A RELATION OF A VOYAGE TO GVIANA.  
DESCRIBING THE CLIMATE, Situation, fertility, provisions and commodities of that Country, containing seven Provinces, and other Signiories within that Territory: Together, with the manners, customs, behaviours, and dispositions of the people.  
Performed by ROBERT HARCOURT, of Stanton Harcourt Esquire.  
The Patent for the Plantation of which Country, his Majesty hath granted to the said ROBERT HARCOURT under the Great Seal.  NOMB. 14. 7, 8. 
The Land which we walked thorough to search it, is a very good Land.  
If the Lord love us, he will bring us into this land, and will give it us.  
AT LONDON Printed by JOHN BEALE, for W. WELBY, and are to be sold at his shop in Paul's Church yard at the sign of the Swan. 1613.   

❧ To the high and Mighty Prince, CHARLES', Prince of GREAT BRITAIN:  
Having had trial (most worthy Prince) of your most renowned Brother Prince Henry his many favours towards me, and princely furtherance of my humble suit unto his Majesty your royal Father, and our dread Sovereign, for obtaining for me his gracious Letters Patents for the planting and inhabiting of all that tract of Land, and part of Guiana, between the rivers of Amazons, & Dessequebe, situate in America, under the Equinoctial Line: Whereof I have taken possession to his majesties use, and discovered the maritime parts. I was greatly thereby encouraged to proceed in the enterprise, and had (under his majesties favour) devoted myself unto his service. But now seeing (by God's permission) your excellent Brother his princely Honour, by right of succession is fallen upon your Highness, and verily hoping, that you will not only equal, but also exceed him in virtuous exercises, and advancing all honourable actions, and worthy enterprises; I have in like manner religiously vowed the best fruits and effects of my endeavours unto your highness service. And for as much as that part of the world which we now call America, was heretofore in the year of our Lord 1170. discovered, 
Gutyn Owen.  conquered, and possessed by Madoc, one of the sons of Owen Gwyneth prince of north-Wales: I therefore (in all humble reverence) present the prosecution of this high Action unto your gracious Patronage, principally belonging of right unto you, being the honourable, true, and worthy Successor to the Principality of Wales. If my travel & service therein shall perform aught, worthy of your Princely regard, I shall much glory thereat, and account it my happiest fortune, and greatest honour: And shall heartily pray unto the King of Kings, to continue in your Highness a pious, and invincible heart; and to give you a conquering and victorious hand; and the dominion of many rich and mighty Kingdoms in this world, and in the world to come, a Crown of Glory, in his eternal Kingdom.  
Your highness most humble devoted servant, ROBERT HARCOURT.   

❧ To the Readers, ADVENTURERS, FAVOURERS, and well-willers to the Plantation in GVIANA.  
IT is the part of valiant and noble spirits to apply their endeavours to honourable and worthy achievements: but chiefly to frame their actions therein by the rule of virtue, and accomplish the end for which they were created, which is in their vocations to serve and glorify GOD, and to do good unto others: For the better performance of their duties in that behalf, let them examine their inclinations and dispositions in the course of their life, and what they find themselves most inclined unto, to that let them seriously bend their forces; either to cherish or suppress it; to follow or forsake it, according as it tendeth to virtue or vice; to honour or disgrace.  
As touching the courses of life, inclining to the better part, some men are naturally given to be scholars, either in Divinity, Philosophy, or other learning; some are more inclined to be Statists; some to be Soldiers, and travelers; some desire to be Citizens, and Merchants; and some like best to lead Coun●trey life, and follow husbandry; and othersome are wholly inclined to the mechanical trades, and handy crafts. In all which professions, as men are naturally addicted more, or less, they attain to perfection, and may thereby accomplish the end for which they were created. But to undertake any profession contrary to a man's natural inclination, is a loss of time, a work that yieldeth no profit, but breedeth many inconveniences, and destroyeth nature: For the mere Scholar will never be good Statist, Soldier, Merchant, nor Mechanical tradesman, (yet learning is a singular help in all these professions) neither will the professed Soldier ever attain to exquisite perfection in learning, or in the other professions; so likewise of the rest. The natural inclination of man, may be somewhat restrained, corrected, and reform, but is rarely and hardly altered.  Naturam expellas furca licèt, usque recurret 
In these and all other professions whatsoever, men may so proceed in their particular societies, that each several company in his proper vocation, may be a help, comfort, and support unto the rest: and they are firmly bound both by the law of God, and Nature, to exercise and follow their professions for the benefit of others: not coveteously seeking their own gain only thereby; but charitably, respecting first the glory of God, and then the honour of their Prince, and profit of their Country, which is the end for which they were created  
To the end therefore that our Countrymen of all professions in this Kingdom may be worthily induced to perform their duties in that kind not only at home in their own Country, but also abroad in foreign parts, wheresoever any of our Nation shall be employed, either by discovery or conquest, for the reducing of unknown and barbarous people (void of all knowledge of God, and civil government) to Christianity and the subjection and obedience of of our Sovereign, and that such others as want employment, or competent means to follow their professions, and are slipped aside from virtuous exercises, and honourable enterprises, to idle wantonness, effeminate disorders, and other extravagant courses of life, may be recalled, reform, and encouraged (by better endeavours) to perform their duties to God, their Prince, and their Country. I thought it convenient to propound unto them a worthy and memorable enterprise: (for the prosecution and accomplishing whereof, it hath graciously pleased his Majesty to grant me privilege by Patent) namely, the discovery and plantation of a part of the great, rich, & mighty Empire of Guiana: wherein they shall find variety of employments to spend their times worthily in their several vocations; plentiful means to supply all wants and necessities; and many worthy adventures to obtain immortal renown and perpetual fame.  
And for as much as all men's actions are subject to miscensure, and some (perhaps) may think the labour lost, which is bestowed in this enterprise, foreiudgeing the Country being rude, barbarous and heathen, to be unprofitable; I will therefore here particularly show wherein our Countrymen of the several professions before mentioned, may profitably labour in this work, and perform thereby to God a service most acceptable, and register their fame to all posterity.  
First, the Scholar in divine learning may worthily labour the conversion of infinite numbers of unbelieving people, who may be reduced to a quiet, sober, and civil life: the scholar in Philosophy, and other Learning, may do much good by training up of the youth in the knowledge of the literal arts, and by the practice of his skill in Physic and Chirurgery: the Statist may highly advance his Prince's service, and his Country's good, by giving aid unto this action, and his discreet and provident furtherance in managing the business thereof: The Soldier and traveler, by bearing arms in the execution of this noble enterprise, and by memorable discoveries of strange and unknown Countries and Nations, may open the way to increase and enlarge the Dominion of our Sovereign: the Merchant by assisting the plantation there, and by erecting convenient factories for that purpose, may highly increase the trade of merchandise, by returning thence the riches and commodities there found and gathered. The Countryman that professeth busbandry and tillage of the earth, may also be sufficiently employed for the increase of corn and cattles, and in planting, gathering, and getting as many rare and necessary fruits and provisions, as shall be needful for the life of man. And lastly, the mechanical tradesman, and such as exercise the handy crafts, (in which company I include all sorts of labourers) may by this action of Guiana, highly advance their trades and occupations, to their own unspeakable profit, and benefit of others, by their divers and sundry works for several uses, and for persons of all quality whatsoever; and may teach the people of that Country (being once converted to christianity, and brought to the knowledge of civil government) such several trades, as our experience shall find necessary for them, and convenient for us.  
Having here particularly showed wherein our Countrymen of divers professions may worthily follow their vocations, and employ their endeavours in this action: I leave the matter whereon they are to work, to be more fully expressed in the following discourse.  
And because they may the better be encouraged in this enterprise, by examples of the like nature: let us look into the discoveries and conquests, performed by the Spaniards, in the East and West Indies; but chiefly in the West: where with a small number, and as it were with a handful of men, Hernando Cortes a Spaniard, in the year of our Lord 1519. discovered and conquered that great, mighty, and rich Kingdom of New Spain, and the City of Mexico.  
And in the year of our Lord 1531. Don Francisco Pizarro attempted the conquest of the great Kingdom of Peru; he vanquished Atibalipa, the King of that Country, conquered and subdued many spacious and rich Provinces; and in the end after infinite perils and dangers by practice of the Indians and much variety of fortune, by civil wars with his own Nation, he achieved his enterprise. The particulars of these discoveries and conquests, are more at large recounted by Peter Martyr in his Decades, by Benzo, and divers other Authors, to which for brevities sake I refer you. The honour these Spaniards gained by these discoveries and conquests, was doubtless great: but the benefit that ensued to the Crown of Spain, and all the Spanish Nation thereby, was infinite beyond expectation, as amply may appear in the Authors late mentioned, and in the Natural and Moral history of the East and West Indies, written by josephus Acosta.  
Let us also note the wonderful works of God in those Countries, and his great mercy thereby showed to the Indians, who by their continual conversation with Christians, are reduced from their abominable life and cruel manners, to the knowledge of God and their former infidelity, and to the fruition of the holy Ghost in Baptism; for in all those great Provinces, conquered in New Spain, the people are generally converted to Christianity: for about the year of our Lord 1524. there went divers learned men into those parts, who by learning the Indians languages, and their painful diligence in teaching and instructing youth, did so effectually proceed in that laborious work, that within the limits of many hundred leagues, there are few or none unchristened. The beginning of that Work was very difficult, by reason of the unaptness of the Indians, so long imbrued in cruel sacrifices of human blood, and abominable Idolatry, and by the continual malice of the devil, rebelling against God, and striving to maintain his own kingdom: but in the end their constant and painful endeavours so far prevailed, that Christian religion increased amongst them, to the establishing of many Bishoprics in New Spain, besides divers Schools of learning. So likewise in Peru, and divers other Countries, conquered by the Spaniards, the conversions of the people have proceeded to no less admirable effects.  
As touching the state of common wealth, they have all sorts of Governors, and magistrates in great honour and reputation; houses of Nobility and Gentry flourish, and increase amongst them; Soldiers, and travelers are regarded highly, and worthily rewarded; Merchants, and tradesmen prosper, and gather wealth in extraordinary measure; what shall I say more, there be few or no professions or trades amongst us, in these parts of Christendom, but the same are used, followed, and practised in great perfection, both in New Spain, Peru, and other parts of the Indies, where the Spaniards have prevailed by their Conquests.  
By these memorable examples may our Nation (being in valour inferior to none other under Heaven) be moved and stirred up to the undertaking of this noble action of Guiana; which in respect of the climate, fertility of the soil, and tractable disposition of the people (whereof in the following discourse I have spoken more at large) doth assure us that (with God's favour and assistance) as great effects may be wrought in the conversion of these Nations, and as great benefit, and commodity may arise to the Realm and Crown of England, both in general, and particular, as ever was performed or obtained by the Spanish Nation, since the first beginning of their travels and discoveries.  
For if they in New Spain, and Peru, have Cuchenille, Anir, and Cotton wool; we in Guiana have also Cotton wool Tobacco, Suger-Canes, divers good commodities for Dyers, and likewise in all likelihood Cuchenille; and sundry sorts of excellent wood for joiners work, and other uses. If they have variety of Apothecary drugs, and Balsam for Physic, and Chirurgery; so also have we, and those that are of admirable virtue. If they have gold, silver, and other metals; Pearls, and precious stonnes; so doubtless we in time may have the like, having had good testimony thereof already; as plainly shall appear hereafter, when time better serveth.  
Moreover, in singular advantage we have before them to further, and advance our enterprise, by the peculiar love and affection of the people in those parts, towards our Nation before all others. For whereas the Spaniards were constrained by great labour, bloody battles, and much cruelty (for which they lost their hearts) to subdue the Indians; we chose are well entertained, and friendly received by them, being willing to hold commerce with us; whereby we have a more secure and ready mean, to establish a peaceable and assured Commonwealth amongst them, for the employment of all the several professions of men mentioned before.  
Finally, for your better inducement to the worthy undertaking of this high action; let us call to remembrance one excellent and material observation; that is the discovery of this Country of Guiana, was heretofore attempted by Sr. Walter Raleigh, who made an honourable entry thereinto by the river of Orenoque; what he then, and there discovered, and how great and assured his hopes were, of gaining to our Country inestimable riches, and subduing to the Crown of England a potent Empire, was effectually, and faithfully published to the world by his own pen; which excellent discourse I wish you to peruse, preceding from so wise and judicial an Author; who if some known fortunes had not crossed his first intendiments, for the prosecuting of that enterprise) had (in all likelihood) long before this time increased the honour of our Nation, by the reputation of the most famous and rich discovery and conquest that the world could afford.  
Let us herewithal observe, that before his time it was often attempted by the Spaniards, but to small effect; for either by misfortune of shipwreck, dissension amongst the most eminent persons in their Troops, mutiny of the soldiers, mistaking of the Commanders, or violent fury of the Indians (who bear an inveterate and mortal hatred against them) they have ever failed of their purpose: whereof the said discourse of Sr. Walter Raleigh maketh particular mention more at large.  
The continual loss, and great misfortunes that have followed the Spaniards from time to time, in all their attempts of this discovery and conquest, for the space almost of an hundred years; and the fortunate success that most happily favoured the other in his first attempt thereof, may be a great presumption, and may give us an assured hope, that the powerful hand of God doth work for us in this behalf; and hath reserved the execution of this action for honour of our Nation.  
Which forcible considerations, gave me great encouragement to repair the decay of so worthy an enterprise, not with intent to rob him of his honour, who first of all our Nation (nobly with great judgement and valour) gave the onset; but rather to do him more honour, by working upon his foundation, and prosecuting this project, according to his first designs, which doubtless aimed at the glory of God, his Sovereign's service, and his Country's good.  
Hereupon I made trial of my fortune in the attempt, and have found the success so prosperous and hopeful, (although it hath been chargeable unto me) and my acceptance so free and friendly amongst the Indians, that it hath given not only to myself, but also to the rest of my associates, (who with the love and good liking of the people, have lived and remained in Guiana for the space of three years) good assurance of repaying the charge passed with treble recompense; and a resolved courage to proceed in the enterprise, to the prosecution whereof, we have devoted both our substance and ourselves.  
And because the life of this Action consisteth in the timely progress thereof, and requireth the assistance of many Adventurers; I thought it very needful to lay before you these former examples, and material considerations: and therewithal do recommend unto your view this following Discourse (wherein I have compiled the hopeful fruits of my painful travels) thereby to move you to wipe away from your eyes, the cloudy incredulous blindness that possessed our forefathers in the days of Henry the seventh, when they rejected the offer made by Batholomew Columbus, in the behalf of his brother Christopher Columbus, and thereby lost the fruition of those inestimable riches in the West Indies, which now we see possessed by the Spanish Nation: And also do invite and summon my Countrymen in general, to rouse up their valour, to quicken and spur on their endeavours, to be coadi●utors with us in this action, both of honour and profit.  
And because it may be objected to the discouragement of such as may have otherwise a desire to inhabit Guiana, that the Spaniards inhabiting about Cumana, Margarita, and Trinidado, may disturbour Plantation, and endanger the lives of those that shall make the first settlement there; I thought good to resolve all such as have affection to make themselves Conquerors of that goodly Country, that from the King of Spain's Indies nothing can offend them; for Guiana being seated in the head of the Brise's, and to the wind-ward of all the Spanish Indies, the current also of the Sea setting to the West, maketh it impossible for any Shipping to turn it up from the forenamed places towards us. The Spaniard therefore can no way offend us but by a preparation out of Spain itself. And whensoever he shall find himself at so great leisure, as to send a Fleet out of Spain to seek us out upon the shallow coast of Guiana, either we shall frustrate that attempt by raising a Fort defensible for two or three months (for they must famish if they stay longer) or else by setting ourselves above two or three of the overfalls of the Rivers, where one hundred men will defend themselves against five thousand. But I am persuaded that the Spaniards will take great deliberation, and be well advised of all ensuing accidents, before they give any attempt upon us: for we do not find that they have yet attempted any thing upon Virginia, which lieth in their way homeward from the West Indies, albeit there have passed many years since the first Plantation there. And surely, if Virginia had not a sharp Winter, which Guiana hath not (which Country of Guiana is blest with a perpetual Summer, and a perpetual Spring) and that it had that store of victuals which Guiana hath, it would in a short time grow to be a most profitable place. But thus much I can avow truly, that from Guiana, without any great labour, there may be returned within the year, good store of Cotton Wool, very rich dies, divers sorts of Gums, many sorts of Feathers, all kinds of rich Woods, Balsamums, jasper, and porphery stone, Wax, Honey, and Tobacco, and so every year may we pay the Transportation, until we increase in people to make Sugars, and discover Mines.  
If the pains passed bestowed in my first attempt, may taste of your grateful acceptance, and that I may obtain your willing furtherance in the future, I shall then think my pains well employed, and delight myself in labouring for your profit; and we all shall gain honour and reputation, by undergoing the burden of so worthy a work; whereby our Nation shall be greatly enriched, the Dominion of our Sovereign much enlarged, and God's service in those Countries highly advanced.  
R. H.   

A RELATION OF A VOYAGE TO Guiana performed by Robert Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt in the County of OXFORD Esquire.  
IN the year of our Lord 1608. and the three and twentieth of March, 
23, of March 1608.  when I had furnished myself with one ship of fourscore Tons called the Rose; a Pinnace of six and thirty Tons called the Patience; and a Shallop of nine Tons called the Lily, which I built at Dartmouth; and had finished my other business there, and prepared all things in readiness to begin my voyage, the wind reasonably serving, I then embarked my company, as followeth.  
In the Rose, 
The Rose.  I was accompanied with captain Edward Fisher, captain Edward Harvey, master Edward Gifford, and my cozen Thomas Harcourt: And besides them, I had of Gentlemen and others one and thirty land men, two Indians, and three and twenty Mariners and Sailors.  
In the Patience, 
The Patience.  my brother captain Michael Harcort had with him of gentlemen and others twenty land-men, and eleven Mariners and Sailors.  
In the Lily, 
The Lilly.  jesper Lily the Master, had one landman, and two Sailors: so that my just number (too great for so few ships of no greater burden) was in all fourscore & 
Land men 60.  seventeen, whereof threescore were land-men.  
Being thus embarked, we set sail from the Range at Dartmouth the said three and twentieth of March; but the wind altering upon a sudden, 
They set sail the 23. of March.  put us back again that evening; and about two of the clock the next morning (it coming better for us) we weighed anchor, and put to Sea: the evening following we lost sight of the Lyzart, and steered away for the Canaries.  
Upon Saturday the first of April 1609. 
The first of April 1609.  towards the evening the wind increased and grew so violent, 
The Shallop in danger to be lost.  that my Shallop (which we towed in a Cablet by reason of the foul weather) was that night separated from us; for by the rage and fury of the wind and Sea, the Cablet broke in sunder, and the little Bark was in great danger to be cast away, but it pleased God to preserve her, for the next morning we descried her to Leeward of us, contrary to our expectation, having given her lost.  
Then holding on our course, the seventh day we fell with Alegranza and Lancerote, two Islands of the Canaries: we stood in with Alegranza and came to anchor on the south-west side thereof; 
They arrive at Alegranza.  that evening and the next day I landed my company to exercise their limbs on shore: in this Island we found no inhabitants, nor freshwater, neither fruitful tree, plant, herb, grass, nor any thing growing that was good, only an abundance of unwholesome Sea-foule, which after one meal were unsavoury & distasteful, & a few wild Captitoes, or wild Goats, which the craggy rocks defended from our hands, and hungry mouths.  
The eighth of April we departed from Alegranza, and directed our course for Tenerife, 
Tenerife.  another of the Islands. The eleventh day I sent the Pinnace, and the Shalloppe to water at the calms, and there to attend my coming; but with my Ship I held my course for Orotavo, a town on the other side of the Island, in hope to get some wine amongst the Merchants there; but not being able (by reason of a contrary wind) to double Punta de Nega, we altered our course from wine to water. And the twelfth day we Passed by Santa Cruz, and watered that evening at the Calms.  
This watering place is very convenient for all such as pass by those Islands, 
An excellent watering place.  and is thus to be found; there is a wooden cross near unto it, the high Pike of Tenerife beareth due North from it. There is also a ledge of rocks to the Eastward of the landing place, which is a short Sandy bay. When you are landed, you shall find▪ the place about forty or fifty yards from the Sea side.  
The next day we met again with the Pinnace and the Shalloppe, who missing of the right place, had not yet watered, wherefore we stood back again to guide them to it; but the wind preventing us, enforced them to seek for water elsewhere, which with some difficulty they obtained upon the fifteenth day in the morning.  
Then we stood on our course for the river of Wiapoco in Guiana, having aprosperous wind, fair weather, and a smooth Sea. The ninth day of May, we fell into the current of the great and famous river of Amazons, 
The river of Amazons.  which putteth out into the Sea such a violent and mighty stream of fresh water, 
Fresh water in the Sea 30 leagues from land.  that being thirty leagues from land, we drunk thereof, and found it as fresh and good as in a spring or pool.  
This river for the great and wonderful breadth, (containing at the mouth near Sixty leagues) is rightly termed by josephus Acosta the Empress and Queen of all floods: 
Iosepth Acosta.  and by Hieronimus Girava Tarraconensis: 
Hieron. Girava Tarraconensis.  it is said to be the greatest not only of all India, but also of the whole world; and for the greatues is called of many the sweet Sea: It riseth and floweth from the Mountains of Peru, and draweth out her streams in many windings & turnings under the Equinoctial, for the space of one thousand & five hundred leagues and more: although from her fountains and springs unto the Sea it is but six hundred. When we entered into the aforesaid current, we sounded, and had foverty fover fathom water, sandy sounding. The tenth day the colour of the water changed, & became muddy, whitish, and thick; then we sounded again at twelve of the clock at noon, and had thirteen fathom; and seventeen at four in the after noon. 
The 11 of May they made land in Guiana.  The eleventh day at eight of the clock in the morning we made land, the uttermost point thereof bearing West from us, and came to anchor in five fathom water.  
At night the Patience putting in to near the shore came to anchor in 2½ fathom water upon the flood, which fell from her upon the ebb, 
The Patience in danger of wrack.  and left her dry upon the Oaze, and the next flood coming in, did so shake and beat her against the ground, that before she could get off, her rudder was beaten away, and her ribs so rend and crazed, that if Almighty God had not preserved her, she had been wracked: but (God be thanked) with much ado she came off into deeper water, and mended her rudder, as well as the time and place would afford means. Then we followed on our course, coasting along to the North-north-west, the land so trending. It is very shoal all along this coast, the ground soft oaze, but no danger to be feared, keeping our ship in five fathom water.  
When we came to the latitude of two degrees and a half, 
Islands called Carripapoory.  we anchored in a goodly bay, by certain Islands, called Carripapoory I did at that time forbear to make particular discovery of this coast, intending (if God spare me life) to make a perfect discovery of the famous river of Amazons, and of her several branches, and countries bordering upon it, and of all this tract of land from the Amazons, unto the river of Wiapoco, which containeth many goodly Provinces, and Signiories, which are in this discourse, but briefly mentioned: For at this time I purpose only to prosecute my first project, which hastened me unto another place.  
From hence I stood along the coast, 
The Bay of Wiapoco.  and the seventeenth of May, I came to anchor in the Bay of Wiapoco: where the Indiands came off unto us in two or three * Canoes, 
Indian boats.  as well to learn of what Nation we were, as also to trade with us, who unerstanding that we were English men boldly came aboard us one of them could speak our language well, and was known to some of my company to be an Indian, that sometime had been in England, and served Sr. john Gilbert many years: they brought with them such dainties as their country yieldeth; as hens, fish, pinas, platanaes, potatoes, bread of Cassavi, and such like cates, which were heartily welcome to my hungry company: In recompense whereof, I gave them knives, beads, jews trumps, and such toys, which well contented them. But when I had awhile entertained them, and made known unto them the return of the Indian Martin their country man, whom I brought with me out of England, they seemed exceeding joyful, supposing that he had been dead, being above four years since he departed from them.  
The Indian before mentioned to have served Sr. john Gilbert (whose name was john) whilst he lived (for he is now dead, and died a Christian) was a great help unto us, because he spoke our language much better then either of those that I brought with me, and was ever firm & faithful to us, until his death. By him I understood that their town was situate upon the east side of the hill in the mouth of Wiapoco, & was called Caripo: that the Indian Martin was Lord thereof, and that in his absence his brother was chief. Moreover he certified me that the principal Indian of that river was called Carasana, (who by good fortune) was then at Caripo, 
A village called Caripo.  and so having spent sometime in other conference and friendly entertainment, they took their leave, and departed for that time. I sent one of my company with them to give notice to Carasana, & the rest of the Indians of Caripo, 
A messenger sent to the Indians.  that I had brought home their Countrymand Martin, whom they all thought to be dead, and another of their Nation also, who had kindred and friends amongst them: to desire him to come aboard my ship, and to bring with him the principal Indians of Caripo, that I might declare unto them the cause of my coming into their Country, and confer with them of other matters intended for their good. The next day I came into the river of Wiapoco, and Anchored over against the Sandy Bay.  
The day following the Indians came aboard as I had desired and brought us good store of their Country provision: 
The Indians came aboard.  Carasana, and one or two more of them were attired in old clothes, which they had gotten of certain Englishmen, who (by the direction of Sir Walter Raleigh) had traded there the year before; the rest were all naked both men and women; and this I observed amongst them, 
The chief men of the Nation of the Yaios cover their privities.  that although the better sort of men (especially the Yaios) do cover their privities, by wearing over them a little piece of Cotton cloth prettily woven after their manner; yet did I never see any of their women covered in any part, 
The women generally go all naked.  either above or beneath the waste, albeit they daily conversed amongst us, but were all (as the plain proverb is) even stark belly naked.  
At their coming aboard my ship; first Carasana as the principal amongst them, and after him the rest, saluted and welcomed us after their rude manner. I used them with all courtesy, and entertained them as well as the strait room would give me leave, giving them good store of Aquavitae, which they love exceedingly: I presented to their view their two countrymen, Martin the Lord of their town, and Anthony Canabre, who was a christian, and had lived in England fourteen years, both which I had brought home unto them: when they beheld them, and after salutations, and some conference knew to be the same persons, whom they supposed had been long since dead, they expressed much joy and contentment: and understanding (from their own mouths) how well I had used them, they seemed to be better pleased with our coming: and when their rude salutations to their new come countrymen were ended, I took them apart, and thus declared the cause of my coming.  
First, 
Their conference with the Indians.  I brought to their remembrance the exploits performed by Sr. Walter Raleigh in their country, in the reign of our late Sovereign Queen Elizabeth, when (to free them from servitude) he most worthily vanquished the Spaniards at Trinidado: burned their town: took their Governor Don Anthonio de Berreo prisoner; delivered five of the Indian Kings imprisoned, and bound by the neck with collars of Iron; and with great labour and peril discovered the river of Orenoque, and the countries adjoining, as far as the Province of Aromaya, the country of Topiawary, and the river of Caroly beyond it. And that their countrymen called the Orenoqueponi, 
The Orenoqueponi rendered themselves subjects to Queen Elizabeth.  (who are the borderers of the Orenoque) did then most willingly submit and render themselves under the subjection of the late Queen; all which they well remembered, and said, that Sr. Walter Raleigh promised to have returned again unto them long since.  
Then I excused his not returning according to his promise, by reason of other employments of great importance imposed upon him by the late Queen: showing them moreover, that when he could not (for that cause) return himself, he sent Captain Keymis to visit them, and to bring him true intelligence of their estate, (supposing that he had left no Spaniards behind him at Trinidado of power to molest them) to the end that relief & aid might be prepared for them, according to their necessities, and oppression of their enemies. Then I told them of the death of the late Queen, whereby that business of theirs was again hindered.  
Moreover I declared unto them, that our gracious Sovereign Lord King JAMES, who now reigneth over u3, (being the only right and lawful heir, and Successor, to the Crown and dignity of the Realm of England, after the death of the late Queen) was throughout the whole land proclaimed King of England; and so coming to reign over us, hath been ever since busied in ordering the State and affairs of the Kingdom, which being (by his great wisdom) settled in tranquillity and peace, like a good, gracious, and worthy King, doth now permit his subjects to travel abroad into foreign Countries, and Nations to aid and assist all such as are unjustly molested by their enemies. Whereupon I, and the rest of these worthy Gentlemen my associates and friends, 
Possession of the Country taken at Wiapoco, by Captain Lee to his Meiestics use.  having intelligence by some that had been followers of Captain Charles Lee, (who was a man well known amongst them, and heretofore had taken possession of their Country to his majesties use, and was planted divers years in Wiapoco, where he lieth buried) of the great variance and discord depending between them the allied nations, the Yaios, Arwaccas, Sappaios, & Parago●tos; and their enemies the Charibes; (all inhabiting between the rivers of Amazons, and Dessequebe) have made a long and dangerous voyage into those parts, to appease their dissensions, and defend them against the Charibes, or other enemies that shall molest or oppress them: and now being there arrived, do intent to make search in those Countries for convenient places, where such of our Nation as shall hereafter come to defend them, may be fitly seated to dwell amongst them; that if any of those Nations shall attempt at any time to disturb the quiet living of their neighbours, they may have store of English friends at hand and amongst them, that will not spare their pains to appease their discords, nor their lives to defend them from harm.  
When I had thus declared unto them the cause of my coming, they made this answer; that with our coming they were well pleased; but our number of men they thought too great, that they wanted means to provide us bread sufficient for them all, having but a small Town, few gardens, and slender provision for their own companies, because since Captain Lee his death, and his men's departure from them, they never made provision for any strangers.  
I replied, that albeit their town was small, and their gardens few, (for the grounds wherein they plant their Cassavi, whereof they make their bread, they call their gardens) yet their Country was full of inhabitants, and had store of gardens to supply our wants of bread, and was plentifully stored with other provisions sufficient for a greater number, which I desired might be weekly brought unto us, as need required, for that I meant not to take it without recompense, but would give them for it such commodities as should well please them, which they wanted: as axes, hatchets, knives, beads, looking-glasses, jews trumps, and such like things wherein they most delight.  
Then they desired to consult amongst themselves, 
The Indians go to council.  which I permitted, and expected their answer above two hours, which time they spent in debating the matter after their manner, & drinking Aquavitae, and in the end desired my presence, and made me this answer.  
That they were contented and well pleased we should live amongst them; 
Their answer.  that they would furnish us with houses to lodge in, and provide all necessaries for us in the best manner they could. But whereas I said our King would permit his people to live & abide amongst them, and defend them against their enemies; they answered, it was a thing they greatly desired, and had expected long, and now they made much doubt thereof, and said they were but words, having heretofore been 
* By Sr. Walt. Raleigh, and Capt. Lee.  promised the like, but nothing performed. To resolve that doubt, and make good my speeches, I told them that what I had spoken should certainly be performed, and to that end would leave my brother in their country, and some of my company with him, to dwell amongst them, until a greater supply might be sent from England for their better defence. Then they seemed to give credit to my words: And so after much talk, and many compliments to please the naked people, I gave to Carasana a sword, and to the rest some other things, which pleased them well: and then after their manner taking their leave, they departed. The next day the Indian Martin went ashore, 
The Indian Martin goeth ashore.  and seemed joyful that he had again recovered his own home.  
The day following I took land, with my companies in arms and colours displayed, and went up unto the town, 
The English take land.  where I found all the women and children standing at their doors to behold us. The principal Indians came out unto me, and invited me into the captains house, which until the return of Martin belonged unto his brother, 
The English feasted by the Indians.  as chief Lord in his absence: I went up with them, and was friendly feasted with many kinds of their Country cates; when I had well eaten and refreshed myself, 
The grateful offer of Martin.  Martin took me by the hand and said, that he had not any thing wherewith to require my kindness towards him, in such manner as he desired; neither had he such delicate fare, and good lodging for us, as in England heretofore we had been used unto: but humbly entreated me to accept of his house in good part for myself, and the Gentlemen of my company; and the rest should be lodged in other Indian houses adjoining: and that such provisions as the Country yielded, should be provided for us. His speech was approved by the rest of the Indians present, who took me by the hand one after another, and after their manner bade me welcome. I gave them many thanks, & some rewards for their kind entertainment; and then disposed my company in convenient lodgings: but yet I kept a continual guard, as in time of war.  
When I had thus settled my company at this village, 
The English settled at Caripo in Wiapoco.  I went out to view the situation of the place, 
The strength of the place.  and the advantages for defence thereof. It is a great rocky Mountain, not accessable by reason of fast woods, and steep rocks, but only in certain places, which are narrow foote-paths, very steep and easy to be defended: whereby we were lodged as in a Fort, and most conveniently in respect the harbour was so near, for our ships did ride at anchor underneath us, over against the foot of the hill.  
Being thus arrived upon the Coast, I found the time of the year so unseasonable for our purpose, that (by reason of continual rains) we were constrained to lie still and do nothing for the space of three weeks, or a month; in which idle time I conferred with the Indians, so metime with one, sometime with another; and by help of my Indian Anthony Canahre, and the Indian john above mentioned (whom I used for my interpreters) I gathered from them as well as I could, the State of their Country; the manner of their government and living; how they stood with their neighbours in terms of peace, and war; and of what power and strength they were. I inquired also of the seasons of the year in those parts: of their division, and account of times, and numbers; of the provisions of their Country for victuals, and other necessaries; and made a diligent inquiry of all the commodities their Country yieldeth, & what things were of most estimation amongst them; all which I have briefly declared unto your Highness in this following discourse.  
This goodly Country, and spacious Empire, is on the North part bounded with the Sea, 
The bounds and limits of Guiana.  and the great River of Orenoque, wherein Sr. Walter Raleigh performed his worthy and memorable discovery: on the East and South parts, with the famous River of Amazons; and on the West part with the Mountains of Peru.  
The westermost branch of the River of Amazons that falleth into the Sea; 
Arrapoco a branch of Amazons.  is called Arrapoco; upon which river are seated many goodly Signiories well deserving a particular discovery, which shall (by God's permission) be performed hereafter. To the North of Arrapoco is the river of Arrawary, 
Arrawary.  which is a goodly river, discovering a gallant Country. From Arrawary unto the river of Cassipurogh extendeth the Province of Arricary; containing the Signiories of Arrawary, Maicary, 
Maicary.  and Cooshebery; 
Anakyury chief of the Yaios.  of which Anakyury is principal, who by Nation is a Yaio, and fled from the borders of Orenoque for fear of the Spaniards, to whom he is a mortal enemy. He hath seated himself in the Province of Arricary, 
Morooga.  and now dwelleth at Morooga in the Signiory of Maicari. To the N. northwest of which, there falleth into the Sea a river called Conawini, 
Conowini.  whereupon the Signiory of Cooshebery bordereth; 
Cooshebery.  whereof an Indian named Leonard Ragapo is Chief, 
Leonard Rapago Lord of Cooshebery.  under the subjection of Anaki-u-ry. This Indian is christened, and hath been heretofore in England with Sr. Walter Raleigh, to whom he beareth great affection; he can a little understand and speak our language, and loveth our Nation with all his heart. During my abode at Wiapoco, having intelligence of him, and of his Country, and that certain stones were found therein, supposed to be Diamonds: I sent my Cousin Captain Fisher to discover the same, and to fetch some of those stones, to be resolved of the truth.  
At his coming thither, Leonard entertained him with all kindness, not after the ordinary rude manner of the Indians, but in more civil fashion, and with much respect and love, he furnished him with guides to conduct him through the Country to the place where the Stones were found, being fifty miles Southward up into the Land: beyond which place there is an high Mountain appearing in sight, called Cowob, and on the top thereof (as the Indians report) a great Lake or Poole, 
A Mountain called Cowob.  full of excellent fish of divers kinds. The Country was as pleasant and delightful, as ever any man beheld; but the Stones not Diamonds: yet they were topazes, which being well cut, and set in Gold by a cunning workman, 
topazes in Cooshebery.  do make as fair a show, and give as good a lustre as any Diamond whatsoever: which yield good hopes of better to be found hereafter: For where the Topas is found on the Mountains of Tenaseren, in the East Indies, the greatest store of Diamonds are also found.  
When my kinsman returned, Captain Leonard came with him to Wiapoco, (being above an hundred miles from his own Country) only to visit me and my company; for the great love he did bear to Sr. Walter Raleigh, and our Nation. I much marveled to see him, for assuredly he is the bravest Indian of all those parts.  
After he had been with me a day or two, he earnestly requested me to send some of my company into his Country, which he greatly commended for the wholesome air, and plenty of victuals, alleging that the place where then we lived (by his own experience) was very unhealthful; that our men would there be subject to sickness, and die: and for an instance he named Captain Lee, and his company, who formerly were planted there, and almost all died by sickness in the same place: But he assured me that his own Country Cooshebery was of a good air, pleasant, and healthful; that there they might have room sufficient to build English houses in, (for those were the words he used) that thither they should be welcome and should want nothing. Much he persuaded to draw me to his desire, which by his importunity I granted, and accordingly performed it; finding his Country answerable to his report; being for the most part champain ground, 
The quality of the Province of Cooshebery.  naturally intermixed of plain fields, fruitful meadows, and goodlywoods', in such admirable order, as if they had been planted artificially by handy labour. The fields appearing above the meadows in pleasant and delightful manner, presenting here and there unto the eye, from stately Mounts, most beautiful and lively prospects: the meadows bordering on every side between the fields and woods, the woods growing in the lowest valleys betwixt the meadows, and commonly are watered with sweet and pleasant fresh streams running through them: which strange & rare mixture of Mounts, valleys, meadows, fields, and woods, afford as excellent and healthful habitations as can be wished or desired, but is not greatly peopled.  
From the river of Cassipurogh N. Westward to the river of Arracow, and up further into the land towards the West, and south-west, as far as the river of Arwy, (which falleth into Wiapoco above the overfalls) extend the Provinces of Arracoory, 
Arracoory & Morrownia  and Morownia, which also to the landward (by the relation of my Brother Captain Michael Harcourt, and Captain Harvey, who have traveled and discovered those parts) are pleasant and delightful plain Countries, like unto Cooshebery. The Arracoory Country is well peopled, and their chief Captain is called Ipero. Betwixt the Wiapocoories and Arracoories there is no hearty love and friendship, yet in outward show they hold good quarter. In Morrownia, there is also store of people, which are friendly Indians. In that Province there is a very high Hill called Callipuny, 
An exceeding high Hill called Callipuny.  fashioned like a Sugarloaf, or a Pyramids, which overvieweth and discovereth all the Territories adjoining above an hundred miles.  
Beyond the Country of Morrownia to the Southward bordering the river of Arwy, is the Province of Norrak; 
Norrak.  the people thereof are Charibes, and enemies both to the Morrowinnes the inhabitants of Morrownia, and to the Wiapocoories; who are also under the subjection of Anakyury, 
Anaki-u-ry.  the Principal and greatest Lord, or Cassique of all the Yaios in those Provinces, bordering upon the Sea betwixt the Amazons, South-eastward, and Dessequcbe Northwestward.  
From the river of Amazons to the Bay of Wiapoco; there fall into the Sea these rivers following: 
rivers falling into the Sea between Amazons and Wiapoco.  Arrapoco (a branch of Amazons) Arrawary, Micary, Conawini, and Cassipurogh: In the Bay of Wiapoco to the East of the said river, there falleth into the Sea the river of Arracow; and into Arracow falleth the river of Watts. To the North of Wiapoco there is a small creak called Wianary, 
Wianary a creak.  which letteth in the Sea a days journey Westward up into the land: some take this creak to be a river, but they do err in that opinion, it having neither spring nor fountain from whence it falleth. To the North, and N. west of the said creak, there is a ridge of high Mountains running towards the river of Apurwaca, the soil whereof is excellent & fertile for Tobacco, and beareth the best of all those parts; so are the Sugarcanes there growing the best and fairest that are found upon the Coast: and all the tract of Land betwixt the rivers of Wiapoco, and Apurwaca, is accounted the Province of Wiapocoory, 
The Province of Wiapocoory.  containing the Signiories of Wiapoco, and Wianary. Beneath the overfalls in Wiapoco, (which are forty miles distant from the Sea) there is much people, both of Yaios, and Arwaccas: 
Carasana.  of the Yaios in this river Carasana is chief. Of the Arwaccas, 
Arriquona.  Arriquona is Principal. In Wianary there are few Indians, 
Casurino.  and Casurino is their chieftain.  
To the N. west of the Bay of Wiapoco, there fall into the Sea the rivers of Apurwaca, Cowo, Wio, and Caiane. 
rivers falling into the Sea, to the N. West of Wiapoco.  Apurwaca is a goodly river, and well inhabited; Cowo is void of inhabitants; Wio is a fair river and leadeth many days journey into the high land, and discovereth a fertile and hopeful Country. At Caiane there is an excellent harbour for shipping of any burden, which heretofore by Captain Laurence Keymis was called Port Howard: On the Starboard side as you enter this harbour there is an Island of low land called Muccumbro, 
Muccumbro an Island.  situate betwixt the rivers of Caiane and Meccoria, containing in circuit about sixteen leagues. In this Island there are two Hills, the one called Muccumbro, whereof the Island taketh the name; the other called Cillicedemo: from these Hills the greatest part of the Island may be overviewed, which containeth many goodly pastures, and meadows intermixed with some woods, and is full of Deer, both red and fallow.  
On the Larboard side, as you enter Caiane there is another Island of high Land, called Mattoory in quantity much like unto the first; 
Mattoory an Island.  this Island for the commodious situation, is of great effect for the defence of the harbour, affording naturally two such notable convenient places for the planting of Ordinance for that purpose, as no industry of art could devise better, or more available.  
The inhabitants of this Province of Caiane, are Charibes, 
Arrawicary chief Captain of the Caiane.  their principal commander is called Arrawicary, who dwelleth at Cillicedemo before mentioned: we have found him trusty and faithful to our Nation; but to our friend Leoanard of Cooshebery, 
Four or five men placed at Caiane.  he is a mortal enemy. At this man's house I left four or five of my company, thereby to hold amity and friendship with the Charibes, to learn their language, and to keep peace between them and the Yaios, Arwaccas, and other nations their allies.  
To the Southwestward of these Provinces above mentioned towards the high land, there be many others which hereafter shall be more exactly described by a second discovery.  
These Provinces and Signiories to the Landward are not plentifully inhabited; the greatest numbers of people, are seated near unto the rivers, and travel from place to place in Canoes. 
The manner of their government.  There is no settled government amongst them, only they acknowledge a superiority, which they will obey as far as they please. In every Province or Signiory there is a Chief Cassique, or Captain, commanding all: So likewise in every Town and Village, 
Murder and Adultery punished by death.  they commonly chastise murder and adultery by death, which only are the offences punished amongst them, and certain persons are appointed by them to execute those punishments. The Indians take wives over whom they are extremely jealous, 
The Indians by nature jealous over their wives.  and expect great continency in them; for if they take them in adultery, they presently cause their brains to be beaten out. The better sort of persons have every one of them two or three wives, 
The Indians have many wives.  or more, the rest but one; accounting him that hath most wives, the greatest man. Their wives (especially the elder sort) are as servants unto them, for they make their bread and drink, dress their meat, serve them at meals, and do all the other business about the house.  
These Provinces are peopled with divers Nations of several languages, 
divers languages in Guiana.  namely, Yaios, Arwaccas, Sappaios, Paragotos, and Charibes. 
The Charibes most ancient upon the sea coast.  The Charibes are the ancient inhabitants, and the other Nations are such as have been chased away from Trinidado, and the borders of Orenoque. And forasmuch as they have united themselves in those parts, the Charibes have held them in continual wars, but the Yaios and the other Nations their Allies, are grown so strong, that they have constrained the Charibes of the Sea cost to contract a peace with them, yet bear no hearty love the one Nation to the other: But with the Charibes inhabiting the inland parts upon the Mountains, they have as yet no peace at all; for they do often times come down upon them in great numbers, 
The Indians make war for their women.  spoil and burn their houses, kill their men, and carry away their women, which is the greatest cause of war and hatred amongst them: whereof our men have seen experience in Cooshebery; where happened an accident worth the observing, which I will here declare unto your Highness. The Indian Leonard Ragapo, before mentioned, is a Yaio, who finding the Country of Cooshebery slenderly inhabited, hath seized upon it for his own Siguiorie; and at his earnest request, I sent four Gentlemen of my company to remain there with him. The natural inhabitants that dwell upon the uttermost bounds thereof, towards the South, and West, are Charibes, and enemies to him, and to his Nation: for while our men (unknown to the Charibes) stayed at Cooshebery, 
The Charibes war upon Leonard.  they assembled themselves together to the number of 200. or more, and came down into his Signiory, burned and spoiled houses, roasted one woman, took many prisoners, & intended to assault him also: which to prevent he armed about 50. of his Indians, 
The usual weapons of the Indians.  with their usual weapons; which are Bows and Arrows, long staves sharpened at the point, and with fire hardened: wooden Swords and Targets very artificially made of wood, 
Leonard desireth and of the English.  and painted with Beasts, and Birds; He requested also our men to aid and assist him with their muskets, which I commanded them to do, upon all such occasions offered: And so being all in readiness, Leonard (as their captain) led them on to intercept his enemies; and as I have heard by Mr. Henry Baldwin, (who then was present, and (to observe the manner of their wars) gave him leave to command all) he bravely performed that exploit, in good order after their manner, and with great judgement and resolution. For in the Front, he first placed our four Englishmen, 
The manner of ordering their men in the wars.  by two in a rank; next to them, two Indians armed with wooden Swords and Targets; then two archers; and after them two men with sharpened staves, instead of pikes: and in like manner ordered, and ranked all his Company. Being thus prepared, he marched against the Charibs, who (near at hand) were coming in the same order towards him; but when they approached, & (unexpected) perceived our English men amongst the Yaios, they were much amazed, and made a sudden stand: 
The Charibes amazed at the sight of the English.  which Leonard perceiving, guessed rightly at the cause, and instantly did make good use of that advantage. He commanded his own company to keep their Station, himself with a sword in his hand (which I had given him) and a Target of his own fashion, went boldly towards them to parley with their Captains. And having called them out, 
Leonard speaketh to the Charibes.  he reproved them for coming (as enemies) into his Signiory, for burning and spoiling his houses, and his people; he demanded satisfaction for the hurt done, and restitution of the prisoners taken; and warned them forthwith to depart out of his Signiory, and desist from war: which if they refused to fulfil, he was there ready with his friends the Englishmen to fight with them, and revenge his wrongs: and said further, that if in the conflict any of the English men were slain, or hurt; he would then fetch all the rest from Wiapoco, and return to burn their houses, and cut them all in pieces. Thus he boldly spoke, with such a courage, showing also our men unto them, 
The Charibes agree to peace for fear of the English.  (who had their match in cock ready to discharge) that he struck such a fear into them all, by reason of our men's presence, that they presently agreed to peace, performed what conditions he required, and then departed home with all their company. Here may your highness note, the factions among the Indian Nations; the discipline and order they hold in war, the fear the Charibes conceived at the sight of our Englishmen, and the policy of the Indian Leonard to take advantage by their fear, and make our men his Guard, and chief protection against them. These things in time will much avail us, being well observed, and rightly applied according to occasion. But to our former discourse.  
The power and strength of these Countries (being so thinly peopled,) is not very great to withstand the might of foreign enemies; the usual weapons of the Indians, are before described, saving that their arrows are oft-times poisoned. But since our trade and commerce with them, they have gotten a few good swords, muskets, calivers, and some small quantity of shot and powder; and have learned to handle their pieces very orderly, and some of them are good shot.  
The seasons of the year upon this coast, 
The season of the year in Guiana.  and in this climate are divers, for in the East parts of Guiana towards the Amazons, the dry weather, which we call their Summer, 
the summer beginneth in August.  beginneth in August; and the violent rains and tempestuous winds, which we count their winter, do begin in February: But in the Western parts, 
The winter beginneth in February.  towards Orenoque, the dry season beginneth in October, and the rains and winds in April. There is little difference of heat and cold in this diversity of seasons being so near the Equinoctial, where the day and night are always equal, the sun ever rising and setting at six of the clock or near thereabout: which climate by the ancient Philosophers (in respect of the nearness of the Sun, which causeth excessive drought and heat) was accounted the unhabitable and burning Zone: 
The burning Zone.  but our daily experience doth assure us of their certain mistaking in that point: for in those parts we find, that when the Sun declineth furthest from them towards the Tropic of Capricorn, the air is then clearest, and the season of the year most dry; as in the Eastern parts of Guiana in August, September, October, November and December: and when the Sun returneth towards the Tropic of Cancer, then do the rains begin, increase, and decrease, from February to july: but sometimes they begin to fall, and the rivers to rise, swell, and overflow sooner or later by a month; and the year is sometimes more or less windy and wet, according to the disposition of the heavens, and of the Planets: and as the Sun approacheth, or declineth little, or much, even so the earth wanteth or aboundeth with water and moisture.  
The reasons of these strange diversities from other regions without the tropics, are very excellently declared by joseph Acosta in the second book of his natural & moral history of the Indies, 
joseph Acosta.  to which Author I refer you for your better satisfaction therein: but withal I must advertise you, that when you read his first and second books, you have regard to the place where they were written, which was in Peru, reputed by us to be beyond the Equinoctial, towards the South, or Pole Antarctic, lest you err by mistaking his meaning: for in those two books, when he mentioneth any place beyond the Equinoctial, he meaneth towards the North, or Pole Arctic. And also you must note that this general rule for the heavens temprature, is only limited to the Region of the burning Zone, within the tropics.  
They have no division or account of times or numbers; 
Their account of times and numbers.  they only reckon by the Moons, as one, two, three, four, or five Moons: or by days in like manner. Their numbers they reckon thus, one, two, three, and so to ten: then they say ten and one, ten and two, ten and three, etc. And to show their meaning more certainly, they will hold up one, two, three, or more of their fingers, expressing the numbers, still making signs as they speak, the better to declare their meaning: when they will reckon twenty, they will hold down both their hands to their feet, showing all their fingers and toes, and as the number is greater, so will they double the sign. When they appoint or promise any thing to be done by a time limited, they will deliver a little bundle of sticks equal to the number of days, or Moons, that they appoint, and will themselves keep another bundle of the like number: and to observe their appointed time, they will every day, or Moon take away a stick, and when they have taken away all, than they know that the time of their appointment is come, and will accordingly perform their promise.  
As touching Religion, they have none amongst them, 
They use no sacrifice, nor religious worship to anything.  that I could perceive, more than a certain observance of the Sun and Moon, supposing them to be alive, but use no religious worship towards them, nor offer sacrifice to any thing: unless they use a superstition in their drinking feasts, by sacrificing jars of drink: for at the death of any of their Cassiques, Captains, 
The manner of their drinking feast at the death of their Captains.  or great friends whom they esteem, they will make a solemn feast, (their chiefest provision being of their best and strongest drink, which they call Parranow) which feast shall continue three or four days, or as long as their liquor lasteth, spending their time in dancing, singing, and drinking excessively: in which vice they exceed all other nations whatsoever, accounting him that will be drunk first, the bravest fellow; during this solemnity of their drinking, some woman being nearest of kin unto the party dead, doth stand by and cry extremely; thus their manner is until their drink be spent, and then the feast is ended. Whether they use any superstition in this custom I know not; time will reveal, and also reform it. 
Their Peeaios or Priests have conference with the devil.  It is most certain that their Peeaios, (as they call them) Priests, or Soothsayers, at some special times have conference with the devil, (the common deceiver of mankind) whom they call Wattipa, and are by him deluded; yet notwithstanding their often conference with him, they fear, and hate him much, and say that he is nought: and not without great reason, for he will often times (to their great terror) beat them black and blue. 
Their opinion of the dead.  They believe that the good Indians when they die, go up, and will point towards the heavens, which they call Caupo; and that the bad Indians go down, pointing to the earth, 
At the death of a Cassique, they kill an Indian to serve him in the other world.  which they call Soy. when any Cassique, Captain, or chief man dieth amongst them, if he have a slave or prisoner taken from their enemies, they will kill him; and if he have none such, then will they kill one of his other servants, that he may have one to attend him in the other world. 
The quality of the Land.   
The quality of the land in those Countries, is of divers kinds, by the Sea side the land is low, where the heat would be most vehement, if it were not qualified and tempered by a fresh Easterly wind or Breeze, most forcibly blowing in the heat of the day: in many places this low land is very unhealthful, and little inhabited, by reason of the overflowing of the waters: but for the most part it hath goodly navigable rivers, a fertile soil, much people, and is a healthful habitation. Upon the Mountains there is a high land, where the air is coldest, in some places it is fruitful, in others not: but generally is full of Minerals, and mines of metals, and yieldeth as many as any part either of the East, or West Indies, both of the best, and of the basest whereof we shall (by God's permission) give good testimony, to the benefit of our Country, and honour of our Nation in time convenient: and in most places upon the Mountains there is sound and healthful dwelling. There is also a middle sort of land, which is of a mean height, and is most temperate, healthful, fertile, and most inhabited of all other; it aboundeth in meadows, pastures, and pleasant streams of fresh water, in goodly woods, and most delightful plains, for profit, pleasure, sport, and recreation: and also is not void of Minerals.  
The provisions of this country for victuals, 
The provisions for victuals.  are many; First of the root of a tree called Cassavi, they make their bread, 
The root of Cassavi maketh their bread and drink.  in manner following; they grate the root upon a stone, and press out the juice thereof, which being raw is poison, but boiled with Guinea pepper, whereof they have abundance, it maketh an excellent and wholesome sauce, than they dry the grated root, and bake it upon a stone, as we bake our Oaten cakes in England. This bread is very excellent, much like, but far better than our great Oaten cakes, a finger thick, which are used in the Moorlands, and the ●eake in Staffordshire and Darbyshire.  
There is a kind of great wheat called Maix, 
Maix, or Guinea wheat.  of some it is called Guinea wheat, which grain is a singular provision in those Countries, and yieldeth admirable increase, even a thousand or fifteen hundred for one, and many times much more: It maketh excellent meal, or flower for bread; and very good malt for beer or ale, and serveth well for sundry other necessary uses for the relief of man. 
Their divers kinds of drink.  Of the aforesaid Cassavi bread, and this wheat the Indians make drink, which they call Passiaw: it will not keep long, but must be spent within four or five days: they make another kind of drink of Cassavi, 
An excellent drink made of Cassavi.  called Parranow, very good and strong, much like unto our best March beer in England, and that kind of drink will keep ten days; many sorts they have which I have tasted, some strong, some small, some thick, some thin, but all good, being well made, as commonly they were amongst the Yaios, and Arwaccas, which are the cleanliest people of all those Nations.  
There is great store of honey in the Country, 
Store of honey  and although it be wild (being taken out of trees, and buries in the earth) yet is it as good as any in the world; of which may be made an excellent drink much used in Wales, called meath. The honey and the wax, are also good commodities for merchandise.  
There be no Vines in that country, 
The soil excellent for Vines.  but the Soil being rich and ferlile, and the climate hot, if they were planted there, they would prosper exccedingly, and yield good Sacks, and Canary wines, which in those parts we find to be very wholesome.  
Many other necessary provisions sufficient for the sustenance of man, 
Sundry kinds of beasts in Guiana.  do there abound in plenty: Namely, Dear of all sorts, wild Swine in great numbers, whereof there are two kinds, the one small, by the Indians called Pockiero, 
Swine which have the navile in the back.  which hath the navile in the back; the other is called Paingo, and is as fair and large as any we have in England. There be store of Hares, and Coneys, but of a kind far differing from ours: There be Tigers, Leopards, Ounces, Armadils, Maipuries which are in taste like beef, and will take salt: Baremoes' or Ant-Beares, which taste like Mutton, and other small beasts of the same taste, coloured like a fawn, Elks, Monkeys, and Marmosites of divers sorts, both great and small: of these beasts there be innumerable, and by experience we have found them all good meat. Many other kinds of beasts there are of sundry and strange shapes, which hereafter shall be figured in their true proportion according to the life with their names annexed.  
Of Fowls there be divers kinds; 
Great variety of Fowls  namely, Wild-ducks, Widgins, teats, Wild-geese, Herons of divers colours, Cranes, Storks, Pheasants, Partridges, Doves, Stock-doves, Blackbirds, Curlewes, God-wits, Woodcocks, Snits, Parrots of sundry sorts, many other kinds of great and small birds of rare colours; besides great ravenous fowls; and Hawks of every kind.  
Of Fish the variety is great, 
divers kinds of fish.  first of Sea-fish, there is Seabreame, Mullet, Soale, Scate, Thorneback, the Swordfish, Sturgeon, Seal, a fish like unto a Salmon, but as the Salmon is red, this is yellow; Shrimps, Lobster's, 
Oysters hang upon trees.  and Oysters which hang upon the branches of trees: There is a rare fish called Cassoorwa, which hath in each eye two sights, 
A fish having 4. eyes, and the ribs, and back like a man.  and as it swimmeth it beareth the lower sights within the water, and the other above: the ribs and back of this fish resemble those parts of a man, having the ribs round and the back flat, with a dent therein, as a man hath; it is somewhat bigger than a Smelled, but far exceeding it for dainty meat; and many other sorts there be most excellent. Of freshwater fish many kinds unknown in these parts, but all exceeding good and dainty: And I dare be bold to say, that this Country may compare with any other of the world, for the great variety of excellent fish both of the Sea, and fresh waters. There is also a Sea-fish which usually cometh into the fresh waters, especially in the winter and wet season; it is of great esteem amongst us, and we account it half flesh, for the blood of it is warm; it cometh up into the shallow waters in the drowned lands, and feedeth upon grass and weeds: 
The Sea-cow like beef.  the Indians name it Coiumero, and the Spaniards Manati, but we call it the Sea-cow; in taste it is like beef, will take salt, and serve to victual ships, as in our knowledge hath been proved by our Countrymen: Of this fish may be made an excellent oil for many purposes; the fat of it is good to fry either fish or flesh; the hide (as I have heard) will make good buff: and being dried in the Sun, and kept from wet, will serve for Targets and Armours against the Indian arrows: In the wet season the store of them are infinite; some of these hides were heretofore brought into England, by Sr. Walter Raleigh.  
The several kinds of fruits are many, 
Sundry kinds of fruits.  the Pina, Platana, Potato, Medler, Plums of divers sorts, 〈◊〉 Nuts of strange kinds. The excellency of the Pina I cannot express, 
Pina.  for I dare boldly affirm that the world affordeth not a more delicate fruit: In taste it is like Strawberries, Claret wine and Sugar. The Platana is also a very good fruit, 
Platana.  and tasteth like an old Pippin. 
Potato.  The Potato is well known. The Medler exceedeth in greatness. 
Medler.  The Plums I cannot commend, 
Plums.  for to eat much of them doth cause Fluxes, which in those Countries are dangerous. The Nuts are good being moderately eaten. Having thus (most excellent Prince) declared the several sorts of provisions for victuals and necessary foods, 
Nuts.  it remaineth that I now make mention of the variety of commodities found in the Country for the trade of Merchandise, which in few years, by our pains and industry, may be brought to perfection, and so settled in those parts, that not only the undertakers may receive reward for their endeavours, but our country also may grow rich, by trading for the fruits of our labours.  
The first and principal commodity of estimation, are the Suger-canes, 
The variety of Commodities.  whereof in those parts there is great plenty; 
Sugar canes.  the soil is as fertile for them as in any other part of the world: They do there grow to great bigness in a short time; by orderly and fit planting of them, and by erecting convenient works for the boiling and making of Sugars, (which at the first will require some charge & expense) may be yearly returned great benefit and wealth: the long experience of the Portugals, and Spaniards, in Brasill, and the Island of the Canaries; and of the Moors in Barbary, may give us certain assurance, and full satisfaction thereof.  
The Cotton wool is a general commodity, beneficial to our Merchants, 
Cotton will.  and profitable to our Country, by making of sustians, and serving for bombast, and other uses: for making of Hamaccas, which are the Indian beds most necessary in those parts, and also of a fine cotton cloth for clothing of the people. There is a natural Hemp or Flax of great use, 
Natural hemp or flax.  almost as fine as silk as it may be used; we have now found out the best use of it; and for making of linen cloth it is most excellent.  
There be many rare and singular commodities for Dyer's, 
divers commodities for Dyer's.  of which sort there is a red Berry called Annoto, which being rightly prepared by the Indians, dieth a perfect and sure Orange tawny in silk; 
Annoto.  it hath been sold in Holland for twelve shillings starling the pound, and is yet of a good price. There is another berry that dieth blue. There is also a gum of a tree, 
A gum which dieth a yellow in grain.  whereof I have seen experience, that in cloth dieth a sure and perfect yellow in grain. There be leaves of certain trees, which being rightly prepared, do die a deep red. There is also a wood which dieth apurple, and is of a good price; and another that dieth yellow. There is yet another wood which dieth a purple when the liquor is hot, and a crimson when the liquor is cold. Many other notable things there are (no doubt) not yet known unto us, which by our diligent labour and observation in time will be discovered and found.  
The sweet gums of inestimable value & strange operation in Physic & Chirurgery, 
Sweet Gums.  are innumerable; there is yellow Amber, Gumma, Lemnia, Colliman, or Carriman, Barratta, and many more which I omit. The Colliman hath been proved by Mr. Walter Cary of Wickham in Buckingham-shire, (a Gentleman of great judgement and practice in Physic) to be of special regard for many purposes: 
The virtues of Colliman or Carriman.  this gum is black and brittle, much like in show to common pitch; if you put a little of it upon burning coals, it filleth all the room with a most sweet and pleasant savour. He further reporteth of it, that certainly if you hold your head over the fume thereof three, or four times a day, it cureth the giddiness of the head, and is also a most excellent comfort and remedy for a cold, moist, and rheumatic brain: it is also good against the resolution (or as the common sort call it) the dead Palsy, whereof the giddiness of the head is often a messenger, and the fore-teller of that most pernicious grief. It is also of great use for the pain that many woomen have in the lower part of their backs: which is very common to such as have had children: for remedy whereof, it is to be melted in a pewter vessel with a gentle fire, then with a knife it must be spread lightly upon a piece of leather, and laid warm to the place grieved, until it come of itself. This Plaster is also very good for aches, and doth greatly comfort and strengthen the sinews. Thus much hath Mr. Cary written and reported of it, and hath proved by his own experience. 
The Colliman helpeth the gout.  This Gum is also approved to be an excellent remedy against the Gout; and of singular virtue in the cure of wounds.  
The Barratta is a most sovereign Balsamum far excelling all others yet known: 
Barratta a rare Balsamum.  which by the same Gentleman's experience is of admirable operation in the cure of green wounds: and being burned upon coals, is of a sweet and odoriferous savour.  
There be many other sweet Gums of great use for Perfumes; 
A perfume like sweet Margerome.  whereof one doth make a very rare perfume, much like unto the scent of sweet Margerome, very pleasant and delectable.  
For physic there be also many excellent Drugs; 
Drugs and simples for physic.  namely, spikenard, Cassia, Fistula, Seine; and the earth yieldeth bolearmoniac, and Terra-Lemnia, all which are known unto us. There be other Drugs and simples also of strange and rare virtue, in these parts unknown; of which sort there is a little green Apple, 
An apple which provoketh sleep to death.  by the Indians called in their language the sleeping Apple; which in operation is so violent, that one little bit thereof doth cause a man to sleep to death: the least drop of the juice of it, will purge in vehement and excessive manner, as dangerously was proved by my cozen Vnton Fisher, who first found it: for biting a little of it for a taste, and finding it to burn his mouth in some extremity, did suddenly spit it out again, but some small quantity of the juice (against his will) went down into his stomach, which for two or three days space did provoke in him an extraordinary sleepiness, and purged him with 60. seats. This Apple, for the purging virtue in so small a quantity, is like to be of good price, and great estimation in the Practice of Physic; for the learned Physicians do well know how to correct the sleeping quality thereof wherein the danger resteth. There is a Berry in those parts very excellent against the bloody-flux, 
A berry curing the bloody Flux.  by the Indians it is called Kellette. The juice of the leaf called uppee, 
A leaf curing the wounds of the poisoned arrows.  cureth the wounds of the poisoned arrows. The juice of the leaf called Icari, is good against the headache. Many other Drugs and simples are there found of singular properties both in Physic and Chirurgery, 
A leaf curing the headache.  which if they should be severally described according to their value and worthiness, would contain a large volume.  
Moreover the Tree wherewith they take their fish, 
A wood that maketh fish drunk.  is not a little to be esteemed, but chiefly the great goodness of God therein is highly to be praised and admired, who amongst so many admirable things by him created, and planted in those parts, hath vouchsafed to bestow upon those barbarous people so great a benefit, and natural help, for the present getting of their food and sustenance. These Trees are commonly growing near unto the places of their habitation for their present use: for when, at any time, they go to fish, they take three or four little sticks of this tree, and bruise them upon a stone, and then go into certain small creeks by the Sea shore, which at a high water are usually full of very good fish of divers kinds, which come in with the tide; and there they wade up and down the water, and between their hands rub those small bruised sticks therein, which are of such virtue, that they will cause the fish to turn up their bellies, and lie still above the water for a certain time: In which space they presently take as many as they please, and lad them into their Canoes, and so with little labour return home sufficiently provided.  
There is also a red speckled wood in that Country, called Pira timinere, which is worth 30 or 40. pounds a tun: It is excellent for joiners work; as Chairs, Stools, Bedsteads, Presses, Cupboards, and for Wainscot. There are divers kinds of Stone of great use, and good price, as jasper, Purphery, and the Spleene-stone.  
There is yet another profitable commodity to be reaped in Guiana, 
Tobacco.  and that is by Tobacco, which albeit some dislike, yet the generality of men in this kingdom doth with great affection entertain it. It is not only in request in this our Country of England but also in Ireland, the netherlands, in all the Easterly Countries, and Germany; and most of all amongst the Turks, and in Barbary. The price it holdeth is great, the benefit our Merchants gain thereby is infinite, and the Kings rend for the custom thereof is not a little. The Tobacco that was brought into this kingdom in the year of our Lord 1610. was at the least worth 60. thousand pounds: And since that time the store that yearly hath come in, was little less. It is planted, gathered, seasoned, and made up fit for the Merchant in short time, and with easy labour. But when we first arrived in those parts, we altogether wanted the true skill and knowledge how to order it, which now of late we happily have learned of the Spaniards themselves, whereby I dare presume to say, and hope to prove, within few months, (as others also of sound judgement, and great experience do hold opinion) that only this commodity Tobacco, (so much sought after, and desired) will bring as great a benefit and profit to the undertakers, as ever the Spaniards gained by the best and richest Silver mine in all their Indies, considering the charge of both.  
The things which the Indians desire from us by way of trade in exchange for the above named commodities, 
The commodities most esteemed by the Indians.  (whereby we hold society and commerce with them) are Axes, Hatchets, Bil-hookes knives, all kind of Edge tools, Nails, great Fishhooks, Harping-irons, jews-trumps, looking-glasses, blue, and white Beads, Crystal Beads, Hats, pings, Needles, Salt, Shirts, Bands, linen and woollen clothes, Swords, Muskets, calivers, Powder, and Shot: but of these last mentioned, we are very sparing, and part not with many, unless upon great occasion, by way of gift to special persons.  
For these toys, and such like trifling things the Indians will sell unto you any of the above mentioned commodities that can be gotten or prepared by them; or any thing they have, or that their Country yieldeth; and will perform any reasonable labour for them. Thus have I delivered unto your Highness, the particulars of the several commodities, which hitherto we have discovered, and found likely to be profitable in Guiana; (whereof examples are remaining to be seen in the hands of Mr. Henry Houenaer a Dutchman, who in the year of our Lord 1610. performed a voyage to Guiana, to the places where our Company was seated, and now abideth in Thames-street, near unto Cole-harbour: and I make no doubt, that by continuance of time, our painful travels, and diligent observations, we shall discover and get knowledge of an infinite number of others, as rich, necessary, and beneficial as these already spoken of, or any other whatsoever: if it please Almighty God to favour and bless our proceedings.  
When the rains ceased, which was in july, I began to travaell abroad in search of those Golden Mountains, promised unto us before the beginning of our voyage, (by one that undertook to guide us to them) which filled my company so full of vain expectation, and golden hopes, that their insatiable and covetous minds (being wholly set thereon) could not be satisfied with any thing but oenly Gold. Our guide that vainly made those great promises, being come unto the wished place to make performance, was then possessed with a shameless spirit of ignorance, for he knew little, and could perform nothing. What other intelligences (of Mines already fowd) I had from other men in England, and from the Mr. of my ship, who had been heretofore in those parts, I found them by experience false, and nothing true concerning Mines, that was in England reported unto me.  
Our greedy desire of Gold being thus made frustrate, divers unconstant persons of my unruly company began to murmur, 
Disorders by mutiny.  to be discontented, to kindle discords and discensions, and to stir up mutiny, even almost to the confusion and ruin of us all: and were upon the point to shake off all obedience to their commanders; to abandon patience, peace, & unity, and wilfully to break out into all mischief & wretched disorder, only because they were deceived of their golden hopes & expectations: but with good words, and comfortable persuasions, I pacified them for the time, and made them acquainted with my better hopes conceived of the commodities above mentioned. I persuaded them in general from idleness, to travel abroad, to search and seek out amongst the Indians what other novelties they could (though gold were wanting) whereby we might hereafter benefit ourselves; and still I employed them some one way, and some another, to occupy their minds by doing something, the better to prevent dissension, which commonly is bred of idleness, the slothful mother of all filthy vices.  
As I daily conversed amongst the Indians, it chanced one day, that one of them presented me with a half Moon of metal, which held somewhat more than a third part Gold, the rest Copper: another also gave me a little Image of the same metal; and of an other I bought a plate of the same (which he called a spread Eagle) for an Axe. All which things they assured me were made in the high Country of Guiana, 
The high Country of Guiana aboundeth with Images of Gold.  which they said did abound with Images of Gold, by them called Carrecoory. These things I showed to my company to settle their troubled minds, which gave much contentment to the greater part of them, and satisfied us all that there was Gold in Guiana. Shortly after that my Indian Anthony Canabre, brought me a peec of a rock, of white spar, whereof the high Country is full: And if the white Sparres of this kind, 
The rocks of the purest white spar are Mines of gold or silver.  which are the purest white of all others, (for every sort of Mine hath a spar, and for the most part white) be in a main rock, they are certainly Mines of Gold, or Silver, or of both I made trial of a piece of spar, which the same Indian discovered unto me, and I found that it held both Gold, and Silver, which (although it was in small quantity) gave me satisfaction that there be richer Mines in the Country to be found: but the best lie deeper in the earth, and we had not time nor power to make search for them.  
Being thus informed, and sufficiently resolved of the commodities of the Country, & well satisfied of the Minerals; I bent all my endeavours to find out the fittest places, and most convenient for our first plantations: at the last I found out many, and some of special note, which are (for many respects) of great importance; and when time serveth, our forces and number of men being answerable, I will lay them open to the knowledge of the world: and for wealth I hope they shall fully answer all men's expectations.  
I traveled up the river of Wiapoco, to view the overfalls, but the waters being high and strong, I could not pass them. In August when they are fallen, with some labour they may be passed. 
Many overfalls in Wiapoco.  This river hath very many overfalls, lying one a good distance beyond another, even to the head thereof. Above some of the first falls there dwelleth an Indian, called Comarian, who is an old man of a free disposition; by him I learned that a certain distance above the first falls, the river Arwy falleth into Wiapoco; moreover that certain days journey beyond him towards the high land, upon the borders of Wiapoco, there is a Nation of Charibes having great ears of an extraordinary bigness, 
People having great ears, who worship an Idol of stone.  hard to be believed, whom he called Marashewaccas: amongst these people (as Comarian reporteth) there is an Idol of stone, which they worship as their God; they have placed it in a house made of purpose for the greater honour of it, which they keep very clean and handsome.  
This Idol is fashioned like a man sitting upon his heels, 
The proportion of the Idol.  holding open his knees, and resting his elbows upon them, holding up his hands with the palms forwards, looking upwards, and gaping with his mouth wide open. The meaning of this proportion he could not declare, although he hath been many times amongst them, and hath often seen it. What other Nations were beyond these he did not know, having never travailed so far, but he saith they be Charibes, and also enemies unto them. It seemeth there be many Nations of those great eared people: for in the River of Marrawini I heard also of the like, who dwell far up towards the high land, as hereafter you shall hear and I suppose, by the trending of the Rivers of Wiapoco, and Marrawini, are all one people.  
Upon the 14. day of August I went unto a Mountain, called Gomeribo, being the uttermost point of land to the Northward in the bay of Wiapoco; I found the soil of it most excellent for Tobacco, Maix, Cotton trees, Annoto trees, Vines, & for any other thing that should be planted there. When I had taken good view of the place, and found it commodious for many purposes; 
Possession taken for the king at Gomeribo,  then in the presence of Capt. Fisher, divers Gentlemen, and others of my company, and of the Indians also, I took possession of the land, by turf and twig, in the behalf of our Sovereign Lord King JAMES: I took the said possession of a part, in name of the whole continent of Guiana, lying betwixt the rivers of Amazons and Orenoque, not being actually possessed, and inhabited by any other Christian Prince or State; wherewith the Indians seemed to be well content and pleased.  
In like manner my Brother Capt. Michael Harecourt, and Capt. Harvey, (whom I left as his associate, and he esteemed as an inward friend,) in a notable journey, which (to their great honour) they performed, to discover the River of Arrawary, and the Country bordering upon it, (near adjoining to the river of Amazons) did take the like possession of the land there, 
The like possession taken at Arrawary.  to his majesties use.  
The dangers and great difficulties which they in that attempt encountered, were memorable, and such, as hardly any of our Nation in such small Canoes (being only somewhat longer, but not so broad as our Thames wherries, and flat bottomed,) ever overcame the like. First the number of their own attendants besides themselves, was only one man, and a boy: Their troup of Indians 60. persons. Their journey by Sea unto the River of Arrawary was near 100 Leagues: wherein (by the way) they met with many dreadful plunges, by reason of a high going sea, which breaketh upon the flats and shoals; especially, at the next great cape to the North of Arraway, which, in respect of the danger they passed there, they named Point Perilous. 
Point Perillus.  Then their discovery up the river, was 50. leagues more: where they found a Nation of Indians, which never had seen white men, or Christians before, and could not be drawn to any familiar commerce, or conversation, no not so much as with our Indians, because they were strangers to them, and of another Nation. The discovery of this river is of great importance, and special note, affording an entrance more behoveful for the▪ searching and discovery of the inland parts of Guiana, than any other river yet known upon the Coast; for trending Westward up into the land, it discovereth all the Countries and Nations to the Southward of Arricary, Cooshebery, Morrownia, and Norrack, which I have mentioned before.  
Many weeks they spent in this adventure, still taking up their lodgings in the woods at night. Provision of meat they wanted not, 
A great argument of plenty in the Country.  for Fish were ever plenty, and at hand: and the woods yielded either Deer, Tigers, or Fowl: their greatest want was of bread and drink, which only defect did hinder (at that time) the accomplishment of that discovery. For when the Indians perceived their bread to be near spent, and their drink to be corrupted, they could not be persuaded to proceed, having no means to supply their wants amongst the Arrawaries, the Indians of that river, who would not freely trade with them upon this first acquaintance, but always stood upon their guard, on the other side of the river, where they inhabited: yet they desiring to obtain some of our English commodities, and make trial of our Indians friendship, afforded some small trade for their present relief during their abode in that river: So that of force they were constrained to break off their discovery, and hasten homeward.  
But here their dangers ended not, for as they returned, arriving at certain Islands called Carripoory, and passing between them & the main land, much against the wills of all the Indians, who knowing the danger of the place, and more respecting their safety, than their own, (being themselves all expert swimmers) would have dissuaded them from that hazard: but they being ignorant of the peril, would needs pass onne, and at the last met with such a Boor (as the Seamen term it) and violent encounter of two tides coming in, 
A dangrous Boor at Carripoory.  which like two furious enraged Rams, or Bulls, rushed together, and oft retired back, to return again with greater violence, until the one (by force had overborne the other: that if next under God) the diligent care and pains of the Indians had not preserved them, they had been there destroyed, and swallowed up by that merciless Boor or breach of waters; which (God be thanked) they escaped, and returned home in safety.  
Here may your Highness fitly note and observe two things, 
Two special things to be observed.  the one, the assured love and fidelity of the Indians to our Nation; who having in their power for six weeks space, four only of our company, and two of those the chiefest of the rest; and if they had been false & treacherously minded towards them, 
The fidelity of the Indians  might easily have drowned, starved, or slain them; yet did not only forbear to practise harm against them, but did also safely row their boats; night by night prepare their lodgings in the woods, & daily use their care and best endeavours to discover and prevent all dangers that might happen to them, and to guide them, serve them, and provide them meat. Such trust and faithfulness is rarely found amongst such barbarous infidels, and yet we have had three years experience thereof. The other thing to be observed here, 
The plenty of victuals.  is the store and plenty of victuals in Guiana; where sixty four persons together in one company, without any provision of victuals (bread and drink excepted) before hand made, could travel abroad for six weeks space, most commonly lodging in the woods, seldom in any town or village, and yet in all places wheresoever they came, could readily get meat sufficient for them all: which blessing God hath given to Guiana; for the comfort of all such as shall be willing to be planters there.  
This, and much more could my Brother have truly avouched, if he had lived; but (since his return into England) it hath pleased God, who gave him life, and preserved him from many dangers, to take him to his mercy. But the other, Captain Harvey, surviveth, whose life hath ever suited with a generous and worthy spirit, professing Arms, and following the wars: who also is generally well known, to be a Gentleman, both honest, and of spotless reputation; he will aver and justify for truth, what here is mentioned. But I will now return from whence I have digressed.  
When I had (as before) taken possession at Gomeribo, 
Gomeribo delivered to an Indian as the King's tenant.  in presence of the said parties, I delivered the possession of that Mountain to my Indian Anthony Canabre, To have, hold, possess, and enjoy the same, to him, and to his heirs for ever, of our Sovereign Lord King james, his Heirs and Successors, as his subject; Yielding and paying yearly the tenth part of all Tobacco, Cotton wool, Annoto, and other commodities whatsoever, which should hereafter be either planted or growing within the said Mountain, if it were demanded. The Indian most gladly received the possession upon these conditions, and for himself, and his posterity, did promise to be true subjects unto the King's Majesty: his heirs, and successors: And to pay the duties imposed upon them: and so that business being finished, I returned again to Wiapoco.  
Now (most worthy Prince) there came unto my knowledge, an inconvenience happened by the careless negligence of the Master of my ship, who had the charge of providing and laying in the provisions and victuals for the voyage, 
The only cause of loss by the Voyage.  which was the cause that I gained no present profit by it, but left off all my discoveries in the first beginning. I had a purpose at that time to perform a business, which might have proved profitable, and honourable unto us, if I had been able to have stayed the time, but it was not my chance to be so fortunate: for the Master, his Mates, and the Steward of my Ship, came unto me, and told me plainly, that if I made any longer abode in that Country, I would never in those Ships return into England: or if I did adventure it, myself, and all my company would starve at Sea for want of Beer, Cider, and water, for all my Cask was spoiled, because it was not Iron-bound; the wooden hoops flew off, by reason of the heat of the Climate; and our Beer, and Cider, (whereof we had good store) did leak about the ship, that we could hardly save sufficient to relieve us, if we made a longer stay upon the Coast; which was the Master's fault, having had a special charge to be careful of that only point. By this default, I was constrained to make a virtue of necessity, and prepare myself for England, and leave my former purposes to be accomplished hereafter, which shall be done (God aiding me) in time convenient.  
Then disposing of my company, 
Capt. Michael Harcourt left commander of the company.  I appointed my Brother Captain Michael Harcourt to remain in the Country, as chief Commander in my absence, and to continue the possession on the King's behalf; I gave him directions to travel abroad, as (occasion served) to discover the Country, to spend sometime at Cooshebery, and sometime also in other places; but to make his chiefest residence at Wiapoco, (the only Rendezvous for ships that trade upon that Coast) and there to plant good store of Maix, for our relief of bread and drink, which is the chiefest thing to be respected in those parts; for other victuals we need not take much care being always easily provided. He performed his charge with great reputation, discovered many goodly Provinces, and spacious Countries; and worthily continued the possession full three years complete. I left with him for his assistance, Captain Harvey, above mentioned, who hath nobly vowed his time and fortune to be employed in the prosecution of this honourable action. For his Lieutenant I appointed Mr. Edward Gifford, 
Twenty men left with Captain Harcourt at Waipoco.  a valiant and worthy Gentleman; and I left also with him of Gentlemen and others, about twenty more, with all such necessaries as I could spare, and thought convenient for them: and so commending them to God the eighteenth day of August I departed from Wiapoco, and the day following arrived at Caiane.  
At my coming to Caiane my Pinnace received a leak, 
The Pinnace received a leak at Caiane.  which would have proved dangerous, if we had been far at Sea; whereby enforced to attend the stopping thereof, and new trimming of the Pinnace; and unwilling to be idle in the mean space doing nothing, I left my ships there to repair their defects, and in my shipboate departed thence, the twenty three of August: taking with me Captain Fisher, who hath ever been (since we first crept into the world) my chief companion, both in Arms and travels; I took also with me his brother Vnton Fisher, Mr. Cradle the Master's mate of my ship, and about six more. I followed the Coast to the Westward stirring due West, 
R. Meccooria.  and passing by the river of Meccooria, I lodged that night in the mouth of the river Courwo: 
R. Courwo.  which hath a narrow deep entrance, and within affordeth a good harbour, which may in time to come (for some special purpose) be of great use.  
The next day, and the night following I proceeded Westward with full sail, and passing the rivers of Manmanury, 
Rivers to the West of Courwo▪  Sinammara, Corassowini, Coonannonia, Vracco, and Amanna; I arrived the twenty five day at the river of Marrawini, which openeth a fair river, but is shoal upon the Bar, which lieth two or three Leagues off at Sea, having but two fathom water: within the Bar, the Channel is three, four, five, and six fathom deep. Five leagues within the river we passed by certain Islands called Curewapory, 
Islands called Curewapory.  not inhabited, for at the rising of the waters they are always overflown, of which sort the river hath very many: we lodged that night a little beyond these first Islands at a village called Moyemon, on the left-hand, the Captain thereof is called Maperitaka, of the Nation of the Paragotos, a man very loving and faithful to our Nation, whereof we have had good proof. The next day we proceeded up the river three leagues, and stayed at a town called Coewynay on the right hand, at the house of Minapa, (the chief Charib of that Signiory) to provide two Canoes to prosecute our journey for the discovery of this river.  
The twenty eight day we went forward passing many villages and towns, 
They proceed in discovery of Marrawini.  which I forbear to name, and having gone about twenty leagues from the Sea, we found the river in a manner barred up with rocks, over which the water falleth with great violence, yet notwithstanding we adventured to proceed, 
The river full of overfalls.  and the further we went, the more dangerous we found the overfalls, and more in number; but when we had passed the first Mountain, towards the high Country of Guiana, called Sapparow, and discovered far off before us other high Mountains called Matawere Moupanana, 
They went six days journey up the river.  and had proceeded 6. days journey up the river (which was more than forty leagues) we met with such shoal rocky stream, & great overfalls, that there to our griefour journey ended.  
Being thus for that time debarred from our intended discovery, we prepared ourselves with Patience to return towards our ships, and the third day of September we turned down the river, shooting the overfalls with more celerity than when we came up, dispatching three days journey in one, and the fifth day returned safe to Moyemon; but before I departed thence, Captain Fisher told me of certain plants which he had then found, much like unto Rosetrees, growing about half a yard in height, whereof (for the strangeness of them) I cannot forbear to add a word or two.  
These plants or little trees had assuredly the sense of feeling, 
Trees which had the sense of feeling.  as plainly appeared by touching them: for if you did but touch a leaf of the tree with your finger, that leaf would presently shrink, and close up itself, and hang down as if it were dead; and if you did cut off a leaf with a pair of scissors, than all the other leaves growing upon the same tree would instantly shrink and close up themselves, and hang down as if they were dead and withered, and within half a quarter of an hour, would by degrees open themselves again, and flourish as before; and as often as you did either touch or cut off any of them, they would do the like; which did evidently show a restriction of the spirits, invincibly arguing a Sense. Howsoever this may seem strange and incredible to your Highness, and to them that have not seen it, 
Scallger, Exercit. 181. sect. 28.  yet forasmuch as Scaliger, and Bartas make mention of the like, I dare be bold to affirm it upon my credit, 
Bartas, Eden, 1. day, 2. week.  having seen and showed it to forty others: I gathered two of the plants, and did set them in pots in their own earth, and carried them aboard my ship, where I kept them fairly growing almost a fortnight, until they were destroyed by certain Monkeys that broke loose, and pulled them in pieces: which might have been prevented, but that I was constrained to set them in the open air, the better to preserve them.  
The seventh day I went to Wiawia, a great town of Paragotos', 
Viawia a Town of 20 houses.  and Yaios, four leagues to the West of Marrawini, whereof Maperitaka above mentioned, and Arapawaka are chief Captains. At this town I left my Cousin Vnton Fisher, 
Mr. Vnton Fisher and two others left at Wiawia.  and Humphrey Croxton an Apothecary, to bear him company, and one servant to attend him called Christopher Fisher, having first taken order with Maperitaka for their diet, and other necessaries, both for travel, and otherwise: who ever since (according to his promise) hath performed the part of an honest man, and faithful friend.  
I gave directions to my Cousin Fisher to prosecute the discovery of Marrawini, and the inland parts bordering upon it, when the time of the year, and the waters better served; and if it were possible to go up into the high Country of Guiana, and to find out the City of Manoa, mentioned by Sr. Walter Raleigh in his discovery. He followed my directions to the uttermost of his ability, being of a good wit, and very industrious, and enabled to undergo those employments, by obtaining the love, and gaining the languages of the people, without which helps, there is little or no good to be done in those parts.  
When the waters of Marrawini were risen, and the river passable, 
Mr. Fisher traveled eleven days journey up the river of Marra, viz. 100 leagues.  (much differing from the river of Wiapoco, which is not to be traveled, but in the lowest waters.) He began his journey for the discovery thereof, in company of the Apothecary, his servant Fisher, the Indian Maperitaka, and eighteen others, and proceeded eleven days journey up the river, to a town of Charibes called Taupuramune, distant from the Sea above an hundred leagues; 
The Province of Moreshegoro.  but was four days journey short of Moreshego, which is also a town of Charibes, situate upon the river side in the province of Moreshegoro: the chief Captain thereof is called Areminta: who is a proud and bold Indian, much feared of all those that dwell within his Territories, 
Indians with rough skins like Buff.  having a rough skin like unto Buff leather, of which kind there be many in those parts; and I suppose proceedeth of some infirmity of the body.  
He understood by relation of the Indians of Taupuramune, and also of Areminta, that six days journey beyond Moreshego, there are divers mighty Nations of Indians, having holes through their ears, cheeks, nostrils, and neither lips, which were called Craweanna, Pawmeeanna, 
divers mighty Nations of Indians far up in Marrawini, towards the high land.  Quikeanna, Peewattere, Arameeso, Acawreanno, Acooreo, Tareepeeanna, Corecorickado, Peeauncado, Cocoanno, Itsura, and Waremisso: and were of strength and stature far exceeding other Indians, having Bows, and Arrows four times as big: what the Indians also report of the greatness of their ears, I forbear to mention, until by experience we shall discover the truth thereof. Moreover he learned that there fall into Marrawini divers great rivers, 
rivers falling into Marrawini.  called Arrennee, Topannawin, Errewin, Cowomma, Poorakette, Arrova, Arretowenne, Waoune, Anape, Aunime, and Carapio: whereof some he hath seen himself. 
Twenty days journey from Taupuramune to the head of Marraw▪  That it was twenty days journey, from Taupuramune, to the head of Marrawini, which is inhabited by Arwaccas, Sappaios, Paragotos, and some Yaios; and that a days journey from thence to the land-ward the Country is plain, 
The Country above the head of Mar. is plain, and Champion ground.  and Champion ground, with long grass. He passed in this journey above eighty overfalls of water, and many of them very dangerous: of some of them I had experience the year before. He proceeded no further at that present, being unprovided for so long a journey, supposing that it had been nearer (then he found it) to the head of the river by a fortnight's travel: and so returned back in six days space, intending better preparation for a second journey: but his purpose was prevented by an untimely death: for shortly after he was drowned by misfortune; whereby we see, that man determineth, but God disposeth.  
The tenth day of September being Sunday, 
The tenth of September they left Guiana.  I left the main of Guiana, and in my shipboat stood off into the sea to seek my ships, which were forced to ride four leagues from shore, by reason of the shoals; but as we passed over them, 
They were in danger to be cast away.  we were in danger to be cast away by the breach of a sea, which verily had sunk our boat, if with great celerity we had not lightened her, by heaving overboard many baskets of bread, of Cassavi, Maix, Pinas, Platanas, Potatoes, and such like provision, wherewith our boat was loaden; by which means it pleased God to deliver us from present destruction, and to bring us safe unto our ships.  
When I came aboard, we weighed anchor, and steered away from the Island of Trinidado, and upon the 18. day in the morning, 
They find three English ships at Punta de Galea.  we arrived at Punta de Galea, where we found three English ships at anchor, which was no small comfort unto us, considering our great defects & wants. One of these ships was called the Diana, belonging to Mr. Lula Dutch merchant dwelling in London. The other two, the Penelope, and the endeavour, belonging to Mr. Hall, a merchant also of London. We stayed at this place 6. days to mend our bad cask, and to take fresh water: during which time I was kindly entreated, & feasted by the Merchants, and had supply of all such things as I stood in need of; which courtesy I requited in the best manner I could for the present.  
Upon Sunday the twenty four of September we weighed anchor, so likewise did the Diana (the other two ships being gone two or three days before us,) but the wind shifting to the north-east▪ enforced us back again almost to the same place from whence we departed. The twenty five we weighed again, and plied along the shore towards Cape Brea, 
Pitch gotten in the earth, which melteth not with the Sun.  about three leagues. This Cape is so called of the Pitch which is there gotten in the earth, whereof there is such abundance, that all places on this side of the world may be stored therewith.  
It is a most excellent Pitch for trimming of ships that pass into these Regions and hot Countries, for it melteth not with the Sun, as other Pitch doth.  
The twenty six day we stood along again, the wind being still contrary and variable, intermixed with many calms, 
They arrive at Port ae Hispania.  & so continued until the second of October, when we arrived at Port de Hispania.  
Within two days after our arrival there, Don Sanches de Mendosa, 
Don Sanches de Mendosa cometh aboard their ship.  the Teniente for that year, with certain other Spaniards came aboard us: we gave them the best entertainment that our means, the time, and place would afford, and had much friendly conference together. They told me, that they lately had a conflict with the Charibes, wherein they had lost seven or eight of their men, and had many others hurt and wounded, whereof some came to my Chirurgeon to have their wounds dressed during our abode there. And they plainly confessed that they are very much molested by the Charibes, 
The Spaniards much molested by the Charibes.  and knew not how by any means to suppress them.  
We stayed at port de Hispania until the seventh day, in hope to get some good Tobacco amongst the Spaniards, who daily fed us with delays and fair words, but in truth they had none good at that present for us, which we perceiving, 
They depart from Trinidado.  departed thence upon the 7. day, about one of the clock in the morning, leaving the other ships to attend their trade, and stood away for the passages, called Les●●iot boccas de Drago, and disembogued about eight of the clock the same morning. Then we steered away for an Island called Meves, 
They arrive at Meves.  and leaving the Islands of Granado, Saint Vincent, Guadalupa, and Monserate, in our starboard side, we arrived there the twelfth day, where we stopped to take in Ballast, and more water, for our ships were very light.  
In this Island there is an hot Bath, 
An excellent hot Bath at Meves.  which as well for the reports that I have heard, as also for that I have seen and found by experience, I do hold for one of the best and most sovereign in the world. I have heard that divers of our Nation have there been cured of the Leprosy, and that one of the same persons now, or lately dwelled at Wollwich near the river of Thames, by whom the truth may be known, if any man desire to be further satisfied therein. As for my own experience, although it was not much, yet the effects that I found it work both in myself, and others of my company in two days space, do cause me to conceive the best of it. For at my coming thither, 
An extreme cough cured by the Bath.  I was grievously vexed with an extreme cough, which I much feared would turn me to great harm, but by bathing in the Bath, and drinking of the water, I was speedily cured: and ever since that time, I have found the state of my body (I give God thanks for it) far exceeding what it was before, in strength and health. Moreover, one of my company named john Huntbatch (servant to my brother) as he was making a fire, 
A man's hand burned with Gunpowder, and by the Bath cured in 24 hours.  burned his hand with Gunpowder, and was in doubt thereby to lose the use of one or two of his fingers, which were shrunk up with the fire, but he went presently to the Bath, and washed, and bathed his hand a good space therein, which soopled his fingers in such manner, that with great ease he could stir and stretch them out, and the fire was so washed out of his hand, that within the space of twenty four hours, by twice or thrice washing and bathing it, the soreness thereof was cured, only the eyesore for the time remained. Furthermore, two or three others of my company having swellings in their legs, 
Swellings in the legs cured in a day.  were by the Bath cured in a day. This can I affirm, and boldly justify, having been an eye witness thereof.  
Hence we departed the sixteenth day of October, 
They depart from Meves.  in the afternoon, and leaving the Islands of St. Christopher, St. Martin, and Anguilla on the Starboard side, we dissembogued through the broken Islands on the North side of Anguilla upon St. Luke's day, where I think never Englishman dissembogued before us: for we found all our Sea-charts false concerning that place, those broken Islands being placed therein, to the Southward of Anguilla, between it and St. martin's, and we found them scituat to the Northward thereof.  
When we had cleared ourselves of the broken Islands, we stood away north-east, shaping our course the nearest way we could for Flores, and Corues, and so continued with fair weather, the wind still mending upon us, until the thirtieth day of October: about twelve of the clock that day there began a storm, with contrary winds, still variable, which continued until 4. the next day in the afternoon. In this storm we lost the company of the Pinnace in the night, but had fight of her again upon the fourth of November late in the evening, and the next day she came up unto us, at two of the clock in the afternoon. Then the wind came fair at West, 
They left the Pinnace to follow after them.  and we steered away East by North, and E. N. Eastamong. The seventh of November I relieved the Pinnace with more bread, and left her to follow after us, not being able to keep way with us before the wind, which then blew strongly at West: for I was very unwilling to lose the benefit of a speedy passage, which the continuance of that fair wind was like to afford us. And so following our course, on the eleventh day in the morning we had sight of Fayal, 
They fell with Fayal.  one of the Islands of the Terceras, which we left on our starboard side, and steered away for England, the wind continuing fair until the twenty four day. But than it changed, first to the East by North, and then to the East southeast, and became so violent and furious, that for three days space we were not able to bear out sail, but did drive before the wind at the least three leagues a watch, 
They are driven by a storm into Ireland.  out of our course; and the first land we made was Cape Clear in the south-west part of Ireland, where against our wills we arrived at Crook Haven the twenty nine of November.  
Our arrival there at that present, 
Their great necessity and want.  was happy for us, considering our extreme wants, and great necessities; for of all our store, we had remaining but one hogshead of water, half a hogshead of beverage (all our beer being spent and wasted by leakage) six pieces of beef, and three of Pork, which was all our provision: we had neither fish, butter, oil, cheese nor pease left to relieve us, whereby we had fallen into a lamentable distress, if almighty God had not in time brought us unto this harbour where we supplied our wants, by the help of Captain Reignolds commander of his majesties Pinnace called the Moon, whom we fortunately met there altogether unexpected. But the wind continuing contrary at the East, and like to hold still in that corner, presaged new wants to ensue, if a speedy remedy was not provided. To prevent the worst, I resolved to go by land to Yoghall, near unto which place remained some friends and acquaintance of mine, by whom I might provide myself of means to defray my charge, until my return into England: and therefore gave commandment to the master of my ship to wage a Pilot, and upon the first shift of wind (if it favoured him in any time) to bring the ship about to Yoghall, where I meant to abide his coming, resolving thence to go for Bristol. And I appointed (if the wind did hold against him) to send him money to supply their victuals, until it pleased God to alter it: but he regarding his own private ends, more than my command and direction, upon the first shift of wind went away with my ship (without my knowledge) to Dartmouth in the west Country, and left me behind in Ireland: whereof as soon as I had intelligence, I presently took the opportunity of a speedy passage in a bark then ready bound for Bristol, and so the next morning being the fifteenth of December, I departed from Yoghall, and arrived at Bristol the seventeenth day.  
My Pinnace which we left at Sea to follow after us, 
The Pinnace first arrived in Ireland, and afterward at Bristol.  was likewise by the aforesaid storm driven into the west of Ireland, to a place called Dingen le Coushe: and there remained along time wind-bound: but at the last (by God's permission) arrived at Bristol the second day of February.  
During the time of my voyage, we left but one land-man, who died in Guiana: and one sailor, and an Indian boy, 
The number of those that died.  who died at Sea in our return: and during the space of these three years last passed since the voyage, of all the men which I left in the country, being in number about thirty, there died but six, whereof one was drowned: another was an old man of threescore years of age: and another took his death by his own disorder; the rest died of sickness, as pleased God the giver of life: for which small loss, his holy name be blessed now and ever.  
Having thus (most noble Prince) declared the whole course of my voyage to Guiana, performed in the year of our Lord 1609. I hold it needful for the better satisfaction of the favourers, and well-willers of this action, by adding of a special note or two, and by a brief reremembrance of some points mentioned in the former discourse, to express the worthiness of the enterprise, being of importance, and not to be regarded lightly.  
In every foreign action undertaken by the subjects of a Christian Prince, 
Three principal ends to be observed in every foreign action.  they ought to have especial regard to three principal ends and designs. First, that it may be for the glory of God: Secondly, for the honour of their Sovereign: Thirdly, for the benefit and profit of their Country. Which three principal ends and intendments, if they faithfully prosecute, and labour to advance with constant resolution, they shall infallibly bring their undertakings to blessed, prosperous, and honourable end. And now if it shall appear that this enterprise for discovery and plantation in Guiana, is chiefly grounded upon these three designs; I hope there is not any man (be he never so malicious and full of envy) that can with just expositions scandalize it, or worthily contemn it.  
First then for the glory of God, 
1. The glory of God.  it hath been, and ever will be held clear and unquestionable, that God cannot be more honoured, nor his holy name by any means more glorified, then by the prosperous growth and happy increase of his Church, through the conversion of those that be heathen and barbarous Nations to the knowledge of him our true God, his Son jesus Christ, and the holy Ghost, the blessed individual Trinity, and to the profession and practice of Christianity; which heavenly and ever memorable work, may through God's good blessing and assistance (without which (indeed) all our travel therein, and all the labour of the world is but lost) be easily effected and accomplished in Guiana▪ the people thereof being of a loving and tractable nature towards the English, whom they love and prefer before all other strangers whatsoever: and by whom (next under God) I verily hope, and am constantly persuaded, it will be their blessed hap to be freed from the servitude of the devil, that now so tyranizeth over them, and to be led out of that infernal darkness wherein they live, and be drawn to Christianity: for they will come unto us (already) at time of prayer, show reverence, and be very attentive all the while, although they understand nothing: they will be content that we baptise their children, and will after call them by the Christian names we give them, suffer us to bring them up, and in a sort acknowledge their ignorance, and show a kind of willingness to be instructed & reform.  
As touching the second, by what means may our gracious Sovereign the King's Majesty do God better service, 
2. The honour of our Sovereign.  and honour him more, or under him be more honoured, then by obtaining and gaining the Sovereignty of so many great, spacious, and goodly Countries and Territories, not yet actually possessed, and inhabited by any Christian Prince or Sat whatsoever? which in that Region, by the timely and worthy undertakings of his Subjects, (without bloodshed, and with the love and affection of the people) may be possessed, planted, and annexed to his Crown, as the Nations and Countries beyond, by the Emperor Charles the fifth, were annexed to the Crown of Spain, whereby, what honour and benefit the Spaniards have gained, and to what a degree of greatness they are thereby grown, these parts of the world can witness, and we for our parts have had trial, and might have had woeful experience of, if our God that always took our parts, 
An. 1588.  had not crossed their bloody designs, and put them to flight and confusion.  
And for the third, 
The profit of our Country.  who can deny but that our Country by this worthy action may be enriched, through divers and sundry commodities of great worth, in those parts daily found, and easily obtained? which before are mentioned more at large, from page 31. to page 37. and therefore needless here to be again repeated.  
And for their further satisfaction, and more encouragement in this enterprise, let them consider the nature and disposition of the climate in this Region of Guiana, which for healthful and wholesome air, (some few places only excepted) I hold generally to be inferior to none other under Heaven: for notwithstanding it be situate under the Equinoctial, by the ancient Philosophers called the burning Zone; 
The burning Zone habituable.  yet such are the wonderful works of God for the benefit of man, that contrary to their opinion, we find by late experience, that those Regions which were in times passed by them accounted unhabitable, through extremity of drought, and heat; are now found out to be inhabited, temperate, and healthful Countries, as plainly appeareth in divers patts of the East and West Indies, and especially in this Country of Guiana, whereof I have taken possession to his majesties use, being plentifully inhabited by people of divers Nations: the climate there pleasant, and agreeable to our constitutions, 
The clmate pleasant, fruitful, and healthful.  and the soil fruitful, as before hath been declared; affording as many admirable helps towards the leading of an happy life, as any known part of the world: for whatsoever is necessary for the relief of man: either for food, Physic, or Chirurgery, or for clothing and architecture, is here (by the providence and goodness of God the creator) in plentiful store even naturally provided.  
Moreover the good inclination of the people towards our Nation, 
The love of the people towards our Nation.  being willing to trade with us, and become subjects to his Majesty, our Sovereign; their loving and gentle entertaining of us, desiring to have us live and abide amongst them; and their tractable conversation with us, not refusing to be instructed in Christianity; and coveting to imitate and learn any trade, or work, that they see used or practised by our men: are no small motives to persuade the prosecution of this action, and plantation in Guiana.  
Furthermore, 
A good motive to those that want employment.  all young Gentlemen, Soldiers, and others that live at home in idleness, and want employment, may here find means to abandon and expel their slothful humours, and cast off their fruitless and pernicious designs; and may worthily exercise their generous spirits in honourable travels, and famous discoveries of many goodly and rich terretories, strange and unknown Nations; and a multitude of other rarities, hitherto unseen, and unheard off in these parts of the world: which may be thought incredible, but that our own experience, & the general & constant report and affirmation of the Indians, doth assure us thereof.  
And to conclude, 
An Empire may be gained to our Sovereign.  we may by the gracious assistance of our good God, gain unto our Sovereign the dominion of a rich and mighty Empire, which if it may be once possessed by his Majesty, and inhabited by his English Subjects, will absolutely be invincible, to the unspeakable honour & renown of our nation in all after ages.  
All these things respectively considered, what may be more required? to move & induce all noble and worthy dispositions, loving honour, and honourable attempts; all merchants desiring wealth & riches; & generally all the inhabitants of this Kingdom, freely to give assistance towards the advancement of this noble action, and plantation; so much tending to the glory of God; the honour of our Sovereign, and the benefit of our Country.   

¶ The names of the Rivers falling into the Sea from Amazons, to Dessequebe, and of the several Nations inhabiting those Rivers.  

RIVERS. NATIONS.  
Charibs. 

1 Amazons.  
2 Arrapoco, a branch of Amazons.  
3 Arrawary.    
Yaios and Charibs. 

4 Maicary.  
5 Connawini.    
Arracoories 

6 Cassipurogh.  
7 Arracow.    
Yaios and Arwaccas. 

8 Wiapoco.  
9 Wianary, a creak or inlet of the sea.    
10 Cow, not inhabited.  
Charibs. 

11 Apurwacca.  
12 Wio.  
13 Caiane.  
14 Meccooria.  
15 Courwo.  
16 Manmanury  
17 Sinammara.    
18 Oorassowini, not inhabited.  
Arwaccas. 

19 Coonannoma  
20 Vracco.    
Paragotos, Yaios, Charibs, Arwac. 

21 Marrawini.    
Charibs. 

21 Amanna.  
23 Camoure, or Comawin, a branch of Selinama.  
24 Selinama, or Surennamo.  
25 Surammo.  
26 Coopannomy  
27 Eneecare.    
Arwaccas & Charibs. 

28 Coretine.  
29 Berebisse.    
Arwaccas. 

30 Manhica.  
31 Wapary.  
32 Micowine.  
33 Demeerare.    
Charibs. 

34 Matooronnee  
35 Quiowinne, branches of Dessequebe.    
Arwaccas & Charibs. 

36 Dessequebe.      

The Plantation in Guiana is most easy to be performed, as is at large expressed in the former Treatise: And may in brief appear by these notes following, which are here added for the better comfort and encouragement of the Adventurers and Planters of the meaner sort.  
FIrst, the climate in Guiana, although it be hot, yet is it habitable; 
The nature of the climate. Page. 23.  and affordeth healthful habitations: for in three years space that my Brother Captain Michael Harcourt and his company, remained in the Country, of thirty persons there died but six.  
The natural inhabitants of that Country are a loving, 
The disposition of the people.  tractable, and gentle people, affecting, and preferring the Englishmen before all other Nations whatsoever, and desiring commerce and conversation with them: with those barbarous people we may live in safety, without suspicion of treachery, or dread of danger; if wilfully we offer them abuse, and harm issue, the fault is ours; for a worm being trodden on, will turn again. If they at any time do give offence to us, they will suffer and abide such moderate chastisements, as we in our discretions shall think fit to lay upon them.  
The soil of the land there, 
The quality of the land. Page 27.  as is said before, is exceeding rich, never yet broken up, nor overworn with tillage, but still remaineth in the greatest perfection of fertility.  
The provisions of that Country for victuals, are already mentioned before. But it is fit they be again remembered for the comfort of the ordinary people, 
The provisions of the Country page 27. 28. 30. and 31.  that in person shall adventure in this action. There are great store of Deer of all sorts; wild Swine, Hares, and Coneys; besides divers other beasts unknown in these parts, Pheasants, Partridges, wild foul of all sorts, and every house hath Cocks, Hens, and Chickens, as in England; and the variety of Fish is wonderful, without compare: but the chiefest comfort for our Countrymen is this, that the beast called Maypury, and the fish called the Sea Cow (being severally as big as a Heifer of two years old, 
A beast and a fish like Beef  & of which kind there are very many) are in eating so like unto our English beef, that hardly in taste we can distinguish them, and may as well as beef be salted, and kept for our provision.  
There is also a beast in colour like a Fawn, 
A Beast like Mutton.  but fuller of white spots; in stature somewhat less than a small sheep, and in taste like Mutton, but is rather better meat: the Baremo is also of the same taste.  
These for the time will give us good content, until we can be stored with the breed of our English sheep and cattle.  
The store of Maix, 
Good bread.  or Guinea wheat in Guiana, is very plentiful, which grain doth make an excellent good bread, and very wholesome. So likewise doth the Cassavi, whereof there is also great abundance; and much more may be, 
Drink like March beer.  as we please to plant.  
Of the Cassavi bread, the Indians do make good drink, which in colour, taste, and strength, doth equal our March beer in England.  
Of the Guinea wheat, 
Excellent strong Ale.  we may make good Malt, which also maketh as excellent strong Ale as can be possible.  
The soil being rich, fruitful, and never nipped with frosts doth give us hope that in few years space by planting vines, 
Sack, and Canary wine.  we shall make good store of Sack, and Canary wine, which in those parts are needful, and very wholesome, and will greatly comfort and lighten the hearts of our Countrymen, and make them jovial and courageous to undertake and execute the greatest labours, and most difficult adventures of discovery.  
The commodities already found in Guiana, are at large declared in the former discourse; 
The commodities of the Country. pag. 31, and 32.  yet for the better memory of those that are disposed to adventure in this action, I have again in brief remembered them. First within a year without much labour, there may be transported thence good store of Cotton wool; divers kinds of rich dies; sundry sorts of gums, drugs, and feathers; many kinds of rich woods: jasper, and Purphery stone; Balsamum, wax, honey, and Tobacco. And hereafter within few years, we shall return thence great plenty of Sugars: and I hope discover as rich Mines, as ever the Spaniard found, either in new Spain, Peru, or any other part of the Indies.  
FOrasmuch as it hath pleased his Excellent Majesty, for the planting and inhabiting of all that part of Guiana, or continent of America, lying between the river of Amazons, and the river of Dessequebe, to grant his gracious Letters Patents to Robert Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt in the County of Oxford Esquire, Sir Thomas Challener Knight, and john Rovenzon Esquire, and to the heirs of the said Robert Harcourt, of all the said Countries, Lands and Territories between the said two rivers of Amazons and Dessequebe, and of all Islands, Lands and Territories within twenty Leagues adjacent thereunto, etc. Together with all Prerogatives, jurisdictions, Royalties, Privileges, Franchises and Preheminenses, both for Government, Trade, Traffic, and otherwise, in as large and ample manner, as either his Majesty, or any of his noble Progenitors, or Predecessors, have heretofore granted to any Adventurers, or Undertakers of any Discoveries, Plantations, or Traffic, of, in, or into any foreign parts whatsoever. To have, hold, possess, and enjoy all and singular the premises, to the sole and proper use of the said Robert Harcourt, and his heirs for ever. And for that divers honourable personages, Gentlemen, and others, who are willing and desirous, for the Glory of God, and the Honour of our Nation, to give aid and assistance, either in person, or purse, to the undertaking of this worthy Action, and Plantation, may truly understand and know, how, and in what manner they shall receive benefit and profit by their adventures, and travels therein; It is thought fit and necessary, for their better content and satisfaction, to publish these Articles ensuing.  
THe Planters in general, are all Adventurers either in person, or purse.  
The meanest Adventurer in Person, shall have five hundred Acres as a single share.  
Every one that adventureth twelve pounds ten shillings, shall have five hundred Acres as a single share; and so rateably according to the adventure, be it more or less.  
The Plantation and Adventure is intended to be partly General, and partly Particular.  
In the General Plantation and Adventure, all persons of all conditions and estates, even to the poorest servants, and labourers, men, women, and children, may adventure as much or as little as they please, from ten shillings upwards, and shall have in fee simple the assured rateable increase and gain according to the quantity of his adventure; So as for every ten shillings adventured, he shall have twenty Acres in inheritance, and so much yearly profit as those twenty Acres may yield.  
A Register shall be truly kept of the names of every Adventurer in person, and of every Adventurer in money, and of the sum by him adventured, to the end that they may proportionably receive the full benefit of their Adventures.  
During the first three years, the whole benefit shall go towards the advancement of the Plantation.  
At the end of those three years, a fourth part of the clear profits remaining shall be divided betwixt all the Adventurers in purse or person, rateably according to their shares, and adventures.  
Yearly for seven years after the first three years ended, three parts of the whole clear yearly profit upon every return shall be in like manner divided; and the other fourth part shall go towards the advancement of the Plantation.  
In those ten years the Land may be surveyed, & fit distributions & alotments made thereof to the Adventurers and Planters.  
After those ten years it shall be free for every one to make his best of his alotment at his own discretion by himself, or else to trade and deal in common, as he did before with others, which perhaps will be most convenient for all small Adventurers: And a settled order shall for that end be continued, for a continual, joint, and common trade and commerce for ever; for otherwise it might prove hard for Adventurers of small sums to reap any benefit after the ten years ended: but by a common continued commerce, they, or their heirs, or assigns, shall be sure to have it.  
A Treasurer general for the Plantation shall be resident in London, and when the return of profit dividable shall be, he shall forthwith deliver to a particular Treasurer resident in every shire, the proportionable part or profit due to the Adventurers of that shire, which particular Treasurer shall deliver to the high Constables of every Hundred, the proportionable part due to the Adventurers of that Hundred: And the high Constables shall deliver to the Constables and Minister of every Parish within their Hundreds, where any Adventurers shall be, the proportionable part due to the Adventurers of that Parish. And the Constable & Minister shall deliver to every person in that Parish his due, according to the proportion of his adventure.  
To this end a Register shall be kept by the Constable and Minister of each parish, of the names of each Adventurer in that Parish, with their several adventures, & the time when they brought in the same; So as such as he removed out of a Parish where they adventured, to some other place, shall either themselves, or their heirs, or assigns receive his proportionable profit in the parish where he adventured, without further trouble or travel.  
The like Register shall remain with the high Constables, of the Adventurers in their Hundred.  
And the like with the particular Treasurer of that shire, of the Adventurers of that shire.  
And the like of all the Adventurers whatsoever, with the Treasurer general for the Plantation.  
But yet such as adventure not before this next intended voyage; (which we account the first voyage for the Plantation) or before the second, but stay longer expecting the event, must not expect equal shares with the first Adventurers: but if his adventure come in after the second voyage, and before the third, he shall want a fifth part of that which the first Adventurers shall have. And such as come in before the fourth voyoge, shall want two fifth parts. And such as come in before the fifth voyage, shall want three fifth parts. And such as come in before the sixth voyage (which perhaps may be the last voyage in the first three years, a voyage being says forth every half year) shall want four fifth parts of what the first Adventurer shall have. And so a single share for so late an Adventurer of twelve pound ten shillings, will be but one hundred Acres in inheritance, and his profit accordingly in proportion, and so for a greater or lesser rate, so lately adventured,  
Every Adventurer in person, if he die having neither wife, nor child in Guiana living, his next kinsman that will go in person at the next voyage or sending after his decease, shall have his share or part: but if none such will go in person, than the next heir of the deceased in England, shall have a fifth part of that share in inheritance, being about one hundred Acres: And the residue being four hundred Acres, shall be disposed of to some other that will go in person, that so by the death of the party deceased, the number of the Planters in person may not be diminished, and that yet his next heir here, may have some competent benefit by the adventure of his kinsman's person.  
If a man and his wife go, each of them shall have five hundred acres; yet so, that the share of the wife be at the husband's dispose, as is used by husbands in England, that marry women heirs, who cannot alien the same without the wives consent.  
If a man & his wife go, the survivor shall have the others share, if they have no children borne in Guiana; but if they have children borne there, then only the survivor shall have the share of the deceased, until the child be one and twenty years old, and then the child shall have it, for that the share of the personal adventure of the survivor, will be competent maintenance, so as the child may well have the other share.  
If a man and his wife, and a child of theirs go, each shall have five hundred Acres.  
The shares of Commanders, Officers, and men of place, and quality, that adventure in Person, are not to be rated according to single shares of inferior and common persons, that adventure in person: but according to their place, quality, and merit, in such sort as shallbe fit to give them content, and encouragement to adventure their persons in so honourable and worthy an Action.  
Divine Preachers that will imitate the glorious examples of the Apostles (who ceased not to travel amongst all sorts of Heathen and savage people for the plantation of the holy Gospel) are worthily numbered amongst the persons of place & quality, and shall have such worthy shares, for the adventure of their persons, in 〈◊〉 service of the blessed Trinity, as shall give them good content. Thus much concerning the General Adventure and Plantation.  
In the Particular Plantation and Adventure, there shallbe certain Signiories or other Portions of land allotted and granted to such as like not to be partakers of the General Plantation and Adventure; but have otherwise a desire to join together in several companies or corporations of select friends and acquaintance, or else to plant apart, and single by themselves, as Lords of Manors, or as Farmers.  
These Signiories or Portions of Land shallbe conveyed and assured unto them in Fee simple, with all such Royalties, Liberties, Privileges, Franchises, and Commodities, as shallbe fit and necessary for the advancement of their Plantations, and can (by virtue of the Patent) be granted unto them.  
They shall plant and people the same at their own proper costs and charges, and convert the profits thereof to their own use and behoof, under the conditions following.  
They shall yearly pay unto such Officers as shallbe appointed for that purpose, the fifth part of all Oars of Gold and Silver, as shall at all times hereafter, be found and gotten within the bounds and limits of the Signiories and Lands granted unto them, which fifth part of Oar, is by the Patent reserved to his Majesty.  
The fifth part being deducted for his Majesty, they shall also pay to the Patentees, or unto their Officers for that purpose appointed, all such rents and duties, as betwixt the said Patentees, and them, shall be agreed upon, and such as have been usually paid by the planters and inhabiters of the like Plantations, whereof there are extant many precedents: And also from time to time shall observe, pay, & perform, all such other customs, impositions, reservations, and limitations, as are mentioned & expressed in the said Patent.  
And for their safety and defence in all the said particular Plantations, they shall be aided, protected, and defended, both by Sea, and Land, against all assaulters, invaders, and intruders, according to the power and strength of the Undertakers of the General nerall Plantation, which I hope (with God's assistance) shall be sufficient to resist and repel the malice of our greatest enemies.  
FINIS.