A brief and true report of the new found land of Virginia of the commodities and of the nature and manners of the natural inhabitants. Discovered by the English Colony there seated by Sir Richard Greinuile Knight In the year 1585. Which Remained Under the government of twelve months, At the special charge and direction of the Honourable SIR WALTER RALEIGH Knight lord Warden of the stanneries Who therein hath been favoured and authorized by her MAJESTY and her letters patents: This fore book Is made in English BY Thomas Hariot servant to the abovenamed Sir WALTER, a member of the Colony, and there employed in discovering  
cum GRATIA ET PRIVELEDIO CAESMA 'tIS SPECIA LI  
FRANCOFORTI AD MOENUM TYPIS JOANNIS WECHELL, SUMITIRUS VERO THEODORI DE BRY ANNO CD D XC. VENALES REPERIUNTUR IN OFFICINA SIGISMUNDI FEIRABENDII   
TO THE RIGHT WORTHY AND HONOURABLE, SIR WALTER RALEGH, KNIGHT, SENESCHAL OF THE DUCHIES OF Cornwall and Exeter, and L. Warden of the stannaries in Devon and Cornwall. T.B. wisheth true felictie. 

AMORE ET VIRTVE   
SIr, seeing that the part of the World, which is between the Florida and the Cap Breton now nammed Virginia, to the honneur of yours most soweraine Laid and Queen Elizabetz, hath been descowerd by yours means. And great charges. And that your Collonye hath been their established to your great honour and praise, and noelesser profit unto the commonwealth: It is good raisin that every man evertwe himself for to show the benefit which they have receive of it. Therefore, formy part I have been all ways Desirous for to make you know the good will that I have to remain still your most humble servant. I have think that I cold feigned no better occasion to declare it, then taking the pains to cott in copper (the most diligent ye and well that wear my possible to do) the Figures which do levelye represent the form and manner of the Inhabitants of the same country with theirs ceremonies, solemn, feasts, and the manner and situation of their Towns, or Villages. adding unto every figure a brief declaration of the same, to that end that every man cold the better understand that which is in represented. Moreover I have think that the aforesaid figures wear of greater commendation, If some Histoire which traitinge of the commodities and of the said try wear joined with the same, therefore have I serve myself of the which Thomas Hariot hath lattely set forth, and have booth together to be printed for to dedicated unto you, as a thing which by doth already appertain unto you. Therefore do I creave that you will keep this little Book, and take it In good partte. And desiring that favour that reccueme in the number of one of your most humble servants, lord to bless and further you in all yours good doings and actions, and also to preserve, and keep you always in good health. And so I commit you unto the almyhttie, from Franckfort the first of Apprill 1590.  
Your most humble servant,  Theodorus de Bry.  
TO THE ADVENTURERS, FAVOURERS, AND WELWILLERS OF THE ENTERPRISE FOR THE INHABITTING and planting in Virginia. 
Since the first undertaking by Sir Walter Ralegh to deal in the action of discovering of that Country which is now called and known by the name of Virginia; many voyages having been thither made at sundry times to his great charge; as first in the year 1584. and afterwards in the years 1585. 1586. and now of late this last year of 1587. There have been divers and variable reports with some slanderous and shameful speeches bruited abroad by many that returned from thence. Especially of that discovery which was made by the Colony transported by Sir Richard Greinuile in the year 1585. being of all the others the most principal and as yet of most effect, the time of their abode in the country being a whole year, when as in the other voyage before they stayed but six weeks; and the others after were only for supply and transportation, nothing more being discovered then had been before. Which reports have not done a little wrong to many that otherwise would have also favoured & adventured in the action, to the honour and benefit of our nation, besides the particular profit and credit which would redound to themselves the dealers therein; as I hope by the sequel of events to the shame of those that have avouched the contrary shallbe manifest: if you the adventurers, favourers, and well-willers do but either increase in number, or in opinion continue, or having been doubtful renew your good liking and furtherance to deal therein according to the worthiness thereof already found and as you shall understand hereafter to be requisite. Touching which worthiness through cause of the diversity of relations and reports, many of your opinions could not be firm, nor the minds of some that are well disposed, be settled in any certainty.  
I have therefore thought it good being one that have been in the discovery and in dealing with the natural inhabitants specially employed; and having therefore seen and known more than the ordinary: to impart so much unto you of the fruits of our labours, as that you may know how injuriously the enterprise is slandered. And that in public manner at this present chiefly for two respects.  
First that some of you which are yet ignorant or doubtful of the state thereof, may see that there is sufficient cause why the chief enterpriser with the favour of her Majesty, notwithstanding such reports; hath not only since continued the action by sending into the country again, and replanting this last year a new Colony; but is also ready, according as the times and means will afford, to follow and prosecute the same.  
Secondly, that you seeing and knowing the continuance of the action by the view hereof you may generally know & learn what the country is, & there upon consider how your dealing therein if it proceed, may return you profit and gain; be it either by inhabitting & planting or otherwise in furthering thereof.  
And lest that the substance of my relation should be doubtful unto you, as of others by reason of their diversity: I will first open the cause in a few words wherefore they are so different; referring my selue to your favourable constructions, and to be adjudged of as by good consideration you shall find cause.  
Of our company that returned some for their misdemeanour and ill dealing in the country, have been there worthily punished; who by reason of their bad natures, have maliciously not only spoken ill of their Governors; but for their sakes slandered the country itself. The like also have those done which were of their consort.  
Some being ignorant of the state thereof, notwithstanding since their return amongst their friends and acquaintance and also others, especially if they were in company where they might not be gainsaid; would seem to know so much as no men more; and make no men so great travailers as themselves. They stood so much as it may seem upon their credit and reputation that having been a twelve month in the country, it would have been a great disgrace unto them as they thought, if they could not have said much whether it were true or false. Of which some have spoken of more than ever they saw or otherwise knew to be there; othersome have not been ashamed to make absolute denial of that which although not by them, yet by others is most certainly and there plentifully known. And othersome make difficulties of those things they have no skill of.  
The cause of their ignorance was, in that they were of that many that were never out of the Island where we were seated, or not far, or at the leastwise in few places else, during the time of our abode in the country; or of that many that after gold and silver was not so soon found, as it was by them looked for, had little or no care of any other thing but to pamper their bellies; or of that many which had little understanding, less discretion, and more tongue than was needful or requisite.  
Some also were of a nice bringing up, only in cities or towns, or such as never (as I may say) had seen the world before. Because there were not to be found any English cities, nor such fair houses, nor at their own wish any of their old accustomed dainty food, nor any soft beds of down or feathers: the country was to them miserable, & their reports thereof according.  
Because my purpose was but in brief to open the cause of the variety of such speeches; the particularities of them, and of many envious, malicious, and slanderous reports and devices else, by our own country men beside; as trifles that are not worthy of wise men to be thought upon, I mean not to trouble you withal: but will pass to the commodities, the substance of that which I have to make relation of unto you.  
The treatise where of for your more ready view & easier understanding I will divide into three special parts. In the first I will make declaration of such commodities there already found or to be raised, which will not only serve the ordinary turns of you which are and shall be the planters and inhabitants, but such an overplus sufficiently to be yielded, or by men of skill to be provided, as by way of traffic and exchange with our own nation of England, will enrich yourselves the providers; those that shall deal with you; the enterprisers in general; and greatly profit our own country men, to supply them with most things which heretofore they have been feign to provide, either of strangers or of our enemies: which commodities for distinction sake, I call Merchantable.  
In the second, I will set down all the commodities which we know the country by our experience doth yield of itself for victual, and sustenance of man's life; such as is usually fed upon by the inhabitants of the country, as also by us during the time we were there.  
In the last part I will make mention generally of such other commodities beside, as I am able to remember, and as I shall think behoveful for those that shall inhabit, and plant there to know of; which specially concern building, as also some other necessary uses: with a brief description of the nature and manners of the people of the country.   

THE FIRST PART, OF MERCHANTABLE COMMODITIES.  

Silk of grass or grass Silk.  
There is a kind of grass in the country upon the blades where of there groweth very good silk in form of a thin glittering skin to be stripped of. It groweth two foot and a half high or better: the blades are about two foot in length, and half inch broad. The like groweth in Persia, which is in the self same climate as Virginia, of which very many of the silk works that come from thence into Europe are made. Here of if it be planted and ordered as in Persia, it cannot in reason be otherwise, but that there will rise in short time great profit to the dealers therein; seeing there is so great use and vent thereof as well in our country as else where. And by the means of sowing & planting in good ground, it will be far greater, better, and more plentiful than it is. Although notwithstanding there is great store thereof in many places of the country growing naturally and wild. Which also by proof here in England, in making a piece of silk Grogran, we found to be excellent good.   

Worm Silk.  
In many of our journeys we found silk worms fair and great; as big as our ordinary walnuts. Although it hath not been our hap to have found such plenty as elsew here to be in the country wehave heard of; yet seeing that the country doth naturally breed and nourish them, there is no doubt but if art be added in plantig of mulberry trees and others fit for them in commodious places, for their feeding and nourishing; and some of them carefully gathered and husbanded in that sort as by men of skill is known to be necessary: there will rise as great profit in time to the Virginians, as there of doth now to the Persians, Turks, Italians and Spaniards.   

Flax and Hemp.  
The truth is that of Hemp and Flax there is no great store in any one place together, by reason it is not planted but as the soil doth yield it of itself; and howsoever the leaf, and stem or stalk do differ from ours; the stuff by the judgement of men of skill is altogether as good as ours. And if not, as further proof should find otherwise; we have that experience of the soil, as that there cannobee showed any reason to the contrary, but that it will grow there excellent well; and by planting will be yielded plentifully: seeing there is so much ground whereof some may well be applied to such purposes. What benefit hereof may grow in cordage and linens who can not easily understand?   

Alum.  
There is a vein of earth along the sea coast for the space of forty or fifty miles, whereof by the judgement of some that have made trial herein England, is made good Alum, of that kind which is called roche alum. The richness of such a commodity is so well known that I need not to say any thing thereof. The same earth doth also yield White Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen Plumeum, but nothing so plentifully as the common Alum; which be also of price and profitable.   

Wapeih.  
Wapeih, a kind of earth so called by the natural inhabitants; very like to terra sigillata: and having been refined, it hath been found by some of our Physicians and Surgeons to be of the same kind of virtue and more effectual. The inhabitants use it very much for the cure of sores and wounds: there is in divers places great plenty, and in some places of a blue sort.   

Pitch, Tar, resin, and Turpentine.  
There are those kinds of trees which yield them abundantly and great store. In the very same Island where we were seated, being fifteen miles of length, and five or six miles in breadth, there are few trees else but of the same kind; the whole Island being full.   

Sassafras.  
Sassafras, called by the inhabitants Winauk, a kind of wood of most pleasand and sweet smell; and of most rare virtues in physic for the cure of many diseases. It is found by experience to be far better and of more uses then the wood which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vitae. For the description, the manner of using and the manifold virtues thereof, I refer you to the book of Monardus, translated and entitled in English, The joyful news from the West Indies.   

Cedar.  
Cedar, a very sweet wood & fine timber; whereof if nests of chests be there made, or timber thereof fitted for sweet & fine bedsteads, tables, desks, lutes, virginals & many things else, (of which there hath been proof made already) to make up fraite with other principal commodities will yield profit.   

Wine.  
There are two kinds of grapes that the soil doth yield naturally: the one is small and sour of the ordinary bigness as ours in England: the other far greater & of himself iushious sweet. When they are planted and husbandeg as they ought, a principal commodity of wines by them may be raised.   

Oil.  
There are two sorts of walnuts both holding oil, but the one far more plentiful than the other. When there are mills & other devices for the purpose, a commodity of them may be raised because there are infinite store. There are also three several kinds of Berries in the form of Oak acorns, which also by the experience and use of the inhabitants, we find to yield very good and sweet oil. Furthermore the Bears of the country are commonly very fat, and in some places there are many: their fatness because it is so liquid, may well be termed oil, and hath many special uses.   

Furs:  
All along the Sea coast there are great store of Otters, which being taken by wears and other engines made for the purpose, will yield good profit. We hope also of Marten furs, and make no doubt by the relation of the people but that in some places of the country there are store: although there were but two skins that came to our hands. Luzarnes also we have understanding of although for the time we saw none.   

Dear skins.  
Dear skins dressed after the manner of Chamoes' or undressed are to be had of the natural inhabitants thousands yearly by way of traffic for trifles: and no more waist or spoil of Dear then is and hath been ordinarily in time before.   

Civet cats.  
In our travails, there was found one to have been killed by a salvage or inhabitant: and in an other place the smell where one or more had lately been before: whereby we gather beside then by the relation of the people that there are some in the country: good profit will rise by them.   

Iron.  
In two places of the country specially, one about fourscore and the other six score miles from the Fort or place where we dwelled: we found near the water side the ground to be rocky, which by the trial of a mineral man, was found to hold Iron richly. It is found in many places of the country else. I know nothing to the contrary, but that it may be allowed for a good merchantable commodity, considering there the small charge for the labour and feeding of men: the infinite store of wood: the want of wood and dearness thereof in England: & the necessity of ballasting of ships.   

Copper.  
A hundred and fifty miles into the main in two towns we found with the inhabitants diverse small plates of copper, that had been made as we understood, by the inhabitants that dwell farther into the country: where as they say are mountains and Rivers that yield also white grains of metal, which is to be deemed Silver. For confirmation whereof at the time of our first arrival in the Country, I saw with some others with me, two small pieces of silver grossly beaten about the weight of a Testrone, hanging in the ears of a Wiroans or chief Lord that dwelled about fourscore miles from us; of whom thorough inquiry, by the number of days and the way, I learned that it had come to his hands from the same place or near, where I after understood the copper was made and the white grains of metal found. The aforesaid copper we also found by trial to hold silver.   

Pearl.  
Sometimes in feeding on muscles we found some pearl; but it was our hap to meet with rags, or of a pied colour; not having yet discovered those places where we heard of better and more plenty. One of our company; a man of skill in such matters, had gathered together from among the savage people about five thousand: of which number he chose so many as made a fair chain, which for their likeness and uniformity in roundness, orientnesse, and pidenesse of mamny excellent colours, with equality in greatness, were very fair and rare; and had therefore been presented to her Majesty, had we not by casualty and through extremity of a storm, lost them with many things else in coming away from the country.   

Sweet Gums.  
Sweet Gums of divers kinds and many other Apothecary drugs of which we will make special mention, when we shall receive it from such men of skill in that kind, that in taking reasonable pains shall discover them more particularly than we have done; and than now I can makc relation of, for want of the examples I had provited and gathered, and are now lost, with other things by causualtie before mentioned.   

Dies of divers kinds.  
There is Shoemake well known, and used in England for black; the seed of an herb called Wasewówr: little small roots called Cháppacor; and the bark of the tree called by the inhabitants Tangomóckonomindge: which Dies are for divers sorts of red: their goodness for our English clothes remain yet to be proved. The inhabitants use them only for the dying of hair; and colouring of their faces, and Mantles made of Dear skins; and also for the dying of Rushes to make artificial works withal in their Mats and baskets; having no other thing besides that they account of, apt to use them for. If they will not prove merchantable there is no doubt but the Planters there shall find apt uses for them, as also for other colours which we know to be there.   

Oade.  
A thing of so great vent and use amongst English Dyer's, which cannot be yielded sufficiently in our own country for spare of ground; may be planted in Virginia, there being ground enough. The growth thereof need not to be doubted when as in the Islands of the Asores it groweth plentifully, which is in the same climate. So likewise of Madder.   

Sugar canes.  
When carried thither Sugar canes to plant which being not so well preserved as was requisite, & besides the time of the year being passed for their setting when we arrived, we could not make that proof of them as we desired. Fallst seeing that they grow in the same climate, in the South part of Spain and in Barbary, our hope in reason may yet continue. So likewise for Oranges, and Lemons, there may be planted also Quinses. Wherbi may grow in reasonable time if the action be diligently prosecuted, no small commodities in Sugars, Suckets, and Marmalades.  
Many other commodities by planting may there also be raised, which I leave to your discreet and gentle considerations: and many also may be there which yet we have not discovered. Two more commodities of great value one of certainty, and the other in hope, not to be planted, but there to be raised & in short time to be provided and prepared, I might have specified. So likewise of those commodities already set down I might have said more; as of the particular places where they are found and best to be planted and prepared: by what means and in what reasonable space of time they might be raised to profit and in what proportion; but because others then well-willers might be therewithal acquainted, not to the good of the action, I have wittingly omitted them: knowing that to those that are well disposed I have uttered, according to my promise and purpose, for this part sufficient.    

THE SECOND PART, OF SUCH COMMODITIES AS VIRGINIA IS known to yield for victual and sustenance of man's life, usually fed upon by the natural inhabitants: as also by us during the time of our abode. And first of such as are sowed and husbanded.  
Pagatowr, a kind of grain so called by the inhabitants; the same in the West Indies is called Mayze: English men call it Guinney wheat or Turkey wheat, according to the names of the countries from whence the like hath been brought. The grain is about the bigness of our ordinary English pease and not much different in form and shape: but of divers colours: some white, some red, some yellow, and some blue. All of them yield a very white and sweet flower: being used according to his kind it maketh a very good bread. We made of the same in the country some malt, whereof was brewed as good ale as was to be desired. So likewise by the help of hops thereof may be made as good Beer. It is a grain of marvelous great increase; of a thousand, fifteen hundred and some two thousand fold. There are three sorts, of which two are ripe in an eleven and twelve weeks at the most: sometimes in ten, after the time they are set, and are then of height in stalk about six or seven foot. The other sort is ripe in fourteen, and is about ten foot high, of the stalks some bear four heads, some three, some one, and two: every head containing five, six, or seven hundred grains within a few more or less. Of these grains besides bread, the inhabitants make victual either by parching them; or seething them whole until they be broken; or boiling the flower with water into a pap.  
Okindgíer, called by us Beans, because in greatness & partly in shape they are like to the Beans in England; saving that they are flatter, of more divers colours, and some pied. The leaf also of the stem is much different. In taste they are altogether as good as our English pease.  
Wickonzówr, called by us Pease, in respect of the beans for distinction sake, because they are much less; although in form they little differ; but in goodness of taste much, & are far better than our English pease. Both the beans and pease are ripe in ten weeks after they are set. They make them victual either by boiling them all to pieces into a broth; or boiling them whole until they be soft and begin to break as is used in England, either by themselves or mixedly together: Sometime they mingle of the wheat with them. Sometime also being whole soddeu, they bruise or pound them in a mortar, & thereof make loaves or lumps of dowishe bread, which they use to eat for variety.  
Macócqwer, according to their several forms called by us, Pompions, Mellions, and Gourds, because they are of the like forms as those kinds in England. In Virginia such of several forms are of one taste and very good, and do also spring from one seed. There are of two sorts; one is ripe in the space of a month, and the other in two months.  
There is an herb which in Dutch is called Melden. Some of those that I describe it unto, take it to be a kind of Orage; it groweth about four or five foot high: of the seed thereof they make a thick broth, and pottage of a very good taste: of the stalk by burning into ashes they make a kind of salt earth, wherewithal many use sometimes to season their broths; other salt they know not. We ourselves, used the leaves also for pothearbes.  
There is also another great heaŕbe in form of a Marigold, about six foot in height; the head with the flower is a span in breadth. Some take it to be Planta Solis: of the seeds hereof they make both a kind of bread and broth.  
All the aforesaid commodities for victual are set or sowed, sometimes in grounds a part and severally by themselves; but for the most part together in one ground mixedly: the manner thereof with the dressing and preparing of the ground, because I will note unto you the fertility of the soil; I think good briefly to describe.  
The ground they never fatten with muck, dung or any other thing; neither plough nor dig it as we in England, but only prepare it in sort as followeth. A few days before they sow or set, the men with wooden instruments, made almost in form of mattocks or ho's with long handles; the women with short peckers or parers, because they use them sitting, of a foot long and about five inches in breadth: do only break the upper part of the ground to raise up the weeds, grass, & old stubbes of corn stalks with their roots. The which after a day or twoes drying in the Sun, being scraped up into many small heaps, to save them labour for carrying them away; they burn into ashes. (And whereas some may think that they use the ashes for to better the ground; I say that then they would either disperse the ashes abroad; which we observed they do not, except the heaps be too great: or else would take special care to set their corn where the ashes lie, which also we find they are careless of.) And this is all the husbanding of their ground that they use.  
Then their setting or sowing is after this manner. First for their corn, beginning in one corner of the plot, with a pecker they make a hole, wherein they put four grains with that care they touch not one another, (about an inch asunder) and cover them with the mould again: and so through out the whole plot, making such holes and using them after such manner: but with this regard that they be made in ranks, every rank differing from other half a fathom or a yard, and the holes also in every rank, as much. By this means there is a yard spare ground between every hole: where according to discretion here and there, they set as many Beans and Pease: in divers places also among the seeds of Macócqwer, Melden and Planta Solis.  
The ground being thus set according to the rate by us experimented, an English Acre containing forty perches in length, and four in breadth, doth there yield in crop or ofcome of corn, beans, and pease, at the least two hundred London bushels: besides the Macócqwer, Melden, and Planta Solis. When as in England forty bushels of our wheat yielded out of such an acre is thought to be much.  
I thought also good to note this unto you, if you which shall inhabit and plant there, may know how specially that country corn is there to be preferred before ours: Besides the manifold ways in applying it to victual, the increase is so much that small labour and pains is needful in respect that must be used for ours. For this I can assure you that according to the rate we have made proof of, one man may prepare and husbane so much ground (having once borne corn before) with less than four and twenty hours labour, as shall yield him victual in a large proportion for a twelve month, if he have nothing else, but that which the same ground will yield, and of that kind only which I have before spoken of: the said ground being also but of five and twenty yards square. And if need require, but that there is ground enough, there might be raised out of one and the self-same ground two harvests or ofcomes; for they sow or set and may at any time when they think good from the midst of March until the end of june: so that they also set when they have eaten of their first crop. In some places of the country notwithstanding they have two harvests, as we have heard, out of one and the same ground.  
For English corn nevertheless whether to use or not to use it, you that inhabit may do as you shall have farther cause to think best. Of the growth you need not to doubt: for barley, oats and pease, we have seen proof of, not being purposely sown but fallen casually in the worst sort of ground, and yet to be as fair as any we have ever seen here in England. But of wheat because it was musty and hat taken salt water we could make no trial: and of rye we had none. Thus much have I digressed and I hope not unnecessarily: now will I return again to my course and entreat of that which yet remaineth appertaining to this Chapter.  
There is an herb which is sowed a part by itself & is called by the inhabitants Vppówoc: In the West Indies it hath divers names, according to the several places & countries where it groweth and is used: The Spaniards generally call it Tobacco. The leaves thereof being dried and brought into powder: they use to take the fume or smoke thereof by sucking it through pipes made of clay into their stomach and head; from whence it purgeth superfluous phlegm & other gross humours, openeth all the pores & passages of the body: by which means the use thereof, not only preserveth the body from obstructions; but also if any be, so that they have not been of too long continuance, in short time breaketh them: whereby their bodies are notably preserved in health, & know not many grievous diseases wherewithal we in England are oftentimes afflicted.  
This Vppówoc is of so precious estimation amongst then, that they think their gods are marvelously delighted therewith: Whereupon sometime they make hallowed fires & cast some of the powder therein for a sacrifice: being in a storm upon the waters, to pacify their gods, they cast some up into the air and into the water: so a wear for fish being newly set up, they cast some therein and into the air: also after an escape of danger, they cast some into the air likewise: but all done with strange gestures, stamping, sometime dancing, clapping of hands, holding up of hands, & staring up into the heavens, uttering therewithal and chattering strange words & noises.  
We ourselves during the time we were there used to suck it after their manner, as also since our return, & have found main rare and wonderful experiments of the virtues thereof; of which the relation would require a volume by itself: the use of it by so many of late, men & women of great calling as else, and some learned Physicians also, is sufficient witness.  
And these are all the commodities for sustenance of life that I know and can remember they use to husband: all else that follow are found growing naturally or wild.  

Of roots.  
Openauk are a kind of roots of round form, some of the bigness of walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist & marish grounds growing many together one by another in ropes, or as though they were fastnened with a string. Being boiled or sodden they are very good meat.  
Okeepenauk are also of round shape, found in dry grounds: some are of the bigness of a man's head. They are to be eaten as they are taken out of the ground, for by reason of their dryness they will neither roast nor seethe. Their taste is not so good as of the former roots, notwithstanding for want of bread & sometimes for variety the inhabitants use to eat them with fish or flesh, and in my judgement they do as well as the household bread made of rye here in England.  
Kaishúcpenauk a white kind of roots about the bigness of hen eggs & near of that form: their taste was not so good to our seeming as of the other, and therefore their place and manner of growing not so much cared for by us: the inhabitants notwithstanding used to boil & eat many.  
Tsinaw a kind of root much like unto the which in England is called the China root brought from the East Indies. And we know not any thing to the contrary but that it may be of the same kind. These roots grow many together in great clusters and do bring forth a brier stalk, but the leaf in shape far unlike; which being supported by the trees it groweth nearest unto, will reach or climb to the top of the highest. From these roots while they be new or fresh being chopped into small pieces & stamped, is strained with water a juice that maketh bread, & also being boiled, a very good spoonmeat in manner of a jelly, and is much better in taste if it be tempered with oil. This Tsinaw is not of that sort which by some was caused to be brought into England for the China root, for it was discovered since, and is in use as is afore said: but that which was brought hither is not yet known neither by us nor by the inhabitants to serve for any use or purpose; although the roots in shape are very like.  
Coscúshaw, some of our company took to be that kind of root which the Spaniards in the West Indies call Cassavy, whereupon also many called it by that name: it groweth in very muddy pools and moist grounds. Being dressed according to the country manner, it maketh a good bread, and also a good sponemeate, and is used very much by the inhabitants: The juice of this root is poison, and therefore heed must be taken before any thing be made therewithal: Either the roots must be first sliced and dried in the Sun, or by the fire, and then being pounded into flower will make good bread: or else while they are green they are to be pared, cut into pieces and stamped; loves of the same to be laid near or over the fire until it be sour, and then being well pounded again, bread, or spoon meat very good in taste, and wholesome may be made thereof.  
Habascon is a root of hot taste almost of the form and bigness of a Parseneepe, of itself it is no victual, but only a help being boiled together with other meats.  
There are also Leeks differing little from ours in England that grow in many places of the country, of which, when we came in places where, we gathered and eat many, but the natural inhabitants never.   

Of Fruits.  
Chestnuts, there are in divers places great store: some they use to eat raw, some they stamp and boil to make spoonmeat, and with some being sodden they make such a manner of dough bread as they use of their beans before mentioned.  
Walnuts: There are two kinds of Walnuts, and of then infinite store: In many places where very great woods for many miles together the third part of trees are walnuttrees. The one kind is of the same taste and form or little differing from ours of England; but that they are harder and thicker shelled: the other is greater and hath a very ragged and hard shell: but the kernel great, very oily and sweet. Besides their eating of them after our ordinary manner, they break them with stones and pound them in mortars with water to make a milk which they use to put into some sorts of their spoonmeate; also among their sodde wheat, pease, beans and pompions which maketh them have a far more pleasant taste.  
Medlars a kind of very good fruit, so called by us chiefly for these respects: first in that they are not good until they be rotten: then in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same bigness: otherwise in taste and colour they are far different: for they are as red as cherries and very sweet: but whereas the cherry is sharp sweet, they are luscious sweet.  
Metaqvesunnauk, a kind of pleasant fruit almost of the shape & bigness of English pears, but that they are of a perfect red colour as well within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaves are very thick and full of prickles as sharp as needles. Some that have been in the Indies, where they have seen that kind of red die of great price which is called Cochinile to grow, do describe his plant right like unto this of Metaquesúnnauk but whether it be the true Cochinile or a bastard or wild kind, it cannot yet be certified; seeing that also as I heard, Cochinile is not of the fruit but found on the leaves of the plant; which leaves for such matter we have not so specially observed.  
Grapes there are of two sorts which I mentioned in the merchantable commodities.  
Straberies there are as good & as great as those which we have in our English gardens.  
Mulberries, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as we have in England.  
Sacqvenummener a kind of berries almost like unto capres but some what greater which grow together in clusters upon a plant or herb that is found in shallow waters: being boiled eight or nine hours according to their kind are very good meat and wholesome, otherwise if they be eaten they will make a man for the time frantic or extremely sick.  
There is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almost like unto our rye or wheat, & being boiled is good meat.  
In our travails in some places we found wild pease like unto ours in England but that they were less, which are also good meat.   

Of a kind of fruit or berry in form of Acorns.  
There is a kind of berry or acorn, of which there are five sorts that grow on several kinds of trees; the one is called Sagatémener, the second Osamener, the third Pummuckóner. These kind of acorns they use to dry upon hurdles made of reeds with fire underneath almost after the manner as we dry malt in England. When they are to be used they first water them until they be soft & then being sod they make a good victual, either to eat so simply, or else being also pounded, to make loaves or lumps of bread. These be also the three kinds of which, I said before, the inhabitants used to make sweet oil.  
another sort is called Sapúmmener which being boiled or parched doth eat and taste like unto chestnuts. They sometime also make bread of this sort.  
The fifth sort is called Mangúmmenauk, and is the acorn of their kind of oak, the which being dried after the manner of the first sorts, and afterward watered they boil them, & their servants or sometime the chief themselves, either for variety or for want of bread, do eat them with their fish or flesh.   

Of Beasts.  
Dear, in some places there are great store: near unto the sea coast they are of the ordinary bigness as ours in England, & some less: but further up into the country where there is better seed they are greater: they differ from ovis only in this, their tails are longer and the snags of their horns look backward.  
Coneys, Those that we have seen & all that we can hear of are of a grey colour like unto hares: in some places there are such plenty that all the people of some towns make them mantles of the fur or slew of the skins of those they usually take.  
Saquenúckot & Maquówoc; two kinds of small beasts greater than coneys which are very good meat. We never took any of them ourselves, but sometime eat of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought unto us.  
Squirrels which are of a grey colour, we have taken & eaten.  
Bears which are all of black colour. The bears of this country are good meat; the inhabitants in time of winter do use to take & eat many, so also sometime did we. They are taken commonly in this sort. In some islands or places where they are, being hunted for, as soon as they have espial of a man they presently run away, & then being chased they climb and get up the next tree they can, from whence with arrows they are shot down stark dead, or with those wounds that they may after easily bekilled; we sometime shot them down with our caleevers.  
I have the names of eight & twenty several sorts of beasts which I have heard of to be here and there dispersed in the country, especially in the main: of which there are only twelve kinds that we have yet discovered, & of those that be good meat we know only them before mentioned. The inhabitamnts sometime kill the Lion & eat him: & we sometime as they came to our hands of their Wolves or wolvish Dogs, which I have not set down for good meat, lest that some would understand my judgement therein to be more simple than needeth, although I could allege the difference in taste of kinds from ours, which by some of our company have been experimented in both.   

Of Fowl.  
Turkey cocks and Turkey hens: Stockdoves: Partridges: Cranes: Hernes: & in winter great store of Swans & Geese. Ofal sorts of foul I have the names in the country language of four escore and six of which number besides those that be named, we have taken, eaten, & have the pictures as they were there drawn with the names of the inhabitants of several strange sorts of water foul eight, and seventeen kinds more of land foul, although we have seen and eaten of many more, which for want of leisure there for the purpose could not be pictured: and after we are better furnished and stored upon further discovety, with their strange beasts, fish, trees, plants, and herbs, they shall be also published.  
There are also Parats, Falcons, & Marlin hawks, which although with us they be not used for meat, yet for other causes I thought good to mention.   

Of Fish.  
For four months of the year, February, March, April and May, there are plenty of Sturgeons: And also in the same months of Herrings, some of the ordinary bigness as ours in England, but the most part far greater, of eighteen, twenty inches, and some two foot in length and better; both these kinds of fish in those months are most plentiful, and in best season, which we found to be most delicate and pleasant meat.  
There are also Trout, Porpoises, Rays, Oldwives, Mullets, Plaice, and very many other sorts of excellent good fish, which we have taken & eaten, whose names I know not but in the country language; we have of twelve sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the country with their names.  
The inhabitants use to take then two manner of ways, the one is by a kind of wear made of reeds which in that country are very strong. The other way which is more strange, is with poles made sharp at one end, by shooting them into the fish after the manner as Irishmen cast darts; either as they are rowing in their boats or else as they are wading in the shallows for the purpose.  
There are also in many places plenty of these kinds which follow.  
Sea crabs, such as we have in England.  
Oystres, some very great, and some small; some round and some of a long shape: They are found both in salt water and brackish, and those that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our own country.  
Also Muscles, Scalopes, Periwinkles, and Crevices.  
Seekanauk, a kind of crusty shell fish which is good meat, about a foot in breadth, having a crusty tail, many legs like a crab; and her eyes in her back. They are found in shallows of salt waters; and sometime on the shore.  
There are many Tortoises both of land and sea kind, their backs & bellies are shelled very thick; their head, feet, and tail, which are in appearance, seem ugly as though they were membres of a serpent or venomous: but notwithstanding they are very good meat, as also their eggs. Some have been found of a yard in breadth and better.  
And thus have I made relation of all sorts of victual that we fed upon for the time we were in Virginia, as also the inhabitants themselves, as far forth as I know and can remember or that are specially worthy to be remembered.    

THE THIRD AND LAST PART, OF SUCH OTHER THINGS AS IS BE HOOfull for those which shall plant and inhabit to know of; with a description of the nature and manners of the people of the country.  

Of commodities for building and other necessary uses.  
Those other things which I am more to make rehearsal of, are such as concern building, and other mechanical necessary uses; as divers sorts of trees for house & ship timber, and other uses else: Also lime, stone, and brick, lest that being not mentioned some might have been doubted of, or by some that are malicious reported the contrary.  
Okes, there are as fair, strait, tall, and as good timber as any can be, and also great store, and in some places very great.  
Walnut trees, as I have said before very many, some have been seen excellent fair timber of four & five fathom, & above fourscore foot straight without bough.  
Fir trees fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great.  
Rakíock, a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the inhabitans that were near unto us do commonly make their boats or Canoes of the form of trowes; only with the help of fire, harchets of stones, and shells; we have known some so great being made in that sort of one tree that they have carried well xx. men at once, besides much baggage: the timber being great, tall, straight, soft, light, & yet tough enough I think (besides other uses) to be fit also for masts of ships.  
Cedar, a sweet wood good for ceilings, Chests, Boxes, Bedsteedes, Lutes, Virginals, and many things else, as I have also said before. Some of our company which have wandered in some places where I have not been, have made certain affirmation of Cyprus which for such and other excellent uses, is also a wood of price and no small estimation.  
Maple, and also Wich-hazle, whereof the inhabitants use to make their bows.  
Holly a necessary thing for the making of bird-lime.  
Willows good for the making of wears and weeles to take fish after the English manner, although the inhabitants use only reeds, which because they are so strong as also flexible, do serve for that turn very well and sufficiently.  
Beech and ash, good for cask, hoops: and if need require, plough work, as also for many things else.  
Elm.  
Sassafras trees.  
Ascopo a kind of tree very like unto Laurel, the bark is hot in taste and spicy, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth to be Cassia Lignea of the West Indies.  
There are many other strange trees whose names I know not but in the Virginian language, of which I am not now able, neither is it so convenient for the present to trouble you with particular relation: seeing that for timber and other neceslary uses I have named sufficient: And of many of the rest but that they may be applied to good use, I know no cause to doubt.  
Now for Stone, Brick and Lime, thus it is. near unto the Sea coast where weedwelt, there are no kind of stones to be found (except a few small pebbles about four miles off) but such as have been brought from farther out of the main. In some of our voyages we have seen divers hard raggy stones, great pebbles, and a kind of grey stone like unto marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeve wood. Upon inquiry we heard that a little further up into the Country were of all sorts very many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, neither have they use of any store whereupon they should have occasion to seek any. For if every household have one or two to crack Nuts, grind shells, whet copper, and sometimes other stones for hatchets, they have enough: neither use they any digging, but only for graves about three foot deep: and therefore no marvel that they know neither Quarries, nor lime stones, which both may be in places nearer than they wots of.  
In the mean time until there be discovery of sufficient store in some place or other convenient, the want of you which are and shallbe the planters therein may be as well supplied by Brick: for the making whereofin divers places of the country there is clay both excellent good, and plenty; and also by lime made of Oyster shells, and of others burnt, after the manner as they use in the Isles of Tenet and Shepy, and also in divers other places of England: Which kind of lime is well known to be as good as any other. And of Oyster shells there is plenty enough: for besides divers other particular places where are abundance, there is one shallow sound along the coast, where for the space of many miles together in length, and two or three miles in breadth, the ground is nothing else being but half a foot or a foot under water for the most part.  
This much can I say further more of stones, that about 120. miles from our fort near the water in the side of a hill was found by a Gentleman of our company, a great vein of hard rag stones, which I thought good to remember unto you.   

Of the nature and manners of the people  
It resteth I speak a word or two of the natural inhabitants, their natures and manners, leaving large discourse thereof until time more convenient hereafter: now only so far forth, as that you may know, how that they in respect of troubling our inhabiting and planting, are not to be feared; but that they shall have cause both to fear and love us, that shall inhabit with them.  
They are a people clothed with lose mantles made of Dear skins, & aprons of the same round about their middles; all else naked; of such a difference of statures only as we in England; having no edge tools or weapons of iron or steel to offend us withal, neither know they how to make any: those weapons that they have, are only bows made of Witch hazle, & arrows of reeds; flat edged truncheons also of wood about a yard long, neither have they any thing to defend themselves but targets made of barcks; and some armours made of sticks wickered together with thread.  
Their towns are but small, & near the sea coast but few, some containing but 10. or 12. houses: some 20. the greatest that we have seen have been but of 30. houses: if they be walled it is only done with barks of trees made fast to stakes, or else with poles only fixed upright and close one by another.  
Their houses are made of small poles made fast at the tops in round form after the manner as is used in many arbories in our gardens of England, in most towns covered with barks, and in some with artificial mats made of long rushes; from the tops of the houses down to the ground. The length of them is commonly double to the breadth, in some places they are but 12. and 16. yards long, and in other some we have seen of four and twenty.  
In some places of the country one only town belongeth to the government of a Wiróans or chief Lord; in other some two or three, in some six, eight, & more; the greatest Wiróans that yet we had dealing with had but eighteen towns in his government, and able to make not above seven or eight hundred fight men at the most: The language of every government is different from any other and the farther they are distant the greater is the difference.  
Their manner of wars amongst themselves is either by sudden surprising one an other most commonly about the dawning of the day, or moon light; or elsby ambushes, or some subtle devices: Set battles are very rare, except it fall out where there are many trees, where either part may have some hope of defence, after the delivery of every arrow, in leaping behind some or other.  
If there fall out any wars betweme us & them, what their fight is likely to be, we having advantages against them so many manner of ways, as by our discipline, our strange weapons and devices else; especially by ordinance great and small, it may be easily imagined; by the experience we have had in some places, the turning us of their heels against us in running away was their best defence.  
In respect of us they are a people poor, and for want of skill and judgement in the knowledge and use of our things, do esteem our trifles before things of greater value: Notwithstanding in their proper manner considering the want of such means as we have, they seem very ingenious; For although they have no such tools, nor any such crafts, sciences and arts as we; yet in those things they do, they show excellency of wit. And by how much they upon due consideration shall find our manner of knowledges and crafts to exceed theirs in perfection, and speed for doing or execution, by so much the more is it probable that they should desire our friendships & love, and have the greater respect for pleasing and obeying us. Whereby may be hoped if means of good government be used, that they may in short time be brought to civility, and the embracing of true religion.  
Some religion they have already, which although it be far from the truth, yet being at it is, there is hope it may be the easier and sooner reform.  
They believe that there are many Gods which they call Mantóac, but of different sorts and degrees; one only chief and great God, which hath been from all eternity. Who as they affirm when he purposed to make the world, made first other gods of a principal order to be as means and instruments to be used in the creation and government to follow; and after the Sun, Moon, and Stars, as petty gods and the instruments of the other order more principal. First they say were made waters, out of which by the gods was made all diversity of creatures that are visible or invisible.  
For mankind they say a woman was made first, which by the working of one of the gods, conceived and brought forth children: And in such sort they say they had their beginning.  
But how many years or ages have passed since, they say they can make no relation, having no letters nor other such means as we to keep records of the particularities of times past, but only tradition from father to son.  
They think that all the gods are of human shape, & therefore they represent them by images in the forms of men, which they call Kewasowok one alone is called Kewás; Them they place in houses appropriate or temples which they call Mathicómuck; Where they worship, pray, sing, and make many times offerings unto them. In some Machicómuck we have seen but on Kewas, in some two, and in other some three; The common sort think them to be also gods.  
They believe also the immortality of the soul, that after this life as soon as the soul is departed fiom the body according to the works it hath done, it is either carried to heaven the habitacle of gods, there to enjoy perpetual bliss and happiness, or else to a great pit or hole, which they think to be in the furthest parts of their part of the world toward the sun set, there to burn continually: the place they call Popogusso.  
For the confirmation of this opinion, they told me two stories of two men that had been lately dead and revived again, the one happened but few years before our coming in the country of a wicked man which having been dead and buried, the next day the earth of the grave being seen to move, was taken up again; Who made declaration where his soul had been, that is to say very near entering into Popogusso, had not one of the gods saved him & gave him leave to return again, and teach his friends what they should do to avoid that terrible place of tormenr.  
The other happened in the same year we were there, but in a town that was threescore miles from us, and it was told me for strange news that one being dead, buried and taken up again as the first, showed that although his body had lain dead in the grave, yet his soul was alive, and had travailed far in a long broad way, on both sides whereof grew most delicate and pleasant trees, bearing more rare and excellent fruits then ever he had seen before or was able to express, and at length came to most brave and fair houses, near which he met his father, that had been dead before, who gave him great charge to go back again and show his friends what good they were to do to enjoy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he should after come again.  
What subtlety soever be in the Wiroances and Priests, this opinion worketh so much in many of the common and simple sort of people that it maketh them have great respect to their Governors, and also great care what they do, to avoid torment after death, and to enjoy bliss; although notwithstanding there is punishment ordained for malefactors, as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sorts of wicked doers; some punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according to the greatness of the facts.  
And this is the sum of their religion, which I learned by having special familiarity with some of their priests. Wherein they were not so sure grounded, nor gave such credit to their traditions and stories but through conversing with us they were brought into great doubts of their own, and no small admiration of ours, with earnest desire in many, to learn more than we had means for want of perfect utterance in their language to express.  
Most things they saw with us, as Mathematical instruments, sea compasses, the virtue of the loadstone in drawing iron, a perspective glass whereby was showed many strange sights, burning glasses, wildfire works, guns, books, writing and reading, spring clocks that seem to go of themselves, and many other things that we had, were so strange unto them, and so far exceeded their capacities to comprehend the reason and means how they should be made and done, that they thought they were rather the works of gods then of men, or at the leastwise they had been given and taught us of the gods. Which made many of them to have such opinion of us, as that if they knew not the truth of god and religion already, it was rather to be had from us, whom God so specially loved then from a people that were so simple, as they found themselves to be in comparison of us. Whereupon greater credit was given unto that we spoke of concerning such matters.  
Many times and in every town where I came, according as I was able, I made declaration of the contents of the Bible; that therein was set forth the true and only God, and his mighty works, that therein was contained the true doctrine of salvation through Christ, with many particularities of Miracles and chief points of religion, as I was able then to utter, and thought fit for the time. And although I told them the book materially & of itself was not of any such virtue, as I thought they did conceive, but only the doctrine therein contained; yet would many be glad to touch it, to embrace it, to kiss it, to hold it to their breasts and heads, and stroke over all their body with it; to show their hungry desire of that knowledge which was spoken of.  
The Wiroans with whom we dwelled called Wingina, and many of his people would be glad many times to be with us at our prayers, and many times call upon us both in his own town, as also in others whither he sometimes accompanied us, to pray and sing Psalms; hoping thereby to be partaker of the same effects which we by that means also expected.  
Twice this Wiroans was so grievously sick that he was like to die, and as he lay languishing, doubting of any help by his own priests, and thinking he was in such danger for offending us and thereby our god, sent for some of us to pray and be a means to our God that it would please him either that he might live or after death dwell with him in bliss, so likewise were the requests of many others in the like case.  
On a time also when their corn began to whither by reason of a drought which happened extraordinarily, fearing that it had come to pass by reason that in some thing they had displeased us, many would come to us & desire us to pray to our God of England, that he would preserve their corn, promising that when it was ripe we also should be partakers of the fruit.  
There could at no time happen any strange sickness, losses, hurts, or any other cross unto them, but that they would impute to us the cause or means thereof for offending or not pleasing us.  
One other rare and strange accident, leaving others, will I mention before I end, which moved the whole country that either knew or heard of us, to have us in wonderful admiration.  
There was no town where we had any subtle devise practised against us, we leaving it unpunished or not revenged (because we sought by all means possible to win them by gentleness) but that within a few days after our departure from every such town, the people began to die very fast, and many in short space; in some towns about twenty, in some forty, in some sixty, & in one six score, which in truth was very many in respect of their numbers. This happened in no place that we could learn but where we had been, where they used some practice against us, and after such time; The disease also so strange, that they neither knew what it was, nor how to cure it; the like by report of the oldest men in the country never happened before, time out of mind. A thing specially observed by us as also by the natural inhabitants themselves.  
Insomuch that when some of the inhabitants which were our friends & especially the Wiroans Wingina had observed such effects in four or five towns to follow their wicked practices, they were persuaded that it was the work of our God through our means, and that we by him might kill and slai whom we would without weapons and not come near them.  
And thereupon when it had happened that they had understanding that any of their enemies had abused us in our journeys, hearing that we had wrought no revenge with our weapons, & fearing upon some cause the matter should so rest: did come and entreat us that we would be a means to our God that they as others that had dealt ill with us might in like sort die; alleging how much it would be for our credit and profit, as also theirs; and hoping furthermore that we would do so much at their requests in respect of the friendship we profess them.  
Whose entreaties although we showed that they were ungodly, affirming that our God would not subject himself to any such prayers and requests of men: that in deed all things have been and were to be done according to his good pleasure as he had ordained: and that we to show ourselves his true servants ought rather to make petition for the contrary, that they with them might live together with us, be made partakers of his truth & serve him in righteousness; but notwithstanding in such sort, that we refer that as all other things, to be done according to his divine will & pleasure, and as by his wisdom he had ordained to be best.  
Yet because the effect fell out so suddenly and shortly after according to their desires, they thought nevertheless it came to pass by our means, and that we in using such speeches unto them did but dissemble the matter, and therefore came unto us to give us thanks in their manner that although we satisfied them not in promise, yet in deeds and effect we had fulfilled their desires.  
This marvelous accident in all the country wrought so strange opinions of us, that some people could not tell whether to think us gods or men, and the rather because that all the space of their sickness, there was no man of ours known to die, or that was specially sick: they noted also that we had no women amongst us, neither that we did care for any of theirs.  
Some therefore were of opinion that we were not borne of women, and therefore not mortal, but that we were men of an old generation many years passed then risen again to immortality.  
Some would likewise seem to prophesy that there were more of our generation yet to come, to kill theirs and take their places, as some thought the purpose was by that which was already done.  
Those that were immediately to come after us they imagined to be in the air, yet invisible & without bodies, & that they by our entreaty & for the love of us did make the people to die in that sort as they did by shooting invisible bullets into them.  
To confirm this opinion their physicians to excuse their ignorance in curing the disease, would not be ashemed to say, but earnestly make the simple people believe, that the strings of blood that they sucked out of the sick bodies, were the strings wherewithal the invisible bullets were tied and cast.  
Some also thought that we shot them ourselves out of our pieces from the place where we dwelled, and killed the people in any such town that had offended us as we listed, how far distant from us soever it were.  
And other some said that it was the special work of God for our sakes, as we ourselves have cause in some sort to think no less, whatsoever some do or may imagine to the contrary, specially some Astrologers knowing of the Eclipse of the Sun which we saw the same year before in our voyage thitherward, which unto them appeared very terrible. And also of a Comet which began to appear but a few days before the beginning of the said sickness. But to exclude them from being the special an accident, there are farther reasons than I think fit at this present to be alleged.  
These their opinions I have set down the more at large that it may appear unto you that there is good hope they may be brought through discreet dealing and government to the embracing of the truth, and consequently to honour, obey, fear and love us.  
And although some of our company to wards the end of the year, showed themselves too fierce, in slaying some of the people, in some towns, upon causes that on our part, might easily enough have been borne withal: yet notwithstanding because it was on their part justly deserved, the alteration of their opinions generally & for the most part concerning us is the less to be doubted. And whatsoever else they may be, by carefulness of ourselves need nothing at all to be feared. The best nevertheless in this as in all actions beside is to be endeavoured and hoped, & of the worst that may happen notice to be taken with consideration, and as much as may be eschewed.    

The Conclusion.  
Now I have as I hope made relation not of so few and small things but that the country of men that are indifferent & well disposed may be sufficiently liked: If there were no more known than I have mentioned, which doubtless and in great reason is nothing to that which remaineth to be discovered, neither the soil, nor commodities. As we have reason so to gather by the difference we found in our travails: for although all which I have before spoken of, have been discovered & experimented not far from the sea coast where was our abode & most of our travailing: yet sometimes as we made our journeys farther into the main and country; we found the soil to be fatter; the trees greater and to grow thinner; the ground more firm and deeper mould; more and larger champions; finer grass and as good as ever we saw any in England; in some places rocky and far more high and hilly ground; more plenty of their fruits; more abundance of beasts; the more inhabited with people, and of greater policy & larger dominions, with greater towns and houses.  
Why may we not then look for in good hope from the inner parts of more and greater plenty, as well of other things, as of those which we have already discovered? Unto the Spaniards happened the like in discovering the main of the West Indies. The main also of this country of Virginia, extending some ways so many hundreds of leagues, as otherwise then by the relation of the inhabitants we have most certain knowledge of, where yet no Christian Prince hath any possession or dealing, cannot but yield many kinds of excellent commodities, which we in our discovery have not yet seen.  
What hope there is else to be gathered of the nature of the climate, being answerable to the Island of japan, the land of China, Persia, Jury, the Islands of Cyprus and Candy, the South parts of Greece, Italy, and Spain, and of many other notable and famous countries, because I mean not to be tedious, I leave to your own consideration.  
Whereby also the excellent temperature of the air there at all seasons, much warmer than in England, and never so violently hot, as sometimes is under & between the Tropikes, or near them; cannot be unknown unto you without farther relation.  
For the wholesomeness thereof I need to say but thus much: that for all the want of provision, as first of English victual; excepting for twenty days, we lived only by drinking water and by the victual of the country, of which some sorts were very strange unto us, and might have been thought to have altered our temperatures in such sort as to have brought us into some grievous and dangerous diseases: secondly the want of English means, for the taking of beasts, fish, and foul, which by the help only of the inhabitants and their means, could not be so suddenly and easily provided for us, nor in so great numbers & quantities, nor of that choice as otherwise might have been to our better satisfaction and contentment. Some want also we had of clothes. Furthermore, in all our travails which were most special and often in the time of winter, our lodging was in the open air upon the ground. And yet I say for all this, there were but four of our whole company (being one hundred and eight) that died all the year and that but at the latter end thereof and upon none of the aforesaid causes. For all four especially three were feeble, weak, and sickly persons before ever they came thither, and those that knew them much marveled that they lived so long being in that case, or had adventured to travail.  
Seeing therefore the air there is so temperate and wholesome, the soil so fertile and yielding such commodities as I have before mentioned, the voyage also thither to and fro being sufficiently experimented, to be performed thrice a year with ease and at any season thereof: And the dealing of Sir Water Raleigh so liberal in large giving and granting land there, as is already known, with many helps and furtherances else: (The lest that he hath granted hath been five hundred acres to a man only for the adventure of his person:) I hope there remain no cause whereby the action should be misliked.  
If that those which shall thither travail to inhabit and plant be but reasonably provided for the first year as those are which were transported the last, and being there do use but that diligence and care as is requisite, and as they may with eese: There is no doubt but for the time following they may have victuals that is excellent good and plenty enough; some more English sorts of cat-tail also hereafter, as somehave been before, and are there yet remaining, may and shall be God willing thither transported: So likewise our kind of fruits, roots, and herbs may be there planted and sowed, as some have been already, and prove well: And in short time also they may raise of those sorts of commodities which I have spoken of as shall both enrich themselves, as also others that shall deal with them.  
And this is all the fruits of our labours, that I have thought necessary to advertise you of at this present: what else concerneth the nature and manners of the inhabitants of Virginia: The number with the particularities of the voyages thither made; and of the actions of such that have been by Sir Water Raleigh there in and there employed, many worthy to be remembered; as of the first discoverers of the Country: of our general for the time Sir Richard Greinuile; and after his departure, of our Governor there Master Ralph Lane; with divers other directed and employed under their government: Of the Captains and Masters of the voyages made since for transportation; of the Governor and assistants of those already transported, as of many persons, accidents, and things else, I have ready in a discourse by itself in manner of a Chronicle according to the course of times, and when time shall be thought convenient shall be also published.  
Thus referring my relation to your favourable constructions, expecting good success of the action, from him which is to be acknowledged the author and governor not only of this but of all things else, I take my leave of you, this month of Februarii, 1588.  
Finis.   

THE TRUE PICTURES AND FASHIONS OF THE PEOPLE IN THAT part OF AMERICA NOW CALLED VIRGINIA, DISCOWRED BY ENGLISMEN sent thither in the years of our Lord 1585. at the special charge and direction of the Honourable SIR WALTER RALEGH Knigt Lord Warden of the stannaries in the duchies of Corenwal and Oxford who therein hath bin favoured and authorised by her MAAIESTIE and her letters patents.  
Translated out of Latin into English by RICHARD HACKLVIT.  
DILIGENTLY COLLECTED and DRAOWne by JOHN WHITE who was sent thither specially and for the same purpose by the said SIR WALTER RALEGH the year abovesaid 1585. and also the year 1588. now cut in copper and first published by THEODORE DE BRY at his won charges.   


THE TABLE OF ALL DE PICTURES CONTAINED IN this Book of Virginia.  

I. The cart of all the coast of Virginia.   

II. The arrival of the Englishemens in Virginia.   

III. A Weroan or great Lord of Virginia.   

FOUR On of the chieff Ladies of Secota.   

V On of the Religeous men in the town of Secota.   

VI A young gentle woman daughter of Secota.   

VII. A chieff Lord of Roanoac.   

VIII. A chieff Lady of Pomeiooc.   

IX. An ageed man in his winter garment.   

X. Their manner of caring their Children and atyere of the chief Ladies of the town of Dasamonquepeuc.   

XI. The Coniverer.   

XII. Their manner of making their Boates.   

XIII. Their manner of fishing in Virginia.   

XIIII. The browyllinge of their fish over the flame.   

XV. Their seetheing of their meat in earthen pots.   

XVI. Their Sitting at meat.   

XVII. Their manner of praying with their Rattles about the fire.   

XVIII. Their dances which they use at their high feasts.   

XIX. The town of Pomeiooc.   

XX The town of Secota.   

XXI. There Idol Kiwasa.   

XXII. The Tomb of their Werowans or chieff Lords.   

XXIII. The marks of sundry of the chief mean of Virginia.     

  
To the gentle Reader. 
Although (friendly Reader) man by his disobedience, wear deprived of those good Gifts where with he was endued in his creation, yet he was not bereft of wit to provide for himself, nor discretion to devise things necessary for his use, except such as appertain to his soul's health, as may be gathered by this savage nations, of whom this present work entreateth. For although they have no true knowledge of God nor of his holy word and are destituted of all learning, Yet they pass us in many things, as in Sober feeding and Dexterity of wit, in making without any instrument of metal things so neat and so fine, as a man would scarsclye believe the same, Unless the Englishemens Had made proof Thereof by their travails into the country. Considering, Therefore that it was a thing worthy of admiration, I was very willing to offer unto you the true Pictures of those people which by the helfe of Master Richard Hakluyt of Oxford Minister of God's Word, who first Encouraged me to publish the Work, I creaved out of the very original of Master John White an English painter who was sent into the country by the queen's Majesty, only to draw the description of the place, lynelye to describe the shapes of the Inhabitants their apparel, manners of Living, and fashions, at the special Charges of the worthy knight, Sir Walter Ralegh, who bestowed no Small Sume of money in the search and discovery of that country, From te years, 1584. to the end of The years 1588. moreover this book which entreateth of that part of the new World which the Englishemens call by the name of Virginia I here set out in the first place, being thereunto requested of my Friends, by Raeson of the memory of the fresh and lave performance there of, albeit I have in hand the History of Florida which should be first set forth because it was discowred by the Frencheman long before the discovery of Virginia, yet I hope shortly also to publish the same, A Victory, doubtless so Rare, as I think the like hath not been heard nor seen. I craeved both of them at London, an brought, Them hitherto Franckfurt, where I and my sons haven taken earnest pains in graving the pictures there of in Copper, seeing it is a matter of no small importance. touching the style of both the Discourses, I have caused it to be Reduced into very Good French and Latin by the aid of very worshipful friend of mine. finally I hartlye Request thee, that if any seek to Contrefaict thes my bookx, (for in this days many are so malicious that they seek to gain by other men labours) thou wouldst give no credit unto such conterfaited Drawghte. For divers secret marks lie hiddin in my pictures, which will breed Confusion unless they be well observed.   

II. The arrival of the Englishemens in Virginia.  
 
The sea coasts of Virginia are full of islands, wehr by the entrance into the main land is hard to find. For although they be separated with divers and sundry large Division, which seem to yield convenient entrance, yet to our great peril we proved that they wear shallow, and full of dangerous flatts, and could never pierce opp into the main land, until we made trials in many places with or small pinness. At length we found an entrance upon our men's diligent search thereof. Affter that we had passed opp, and sailed there in for ashort space we discovered a migthye river fallnige down in to the sound over against those islands, which nevertheless wee could not sail opp any thing far by Reason of the shallewnes, the mouth there of being annoyed with sands driven in with the tide therefore sailing further, we came unto a Good bog island, the Inhabitante thereof as soon as they saw us began to make a great an horrible cry, as people which never before had seen men appareled like us, and come a way making out cries likewild beasts or men out of theirwyts. But being gently called back, we offered them of our wares, as glasses, knives, babies, and other trifles, which we thought they deligted in. So they stood still, and perceiving our Good will and courtesy came fawning upon us, and bade us welcome. Then they brought us to their village in the island called, Roanoac, and unto their Weroans or Prince, which entertained us with Reasonable courtesy, although the wear amazed at the first sight of us. such was our arrival into the part of the world, which we call Virginia, the stature of bode of which people, their attire, and maneer of living, their feasts, and banquets, I will particullerlye declare unto you.   

III. A weroan or great Lord of Virginia.  
 
The Princes of Virginia are attired in such manner as is expressed in this figure. They wear the hair of their heads long and bind opp the end of the same in a knot under their ears. Yet they cut the top of their heads from the forehead to the nape of the neck in manner of a coxcomb, stirkinge a fair long pecher of some beard at the beginning of the crest uppun their foreheads, and another short one on both seides about their ears. They hang at their ears either thickepearles, or somewhat else, as the claw of some great bird, as cometh in to their fancy. Moreover They either pownes, or paint their forehead, cheeks, chin, body, arms, and legs, yet in another sort than the inhabitantzes of Florida. They wear a chain about their necks of pearls or beads of copper, which they much esteem, and there of wear they also bracelets ohn their arms. Under their breasts about their bellies appear certain spots, where they use to let themselves blood, when they are sick. They hang before them the skin of some beast very feinelye dresset in such sort, that the tail hangeth down behind. They carry a quiver made of small rushes holding their bow ready bend in on hand, and an arrow in the other, radie to defend themselves. In this manner they go to war, or though their solemn feasts and banquetts. They take much pleasure in hunting of deer where of theris great store in the country, for it is fruit full, pleasant, and full of Goodly woods. It hath also store of rivers full of divers sorts of fish. When they go to battle they paint their bodies in the most terrible manner that they can devise.   

FOUR On of the chieff Ladies of Secota.  
 
The women of Secotam are of Reasonable good proportion. In their going they carry their hands dangling down, and air dadil in a dear skin very excellently well dressed, hanging down from their navel unto the mydds of their thighs, which also covereth their hinder partz. The rest of their bodies are all bare. The forr part of their hair is cut short, the rest is not over Long, thin, and soft, and falling down about their shoulders: They wear a Wrrath about their heads. Their foreheads, cheeks, chin, arms and legs are pownced. About their necks they wear a chain, either pricked or painted. They have small eyes, plain and flat noses, narrow foreheads, and broad mowths. For the most part they hang at their ears chains of long Pearls, and of some smootht bones. Yet their nails are not long, as the women of Florida. They are also deligtted with walking in to the fields, and besides the rivers, to see the hunting of deres and catching of fish.   

V On of the Religeous men in the town of Secota.  
 
The Priests of the aforesaid Town of Secota are well stricken in years, and as it seemeth of more experience than the common sort. They wear their hear cut like a crest, on the tops of their heads as other do, but the rest are cut short, saving those which grow above their foreheads in manner of a periwig. They also have somewhat hanging in their ears. They wear a short clock made of fine hares skins quilted with the hair outward. The rest of their body is naked. They are notable enchanters, and for their pleasure they frequent the rivers, to kill with their bows, and catch wild ducks, swans, and other fowls.   

VI A young gentle woman daughter of Secota.  
 
Virgins of good parentage are appareled altogether like the women of Secota above mentionned, saving that they wear hanging about their necks in steed of a chain certain thick, and round pearls, with little beads of copper, or polished bones between them. They pounce their foreheads, cheeckes, arms and legs. Their hair is cut with two ridges above their foreheads, the rest is trussed opp on a knot behind, they have broad mouths, reasonable fair black eyes: they lay their hands often upon their Shoulders, and cover their breasts in token of maidenlike modesty. The rest of their bodies are naked, as in the picture is to be seen. They delight also in seeing fish taken in the rivers.   

VII. A cheiff Lord of Roanoac.  
 
The chief men of the island and town of Roanoac reace the hair of their crowns of their heads cut like a coke's comb, as thes other do. The rest they wear long as women and truss them opp in a knot in the nape of their necks. They hang pearls string copper a thread at their ears, and wear bracelets on their arms of pearls, or small beads of copper or of smooth bone called minsal, neither painting nor pounce of themselves, but in token of authority, and honour, they wear a chain of great pearls, or copper beads or smooth bones about their necks, and a plate of copper hinge upon a string, from the navel unto the mids of their thighs. They cover themselves before and behind as the women do with a deers skin handsome dressed, and fringed, More over they fold their arms together as they walk, or as they talk one with another in sign of wisdom. The isle of Roanoac is very pleisant, and hath plaintie of fish by reason of the Water that environeth the same.   

VIII. A cheiff Lady of Pomeiooc.  
 
About 20. mills from that Island, near the lake of Paquippe, there is another town called Pomeioock hard by the sea. The apparel of the chief ladies of dat town differeth but little from the attire of those which live in Roanaac. For they wear their hair trussed opp in a knot, as the maiden do which we spoke of before, and have their skins pownced in the same manner, yet they wear a chain of great pearls, or beads of copper, or smooth bones 5. or 6. fold about their necks, bearing one arm in the same, in the other hand they carry a gourd full of some kind of pleasant liquor. They tie deers skin doubled about them crochinge higher about their breasts, which hang down before almost to their knees, and are almost altogether naked behind. Commonly their young daughters of 7. or 8. years old do waigt upon them wearing about them a girdle of skin, which hangeth down behind, and is drawn under neath between their twist, and bound above their navel with mose of trees between that and their skins to cover their priviliers withal. After they be once past 10. years of age, they wear dear skins as the older sort do. They are greatly Diligted with puppetts, and babes which wear brought out of England.   

IX. An ageed man in his winter garment.  
 
The aged men of Pommeioocke are covered with a large skin which is tied upon their shoulders on one side and hangeth down beneath their knees wearing their other arm naked out of the skin, that they may be at more liberty. Those skins are Dressed with the hair on, and lined with other furred skins. The yonnge men suffer no hairr at all to grow upon their faces but assoon as they grow they put them away, but when thy are come to years they suffer them to grow although to say truth they come opp very thin. They also wear their hair bound op behind, and, have a crest on their heads like the others. The country about this please is so fruit full and good, that England is not to be compared to it.   

X. Their manner of caring their Children and attire of the chief Ladies of the town of Dasamonquepeuc.  
 
In the town of Dasemonquepeuc distant from Roanoac 4. or 5. mills, the women are attired, and pownced, in such sort as the women of Roanoac are, yet they wear no worathes upon their heads, neither have they their thighs painted with small pricks. They have a strange manner of bearing their children, and quite contrary to ours. For our women carry their children in their arms before their breasts, but they taking their son by the right hand, bear him on their backs, holding the left thigh in their left arm after a strange, and convesnall fashion, as in the picture is to be seen.   

XI. The Coniverer.  
 
They have commonly conjurers or jugglers which use strange gestures, and often contrary to nature in their enchantments: For they be very familiar with devils, of whom they inquire what their enemies do, or other such things. They shave all their heads saving their crest which they wear as other do, and fasten a small black bird above one of their ears as a badge of their office. They wear nothing but a skin which hangeth down from their girdle, and covereth their privities. They wear a bag by their side as is expressed in the figure. The Inhabitants give great credit unto their speech, which oftentimes they find to be true.   

XII. The manner of making their boats.  
 
The manner of making their boats in Virginia is very wonderful. For whereas they want Instruments of iron, or other like unto ours, yet they know how to make them as handsomely, to sail with where they list in their Rivers, and to fish with all, as ours. First they choose some long, and thick tree, according to the bigness of the boat which they would frame, and make a fire on the ground about the Root thereof, kindling the same by little, and little with dry moss of trees, and chips of wood that the flame should not mount opp to high, and burn to much of the lengte of the tree. When it is almost burnt through, and ready to fall they make a new fire, which they suffer to burn until the tree fall of it own accord. Then burning of the top, and bowghs of the tree in such wise that the body of the same may Retain his just length, they raise it upon potes laid over cross wise upon forked posts, at such a reasonable height as they may handsomely work upponyt. Then take they of the bark with certain shells: thy reserve the, innermost part of the lennke, for the nethermost part of the boat. On the other side they make a fire according to the length of the body of the tree, saving at both the ends. That which they think is sufficiently burned they quench and scrape away with shells, and making a new fire they burn it again, and so they continue sometimes burning and sometimes fcrapinge, until the boat have sufficient bothowmes. This god in dueth these savage people with sufficient reason to make things necessary to serve their turns.   

XIII. Their manner of fishing in Virginia.  
They have likewise a notable way to catch fish in their Rivers. for where as they lack both iron, and steel, they fast unto their Reeds or long rods, the hollow tail of a certain fish like to a sea crabb in steed of a point, wehr with by night or day they strick fishes, and take them opp into their boats. They also know how to use the prickles, and pricks of other fishes. They also make wears, with setting opp reeds or twigs in the water, which they so plant one within another, that they grow still narrower, and narrower, as appeareth by this figure. There was never seen among us so cunning a way to take fish withal, whereof sundry sorts as they found in their Rivers unlike unto ours. which are also of a very good taste. Dowbtless it is a pleasant sight to see the people, sometimes wading, and going sometimes sailing in those Rivers, which are shallow and not deep, free from all care of heaping opp Riches for their posterity, content with their state, and living friendly together of those things which god of his bounty hath given unto them, yet without giving him any thanks according to his desert. So savage is this people, and deprived of the true knowledge of god. For they have none other than is mentionned before in this work.  
  

XIIII. The broiling of their fish over the flame.  
 
After they have taken store of fish, they get them unto a place fit to dress it. There they stick up in the ground 4. stakes in a square room, and lay 4 potes upon them, and others overthwart the same like unto an hurdle, of sufficient height. and laying their fish upon this hurdle, they make a fire underneath to broil the same, not after the manner of the people of Florida, which do but schorte, and harden their meat in the smoke only to Reserve the same during all the winter. For this people reserving nothing for store, they do broil, and spend away all at once and when they have further need, they roast or seeth fresh, as we shall see heraffter. And when as the hurdle can not hold all the fishes, they hang the Rest by the fyrres on sticks set up in the ground a 'gainst the fire, and than they finish the rest of their cookery. They take good heed that they be not burntt. When the first are broiled they lay others on, that wear newly brought, continuing the dressing of their meat in this sort, until they think they have sufficient.   

XV. Their seetheing of their meat in earthen pots.  
 
Their women know how to make earthen vessels with special Cunning and that so large and fine, that our potters with lhoye wheels can make no better: antony's then Remove them from place to place as easily as we candoe our brassen kettles. After they have set them upon an heap of earth to stay them from falling, they put wood under which being kindled one of them taketh great care that the fire burn equally Round about. They or their women fill the vessel with water, and then put they in fruit, flesh, and fish, and let all boil together like a galliemaufrye, which the Spaniarde call, olla podrida. Then they put it out into disches, and set before the company, and then they make good cheer together. Yet are they moderate in their eating where by they avoid sickness. I would to god we would follow their example. For we should be free from many kynes of diseasyes which we fall into by sumptwous and unseasonable banquets, continually devising new sauces, and provocation of gluttonnye to satisfy our unsatiable appetite.   

XVI. Their sitting at meat.  
 
Their manner of feeding is in this wise. They lay a mat made of bents one the ground and set their meat on the mids thereof, and then sit down Round, the men upon one side, and the women on the other. Their meat is Mayz sodden, in such sort as I described it in the former treatise of very good taste, deers flesh, or of some other beast, and fish. They are very sober in their eating, and trinkinge, and consequently very long lived because they do not oppress nature.   

XVII. Their manner of praying with Rattles about te fire.  
When they have escaped any great danger by sea or land, or be returned from the war in token of joy they make a great fire about which the men, and women sister together, holding a certain fruit in their hands like unto a round pompion or a gourd, which after they have taken out the fruits, and the seeds, then fill with small stones or certain bog kernellt to make the more noise, and fasten that upon a stick, and singing after their manner, they make merry: as myself observed and noted down at my being among them. For it is a strange custom, and worth the observation.  
  

XVIII. Their dances which they use at their high feasts.  
At a Certain time of the year they make a great, and solemn feast whereunto their neighbours of the towns adioninge repair from all parts, every man attired in the most strange fashion they can devise having certain marks on the backs to declare of what place they be. The place where they meet is a broad plain, about the which are planted in the ground certain posts carved with heads like to the faces of nuns covered with their veils. Then being set in order they dance, sing, and use the strangest gestures that they can possibly devise. Three of the fairest Virgins, of the company are in the mydds, which embracing one another do as it wear turn about in their dancing. All this is done after the sun is set for avoiding of heat. When they are weary of dancing. they go out of the circle, and come in until their dances be ended, and they go to make merry as is expressed in the 16. figure.  
 
  

XIX. The Town of Pomeiooc.  
The towns of this country are in a manner like unto those which are in Florida, yet are they not so strong nor yet preserved with so great care. They are compassed about with poles stark fast in the ground, but they are not very strong. The entrance is very narrow as may be seen by this picture, which is made according to the form of the town of Pomeiooc. There are but few houses therein, save those which belong to the king and his nobles. On the one side is their tempel separated from the other houses, and marked with the letter A. it is builded round, and covered with skin mats, and as it wear compassed about. With cortynes without windows, and hath no ligthe but by the door. On the other side is the kings lodging marked with the letter B. Their dwellings are builded with certain potes fastened together, and covered with mats which they turn open as high as they think good, and so receive in the light and other. Some are also covered with boughs of trees, as every man lusteth or liketh best. They keep their feasts and make good cheer together in the mids of the town as it is described in they 17. Figure. When the town standeth fare from the water they dig a great poude noted with the letter C. wherehence they fetch as much water as they need.  
  

XX. The Town of Secota.  
Their towns that are not enclosed with poles air commonly fairer. Then such as are enclosed, as appeareth in this figure which lively expresseth the town of Secotam. For the houses are Scattered here and there, and they have garden expressed by the letter E. wherein groweth Tobacco which the inhabitants call Vppowoc. They have also groaves wherein they take deer, and fields uherin they sow their corn. In their corn fields they build as it wear a scaffold where on they set a cottage like to a round chair, signiffied by F. wherein they place one to watch. for there are such number of fowls, and beasts, that unless they keep the better watch, they would soon devour all their corn. For which cause the watchman maketh continual cries and noise. They sow their corn with a certain distance noted by H. other wise one stalk would choke the growth of another and the corn would not come unto his rypeurs G. For the leaves therofare large, like unto the leaves of great reeds. They have also a several broad plot C. where they meet with their neighbours, to celebrate their chief solemn feasts as the 18. picture doth declare: and a place D. where after they have ended their feast they make merry together. Over against this place they have a round plot B. where they assemble themselves to make their solemn prayers. Not far from which place there is a large building A. wherein are the tombs of their kings and princes, as will appear by the 22. figure likewise they have garden knotted obey the letter I. wherein they use to sow pompions. Also a place marked with K. wherein the make a fire at their solemn feasts, and hard without the town a river L. from whence they fetch their water. This people therefore void of all covetousness live cherfullye and at their heart's ease. Butt they solemnize their feasts in the night, and therefore they keep very great fires to avoid darkness, ant to testify their joy.  
 
  

XXI. There Idol Kiwasa.  
 
The people of this country have an Idol, which they call Kiwasa: it is carved of wood in length 4. foot whose head is like the heads of the people of Florida, the face is of a flesh colour, the breast white, the rest is all black, the thighs are also spottet with whit. He hath a chain about his neck of white beads, between which are other Round beads of copper which they esteem more than gold or silver. This Idol is placed in the temple of the town of Secotam, as the keeper of the kings dead corpses. Sometime they have two of thes idols in their churches, and somtine 3. but never above, which they place in a dark corner where they show tetrible. Thes poor souls have none other knowledge of god although I think them very Desirous to know the truth. For when as we kneeled down on our knees to make our prayers unto god, they went about to imitate us, and when they saw we moved our lips, they also did the like. Wherefore that is very like that they might easily be brongt to the knowledge of the gospel. God of his mercy grant them this grace.   

XXII. The Tomb of their Werowans or Cheiff Lords.  
The build a scaffold 9 or 10. foot hihe as is expressed in this figure under the tombs of their Weroans, or chief lords which they cover with mats, and lai the dead corpses of their weroans thereupon in manner following. first the bowels are taken forth. Then laying down the skin, they cut all the flesh clean from the bones, which the dry in the son, and well dried the enclose in Mats, and place at their feet. Then their bones (remaining still fastened together with the ligaments whole and uncorrupted) are covered a gain with leather, and their carcase fashioned as if their flesh wear not taken away. They lap each corpse in his own skin after the same in thus handled, and lay it in his order by the corpses of the other chief lords. By the dead bodies they set their Idol Kiwasa, where of we spoke in the former chapter: For they are persuaded that the same doth keep the dead bodies of their chief lords that nothing may hurt them. Moreover under the foresaid scaffold some on of their priests hath his lodging, which Mumbleth his prayers night and day, and hath charge of the corpses. For his bed he hath two dears skins spread on the ground, if the wether be cold he maketh a fire to warm by withal. Thes poor souls are thus instructed by natute to reverence their princes even after their death.  
  

XXIII. The marks of sundry of the Chief mean of Virginia.  
The inhabitants of all the country for the most part have marks razed on their backs, whereby it may be known what Princes subjects they be, or of what place they have their original. For which cause we have set down those marks in this figure, and have annexed the names of the places, that they might more easily be discerned. Which industry hath god endued them withal although they be very sinple, and rude. And to confess a truth I cannot remember, that ever I saw a better or quieter people than they.  
The marks which I observed a 'mong them, are here put down in order following.  
The mark which is expressed by A. belongeth though Wingino, the chief lord of Roanoac.  
That which hath B. is the mark of Wingino his sister's husband.  
Those which be noted with the letters, of C. and D. belong unto divers chief lords in Secotam.  
Those which have the letters E. F. G. are certain chief men of Pomeiooc, and Aquascogoc.   

SOME PICTURE, OF THE PICTES WHICH IN THE OLD time did habit one part of the great Bretainne.  
THE PAINTER OF WHOM I HAVE had the first of the Inhabitans of Virginia, give my also these 5. Figures fallowinge, found as hy did assured my in a oolld English chronicle, the which I would well set to the end of these first Figures, for to show how that the Inhabitants of the great Bretannie have been in times past as sawage as those of Virginia.   

The trwe picture of one Picte I  
In times past the Pictes, habitans of one part of great Bretainne, which is now nammed England, wear sawages, and did paint all their body after the manner following. the did let their hair grow as far as their Shoulders, saving those which hang upon their forehead, the which the did cut. They shave all their beard except the moustaches, upon their breast wear painted the head of some bird, ant about the paps as it waere beams of the sune, upon the belly sum fear full and monstreus face, spreedinge the beams very far upon the thighs. Upon the tow knees some faces of lion, and upon their legs as it hath been shells of fish. Upon their Shoulders griffones heads, and then they hath serpents about their arms: They carried about their necks one ayerne ring, and another about the mids of their body, about the belly, and the said's hang on a chain, a cimeterre or turkey soorde, the did carry in one arm a target made of wode, and in the other hand a pick, of which the ayerne was after the manner of a Lick, which tassels on, and the other end with a Round bowl. And when they hath overcome some of their ennemis, they did never fell to carry a we their heads with them.  
  

The trwe picture of a women Picte II.  
The women of the picts above said wear no worse for the wars then the men. And wear painted after the manner following, having their heads bear, did let their hairre flying. about their Shoulders wear painted with griffon heads, the low parts and thighs with lion faces, or some other beast as it cometh best into their fancy, their breast hath a manner of a half moon, with a great stare, and four lesser in booth the sides, their paps painted in manner of beams of the son, and among all this a great litteninge star upon their breasts. The said's of some points or beams, and the hoolle belly as a son, the arms, thighs, and legs well painted, of diverses Figures: The did also carry about their necks an ayern Ring, as the men did, and such a girdle with the soorde hainginge, having a Pick or a lance in one hand, and two dardz in the other.  
  

The trwe picture of a young dowgter of the Pictes III.  
The young dougters of the picts, did also let their hair flying, and wear also painted over all the body, so much that no men could not feigned any different, if the hath not use of another fashion of painting, for the did paint themselves of sundry kinds of flowers, and of the fairest that they cold fiend. being furnished for the rest of such kinds of weappon as the women wear as you may see by this present picture a thing trwelly worthy of admiration.  
  

The trwe picture of a man of nation neighbour unto the Picte FOUR  
Ther was in the said great Bretainne yet another nation nigbour unto the Pictes, which did apparel he with a kind of cassake other cloth jerkin, the rest of the body wear naked. The did also wear long hears, and their moustaches, butt the chin wear also shaved as the other before. The did were alardge girdle about them, in which hang a croket soorde, with the target, and did carry the pick or the lance in their hand, which hath at the low end arownde bowlle, as you may see by this picture.  
  

The trwe picture of a women nigbour to the Pictes V  
Their women wear appareled after this manner, butt that their apparel was opne before the breast, and did fastened with a little less, as our women do fasten their peticott. They let hang their breasts outt, as for the rest the did carry such waeppens as the men did, and wear as good as the men for the war.  
  


A TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL THINGS THAT are contained in this History, after the order of the Alphabet.  


A.  

Alum 7   

Applecrabs 17   

Ash 23   

Ascopo. 23     


B.  

Bears 17   

Beech. 23     


C.  

Cedar 9.23   

Chestnuts 17   

Civet Cats 9   

Coneys 19   

Coscuhaw 15   

Copper 9   

Cranes 19   

Crevices 21     


D.  

Dear 19   

Dear skins 9   

dyes of divers kinds. 11     


E.  

Elm. 23     


F.  

Falcons 19   

Flax and Hemp 7   

Fiere tree 23   

Furs 9     


G.  

Geese 19   

Crappes 17     


H.  

Habascon 15   

Have they bwild their houses 24   

Hawks 19   

Hernes 19   

Herrings 19   

Holly 23   

Hurleberies. 17     


I.  

Iron. 9     


K.  

Kaishucpenauk 15   

Kewasowok 26   

Kewas. 26     


L.  

Leeks 17   

Lions. 19     


M.  

Macocqwer 16   

Mangummenauk 19   

Maple 23   

Maqwowoc 19   

Marlin 19   

Machicomuck 26   

Medlars 17   

Melden 16   

Metaquesunnauk 17   

Mulberries 17   

Mullets 19   

Muscles. 21     


N.  

Natunre of the Virginiens: 24     


O.  

Oade 11   

Of beasts 12   

Of foul 19   

Of fruits 17   

Ofthe Vengeance 29   

Okindgier 14   

Oldwives 19   

Oil 9   

Openauk 15   

Orepenauk 15   

Oystres. 21     


P.  

Pagatowr 13   

Parats 19   

Partridges 19   

Pearl 9   

Periwinkles 21   

Pitch 9   

Plaice 20   

Planta Solis 14.16   

Popogusso 26   

Porpoises 16     


R.  

Rays 19   

Rakiock 23   

Ralph Lane 32   

Richard Greinuile 32   

Roanoack 8   

resin 9     


S.  

Sacquenummener 17   

Sagatamener and all his kinds 19   

Sapummener 19   

Saquenuckot 19   

Sassafras 9   

Sassafras trees 23   

Scalopes 21   

Seekanauck 21   

Sea crabs 21   

Silk of grass or grass Silk 7   

Squirrels 19   

Stockdoves 19   

Straberies 17   

Sturgeons 19   

Sugar cans 11   

Swans 19   

Sweet gums 11   

Stones 24     


T.  

Tar 9   

Their manner of fishing 20   

Their manner of making boats 20   

The soil better 31   

The strange opinion the have of englishemen 27   

The climate of Virginia 31   

Their Religion 25   

Tsinaw 15   

Trout 19   

Tortoises 21   

Turpentine 9   

Turkey cocks 19   

Turkey hens 19     


V.  

Virginiens willing to make themselves Christiens. 27   

Virginiens do esteem the things of Europe 27   

Unknown sickness 28   

Vppowoc. 16     


W.  

Walnuts 17   

Walnut trees 23   

Wapeih 7.8   

Wasewowr 11   

Weapons of the Virginiens 24   

Which hazle 23   

Wickenzowr 14.16   

Wild pease. 19   

Willows 23   

Winauck 9   

Wine 9   

Wiroans Wingina 27.28   

Wiroances 26   

Wolves 19   

Worm Silk. 7      
Finis.   

Faults escaped in the impression. the first number signiffie the page, the second the Linne.  
Pag. 1.lin.22. read, and pag. 14.lin.14. read sodden. lin. 27.reade, about. pag. 16. lin.19.reade, sacrifice. pag. 20. lin. 18.reade Discovery. pag. 23.li 3. read hatchets.  
In the preface of the figures lin. 17.reade lively. lin.23.reade late. figure 2. lin.1. readewher. lin.7.reade falling lin. 10. read never. 18. body.  
Fig. 3.lin 5. read upon. fig.7 lin. 11 read and, fig. 8.lin.2.reade that. fig. 12.lin. 11. read they. lin.16.reade scraping. fig. 13.lin. 10. read also. fig.16.lin.6.drinkinge. fig. 21.lin.12.about.  
The rest if any be the discreet reader may easily amend.   

AT FRANCKFORT, IMPRINTED BY JOHN WEchel, at Theodore de Bry, own coast and charges.  
MDXC.   


Americae pars, Nunc Virginia dicta, primum ab Anglis inventa. sumtibus Dn Walteri Raleigh, Equestris ordinis Viri Anno dni. M.D LXXXV regni Vero Sereniss: nostrae Reginae Elisabethae XX. VII hujus vero Historia peculiari Libro descripta est, additis etiam Indigenarum Iconibus