THE DESCRIPTION AND use OF HIS majesties DIALS IN WHITE-HALL GARDEN. LONDON, Printed by BONHAM NORTON and John BILL, Printers to the Kings most Excellent majesty. MDCXXIV. TO HIS SACRED majesty. SIR, IT was the motion of many honourable Personages, and the special direction of the Prince his Highnesse, that J should writ the Description and use of such Lines, as I had drawn on Your majesties Dials in White-Hall Garden. J haue endeavoured to give satisfaction unto all: To Your majesty, and his Highnesse, by the manuscript which J delivered; And that, being here Printed by order from Your majesty, may be satisfaction for them also, which haue access into the Garden. For others( studious of mathematical Practise) J haue Painted the general Description of these and such like Lines, on all sorts of Planes; together with some uses of astronomy in navigation. J humbly entreat Your majesty to accept these poor fruits of my younger Studies, when J was Your majesties scholar in Westminster and christ-church: and I shall be ready to do all service in this kind, or better in the Church, as Your majesty shall be pleased to think me worthy, in the name of Your majesties most thankful scholar, and obedient subject, Edm. Gunter. THE DESCRIPTION and use of his majesties Dials in Whitehall Garden. THe ston whereon the Dials are described, is of the same length, breadth, and depth, with that which stood in the same place before. That, was of Cane ston, and of many pieces: this, all of one entire ston from Purbecke quarry. The base of it is a square of somewhat more then four foot and a half, the height three foot and ¾: and so unwrought contained about 80. feet, or five Tonne of ston. It is also wrought with the like plains and Concaues as the former; and so necessary, the like lines to show the hour of the day. But the rest of the lines are much different, and most of them such as were not in the former Dials, and therefore I intend here to give an account of them. These Dials may bee distinguished according as they are described: either on the vpper part of the ston; or on the sides, toward the East, West, North, South. There be five dials described on the vpper part: four on the four Corners; and one in the middle, which is the chiefest of all, the great horizontal concave. The use of the Circles on the margin of the great horizontal concave. THe margin of this horizontal concave containeth four Circles: whereof, the uttermost is the circled of the xij Moneths, containing the several dayes, the dominical letters, and the standing Festiualls: The Holy dayes, in red; The Garter dayes in Blue, and the common Saints dayes in black. The use of them may be; 1. To find the day of the month belonging to the festival. THe festival dayes are here set at the day of the month, wherein they fall: As, the Feast of S. George, at the xxiij of april; the Feast of S. james at the xxv of july; and so the rest of the standing festivals. Easter, whitsuntide, and such like, could not bee set down, because they are movable. 2. To find the day of the week belonging to the festival. FIrst, consider some one day, which you know to fall on such a day of the week: that one may help you to find all the rest. As, knowing, that this year MDCXXIV. S. Georges day fell on the Friday; if you look into this circled, you shall find it over against the letter A: then is A. the letter for Friday; B. for Saturday, and C. the dominical letter for this year: and so, the rest in their order. If now you would know, what day of the week Christmas day falleth; look into the month of December, and there you shall find it over against the letter B: which sheweth, that Christmas day, this year, falleth on Saturday. The second circled is of the twelve signs: ♈ Aries: ♉ Taurus: ♊ geminy: ♋ Cancer: ♌ lo: ♍ Virgo: ♎ Libra: ♏ scorpion: ♐ Sagittarius: ♑ Capricornus: ♒ Aquarius: ♓ Pisces: Each sign being distinguished with his name and character, and divided into 30. degrees. The use of it may be, The Day of the month being known, to find the Place of the sun. THe day of the month, and the Place of the sun, are here set, one against the other: So may you find, that on the xxiij. of April, being S. Georges day, the sun is in 13. Deg. of ♉. On the xxv. of july, being S. james his day, the sun is in 11. Degrees, 50. Minutes of lo. There may be some small difference in time to come, in regard of the leap year, as, of a quarter of a Degree, more or less; but, that could not be avoided. And this may serve for six score yeeres without one Degrees difference. The third circled, is a standing compass, divided into thirty two points, with the name of each point in his due place: whereby you may see, vpon what point the sun beareth, and how the wind bloweth. The fourth and innermost circled containeth another description of the dayes of each month, fitted to the concave. The description of the concave. THe concave is twenty inches deep, and forty inches over: and being half round resembleth that half of the heauens which may be seen. The one part, which is drawn vpon the white ground, resembleth so much of the heauens, as is contained between the tropics. As, there, the sun hath all variety of motion; so, here, the point of the Style, all variety of shadow. The other part, which is on the Blue ground, is that part of the heaven, where the sun never cometh. The Style belonging to the concave, is xx inches long, and about xiij inches broad at the foot. The one edge which is upright, is the Axis of the Horizon, and with his shadow sheweth the Azimuth. The other edge, inclining to the North, represents the Axis of the world, and with his shadow shows the time of the day. The point of the style, with his shadow, will show the rest of the conclusions. The edge of the concave representeth the circled of the Horizon. The other several Circles described in the concave, may be known and distinguished by their colours. The Aequator, the tropics, and the ecliptic, and the Parallels of Declination, are all drawn in read lines. The Parallels of the Horizon, to show the suins altitude, in Yellow. The Verticall circles are drawn in Blew. The old vnaequall( which some call planetary) houres, in green. The common houres, in black. The dayes fitted to the suins rising and setting, are drawn in the margin. And, so much is intimated in those eight latin verses, which are written on the concave: Aequator, Tropicique & Declinatio Solis, Et Via Solaris tramite ducta rubro. Lineolis flauis, Solis conscensus habetur; Caeruleo tractu, Verticis vmbra cadit. Hora Planetarum, Viridi est signata colore▪ Horaque Vulgaris nota colore nigro. Ortus & Occasus Solis, Spaciumque diei, Atque Dies mensis, margin scripta patent. The use of the black Lines. THat Line which is drawn from the South to the North, whereon the Style is set, is the Meridian circled. The rest drawn on either side of the Meridian, in White vpon the Blue; and in black vpon the White ground, are the hour circles. Those which do show the houres complete, are drawn with broader lines. Each hour is divided, first into fifteen parts with small lines, every part being four minutes: And each part is again subdivided into four parts more, with little black stroke, at the beginning, middle, and end of the former lines: And so, the whole hour is actually divided into sixty Minutes. Of which, that line which signifieth twenty Minutes, and, that which signifieth 40. Minutes complete, are, for distinction sake, crossed with little red stroke. The use of them may be, 1. To show the hour and Minute of the day by the shadow of the Style. THe hour of the day will be found, at one time or other, in more then fourscore several places of this ston: but no where so well, as in this horizontal concave. For, the hour is found on the East side of the ston, onely in the morning; and on the West side, onely in the evening: On the South side, onely in the middle of the day; on the North side, either early in the morning, or late in the evening: On the equinoctial plains, either onely in the Summer, or onely in the Winter: Here, it is found generally, both in Summer and Winter, morning and evening, and at all houres of the day. Not onely, the hour and quarter,( as in the rest of these Dials) but, the hour and minute: with many other conclusions answerable, which may not be expected in any dial of another form. When the sun shineth, observe the shadow of the Style among the hour lines; the shadow of the one edge will commonly cross the hour lines, and so, is unfit for this purpose; but the shadow of the other edge, which leans to the Northward, will always fall, either between two hour lines, or vpon one of them; and the hour line, where it falleth, will give the hour and minute required. 1. To show the hour and minute of the suins rising and setting, and the length of the Day, at all times of the year, though the sun do not shine. FIrst, find the day of the month, in the inner circled of the margin;( which, from the eleventh of December until the eleventh of june, while the dayes are increasing, will be found on the West part of the concave;) and there, the hour line which is drawn up to the Day, will give you the hour and minute of the suins rising. But, from the eleventh of june until the eleventh of December, while the dayes are decreasing, the Day will be found on the East side of the concave: and there, the hour line which is drawn up to the Day, will give the hour and minute of the suins setting: and, the one being known will give the other. As, if it were required, to know, what time the sun riseth and setteth, on the fourth day of february. This month is found on the West part of the concave; and the hour-line, which meeteth with the fourth day of this month, is that of 7. Ho. 8. Min in the morning; and, such is the time of the suins rising: But, so much as the sun riseth before noon, so much he setteth after noon, within a minute more or less, and therefore the time of the suins setting is about 4. Ho. 52. Minutes after noon. 3. To show the day of the month, when the sun riseth or setteth at any hour and minute. ON the contrary, if you would find the Day, when the sun riseth or setteth at any hour, First find the hour-line in the concave, and that will lead you to the day of the month in the margin. As, if it were required, On what Day the sun riseth at five in the morning: first find the hour-line of five, in the West part of the concave, and that will lead you to the tenth day of April. Then, because the sun, rising at five, doth set at seven, if you find out the hour-line of seven after noon, it will lead you to the thirteenth day of August, which shows, that the sun riseth at five in the morning, and setteth at seven after noon, both on the tenth day of April, and the thirteenth of August. The like reason holdeth for the rising and setting of the sun at all other times of the year: as may appear, by comparing the concave with the Table following. A Table for the hour and Minute of the sun- Day. january February March. April. May. june. Ho. Mi. Ho. Mi. Ho. Mi. Ho. Mi. Ho. Mi. Ho. Mi. 1 3 59 4 47 5 42 6 44 7 37 8 10 2 4 1 4 49 5 44 6 45 7 38 8 11 3 4 2 4 50 5 46 6 47 7 40 8 11 4 4 3 4 52 5 48 6 49 7 41 8 11 5 4 4 4 54 5 50 6 50 7 43 8 12 6 4 5 4 56 5 52 6 51 7 44 8 12 7 4 6 4 58 5 54 6 53 7 46 8 12 8 4 7 5 0 5 56 6 55 7 47 8 12 9 4 8 5 2 5 58 6 57 7 48 8 13 10 4 10 5 4 6 0 6 59 7 49 8 13 11 4 11 5 6 6 2 7 1 7 51 8 13 12 4 13 5 8 6 4 7 3 7 52 8 13 13 4 14 5 10 6 6 7 5 7 53 8 13 14 4 16 5 12 6 8 7 7 7 55 8 13 15 4 17 5 14 6 10 7 9 7 56 8 13 16 4 19 5 16 6 12 7 11 7 57 8 12 17 4 20 5 18 6 14 7 13 7 58 8 12 18 4 22 5 20 6 16 7 15 7 59 8 12 19 4 24 5 22 6 18 7 16 8 0 8 11 20 4 25 5 24 6 20 7 18 8 1 8 11 21 4 27 5 26 6 22 7 20 8 2 8 10 22 4 29 5 28 6 24 7 22 8 3 8 10 23 4 30 5 30 6 26 7 24 8 4 8 10 24 4 32 5 32 6 28 7 25 8 5 8 9 25 4 34 5 34 6 30 7 27 8 6 8 9 26 4 36 5 36 6 32 7 28 8 6 8 8 27 4 38 5 38 6 34 7 30 8 7 8 7 28 4 40 5 40 6 36 7 32 8 8 8 6 29 4 41   6 38 7 34 8 9 8 5 30 4 43   6 40 7 35 8 9 8 5 31 4 45   6 42   8 10   setting for every day in the year. july. August Septemb. October. novemb. Decemb. Day. Ho. Mi. Ho. Mi. Ho. Mi. Ho. Mi. Ho. Mi. Ho. Mi 8 4 7 22 6 2● 5 24 4 26 3 50 1 8 3 7 20 6 21 5 22 4 25 3 50 2 8 2 7 18 6 19 5 20 4 23 3 49 3 8 1 7 1● 6 18 5 18 4 21 3 49 4 8 0 7 14 6 16 5 16 4 20 3 48 5 7 59 7 13 6 14 5 14 4 18 3 48 6 7 57 7 11 6 12 5 12 4 16 3 48 7 7 56 7 9 6 10 5 10 4 15 3 47 8 7 55 7 7 6 8 5 8 4 13 3 47 9 7 54 7 6 6 6 5 6 4 12 3 47 10 7 5● 7 4 6 4 5 5 4 11 3 47 11 7 52 7 2 6 2 5 3 4 10 3 47 12 7 50 7 0 6 0 5 1 4 8 3 4● 13 7 49 6 5● 5 58 4 59 4 7 3 47 14 7 48 6 56 5 56 4 57 4 5 3 47 15 7 46 6 54 5 54 4 55 4 4 3 47 16 7 45 6 52 5 52 4 53 4 3 3 48 17 7 44 6 50 5 50 4 51 4 2 3 48 18 7 42 6 48 5 48 4 49 4 0 3 48 19 7 41 6 46 5 46 4 47 3 59 3 40 20 7 39 6 45 5 44 4 46 3 58 3 49 21 7 38 6 43 5 42 4 44 3 57 3 50 22 7 36 6 41 5 40 4 42 3 56 3 50 2● 7 35 6 39 5 38 4 41 3 55 3 51 24 7 32 6 37 5 36 4 39 3 54 3 52 25 7 31 6 35 5 34 4 37 3 54 3 53 26 7 30 6 33 5 32 4 35 3 53 3 54 27 7 28 6 31 5 30 4 33 3 52 3 55 28 7 26 6 29 5 28 4 31 3 51 3 56 29 7 25 6 27 5 26 4 30 3 51 3 57 30 7 23 6 25   4 28   3 58 31 The concave and this Table are both made for the Latitude of 51. gr. 30. serving for London, & such places as lye East or West from London in the same Latitude. But, if you go from London, either Northward or Southward, there will be some small difference. For, here at London, vpon the longest day, the sun setteth at 8. how. 13. Min. and so the length of the day is 16. Houres, 26. Minutes. About Sillie, and the Lizard, the Southermost parts of England, in the Latitude of 50. gr. the sun setteth at 8. Ho. 5. Min. And so, their longest day is about 16. Ho. 10. Min. About an hundred miles Northward from London, the sun setteth at 8. Ho. 22. Min. And so, their longest day is 16. how. 44. Minutes. About edinburgh in the Latitude of 56. gr. the sun setteth at 8. Ho. 40. Min. And so, their longest day is 17. Houres, 20. Minutes. About the Orcades, in the Latitude of 60. gr. the sun setteth at 9. Ho. 15. Min. And so, their longest day is 18. Houres, 30. Minutes. The use of the read Lines. THe read Lines, drawn cross the the hour lines, are of several sorts, all tending to show the motion of the sun. That which is drawn in the middle of the white ground, directly from East to West, is the Aequator. The other two, which are drawn from West to East, divided into degrees, and noted with ♈ ♉ ♊, &c. do make up the ecliptic. The two uttermost are the two tropics: That which is farthest from the Style, touching the ecliptic in the beginning of ♑, is therefore called the tropic of capricorn. That which is nearer the Style touching the ecliptic in the beginning of ♋, is the tropic of Cancer. The other intermediate red Lines drawn between the Aequator and the tropics are Parallels of Declination, numbered at the Meridian, with 5, 10, 15, 20, according to their distance from the Aequator. The use of them may be, 1. To show the Declination of the Sun by the shadow of the Style. WHen the sun shineth, observe the shadow of the point of the Style among the read lines. If it fall on the Aequator, the sun is at one of the equinoctial points, either the beginning of ♈ or of ♎, and so hath no declination. If it fall on the tropic of Cancer, the sun is at the highest, and the day at the longest. If on the tropic of capricorn,, the sun is at the lowest, and the dayes at the shortest. If it fall on any of the Parallel lines between the Aequator and the tropics, the distance of that line from the Aequator, shall bee the declination of the sun. As, if the shadow of the top of the style shall fall on any part of the tenth Parallel above the Aequator, it shows, the sun to be at 10. gr. of South declination: If on the twentieth Parallel below the Aequator, then is the declination of the sun 20. gr. from the Aequator Northward. 2. To show the day of the month, by the shadow of the style. THe shadow of the point of the style will show the declination; and the line of Declination will lead you to the Day of the month, at the margin of the concave. As, if the shadow of the top of the style shall fall on any part of the thirteenth Parallel above the Aequator, it shows the sun to bee at 13 gr. of South declination; and that Parallel of declination will lead you to the fourth of February, on the West side, and to the seventeenth of October on the East side of the concave: But, which of these two is the true day of the month, must bee known, either by the time of the year, or the second dayes observation. 3. To show the Place of the sun by the shadow of the Style. THe shadow of the point of the style will show the Declination; and the intersection of the Parallel of Declination, with the ecliptic, will bee the Place of the sun. As, if the shadow of the top of the style fall on 13, gr. of South Declination, this Parallel of Declination will cross the ecliptic near 26 gr. of ♒, on the one side, and about the fourth of ♏ on the other side of the concave: But, which of these two is the true Place of the sun, will bee known by the day of the month nearest unto the sign of the sun. 4. To show the hour and Minute of the suins rising and setting, by the shadow of the Style. THe shadow of the top of the Style will show the Declination, and the hour-line, which meets that Parallel of Declination at the Horizon( here represented by the edge of the margin) shall give the hour and minute of the suins rising and setting. As, if the Shadow of the top of the Style fall on 13. gr. of South declination, that Parallel of Declination, being followed to the Horizon at the West side of the concave, will there meet at the hour-line of seven, and eight Minutes, and, such is the time of the suins rising. Then follow this Parallel, to the Horizon, unto the East side of the concave, and it will there meet with the hour-line of IIII. and 52. Min. which is the time of the suins setting. And the line between 7. Ho. 8. Min. in the morning, and 4. Ho. 52. Min. after noon, is the length of the Day. 5. To find the Declination of the sun by knowing the day of the month. FIrst, find the Day of the month in the inner circled of the margin; then, look among the read lines for the Parallel of Declination, which is drawn up to that Day: the distance of that Parallel, from the Aequator, shall show you the Declination of the sun. As, if it were required, to find the declination of the sun, for the fourth day of February: the Parallel drawn up to this day will be found about 13 gr. above the Aequator: And such is the Declination of the sun to the Southward. 6. To find the Place of the Sun by knowing the Day of the month. THe Day of the month will give the Declination of the sun; and the Parallel of Declination, will cross the ecliptic in the Place of the sun. As, if the Day given be the fourth of February, the Parallel of Declination will be found to be 13. gr. Southward; and this Parallel doth cross the ecliptic in the 26. gr. of ♒: which is the Place of the sun required. The use of the Blue lines. THe use of the Blue lines drawn from the bottom to the edge of the concave is, to represent the vertical circles, commonly called by the Arabian name, Azimuthes. These are, all, great Circles, drawn through the Zenith and the Nadir, and do divide the Horizon into equal parts. The Meridian is one of them: But, the prime vertical circled is that, which is drawn from East to West. These two divide the Horizon into four equal parts: Each of these parts is divided, by Sea-men, into eight; and so, the whole into thirty two points of the compass. But, Astronomers divide each fourth part into 90. Degrees. I haue here set the points of the compass in the bottom of the concave, and at the margin; and the astronomical divisions, between the tropics. The use of them may be, 1. To show the Azimuth or Point of the compass, whereon the sun beareth from us; how far he is from the South; how near to the East or West; and that, by the shadow of the Style. WHen the sun shineth, observe, where the shadow of the upright edge of the style falleth among the Azimuth lines, the distance of that line from the Meridian, shall show the Azimuth, whereon the sun beareth. As, if on the fourth of February about 10. Ho. 5. Min. in the morning, the shadow of the upright edge of the style fall on the third of the Blue lines from the Meridian, then is the sun 30. gr. from the South. If you follow this Blue line unto the margin, it will there point between N W by N, and N N W wherefore it beareth from you on the contrary point between S E by S, and S S E. 2. To find on what Azimuth or Point of the compass the sun riseth or setteth. FIrst find the day of the month in the inner circled of the margin: then look among the Blue lines for the Azimuth which is drawn up to the day: the distance of that line from the line of East and West, shall give the amplitude of the suins rising and setting. If the day fall on the West side of the concave, the point opposite to the day, is the true point of the suins rising: If the day fall on the East part of the concave, the point opposite to the day, is the true point of the suins setting. As, if the day proposed were the fourth of february: This month is found on the West part of the concave, and the day falleth near the point of W N W, whose opposite point is E S E, the point of the compass whereon the sun riseth. Or, if you look among the Blue lines in the concave, you shall find the Azimuth which is drawn up to the day, to be about 21 gr. from the line of East and West; which shows, that the Amplitude of the suins rising is about 21 gr. from the East. The like reason holdeth for all other times of the year, as may appear by comparing the concave with the Table following. 〈…〉 The concave and this Table, are both made for the Latitude of 51 gr. 30 Min. serving for London, and such places as lye East or West from London in the same Latitude. But, if you go from London either Northward or Southward, there will bee some small difference. For, here at London the greatest Amplitude is 39 gr. 50 min. that is, when the dayes are at the longest, the sun riseth 39 gr. 50 min. from the East Northward; and setteth 39 gr. 50. min. from the West Northward: when the dayes are at the shortest, he riseth 39 gr. 50 min. from the East Southward, and setteth as much from the West Southward. About Sillie and the Lizard, the Southermost parts of England, in the Latitude of 50 Degr. the greatest Amplitude will be 38 Degr. 20 min. A Table of Amplitudes for the rising and Day. january February March. April. May. june. Gr. Mi. Gr. Mi. Gr. Mi. Gr. Mi. Gr. Mi. Gr. Mi. 1 36 39 22 45 5 37 13 46 29 48 39 12 2 36 20 22 11 4 59 14 22 30 15 39 20 3 36 0 21 37 4 21 14 57 30 41 39 27 4 35 41 21 3 3 43 15 32 31 7 39 33 5 35 21 20 28 3 5 16 8 31 32 39 38 6 35 0 19 53 2 27 16 43 31 57 39 42 7 34 39 19 18 1 49 17 18 32 21 39 46 8 34 17 18 43 1 11 17 53 32 45 39 49 9 33 54 18 8 0 32 18 27 33 8 39 51 10 33 30 17 32 0 6 19 1 33 31 39 52 11 33 6 16 56 0 44 19 35 33 53 39 52 12 32 41 16 20 1 22 20 10 34 15 39 51 13 32 16 15 44 2 0 20 39 34 36 39 50 14 31 50 15 7 2 38 21 15 ●4 56 39 49 15 31 23 14 30 3 16 21 48 35 16 39 46 16 30 57 13 54 3 54 22 20 35 35 39 42 17 30 29 13 17 4 31 22 53 35 54 39 37 18 30 1 12 40 5 9 23 25 36 12 39 32 19 29 33 12 3 5 47 23 56 36 29 39 26 20 29 4 11 25 6 25 24 28 36 46 39 20 21 28 34 10 48 7 2 24 59 37 2 39 13 22 28 4 10 11 7 39 25 30 37 18 39 5 23 27 34 9 33 8 10 26 0 37 32 38 56 24 27 4 8 55 8 53 26 30 37 46 38 46 25 26 33 8 17 9 30 27 0 37 59 38 36 26 26 1 7 39 10 7 27 29 38 12 38 25 27 25 29 7 2 10 44 27 58 38 24 38 13 28 24 57 6 15 11 21 28 26 38 35 38 0 29 24 25   11 58 28 54 38 45 37 47 30 23 52   12 34 29 21 38 55 37 33 31 23 18   13 10   39 4   setting of the sun, every day of the year. july. August. Septemb. October. novemb. Decemb. Day. Gr. Mi. Gr. Mi. Gr. Mi. Gr. Mi. Gr. Mi. Gr. Mi. 37 18 25 4 7 15 11 32 29 3 39 6 1 37 3 24 33 6 38 12 9 29 32 39 15 2 36 47 24 2 6 1 12 46 30 0 39 23 3 36 30 23 31 5 24 13 23 30 28 39 30 4 36 13 22 59 4 47 13 59 30 56 39 36 5 35 55 22 27 4 9 14 ●6 31 23 39 41 6 35 36 21 55 3 31 15 12 31 49 39 45 7 35 17 21 22 2 54 15 48 32 15 39 48 8 34 57 20 49 2 16 16 24 32 40 39 50 9 34 37 20 16 1 39 17 0 33 5 39 51 10 34 16 19 43 1 1 17 36 33 29 39 52 11 33 55 19 9 0 23 18 11 33 52 39 52 12 33 33 18 35 0 15 18 46 34 15 39 50 13 33 10 18 1 0 53 19 21 34 37 39 48 14 32 47 17 27 1 30 19 56 34 59 39 45 15 32 23 16 52 2 8 20 31 35 20 39 41 16 31 59 16 17 2 46 21 5 ●5 40 39 36 17 31 35 15 42 3 24 21 39 36 0 39 30 18 31 10 15 7 4 1 22 13 36 19 39 23 19 30 44 14 32 4 39 22 47 36 37 39 15 20 30 18 13 56 5 17 23 20 36 55 39 7 21 29 52 13 20 5 54 23 5● 37 12 38 58 22 29 25 12 44 6 32 ●4 26 37 28 38 4● 23 28 57 12 8 7 10 24 58 37 4● 38 37 24 28 29 11 32 7 48 25 30 37 57 38 25 25 28 1 10 56 8 26 20 2 38 11 38 12 26 27 32 10 20 9 3 26 33 38 23 37 58 27 27 3 9 43 9 41 27 4 38 35 37 44 28 26 34 9 7 10 18 27 34 38 47 37 29 29 26 4 8 30 10 55 28 4 38 57 37 13 30 25 34 7 53   28 34   36 56 31 About the North of England in the Latitude of 55 Degr. 40 Min. the greatest Amplitude will be 45 Gr. And so, when the dayes are at the longest, the sun will rise due northeast, and set in the North-west. When the dayes are at the shortest, he will rise in the South-east, and set in the southwest. About the North of Scotland in the Latitude of 60 Gr. the greatest Amplitude will be about 52 Degr. 50 Min. And, after you come to 66 degr. of Latitude, you may see the sun in the North. 3. To find the Azimuth or Point of the compass whereon the sun beareth, for all houres of the day, at any time of the year. THe time of the year is here represented by the read Parallel lines of Declination; the time of the day, by the black hour-lines. First, find, where these two do meet, and then see, which of the Blue lines would pass through that intersection; The distance of that Blue line from the line of East and West shall give the Azimuth required. As, if the day proposed were the sixth day of April, and it were required to know the Azimuth whereon the sun beareth at 9. Ho. 45. Min. in the morning. This month is found on the West part of the concave, and the Parallel of Declination drawn up to the sixth day of this month, is about 10 Degrees distant from the Aequator: This Parallel doth cross the hour-line of 9 Ho. 45 Mi. in the middle between two Blue Azimuth lines, and following this middle unto the margin, I find there, it directs me to the point N W, in the inner circled; and so, to 45 Degr. from the West in the middle circled of the margin, which shows, that the sun is in the opposite point 45 degr. distant from the East, vpon the Southeast point of the compass. 4. To find the hour and Minute when the Sun shall come to any Azimuth, at all times of the year. AS, if it were required, to know, at what hour the sun would be in the East, on the longest day of the year. The sun riseth in the East, at VI. in the morning, and setteth in the West, at VI. in the evening, about the tenth of March, and the thirteenth of September: but, all other times of the year, it will be past VI. in the morning before he come to the East, and he will be past the West before VI. of the clock in the evening. As here the tropic of Cancer, which is the Parallel of the longest day, doth cross the West Azimuth at 7. Ho. 22. Min. in the morning; And such is the time of the suins coming to the East. 5. To find the Day of the month when the sun cometh to any Point of the compass at any hour proposed. AS, if it were required, to find the day of the month when the sun shall come to due East, at VII. in the morning; I shall find that the hour-line of VII. in the morning doth cross the West Azimuth at the Parallel of 18. degr. of North Declination; and this Parallel doth lead me to the first of May on the West side, and to the two and twentieth of july, on the East side of the concave: which shows, that the Sun will be due East at seven in the morning, and due West at five in the evening, both, on the first of May, and the xxijth. of july. The use of the Yellow lines. THe Yellow lines are, all of them, lesser Circles, drawn vpon the same center in the bottom of the concave; and so, Parallel one to the other; representing the Parallels of Altitude, commonly called, by the Arabian name, Almicanters. There be sixty two of them; and they be numbered, both at the Meridian, and at the tropic of Cancer, in Yellow Figures with 5, 10, 15, &c. according to their distance from the Horizon, which is here represented by the edge of the concave. The use of them is, 1. To find the Altitude of the sun above the Horizon. WHen the sun shineth, observe the shadow of the Style, that falleth among the Yellow lines; The distance of that Yellow Parallel from the Horizon shall give the Parallel of the suins altitude above the Horizon. As, if the shadow of the top of the Style shall fall on any part of the tenth Parallel, it shows the Sun to be at 10 gr. of altitude above the Horizon. And so, in the rest. 2. To find the Altitude of the sun for any Day and hour proposed. 3. To find the Altitude of the sun for any Day and Azimuth proposed. 4. To find the Altitude of the sun for any hour and Azimuth proposed. THese and such like Propositions, with their conuerses, depend vpon the meeting of these Yellow lines at the intersection of any two of the other lines before described. As, if it were required, to find, what altitude the sun shall haue, on the sixth day of April at nine of the clock in the morning. First, find the Parallel of declination, belonging to the Day, and his intersection with the houre-of nine in the morning; then may you find, the Yellow line drawn through this intersection to be near 35 Degr. distant from the edge of the concave; And, such will be the altitude of the sun above the Horizon, at the time proposed. The like reason holdeth for all the rest. The use of the green lines. IT was the maner of the Ancients, to divide the day into twelve houres, and the night into other twelve houres: but, the houres of the day were commonly either longer or shorter then the houres of the night, and the Summer houres always longer then the Winter houres: whereupon, they are called the old, vnaequall; and( by some) the planetary houres. These houres, for the day, are here represented by the green lines, and are numbered in green figures by 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. at the tropic of capricorn. The use of them is, 1. To find the old, vnaequall hour of the day. WHen the sun shineth, observe the shadow of the top of the style, among the green lines; the line next after the shadow shall give the hour required. As, if the shadow of the top of the Style shall fall between the Horizon and the green line noted with 1, it is the first hour: If between the first hour-line and the second, it is the second hour: If it fall directly on the second hour, it is the second hour complete, according to the account of the Ancients. 2. To compare the old vnaequall houres with the houres of the clock. AS, if it were required, to know what hour of the day, it would be, at nine of the clock in the morning vpon the longest day. First, find the Parallel of the day, and his intersection with the hour of IX, then may you find this intersection to fall between the third and the fourth of the green lines; and so it is the fourth hour of the Day. For, when the dayes are at the longest with us, the first hour beginneth at III of the clock and 47 Min. in the Morning, and endeth at V and 9 Min. The second hour beginneth where the first endeth, and is complete at VI and 31 Min. The third hour is complete at VII and 53 Min. The fourth, at IX and 15 Mi. The fift, at X and 37 Mi. The sixth hour always endeth at high noon: and the rest in the like order: each of these twelve Houres being equal to 1 Ho. 22 Min. of the clock. At the two equinoctial dayes, when the sun riseth at six, and setteth at six, these houres of the day will bee equal to the houres of the clock: But, in the depth of Winter, one of these houres, will be but 38 Minutes of a common hour. The use of the circled of the Age of the moon. THe circled drawn at the roote of the Style, divided with black stroke into 29½, representeth the Age of the moon: The other circled within it, divided with white stroke into 24, representeth the Houres of the Day, and being continued, would agree with the hour lines between the tropics. The use of these Circles, is; 1. Knowing the Age of the moon, to find the time when she cometh to the South. FIrst, find the Age of the moon in the outward circled, so, the next hour line, in the inward circled, shall give you the time when she cometh to the South. Thus, you may find, that if the moon be ten dayes old, she will be in the South, at eight of the clock in the evening: If fifteen dayes old, then about twelve of the clock at midnight: If twenty five dayes old, then at eight in the Morning: And vpon this it followeth; 2. Knowing the Age of the moon, to find the time when it will bee high water. FIrst, inquire what difference there is between the time of the moons coming to the South, and the time of High water; for, that once known, is known for ever. For example, It is commonly said, that when the moon cometh to the south-west, it will bee High water at London bridge; and this is about three houres after her coming to the South. And again when shee cometh to the north-east, which is about three houres after her coming to the North part of the Meridian. Suppose then, that the moon is ten dayes old, then will she be in the South, by the former Proposition, at Eight in the evening, or in the North at Eight in the Morning, add unto this three houres more, and it will be High water at eleven of the clock. 3. Knowing the Age of the Moon, to find the hour of the night, by the shadow of the Style. THe hour of the moon from the Meridian, may bee found out at any time when the moon shineth; by the shadow of the Style, in such sort as we find the hour of the Day when the sun shineth. For, if the moon bee in the South, shee will cast the shadow of the Style vpon the hour of XII; and if shee cast a shadow vpon I, or II, it shows that shee is accordingly either one hour, or two, or more past the Meridian. Suppose the moon to be ten dayes old, and that she did cast a shadow vpon the hour of V after noon; I would then say it were about one of the clock in the morning: For, the moon being ten dayes old, she cometh to the South at VIII in the evening, and therefore, when shee is five houres past the South, it must bee I, in the morning. The description and use of the four Corner Dials. THe four Triangular Dials at the Corners of the ston, decline from the prime vertical, and incline to the Horizon. In these, The black lines show the ordinary Houres: the red lines show the Summer, and Winter, and the equinoctial shadow. If the shadow of the top of the Style shall fall vpon the middle read line noted with ♈ and ♎, then is the sun in the equinoctial: It falleth vpon the Line noted with ♋, in the height of Summer; and vpon the Line noted with ♑, in the depth of Winter. 1 The Blue lines at the north-east Corner, noted with 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. show the Houres from the sun rising. The shadow of the top of the Style will fall vpon the Line of 1, at one hour after the sun rising, and vpon the hour of 2, when the sun is two houres high in the East. 2 The Blue lines at the north-west Corner, noted with 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. show the houres from sun setting. The shadow of the top of the Style will fall vpon the Line of 2, when the sun is two houres high in the West: and vpon the Line of 1, when the sun wants but one hour of setting. The description and use of the Dials on the South side of the ston. THe South side of the ston hath many dials: One great Verticall dial: Two equinoctial Dials, whereon the sun never shineth but in Winter: One Verticall concave in the middle: Two Declining Dials, on either side of this concave: Two small Polar Concaues: Two Irregular Dials, with three Styles in each dial: Of these, the equinoctial, the Decliners, and the Irregular Dials haue onely black lines to show the Ordinary Houres: But the great vertical, and the three Concaues, as they haue lines of different colours, so they are such as were not on the former ston. The Lines drawn on the great vertical, may be known & distinguished in this maner: The Aequator, the tropics and the Parallels of the length of the day, are all drawn in read lines: The hour-lines from the Sun-rising, in Yellow: The Italian hour-lines from the last Sun-setting in Blue. And so much is there intimated in four latin verses: Vmbrarum metas, Occasum Solis & Ortum, Et quàm longa dies, Linearubra dabit: Flaua, à Sole orient horas; à Sole cadente, Caerulea, Italico, Linea, more, notat. The use of the read Lines in finding, 1. The Length of the Day. 2. The Time of the suins rising. 3. The Time of the suins setting. ALl variety of shadows is bounded between the two extreme red Lines. The uppermost, noted with ♑, representeth the tropic of capricorn: And when the shadow of the top of the Style shall fall on this line, then is the sun at the lowest, and the Dayes at the shortest. The lowermost, noted with ♋. is the tropic of Cancer: when the shadow cometh to this line, then is the sun at the highest, and the dayes at the longest. The other read lines, noted in the middle with 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, are Parallels of the length of the Day. The streight line drawn in the middle, noted with ♈ and ♎, is the equinoctial. Vpon this line is written, 6 at the one end, 12 in the middle, and 6 at the other end. This shows, that when the shadow of the top of the Style shall fall on this line, then is the sun in the equinoctial; the length of the Day is twelve houres; the sun riseth at VI, and setteth at VI. In like manner, If the shadow shall fall vpon the line noted with 10; it sheweth, that the length of the day is ten houres; the sun riseth at VII in the morning, and setteth at V, in the evening. At the end of these read lines, are the signs and the Moneths; thereby to show the Place of the sun, and the Time of the year. As, at the one end of the equinoctial, there is the sign of Aries, and the month of March: at the other end, the sign of Libra, and the month of September: which show, that in these moneths, the Sun will be in these signs, the shadow will fall on these Parallels, and there show the length of the Day, as before. Et è conuerso. The use of the Yellow Lines; in showing the houres past since the wanting. THe streight line drawn between the Blue and the White grounds representeth the Horizon: for when the sun cometh to the Horizon, either at his rising, or at his setting, the shadow of the top of the Style will fall vpon this line. The Yellow lines noted with 1 2, 3, 4, &c. do show the houres after the Sun-rising, according to the distance from the Horizon. As, if the shadow of the top of the Style shall fall on any part of the yellow line noted with 1, it shows, that the sun is an hour high: If on the like line noted with 2, then are there two houres past, between that and the time of the suins rising. The use of the Blue Lines in showing the houres past since the last Sunne-setting. IN Italy( as fellow-travelers say) the clock strikes twenty four at sun setting; at one hour after, it strikes one; and then, two, three, and so forward until the next suins setting. So that, if the day shall be eight houres long, it will strike sixteen at sun rising, and twenty at high noon: If the day shall be sixteen houres long, it will strike eight at wanting, and sixteen at high noon. These houres are here represented in Blue lines. As, if on the tenth of our April, at X of our clock in the morning, you observe the shadow of the top of the Style, you shall find it to fall among the read lines on the Parallel of 14; on the line of 5, among the Yellow lines; and, on the line of 15, among the Blue lines: which shows, that the length of that Day is 14 houres; and the time of the Day, 5 houres from the suins rising, and 15 houres from the last suins setting. In the Verticall concave, at the middle of the South side of the ston, this verse is written: Horae vulgares, & Signa in culmine coeli. The lines there drawn are of three sorts: The common hour-lines are drawn in black: The Aequator and tropics drawn in red, as in the other Dials. The other lines noted with ♈, ♉, ♊, &c. are the lines of the twelve signs. To show, which of the xij signs is in the Meridian. ALl the twelve signs do pass, by the Meridian, in xxiiij houres, but, vnaequally; some, in less time then two houres; some in more. When the sun shineth, observe, where the shadow of the top of the Style falleth among these lines of signs; for, that sheweth the sign which is then in the South, and so, passing by the Meridian. As the sun, being in the equinoctial, at IX of the clock in the morning, the shadow falleth vpon ♒ and 〈◇〉: If the sun be in ♈, then is the sign of ♒ in the Meridian; If in ♎, then it is the sign of ♌. But, when the sun cometh to the tropic of Cancer, the shadow will fall, at IX in the morning, vpon the sign of ♉; and that is the sign which is then in the Meridian. In the two Polar Concaues on the South side of the ston, there are lines noted with these words, Aequalis, Dupla, Tripla, Quadrupla, &c. The use of them is, To show the Proportion of shadows to their Bodies. AS, when the shadow of the top of the Style shall fall vpon the line noted with this word, Aequalis; then, is the shadow of a man, vpon a level ground, equal to his height. When it falleth vpon the line noted with the word Dupla, then will his shadow be double unto his height. And so, for the rest. These Proportions being thus known, you may take the length of the Shadow, and so, find the height of the body, when it cannot otherwise be so easily measured. The Description and Use of the Dials on the North side of the ston. THe sun shineth on the North side of the ston, onely in the Summer; and then, early in the morning, before it shineth on the South side; or, late in the evening, after it hath left shining on the South side of the ston: And therefore I haue drawn here such lines as may answer to them on the South side. In the Verticall concave on this North side, the read lines show the signs, and the Place of the sun: The Blue lines noted with Dupla, Tripla, Quadrupla, &c. do show the Proportion of shadows to their Bodies. In the two side Inclining Dials, the read lines, noted with 16, 15, 14, &c. do serve to show the length of the Day: and the Blue lines, the houres from sun rising and sun setting. The Description and use of the Dials on the East and West sides of the ston. THe sun shineth on the East side of the ston, onely in the morning; on the West side, onely in the afternoon; and not on both at once; and therefore I haue made them one answering the other. Either side hath four great Dials, of several forms: A Meridian plain; a Meridian concave; a Meridian Cylinder dial; and a Square hollow dial of many sides. over the Meridian plain, on the one side, these verses are written, showing the use of the Lines according to their colours. Horas antiquas, Viridis; Rubra linea, Signa Monstrat; Caeruleus, nautica puncta, colour. On the other side, these verses, to the like effect: Caeruleo, dantur communes Azimuth; Horae Antiquae, Viridi; Signa, colore Rubro. THe read lines do here represent the sign and Place of the sun. For, the sun shining, the shadow of the edge of the top of the Style falling among the black lines will show the ordinary houres: And the shadow of the lower point of that edge falling among the read lines will there show the sign of the Place of the sun, according to the characters ♈, ♉, ♊, ♋, &c. noted in the Ellipsis. The green lines do show the Old, Vnaequall, Planetary houres, dividing the Day into twelve equal parts; for, the green line which followeth next after the shadow, will give the hour required. The Blue lines, noted with E, E b S, E S E, &c. do show the common Azimuths, or( as Seamen call them) the Points of the compass, whereon the sun beareth from vs. For, if the point of the shadow do fall vpon the line noted with E, then is the sun in the East: If it fall on the line noted with E b S, then, the sun beareth from us East and by South. In the Square hollow dials of many sides, the black lines do show the Ordinary Houres, and the red lines represent the Aequator, and his Parallels of declination. For, here, if the suins beam passing through the little hole in the side of the Square shall fall on any part of the read line, 10 gr. above the equinoctial line, then is the declination of the sun 10 gr. to the Southward: If on 20 gr. below the equinoctial line, then is the sun 20 Degrees from the Aequator Northward. In the Meridian concave, on the East side of the ston, is written this verse, Horae vulgares, atque ascendentia Signa. In the Meridian concave, on the West side, Horae vulgares, & descendentia Signa. The Lines here drawn are of three sorts: The Common hour lines are drawn in black: The Aequator, and the tropics are drawn in red, as in the other Dials: The other lines noted with ♈, ♉, ♊, ♋, &c. are the lines of the twelve signs. To show, which of the xij signs is at the Horizon. ALl the twelve signs do rise and and set in xxiiij houres, but, unequally: Some are near three houres in rising, others do rise in less time then an hour. here, it sufficeth onely to observe the shadow of the top of the Style; For, it will fall vpon the sign, which is rising, if the sun shine on the East side: or vpon the sign which is then descending, if the sun do shine on the West side of the ston. In the Meridian Cylinders are two geographical Tables: One, on the East side of the ston, of such places as are East from London: The other, on the West side, of such places as lye West from London. And these are described, according to their due Latitude and Longitude, in such sort, that the same lines which show the hour of the Day, do also show the difference of Longitude. The use of them may bee, 1. To show the time, when it is noon in any of those Countreys. such places as lye East from London haue noon before us: Such as lye West from London haue noon after vs. But to find the time more particularly, observe the shadow of the Style which sheweth the hour of the Day; For, when that cometh to be over any place in the Chart, then is it noon in that place. Thus, the shadow of the Style coming to the Meridian of jerusalem, at the hour of IX in the morning, it sheweth, that it is noon at jerusalem, when it is but nine of the clock with us at London. 2. To show the time of the Day agreeing to any of those Countreys. FIrst, find the Meridian of the Place proposed; then, see where the shadow falleth: So, the distance in houres, between the shadow and that Meridian, shall give the time of the Day required. As if, it being noon at Rome and Venice, it were required to find the hour of the Day at jerusalem. It appeareth, by the former Proposition, that it is noon at Rome and Venice, at such time as it is about eleven of the clock at London, and, that there is two houres difference between the Meridian of Rome and the Meridian of jerusalem; and therefore, at jerusalem it is two of the clock after noon at the time proposed. And what is here said of the Day, the same may be understood of the time of the Night. It appeareth, by the former Proposition, that it is noon at Virginia, at such time, as it is V of the clock after noon with us at London; and therefore, five houres difference, between the Meridians of Virginia and London; so that, I suppose, if they at Virginia, and wee at London, could see one and the same thing, at the same instant of time( as sometimes, wee may, either the beginning or the end of an Eclipse of the moon) if wee see it at midnight, they should see it at VII of their clock in the evening; Or, if they see it at VIII in the evening, wee shall see it at One in the Morning. These, and such like, are the uses of these Dials: if too obscurely delivered, your majesty may command the Author. FINIS.