tumour in the entrance of the same, as appeareth in the ulcerate cancer before mentioned. For it is needless to repeat the same thing often. The signs are great pain in the flank, in the bottom of the belly and loins: if it be handled, or many medicines applied, it rageth more. The other signs both of the ulcerate and not ulcerate cancer in the matrice, must be learned from the former treatise. Sigh this affect of the matrice by the judgement of Hypocrates cannot be removed, it remaineth to ease it only by all means of fumes, suppositors cataplasms, & such like. A cataplasms much assuaging it, may be made o● meadows, or hollyhock sodden in water & honey, & made smooth with oil of roses, fenygreeke or linseed, or dates sodden in wine: or else a cerecloth of roses or mytles, or baulm, or woman's milk, or only oil of roses dropped into the place. In like manner may be used oil of violets, or sweet almonds, or lineseed, either by themselves, or with goose grease or capon's grease. Also a mucilage of lineseed, hollyhock, or rasyns, or a decoction of lilies. An excellent assuaging suppository is made of saffron, woman's milk, juice of poppy, capon's greale, or the oil in the wool of sheep called aesypum. If the ulcer be very hot, or bloody, drop into it the juice of plantain, or knot grasle, or nightshade warm, putting to it sometime milk, sometime a grain of frankincense: which juices, & the like (as Galen saith in his 9 book of simples) are to be beaten in the sun along time together in a leaden mortar, with a leaden pestle, putting unto them, if you will, oil of roses, or milk, or both. And this kind of medicine is marvelous profitable against all kinds of cancers. This plaster following is most effectual against the cancer or other maladies in the fundament. Take lethargy ℥ vj. Frankincense, aesip. new swine's grease, fresh butter, wax, of each ℥ ij. oil of roses ℥ iiij. beat the litharge with the juice of garden cichotye, and mingle it with the rest melted together, or you may make it more easy & gentle, especially for cancers in the breast. Take saffron, juice of white poppy, frankincense, of each ʒ j litharge lead burnt and washed, of each ʒ ij of white lead prepared ℥ s. of white wax ℥ ij. goose grease, fresh butter of each ℥ iij. of good oil of roses ℥ iiij beat the dry things with juice of night shade, and mingle them with the other when they are melted.  
Sic textor telam contexuit.    
FINIS.