Londini Speculum: or, London's Mirror, Expressed in sundry Triumphs, Pageants, and Shows, at the Initiation of the right Honourable Richard Fenn, into the Mairolty of the Famous and far renowned City LONDON. All the Charge and Expense of these laborious projects both by Water and Land, being the sole undertaking of the Right Worshipful Company of the Haberdasher's.  
Written by Tho. Heywood.  
Imprinted at London by I. Okes dwelling in little St. bartholmew's. 1637.   

To the Right Honourable Richard Fenn, Lord Maior of this Renowned Metropolis LONDON.  
Right Honourable:  
EXcuse (I entreat) this my boldness, which proceedeth rather from Custom in others, than Curiosity in my Self, in presuming to prompt your Memory in some things tending to the greatness of your high place and Calling; You are now entered into one of the most famous Mairolties of the Christian World. You are also called Fathers, Patrons of the Afflicted, and Procurators of the Public good. And whatsoever hath reference to the true consideration of justice and Mercy, may be Analogically conferred upon pious and just Magistrates.  
And for the Antiquity of your yearly Government, I read that the Athenians elected theirs Annually, and for no longer continuance: And so of the Carthagians, the Thebans, &c. And the Roman Senate held, that continued Magistracy was in some respects unprofitable to the Weale-publicke, against which there was an Act in the Laws of the twelve Tables. And it is thus concluded by the Learned, that the Dominion of the greatest Magistrates which are Kings and Princes, aught to be perpetual; but of the less which be Prators, Censors, and the like, only Ambulatory and Annual. I conclude with that saying of a wise man, Prime Officers ought to Rule by Good Laws, and commendable Example, judge by Providence, Wisdom and justice, and Defend by Prowess, Care, and Vigilancy: These things I can but Dictate, of which your Lordship knoweth best how to Dispose: ever (as now) remaining your Honour's  
Humble servant, Thomas Heywood.   

Londini Speculum, OR, London's Mirror.  
ALL Triumphs have their Titles, and so this, according to the nature thereof, beareth a name: It is called Londini 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, Speculum, more plainly, London's Mirror, neither altogether unproperly so termed, since she in herself may not only perspicuously behold her own virtues, but all foreign Cities by her, how to correct their vices.  
Her Antiquity she deriveth from Brute, lineally descended from Aeneas, the son of Anchises and Venus, and by him erected, about the year of the world two thousand eight hundred fifty five: before the Nativity of our blessed Saviour, one thousand one hundred and eight: first called by him Trinovantum, or Troy-novant, New Troy, to continue the remembrance of the old, and after, in the process of time Caier Lud, that is, Luds Town, of King Lud, who not only greatly repaired the City, but increased it with goodly and gorgeous buildings; in the West part whereof, he built a strong gate, which he called after his own name Lud gate, and so from Luds Town, by contraction of the word and dialect used in those times, it came since to be called London.  
I will not insist to speak of the name of Maior, which implieth as much as the greater, or more prime person; such were the Praetors, or Proefecti in Rome, neither were the Dictator's any more, till julius Caesar aiming at the Imperial Purple, was not content with that annual honour, which was to pass successively from one to another, but he caused himself to be Elected Perpetuus Dictator, which was in effect no less than Emperor.  
And for the name of Elder-man, or Alderman, it is so ancient, that learned Master Cambden in in his Britan. remembreth unto us, that in the days of Royal King Edgar, a noble Earl, and of the Royal blood, whose name was Alwin, was in such favour with the King, that be was styled Healf Kunning, or half King, and had the style of Alderman of all England: This man was the first founder of a famous Monastery in the Isle of Ely, where his body lies interred, upon whose Tomb was an inscription in Latin, which I have, verbatim, thus turned into English, Here resteth Alwin, cozen to King Edgar, Alderman of all England, and of this Holy Abbey the miraculous founder. And so much (being tie to a brief discourse) may serve for the Antiquity of London, and the Titles for Maior or Alderman.  
I come now to the Speculum, or Mirror. Plutarch tells us, That a glass in which a man or woman behold their faces, is of no estimation or value (though the frame thereof be never so richly decked with gold & gems, unless it represent unto us the true figure and object. Moreover, that such are foolish and flattering glasses, which make a sad face to look pleasant, or a merry countenance melancholy: but a perfect and a true Crystal, without any falsity or flattery; rendereth every object its true form, and proper figure, distinguishing a smile from a wrinkle; and such are the means many times to bridle our refractory affections: for who being in a violent rage, would be pleased that his servant should bring him a glass wherein he might behold the torvity and strange alteration of his countenance? Minerva playing upon a Pipe, was mocked by a Satire in these words.  

Non te decet forma istaec, pone fistulas,  
Et Arma capesse componens recte genus.   

That visage misbecomes, thy Pipe  
Cast from thee, Warlike dame,  
Take unto thee thy wonted Arms,  
And keep thy Cheeks in frame.   
But though she despised his Council for the present, when after, playing upon the same Pipe, in which she so much delighted, she beheld in a river such a change in her face, she cast it from her, and broke it asunder, as knowing that the sweetness of her music could not countervail or recompense that deformity which it put upon her countenance, and therefore I have purposed so true and exact a Mirror, that in it may be discovered as well that which beautifies the governor, as deforms the government.  
One thing more is necessitously to be added, and then I fall upon the shows in present agitation: namely, that the fellowship of the Merchant Adventurers of England were first trusted with the sole venting of the manufacture of Cloth out of this kingdom, & have for above this 4 hundred years traded in a privileged, & well governed course, in Germany, the Low Countries, &c. and have been the chief means to raise the manufacture of all woollen commodities to that height in which it now existeth, which is the most famous staple of the Land, and whereby the poor in all Countries are plentifully maintained: and of this Company his Lordship is free: as also of the Levant, or Turkey, and of the East India Company, whose trading hath been, and is in these foreign adventures: also who spent many years and a great part of his youth abroad in other Countries.  
N●● the first show by water is presented by St. Katherine, of whom I will give you this short Character: She was the daughter of King Costus, and had the general title of Queen of Famogosta, because crowned in that City, being lineally descended from the Roman Emperors, who as she lived a Virgin so she died a Martyr, under the Tyrant Maxentius, whose Empress with diverse other eminent persons she had before converted to the Faith: she rideth on a Scallop, which is part of his Lordship's Coat of Arms, drawn in a Sea-Chariot, by two Sea-horses with diverse other adornments to beautify the piece; the Art of which, the eye may better discover, than my pen describe, and why she being a Princess, and Patroness of this Company of the Haberdashers, who only ruled on the Land, should at this time appear upon the water, and without any just taxation, to make that clear, she thus delivereth herself.  

St. Katherine's speech by Water.  
GReat Praetor, and grave Senators, she craves  
A free admittance on these curied waves,  
Who doth from long antiquity profess  
Herself to be your gracious Patroness:  
Oft have I on a passant Lion sat,  
And through your populous streets been borne in state:  
Oft have I grac'ty our Triumphs on the shore,  
But on the Waters was not seen before.  
Will you the reason know why it doth fall,  
That I thus change my Element? you shall:  
When Triton with his pearly trumpets blew  
A streperous blast, to summon all the crew  
Of Marine gods and goddesses to appear,  
(As the annual custom is) and meet you here:  
As they were then in council to debate,  
What honour they might add unto the state  
Of this Inauguration; there appeared  
God Mercury, who would from jove be heard:  
His Caducaus silence might command,  
Whilst all attentive were to understand  
The tenor of his message: who thus spoke.  
The Sire of gods, with what you undertake  
Is highly pleased, and greatly doth commend  
That fair design and purpose you intent;  
But he beheld a Machine from an high,  
Which at first sight dazed his immortal eye;  
A royal Ark, whose bright and glorious beams  
Rival the Suns, ready to prove your streams:  
A vessel of such beauty, burden, state,  
That all the high Powers were amazed thereat;  
So beautified, so munified, so clad,  
As might an eight to the seven wonders add:  
Which must be now your charge; 'twas joves' own motion,  
That all of you attend her to the Ocean.  
This notwithstanding, such was their great care,  
(To show that o'er you they indulgent are)  
That Neptune from his Chariot bade me choose  
Two of his best Sea-horses, to excuse  
His enforced absence: Thames (whose breast doth swell  
Still with that glorious burden) bade me tell,  
That loves command shall be no sooner done,  
But every Tide he'll on your errands run  
From hence to the Lands end, and thence again  
Back, to convey your traffic from the Main:  
My message thus delivered; now proceed  
To take your oath, there is no further need  
Of my assistance; who on Land will meet you,  
And with the state of greater Triumphs greet you.   
These few following Lines may, (and not impertinently) be added unto jupiters' message, delivered by Mercury, which though too long for the Barge, may perhaps not show lame in the book, as being less troublesome to the Reader than the Rower.  
Dance in thy rainbow colours Prators change  
Thyself to thousand figures, 'tis not strange  
With thee, thou old Sea-prophet, throng the seas  
With Phorcus Daughters, the Nereids,  
And all the blew-haired Nymphs, in number more,  
Than Barks that float, or Pebbles on the shore:  
Take Aeolus along to fill her sails  
With prosperous winds, and keep within his gailes  
Tempestuous gusts: which was no sooner said,  
But done: for all the Marine gods obeyed.  
The second show, but the first by Land, is presented by the great Philosopher Pythagoras, Samius, the son of Menarchus; which being outwardly Spherical and Orbicular, yet being opened it quadrates itself just into so many Angles as there be Sceptres, over which his Sacred Majesty beareth title: namely, England, Scotland, France, and Ireland, concerning which number of four, I thus Read: Pythagoras and his Scholars, who taught in his schools, that Ten was the nature and soul of all number; one Reason which he gave (to omit the rest) was, because all nations, as well civil as barbarous, can tell no farther than to the Denary, which is Ten, and then return in their account unto the Monady, that is one: For example, from Ten we proceed to Eleven and Twelve, which is no more than Ten and One, Ten and Two, and so of the rest, till the number rise to an infinite.  
Again he affirmeth, that the strength and virtue of all number consisteth in the quaternion; for beginning with one, two, three and four, put them together and they make ten; he saith further, that the nature of number consisteth in ten, and the faculty of number is comprised in four: in which respect the Pythagoreans express their holy oath in the quaternion, which they called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as may appear in these words.  
Per tibi nostrae animae praebentem tetrada juro,  
Naturae fontemque & firmamenta perennis.  
For they held the soul of man to subsist in that number, proportionating it into these four Faculties, men's, Scientia, Opinio, Sensus, the Mind, Knowledge, Opinion, and Sense, and therefore according to that number Pythagoras frames his Speech, alluding to those four Kingdoms over which his Majesty beareth title.  

The Speech of the second Show, delivered in Paul's Churchyard.  
SAcred's the number four, Philosophers say,  
And bears an happy Omen; as this day  
It may appear: four Elements conspire,  
Namely, the Water, Earth, the Air, and Fire,  
To make up man: the colours in him bred  
Are also four, White, Pallid, Black, and red:  
Of four Complexions he existeth solely,  
Phlegmatic, Sanguine, Choler, Melancholy.  
His meat four several digestions gains,  
In Stomach, Liver, Members, and the Veins.  
Four qualities called primae within lie,  
Which are thus titled, Hot, Cold, Moist, and Dry.  
He acts his whole life on this earthy stage,  
In Childhood, Youth, Manhood, Decripit age.  
The very day that doth afford him light,  
Is Morning the Meridian, Evening, Night.  
Four seasons still successively appear,  
Which put together make a complete year.  
The earth, with all the Kingdoms therein guided,  
Is into four distinguished parts divided.  
The four Winds from the World's four quarters blow,  
Eorus, Favonius, Auster, Aquilo.  
All Moral virtues we in four include,  
As Prudence, justice, Temperance Fortitude.  
Court, City, Camp, and Country, the four CCCs;  
Which represent to us the four degrees,  
Required in every fair and flourishing Land,  
Subtract but one a Kingdom cannot stand.  
Four Colonels are in this City known,  
Of which you, honoured Sir, have long been one:  
And those four Crowns, (for so the high Powers please)  
Emblem the Kings four Sceptres, and four Seas.  
The 
* Quinta perennis.  fift Imperial Arch above, proclaims  
That glorious Crown, at which his Highness' aims.  
Thus is our round Globe squared, figuring his power,  
And yours beneath Him, in the number four.   

The third Show.  
THe third Pageant or Show merely consisteth of Antic gesticulations, dances, and other Mimic postures, devised only for the vulgar, who are better delighted with that which pleaseth the eye, than contenteth the ear, in which we imitate Custom, which always carrieth with it excuse: neither are they altogether to be vilefied by the most supercilious, and censorious, especially in such a confluence, where all Degrees, Ages, and Sexes are assembled, every of them looking to be presented with some fancy or other, according to their expectations and humours: Since grave and wise men have been of opinion, that it is convenient, nay necessitous, upon the like occasions, to mix seria iocis; for what better can set off matter, than when it is interlaced with mirth? From that I proceed to the fourth.   

The fourth Show.  
IT beareth the Title of an Imperial Fort: nor is it compulsive, that here I should argue what a Fort is, a Sconce, or a Cittadall, nor what a Counterskarfe, or half Moon, &c. is; nor what the opposures or defences are: my purpose is only to express myself thus far, that this Fort which is styled Imperial, defenced with men and officers, suiting their functions and places proper to such a muniment; doth in the moral include his Majesty's royal chamber, which is the City of London, for to that only purpose was the project intended.  
The Speaker is Bellona, whom some held to be the Daughter, some the Sister, others the Nurse of Mars the god of War; neither in any of these is any impropiety, or aught that is dissonant from authority, because Enyo, which is Bellona, implieth that which putteth spirit and courage into an army, &c. Antiquity called her Duellona, that is, the goddess of war; to whom their Priests sacrificed their own blood, and before whose Temple the Facialis set a spear against some prime pillar thereof, when any public war was to be denounced: She was most honoured of the Thracians, the Scythians, and those wild and barbarous nations, upon whose Altars they used to sacrifice a Vulture, which is a ravenous bird, used to prey upon dead carcases, and assemble themselves in great flocks after any fought battle: but this Discourse may to some appear impertinent to the project in hand, and therefore I thus proceed to her speech.  

Bellona's Speech upon the Imperial Fort.  
THis Structure honoured Sir doth title bear  
Of an Imperial Fort, apt for that sphere  
In which you now move, borrowing all her grace,  
As well from your own person, as your place;  
For you have passed through all degrees that tended  
Unto that height which you have now ascended.  
You have been in this City ('tis known well)  
A Soldier, Captain, and a Colonel.  
And now in times fair progress, to crown all,  
Of this Metropolis chief General.  
You, of this Emblem, which this day we bring,  
To represent the Chamber of the King,  
Are the prime governor: a Royal Fort,  
And strongly setted, as not built for sport,  
But for example and defence: a Tower  
Supported by no less than Sovereign power:  
The Theologicke virtues, the three Graces,  
And Charites have here their several places.  
Here Piety, true Zeal, study of Peace, 
Concordia parve res Crescunt, is the Motto of the Company of the right Worshipful Haberdasher's.   
(By which small mites to Magozines increase)  
Have residence: now opposite there are  
To these, and with them at continual war,  
Pride, Arrogance, Sloth, Vanity, Prestigion,  
profaneness, the contempt of true Religion,  
With thousands more, who assiduatly wait  
This your Imperial Fort to insidiate.  
You may observe i'th' music of your Bells  
Like sound in Triumphs, and for funeral kneels;  
Marriage and death to them appear all one,  
Masking nor mourning cannot change their tone:  
With our Fort 'tis not so, whose fair pretence, is  
To comply with the nature of offences,  
Errors: she knows in low terms how to chide  
Great faults, with greater noise are terrified:  
But she can load her Cannons, and speak loud  
To encounter with the arrogant and proud:  
What's further in your Praetorship assigned,  
You, in your London's Mirror there may find.    

The fifth show, called London's Mirror.  
THis beareth the title of the whole Triumph; of Glasses pertinent to this our purpose, there be several sorts, as Optic, Perspective Prospective, Multiplying, &c. The presenter is Visus, or Sight; for what the mind is to the soul, the same is the eye to the body, being the most precious part thereof. Sight is the most sovereign sense, the first of five, which directeth man to the study & search of knowledge & wisdom; the eyes are placed in the head as in a Citadel, to be watchtowers and Sentinels for the safety, and ginders and conductors for the solace of the body.  
We read that one Marcus Varro was surnamed strabo, for the excellency and quickness of his sight, who from Libaum, a Province in Scicilia, could distinguish and give an exact account of all such ships as came out of the haven of Carthage, which two places some hold to be more than an hundred Italian leagues distant: indeed no man can better estimate the virtue and value of the sight, than he that is made blind and wants it, neither could I devise a more apt Speaker to present this Mirror, than the sense of the sight, without which, the purest Crystal is of no use at all.  
The Pageant itself is decore with glasses of all sorts: the persons upon or about it are beautiful Children, every one of them expressing their natures and conditions in the impresaes of their shields, eight of the prime of which suiting with the quality of the Optic sense, bear these several Inscriptions: Aspice, Despice, Conspice, Prospice, Perspice, Inspice, Circumspice Respice:  

Oath, or Opsis the Speaker.  
BEhold me Sight, of the five senses prime,  
(Now best complying with the place and time)  
Presenting London's Mirror, and this Glass  
Shows not alone what she is, or once was,  
But that the spacious Universe might see  
In her, what their great Cities ought to be;  
That every foreign Magistrate from hence  
Might learn how to dispose his Optic sense.  
Aspice saith, Look toward and upon  
Desartfull men whom this Age frowneth on.  
And Despice cast down thy powerful eye  
On the poor wretch that doth beneath thee lie.  
Then Conspice take counsel first and pause  
With meditation, ere thou judge a cause.  
Prospice bids look a far off, and view  
(Before conclude) what dangers may ensue.  
Perspice wills, in sifting doubts, then scan  
The nature of the matter with the man.  
Let every cause be searched, and duly sought,  
Saith Inspice, ere thou determinst aught.  
Circumspice saith, look about to immure  
So great a charge, that all within be sure.  
Considerate Respice enjoins thee last,  
To cast thine eyes back upon all things past.  
For London's self, if they shall first begin  
To examine her without, and then within,  
What Architectures, Palaces, what Bowers,  
What Citadels, what turrets, and what towers?  
Who in her age grew pregnant, brought a bed  
Of a New Town, and late delivered  
Of such a burden, as in few years' space,  
Can almost speak all tongues, (to her more grace.)  
Then her Cathedrals, Temples new repairing,  
An act of true devotion, no man sparing  
His helping hand; and many, 'tis well known,  
To further Gods house have forget their own.  
Unto her outward shape I do not prize her,  
But let them come within to anatomize her.  
Her Praetor, scarlet Senate, Liveries,  
The ordering of her brave societies:  
Divine Astraea here in equal scale  
Doth balance justice, Truth needs not look pale,  
Nor poverty dejected, th'orphans cause,  
And Widow's plea find help; no subtle clause  
Can make demur in sentence: a fair hearing,  
And upright doom in every Court appearing:  
Still to preserve her so, be't your endeavour,  
And she in you, you her shall live for ever.   
I come now to the Linvoy, or last Speech, when his Lordship, after his days long and tedious trouble, retireth himself to his rest at night, in which Pythagoras the Speaker briefly runs over the passages of the Pageants before expressed after this manner.  

The Speech at Night.  
WE ●o a Valediction are confined,  
(Right Honoured) and entreat You bear in mind  
What was this Day presented: Your chief Saint  
A Martyr once of the Church militant,  
But now of the triumphant, bids You spare  
Yourself this Night: for to a World of Care  
You are engaged to morrow, which must last  
Till the whole progress of Your Year be past.  
The Sphere-like Globe quadrated, lets You know,  
What Pro-Rex doth to the four Sceptres owe.  
Your Military honours, (in your Days  
Of less command) th' Imperial Fort displays,  
And London's Mirror, that all men may see  
What Magistrates have been, and aught to be.  
Set is the Sun long since, and now the Light  
Quite failing us, Thrice Honoured Sir, good Night.   
For the Artists, and directors of these Pageants and shows, john Christmas and Mathias, the two Sons of Gerard, their now deceased Father, a known Master in all those Sciences he professed.: I can say no more but thus, that proportioning their Works according to the limits of the gates through which they were to pass, being tied not to exceed one Inch either in height, or breadth: My Opinion is, that few Workmen about the Town can parallel them, much less exceed them. But if any shall either out of Curiosity or malice tax their ability, in this kind of Art, I refer them to the Carving of his Majesty's Great Ship lately built at Woolwitch, which Work alone is able both to satisfy Emulation, and qualify Envy.  
FINIS.