¶ The Gardeners Labyrinth: Containing a discourse of the Gardeners life, in the yearly travels to be bestowed on his plot of earth, for the use of a Garden: with instructions for the choice of Seeds, apt times for sowing, setting, planting, & watering, and the vessels and instruments serving to that use and purpose: Wherein are set forth divers Herbers, Knots and Mazes, cunningly handled for the beautifying of Gardens. Also the Physic benefit of each Herb, Plant, and Flower, with the virtues of the distilled Waters of every of them, as by the sequel may further appear. GATHERED OUT OF THE BEST APPROVED WRITERS of Gardening, Husbandry, and Physic: by Dydymus Mountain.  
PRINTED AT LONDON by Henry Bynneman. ANNO. 1577.   


Henrici Dethicki ad lectorem  
Carmen.  
COelum, aequor, tellus, nunc, lumina, flumina, fructus,  
Praestat, fundit, habet, sole, vapore, fimo.  
Hortus praestat olus, praestant Pomaria poma:  
Cuncta vigent, magno parta labore viri.  
Vrbis honos hortus, florum speculatio grata,  
Et sunt herbarum pharmaca graeta viris.  
Falce, ligone, filo, qui, dissecat, effodit, ornat,  
Plantam, terram, hortos, haec documenta tenet.  
Sano, aegro, caeco, vis? victum, pharmaca, visum,  
Lingua, mente, manu, haec, perlege, disce, tene.   
  

¶ To the right honourable and his singular good Lord, Sir William Cecil, knight of the most noble Order of the Garter, Baron of Burghlev, Lord high Treasurer of England etc. Henry Dethicke wisheth long health, with increase of honour.  
considering (right honourable) my promise plighted (unto my friend, lately interred) I was enforced to perform the perfecting of this English Treatise: otherwise I had not so willingly attempted to solicit your honour with this vulgar style. And sithence that reason requireth, and duty demandeth, the satisfying of the trust in me reposed, I doubt not but that mine enterprise will be allowed. Unreasonable were I, and destitute of all humanity, if that I should obstinately neglect, the earnest desire of the diseased: likewise, worthy were I to be deemed undutyfull, and altogether ungrateful, if that I should omit any opportunity, whereby I might increase so rare a commodity to my country. I therefore respecting the request of my friend, and tendering the profit of my country, have craved herein (as heretofore in all other mine affairs) your honour's protection, and the rather, for that I find none (your honour excepted) neither in ancient authority, neither by common consent, neither by present proof, that hath more warily, and wisely, warded the weal of this country. In fine, to avoid tediousness, I have omitted all circumstances, whereby I might display the sundry commodities & rare rudiments, contained in this painful, and gainful discourse: but surceasing to travise farther in this terrestrial Gardeners Labyrinth, I wish unto your honour by daily Prayer, the fruition of the Heavenly Paradise, craving of the Omnipotent and provident God, the guider of that gorgeous Garden, that he would vouchsafe to grant unto you, the sweet savour of his chief fragrante flowers, that is, his comfort to cleave fast unto you, his mercy to keep you, and his grace to guide you, now and evermore.  
Your honours most humble HENRY DETHICKE.   

¶ A Table expressing the Contents of every Chapter contained in this Labyrinth.  

THe first devising of Garden plots with their commodities in time past. Chap. 1.  
The diligence required of a Gardener, and what increase a well laboured earth yieldeth. Chap. 2.  
The choosing of a Garden plot, with the goodness of the earth. Chap. 3.  
Of plainer instructions for the choosing of a battle ground, with other matter necessary. Chap. 4.  
Of the placing of a Garden plot, with the commodities thereunto belonging. Chap. 5.  
What air is noyous to men, & to plants, and why a Garden should be placed nigh to the owner's house. Chap. 6.  
The form of Enclosures invented by the Romans. Chap. 7.  
The inventions of erecting a strong hedge for the defence of a Garden. Chap. 8.  
The cause why dunging of Gardens was misliked in ancient time near to houses, and what dung is best allowed for pothearbes. Chap. 9  
Of the kinds of dung, and which is commended for a Garden. Chap. 10.  
What is to be considered before the jevelling of Beds. Chap. 11.  
Of the framing of Herbers, Walks, and Alleys, in a Garden. Chap. 12.  
The form of disposing quarters, beds, & Borders, with the sowing, choice and defence of the Seeds, with the weding of the beds. Chap. 13.  
The artely disposing of Beds for the increase of Kitchen Herbs, with the witty defences to be used after the Seeds are bestowed. Chap. 14.  
The workmanly dividing of Beds, for roots and herbs. Chap. 15.  
The rare inventions for the defence of Seeds committed to the earth, that they may not be endamaged by birds, nor creeping things. Chap. 16.  
The witty helps for the Garden Seeds to be employed before and after the sowing of them, lest that they should be harmed by outward or inward injuries. Chap. 17.  
Of the nature and election of sundry Seeds, with the apt times commended for the sowing of most Kitchen herbs. Chapter. 18.  
Certain precepts for the sowing of delectable flowers and tender herbs, with the observations of the Moon. Cham 19  
The commended times to be observed in the bestowing of Seeds and plants in the earth with the discommodities. Chap. ●.  
Of certain curious instructions, for the bestowing of Seeds and dainty Herbs. Chap. 21.  
In what space of time Seeds committed to the earth in the increase of the Moon, commonly shoot up. Chap. 22.  
What diligence is to be had in weeding of a Garden. Chap 23.  
Of the times of watering beds, and what manner of water ought to be used for Plants, with the inventions of Vessels. Chap. 24.  
Of the removing of plants, with the breaking and slipping of sundry sets. Ch. 25.  
Certain instructions for the gathering and preserving of kitchen Herbs and roots, with flowers, dainty Herbs and roots to the use of physic. Cham 26.  
The remedies which prevail against Snails, Cankerwormes, Garden fleas, and Barthwormes. Chap. 27.  
The helps against Garden Moles, Aunts, Gnats, Fleas, & Frogs, wasting herbs, trees and fruits. Chap. 28.  
Of rare practices against serpents of the garden, and other venomous things, hurting as well men, as kitchen herbs, trees, and fruits. Chap. 29.  
Of the helps against Scorpions, Toads, Garden mice, Weasels, and all other beasts, wasting herbs and fruits. Cham 30  
Of remedies against hail, lightnings, tempests and beatings down of Kitchen herbs, trees, and fruits. Chap. 31.  
Of the helps against frosts, blasting of trees, mists, and rust. Chap. 32.  
Certain proper knots devised for gardens, to be placed at the owner's discretion.   

¶ The chapters contained in the second part.  
THe secrets in sowing and removing the garden Colewort, with the physic helps of the Coleworte, and distilled water thereof. Chap▪ 1.  
The order of sowing the Beete, with the physic help of the Beete, and water distilled thereof. Chap. 2.  
The order in sowing or setting of the Blete, with the commodities thereof. Ch. 3.  
The order in sowing or setting of Arage with the physic helps thereof. Chap. 4.  
The sowing and removing of Sperage, with the physic helps thereof. Chap. 5.  
The ordering & sowing of spinach, with the physic helps thereof. Chap. 6.  
The ordering and sowing of the Garden sorrel, with the physic helps of the Sorrel and Pympernell, and the water distilled thereof. Chap 7.  
The ordering and sowing of Lovage, & bugloss, with the physic helps of them both, and the water thereof. Chap. 8.  
The figure of the Furnace named Balneum Mariae. fo. 26.  
The order of sowing removing & setting the Marigold, with the physic helps of Marigolds, and water thereof. Chap. 9  
The ordering and sowing Parsely, with the physic helps of Parseley, and the water distilled thereof. Chap. 10.  
The ordering and sowing of Garden and wild running Time, with the physic helps of Time, and water thereof. Chap. 11.  
The ordering and sowing of Mints and Holihoke, with the physic helps of the Mints, and Mallows, and water thereof. Chap. 12.  
The ordering and sowing of the artichoke, with the physic helps thereof. Chap 13.  
The ordering and sowing of Endive and Succory, with the physic helps both of them and the water thereof. Chap. 14.  
The ordering & sowing of Lettuce with the physic helps of Lettuce and the water thereof distilled. Chap. 15.  
The ordering and sowing of Purslane, and Rocket, with the physic helps of them both, and of the water of Purslane. Chap. 16  
The ordering and sowing of chervil, Smallage, Taragon, and Cresses, with the physic helps of chervil and Garden Cresses, and the distilled waters thereof. Chap. 17.  
The ordering and sowing of Bucks horn, strawberry, and Mustard seed, with the physic helps of them all and water distilled from them. Chap. 18.  
The ordering and sowing of Leeks and cives, with the physic helps of the Garden leek, and water thereof. Chap. 19  
The ordering and sowing of the Onion, with the physic commodities of the Onion and water thereof. Chap. 20.  
The ordering and sowing of Garlic, with the physic helps of Garlic, and the water thereof. Chap: 21  
The inconveniences of Garlic out of Pliny. fo. 103  
The ordering and sowing of the Scallion and Squill Onion, with the physic helps thereof. Chap. 22.  
The ordering of Garden Saffron, with the physic helps thereof. Chap. 23.  
The ordering and sowing of Navewes, with the physic benefits thereof. Chap. 24.  
The ordering and sowing of the Rape and Turnupe, with the physic helps of the Rape, and water thereof. Ch. 25.  
The ordering and sowing of radish, with the physic benefits of radish, and the water thereof. Chap. 26.  
The ordering and sowing of parsnip and Carots, with the physic helps of them & the water of Parsnep. Ch. 27  
The ordering and sowing of the Garden Poppy, with the physic helps of poppy, and the water thereof. Chap. 28.  
The ordering and sowing of Cucumber, with the physic commodities thereof. Chap. 29.  
The ordering and sowing of the Gourd, with the physic helps of the same, & the water thereof. Chap. 30.  
The helps and secrets of the Pompons, Melons, and musk Melons, with the physic commodities of the Pompones and Melons, and the distilled water of Melons. Chap. 31.  
Worthy instructions about the setting and sowing of sundry physic herbs, fragrant herbs and flowers, and of the Blessed Thistle, with the physic helps of the Thistle and the water thereof. Chap. 32.  
The setting and sowing of the herb Angelica, with the physic helps thereof. Chap. 33.  
The sowing of the herb Valerian, with the physic helps of the same, and the water of the herb and root thereof. Chap. 34.  
The bestowing of Bitterns, with the physic commodities of the same, and the virtues of the Water thereof. Chaptrer 35.  
The bestowing of Lovage, with the physic helps, and virtues of the water thereof. Chap. 36.  
The bestowing of Elecampane, with the Physic helps of the same, and the water distilled of the herb and root thereof. Chap. 37.   
Finis Tabulae,   

¶ Authors from whom this work is selected.  

PLinie  
Cicero  
Columella  
M. Cato  
Varronianus Tremelius  
Varro  
Florentinus  
Palladius Rutilius  
Vergile  
Didymus  
Avicen  
Democritus  
Dyophanes  
Hesiodus  
Affricanus  
Apuleius  
D. Niger  
Theophrastus  
Anatolius  
Pamphilus  
Ruellius  
Paxanius  
Beritius  
Marcus Gatinaria  
Albertus  
Philostratus  
Archibius  
Galene.    

The Gardeners Labyrinth. Containing the manifold travails, great cares, and diligence, to be yearly bestowed in every earth, for the use of a Garden: with the later inventions, and rare secrets thereunto added (as the like) not heretofore published.  
 

The invention of Garden plots, by whom first devised, and what commodity found by them, in time past. Chap. 1.  
THe worthy Pliny (in his nineteen. book) reporteth, that a Garden plot in the Ancient time at Rome, was none other, than a small & simple enclosure of ground, which through the labour and diligence of the husbandman, yielded a commodity and yearly revenue unto him. But after years (that man more esteemed of himself, & sought an easier life) devised and framed this ground plot, for the mind, as for pleasure and delight: as may well appear by that Epicure, of whom Cicero maketh mention, in his book entitled De natura Deorum, who living at ease, and conceiving a felicity in the Garden, endeavoured first to place and frame the same within the walls of Athens, which before (as it should seem) lay open, and undefended in the wide field, and the culture of it not had in so much estimation, as to place them nigh to their towns or houses: For which cause, doth Pliny (by good reason) rightly attribute, the invention of the delectable Garden to him. The Garden plots, which the Ancient Romans possessed (as Pliny reporteth) were only set about with trees, having a dead enclosure, made only of bushes, that needed repairing every year: in which especially were sown the red Onions, Coleworts, great Leeks, Cresses, great Mallows or holy Okes, Endive, Rocket, and sundry sallate Herbs: In these they found such a commodity, as marvelously pleased them▪ seeing they by enjoying the herbs, needed no fire about the dressing & preparing of them, and spared a charge of flesh, besides a daily profit that they got, by the herbs and wood brought to the City to be sold. The meaner sort of that time so little cared and esteemed the eating of flesh, (who in general accounted it a kind of reproach, to be known to have eaten flesh) that they refusing this taunt, did (as to a shambles or flesh market) haunt daily to the Garden.  
Columella reporteth lib. 10. that the Ancient husbandmen so slenderly looked unto (or rather forced of) Gardens, that they in furthering the groweth and yield of their fruits and herbs, bestowed a small travail and diligence. And as they appeared negligent in their labours of the Garden, so were they well pleased with a mean living, in somuch that the common sort fed and lived willingly on gross and simple herbs. But after the age and people were reformed, and brought by the instruction of the Epicure, to a more delight of themselves, in coveting to feed on dainty herbs and Sallates, with meats delectable, and taking an earnester care for the pleasing of their mouths, they laboured then to become skilful, and to use a greater care about the ordering and apt dressing of Garden plots, by well fencing and comely furnishing of their ground, with sundry needful and delectable trees, plants, and herbs: in which travails and diligence of the husbandmen, so good success and commodity ensuing, procured not only the willing carriage of herbs, fruits, and other commodities far off to be exercised unto Cities and market Towns, by which these through the sale obtained a daily gain and yearly revenue, for the aid of their household charges, but alured them also to place and frame gardens, aswell within Cities and Towns as fast by, that a cost bestowed, might after possess the recreation and delight of minds, besides the proper gain made by the fruits, flowers, and herbs, gathered in them. The Garden plots at length, grew so common among the meaner sort, that the charge and the chiefest care of the same, was committed unto the wife, in somuch that these accounted not the wife of the house, to be a husewife in deed, if she bestowed not a pain and diligence as Cato reporteth in the weeding, trimming, and dressing of the Garden. But to be brief, and leaving further to report of antiquity, I think it high time to declare the effects and commodity of this work taken in hand, and first to entreat of the care, helps, and secrets, to be learned and followed in the Garden ground: All which in a pleasant manner, shall after be uttered in destinct chapters, to the furtherance and commodity of many Gardeners, and all such having pleasure therein.   

What care and diligence is required of every Gardener: to these, what increase & commodity a well laboured earth yieldeth. Chap. 2.  
THe husbandman or Gardener, shall enjoy a most commodious and delectable garden, which both knoweth, can, and will orderly dress the same: yet not sufficient is it to a Gardener, that he knoweth, or would the furtherance of the garden, without a cost bestowed, which the works and labours of the same require: nor the will again of the workman, in doing and bestowing of charges, shall smally avail, without he have both art and skill in the same. For that cause, it is the chiefest point in every faculty and business, to understand and know what to begin and follow: as the learned Columella out of Varronianus Tremellius aptly uttereth. The person which shall enjoy or have in a readiness these three, and will purposedly or with diligence frame to him a well dressed Garden, shall after obtain these two commodities, as utility and delight: the utility, yieldeth the plenty of Herbs, flowers, and fruits right delectable: but the pleasure of the same procureth a delight, and (as Varro writeth) a iucunditie of mind. For that cause a Garden, shall workmanly be handled and dressed unto the necessary use and commodity of man's life, next for health, and the recovery of strength by sickness feebled: as the singular Palladius Rutilius hath learnedly uttered, and the skilful Florentinus, that wrote cunningly, of husbandry in the Greek tongue, certain years before him: Lastly by sight unto delectation, and iucunditie through the fragrancy of smell: but most of all, that the same may furnish the owners, and husband man's table, with sundry seemly and dainty dishes, to him of small cost. The Garden ground (if the same may be) ought rather to be placed near hand, whereby the owner or Gardener may with more ease be partaker of such commodities growing in the garden, and both oftener resort, and use his diligence in the same: So that this is the whole care and duty required of every owner and Gardener, in their plot of ground. Yet may I not be unmindful, that the garden doth also require a dunging, at the apt times: of which in the proper place we shall after entreat.   

What consideration and choosing to be used, in any Garden plot: with the goodness and worthiness of every earth. Chap. 3.  
AS to the nature and goodness of a garden ground, the especialler that aught to be eschewed, are a bitter, and salt earth of taste, if so be we mean to make a fertile, commodious, & well yielding ground: for these two natures of earth, were very much misliked in Ancient time, as may appear by the skilful Poet Virgil, who saith that every earth is not allowed or commended, for the yield of garden herbs. For which cause, the mind of the ancient husband men is, that the Gardener by taking up a clod of Earth, should artly try the goodness of it after this manner: in considering whether the earth be neither hot and bare, nor lean by sand, lacking a mixture of perfit earth: nor the same found to be wholly Chalk, nor naughty sand: nor barren gravel, nor of the glittering powder or dust of a lean stony ground, nor the earth continual moist, for all these be the special defaults of a good and perfit earth. The best ground for a Garden, is the same judged to be, which in the Summer time, is neither very dry, nor cleyie, nor sandy and rough, nor endamaged with gapings, procured by heat of the Summer, as the worthy Didymus, in his Greek instructions of husbandry writeth. Wherefore the earth which in the Summer time is wont to be dry, either perisheth or loseth all the seeds sown, and plants set in it, or yieldeth those thin, and weak proving on the ground. For the clayie ground of itself, overfast holdeth: but the sandy and rough, in a contrary manner: so that neither is wont to nourish plants, nor retain water. Therefore an apt earth for a Garden, shall you readily try and find out, if the same through wet and dissolved with water, you shall see to have a much clamminess and fastness. In which ground, if a wateriness shall exceed, then shall you judge the same disagreeable and unfruitful: if dissolving the earth with water, you shall find the same very clammy or much cleaving to the hand and fingers, as it were wax, this earth shall you account, as wholly unprofitable. Pliny willeth, that a garden plot before all other matters done to it, be very well cleansed of stones, and to these, that the earth prove not full of chaps, or but few to be seen, lest the Sun beams entering between, may so scorch and burn the roots of the plants. For which cause, the best and gentle or worthiest earth shallbe chosen, in which you mind to commit your seeds: or for the same, that the Nurse as a mother, may often agree to the fruit, or yield to be an aider and furtherer to it.   

Certayne plainer instructions, much furthering the Gardener, in the knowledge and choice of a good and battle ground, with other matter necessary. Chap. 4.  
THe Gardener minding to try and know a fat earth, for the use of a garden, shall work after this manner: in taking a little clod of earth, and the same to sprinkle with fair water, kneading it well in the hand: which after appearing clammy, and cleaving or sticking to the fingers, doth undoubtedly witness that earth to have a fatness in it. another trial of a battle earth, may thus be purchased, if you dig up a rotten clod in a manner black, and the same able enough to cover itself with the groweth of the own grass, and appearing also of a mixed colour, which earth, if it be found thin and lose, may well be fastened and made clammy, through the adjoining and mixing of a fat earth to it. The garden ground doth also require a sweetness to consist in it, which the Gardener shall easily find and know, by taste of it: if so be he take up a clod of earth in any part of the ground which most misliketh him, and moistening the clod with fair water in an earthen potshard, doth after the dipping of the finger in this moist earth and water, let a drop softly fall on the tongue, he shall incontinent feel and perceive (by reason of the taste) of what condition the same is. Further, every fat earth being reasonably lose, is evermore commended and chosen, which of itself requireth small labour, and yieldeth the most increase. But worst of all others is that ground, which shallbe both dry and gross, lean and cold. In the kinds of ground, the chalky is to be refused: which properly the ancients name, the cleyishe, and reddish earth. The worthy Varro commendeth the same ground, which of itself being gentle and pliable, yieldeth properly walwurtes. The same earth doth Columella greatly allow, which of the own accord yieldeth or bringeth forth wilding or Crabbe trees, young Springs, the Slow or Bullesse trees, Elm trees, and such like. So that a battle ground, is on such wise found and known: the rather of the crescent things, seen in it of the own accord: yet of necessity may every ground well agree, to be mixed and turned in with dung. Florentinus uttereth an other trial of a fruitful ground: if so be the Gardener diggeth up a furrow, of a foot and a half deep, and filleth the same again with the own earth, which in short time after gapeth or choppeth, this no doubt, is a weak and lean earth: But if the earth thus ordered, swelleth or retcheth out, then is it a sure note, that the same is a battle and fat ground. And this is noted to be a mean earth, which after the digging and raking even, gapeth but a little. This I thought not good to be covered, nor willingly over passed: that a garden plot situated or standing near to a mote, or compassed by a mote, is not always laudable, in that the seeds bestowed in the same, and diverse plants set in it, do lightly and soon through the water vaporating forth wax old: yea the fruits (whether those shallbe of the herbs or trees) are for the more part caused unpleasant, and overmoyst. Further conceive, that a garden ground, aught to be of a moderate increase, and easy dressing: which neither is very moist, nor over dry of itself. To these such a earth is greatly commended as being new digged, birds covet to it: and that Crows especially follow the new casting of the digger. If the earth shallbe found naughty or unfruitful, as the Cleyie, Sandie, and Chalky, then ought the same to be amended, after the mind of the skilful, with mearle and dung laid three foot deep, and well turned in with the earth, if this be perceived over thin and lean, then to be mixed and helped by a fat earth: or to a barren and over dry ground, may be mixed a moist and very fat earth. A watery ground is made the better, if the same be mixed with a sandy or small gravely earth, and deep Alleys made, for the conveying and shifting of the water falling in the night. But to use such a tedious pains in these, Pliny accounteth it a madness: for what fruit or gain may be hoped after, in bestowing such a travail and diligence in the like ground plot? To conclude, every reasonable earth, may very much be helped through the well dunging, and labouring of the Gardener, of which matter (in the proper place) we mean fully to entreat.   

Of the placing and standing of a Garden plot, with the necessary benefit of water to a Garden, and other matters profitable. Chap. 5.  
IT is right necessary (saith Varro) to place gardens near to the City, aswell for the benefit of pothearbes and roots, as all manner of sweet smelling flowers, that the City greatly needeth. Where these placed in a soil far off that they can not so conveniently and in due time be brought to the market to be sold, in such places are altogether disallowed, and thought frivolous for the turn. Cato doth very much commend the garden plot placed near to the City, in which both young trees to bear up vines, and Willow or Osier trees be planted nigh to water sides and in places watery: and that through the garden ground, water or springs be seen running. To these, the seeds of most herbs committed into a very well dunged, dressed, and fair or large open plot, in which besides all kinds of fruits, for the use of man, workmanly planted and set in apt times of the year. This skilful Cato also willeth, that all kinds of garden grounds be placed and framed near to the City, aswell for the Garland or Posy flowers, as all manner round and delectable roots, with the sweet and pleasant smelling trees: as all the kinds of the Roses, the sweet Jacemine, the Eglantine briar, the Myrtill tree, and all others of like sort, sowed and planted in due seasons of the year. But a Garden plot, only serving for the use of potherbes and the kitchen, ought especially to be a battle ground, sufficient moist of itself, and well turned in or workmanly laboured with dung. Garden plots ought to be placed, far from Barnes, Hay lofts, and Stables, if the same possibly may be refused, or otherwise chosen for the turn: in that the chaff or dust of straws (as enemy to them) the plants hardly brook and suffer: in somuch that the very straws blown abroad with the wind, and falling on herbs, do greatly annoy and harm them: as the singular Florentinus in his Greek instructions of Husbandry skilfully uttereth. For these, saith he, by cleaving to the plants, in the falling, pierce the leaves, which once pierced, are incontinent burned by them. All Gardens aswell prosper by the dunging with roots, as with the proper dung allowable: yet dunging the Garden earth, with the branches and leaves of trees, is of the skilful Gardeners very much disallowed, as unprofitable and noyous to herbs.  
As to the well standing of a Garden behoveth: the aptest and most laudable placing of a Garden plot shallbe, if the plain ground lying somewhat a slope, shall have a course of spring water running through by several parts. But this course of water, running through the Garden plot, may in no wise be big. And the smallness of the labouring and dressing of a Garden ground, is more of yield, than the largeness of it, not laboured in a manner at all.  
It behoveth to have a well in a Garden, unless some running water as either ditch or small river be near adjoining: for that a sweet water sprinkled on young plants, and Herbs, giveth a special nourishment. If a well be lacking in the Garden, then dig a deep pit, in some convenient place of the Garden: although it may be a painful labour for the Gardener, to draw water out of the same. For a Garden ground needeth often to be watered, through which all Seeds committed to the earth, as Pliny reporteth, both sooner break forth, and speedier spread abroad. That a pit with water of long continuance, may be purchased, the same at that time Columella willeth to be digged, when as the Sun shall obtain or occupy the last degrees of virgo: which is in the month of September, before the Equinoctial harvest. For the virtue then of Well springs, are thoroughly tried and found out: at which time through the long drought of Summer, the earth lacketh the due moisture of rain. If a well or pit to purpose cannot be made in the Garden: then frame up a squarepitte or Cistern leveled in the bottom with brick and Lime to receive the rain water falling: with which in the hottest Summer days, you may water the beds of the Garden. But if all these manner of helps and ways, shall fail the Gardener, or can not well be compassed in the Garden ground, then shall he dig the ground after the mind of Palladius Rutilius, three or four foot the deeper or lower. For the beds on such wise ordered, being workmanly laboured and sown, may the better endure, through the low standing, the whole drought of the Summer days. In the Garden ground beside, this shall you observe, that when the Alleys or paths of the beds be over cloyed with water, to dig deep gutters here & there after your discretion, in such order, that the water falling and running along, may be guided into a convenient pit, made at the lower side or end of the Garden, for that only purpose. Here further learn, that what Garden plot the nature of the moisture helpeth not, the same may you aptly divide into parts, in converting the spaces, digged and dressed for the winter time to lie open to the South, and those prepared for the Summer time like, unto the North quarter.   

What air commended for the benefit of a Garden, and which be noyous as well to Man as the plants: and the reason why Garden plots ought to be placed nigh to the owner's house. Chap. 6.  
Every ground plot lying near to the City, aswell the Garden as Orchard, aught to be placed near to the house, for the oftener recourse and diligence to be bestowed of the owner: and the Garden especially to be laboured and well turned in with dung: through whose juice and fattening, the earth may yield herbs of the own accord. As touching the air commended for a Garden, the same being clear and temperate is best allowed, in that this not only cherisheth and prospereth the herbs growing in it, but procureth a delight and comfort to the walkers therein. An evil air in the contrary manner, troubled with the vapours of standing pits, ditches, and such like mixed to it, doth not only annoy and corrupt the plants and Herbs growing in that Garden fast by, but choke and dull the spirits of men by walking in the same. Besides▪ the winds biting, and frosts mortifying, do both harm and destroy plants. Avicen writing of the air, doth in skilful manner utter, that the same air, which after the Sun setting is soon cold, and after the Sun rising speedily hot, is both subtle and healthful to man. So that a contrary air to this, worketh the contrary to man and plants. Yet that air is accounted worser, which seemeth as it were to wring or bind hard together the Heart: yea making strait or letting the attraction of air. The learned Neapolitan Rutilius besides these reporteth, that the subtleness or healthfulness of air, do declare those places free from low valleys, and stinking mists or fogs in the night, that might annoy both men and the plants. Here is doth not much disagree from the matter, to write in general, general of the qualities of the winds: and of these, in the briefest manner. First, the Easterly and Westerly winds, be in a manner temperate of quality, as between a hotness and coldness: yet of the two, the Easterly winds be known drier. Further the Easterly winds, are for the more part hotter, than the Westerly, & the Westerly by report of the Ancient somewhat more moist, than the Easterly. Of all the winds, for the benefit of the Garden, is the south-west wind especially commended: as the worthy Florentinus in his Greek rules, and others of experience affirm.  
Besides these, as unto the clemency or temperateness of air, and healthfulness of the place belongeth, a Garden plot in cold countries, aught in a contrary manner to be placed, as either to the East or South quarter: if the same be such a plot of ground, which both containeth trees, & Plants or Herbs coming up in it, lest the Garden plot excluded from these two parts, by the object or standing against of some most great and high hill, be so nipped, frozen, and withered, with the extreme cold long continuing, or the Garden plot otherwise far distant form the comfort of the Sun on the North part, or else the Sun only shining low and weak, at the West quarter of the same. The singular Cato willeth, that the Garden, if a man can, be placed at the foot of an Hill: and the same beholding or lying open to the South, especially in a healthful place. For a Garden plot thus defended by an high hill, on the North part, and all the day comforted, by the open face of the South quarter: is procured to yield the sweeter and tymelier fruits, in the seasons of the year. But in hot Regions or Countries, let the open place of a Garden ground, be rather situated towards the North quarter: which may through the like standing avail, aswell to health of body and quickening of the Spirits, as to profit and pleasure.  
This beside conceive, that the placing of a Garden ground near to a Fen or marish, is every where to be misliked and refused: if the same lie open towards the South or West, and yearly in the Summer time is accustomed to be dry: for on such wise happening, the air thereabout gathered up, doth in the falling again, engender either the Pestilence, or wicked vermin, much harming the Garden plot lying nigh to it. There is also a great regard to be had to the water, mote or ditch, standing nigh or round about the Garden ground: whether this for the more part be wont to vaporate or breath forth any noisome air, that may both to men and the plants be harmful. For peculiar or proper is the same (or rather such is the property) of very many still waters and Motes. So that it is the counsel of the skilful (if any like be known) to refrain from placing any Garden plot or Orchard, if the owner may choose, near to the same.   

The form of the enclosures, which the Husbandmen, and Romans in time passed invented. Chap. 7.  
FOr asmuch as the same may be thought a mere madness, to have chosen out a fit plot of ground, and to cast, dig, and dress it seemly in all points: yet lying open day and night, aswell to the incursious and common haunt, as to the injuries to be wrought & done by robbers or thieves, fowls and beasts: for that cause, I here mind to entreat of the sundry manners of fencing, & compassing in of the Garden grounds in ancient time. First, the skilful and wary husband men in time paste, being those of good ability, built them walls about of Free stone artly laid and mortered together, & some did, with baked brick like handled. Others of lesser ability, and of the meaner sort, framed them enclosures, with stones handsomely laid one upon an other without mortar or Cley: and some of them couched the broad Slate stones, with other big and large stones (in like order about) where such dwelled by quarries of stone. But very many of the base and poorer sort, made them fences and walls about, with mud of the ditch, dung, chaff, and straws cut short, and well mixed together. Others there were, which with big Canes set upright, by small poles bound together, so fenced their Garden plot, in handsome manner round about. Some also with young Willow trees, set by certain distances, and the dry black thorn (purchased from the wood) being bound in (between the spaces) so framed their enclosure: but this manner of enclosing wrought or built by Art (the skilfuller named) a dead and rough enclosure, made especially for the keeping and defending of cattle out of the Garden ground. Yet the hedge or enclosure erected after this manner, required every year to be new repaired and bound up in the places needful, to the tediousness and great pains of the husband man.  
The learned Columella in his husbandry reporteth, that the Romans in time paste, fenced and enclosed their Garden grounds, with big quarters set upright, and Poles with lathes, very thick fastened to them, by small rods of the Osier tree walling them in. Some bored large holes through big bodies or stocks of trees, that quarters or great poles made for the purpose might pass through them, either by two or three together, in reasonable distance, with pail board raised and fastened along to them. Some also through the timber of trees (set into the earth) fastened big poles or long quarters round about, much like to the usual cattle pounds in our age. But some attaining a more skill, erected as Varro reporteth, a natural enclosure, set about with the black or White thorn trees, and young willows: which had beside the roots of a quick set hedge, that in time growing up, withstood tempests, winds, landfloudes, yea fire the consumer of all things put to it. The Ancient husband men did beside these invent the casting up of banks & countermures of earth, round about the Garden plot, much like to the trenches in time of war about Bulwarks and Tents: and these they especially made near to high ways, or by Rivers, and in Marrishes or Fens lying open, or other Fields, that the Garden plot might on such wise be defended, from the damages and harms, both of thieves, cattle, and Landfloudes.  
For a plainer conceiving of the abovesaid, learn these following: that the Ancient husbandmen did cast up and made a deep ditch, about their Garden ground (standing in the open field) which might receive all the rain water falling: and this they so digged with a slope passage, whereby the water might run the easier and freelier from the bottom. The earth and Clay cast up on the inside (fast by the brink) they so wrought up together, that hardly any person (after the drying of the countermure) could climb over the same. Some also made high banks or countermures, without a ditch digged about, and the same so served in the open fields in stead of a wall.  
To be brief, the enclosure which longest endured, surest, and of the least cost, was the same that the Romans in ancient time made with Brambles, and the white Thorn laid orderly in banks, for the better growing up. For this enclosure or hedge (after years sprung up) endured by report of the learned Cato an infinite time: yea experience in our age, doth likewise confirm the same. For which cause, this enclosure was very much commended of the Ancient Romans, who well conceived and knew, that the Bramble decayed or died not at any season, except it were digged and plucked quite up by the roots. Yea they learned by practice, that the Bramble swinged or scorched with straw flaming, recovered & grew every year after, both stiffer, rougher and thicker together.   

The later inventions of erecting a natural and strong Hedge▪ which in time growing, may prove a most sure defence and safeguard of the Garden. Chap. 8.  
THe most commendable enclosure for every Garden plot, is a quick set Hedge, made with the Brambles and white Thorn: but the stronger and more defensive Hedge is the same, which the singular Democritus in his Greek instructions of husbandry (that wrote long before Columella, and Palladius Rutilius) cunningly uttereth, and the same with ease and small cost, after this manner. Gather, saith he, in a due season of the year, the seeds found in the red berries of the biggest and highest Briars (which by a more common name with us, are called the wild Eglantine Briars) the through ripe seeds of the Brambles (running low by the ground) the ripe seeds of the white Thorn, and to these both the ripe Berries, of the Gooseberrie and Barberrie trees: this done, mix and steep for a time, all the Berries and Seeds, in the blended meal of Tarts, unto the the thickness of Honey: the same mixture lay diligently into old and untwisted Ship or Well ropes, or other long worn ropes, and fittered or broken into short pieces, being in a manner stark rotten, in such order, that the Seeds bestowed or couched within the soft hears of them, may be preserved and defended from the cold, unto the beginning of Spring. At which time, where you be minded, that the enclosure or Hedge shall run and spring up: there dig in handsome manner, two small furrows, and these either two or three foot asunder, and a man's foot and a half deep: into which lay your ropes with the Seeds, covering them workmanly with light earth: and (if need shall require) water by sprinkling, or moisten the Seeds, in the same wise again.  
The worthy Columella (in his husbandry) & the Neapolitan Palladius Rutilius, writing the like instruction, in a manner, will that the ground plot, in which a Hedge shallbe erected, be compassed with two narrow furrows, digged three foot distant one from the other, and a man's foot and a half deep: but these to be made in the Equinoctial Harvest, at what time the ground shallbe well moistened with showers. The Furrows thus prepared, they appointed to lie open all the winter through: after in the month of February, the ropes with the seeds, laid into each furrows, to be covered not thick over with light earth, for hindering the growth of the seeds, especially of the white Thorn: and that this action be rather wrought, when as the wind bloweth from the South or south-west: the seeds thus covered with diligence, shall appear within a month either more or less, and the tender young Thorns sprung up to some height, must be helped and stayed with Willow twigs, or other small props, set between the empty spaces, until the Thorns, by their further growth, joined together, may stay one the other: which within few years, will grow to be a most strong defence of the Garden or field, & a sure safeguide against outward injuries. Columella▪ besides willeth, that a Willow or Osier hedge, be set on either side, and in the middle room or space, between the two furrows, covered and even raked: that these might so stay the tender Thorns, springing up in either furrow, unto the time they joined, & were grown above this Willow hedge, or at the least unto such strength, that they well stayed one of the other. Others there are, as the famous Diophanes (among the Greek writers of Husbandry) and with him many the like, which will a quick set Hedge to be erected, and made after this manner. The bigger arms or rods of the Bramble, they willed to be cut into short portions or parts, and these laid aslope, into open Furrows of a span deep, to be diligently covered with earth: after to use about the plants, a daily digging or rearing up of the earth, and watering of them if need so requireth until the plants bud forth, and the leaves of the stems open, which by this manner of comforting and cherishing, shall grow in few years to a strong, sure, and continual hedge.  
The Neapolitan Palladius Rutilius instructeth, the way and manner of erecting an other quick set Hedge, on this wise: Plant, sayeth he, young Elder trees, near three foot asunder, than the seeds of the Brambles, lapped diligently in long lumps of softened & moist Cley or tough earth, lay the same orderly in a shallow furrow, between the Elder trees, which artly covered with light Earth, and watering the places if need so requireth, will within three years following, grow to such a strength and sureness, that the same will be able enough, to defend the injuries both of the thief, and beast. Palladius Rutilius reporteth, that this hedge of the Brambles after three years growth, aught to be swinged with flaming straw: for on such wise handled, it prospereth afterwards the better. In that the Bramble, as he saith, through the every years swinging or burning with straw, joyeth and increaseth the better: yea through the yearly burning, as the skilful Husband men affirm, they shoot out harder and rougher of prickles.  
And this manner, to be brief, is a general way of enclosing Garden grounds, with small cost, and easily performed. Although the comelier enclosure or Hedge for a Garden be the same, which is made of the white Thorn artly laid: that in few years with diligence cut, waxeth so thick and strong, that hardly any person can enter into the ground, saving by the Garden door. Yet in sundry Garden grounds be hedges framed with the privet tree, although far weaker in resistance: which at this day are made the stronger, through the yearly cutting, both above, and by the sides: yea the same also caused through the like doing to grow the evener and thicker, to the beautifying of the Garden ground, and for other necessary purposes. To conclude, I have here uttered the making of certain natural enclosures for a Garden, which may with the meanest cost be erected in any ground.   

The cause why certain skilful husbandmen in Ancient time, misliked the dunging of Gardens near to the house: and what dung best allowed for kitchen or pothearbes. Chap. 9  
THere were in Ancient time, as Pliny reporteth, certain witti● husband men, that wholly refused and forbade the dunging of Gardens placed nigh to the dwelling houses: in that this dunging might not only infect the air thereabout, but cause also the crescente things to prove both unsaverier and more corrupt. And in this matter the worthy writers of Husbandry commended highly the Greek Poet Hesiodus, which writing very cunningly of husbandry, omitted the dunging of the fields, & Garden plots: contented rather to council unto healthfulness, than willed the same to fertility. In somuch as it was supposed enough at that time, to have fattened the fields and Garden plots, with the leaves and empty cods of the Beans, Peason, tars, and such like, turned workmanly in with the earth, in due season of the year, and not to have employed or dunged the ground, with a rotten and pestilent matter, incommodious to Man & the plants. Which wise men have well found out, in that the sown plants sprung up in such an earth, yield for the more part a harmful quality to the daily feeders on them, hardly to be amended.  
Yet for that neither the Ancient, nor later husband men seem to follow the instruction of this precept, nor approve or allow any proper dunging, in prescribing and commending the same in general: for that cause, I here purpose to entreat in a brief manner, of the nature and use of the same. But first of all to warn you, that a good and battle ground needeth small dunging, where a dry and thin or lean earth, in contrary manner requireth plenty of dung. A earth only dry (as Maro reporteth) well joyeth to be often fed, and diligently laboured with fat dung: But the ground that hath a mean substance in it, requireth in like manner a mean dunging to be used. Further conceive, that good dung doth (for the more part) procure, a good and battle earth the better, yea this helpeth and amendeth the evil and naughty earth: But the evil dung in a contrary manner, doth evermore cause all earths the worser: And this behoveth the Gardener and husband man to know, that as the earth not dunged, is both cold and stiff, even so the ground by the overmuch dunging, may be burned altogether. For which cause (Columella reporteth) that more available and better it is, often to dung the earth, than overmuch at one time, to bestow in the ground. The earth digged up to serve for the spring, aught to be dunged in the wain or decrease of the Moon about S. martyn's day: that the same lying all the Winter through, may so be dissolved, against the time of committing seeds to the earth: and in the month of March to be dunged again, that the earth well moistened with showers (in the month of April) may be procured the apt, for the bestowing of your finer and daintier seeds in the same. Herein consider the leanness or fatness of your earth, in the often dunging of it, and the worthiness of your seeds, which may require a like pains to be bestowed on the ground. The plot of earth prepared for the Winter seeds, aught to be well turned in with dung about the end of September, and the seeds committed to the earth, after the ground be well moistened with showers. The dung in a Garden plot, for the planting of young sets ought not to be couched or laid next to the roots of the plants: but in such order the dung used, that a thin bed of earth be first made, for the setting of the young herbs: next laid to this, a handsome bed of dung, as neither to thick nor thin spread on that earth, above that let an other course of earth be raked over, of a reasonable thickness: which workmanly handled and done, see that your plants be set (in handsome manner) into the ground, and in a chosen tyme. For the earth and beds (on such wise prepared) help that the plants bestowed shall not at all be burned: neither the heat of the dung, hastily breath forth to them.   

Of the kinds of dung, and which well commended for the dunging of Gardens. Chap. 10.  
AS touching the worthiness & excellency of dung, the Greek writers of husbandry (to whom many of the latin Authors consent) affirm that the doves dung is the best, because the same possesseth a mighty hotness, for which they willed this dung to be strawed the thinner, and in a manner (as thin to be scattered abroad) as seeds on the earth, whereby the same may so season the earth measurably, and not on a heap or thick bestowed (as M. Varro reporteth) much like to the dung of cattle thrown abroad on the ground. The dung also of the hen and other fowls greatly commended for the fournesse, except the dung of geese, ducks, and other waterfowls, for their much and thin dunging. And although this dung last, be weaker than the others, yet may the same be profitable, as the self-same Varro witnesseth out of the Gre●ke instructions of husbandry. A commendation next is attributed to the Ass' dung, in that the same beast for his leisurely eating, digesteth easier, and causeth the bitter dung, which bestowed in the earth, for that the same is most fertile by nature, bringeth or yieldeth forth least store of weeds, and profiteth very much all plants and herbs: yea this causeth the most sweet and pleasantest herbs and roots. The third in place is the goats dung, being most sour, which ensueth the sheeps dung yet fatter. After this, both the Ox and Cow dung: next the swine's dung, worthier than the Oxen or Kien, but greatly disallowed of Columella, for the mighty hotness, in that the same burneth the seeds immediately, bestowed in the earth. The vilest and worst of all dungs after the opinion of the Greek writers of husbandry, is the horses and mules: if either of these be bestowed alone in the earth, yet with the sour dungs mixed, either will profitably be abated or qualified. But the same especially is to be learned and observed of every Gardener and husbandman, that they fatten not the earth, if it be possible, with dung of one years, for the same, besides that it is of no utility, it engendereth also many noisome worms, and kinds of vermin. But of the contrary mind is Columella, who willeth the earth to be fattened with dung which hath lain a year, & not above, in that the same, as he reporteth, bringeth forth least weeds, and possesseth as yet a sufficient strength for the turn. But how elder the same be, so much the less profitable, in that it lesser availeth: yet the newest dung (saith he) will well agree for Meadows or the fields, in that the same procureth the more yield of grass, being bestowed in the month of February, or March, in colder countries, and the Moon increasing of light. The mud also of a running water, as the ditch or river, may be employed in the stead of dung. The dung beside of three years is esteemed very good, for that in the longer time lying, whatsoever this shall have of the evil quality, and stinking savour, the same by that time vapored forth: & if any hard matter consisted in the same, the age thoroughly resolved it. Howsoever it shall happen, that the earth be, the worthiest dung of all, for flowers & Kitchen herbs is the very thin Ashes reported to be, which in nature is hot. For this kind of dung either killeth or driveth away the Garden Fleas, the worms, the canker worms, found commonly on Coleworts, Snails and all other creeping things wasting the stems of plants, and herbs. The dung which men make (if the same be not mixed with the rubbish or dust swept out of the house) is greatly misliked, for that by nature it is hotter, and burneth the seeds sown in that earth: so that this is not to be used, unless the ground be a barren, gravelly or very louse sand, lacking strength in it, which being on such wise, requireth the more help of nourishment and fattening, through this kind of dung: yet for lack of the foresaid dungs, the others may be put in use: so that these with the Spade be often changed and dispersed in the ground. Here you may not forget, that a watery Garden plot requireth the more plenty of dung, but a dry earth needeth the lesser dunging: the one for the daily moisture running in it, being overcolde and stiff, is through the often applying of the hot dung, resolved and made temperate: And the other dry of itself through the heat consisting in it, by much applying of this hot dung, is of the same burned: for that cause the moisture ground ought to have store of dung, but the drier small dunging. That if no kind of dung can be purchased, than in gravelly grounds, it shall be best to dung the same with Chalk: but in Chalky places, & over thick, those dung with gravelly earth: for on such wise Garden plots, shall not only be caused to be battle and fruitful, but shall also become fair and delectable, as Columella the most diligent and skilful instructor (of the Roman Gardens) witnesseth: let this last instruction of Pliny be remembered, that at what time soever you mind to dung a Garden for yielding of few weeds, see that the wind blow then from the west quarter, and the Moon decreasing of light, and the earth also dry: But for the dunging of a Meadow (as before uttered) let the same be done in the increase of the Moon. etc. For by such an observation followed, the plentifulness of yield is marvelous much increased: as after the worthy Greeks, the Latin writers of husbandry, have noted.   

What to be considered of every gardener, before the casting forth and leveling of the beds, with the disposing of the earth. Chap. 11.  
BEfore I entreat of the sowing of Gardens, it behoveth to admonish you, that it much availeth in a Garden, to frame seemelye walks and alleys, for the delight of the owner, by which he may the freelier walk hither and thither in them, and consider thoroughly all the matters wrought and done in the Garden, if the disquietness of mind hinder not the benefit of the same. The walks and Alleys shall to that end be disposed, that they may serve in the stead of a dunging in those places, as the worthy interpreter M. Cato (that cunningly wrote of the ancient husbandry) witnesseth. These before considered, let us come unto the matter: Certain skilful practitioners admonish, that a Garden plot or field, be not sown over all, until the earth before shall be well moistened with showers. That if these fall in due season and time (than the skilful gardiner's agree) to be well liked. If any be otherwise occasioned to sow, as often it so happeneth, than the seeds slowly break forth, how workmanly soever the seeds may be bestowed in a dry Garden ground, or blow land, as that worthy Columella witnesseth: which like matter in certain countries is wont to be exercised, where the condition of the air is on such wise. For what the same is which shall be bestowed in a dry earth, is even the like, as If the same were laid in a house, which corrupteth not. But when showers fall on the seeds (committed to the earth certain days before) they after shoot up in one day: yet are these seeds in danger (sown in the mean time) of Birds, and Ants or Pismires, except the seeds be (before the sowing) preserved and defended with those helps which shall after be uttered, in the proper place following. How soever the occasion and weather serve, the Gardener shall employ his diligence, that the Garden ground or field, which ought to be leveled, and sown in the spring time (that the same may yield the proper fruits in the Summer time) be digged and dunged (if need so require to the earth) about the end of Harvest, when as yet the cold season and frosts be not approached, nor bitter weather begun. And the same garden plot or quarters of the Garden, which the Gardener would in the Harvest time, have covered with the Salad, Pot herbs, and roots, aught to be turned up in the beginning of Summer, or in the month of May, that the clods of earth may (through all the cold Winter, and hot Summer weather) speaking or rather (here meaning of the greater Gardens) be so dissolved, as the worthy Maro skilfully instructeth.  
And to these that the roots of the unprofitable Herbs or Weeds may likewise be killed: After the Winter or Summer time ended, dung then must be orderly turned in with the earth: as in the month of March (the Moon decreasing) for the Spring time, and in the end of Harvest, for the Winter tyme. And when the sowing time approacheth or draweth near, then shall the Garden ground (as the proper order and manner of every Country is) be diligently raked, weeded and purged, both of the stones and unprofitable roots, after the same, let the earth be dunged, and orderly digged, as in the manner afore taught, which through the diligent digging so often repeated, that the dung with the earth by the twice labouring over be well dissolved and mixed together. After this digging and dunging again the second time (if the ground needeth such fattening) and the earth leveled, may the Garden (about the mids of February, but I rather suppose in the month of March to be more agreeable, and the Moon especially in her first quarter) be beautified in apt places of the same, with seemly Herbers, before the quarters and beds be workmanly trodden out by the Gardener: the instruction of which Herbers, shall fully be uttered in this next Chapter.   

The framing of sundry Herbers delectable in a Garden, with the walks and alleys artely devised in the same. Chap. 12.  
THe Herber in a Garden may be framed with Juniper poles, or the Willow, either to stretch, or be bound together with osiers, after a square form, or in arch manner winded, that the branches of the vine, Melone, or Cucumbre, running and spreading all over, might so shadow and keep both the heat and Sun from the walkers and sitters there under. The Herbers erected and framed in most Gardens, are to their much refreshing, comfort, and delight. These two, as the upright, directed by quarters set in the Earth, and leaning to the wall, near to which fair Rosemary, or the red Rose set, to run strait up, and the winding in arch manner, framed (as I uttered afore) with the Juniper, or Withie poles, to shadow the walkers there under. To this fastening the vine, and sundry herbs, which in the growing up, run and spread over the same, as the Bryonne, cucumber, Gourd, & divers others, of which here under we shall more fully entreat. But first I mean to speak of those Herbs, which the Gardener planteth and ordereth to run for beauty's sake in an upright Herber: after to entreat of those, which he either soweth or planteth, to run over the winding or arch Herber. The plants to run up, and serve comeliest for the strait Herber, aught to be those of a fragrant savour, and that grow or shoot up high, and are spread abroad, which especially framed in the Garden for delight and pleasure, and these properly named wall Herbers, in that they are set in a manner leaning to the wall, with the quarters set upright, and poles fastened overthwart, along the which, the Rosemary, the Jasmine, and red Rose in many Gardens, set for grow upright, which in time growing, beautify an upright Herber, although these cover not the same, through their shorter and lower growing than the Herber: yet this commodity ensueth by the Herber, that the owner's friends sitting in the same, may the freelier see and behold the beauty of the Garden, to their great delight. The erection and garnishing of the winding Herber, may best be wrought with Juniper poles, in that these may well endure without repairing for ten years: but those framed with the Willow poles, require every three years to be repaired.  
The owner or Gardener that would set Rosetrees to run up by the poles of this Herber, ought workemanlike to begin and do the same about the mids of February, and in the first quarter of the Moon, the beds before well reared with a stony and dry Earth, and not with Dung. The Rosetrees with their roots, are also to be planted in short and narrow beds, diligently raised with a dry Earth, but if the Gardener or owner will, slips may be broken off from the roots, cut in a slope manner at the heads, about a man's foot and a half long, writhed at the ends, and so set in a slope manner, a foot deep into beds, well reared with a dry Earth, and in the increase of the Moon. The old trees new set every fifth year in the wain of the Moon, take root the sooner, and yield the more Roses, being pruned and refreshed every year with new and dry Earth about the roots, for neither the slips nor old roots joy in a fat Cley, or moist ground, but in the dry and stony Earth, and to be set in ranks well a foot distant one from an other, in dry beds, well reared up: for bestowed in ranks of such distance between, they prosper the better, and yield more Roses. The Seeds of the Rose committed to the Earth, do slowly come up, yet so often as you mind to sow the Seeds, bestow them a foot deep in light and dry Earth, about the mids of March with us, and in February, in hotter places, the Moon then increasing. Here may any truly learn by the instruction of the worthy Neapolitan Palladius Rutilius, which are the seeds of the Rose: For a man (saith he) may not think the yellow grains within the Rose flower (being of a golden colour) to be them, but the knobs which grow after the manner of a most short and small pear, the seeds of which are then full ripe, when they be perceived brownish and soft, which will be in the month of September. The owner also may set the Jasmine tree bearing a flagrant flower, the musk Rose, Damask Rose, and Privet tree, in beds of dry earth, to shoot up and spread over this Herber, which in time growing not only defendeth the heat of the Sun, but yieldeth a delectable smell, much refreshing the fitters under it. But this Arch Herber for any kind of the Roses, may not be built much above a man's height, for the short growth of them. And as this Herber is delectable to the eye, even so laboursome, & with diligence to be tended: for which cause the more number in England, plant vines (for the lesser travail) to run and spread over the upright and square Herbers, framed with quarters and Poles reaching a breadth. After the Herbers seemly performed, in convenient places and walks of the Garden ground (here meaning and speaking of the large plots) the alleys even trodden out, and leveled by a line, as either three or four foot broad, may cleanly be sifted over with river or sea sand, to the end that showers of rain falling, may not offend the walkers (at that instant) in them, by the earth cleaving or clagging to their feet. The commodities of these alleys and walks, serve to good purposes, the one is, that the owner may diligently view the prosperity of his herbs and flowers, the other for the delight and comfort of his wearied mind, which he may by himself, or fellowship of his friends conceive, in the delectable sights, and fragrant smells of the flowers, by walking up and down, and about the Garden in them, which for the pleasant sights and refreshing of the dull spirits, with the sharpening of memory, many shadowed over with vaulting or Archherbers', having windows properly made towards the Garden, whereby they might the more fully view, and have delight of the whole beauty of the Garden. But the straight walks, the wealthy made like Galleries, being all open towards the Garden, and covered with the vine spreading all over, or some other trees which more pleased them. Thus briefly have I touched the benefits of walks and Alleys in any Garden ground: which the Gardener of his own experience may artly tread out by a line, and sift over with sand, if the owner will, for the causes afore uttered.   

The form of the disposing the quarters into beds and apt borders about, with the sowing, choice and defence of the seeds, and weeding of the beds. Chap. 13.  
THe quarters well turned in, and fattened with good dung a time before, and the earth raised through the dunging, shall in handsome manner by a line set down in the earth, be trodden out into beds and seemly borders, which beds (as Columella witnesseth) raised newly afore with dung, and finely raked over, with the clods dissolved, and stones purged forth, shall be artely trodden out, into three foot of breadth, and into what length the owner or Gardener will: but to such a breadth especially trodden forth, that the weeders hands may well reach unto the midst of the same, lest they thus going by the beds, and weeding forth the unprofitable herbs and grass, may in the mean time tread down both the seeds shooting up, and plants above the earth. To the help of which, let the paths between the beds be of such a reasonable breadth (as a man's foot) that they passing along by, may freely weed the one half first, and next the other half left to weed.  
The beds also ought (after the mind of the worthy Neapolitan Palladius Rutilius) to be trodden out narrow, and of a length, as twelve foot long, if the plot be large, and six foot broad, and the paths to these of a seemly breadth, for the easier retching into the middle of the beds, or at the lest freelier, to the furtherance and speed of the weeders. In a moist and watery Garden plot, this skilful Neapolitan willeth, that the beds in the same ground be reared two foot high, for the better prospering of the seeds committed to that earth, and the plants come up. But in a dry ground, the edges of the beds raised a foot high, shall well suffice. The paths trodden out between the beds, aught to be of a good depth and even, whereby the water sprinkled gently forth by a water pot, on the upper face of the beds, and falling into the paths, may the easier enter into the beds, to the better moistening and feeding of the roots of the plants, and the rest superfluous to run the easier into other Alleys or paths needing this moisture, which by this easy running along in the paths, shall proceed a speedier moistening, and far better watering of all the beds, yea the superfluous water in the end, lying still in the paths, may through a slope gutter made in the mids of them, be directed forth into a convenient place made for the purpose, of some distance from the beds. And this instruction much availeth to beds in the night time, when as mighty showers happen to fall, which might overcloy the beds, were it not for the Gutters speedily conveying the water away.  
All these instructions conceived, the Gardener or Owner may then prepare himself to the committing of Seeds to the earth: in which he ought to be careful, that after the bestowing of the seeds in the earth, a clearness or mildness of the air may for certain days succeed: for through the air and weather favouring, and the seeds sown in warm places, where the sun long shineth, do they most speedily break, and shoot above the earth, so that the seeds be new and good, the age of which in this doing, much availeth to be examined and known. Therefore every Gardener and owner ought to be careful and diligently to foresee, that the seeds committed to the earth (as M. Cato willeth) be neither too old, dry, thin, withered, nor counterfeited, but rather full, new, and having juice. These notes of the seeds remembered, and the Gardener minded to commit them to the earth, ought afore to regard, that the wind at that instant bloweth not from the north but rather from the south, or south-west, nor the day very cold: for in such seasons and days (as all the skilful report) the earth as then timorous and fast shut, hardly receiveth and nourisheth the seeds committed to it, where the ground in a contrary manner, doth willingly apply and retain the seeds, bestowed or sown in fair days, and temperate hot.   

The artely disposing of sundry beds, for the sowing and increase of diverse fruits and kitchen herbs, with the witty defences to be used after the seeds are bestowed. Chap. 24.  
THe Gardener minding to commit chosen seeds into sundry beds, aught to learn, that the beds lying open to the south, be high raised, through the well mixing of horse dung with the earth, and after the even raking and leveling, to remain a certain time unsewed: then one or two of the beds in the month of March, and in the increase of the Moon, may he sow with Lettuce and Purslane seeds, for these sooner spring up in the month of March, than February, to be removed in the beds, after the plants be shot up half a finger height. In those beds may he also sow the Parsely, Rocket, sorrel, Endive, and diverse other Salad herbs: which after they be somewhat come up, may be thinner set in other beds. Have beside a special regard to your Seeds, that they be neither too old, withered, thin, and empty, and the borders of those Beds may you bestow with the Seeds of the Artichoke, well two hand breadth asunder. In an other bed may you sow fine seeds to have pleasant herbs that may be kept dry, for the pot or kitchen in the Winter time, and those which yield delectable flowers, to beautify and refresh the house, as the Maiorani, French balm, Time, Hyssop, Basil, savoury, Sage, Marigolde, Buglas, Borage, and sundry others. The Gardener may try these seeds in beds, lying all open to the warm Sun, as the Orange, lemon, Pomecitrone, Pomegranate, the Myrtle and Date, but these aught so to be fenced by a succour on the North side, that the cold Air hinder or let not the coming up of them. When the citron or any of these be well sprung up, the Gardener ought to remove and set them into proper chests filled with light earth, which at will and pleasure, may be rolled hither and thither, for the better avoiding of the suns great heat, and bitter cold air, by standing under a cover or Penthouse, made for the only purpose. In an other bed being of good length, and placed toward the quickset hedge, and to run over the Arch Herber, may the Gardener bestow seeds of the Cucumber, Cytrone, round Gourd, and long: In an other bed also, bring long and narrow, and deep furrows at each side made, to set vessels lower than the beds, may the Gardener sow seeds, of the sundry kinds of Melons. That the Birds and other fowls may be defended from coming to the seeds committed to the earth, the skilful will, that the white thorn be laid on the beds: but to bestow your seeds in beds rather in the month of March, than February, and the moon increasing do speedier appear above the earth. But if the Gardener feareth least the seeds committed to the earth should be in danger through the bitter cold air and suns heat following (as yearly the like so happeneth) the beds may then be covered with thick Mattresses of straw, in such manner, that they hinder not through their weight, the crescent things coming up, which may thus be ordered, in setting first up sundry forked sticks at each corner, and in the sides of the beds, on which long rods laid, reaching to each corner, and at the ends, as Columella willeth: these done, let him wittily lay on the Mattresses, in covering and defending the young plants from the cold or heat, at that time. But at such times as the air being clear in the cold season, the Mattresses (when the Sun shineth warm) may be taken of, for the speedier increasing of the plants spinging up. All herbs and roots for the Kitchen, prosper far better by their removing, and thinner setting, through which (by report of the skilful) they yield a pleasanter savour▪ There are of the Greek writers of husbandry, which will the sowing of seeds to be done in the increase of the moon, as from the first quarter, unto the full light of the Moon, and the knowing at that time to be under the earth in the day time▪ Others having devised a perfecter way, do not allow a timely or early sowing of seeds, for which cause they disposed and divided the same sowing of seeds, into two, yea into three or four several times of the day, contenting by this means to avoid the uncertainty of the time to come: herein calling to mind the husbandly proverb, of the worthy Columella, which saith, Have no mistrust in the committing of seeds to the earth.  
It therefore behoveth the gardener, which hath an earnest care for the purchasing of Kitchen or pot herbs, to regard & see that the seeds committed to the earth be full & new, the earth artely prepared, the dung in the same laudable, & water at hand for the use of the seeds. For the seeds found and good, do yield after the sowing plants of the like goodness and virtue: the earth laboured and made apt, will very well keep and prosper the seeds committed to it: the dung being good, and well mixed with the earth, will cause the earth batteller, and to these the louser, whereby water diligently sprinkled on the same, may the freelier and easier enter in, to feed and cherish the roots, and the water serving to the same end, that it may as by a feeding pap, nourish and bring up all crescent things.   

The workmanly casting forth, dividing, and preparing of beds for the most herbs and roots of the kitchen. Chap. ●5.  
THe owner or Gardener ought to remember (that before he committeth seeds to the earth, the beds be disposed and trodden out, into such a breadth and length, as best answereth to every plant & root, in that the beds to be sown for navew roots, aught to be trodden out large and long, next to which may the beds for coleworts and Cabbages be joined of a sufficient breadth: to these next may you place beds of a reasonable breadth, for the Rapes and Tureu roots: then for a seemly division in the Garden, may he tread out by these an Alley of three foot broad: next to which, if the Gardener will, may he dispose sundry beds together, for divers kinds of Herbs, as the Arrache, Spinedge, Rocket, Parsley, sorrel, Beets, Speradge, chervil, Borage, Fenell, Dill, Mints, white Poppy, and sundry others. Next joining to these, may the owner or Gardener place an other alley of three foot broad, by which, frame beds for the Leeks and chives, and to these next, may the Gardener join beds for the Onions and Chiboules, by these next, the Scallions and Garlic in two beds disposed. Then level out by these an Alley of three foot and a half broad, to which the Gardener may adjoin many beds about for bordures, serving as well for the keeping in of the savours, as for hedges and pot herbs for the Winter. After these, it shall be right profitable to level a bed only for Sage, another for Isope, the like for Time, another for Maioram, a bed for Lavender, another for Rosemary and Southernwood, a bed for savoury and Isope, beds for Costemarie, basil, Balm, and running Time: yea a bed of Camomile, for the use of Benches to sit on, and a delectable Labyrinth to be made in the Garden (if room will so serve) with Isope and Time, or the Winter savoury only. In the Garden beside, to sow and plant divers Physic herbs, and pleasant flowers, shall be to great use and commodity, in that these, besides their delectable sight, yeel a commodity to our bodies, in curing sundry griefs as well in women, as men, for which cause, it shall be necessary to sow Beds of Physic Herbs next to these, as the blessed Thistill, the Roman Wormwood, the Sperage, Herb Mercury, Gentiane, Dittany, Herb Fluelline, Hearts tongue, bugloss, Selfeheale, liverwort, Lungwort, Stecados, Ualeriane, spikenard, lions foot, Mugwort, Herb Patience, Angelica, Byttonie, and many others, of which in the second part shall particularly be uttered, and their Physic benefits to be employed many ways.   

The rare inventions and defences for most seeds to be committed to the Earth that these be neither endamaged of Birds, nor creeping things. Chap. 16.  
ALL worthy Writers agree, that in vain the Husbandly Gardener shall travel, yea and all others, if the Seeds bestowed in the earth, happen after to be endamaged either of Worms, and other creeping things, or otherwise scraped up and wasted by Birds, or else harmed by any other injury, whether the same be wrought within, or without the Earth, for which cause, that the owner or Gardener may avoid these injuries, it is high time that he employ a care and diligence in the conceiving of these remedies and secrets following. If Seeds to be committed to the Earth, are a little time before the bestowing, steeped in the juice of Houseleek or sengreen, they shall not only be without harm preserved, from Birds, Ants, Field Mice, and other spoilers of the Garden Herbs, but what plants shoot up of these, shall after prove the better and worthier, as I observed the like, found noted both in the Greek commentaries (of matters of the field) and Latin authors of husbandry, which to be most true, although experience instructeth and approveth the same, yet this many times happeneth in sundry Countries, that small store of the Herb can be found to supply the turn, by reason whereof, the Gardener must be forced to exercise a sparer way, after this manner, in steeping of the Herb for a night in a good quantity of water, and the same to sprinkle sufficiently on the seeds, whereby they may all the night draw and drink in the substance of the Herb, as the worthy Columella instructeth.  
And for lack of this Herb altogether, (the said author reporteth) that the Gardener may use in stead of it, the Soot cleaving on the chimney, which gathered a day before the bestowing of the seeds in the earth, and mixed for a night with them, doth the like defend the seeds in safety.  
The Greek writers of husbandry (and after them, Pliny, and the worthy Neapolitan Palladius Rutilius) report, that those seeds may be preserved in safety, from all evil and Garden monsters, if the bare head, without flesh, of either Mare or she Ass (having been covered of the Male) be buried in the Garden, or that the mids of the same fixed on a stake set into the earth, be erected.  
The worthy Pliny further reporteth, that there is a Garlic growing in the fallow field (named Alum) which on such wise boiled, that the same will not grow again, & strawed on the Beds sown, doth in such manner avail, that Birds after will not scrape up the earth, nor spoil the seeds bestowed in them. And such which have eaten of this, are taken (as being astonished) with the hand. The well practised Affricanus unto the same matter instructeth, that if a quantity of Wheat or Barley be boiled or infused in wine, and mixed with Neeswort, as either the black or white, and the same sprinkled abroad by the paths of the beds round about, doth on such wise defend the seeds sown from the injury of Birds. But those being in a manner dead by eating of this, or at the least stark drunk, he willeth then to hang up by the legs, on a long rod sticked in the earth, to the terror and fearing away of all other Birds coming to the place. Nor this worthy Author omitteth the rare practice of the decoction of river crevices: with which if the Gardener shall sprinkle his seeds before the sowing, Birds will never after (a matter to be marveled at) approach to the Garden Beds: yea the plants beside, which are sprung or shot out of these, shall endure and continue safe and free from all the injuries of creeping things. There are certain skilful practitioners, which affirm to have availed mightily in driving away Birds, by the only sprinkling of this decoction above taught on the plants come up, which matter hath of many been experienced above a hundred times, so that the same were wrought at a certain period and time of the Moon. Sundry practitioners mixed the bruised leaves of the Cypress tree, with the seeds for a night, and the same mixture on the morrow they bestowed in the earth, being afore well wrought, and turned in with dung. For on such wise the plants sprung out of these were delivered from all manner of gnawings of creeping things. Others skilfully practised, used the dry shavings or filings, either of the hearts horn, or Elephant's tooth, which they mixed with the seeds for a day, and committed them after to the earth, or they otherwise sprinkled the seeds to be sown with the water of the infusion and mixtion of these for a night.   

The witty helps commended of the ancient, for the Garden seeds, to be employed as well before as after the sowing, that these be not harmed by outward nor inward injuries. Chap. 17.  
THe singular Port Virgil counseleth that the seeds to be committed the earth to be afore sprinkled & moisted with the water of nitre infused, or the Brine made of the same.  
The Greek Apuleius willeth, that Seeds (before the sowing) be sprinkled and moistened with Wine, for on such wise handled, the plants springing and shooting up, weaken the less, yea being feeble, they shall mightily be helped swith water & Brine mixed and sprinkled on them.  
There are certain Greek instructors of Husbandry (both of Pliny, Columella, and the Neapolitan Paladius Rutilius) allowed and commended, which will, that the roots of the wild cucumber be infused for one whole day and a night in fair water, and with the same, through the often sprinkling, so to moisten well the Seeds, the next day those Seeds covered over with a Blanket, they will the next morrow to be committed to the earth, affirming the Seeds thereby to prosper the better, and these for a certainty to be preserved from all evil annoyances. The self same doth the skilful Apuleius will, that a few Lentels be also mixed with the seeds, in the sowing of them, for as much as the same pulse by property, availeth against the harms of winds: This author further willeth, that for a safety of the seeds bestowed, a speckled Toad, named of the Greeks Phrynon, be drawn by a line in the night time, round about the Garden or field, afore the earth be laboured, or diligently digged and dressed of the Gardener: and the same after enclosed in an earthen pot to be buried in the mids of the Garden or fallow field, which, at the present sowing time approached, shall then be digged forth, and thrown or carried from that place, a great distance off, lest the plants (after the seeds sown) growing up in that place, may prove or become bitter and unpleasant of smell.  
The Egyptian and Greek instructors of husbandry report, that the seeds, after the bestowing, will remain ungnawen or bitten, and free of harm by creeping things in the Garden, if the seeds shall be committed to the earth when the Moon possesseth hic half light, or is quarter old. It might be thought an obliviousness, to have overpassed the physic experiment of the singular Democritus, both for the seeds and plants, noted diligently (of the skilful Neapolitan Palladius Rutilius) after this manner: Bestow and close cover (saith Democritus) of the Sea or river Erevises, no fewer than ten in number, into a glass body filled up with water, the same set abroad in the air, let so stand to be sunned for ten days together, the Seeds that you would after have to remain in the earth unharmed, sprinkle and moisten with the same water for eight days together, after these eight days ended (as Rutilius instructeth) do in like manner with that water, until the plants after your desired mind be well sprung up, at which experiment thus handled, you will greatly marvel: for out of these Seeds, what plants shall be sprung and shot up, will not only drive Beasts and cattle from the eating of them, but all other creeping things of what condition they be, from the gnawing and biting of them, of which matters shall further be entreated, in the proper chapters a little after, and for other defences and helps of Seeds as occasion offereth in the places shall be uttered.   

The laudable instructions of the ancient, in the nature and election of sundry Seeds, with the apt times commended for the sowing of most Kitchen Herbs. Chapter. 18.  
THe singular Columella instructeth, that all Seeds bestowed in the Garden, for the use and benefit of the Kitchen or pot, ought rather be done in the increase of the Moon, as from the first, unto the sixth day. For asmuch as all Seeds committed to the Earth, in the decrease or wain of the Moon, either slowly break and shoot up, or else so weakly increase, that these after serve to small purpose. It many times also happeneth (as the worthy Varro reporteth) that although the Seeds bestowed in the Earth, be done in the increase of the Moon, the Seeds besides having a juice, weighty, full, white meal in them, and in no manner corrupted or too old, yet these notwithstanding are hindered through some evil constellation, which of the skilful is named an influence of Heaven, were the Gardeners diligence never so much, so that it is not impertinent to the matter here to recite what the worthy Neapolitan Palladius Rutilius reporteth of the Garden ground, which sayeth, that a garden plot, placed and lying under a fresh and sweet air, and moistened gently by some Spring or sweet water running by, is in a manner battle and ready enough, whereby the same requireth but a small instruction and diligence, to be bestowed in the sowing of it. The bestowing of Seeds in a moist earth, the beds afore short cast, aught to be done in the warm season of the Spring, as in May, and the Moon increasing, for seeds on such wise handled, prosper the better, through the warm and dry time following. But if occasion moveth you to commit Seeds into a dry ground, and that water be far distant, then dig the alleys of the beds deep, and in a slope manner, for the better leading of the water from beds sufficiently moistened, to others lacking moisture: and to these such a dry Earth better agreeth to be sown in the Harvest time, the ground before well moistened with showers, herein not forgetting the choice of seeds, nearest agreeing to the natures of these two earths, with the furtherance of the Moon at time of the sowing. If the Gardener mindeth to commit seeds to the Earth in the Summer time, let the same be done in the increase of the Moon, in the months of July and August. In the Harvest time about the middle of September, and in October, the moon in those months in her first quarter: for the time again of committing Seeds to the Earth, let the same be done in the Months of February and March, the moon at those times increasing of light.  
The Seeds which ought especially to be sown in the Earth, about the end of Harvest as about the middle of September, and in October the Moon at those times increasing, that these may all the Winter endure, and be strengthened in the ground, are the Endive, Onions, Garlic, Scallions, the great Garlic, young Leekeheads, Coleworts, Mustard seed, and such like.  
The Garden ground naturally cold, or all the day receiveth but a weak comfort of the Sun, through his short presence or tarrying there, or else in cold Countries, as at York, and farther north. In such places I say, the bestowing of many seeds better agree to be done about the middle of the Spring, or in the month of May, in warm and calm days, the Moon then increasing of light.  
But the seeds to be committed to the earth in those Countries and places in the Harvest time, ought rather to be done sooner or before the time with us, where the Seeds otherwise to be bestowed in hot Countries and places in the Spring time, require far timelier to be done, as in the beginning of the month of March, and the Seeds to be sown in those places in the Harvest time, to be bestowed much later.  
The Seeds that at will of the Gardener may be committed to the Earth, either in Harvest or Spring time, chief for the Kitchen or pot, under a gentle air, and in a Battle ground, are these, the Coleworts, Nauew, artichoke, Endive, Lettuce, dill, Rocket, Coliander, Parselie, Fennoll, radish, Parsnip, Carrot, and sundry others. Yet these by report of the skilful, come better forward, being sown in the month of July, the country there hot, but in the country temperate, the seeds ought rather, in the month of August: and in the Country being cold, in the month of September. Those seed committed to the earth in warm and calm days, prosper far better than those being sown in hot and nipping cold days: for that the warm, comfortably draw up the plants, where as the hot days (in a contrary manner) do dry, and the bitter cold shut the earth.  
The seeds which the Gardener mindeth to bestow in the earth, ought not to be above a year old, and that bruised have a white meal within, & full: for otherwise being over old, or withered, they will neither grow, nor profit at all. The fresher and newer that the seeds be, at time of the bestowing in the Earth, as the Leek, the cucumber, and the Gourd, so much the sooner these break, and appear above the Earth: contrariwise, how much the older the seeds shall be, as the Parsely, Betes, Organy, Cresses, Peneroyall, and Coliander, so much the speedier do these shoot up, and appear above the Earth, so that the seeds before the sowing be not corrupt.   

Certain precepts of the skilful in our time, for the sowing of many delectable flowers, and tender Herbs, with the observations of the Moon in these, and in other matters necessary. Chap. 19  
THe latter writers of husbandry report, that these tender Herbs, and pleasant flowers, as the marjoram, savoury, Herb Fluelline, bugloss, the blessed Thistil, the Herb Angelica, Ualeriane, Bauline, Ar●●s, Dil, Fennel, Organy, Mints, Rue or herb Grace, sparage, arack, Spynache, Beets, endive, Borage, Rocket, Taragone, Parsley, sorrel, Endive, Strawberrye, Lettuce, Artichoke, and sundry others, the Marrigolde of all kinds, Rosecampion the red and white, the flower Amoure, the Flower Petilius, the Columbine white and blue, sweet john's, the Pink, Hearts ease, the peony, red Lily, herb Sticas or Lavender gentle, Bachelors button, the Gillifloure of all kinds, the Carnation, and many others, ought rather to be committed to the earth in the spring time and sown in the Months of March and April, for so they speedier come forward, than bestowed in the month of February, herein considering the state and diversity of the time. The seeds also of the tender herbs, committed to the earth in an apt time, and the Moon in her first quarter, do the speedier shoot up, being especially sown after showers of rain, on sunny and warm places, as lying open all the day to the Sun) which on such wise do the soonest and spediest break, yea and appear above the earth. For which cause, a diligent care must be had in the bestowing of tender Seeds, that the wind than bloweth not from the North, nor done in cold and close days: for these both include the seeds in the earth, and hinder their growing and shooting up.  
Seeds bestowed in hot places, do sooner yield their stems and leaves, yea these speediest give their seeds. Such time use in the sowing of your seeds, as may be both mild and warm, in that warm days following speed more forward the seeds bestowed.  
As touching the most seeds committed to the earth, they ought rather (as afore uttered) to be new, not riveled but full, big, weighty, fair of colour, fatty or having a juice, which broken give a white meal and no dry powder, for the seeds that after the breaking yield a dry powder, do well declare them to be corrupt, and serving to no purpose.  
The seeds thus tried afore, and bestowed at that time in the earth, when flowers fell a day or two before, and a temperate day at the sowing of the seeds, do very well prosper the growing, and procure these to shoot up far speedier. In that a cold air at the sowing, and a day or two after, is known to be harmful to seeds, through the including of them in the earth, and hindering in their growth and shooting up.  
If necessity forceth the Gardener to bestow any seeds or plants, in a salt earth▪ let these be either set or sown about the end of Harvest, whereby the malice and evil quality of the ground may be so purged, through the showers falling all the Winter.  
If the owner or Gardener mindeth to bestow young Trees in this ground, let sweet Earth or River sand, be turned in with the same.  
The Greek writers of husbandry (after whom Columella and Rutilius) will, that all the kinds of pulses, as Peasone, the Hastings, Uetches, tars, and such like, to be sown in a dry Earth, saving the Beans, which rather joy to be bestowed, in a moist ground.  
What seeds the Gardener mindeth to commit, in a well dressed earth let these be bestowed from the first day until the full light of the Moon (well nigh) for that seeds sown in the Moon, come up thin, and the plants ensue weak of groweth. Such trees as the husbandman, mindeth to build with all, let those rather be cut down after the consent of the skilful in the last quarter of the moon, she being (at that time) of small light, yea near to her change, and under the Earth.  
In the cutting down and gathering of corn (as Macrobius willeth) for the longer preserving of it and the straw dry (so that the same be done in a dry season) doth better agree, being in the wain of the Moon.  
Such crescent things as the Gardener (or Husbandman) mindeth otherwise to sell, aught to be cut, and gathered in the full Moon, whereby the greatness thereof such things may yield a better sale, and be delectabler to the eye.  
Such things as the Husbandman mindeth to preserve a long time moist, as Apples, Pears, Wardens, & such like, let these (after the mind of the skilful) be rather gathered near the full light of the Moon.  
For the committing of seeds to the Earth, although the ancient Husbandmen prescribe proper months and days, yet may every person herein keep the precept, according to the nature of the place and air, so that these diligently be considered, how certain seeds there are, which speedier spring up, and certain which slower appear above the Earth.   

The commended times to be observed, with the anoyannce and incommodity to be eschewed, in the bestowing of seeds and plants in the Earth. Chap. 20.  
The singular D. Niger learnedly uttereth, that the more of estimation the seeds and plants are, with the travails there about bestowed, so much the circumspecter ought every Gardener and husbandman to be, and the more instructions and helps the Gardener may attain, or the greater danger he may therein avoid, the more careful aught he and all others to be.  
The daily experience is to the Gardener, as a Schoolmaster, to instruct him, how much it availeth and hindereth, that seeds to be sown, plants to be set, yea Zion's to to be grafted (in this, or that time) having herein regard, not to the time especially of the year, as the Sun altereth the same, but also to the moons increase and wain, yea to the sign she occupieth, and places both above and under the Earth.  
To the aspects also of the other planets, whose beams and influence both quicken, comfort preserve, & maintain, or else nip, wither, dry, consume, and destroy by sundry means, the tender seeds, plants, yea & grafts, and these after their property, and virtue natural or accidental.  
Herein not to be forgotten, the apt choice and circumspection of the Earth, with other matters generally required in the same, for which cause (after the mind of the skilful Astronomers) and prudent experimenters, in either committing seeds to the Earth, and planting, or other like practice to be used about the seeds, plants and young trees, these rules following are to be understanded and kept (which they have left to us for our commodity) in cases of importance, and where the occasion may be employed.  
When the Moon and Saturn, are either three score degrees of the Zodiac asunder (which distance in heaven) is named of the skilful, a sextile aspect, it is then commended to labour the Earth, sow, and plant, marked after this manner. ⚹  
But when these are 126. degrees asunder, which properly is named a Trigon, or trine aspect thus noted △ for the more part, then is that time better commended for labouring the Earth, whether it be for tilling Gardening, sowing, planting and setting, or cutting of wines.  
When the Moon and Saturn, are well a quarter of the zodiac distant, which is .90. degrees (named of the skilful a quadrate aspect) thus commonly marked, □ then is denied utterly to deal in such matters.  
The Moon being six signs distant from Saturn, so that she occupieth the like degree in Taurus, as Saturn in Scorpio, or the Moon other wise in like degrees of Gemini to Saturn, (right against) in sagittary, this aspect together is disallowed of the expert Astronomers: and noted after this manner. ☍  
The Moon possessing her full light at those times, is like denied of the skilful: yea the Moon being near to that section, named of most Astronomers the Dragons tail, is in like manner disallowed for sowing of fine seeds, and setting of dainty plants. Here uttering precepts general, as we now do.  
But the Moon approached near to that section named the Dragon's head: the same time for doing the like is very well commended: all things before supposed agreeable. But to be brief, and to knit up other observations, answering to the moons place especially, learn these ensuing.  
The Moon increasing, and running between the .28. degree of Taurus, and the xj degree of the sign Gemini, sow fine seeds, and plant dainty herbs, your earth afore prepared, and air answerable.  
But the Moon found between the .28. degree of Gemini, and the sixth of Cancer, (although she increase) yet bestow no dainty seeds in your earth prepared for the purpose.  
From the sixth degree of Cancer, unto the xix degree of the same sign (so that the Moon increase) both labour the earth, sow fine seeds, and plant dainty herbs, herein regarding the condition of the air.  
From the .28. degree of the sign Leo, unto the xj degree of Virgo, your seeds and plants of valour, sow and set, the warm air and Moon aiding thereto.  
From the xj degree of Virgo, unto the xxiiij degree of the same sign, commit seeds to the earth, and set your dainty plants, so that the wind than bloweth not from the north, nor the air cold.  
From the xxiiij degree of Virgo, unto the seventh degree of the sign Libra, labour the Garden ground, and sow your fine seeds, so that the Moon increase.  
From the seventh degree of Libra, unto the xix degree of the same sign (the Moon answering thereto) sow and plant.  
From the sixth of Capricornus, unto the xix degree of the same sign (both the Moon and Air aiding thereto) sow your fine seeds and dainty plants set.  
From the xxiiij degree of Pisces, unto the seventh degree of Aries, the Moon increasing of light, and air calm, bestow your seeds and plants in the well dressed earth, prepared for the only purpose.  
These precepts of the prudent experimenters, well borne away of every careful Gardener, the seeds and plants no doubt, shall prosper and increase the better.   

Certain instructions more curious to be learned of every skilful Gardener, in the bestowing of seeds and dainty herbs in a well dressed earth. Chap. 21.  
THe learned Pliny worthy of memory, uttereth a special note and rule of the ancient observers, to be learned of every careful Gardener, in the bestowing of seeds: that if he be occasioned to commit seeds into a moist earth, or the seeds to be bestowed are of a great moisture, then shall the Gardener commodiously choose the end of the moons decrease or wain, and near to her change.  
In a contrarit manner, the Garden ground of the dryest, or the seeds very dry, then in committing such seeds to the Earth, let the Moon been increasing, and drawing near to her full.  
To the better furthering of the Gardeners traveles, he ought afore to consider, that the Garden earth be apt and good, well turned in with dung, at a due time of the year, in the increase of the moon, she occupying an apt place in the Zodiac, in agreeable aspect of Saturn, and well placed in the scite of heaven. All these thus afore hand learned, and with diligence bestowed, procure the plants the speadier to grow, and wax the bigger, if afore weighty, full, etc. as before uttered in the nineteen Chapter, for otherwise this care and pains bestowed about the seeds and plants, nothing availeth the Gardener.  
The yearly Almanacs do marvelously help the Gardeners in the election of times, or sowing, planting, and graffing, but especially in observing the Moon, about the bestowing of plants, as when the Moon increasing, occupieth Taurus and Aquarius. But if it be for the setting of young Trees, let the same be done in the last quarter of the Moon, she then being in Tauro, and in a conjunction with Venus, for so these speedier take root in the Earth. And the Gardener planting in either Taurus and Aquarius, or Virgo and Pisces, must as carefully take heed always, that the Moon be not evil aspected of Saturn and Mars.  
In the planting also of young trees, let the same be done from the middle of October, unto the middle of March. In the sowing of seeds, in a well dressed earth, let the Moon run at those times in Taurus, Cancer, Virgo, Libra and Capricornus.  
But this diligently learn, that the seeds and plants increase the better, if any of these signs shall be ascending in the Eastangle, and that Marse neither beholdeth the Ascendent, nor the Moon by any aspect, but shall be weakly standing in a weak place of the figure at that time.  
Here might many other rules, as touching the particular favour and hindrance of the Stars be uttered, but that it is not my intent in this Chapter to be tedious in words, or dark in sense. For which cause, let these few rules content the Gardener, who by exercising of them, and through an instructor, may invent other rules more particular.  
Yet I fear me, that the common sort of men will suppose these rules to extend somewhat above their capacity, which for zeal I bear unto my country, moved me notwithstanding to utter and put such matter into their heads, procuring them thereby (that where the flintiness and value of the seeds, and plants so require) to request the counsel of some skilful, that both may make plain these precepts, and instruct them in other rules alike, if need so requireth.  
To conclude, the Gardener must here suppose all matters on his part to be fully and duly first prepared, and well appointed, and then to attend, or diligently take heed to those times, afore uttered, for the working of the Planets and Stars, in the bestowing of seeds & tender plants in the earth.   

In what space of time seeds committed to the Earth, in the increase of the Moon, commonly shoot up and appear above ground. Chap. 22.  
FLorentinus (a Greek writer of husbandry) cunningly uttereth, that the naturalness of the ground, the clemency of heaven, the favour of the weather, and age of the seeds, procureth that the seeds being bestowed in the ground, do either speedier, or later shoot up into plants. For which cause, the dainty seeds committed to the Earth in a fair and warm day, the place hot or lying open to the Sun, and the seeds new, do far speedier shoot up, than those that being sown in a contrary season, place, and ground.  
All Seeds sown, do evermore appear above the Earth, at one certain time in a manner, for which cause, the Gardener ought to have regard unto the proper times answering to the bestowing of Seeds, and gathering the fruits or yield of each Seeds.  
The spinach, Rocket, Basil, and the navew seeds, break and appear above the earth, after the third day sowing, if a warm air succeed.  
The Lettuce seeds bestowed in a well dressed Earth, do break and appear above ground, by the fourth day following, if the clemency of air, aid thereto, the Coucumber & Cytrone seeds, bestowed in the increase of the Moon, and showers of rain falling the same or the next day following, procure them to appear the fift day after.  
The seeds of that slghtly Herb, named the flower Amoure, being sown in the increase of the Moon, and the air savouring: do break and appear above the Earth by the seventh or eight day following.  
The seeds of the Herb dill, bestowed in the Earth, in the increase of the Moon, do (for the more part) appear by the fourth day following.  
The seeds of the Garden Cresses, and Mustard, committed to the Earth in the increase of the Moon, do commonly appear above the ground, by the fift day after.  
The Leek seeds (bestowed in the ground) in the Summer time, are seen above the Earth by the sixth day following, but in the winter time, in well dunged Beds, by the tenth day after.  
The seeds of the herb Rocket, committed to the ground in the increase of the Moon, appear by the eight day following.  
The seeds of all the kinds of Coleworts, bestowed in well dressed Beds, are evermore seen by the tenth day following, if the cold air hindereth not.  
The seeds of the great Leeks, bestowed in well dunged Beds, appear many times by the nineteenth, but oftener by the twentieth day following.  
The Colyander seeds, bestowed in well trimmed Beds, and in the increase of the Moon, are commonly seen above the earth by the, xxv. day: but the young plants later appear, if the seeds bestowed are new.  
The seeds of the Organie and savoury, bestowed in light Earth, and the Moon increasing, do appear above the ground by the thirty day following.  
The Parsely seeds, committed to the Earth, and in the increase of the Moon, do commonly break and appear above ground, by the xl. day following, although they are not many times seen before the fifty day.  
Thus have I briefly uttered, a true and pleasant instruction, both for the age of seeds, and skill of the Gardener in the sowing of them. For as I have above said, the Lecke, the cucumber, and citron seeds, do speedy came up, being new seeds: in a contrary manner, the seeds of the Parsely, Beets, Spynage, Cresses, savoury, Organy, Penneroyal, and Colyander, the elder that these are (before the bestowing in the Earth) the speedier the seeds break, and appear above ground.  
The seeds in like manner of the cucumber, steeped in milk or lukewarm water for a night, and committed to the Earth, under a warm air, do far speedier break, and appear above ground. The like may the Gardener conceive, to be done with the seeds of the Artichock, and many other herbs, of which, shall particularly be uttered, in the proper places hereafter.  
The third months sowing, or rather in May, to such dwelling far North, and where snow lieth long, there (this bestowing of seeds) better agreeth, especially, where the quality of Summer is known to be moist.  
But in other Countries (this like) by a seldom hap answereth, seeds three months old, committed to the earth, in the Harvest time, will better agree, being done in hot Countries, the Moon herein considered.  
The Gardener in his well trimmed Earth (the time aiding) may commit to the ground all worthy and excellent kind of seeds, plants, flippes, kernels and such like: but these for a trial, bestow in the Beds of your Garden.  
So that in any new kinds of seeds, not assayed or proved before, the Gardener may not thoroughly hope, that these will prosper in his ground.  
The seeds committed to the Earth, in moist places, do speedier shoot up (the Moon helping) than bestowed in dry ground. For which cause, election used in the sowing of good & full seeds (in either ground) much availeth.  
The Seeds or sets bestowed in shadowy places, although the Earth be well laboured before, do rarely or very seldom prosper, and yield their flower.  
The plants grown to their flower, may at that time (after the mind of the Neapolitan Palladius Rutilius) be little or nothing handled, for doubt of corrupting their flower, or the sooner shedding of them.   

What care and diligence is required of every Gardener, in the plucking up, and clear weeding away of all unprofitable Herbs, growing among the garden plants. Chap. 23.  
AFter the Seeds being workmanly bestowed in the Beds, the Gardeners next care must be, that he diligently pull up, and weed away all hurtful and unprofitable Herbs, annoying the Garden plants coming up.  
But about this exercise in weeding of the beds, there is a disagreement among the Writers of Husbandry. For certain deny that the raking doth profit the plants any thing at all, in that by the Rake the roots of the Garden plants are so uncovered, and the plants with the same felled, and caused to lie flat on the ground, which, if cold weather ensue, are utterly killed with the nipping air, for which cause, they better thought of that weeding and cleansing exercise, by pulling up with the hand, so that the same were done in due order and time.  
Yet it pleased many Husbandmen in time past to rake up the weeds in beds, yet not after one manner, nor at all times alike, but according to the usage of the Country, the good skill and condition of the weather: for which cause, in what manner soever this exercise shall be taken in hand, that weeding shall need or be required in these places, the Gardener shall not attempt or begin the weeding of beds with the hand, before the plants well spring up, shall seem to cover their proper Beds, and that in this high growth, the plants shall be mixed and joined one to the other, according to the nature and form in their growth.  
In this plucking up, and purging of the Garden beds of weeds and stones, the same about the plants ought rather to be exercised with the hand, than with any Iron instrument, for fear of feebling the young plants, yet small and tender of growth.  
And in the weeding with the hand, the Gardener must diligently take heed that he do not too boisterously lose the Earth, nor handle much the plants in the plucking away of the weeds, but the same purge so tenderly, that the roots of the young plants be not loosed and feebled in the soft earth: For occasion will move the careful Gardener to weed dainty Herbs, being yet young and tender, least gross weeds in the growing up with them, may annoy and hinder their increasing, Therefore the young plants in some readiness to be taken in hand, ought not to be stayed until their strong and biggge growth, but weeded in the mean time, for doubt of the inconveniences above uttered. But the common Herbs for the Kitchen the Gardener shall not begin to weed, before they be grown strong in root, and big shot up. And this learn, that if the Earth be lose and soft at the time of weeding the dainty plants, you may not then lose and pull up weeds, but in a soft and tender manner: and yet fine Herbs require at all times to be weeded, so that showers of rain have well softened the earth a day before.  
The walking or treading often about the beds of the little and tender plants shooting up, looseth much the soft Earth about them, yea this so settleth down the ground by the help of showers of rain falling, that the weeds growing up in those beds, are caused the harder to be plucked up. And sometimes the roots of the weeds in the plucking up with the hand are left behind, through this fastness caused of the Earth.  
Hear remember, that you never take in hand or begin the weeding of your beds, before the Earth be made soft, through the store of Rayne falling a day or two before.  
Hear conceive, that the clipping, plucking away, and pressing down of sundry Herbs with Tiles or other weighty things, after they be grown to some greatness, is to great purpose, for somuch as this causeth them to keep the longer green, and to yield the thicker, fairer, and bigger Touffes, besides the letting of the Herbs, that they grow not up into Seed, and to give with these a plesanter savour, than the same that afore they possessed in their growth simply,  
As by a like means and ordering, both the Lettuce, Cabbage and colewort, may be caused better, and more pleasant of taste, than the leaves simply growing, without any such manner of ordering:  
In the like condition, do the radish and navew roots grow the fairer, and bigger, if diverse of the green leaves (after some growth) be handsomely clipped or broken off.  
But of the apt ordering of these two last, in causing their roots to be far bigger than customable, and pleasant in taste, shall more fully be uttered in their proper Chapters hereafter, in the second part of this treatise.   

The commended times for watering of the Garden Beds, and what manner of water ought necessarily be used to plants, with the later inventions of sundry vessels, aptest for this purpose. Chap. 24.  
THe Beds being furnished with seeds in due age of the Moon, requireth diligence (if the air sufficiently moisteneth not) in the watering of them, lest the ground being very dry of the proper nature, may through the drieth for the lack of rain, cause both the seeds and tender plants shot up, to perish and dry.  
For which cause, every Gardener ought carefully to consider the condition and property of the earth of his Garden, whether of itself, the same be very moist, or over dry, which two extremes learned, he may with the more diligence, bestow pains about the watering of the Garden beds, so often as need shall require.  
And for that the seasons in a manner, sufficiently instruct every owner and Gardener, when to water the plants come up, it shall not be (of my part) a new instruction, to utter unto them, the days and times necessary to water the plants, seeing the youngest of any discretion, know▪ that the Beds chief require watering after a drought, or when many hot days have chanced together, as the like especially cometh to pass in the Summer time, about the Cof●icke rising of the Canicular or dog Star (which with us commonly happeneth about the seventeenth day of July. And this watering of the Beds ought rather be done (as Pliny witnesseth) in the morning, soon after the Sun rising) and at the evening when the sun possesseth a weak force above the Earth. The reason this author allegeth of the same, is that by watering at the hot time of the day as at noon, the water then made hot by heat of the Sun, would so burn the young and tender roots of the plants. And in this watering of the beds, the Gardener must have a special care and regard, that he moisten not the plants too much, least cloying them too much with water, they after wax feeble and perish. The water best commended for watering of the plants, is the same drawn or gotten out of the River, or other narrow Stream ebbing and flowing, or else sweetly running one way, through the help of Springs falling into it. But if the Gardener be forced to use Well water, drawn especially out of a deep Well, or the water out of some deep pit, he ought then to let the same drawn up stand for two or three days together, or at the least for certain hours in the open air, to be warmed of the Sun, lest the same being new drawn up, and so watered or sprinkled forth on the beds both raw and cold, may feeble & kill the tender young plants coming up.  
The age also of the plants, shall greatly direct the Gardener to know how much and how smallly he ought to moisten them at each time needful, for the tender young plants new come up, require a lesser watering, and the same gently, where the Herbs more grown, well joy to be plentifully moistened with the water temperate warm. And this water ought gently to be sprinkled forth on the beds, with a watering pot, and by other means, which after shall be demonstrated, that the roots of the young Herbs may alike drink in of the water, and not to be cloyed, through the over fast, or too much moisture sprinkled on them, by which doing, these the rather retain the spirit vanquishing, procured to pass through the exhalation of the Earth. For which cause, the beds at one instant shall not fully be watered, but as the Earth and plants drink in, so gently sprinkle forth the water, in feeding the plants with this moisture, as by a breast or nourishing pap, which like handled, shall greatly prosper the tender plants coming up, where they otherwise, by the hasty drowning with water, are much annoyed, and put in a hazard of perishing.  
To the water standing in the Sun, if the owner or Gardener mixed a reasonable quantity of dung, after his discretion, this mixture no doubt will be to great purpose, for as much as the same gently watered or sprinkled abroad, procureth a proper nourishment to the tender plants and young Herbs coming up.  
The cold as well as the salt water, is known to be enemy unto all kinds of plants, yet Theophrastus reporteth, that the salt water is more proper for the watering of certain plants, than any other.  
The common watering pot for the Garden beds with us, hath a narrow neck, big belly, somewhat large bottom, and full of little holes, with a proper hole form on the head, to take in the water, which filled full, and the thumb laid on the hole to keep in the air, may on such wise be carried in handsome manner to those places by a better help aiding, in the turning and bearing upright of the bottom of this pot, which needfully require watering.  
The watering pot best to be liked, and handsomest for this turn, both for the finely sprinkling forth, and easy carriage of water in the same from place to place in the Garden, is that much used in the chiefest Gardens about London, and in divers parts of England now known, whose form is after this manner, the body wholly of Copper, having a big belly and narrow neck, a strong handle of the same metal workmanly fastened to the belly and head, to carry the pot if need be to places in the Garden: but for a more easiness and quickness in carriage of the pot upright and full, is an other strong ring or handle, fastened artly to the lips of the pot, much like to the Barber's waterpot carried abroad, that serveth to none other turn, saving for the easy carriage of the pot full of water to needful places: but this other handle especially serveth to sprinkle forth the water by the long pipe full of little holes on the head, that some name a Pump, which reacheth from the bottom, unto the head of the pot, for the handsomer delivering forth of the water, the handle in the mean time guiding this long pipe of the pot, until all the water be spent.  
The Gardener possessing a Pump in his ground, or fast by, may with long and narrow troughs well direct the water unto all beds of the Garden, by the paths between, in watering sufficiently the roots of all such Herbs, which require much moisture. But for a plainer understanding of this, I have here in the Page following demonstrated the form to the eye.  
The manner of watering with a Pump by troughs in a Garden.  
There be some which use to water their beds with great Squirtes, made of Tin, in drawing up the water, and setting the Squirt to the breast, that by force squirted upward, the water in the breaking may fall as drops of rain on the plants, which sundry times like squirted on the beds, doth sufficiently feed the plants with moisture.  
another way better commended, and the same with more ease, in watering of plants and Herbs, is done by a great vessel of Tin, form somewhat like to a Squirt, yet in the divided parts the same differeth, for that this hath a pipe of the same metal raised from the bottom, and reaching in a manner so high, as the great pipe, having many little holes at the embossed top or end, this bigger Pipe form after the manner of a small Pump, at whose neither end, a thick square plate of Tin stricken full of little holes, workmanly fastened, into which a Pump staff put, for the drawing up, and forcible sending forth of the water, by thrusting down with both hands a good distance off.  
The vessel thus prepared in a readiness, must be set into a deep vessel or tub of water, in what place of the Garden the owner or Gardener mindeth to begin in drawing first the Pump up, and with mightier strength thrusting it down again, which so handled, causeth the water to ascend and flee forth of the pipe holes on such height, that in the falling, the drops come down through the air, breaking it in form of rain, that one place being sufficiently watered, the Gardener may then remove the tub and vessel into another place, which needeth the like watering, and on such wise doing in three or four places, he shall sufficiently moisten all the beds and bordures of the Garden. That the form of this vessel with the tub may the readier be conceived, behold this figure following here faithfully demonstrated.  
The manner of watering with a pump in a tub.  
The owner or Gardener, enjoying a Pond with water, in his Garden ground, or a ditch of water running fast by, so that the same be sweet, may with an instrument of wood (named of most men a skiff) sufficiently water all the Beds of the Garden, with great ease and expedition.  
Such plants which come spediest forward, through much moisture bestowed on them, as the Cucumber, Mellone, Gourd, and sundry others, the Gardener may with far greater ease and travail, water after this manner, in taking woollen clothes or lists, and these like tongues cut sharp at the one end, which lay to the bottom of the pot, filled with water, the sharp end hanging forth, well four fingers deep, and the Pot leaning somewhat forward, that these may through the continual dropping, hastily speed the increase of the above said plants, so that to each plant a like pot prepared be set, which manner of doing, is termed filtering.   

At what time diverse plants sprung up, aught to be removed and set again, as out of one bed or bordure, into another, with the breaking or slipping of sundry sets from old bodies, which with skill require to be bestowed in the Earth. Chap. 25.  
The Husbandman or Gardener, which would have plants grow unto a greater bigness than customable, aught to remove after four or five leaves be well come up, and set them again, as out of one bed bestowed into another, and like from one Bordure into an other. Although the owner may (at all seasons) dispose plants, at his will and pleasure, yet is it better commended, that all plants be changed into other Earth prepared when showers of rain have well moistened and softened the same.  
The plants also removed, and set again into a fat Earth well laboured and dressed, needeth beside, as Columella witnesseth, no other amendment by dung.  
The skilful Neapolitan (Palladius Rutilius) in his worthy work of Husbandry reporteth, that when the Gardener hath bestowed sundry kinds of seeds in one bed together, which after the diligent watering be so risen, that four or five leaves of diverse plants are sprung above the Earth, such then after this Authors consent, may well be removed and set again (into beds workmanly prepared) a certain distance asunder, being such plants that (before the setting) require to have the tops of the leaves, and ends of the roots cut off, whereby they may the freelier grow up broad in Touffe or big in root.  
Those kinds of seeds, which after their committing to the Earth, and diligent watering, need not, after certain leaves sprung up, to be removed, may the owner or Gardener bestow (as Rutilius witnesseth) in the Beds the th'inner, the Moon herein remembered.  
The worthy Columella (in instructions of the Garden) willeth the owner or Gardener, having an occasion to pull up plants, and set them again in Beds, and that the ground the same time (for the lack of rain, be over dry and hard) to moisten and soften well the Earth a day before, with water sprinkled forth, by a watering pot, serving only to that use.  
And certain of these, which require to be set a good distance asunder, the worthy Rutilius willeth to clip off the tops of the young leaves, and the ends of the roots to cut away, before the bestowing again in Beds workmanly prepared, as like the colewort, Cabedge, Lettuce, great Leek, Navewe, and Rape.  
again, a good distance asunder, are the Cucumber, Gourd, Melone, Artichoke, Nigella Romana, and sundry other●: which thus placed in Beds artly prepared, may the readier and handsomer be weeded, and cherished by earth digged about, so often as need shall require, whereby the plants, through help of diligent watering, and furtherance of the Moon in the setting, are after procured to increase the better, and delectabler to the eye.  
The young sets for the Garden (of pleasant delight and smell) may the owner or Gardener also bestow in Bordurs at all seasons (although better commended, to be done in the Spring time) in breaking of the slips or Branches of one years groweth, from the bodies of old stocks, and in writhing the ends about, so to set them a good depth into the Earth, the Moon at that time drawing near to her change, and known to be under the Earth, which much furthereth the sets in the sooner taking of root.  
But the skilful Columella rather willeth to cleave the end of the Branch or slip beneath, into which cleft an oat grain to be thrusted or put, and in the setting deep into the ground, to bestowt oat grains round about the same, (the Moon then near to her change) rather than any dung.  
And those young Herbs, which the Gardener mindeth to remove, need not (sayeth this Columella) to be stryked about the roots with any Dung, but rather that the ends of their roots (before the setting again) be cut off, as I above uttered.  
The Marigold, daisy, Collumbine, Primrose, Conslippe, sweet John, Gilyfloures, Carnations, Pinks, and sundry other delectable flowers, are procured to increase the bigger, fairer, and doubler, if the owner or Gardener do often change these into Beds workmanlye prepared, the Moon at those times considered, to be increasing of light, and that a diligence bestowed in the often watering.  
As touching the pulling up of sundry dainty Herbs of pleasant savour, and that these to be set again in Beds (orderly prepared) after the course of the Moon, with a care and diligence to be bestowed particularly on most plants of the Garden, shall at large be uttered in the second part of this treatise, where we purpose to entreat of many laudable and weighty matters besides.  
The plants (which after certain leaves spring up) need not to be removed into other Beds, are the Spynage, Arache, dill, Sperage, sorrel, chervil, Parsely, and diverse other of like sort.   

The laudable instructions of the wise, in the gathering and preserving of the greater number of kitchen Herbs and roots, with the times aptest, for the like doing by all flowers, dainty Herbs, and roots, to the use of physic. Chap. 26.  
THe best and worthiest roots of Herbs, are for the more part, to be gathered in apt places when the leaves are beginning to fall off, and the fruits or seeds already shed, so that the season be fair, for done in a rainy time, the roots be caused the weaker, and filled with rude moisture.  
The flowers in like manner are to be gathered, as the Borage, bugloss, and all others of like sort, when they be wholly opened, and before they feeble, except the flowers of the Rose, and Jacemyne, which ought to be gathered for the better and longer keeping, before they be much or rather but little opened.  
The leaves and whole Herbs are to be gathered, when these be come to their full growth and perfection.  
The fruits, as the Melone, Cucumber, Cytrone, and Gourd, when these appear yellow, and be come to their perfect growth and perfection.  
The seeds in like condition are to be gathered, when they be well ripened, and before the seeds shed on the earth, but those which remain after the Herbs through dried, aught to be rubbed forth with the hands, and kept, unto the time of sowing.  
Here remembering that the seeds ought to be gathered in a clear season, and in the wain of the Moon.  
And this for a general rule observe, that all those to be gathered, as the Herbs, flowers, roots, fruits, and seeds, are to be done in a fair and dry season, and in the decrease of the Moon.  
The Herbs which the owner mindeth to preserve, are afore to be clean picked and cleansed, and dried in the shadow, being a place open towards the South, not moist and free from smoke and dust.  
These after are to be put in leather Bags, rather than into Canvas, the mouths at the hanging up fast tied, and into wooden Boxes of the Box tree, to the end the Herbs may not lose their proper virtue, as we see those persons to do, which preserve dainty Herbs for the winter time. So that the Apothecaries in my opinion are very negligent, which hang up the Physic Herbs in their open shops and warehouses, through which, the virtue of these not only breathe away, but the bags charged and clagged with dust, Cobwebs, dung of flies, and much other filth.  
The flowers ought not to be dried in the sun, nor in that shadow caused by the Sun at Noon, nor in no Chamber or high place above, for asmuch as these, through their softness and tenderness do lightly of like occasion, breath away their proper virtue, but especially through the sharp heat of the sun, and heat of the air, unless it be our Rose of the Garden, which to be preserved for a long time, requireth to be dried in a high place standing open to the Sun at Noon, or that the Sun beams enter unto, and yet touch not the Rose leaves.  
The better way for drying flowers, is to lay them in a temperate & dark place, free from moisture, smoke and dust, and to stir them too & fro, that these in the drying corrupt not, and to be either close kept in bags, or continually covered over well, that these in the mean time lose not their colour, nor natural savour.  
After being well dried, these aught to be close stopped in a glazed earthen vessel.  
The finer Seeds are to be preserved in leather bags, or in carthen vessels, having very narrow mouths, or else in Glass bottles, or galley glasses very well stopped.  
But the Seeds of the Onions, Chybolles, and Leeks, as also of the Poppy, are to be preserved in their husks and heads.  
For the preserving of roots, the owner ought to learn and exercise two means, the one for keeping the fresh, and the other for the round roots, as the Navew, radish, Carrotte, and others of like sort, and for to preserve them dry.  
The way and means to keep or preserve roots fresh, is to bury them in a Cellar, in either Gravel or Sand, well turned upon, them, or in a Garden ground reasonably deep digged, even so deep as the Gardener doth for the radish and Navewe in the Earth, to enjoy the commodity of them for the greater part of the winter: To preserve roots dry, the owner or Gardener, after the plucking of roots out of the Earth) ought to wash them very clean, with conduit or spring water, after to cut away all the small and hairy roots, which done, to dry them in a shadowy place free from the beams of the Sun, as being somewhat dark, if so be these are slender & thin of rind, as be the roots of the Fennel, Succory, parsley, endive, Borage, bugloss, Sperage, and sundry others like, but if the roots be thick of rind, of a gross essence and big, then may the owner lay them to dry in the Sun at Noon day, as the root of Gentiane, the Earth Apple, Brionie, Raponticke, Aristolochia, or any others like.  
After that these be well dried, and like prepared, ought the owner to hang them up in some Garrette or open room a high, being sweet & dry (through the suns daily shining on the place at noon, or open to the North, where nothing damaged by smoke, nor dust, nor that the Sun beams may harm in any manner, even as that ancient and singular Physician Hypocrates instructeth, who willeth the Herbs, flowers, and roots, so well fresh as dry, not to be bestowed, in any manner, in an open place, to be dried of the wind, but rather close stopped, in Glasses, Earthen pots, and square Boxes of wood, to the end, that these lose not their virtue, which otherwise they might soon do, by lying open to the wind.  
All the field plants, flowers and roots, are stronger in nature, but in substance inferior to the Garden plants. etc.  
Among the wild plants, those growing on the mountains or high Hills, do excel the other in property.  
Among all plants, those also are of a stronger nature which shall be of a livelier colour better taste and savour.  
The force beside of plants, do endure (for the more part) unto two or three years.  
The Herbs which a man would use for the Kitchen, ought rather be gathered with a knife, somewhat above the Earth, when these are shot up unto their perfect growth, as the Beets, Succory, Arache, Borage, Marigold, colewort, endive, clary, Rocket, Basil, Maioram, Lettuce, Parsely, Mercury, and many others.  
When the owner mindeth to use certain Herbs, hot of quality, he ought to gather them for the more part, rather fresh, than dry, but if his intent be, rather to heat lesser, than seeing the moisture of the green, doth much mitigate the heat consisting in it, for that cause is he willed rather to gather the herbs for Physic, before they begin to alter their colour.  
This for a general rule note, that all flowers, herbs, and roots, ought carefully be gathered in a dry fair season, and not in cloudy, misty, nor rainy weather. The roots beside are not to be gathered, but after the fall of the leaves, and these especially from the middle of September, unto the beginning of the month of November. But flowers are chief to be gathered from the middle of the month of May unto the beginning of July, and after.  
And for the fruits of sundry Herbs, these properly are to be gathered, according to the diversity of the Herbs.   

The worthy remedies and secrets availing against Snails, canker worms, the long bodied Moths, Garden fleas and earth worms, vitiate and gnaw, as well the pot Herbs, as trees and fruits. Chap. 27.  
THere is none so dull of eyesight (as I believe) which not thoroughly perceiveth and seeth, how that the Garden riches be diversly annoyed and harmed by diverse creeping worms and beasts, aswell above, as under the Earth, and that through the same occasion, often procured to feeble and waste, and unless speedy remedies shall be exercised, that these in the end do fall down and perish.  
For the Pestilent company of these increase and are seen many times to be so many or great in number, that by no devised means, neither by fire, nor Iron engine (from the Garden grounds or fields) in which these once shall be lodged or abiding, can either be driven away or destroyed: therefore I shall do herein a most grateful matter (as I suppose) both to Husbandmen and Gardeners, if against this pestiferous annoyance and destruction, I shall utter and teach those worthy remedies, that both the ancient and later men by great skill invented and noted in their learned works.  
From words to come unto the matter I think it time to entreat, and first that singular, Africanus among the Greek writers of Husbandry reporteth, that Garden plants and roots may well be purged and rid of the harmful worms, if their dens or deep holes be smoked, the wind aiding with the dung of the Cow or Ox burned.  
That worthy Pliny in his Book of histories writeth, that if the owner or Gardener sprinkleth the pure mother of the Oil Olive without any salt in it, doth also drive the worms away, & defend the plants and Herbs from being after gnawn of them. And if they shall cleave to the roots of the plants, through malice or breeding of the dung, yet this weedeth them clean away. The Plants or Herbs will not after be gnawn or harmed by Garden fleas, if with the natural remedy, as with the Herb Rocket, the Gardener shall bestow his beds in many places.  
The Coleworts and all pot Herbs are greatly defended from the gnawing of the Garden fleas, by the radish growing among them. And the worthy Anatolius in hi● Greek instructions of Husbandry affirmeth the like, so that some bitter fitch's Bee also bestowed with the Radish in beds. And this Seed committed in beds with the Radish and Rape, doth greatly avail, as the ancient witness of experience. The eager or sharp vinegar doth also prevail, tempered with the Juice of Henbane, and sprinkled on those Garden fleas. To these, the water in which the Herb Nigella Romana shall be steeped for a night, and sprinkled on the plants, as the Greek Pamphilus reporteth, doth like prevail against the Garden fleas.  
If from other creeping things the Gardener would defend the Seeds committed to the Earth from being gnawn or harmed, let him steep those Seeds for a night (as I afore uttered) before the sowing in the Juice of the Sengrene or Houselecke, which Seeds also the Gardener shall preserve ungnawen, if he bestow of them in the shell of that Snail, which I suppose to be the same, named the Tortuise, as the former Author Anatolius writeth, in which place I may not omit the same practice of the skilful Paladius Rutilius, who reporteth, that the noisome vermin or creeping things will not breed of the Potherbs, if the Gardener shall before the committing to the Earth, dry all the Seeds in the skin of the Tortuese, or sow the Herb Mint in many places of the Garden, especially among Coleworts. The bitter Fitche and Rocket (as I afore uttered) bestowed among the Pot Herbs, so that the Seeds be sown in the first quarter of the Moon, do greatly avail: As unto the Canker and Palmer worms belongeth, which in many places work great injury both to Gardens and vines, may the owner or Gardener drive away with the Fig tree ashes sprinkled on them and the Herbs.  
There besom some which sprinkle the plants and Herbs with the lie made of the Fig. Tree ashes, but to destroy these Worms, to strow (as experience reporteth) the ashes alone on them.  
There be others which rather will to plant or sow that big Onion, named in Latin, Scylla or Squilla here and there in beds, or hang them in sundry places of the Garden.  
Others also will, to fix river crevices with nails in many places of the Garden, which if they shall yet withstand or contend with all these remedies, then may the gardener apply or exercise this device, in taking the Ox or Cow Urine, and the mother of Oil Olive, which after the well mixing together, and heating over the fire, the same be stirred about until it be hot, and when through cold this mixture shall be sprinkled on the Pot Herbs and Trees, doth marvelously prevail, as the skilful Anatolius of experience deporteth.  
The singular Pliny in his practices uttereth, that those harmful Worms, touched with bloody rods, are likewise driven away.  
The worthy Paladius Rutilius reporteth, that if the owne● o● Gardener burn great bundles of the Garlic blades without heads dried through all the Alleys of the Garden, & unto these the dung of Backs added, that the savour of the smoke (by the help of the wind) may be driven to many places, especially to those where they most abound and swarm, and the Gardener shall see so speedy a destruction, as is to be wondered at.  
That worthy Pliny of great knowledge reporteth, that these may be driven from the Pot Herbs, if the bitter Fitche Seeds be mixed and sown together with them, or to the branches of Trees. crevices hanged up by the horns in many places, doth like prevail. These also are letted from increasing, yea they in heaps presently gathered, are destroyed, as the Greeks report of observation. If the Gardener by taking certain Palmer or Canker Worms out of the Garden next joining, shall seethe them in water with Dill, and the same being through cold, shall sprinkle on the Herbs or trees, that the mixture may wet and soak through the Nests, even unto the young ones, cleaving together, that they may taste thereof will speedily dispatch them. But in this doing, the Gardener must be very wary, and have an attentive eye, that none of the mixture fall on his face nor hands. Besides these, the owner or Gardener may use this remedy certain, and easily prepared, if about the big arms of Trees, or stems of the Herbs, he kindle and burn the stronger Lime and Brimstone together. Or if the owner make a smoke with the Musheromes growing under the Nut tree, or burn the houses of Goats, or the gum Galbanum, or else make a smoke with the Hearts horn, the wind aiding, by blowing towards them.  
There be also some, which infuse the vine ashes in water for three days, with which they after sprinkle abundantly, both the Herbs and Trees. Many beds make soft the Seeds, steeped before their committing to the Earth, in the Lie made of the fig ashes.  
The Husbandmen and Gardeners in our time, have found out this easy practice, being now common every where, which is on his wise, that when these, after showers of Rain are cropen into the warm Sun, or into places standing against the Sun, may early in the morning shake either the fruits and leaves of the Pot Herbs, or the boughs of the trees, for these as yet stiff through the cold of the night, are procured of the same the lightlier and sooner to fall, nor able after to recover up again, so that the Palmer Worms thus lying on the ground, are then in a readiness to the kill of the Gardener.  
If the owner mind to destroy any other creeping things noyous to Herbs and Trees (which Palladius and Ruellius name, both Herb and Leek wasters, then let him hearken to this invention & devise of the Greeke Dyophanes, who willeth to purchase the Maw of a Weather Sheep new killed, and the same as yet full of his excremental filth, which lightly cover with earth in the same place, where these most haunt in the Garden: for after two days, shall the Gardener find there, that the Moths with long bodies, and other creeping things will be gathered in divers companies to the place right over it, which the owner shall either remove and carry further, or dig and bury very deep in the same place, that they may not after arise or come forth, which when the Gardener shall have exercised the same but twice or thrice, he shall utterly extinguishes, and quite destroy all the kinds of creeping things that annoy and spoil the Garden plants. The Husbandmen in Flanders, arm the stocks, and compass the bigger arms of their trees with wisps of Straw handsomely made and fastened or bound about by which the Palmer worms are constrained to creep up to the tops of the trees, & there stayed, so that as it were by snares and engines laid, these in the end are either driven away, or thus in their way begun, are speedily or soon after procured to turn back again. As unto the remedies of the Snails particularly belongeth, these may the Gardener likewise chase from the Kitchen Herbs, if he either sprinkle the new mother of the Oil, Olive, or Soot of the Chimney on the Herbs, as if he bestowed the bitter fitch in beds among them, which also availeth against other noisome worms and creeping things, as I afore uttered. That if the Gardener would possess a green and delectable Garden, let him then sprinkle diligently all the quarters, beds, and bordures of the Garden, with the mixture of water, and powder of Fenny Greek tempered together, or set upright in the middle of the Garden, the whole bare head without flesh of the unchaste Ass, as I afore wrote.  
That worthy man julius Fronto reporteth, that all Kitchen Herbs may greatly be helped, if among them the herb Rocket shall either be sown or planted. But an intolerable injury shall be wrought to the Husbandly Gardener, if the Goose dung dissolved in brine, be sprinkled on the Kitchen Herbs, as these worthy writers, Democritus, Fronto, and Damageron in their chosen precepts of the Greek Husbandry, have left noted to our age.   

The skilful inventions and helps against the Garden Moles, ants, gnats, Flies, and Frogs, everting, harming and wasting as well Kitchen Herbs, as Trees and fruits. Chap. 28.  
FOr asmuch as the Moles in many places of Garden grounds, through their casting up and hollowing of the same, the Seeds afore bestowed in beds they on such wise uncover, and the plants in like manner turn up, and vnbare of earth, to the great grief and pain of the careful Gardeners, in daily renewing and repairing of their former labours, for that cause hath he just occasion to travel and busy himself, in searching out, and devising by all skilful means, in what manner he may surest and best prevail against this harmful blind best. And that I may do a most grateful matter to all Gardeners in the same, I will here utter all▪ such singular practices, that either the worthy Greeks or Latins have uttered and noted to be available against them.  
First the skilful Paxanus hath left in writing, that if the Gardener shall make hollow a big Nut, or bore a hollow hole into some sound piece of wood being narrow, in filling the one or the other with Rosine, Pitch, Chaff, and Brimston, of each so much as shall suffice to the filling of the Nut, or hollow hole in the wood, which thus prepared in a readiness, stop every where with diligence, all the doings forth, and breathing holes of the Mole, that by those the fume or smoke in no manner may issue out, yet so handle the matter, that one mouth and hole be only left open, and the same so large, that well the Nut or vessel kindled within, may be laid within the mouth of it, whereby it may take the wind of the one side, which may so send in the savour both of the Rosin and Brimston into the hollow tomb, or resting place of the Mole: by the same practice so workmanly handled, in filling the holes with the smoke, shall the owner or Gardener either drive quite away all the Moles in that ground, or find them in short time dead.  
There be some which take the white Nesewort, or the rind of Cynocrambes beaten and sarced, and with the Barley Meal and Eggs finely tempered together, they make both Cakes and Pasties wrought with Wine and Milk, and those they lay within the Moles den or hole, Albertus of worthy memory reporteth, that if the owner or Gardener closeth or diligently stoppeth the mouths of the Mole holes with the Garlic, Onion, or Leek, shall either drive the Moles away, or kill them, through the strong savour, striking or breathing into them. Many there be, which to drive away these harmful Moles, do bring up young Cats in their Garden ground, and make tame Weafris, to the end that either of these, through the hunting after them, may so drive away this pestiferous annoyance, being taught to watch at their strait passages and mouths of the holes coming forth. Others there be also, which diligently fill & stop up their holes with the red Okare or Ruddell, and juice of the wild Cucumber, or sow the Seeds of Palma Christi, being a kind of Satyrion in beds, through which they will not after cast up, nor tarry thereabout. But some exercise this easy practice, in taking a live Mole, and burning the powder of Brimston about him, being in a deep Earthen pot, through which he is procured to cry, all others in the mean time as they report, are moved to resort thither. There are some beside, which lay silk snares at the mouth of their holes. To the simple Husbandmen may this easy practice of no cost suffice, in setting down into the Earth a stiff rod or green branch of the Elder tree. The worthy Pliny which hath left to memory skilful practices. reporteth, that the mother of the Oil Olive alone, sprinkled on the heap of Pismires or Ants, killeth them. This author also writeth, that the Pismires are wicked annoyers to trees, which the Gardener or Husbandman sayeth he, may force to forsake and leave, if he bestrike the neither parts of the Trees round about with the powder of the Ruddell, and Liquid pitch or Tar, mixed together, and hang also by the place the fish named of the worthy Rutilius after the Greek Writers Husbandry Coracinum, and of Ruellius Graculum, for on such wise handled, they will resort and gather all into one place, whereby the Husbandly Gardener may the speedelyer destroy them. Others there be, which with the powder of the lupines and Oil Olive tempered together, do bestrike the lower parts of Trees and plants, for the letting of them in creeping up. Many kill them as I afore uttered, with the only mother of the Oil Olive. The skilful Neapolitan Rutilius reporteth, that if the great company of Pismires or Ants have deep holes in the Garden ground, those may the owner chase away, or kill in the ground, by stopping the mouths of the holes, with the heart of the Owl. If they creep abroad, then sift all the Alleys where these run with bright Ashes or else score the ground thick together with the red Okare or white Chalk, or make long strikes with Oil on the Earth. Further he writeth, that the Husbandly Gardener may drive away Pismires, if on the mouths of their holes he sprinkle the powder of Organy and Brimston beaten together, or burn the empty shells of Snails, and with the ashes of the same, stop abundantly the mouths of their dens and holes. In which devise, this Rutilius omitted the Storax that of Paxanius the Greek, out of whom he borrowed this conclusion added. The words of Paxanius be on this wise: If the owner sayeth he, shall burn certain Ants or Emots in the middle of the Garden, the others of the savour will creep away. To these, if about the mouths of the Emots holes the careful Gardener shall smear the grosser Turpentine, the Emots or Ants will not after come forth, and these he may expel or drive away from their proper resting place, or dwelling together, if the shellie coverings of Snails, burned with Storax Calamita, and beaten to powder, or the ashes sifted, he shall after sprinkle on the heap of the Pismires. And the owner shall thoroughly destroy the Ants, if he sprinkle on them the juice of Cyrenaicum dissolved and well mixed in Oil. This author further reporteth, that the Emotes will not creep on the plants nor trees, if the Husbandly Gardener shall diligently sprinkle the bodies and stems of them, with the powder of the bitter lupines and mother of Oil, well mixed or boiled together. The self same matter shall the Gardener perform, if he compass their holes with white and clear wool or Bombast, or that he mark on the ground long strikes, or form round circles, with white Chalk, or red Okare, all those ways especially that these most often haunt, or compass their holes with Organy as I afore uttered: for by the like doing as he affirmeth, the Emots after will not only leave the creeping up on the plants, but refuse also to ascend over the rings made with white Chalk about the bodies of Trees. There be others which report, that the Emotes will not creep to that honey pot set on the ground, about which the like circles with Chalk or red Okare shall be formed, yea though the same were left uncovered, yet is it known to many, that the Ants are marvelous desirous of Honey, and other sweet things.  
The skilful Neapolitan Rutilius willeth, that the diligent Husbandman anoint or bestrike the stems of plants, and the bodies of Trees, with the red Okare, Butter, and liquid Pitch mixed well together. There be certain of the Greek Writers of Husbandry, which will the thick Ivy Garlands to be bound about the bodies of Trees and vines, that by the same skilful devise, the Aunt's lodging under the shadow of these, as then pledges they slay and kill.  
There be many which report, that the like may be wrought and done with the Bulls gall, mother of Oil, and Liquid Pitch, smeared about the bodies of Trees. The singular Pliny reporteth, that the Sea mud or Ashes, stopped diligently into their holes, is a most sure remedy against the Emotes, so that the places be not moist or watery. But with the surest practice and remedy of all, are the Pisemires killed with the Herb Heliotropium. Some suppose, that the water in which the crude Tile shall be infused for a time, to be enemy to them. The Gardener may drive away gnats, if he sprinkle on the beds & plants, the decoction of Organie in vinegar, as that skilful Democritus in his Husbandry hath noted. To these the owner may sprinkle on the Plants, the infusion of Rue in water, or use the decoction of the herb Fleabane, or else make a smoke either with Brimstone, or Cummyne, or the dry Ox dung, or the gum Bdellium. The learned Pliny uttereth, that the Gardener may drive these away with the smoke of Galbanum burned, and that worthy Neapolitan Rutilius, of experience affirmeth, that if the owner either sprinkle the new mother of oil, or soot of the chimney on the plants, it likewise driveth them away. That skilful Greek Berytius hath left in writing, how that the Gardener may drive the Flies far off with this fearful device▪ if mixing the powders of the Hellebor or Neeswort, and Orpiment with milk, the same be sprinkled on the plants and place where the Flies most haunt, it either hastily driveth them away, or kills them soon after. The self same will the common Alum, beaten with Organye, and tempered with Milk prevail against the Flies: For what plants and herbs shall be sprinkled with this mixture will not after be resorted unto nor touched of Flies. The Bayberries with the black Neeseworte beaten together, and infusing it in milk or water and Honey mixed, doth like profit: for this mixture sprinkled on the Plants, and places where the flies most haunt, doth after as it were by a poison, hastily kill the flies, or otherwise force them to fly speedily away never to return.  
As touching remedies against the Frogs, which in the summer nights are wont to be disquieters to the wearied husbandmen (through their daily labour, by chirping and loud noise making, let the Husbandman exercise this help and secret, borrowed of the skilful Greek Africanus, which is on this wise: Set on some bank (saith he) a Lantern lighted, or other bright light before them, or on some tree (fast by) so hang a light, that by the brightness of the same light▪ it may so shine upon them, as if it were the Sun, which handled on this wise, will after cause them to leave their chirping and loud noise making: A practice tried by many of later years.  
The skilful Greek Beritius reporteth, that if the Husbandman bury in some bank fast by, the gall of a Goat, the Frogs will not afterward gather to that place.   

The rare practices and secrets, both of the ancient, and later writers of Husbandry, against Serpents of the Garden, and any others veneming aswell men as the Kitchen Herbs, trees, and fruits. Chap. 29.  
FLorentius (a singular and diligent interpreter of the matters of the field) wrote, that serpents in the Garden ground or elsewhere, will not lodge or abide, if the owner sow or plant in bordures about, or in apt corners of the Garden, either the wormwood, Mugwort, or Southernwood, which if these shall some where happen to haunt, then may the Gardener (as he writeth) drive them incontinent forth of the ground, if he make a smoke either with the lily roots, Heart's horn, or goats hooves.  
The skilful Rutilius uttereth, that all Serpents be forced out of the ground, by every sour savour, and stinking smoke, flying abroad with the wind.  
The learned Democritus affirmeth, that the serpents assuredly do die, if the Gardener straw or throw Oaken leaves on them, or if any spiteth fasting into their mouth gaping or wide open.  
The well practised Apuleius writeth, that these stricken but once with a tough reed or willow rod, are mightily astonished, but giving them many strokes, do recover & wax strong again. Tarentinus (a skilful writer of the Greek Husbandry) denieth, that any can be harmed of a serpent, if the person afore be anointed with the juice of the Radish, or that he hath eaten of the Radish, which matter (Athenaeus and Galen, with many other worthy Authors) ascribe to the Orange or Lemon, and they confirm the same, with a pleasant History.  
The former Florentinus uttereth, an other singular practice against serpents of the Garden, to be wrought after this manner: Lay (saith he) the fat of the Heart in the Garden Earth, or else bury the centaury root, or the Geate stone, or else the Eagle, or Kites dung, and the serpents will refuse the ground (or at least) not come near the place, and every venomous worm willbe driven away, if the Gardener by taking (Nigella, pelitory, Galbanum, of the Hearts horn, Hyssop, Brimstone, Peucedanum, and the goats houfes, shall diligently bring these to ponder, and infuing the whole for a time in the strongest vinegar, shall after make little balls of the mixture, with which through dried cause a savour and a smoke. For through the savour of these matters sparsed in the Air, all creeping vermin will either hastily (for the great fear) forsake the ground, or die there incontinent. The same author Florentinus, reporteth, that the serpents may like be gathered on an heap, into an old deep powdering Tub, as fish into a we'll or bownette, if the same be deep set about that place of the Garden or field, where these most lurk and haunt: for after the speedy resorting of these to the brink of it, they fall willingly in, not able after to recover themselves out, Pliny writing of the withy named Siler, reporteth this, that the serpents refuse, both the tree and fruit, for which cause, the husband men made them staves of the wood to carry about with them. But this by a most certain experience or trial, proved and confirmed, that by making a smoke with old shoes burned, the serpent's incontinent speed away, nor these only fly out of the Garden ground, field, or house, but such as are entered into men, by dead sleep in the summer, in sleeping open mouthed, or with open mouth, in the field, do like come forth with the said smoke. Which matter (Marcus Gatinaria a famous Physician) confirmeth, who reporteth that the like happened to a certain man in his time, to whom after infinite medicines and most effectuous remedies were ministered, and none of them prevailed, at the last this employed, fell out most luckily and wonderful of all the others, in burning the leather of old shoes, and receiving both smoke and savour by a Tunnel into the body. For assoon as this hideous beast (which was a mighty Adder) felt the savour of this smoke, he was seen (to the standers about) to come forth by the fundament, to the mighty astonishment & wonder of all the beholders. And this worthy secret, easy to be prepared, I thought here good to place, that the same, a like case happening, might be profitable, to every person. But in this place is not to be omitted, that serpents greatly hate the fire, not for the same cause, that this dulleth their sight, but because the nature of fire is to resist poison. These also hate the strong savour far flying, which the Garlic & red Onions procure. They love the savin tree, the Juie, and Fennel, as Toads do the Sauge, and Snakes the Herb Rocket. But they are mightily displeased, and sorest hate the Ash tree, insomuch that the serpents, neither to the morning nor longest evening shadows of it, will draw near, but rather shun the same, & fly far off. As a like matter Plynie reporteth, was on a time proved, by enclosing a serpent, within the large circle made of green Ashetree leaves, in the middle of which a quick fire made, to the terror of the serpent, for that end to prove, whether she had rather run over the Circle, than draw near to the fire, which nevertheless (the fire kindling more dna more) at the last, rather crept to the fire, where he perished, tnha by any means would draw near to the Circle of the Ashetree leaves. Yet here learn, the marvelous benignity of nature, which permitteth not the serpents to come forth of the Earth, before the Ash tree buddeth forth, nor to hide them again, before the leaves fall off. The singular Poet Virgil saith, that the smoke made of Rosen or Galbanum, doth hastily chaste and drive the serpents away.  
These hitherto uttered, for the driving away and killing of serpents. But here was almost forgotten, that the leaves of fern, do chase away the serpent: for which cause, many skilful think it profitable, either to sow, or straw the fern, in such places where the serpent's haunt. The Neapolitan Rutilius addeth, that if the leaves of the same be burned, they (with the savour only) will flee or creep hastylye away, yea and force them to change their lodgings, far from the Garden ground or field.  
Here a doubt may be made, whether the same be to purpose here to recite, that the worthy Albertus reporteth of the round Aristolochia with the field Frog, and a certain proportion of writing Ink diligently laboured, and mixed with these, to make the Serpents immediately to quail as dead, if any of the mixture be written withal, and thrown before them.  
But I think it high time to come unto the remedies, which are both ready and easy to be prepared.  
If that any shall be bitten of a serpent, unless he have a Fever, and drinketh a certain quantity of the juice of the Ash leaves, with pleasant white wine, and applieth also of the fresh leaves on the place bitten, shall in short time see a worthy secret, greatly to be marveled at, and by happy success, proved of many.  
Here briefly to conclude, if the Gardener bestoweth the fresh elder flowers where the Serpents daily haunt, they will hastily depart the place, yea these by report (artely bestowed in the Garden ground) do in short time destroy the Moths, the cankerworms, and Palmer's breading in trees.  
The other helps and remedies necessary to be uttered in this Chapter, shall in apt places be declared in the second part, where we purpose to entreat particularly of most Herbs growing in the Garden.   

The laudable devices and cunning helps against the Scorpions, Toads, Gardenmyse, Weasels, and all other greater beasts wasting and corrupting, aswell the kitchen Herbs, as fruits. Chap. 30.  
PLinie reporteth, that if slips of the green Heliotropium, be set round about the place where the Scorpions frequent, that they will not after creep thence. But if the owner either lay on or strew upon the Scorpions, the whole Herb, they incontinent (as he affirmeth) die.  
That skilful writer Diophanes (in his Greek commentaries of Husbandry) uttereth, and the like many other, that the fresh Radish, either laid or strewed on the Scorpions, killeth them incontinent.  
To these, if any anointeth the hands circumspectly with the juice of the Radish, he may after handle Scorpions or any other venomous thing, without danger.  
This Author further addeth, that a smoke made with Saudaracha and better, or the fat of a Goat, will drive away both them, and other venomous things, and by burning one Scorpion, all the others fly forth of the ground.  
If any boileth the Scorpion that stung him, or any other in Oil, and anointeth the sore place with the same, it shall greatly avail.  
The like cometh to pass, if he may kill and bruise the same on the stinging, but perilous will the same stinging be, if he refrain not the eating of basil all that day of the stinging. Florentius reporteth, that the juice of the fig tree leaves, dropped on the stinging, mightily availeth.  
The learned Pliny affirmeth, that the Ashes of the Scorpion drunk in wine (if the fit of the Fever be not upon the person) to be a singular remedy, as the powder of worms burned, to persons having worms, or to beasts the like ministered, and any bitten of a mad dog, if the hears of the same be burned and drunk, do greatly avail.  
The Toads, (as the Greek and Latin professors of husbandry write,) may be driven forth of the Garden ground, with those remedies, that the serpents: for which cause, the remedies and helps against them to repeat I think here superfluous.  
The wise (as the learned Apuleius writeth) will in no manner harm or waste those seeds committed to the Earth, which before the sowing are steeped a time in the Gaul of an Ox.  
They will be killed in the ground, if the Gardener shall stop their comings forth, with the fresh leaves of Rhododaphnes'.  
There be (of the Greek writers of husbandry) which will that like portions of the wild Cucumber, or Henbane, or of the bitter Almonds and black Noseworte, be orderly bruised, and tempered with Meal, the same after wrought into Balls with Oil, to be laid at the holes of the field, and house Myse. Pliny writeth, that the seeds (before the bestowing in the Earth,) infused either in the Gaul of a Weasel, or the ashes of him committed to the Earth with the seeds, doth like them from being harmed of mice, yet the plants springing out of these are greatly misliked▪ for that they then give the savour of such a rank beast, so that the seeds are far better commended, to be steeped afore in the gall of an Ox.  
The skilful Africanus uttereth, that the Gardener may either kill or drive away Weasels if he mix salt armoniac with wheat paste, and lay of the same in such place, where these often haunt. Others there be, which will the careful Gardener to get one alive, and cutting of both tail and testicles, to let him so pass again, for by that means (others perceiving the like sight) will departed the place, the easy experience of which matter, will after bring a credit to thee in the same. For the driving away of the greater beasts, conceive these remedies following, that if the Gardener shall water the seeds bestowed, with the old urine in which the ordure of a dog shall be infused for a time, they shall after be defended in the growing up, from the spoil of greater beasts.  
The self same doth the worthy Democritus affirm to come to pass (as I afore uttered) if that the owner take to the number of ten River or Sea crevices, and in putting them into an earthen pot full of water he set the same in the sun for ten days, to be well heated and vapored through the hot beams, which thus handled let him sprinkle on the beds and plants, that he would have defended from the air, & great beasts: yet may he not water the younger plants, but every third day, until these be grown up stronger. The skilful Africanus, and other worthy writers of Husbandry, report, that if either the Pyonie or Herb Personata be buried, or otherwise sown about banks or bordures, in the Garden or field, are after (as by a secret protection) preserved, that neither the great nor smaller beasts, will after spoil the plants there growing. But if the Husbandman would have his trees preserved, from being sore eaten and wasted of the greater beasts, then let him exercise (after the mind of Pliny) this easy practice, in ●asting or sprinkling on the leaves, the water in which Ox dung hath been dissolved, so that he be sure those times, that rain will fall within a day after, to the clean purging again of the branches and leaves of that savour, a matter in very deed wittily devised for the purpose.   

The skilful practices and remedies, against Hail, lightnings and tempests, beating down, and spoiling the Kitchen Herbs, trees, and fruits. Chap. 51.  
FOr the Hail, which for the more part destroyeth both the labours of the Oxen and men, conceive these few remedies following. That if the Husbandman, would avoid the same danger at hand or ready to fall, then let him draw about the ground (whether it be field, Orchard or Garden) the skin of a Seal, or Crocodil, or Hyena, and hang it after at the entry or coming in of the place, as the worthy Philostratus, in his Greek commentaries of husbandry, hath noted. Others there be, which seeing the Hail at hand, by holding up a mighty Glass, do so take the Image of the dark cloud, directly over the place, to the end, the abject by the same remedy (as Rutilius reporteth) may offend, whereby as doubled, it may give place to the other, and on such wise be speedily averted and moved away.  
There were some (as Philostratus writeth) which with the right hand drawing the Marish Tortoise on her back, laboured so about the Garden ground or field, and returned to the place where they began, they so laid her upright in the furrow made with her back, and shored clods of either side, that she might not fall, neither to one nor other side, but abide steady upright, to the end she might so behold the big & thick clouds, directly over the place. And the same, at such times they exercised in the sixth hour of the day, or night. Certayn others (seeming to be of greater skill) when the Hail approached, did spread over every space of the Garden or field, white vine, or fastened in some place right against the Tempest imminent, a live Owl, with the wings spread abroad, which two remedies also much avail against the lightnings and hail, as saith the singular writer of Husbandry (Junius Columella) in his little treatise of the Garden.  
To utter here the populare help against Thunder, lightnings, and the dangerous hail, when the tempest approacheth through the cloud arising, as by the loud noise of Guns shot here and there, with the loud sound of Bells, & such like noises which may happen:  
I think the same not necessary, nor properly available to the benefit of the Garden.  
The famous learned man Archibius which wrote unto Antiochus' king of Syria, affirmeth, that tempests shall not be harmful to plants nor fruits, if the speckled Toad enclosed in a new Earthen pot, be buried in the middle of the Garden or field. Others there are, which hang the feathers of the Eagle, or Seals skin, in the middle of the Garden or at the four corners of the same.  
For these three, as by a certain secret property (and for truth) by a marvelous repugnancy to resist the lightnings, and that of these (the above said) in no manner to be harmed or blasted, is to memory of the posterity committed, and by the experiences or trials of many skilful men confirmed. Wherefore Tiberius Caesar (as reporteth Suetonius) was wont to wear a Garland of Bays, and to cover his proper tent all over with Seal skins, at such times as thunder and lightning happened, supposing himself to be defended from these, which he marvelously feared. Pliny reporteth that Bulbus (not for the smallness only of his body) escapeth the force of lightning, but through a secret and natural repugnance doth this avail against the stroke of lightning.   

The laudable devices and helps against Frost, blasting of trces, Mists, and rust, which be enemies aswell to Garden Herbs as fruits. Chap. 32.  
TO most men it is manifest, that there are two kinds of celestial injuries, the one, that men name tempests, in which the hail, storm, and such like as are meant.  
These (when any happen) are named a mightier violence and working of heaven moved forward, as Pliny reporteth, by the fearful stars, which be Virgiliae, Hyades, Canicula, Arcturus, Fidicula, Haedi, Orion, Aquila, and sundry others, carefully observed of the writers of Husbandry and Physic, and of them most diligently noted.  
The other kind is wont to happen, the air being calm and quiet, and in fair nights, no feeling to be discerned, but when the same is come to pass and wrought, which bewailed calamity is one while wont to be named rusty, an other whiles burning, and an other whiles blasting, that to all crescente things, is a strerilit●e, and at one word a destruction, so that all is caused by Heaven, and wont especially to happen in the Spring time. The blasting and burning of the blossoms of Apple trees, the flowers of vines and Corn, are caused through the injury of the Frosts happening in the night, and not as many report, to be wrought by the suns sharp heat, burning hastily up the dew, or the moisture entering in, and corrupting the heads of Corne. The same also wasting the tender buds, plants, and branches, is commonly named burning, for that it burneth and consumeth in places so black as any Coal. The blasting beside of the tender blossoms of Trees and vines, is named sideration, for that this especially is caused through the blast and striking of some Constellation. To these we add the rust, as a mighty enemy to fruits. The worthy Pliny reporteth, that the rust and burning, be caused only of cold, which happeneth in the night time, and before the Sun rising, so that the Sun is not worker of these. And the time when the like succeedeth, is known to be after the mind of sundry skilful Writers of Husbandry, at the change or full Moon, some Stars then of the fist bigness aiding, in the rising, or setting. The suspected times and days of the rust for judging of the good or evil success of fruits, is known in April, according to the falling out of George and Saint Marks day, and the ninth day of May, for the caulmenesse and clearness of the air. This celestial sterility, doth neither happen, nor cannot every year, for the proper courses of the Stars, both in the descending and ascending in Heaven, with the radiations or aspects one to another. In the which working, who can not but wonder, and for the same honour and reverence, the marvelous benignity and goodness of Almighty God towards mankind, yet of the constellations afore mentioned, and of the others which are infinite in number, the diligent antiquity only feared three of these greatly, and observed them for that cause, as the diligent Pliny noted, and to memory committed. First, the constellation Virgiliae for the fruits, the constellation Aquila for the Corn, and the constellation Canicula for the gathering of fruits, so that these for the same cause were named the Judicial Stars, to foreknow the seasons by. In whose days of the first appearance, if the air clear and calm sent down a kindly and feeding juice to the Earth, than was it a sure note to them, that such things sown, would grow and increase prosperously. Contrariwise, if the Moon at those times sprinkled a dewy cold on the plants and crescent things, then as a bitterness mixed contrary to the sweet and nourishing juice, the same so slew or killed the tender things, shot forth appearing above the earth. But to come to the matter: there is neither frost, hail, storm, nor tempest, so harmful to certain fields or Garden grounds, through which they at any time cause the sterility and penury of victuals, as the rust and burning heat do, for these falling and working in open Countries, procure for the more part through their harms a public calamity & present dearth, to the avoiding of which, shall here be uttered those skilful remedies, invented of the ancient Writers of Husbandry. If the careful Gardener would withstand the force of Frost and rust approaching, then let him burn store of Chaff, if such plenty be there, or near hand, but for lack of the same, may he use the dry weeds plucked up of the Garden or field, and the big Thistles, or other waste fruits, in many places of the same, especially toward that way which the wind than bloweth, for on such wise handled, Diophanes in his precepts of Husbandry writeth, that the evil nigh or at hand is averted. The self same practice may be used against thick and dark mists. Beritius in his Greek precepts of Husbandry giveth warning, that the Husbandman or Gardener diligently mark, whether the same be gathered in the air, which ready to fall, let him then burn incontinente the left horn of an Ox, with either Cow or Ox dung, making with these a mighty smoke round about the Garden ground or field, but the smoke especially directed by the wind, in fleeing against it. The worthy Apuleius wrote, that the smoke of three river Creavisses, burned with Ox or goats dung, or with Chaff, to be a most sure help and remedy against the like, that if the same be already fallen, I mean the rust, the Gardener may recover the harm after this manner, as the skilful Beritius reporteth, in taking the roots or leaves of the wild Cucumber or Colocynthis, which after the bruising and infusing in water for a night, sprinkle and wet the places well taken with rust before the Sun rising. The like may the Gardener work and do, with the Fig or Oak tree ashes, sprinkled in the places endamaged with rust.  
All Seeds of the Garden or field are defended, as reporteth Anatolius, from all injuries and Monsters, if the Husbandman or Gardener before the committing of Seeds to the Earth, doth infuse them for a time in the juice of the roots of the wild Cucumber.  
If the Gardener or Husbandman as Apuleius witnesseth, shall stick and plant round about the Garden ground or field, many slips, stocks, and branches of the bay tree, these will after avail against the rust, for into them all the harm of the rust passeth and entereth, as the like many times hath been observed of the skilful, which very often is wont to happen in the dewy Country, valleys, and in places where big wind of a sudden doth many times blow. Thus much for the rust, being enemy to fruits. Against the burning heat, which peculiarly is wont to hap to vines, the learned Pliny willeth the Husbandman to burn three live crevices, or to hang them alive on the Tree or vine.  
The Greeks (as certain Latin Writers have noted) did sow Beans as well within, as without the Garden ground or field, to avoid by that means the Frost falling, or at least, to avail against the Frost.  
These instructions for the workmanly handling and ordering of a Garden plot, shall at this present suffice, and like the remedies, against the harms and injuries that commonly annoy, whereby all Seeds and plants bestowed in the same, may with gladsome cheer to the Gardener prosper and increase, which the gentle Reader shall conceive to be borrowed out of the works both of the old and new Writers of Husbandry, as well Greekes, as Latins, that by great study, and painful labour searched and observed the most of these, or else not attempted of my part, to be published and made common to all men. Besides these, you shall well conceive, that the better part were confirmed in our time, by the experiences of sundry skilful men in the matters of Husbandry, and by earnest suit purchased, which to be brief being thankfully accepted, the author hath his due reward, and so an end of this first part of the Gardeners Labyrinth.  
Vale.  
A proper knot to be cast in the quarter of a Garden, or otherwise, as there is sufficient roomth.    

The second part of the Gardeners Labyrinth, uttering such skilful experiences and worthy secrets, about the particular sowing and removing of the most Kitchen Herbs, with the witty ordering of other dainty Herbs, delectable flowers, pleasant fruits, and fine roots, as the like hath not heretofore been uttered of any. Besides the Physic benefits of each Herb annexed, with the commodity of waters distilled out of them, right necessary to be known.  
WHere in my first part I have fully satisfied (as I trust) the expectation of the Husbandly Gardener and owner in all such matters, which may appear needful or requisite to be learned and known, for the better aid, in possessing of a commodious and delectable Garden: in like manner I purpose to aid the careful Husbandman or Gardener, after the possibility of my skill in this second part with such skilful helps and secrets, as are required about the artely sowing, and particular bestowing as well of the Kitchen, as other dainty Herbs▪ pleasant fruits, delectable flowers, and fine roots, which at large I purpose to utter in the same, and likewise the Physic benefits to each Herb I add, with other matters profitable, to the end the owner or Gardener may with better good will be moved to bestow an earnest care and diligence about the often removing, as well of dainty flowers as Herbs, with the clipping, pressing down, breaking away, and cutting off the ends of roots, that these may grow the thicker and bigger both in Herb and root. All which instructions and rare secrets, are part borrowed out of the worthy works and treasures of the Greek and Latin professors of Husbandry, and part purchased by friendship and earnest suit, of the skilful observers and witty searchers in our time of laudable secrets in Garden matters, serving as well for the use and singular comfort of man's life, as to a proper gain and delight of the mind.  
The like of which already uttered, may the owner both see and know by that plant, which in Gardens every where, as well those in the Country, as in the City, is placed none so common, none more plentiful, nor oftener used among Kitchen Herbs, than this familiar Pot Herb, named the Colewort, which by a diligence of the Husbandly Gardener, may well serve in the coldest of Winter, in the stead of other Pot Herbs, so that this Herb by good reason, known to be not only profitable for the Pot, but to the uses of Physic right necessary, hath moved me the rather to begin first with the colewort, in uttering what care and diligence is required about the sowing, often removing, clipping and dressing of the same, being afore bestowed in Beds workmanly prepared.  

What helps and secrets to be learned in the sowing and often removing of the colewort. Chapter. 1.  
THe worthy Marcus Cato in his husbandry preferred the Colewort before all other Pot Herbs, and the learned Pliny in like manner ascribed a principality to the same of all Garden Herbs, for which cause, I purpose here to entreat first of this Herb, that many of the Latins also for the mighty stem and arms like branches named the Colewort. Such is the nature of this plant, that the same refuseth no condition of air, for which cause it may be committed to the Earth in any time of the year. This plant desireth a fat Earth, and well turned in with dung, but the Cleyie, gravely, or Sandie this refuseth, except a flood of rain water shall now and then help.  
The colewort prospereth the better, being placed toward the South, but this standing open to the North, not so well increaseth, although both in taste and strength it overcometh in the same place, for through the cold air and frosts, the Herb is caused the tenderer and pleasanter.  
The Colewort joyeth on a hill side, or the ground stieping down, it delighteth in dung, and increaseth by the often weeding, as the worthy Rutilius hath noted: when six leaves shall be sprung up, or but five, the same then must be removed, but in such manner handle, that the root afore the setting again, be anointed with soft Cow dung, which ought so to be ordered in a warm day, if it be Winter, but if in the Summer time, then at such time as the Sun shall be going down in the West.  
The most ancient of the Greeks divided the Colewort into three kinds only, as the crisped, which they named Selinoidea, for the similitude of the leaves of Parsley, the same of them Lean, for the broad leaves issuing or growing forth of the stem, for which cause, some named it Cauloden. And the same which properly is named Crabe, growing up with thinner leaves, both single, and very thick. The Colewort becometh the bigger, through the Earth daily turned light up about the body. And particularly to write, the common Coleworts, which they name the long or green, aught to be sown from the middle of August, or from the beginning of September, that these may be grown up into big leaves to serve in Winter and in the lent time. The husbandly Gardener or owner may plant young Coleworts in October, and set them again in December, to possess the leaves in the sharp winter, and the seeds in June and July, and to make them also grow as big touft, as in the other seasons of the year and as tender or rather tenderer, although not so delectable: and have good regard, that the seeds be not to old, for these than bring forth plants out of kind, of which the report goeth, that seeds sown become Rapes, or navews. Such seeds as you would to endure for six years, aught to be carefully preserved. Marcus Varro willeth the colewort to be sown in saltie places, and when three leaves be come up, to sift nitre or salt Earth on them, so fine as the frost falling, for on such wise handled, these are caused the tenderer & delectabler the virtue notwithstanding preserved, which like practice is confirmed, in the Greek Husbandry of Praxamus. There be some which use Ashes in stead of nitre, or for the same cause, that either may kill and destroy the Canker worms, which greatly offend & waste the Coleworts in some Gardens.  
The singular Columella reporteth that the Colewort doth come sooner soft and tender in the seething, and doth keep the green colour without nitre, if the root lapped about with three small blades of the sea weed, be again set in the Earth.  
The worthy Pliny willeth the Reyte or sea weed, to be put under the stalk, in setting again, and unto the same end, the delicate and tender seething used, so that the Colewort before the seething, be steeped a time in Oil and salt, but in the seething, put in a little salt, for the Nitrous and salty substance consisting in it.  
The colewort may be caused both big and pleasant, if thrust into a whole, you set it unto the leaves in Earth, that no part of the stem be left bare, for doubt of perishing: and as the same groweth up in height, and the earth shrinking from it, so continually raise the Earth high up to the body, and cut away the outward leaves, so that no more than the top of the leaves may appear above the Earth. The colewort often weeded about, and workmanly dunged waxeth the stronger, and causeth the colewort to be of a greater increase, and tender of leaf. All the year through, may the colewort be cut, seeing at the year (as aforesaid) the same may be sown, yet grown to feed, it ought not to be cut. The tender tops of the young Colewort, is greatly commended for Salads, so that somewhat hot, both oil & Salt be bestowed upon. When rain after a drought in summer time falleth, the owner may renew those Coleworts decaying, by plucking away from them the decayed leaves, which either shall be dry or eaten in many places through. The Cabedge Cole or white Cabedge, may be sown thick in beds, but after certain leaves come up, removed into well dressed beds, half a yard asunder, grown especially to a big stem or stock, & these well joy under a cold air in that they are caused the tenderer and delectabler through sharp frosts, and the heads covered with straw, are caused both rounder and whiter.  
The wrinkled, crisped, and Roman cabbages, which of nature are more tender and delicate, aught to be sown in the month of March, and removed at certain times of the year, being always watered, when need requireth.  
When the Gardener or owner at any time seeth that the leaves of the colewort either withereth or waxeth yellow, the same then is a note of the default of water, which like happening, causeth the leaves to be yellow and full of holes or lythie and feeble, or else dry, through which of necessity they must feeble and die.  
If the Husbandman or owner would have Coleworts tender and pleasant (as afore uttered) let him break off in the setting again the outward leaves, for the inward leaves in the growing, will after become better of taste, and pleasanter in savour, than the outward leaves were.  
The red Coleworts naturally grow through the abundance of hot dung, or through the watering or well moistening of them with the Lies of wine, or else by the planting of them in hot places, where the sun daily shineth a long time together.  
Never take the tops of the Roman, crysped, nor the other, for your turn and use, but always the thick leaves downward, from the head or tops.  
All the sorts or kinds of Coleworts, may be planted at all seasons, so that the times and Earth, be neither to cold nor to hot. When you mind to set them again in holes made with a Dybbel, cut away the ends of the roots lest in the setting into the earth, they fold or bend to the ground, which harm them greatly, & only those of a big growth are to be set again, which although they slowly take root, yet are they caused the stronger. And the roots of these neither desire any soft dung, nor River mud to be anointed or laid about them, nor to be set in a soft earth, in that they joy & prosper in a ground meanly dry, although the outward leaves wither, until the time a sweet rain falling, recover their strength. Some water the younger Coleworts with salt water, to cause them grow tender, etc. as afore uttered.  
Pliny (that incomparable searcher of the matter of nature) reporteth, that pots or other vessels, in which by water daily seething, a crust or parget, so fast cleaveth or is baked to the sides within, that the same with no scouring can be gotten off, yet by seething the Colewort in this pot the crust immediately and with ease falleth off.  
Athenaeus writeth, that the colewort ought not in any case to be planted or sown near to the vine, nor the vine in like manner nigh to it, for such is the great enmity between these two plants (as Theophrastus witnesseth) that being both in one plot together, these so hinder one another, that the vine in branches growing further, rather turneth or bendeth back again, from the colewort, than stretching toward it, & it yieldeth less fruit there through. And the same to be true (Pliny affirmeth) the wine in the Butt or Hogg●sheade to be corrupted, both in savour and taste, through the colewort put into it, but the wine again to be restored, through the leaves of the Beete steped in it. By which argument or proof. Androcides singular in knowledge (as the like Pliny writeth) reported, that the colewort grealye availeth against drunkenness. Of which, it is now a common exercise among the Egyptians, that greatly love wine, to boil the colewort with their meats, that in eating of them like prepared, they may so annoyed the annoyance of wine after drunk. Paxamus (a Greek writer of Husbandry) reporteth, that if any poureth a little quantity of wine by drops, into the liquor of the colewort boiling, the same after seetheth no more, but quailed in strength is corrupted & changed in liquor. By a like man may contrary gather, that the person which would drink plenty of wine, without being overcome with the same, aught to eat afore a quantity of the raw colewort with meat. But for this matter, hear the sentence of the singular man (M. Cato) who willeth the person purposed to drink much wine at a feast, and to dine or sup freely, to eat afore supper, as great a quantity of the raw colewort as he will, with good vinegar, and being also set down to supper, to eat five leaves raw, these than will cause him to be, as one that had neither eaten nor drunk, whereby he may drink as much as he will, through the marvelous repugnancy of this Herb with wine, as afore uttered, and like noted by Agrius, in the worthy work of M. Varro.  
The colewort in like manner, ought not to be planted nigh to the Organye, Rue, nor sows bread, for the drying quality consisting in them, so that these either sown or planted nigh to the colewort, and other very moist Herbs, do greatly hinder, and cause them to wither. A like matter worketh the Lavender, set in beds near to moist Herbs, through the heal consisting in it, as the Radish doth, which through the proper tartness or sharpness being in it, burneth any moist and tender plant growing near to the same.  
This also is worthy memory, which Athenaeus reporteth, that in Athens (in time passed) the colewort was wont to be prepared with meat for women with child, in the steed of a certain defensative against annoyances.  
There is also made of the Ashes of the colewort, infused in water, a salt, in that the same possesseth a nitrous substance (as afore uttered) through whose benefit, if this be meanly boiled, and taken in broth (as we shall here after write) doth lose the belly.  

The Physic helps and worthy secrets of the colewort.  
THe colewort in the use of Physic, hath so many properties, that peculiar Pamphiletes the ancient, as Pythagoras, M. Cato, Chrysippus, Dieuches, and sundry others, wrote of the virtues of the same. But of the monuments of these men (none are extant) saving the same, which M. Cato, and Pliny, have left to memory written. Therefore a few virtues of this Herb (and of the worthiest) shall after be uttered.  
First M. Cato writeth, that this Herb cooleth and moisteneth in the second degree, and for the hardness of making water, which comes for the by drops or very straightly, he willeth to prepare the Herb after this manner, in taking the colewort leaves clean picked, and after the bestowing of them in scalding water, to let them seeth a while, which as yet half raw, pour the liquor almost from them to these, then add a reasonable quantity, both of Oil and Salt, but of cumin a little, which done, let the whole seeth a while, then taking it from the fire, and cooled, to sup a mess or draft of the broth▪ & the Colewort leaves to eat, as soon as they be thus sodden tenderer, which in like manner daily use, unto the time the patiented be eased.  
For all manner of ulcers, and swellings, use and apply the colewort workmanly bruised, especially the small stalks and tender leaves of the same, that the Greeks name Crambe, and with us, the common colewort, which like ordered, purgeth the Canker sores, and in short time healeth them, the like of which, no other medicine properly can do. But before the patient lay them on, he must diligently with much warm water, supple and wash the sores, after apply or lay on twice a day the said Crambe or common colewort bruised: with which remedy also, both lose joints and bruises, yea Canker sores and ulcers in the Paps of women, may marvelously be cured.  
If the ulcer be so tender, that it can not suffer the sharp working of the colewort, then mixing the Barley meal with it, apply on such wise and the report goeth, that there is one simple, which like prevaileth against the joint sickness or Ache of joints, as the raw Colewort diligently applied, doth, if the same finely shred, be eat with Rue and the Coriander, or else with a Corn or two of salt and Barley meal. aptly mixed with oxymel, the same be nointed morning and evening.  
That if a person hardly heateth or but little bruise saith M. Cato) the Colewort with wine, which after the hard wring forth, and warmed in a saucer, drop gently into the Ear, and in short time the patient shall feel the benefit of the same. These hitherto M. Cato, whi●h accustomed to prove the crypsed colewort especially, next the thin with great leaves and big stalk.  
Leaving further to write of the virtues, which Cato in h●s Husbandry, and the singular Pliny utter, I here mind to declare certain worthy practices of the Greeks as touching the colewort, and first they report, that the decoction of the colewort drunk with pleasant wine, to procure the monthly course in women, to these, the juice of the same mixed diligently with fine Honey, to cure the eyes, a the same wittily be dropped into the corners of them.  
That if any hath eaten venomous muhrooms, he shall marvelously be helped, by drinking the juice of the colewort.  
Nor they omit that the same doth yield a mighty nourishment to the body in such manner, that children eating of the colewort for a time, do the speedilyer go alone.  
The juice (as they report) drunk with white wine, for all days together, cureth both the disease of the Spleen and Jaundice, as the worthy Paxamus (in his husbandly instructions) confirmeth. In which he reporteth, that three parts of the colewort, with two parts of the round Alum steeped in vinegar, cleanseth the foul scurf and lepry, the same boiled and drunk amendeth the voice and grief of the Arteries. For which cause many students, use desirously this Herb.  
To use also the seed and leaves, with Sylphium and vinegar bruised, and applied on the grieved place, doth perfectly cure the bit, both of a dog mad and not mad.  
And if it shall happen through a distillation or Rheum from the head, that the Vuula or roof to be fallen into the throat, the juice then of the raw colewort applied to the head, will in short time recover, and stay the same in the proper place, a secret in very deed, worthy to be noted.  
The raw juice of the colewort drunk with wine, helpeth the bit of a serpent or adder, the juice with the meal of Fenigreke and vinegar artely mixed, and either anointed or applied in plaster form, doth effectuously cure the Gout, Joint sicknesses, yea filthy and old ulcers, as the worthy Dioscorides writeth. The juice also snuffed or drawn up into the nostrils, purgeth very well the head, and conveyed into the secret place with the meal of darnel, draweth the reddes or terms down.  
The juice of the leaves anointed alone, or with barley meal beaten and mixed, doth in short time qualify inflammations, and assuage great swellings, & with salt both breaketh Botches, and stayeth the shedding of hear.  
The diseased of the Spleen, this raw eaten with vinegar doth profit, after the boiling mixed with honey the same greatly prevaileth against eating ulcers, and Canker sores.  
The green stalks with the roots burned (or rather roasted under hot embers) which after the Artly mixing with old Barrowes grease, be in plaster form applied, to the daily griefs of the flanks or sides, doth in short time prevail.  
The juice of the colewort mixed with the oil of Roses, and applied to the forehead, doth remove the headache, procured by heat of the Sun. To this colewort boiled, if you mix the oil of Almonds, and Juice of the sweet Pome Granate, the same used, doth in short time deliver a dry cough.  
The Colewort (after the opinion of certain skilful Physicians) is found to be hard in digestion, swelleth the Belly, harmeth the flewmaticke (in that the same increaseth humours) and harmeth women, having the red course on them, for so much as the same increaseth such a flux.  
If you would dry a moist belly, then after the Coleworts be half sodden (by pouring forth all the first in a manner) pour in other warm water speedily, which like boil again, until the colewort in this seething, shall be tender and soft, and in eating, season it with a little pepper and salt: but this may not be handled on such wise, if you would use it for losing of the belly, for then after the shifting of it out of the first hot liquor, into a pan standing fast by with oil and a little salt prepared, you must boil again unto the time the same be ready.   

The commended benefits of the distilled water of Coleworts.  
THe leaves of the green and common colewort, are to be distilled in a fair and apt time, about the beginning of June.  
This water ministered or received unto the quantity of three ounces at a time, morning and evening, stayeth women's reddes. The distilled water of the colewort, profiteth the birth of child, when the time of delivery is at hand, if a Napkin wete in it be applied often to the nose, to smell unto, for by that means may she happily be delivered. The like quantity drunk, helpeth the dropping of the urine: And drunk unto the quantity of three ounces, at a time, morning and evening, stayeth a lose Belly.   

The Physic helps of the water of the red colewort.  
THe leaves of the red colewort gathered, are to be distilled in the end of May.  
This water drunk in the morning fasting, unto the quantity of six or seven ounces at a time, softeneth a hard belly, and three ounces at a time used (for a month together) putteth away the giddiness of the head: this water profiteth against the Apoplexy, and convulsion or Cramp in the members, either drunk or anointed on the grieved places. This water helpeth the trembling and quivering of members, if those be often rubbed and suppled with it, and the water suffered to dry these into parts by itself.  
The linen clothes wet in it applied on inflammations, putteth away the heat, and ceaseth or suageth the swelling: and orderly drunk, healeth ulcers, both within and without the body, so that the ulcers without, be applied with linen clothes, both morning and evening.    

What worthy instructions to be conceived in the sowing and ordering of the Beete for the Pot. Chapter. 2.  
THe Beete more often eaten at poor men's tables, aught to be bestowed in a most fat Earth, and sown at any season, but rather the Seeds to be committed to the Earth about the middle of December, and unto March, and like in August, to possess Seeds, which may endure for three years. The Seeds ought rather to be thick than thin sown in bed, and shot up to some growth, as that four or five leaves be sprung above the Earth, then in the Summer time, the plants are to be removed, if the beds afore were moistened or wet with flowers, as the singular Columella writeth: but if the ground be dry in the Harvest time, then to remove them where showers lately fell and softened the Earth.  
The Beete loveth or joyeth to be often digged about, and to be fed with much dung, for which cause, the young plants to be set again, aught after the ends of the roots cut off, and the tops of the leaves clipped, to be striked or anointed about with new Cow Dung, and then bestowed in beds a good distance asunder, which after the plants be more grown up, to be diligently weeded about, and the unprofitable weeds thrown away, for by that means they grow the fairer and bigger, being as I said bestowed in fat Earth and well dunged.  
The Beete may be caused to grow big and broad as Sostion in his Greek instructions of Husbandry affirmeth: if before the Beete shall be grown up into a stem, and shot forth in stalks, the owner lay upon the head a broad Tile, Posthard, or some other thing of weight, to press the top gently down, for by that practice or means in the weighty bearing down, the Beete is caused to spread into a breadth with the leaves.  
The Beete becometh the whiter and far greater, if the Husbandly Gardener anoint or cover the root with new Ox or Cow dung, and that he cut the root and top of the young Bete▪ as the Leek handled before the setting, and after a bigger growth to press it down as afore uttered. To have the Beete grow red, water the plant with red Wine Lies or set the same in a hot place, where the Sun daily shineth long. The Beete roasted in embers, taketh away the stinking smell and savour of Garlic eaten, if the same be eaten upon or after the Garlic, as the Greek Menander hath noted. This is marvelous to hear by the Seed of the Beete, that it yieldeth not the whole perfection or perfit Seeds in the first year, but an increase in Seeds somewhat more the second year, and in the third year a full perfection, from the first sowing. And Pliny reporteth, that the Beete speedie● cometh forward with the old Seed, than with new for which cause the matter demanded of a skilful Gardener reported of experience, that the Seeds of the Beete to sow, ought not to be gathered, before the Beete had borne a third year, after the first sowing of which Seeds sown in due time of the Moon, the best Beets come, and this not to be forgotten, that when the taste of Wine, through the Colewort (as afore uttered) is corrupted in the vessel, the same again by the savour of the Beete, as through the leaves put into it, is recovered. These hitherto of the Beete.  

The Physic benefits of the Beete.  
FIrst all the kinds of the Beete, have a cold & moist quality, and the white Beete as Diphilus the Husbandly Physician reporteth, looseth the belly, and the red Beete, moveth or provoketh urine, Galen affirmeth this Beete to be endued with a nitrous quality, through which it both purgeth and cleanseth filth, which virtue is more effectuous in the white, in so much that it causeth the belly laxative, and purgeth the body of evil humours, yet the fame passed to the stomach, biteth and plucketh it. The juice of the common Beete drunk, looseth the belly, but the same harmeth the stomach, in pinching or biting it, especially those persons which have a tender and delicate stomach, so that the Herb is better commended sodden, than the raw juice used.  
The juice of the Beete mixed with the oil of bitter Almonds, after the heating in a saucer, supped or drawn up into the nostrils, doth greatly help the stopping of the nose, & recover smelling through the purging or cleansing of the head. The root of the Beete boiled in water, and three or four drops of the liquor dropped into the ears, doth remove the rage and pain of the. And the juice of the Beete rubbed in the gums, doth assuage the raging of them. The juice of the raw Beete, anointed on any bald place of the head procureth the hear to grow, and killeth lice. The decoction of the leaves and roots, do also cleanse the head of Nules and Dandrie. The Beete after the tender boiling▪ applied on Whelks, and blisters of scalding or burning, doth in short time heal them. The juice of the Beete, drunk with Cumin or dill Seeds, removeth the gripings of the Belly. The black or red Beete boiled with the pulse lentils, and the same received, stayeth a lose Belly, which (as I above said) the white Beete looseth. This white Beete also sodden and eaten with raw Garlic, doth drive away the Worms of the Belly. The Beete boiled, helpeth the obstructions or stoppings of the Liver, more than the great Mallows or holly Oak doth, especially when the same is eaten with Mustard or vinegar, and eaten in like manner as with Mustard or vinegar, doth marvelously assuage and help the corrupted Spleen. The juice availeth against the holy fire or Shingles. This Herb is rather eaten after this manner, for Physic causes, than for nourishment, in that there is but a small nourishment of this, as of all other Pot Herbs, which to the full eaten of at a time, or often eaten, doth not only gripe and bite the stomach, but increaseth evil humours as well in the healthful, as sick persons.   

The special effects of the distilled water of the white Beets.  
THe time of the distilling of this Herb, is in the end of June, and that both the leaves and stalks together. The new water of the white Beete, drunk morning and evening, unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, doth marvelously prevail against the Sun, in that the same consumeth it. This quantity like drunk, prevaileth against the grief of the Stone, in that it purgeth the Loins and Kidneys. This ceaseth, the vexing pain of joint aches, by applying wet clothes on the places, dipped in it.    

What rare helps and secrets to be learned, in the sowing and setting of the Blete. Chapter. 3.  
THere are two kinds of this Blete, as the white, and the red, or black, both at this day very well known through their growing as common in the field as Garden. The stalks and leaves of the red wax so red in the growing, that they appear as died with a scarlet colour, but after a further growth, in time, these from that colour are changed into a purple, and at length wax black of the eye, of which the same also is named of some the black Bleete. The root beside of this Herb in the breaking, appeareth so red as any blood.  
The white Blete possesseth or rather sendeth forth branches and leaves like to the Beete, and the same without any sharpness or biting, being unsavoury, and each is of the same condition, that it speedily springeth in the Garden, as Pliny reporteth.  
And the white or red Blete may be sown in any earth, but rather in a well dressed ground, in the month of March, as the skilful Neapolitan Ruellius willeth, which strongly grown in the Earth, or fully come up, continueth and yearly reneweth of itself, without any proper sowing, so that in time this so taketh root by the seeds yearly falling, that the Gardener after can hardly weed the same out of his ground, if he would wherefore this once sown in a fertile Earth, prospereth many years by the yearly yeride and falling of the Seeds, and requireth neither raking nor weeding about it, as the worthy Palladius reporteth.  

The Physic helps and commodities of the Blete.  
THe worthy Galen in his Book De faculta. simpl. writeth that the Blete is a Pot Herb much and often eaten of the simpler sort, and in quality cold and moist.  
This as Pliny writeth is thought to be unprofitable to the stomach, and so much molesting the belly, that in some this moveth and causeth the Choler to increase, and the flix of the Belly. Yea this moveth also vomitings, with gripings of the Belly, through choler moved and stirred up, which by the daily or too much eating of it at a time proceedeth, yet the Blete of practise known, doth less harm the stomach and belly, if the first water powered forth, and the soft Herb put into a Pan, be fried with Oil or Butter, and a little Salt added, or vinegar, and so eaten. But this notwithstanding may not be often eaten, nor to the full at a time, for somuch as this (of experience known) procureth vomiting, and engendereth pain in the stomach, gripping in the bowels, and to be laxative, through the moving of Choler. And in the eating also this is to be remembered, that the Herb be not eaten with Oil alone, and a little Salt, but rather with vinegar added for the more part, in that the same otherwise is known to be enemy to the stomach. This Herb (as above uttered) hath a property in softening the Belly, especially when the force of it is increased, by some other slippery and clammy matter. These hitherto Galen. This notwithstanding drunk in Wine (as Pliny reporteth) prevaileth against the bit of a Scorpion, and laid in plaster form, on the thick skin of the feet, and in like manner, for the beating pain of the Temples, and with Oil on the milt, doth greatly profit. And the worthy Hipocrates writeth, that the same eaten in the manner (as afore taught) doth restrain or stay the Terms. These hitherto Pliny.    

What diligence and skill is required in the sowing and setting of the Garden Arage. Chapter. 4.  
THe Garden Orage for the Pot, aught by the agreement of the skilful, to be sown in the month of March and April, and in the other Months following, unto Harvest, the apt seasons and times herein considered. But in some places are the Seeds bestowed in the month of December, in a well dressed and dunged Earth, and the plants better prosper, being thin sown. These also may be sown by themselves in beds, and together with other Herbs, and they always desire to be cut or broken off with an iron instrument, that they cease not yielding forth of young. The Orache joyeth in the often watering, if the season and ground be very dry. The Seeds of the Arage ought diligently to be covered, incontinent after they are bestowed in the Earth, and the roots of the Herbs to be often digged under, and left hollow of Earth, that the roots may grow within the stronger.  
This Herb is supposed to grow the greater, being not removed at all, and for that cause the plants thin bestowed in beds, do evermore joy and increase the better. The plant in like manner increaseth and becometh the sooner great, through the often and diligent weeding exercised about the same. To be brief, this plant after the mind of Rutilius requireth to be watered all the hot and dry seasons, unto the time of Harvest, in that the same delighteth and increaseth the faster, through the daily moisture bestowed on it.  

The Physic benefits of the Orache.  
THe Seeds of this Herb may be kept to use for four years, and these through their cleansing quality, help greatly the stopping of the Liver, causing the shedding of the Gaul, or yellow Jandise. Two drams of the Seeds bruised, ministered with two ounces of Honey, and a draft of warm water, and drunk fasting, doth on such, wise by vomiting, cast up Choler. The Herb in quality is known to be cold in the first degree, and moist in the second, through which reason it softeneth the belly. The Herb smally nourisheth, in that the liquor or juice of it is watery and slippery, through which it lightly looseth the belly, and the leaves after the bruising laid in plaster form on hot impostumes and swellings, and like on the Shingles, do both speedily cool and heal them. The Seeds after the bruising, taken with a quantity of Honey, and the same sundry times, helpeth such as fetch the wind hardly. The Seeds like used, do expel the Worms in the Belly, and provoke vomiting. Pythagoras greatly misliked the Orach, in that the same (as he affirmed) caused by the often eating both a paleness of face, and the kings evil. But the worthy Dioscorides far●e otherwise judged, in that he affirmed the Arache Seeds to help the Jandise. The Arache also helpeth such, as have a hot liver. If the Herb Mercury with the Orach be diligently boiled, and the broth sundry times used, it doth both lose the Belly, and delivereth the pain of the Bladder. The person daily using the decoction or broth of the Orach, with the Herb Mercury and Beets, for a time together, doth speedily deliver and rid the Ague, The Orach eaten, is thought profitable for the person spitting blood. The Herb bruised and applied to the belly, not only cleanseth the defaults or corrupt matter within the privy place, but ceaseth in short time the painful grief of the Matrice. The Orache bruised and laid in plaster form on any member hurt either with Thorn or Nail, doth with expedition draw the same forth, and healeth it. The Herb boiled with honey, and applied on rough nails of the fingers, doth within short time lose them off. The Orache bruised, and after the mixing with honey, applied in plaster form, doth in short time remove the aching pain of the hot Gout in the feet. The Herb so tender and soft boiled, as any other Pot Herb, and eaten of the patiented, doth not only soften the belly, hardened or costive by heat, but removeth divers swellings.    

What singular skill and secrets to be known in the sowing, removing, and setting again of the worthy Herb named Sperage. Chapter. 5.  
THe field and garden Sperage, joyeth in a fat, moist, and well dressed Earth, and the Herb grown up to height, hath by every leaf growing forth, a red Bearie hanging down, in which a Seed is, that the Herb in the sowing cometh of.  
The Seeds to be committed to the Earth as the worthy Didymus in his Greek instructions of Husbandry reporteth, aught to be bestowed in the Spring time, into little holes of three fingers deep, in which the owner or Gardener may put two or three Seeds together, well half a foot distant one from the other, which thus bestowed, require after no more travel nor care for the first year, saving the digging about, and plucking up of weeds growing among them.  
But for the sowing and increase of the Sperages, it shall be to great purpose and commodity, to hear the witty precepts and instructions of Marcus Cato, Columella, Pliny, and Palladius like agreeing.  
The Seeds (say they) as much as three fingers can take up to one time, may the owner or Gardener workmanly put, and lightly cover, in Earth both fat and dunged, and in very little furrows, so strait made as a line, which on this wise handled, will by the fortieth day after grow so inward in the Earth, that the roots shot forth, will clasp and fold one in another, as if they joined together in one, and for the same named of the ancient Gardeners Earth Sponges. If the places in which you purpose to commit the Seeds shall be dry, than these laid in soft dung, lying allow in the furrows, shall on such wise be ordered and covered, as if they lay or were bestowed in little Hives. But in a contrary manner shall the owner or Gardener work and do, in continual moist places, for the Seeds in like places shall be bestowed on high ridges, workmanly raised with dung, that the moisture may lesser annoy the plants in the growing, which only ought to be fed or watered with the moisture passing by, and not still to abide in that moisture, to be cloyed with it. The Seeds on such wise bestowed, will yield a Sperage in the first year, which the owner or Gardener shall then break, or cut off beneath. But if the owner assay to pull at it near the ground, the small roots (as yet tender) and weak in the Earth, may happen to rise and follow with the whole Sponge, which therefore workmanly broken off, ought thus to be fed and nourished in one proper place, growing still for two years with dung, and diligent weeding. In the other years following, the Sperage shall not be broken off by the stalk, but plucked up by that root, that the same may so open the eyes of his branching, for except the plant be handled on such wise, the stems broken off, will not increase the eyes of the Sponges, but rather grow as blind, so that these will not after suffer the Sperage to yield or send forth the proper increase. The same shall the Gardener preserve, of which he gathered the seed, and burn after the crops & knobbed ends or joints of the same Herb. After this, about the Winter time, shall the owner lay or bestow on the Sponges, both ashes & dung, which the learned M. Cato rather willeth to be sheeps dung. There is another manner and way of sowing, by Sponges only, which after two years, aught to be removed into a Sunny & well dunged place. The like furrows ought to be made well a foot distant one from the other, and not above twelve fingers deep, in which the tender & young Sponges are so to be set, that lightly covered with Earth, they may easily spring and shoot up. But in the Spring time, before they shall come up or appear above the ground, the Gardener or owner with a forked Iron, commonly named a debbill shall so lose the earth, that the end of it may appear out, & the root of the Herb loosed from the ground, may by that means increase of a more bigness.  
The same M. Cato willeth the plant to be raked and diligently weeded about, but so handled in the digging about or weeding, that the roots of the plant be not loosed, or in the weeding by it be otherwise feebled in the treading down.  
In the winter time, the little grove of Sperages shall be covered over with thin and light Matteresses of straw, lest it should be bitten and greatly endamaged, with the frosts and cold air, which in the Spring time shall be opened and uncovered again, and fed with dung about the roots, that the plants may the speedier come forward & increase, through the comfortable feeding of the dung and moisture, orderly done.  
The worthy Didimus (in his Greek instructions of husbandry) reporteth, and after him the learned Pliny that many Sperages do spring up through the horns of wild Rams broken into gross powder, and these strewed along in little furrows, and after the light covering with Earth, often watered, which although it seemed not credible to the worthy Dioscorides, and that he much misliked the reason of the same, yet if the Gardener or owner shall make a proof or trial, he will after confess (I dare affirm) this experiment to be most true.  
There be which far maruellousser report, even that the whole horns of Rams, not broken a sunder, nor cut into small pieces, but only bored through in many places, and then bestowed in the Earth, to bring forth or yield in short time the Sperages, which if the owner would possess of them for all the year to feed on, when he gathereth the fruit, must then in the digging about (as the said Dydimus writeth) open those roots, which scatter and spread in the top of the Tyrfe, for the young plant thus ordered, will speedily send forth new tender stems, and yield Sperages, which lightly boiled in water and fat broth, and to the same both salt and oil or sweet butter orderly mixed, and a little quantity of vinegar poured upon, will after yield a singular delight to the eaters thereof.  
But in this place I think it necessary to be remembered, that the Sperages require a small boiling, for to much or long boiled, they become corrupt or without delight in the eating.  
Of which the worthy Emperor Drufus, willing to demonstrate the speedy success of a matter, was wont to say, the same should be sooner done, than the Sperages boiled.  
As touching the making of the sauce or pickle, the tender stalks sprinkled with salt, and wrought up in round heaps, ought so to be let alone to sweat in the shadow, after to be diligently washed with the own liquor, until they be sufficiently abated and cleared of the moisture in them, at the least, cleansed from the pickle, and in the laying on of a weight (after such manner) pressed forth. Then pour into an apt vessel two parts of vinegar, and one of the pickel, which workmanly thicken with dry Fennel seeds, in such manner as the tender stalks and leaves, may well be pressed down & covered in the same; and that the liquor reach up unto the top or brim of the Earthen pot.  

The Physic commodities and helps of the Sperage.  
THe fruit and seed are used in medicine, and endure for a year in perfit virtue, the Herb by nature heateth and moisteneth, and so the same reformeth and helpeth the Palsy, the King's evil, and Stragurie. The Garden Sperage prepared with meat and eaten, both not only help a hard milt, but stopping of the Liver. The root of the Sperage boiled in wine, and ministered in apt time of the Moon, recovereth the shedding of the Gaul, & is the same by experience known. The meat of the Sperage, is reported to be most profitable for the stomach, which with cumin mixed, both removeth the swelling of the belly, and colic.  
The meat of the Sperage orderly prepared, and eaten, doth not only procure urine (easily to pass) but dissolveth, and sendeth forth the small stones in the Bladder, through the juice of the Lemon added to, which experience will well confirm. There be some which minister the root (artly boiled with sweet or white wine) for griefs of the woman's privy place. There be which affirm, that the person shall not be stinged with Bees, if he anoint the naked parts with Sperage and oil bruised together. The decoction of the root, not only profiteth the persons hardly making water, but assuageth all manner of grief & pain of the gums, teeth, and mouth, by holding the same for a time, and washing the mouth therewith.  
The worthy Pliny writeth, that the Sperages (workmanly boiled) do marvelously profit and help the griefs both of the breast and Chine of the back. To these, the Sperage to procure and move forward the venerial act, and to loose gently the belly.  
Dioscorides reporteth, that the Sperages either roasted or sodden, do mitigate the dropping pain of the wine, the difficultness of the same, and the perilous flux Disenteria. Galen affirmeth, the Sperage to clear the kidneys and stopping of the Liver, especially with the root & seeds.    

What skill and observation to be followed, in the sowing, and ordering of the Spynage. Chap. 6.  
THis plant aptest for the Lent time (or for that the same oftener or more common used in that season) may in any ground be bestowed, for it cometh up very well in every place. And the seeds are to be committed to the earth in the months of September and October, to serve for the Lent insewing for that it is the first pot Herb, which is found in Gardens about the lent time. But in the months of December, Januarie, February, and March, for all the summer following. And this plant very well endureth the extremity of times and seasons, as the cold, frosts, & Snow. And although Spynage cometh well up in any ground, yet the earth ought to be diligently laboured before, & the same to be somewhat moist. The plants after the coming up, which appear by the seventh day after the sowing, need no weeding to be done about them, but only to clip off the tops of the tender leaves, whereby they may grow up the comelier & fairer to the eye. If the Gardener would have the bed of spinach endure a long time, & to profit he ought to cut half the bed along at one time, and the other half, at an other time. This pot Herb (after the tops cut and thrown away) ought to be sodden without water, in that the same (in the seething) yieldeth much moisture, for contented with the proper liquor, it refuseth any other broth added, so that this otherwise sodden, looseth the kindly and natural juice of the same, and beside to hastily drowned or overcome with the same. This being very tender after the seething aught to be finely chopped with a wooden knife, or otherwise stamped and turned often in the beating of it, which wrought up into round heaps, and fried in the sweetest oil or butter, must so be prepared with a quantity of verjuice and Pepper bruised, that it may the more delight the taste.  

The Physic benefits and helps of the Spynedge.  
This Herb for the pot, named Spynedge, moisteneth and cooleth (after the mind of the skilful) in the end of the first degree. The Spynedge both softeneth the belly, and moisteneth the body, and removeth the griefs of the Breast and Lungs. This gathereth wind in the body unless the excremental humour be sent forth by purge: but applied in hot causes this greatly profiteth.  
And if we may credit the Physician Serapion, this more nourisheth than● the Arage, looseth the belly, and leaveth after it a better nourishment, yea cleanseth, mundifieth, assuageth Choler, and profiteth both the breast and lungs. The Herb boiled and applied, helpeth the soreness and grief of the throat, proceeding of blood, and the red Choler. The daily eating of this Herb, doth marvelously profit such having a hoarse voice, and that hardly fetch breath, and much molested with the cough, if the Herb after the proper seething and ordering (as above taught) be either fried with sweet Butter, or the oil of sweet Almonds, and that to it Uerivyce and Pepper bruised, be wittily added. For on such wise handled, the same (daily eaten) doth expel evil humours, where in a contrary manner, the decoction and Herb simply being daily eaten, doth (by agreement of the skilful) engender in like condition Melancholy, as the daily eating of Lettuce doth. The Herb prepared (as afore taught) and eaten with the decoction of the same drunk, doth not help without doubt the grievous pains, and ache of the back, but looseth a costive belly.    

What skill and diligence is required, in the sowing and ordering of the Garden Sorrel. Chap. 7.  
THe Sorrel of the Garden, although it will well enough come up in ground not dressed, yet the seeds are evermore bestowed in laboured Earth, not dunged at all, in the month of April, and to be much and often watered, until they be well come up, in that the same especially joyeth being placed near to water.  
And the Gardener minding to possess the seeds of the Sorrel, aught, after certain leaves come up, to remove the plants, in letting them grow, unto the full ripeness of the seeds, which after the through drying, to be kept unto the sowing time. The Sorrel come up, neither well abideth frosts, cold, nor overmuch moisture, and to have the beds of Sorrel continue seemly to the eye, all the summer through, let the owner or Gardener cut the tops of the Sorrel, three or four times in the year.  
The like diligence may be employed, in the sowing and ordering of the Garden Pimpernel.  

The Physic commodities and helps of the Sorrel and Pympernel.  
THe Herb Sorrel cooleth and drieth in the third degree, and the Herb eaten, removeth loathsomeness, and procureth an appetite to meat. The Sorrel sauced with vinegar, and eaten fasting in the morning, is a preservative for the Plague. The leaves wrapped in paper, and roasted under hot embers, which after the bruising and mixing with a little oil of Roses, applied on swellings, doth bring them in short time to mattering.  
The seeds of the Sorrel bruised, and drunk either with water or wine, assuageth the dangerous flix Dissenteria, and the pain of the belly of a continual flix, and the abortement of the stomach. The roots of the Sorrel boiled with vinegar, or raw employed and anointed, do heal the lepry and Ringwormes, and rough nails, but it behoveth to rub over the places afore, with salt nitre and vinegar in the hot Summer. A decoction of the roots ceaseth the itch of the body, if with the same the body in a Bath be gently rubbed and suppled, the root besides boiled in wine assuageth both the grief or pain of the ears and teeth. Many in removing of the king's evil, wear the root about their neck. The juice of the Sorrel, tempered with oil olive, and rubbed on the head, removeth the grievous pain of the head proceeding of an untemperate hotness. The roots boiled with wine and drunk or eaten, remove any sickness coming of heat, as the Jaundice, proceeding of the liver or milt, in the like manner drunk, and the roots after the bruising applied in plaster form to the privy place, do stay the reddes of women long continuing. The sedes boiled in wine, do stay all manner fluxes of the belly, and remove the swelling of the milt. The leaves of Sorrel well bruised, and applied on the wrest, do assuage the burning of the Fever.  
The Pympernell of the Garden, heateth and drieth in the second degree. The Herb is especially applied for poison, in that the same cleanseth all the outward filth of the body. The root boiled in wine, and drunk, removeth the evil and venomous blood from the heart, of which the plague is easily caused to proceed, and ceaseth the headache. If a man be wounded unto the skull, the juice of this Herb dropped into the wound, and applied upon, doth in short time recover and heal that same without grief. This dropped into ulcers and other wounds, cureth them. As for proof take a cock, and strike him into the skull with a knife, but not piercing it, after take the juice of this Herb, and instil two or three drops into the wound, and it will immediately bring the same unto a scar. The Herb mixed with Rockette seed and vinegar, and drunk, moveth sweat, expelleth poison and evil humours, boiled with wine and drunk, removeth the disease of the Hips, and especially helpeth an evil cough, & purgeth the breast. The Herb boiled in wine & received, breaketh the stone of the Kidneys and Bladder, & removeth the strangury. In the same manner employed, profiteth against the gripings of the bowels. But this especially availeth against the stopping of the Liver & milt. The Pympernel, to be brief, helpeth the stone, moveth urine, assuageth the strangury, purgeth the breast, & expelleth the poison of the plague from the heart. The juice of it boiled, and drunk before the fit of the Ague, putteth away any Fever. The root may also be candied, as the Ginger, with Sugar or honey, and to prevail the like against the above said diseases.  
The Herb boiled, removeth a continual Ague: the juice of the herb, a tertians Ague, so that the same be drunk before the fit.  
A worthy experiment against the Phtysicke of the Lungs Take of the Pympernel brought into very fine powder two ounces, of new Pympernel water, and of Sugar, as much as shall fuffise, making thereof an Electuary, of which take daily two drams.   

The commended helps of the distilled waters, both of the Sorrel, and Pympernel.  
THe Sorrel is to be distilled, with the whole substance, in the spring tyme. The water tempered with Triacle, prevaileth against the plague. The water drunk, removeth all manner of inward heats, ceaseth thirst, helpeth the Liver and milt, by the drinking and employing of the same, with linen clothes wet in it. It removeth the shingles being applied and drunk, it helpeth scalding or burning, & putteth away the kings evil. It availeth in Agues, to cool the burning heat. etc.  
The root and Herb with the whole substance, shred and bruised together, aught to be distilled in the end of May. The water of the Pimpernel drunk morning & evening, unto the quantity of three or four ounces at a time, doth help the stone of the kidneys and Bladder, and purgeth the reins. This helpeth the plague, drunk within six days once. It profiteth women, whose Matrice is ever cold, and sendeth down the reddes, This drunk, with a little quantity of Castory in fine powder, putteth away the shaking of the members. This drunk unto the quantity of four ounces fasting, preserveth the person that day from any natural sickness, in that it removeth all manner of grief from the heart, expelleth evil humours, and procureth urine. This drunk, like profiteth against poison, it causeth also a clear skin and fair both in face and hands, if the party for a time washeth daily those parts with it.    

What skill and diligence required, in the workmanly sowing and ordering of the borage and bugloss. Chap. 8.  
THe Borage, & bugloss or Longdebeefe serving for the Pot, when the leaves are yet tender, and their flowers for Sallettes, require to be sown in the month of August, and in September, to serve the winter time, and in the month of April (the Moon increasing) for the Summer time, in that the seeds (especially of the bugloss) prosper not so well, to be sown at any other time, for so much as it joyeth to be placed in a warm & Sunny place, the Earth afore diligently laboured and dressed. These may the owner or Gardner remove (after certain leaves sprung up) at any time of the year, and to be placed in Beds, either alone, or in Bordures, round about the new Beds of other Herbs. The seeds both of the Borage and bugloss require to be gathered in a manner half ripe, to the end they fall not out of their Husk. And the whole Herb with the seeds of either aught to be laid in some high place, open to the warm Sun, that they may ripen the speedier, which full ripe, rub tenderly between the hands the seeds forth on a linen cloth or sheet, and these may you keep for two years.  

The Physic benefits and singular helps both of the Borage and bugloss or Longdebeefe.  
THe Borage, which otherwise of Galen and Dioscorides, is named the bugloss or Longedbeefe, is (by the agreement of the skilful) affirmed to be moist and hot in the first degree, which the self same Galen witnesseth, saying, that the bugloss is of a moist and temperate hotness, for which cause, steeped in wine, it is thought to procure a gladsomeness and joy to the drinker of it.  
The Borage boiled in wine, and the same drunk, procureth good blood in the creature. The juice of this Herb mixed artely with Sugar, and drunk fasting, marvelously helpeth the giddiness or swimming of the head. The Syrup made of the juice of Borage, to which a like weight of Sugar, and a little quantity of the powder of the bones of the Heart, these after the workmanlye boiling, drunk fasting for a time together, marvelously recovereth the trembling and beating of the heart. If the juice with the simple Syrup of Borage and Senee equally mixed, shall be drunk morning and evening, doth not only increase memory, but remove Melancholy. The flowers raw eaten with distilled vinegar and Sugar, do not only procure good blood, but stay the trembling of the heart, which like they in wine, and drunk, prevail. The flowers dried and preserved for a year, do like profit in all the abovesaid griefs, as the Herb doth. The Syrup of Borage used for a time, prevaileth against the King's evil.  
The flowers steeped for a time in the oil of sweet Almonds, and after the wring forth of this tenderly applied to the stomach, and region of the heart, do marvelously comfort the weak patiented. The syrups both of the Borage and bugloss, are applied in Physic, for the only purpose of comforting.  
To such having weak Lungs, and a dry cough, the bugloss steeped in Wine and drunk, greatly prevaileth: for the roughness of the throat and cough only apply or drink (as Galen instructeth) the bugloss boiled in Mulse, or water and honey. The bugloss steeped in Wine, and tempered with Mellicrate, procureth after the drinking gladsomeness to the creature. It purgeth the red Choler, proceeding of overmuch heat, being often drunk with sweet Wine. This drunk in the like manner, recovereth the Cardiacke passion, yea it expelleth the noisome humours of the Lungs.  
The juice of the bugloss, removeth the swelling of the feet, being drunk with warm water.  
The Wine for a time drunk, in which the bugloss shall be steeped, doth preserve a good memory.  
The same wine of the flowers steeped and drunk for a time, not only comforteth greatly the heart, but engendereth good blood in the creature.  
The figure of the furnace named Balneum Mariae.   

The singular helps and Physic benefits of the distilled waters, both of the Borage and bugloss.  
THe commended time for distilling of the Borage, is for the more part, about the end of the month of May, when as it beareth flower, which wholly with the root, shred and bruised, aught then to be distilled in such a like furnace & vessel, as here before is placed, named of the worthy Physicians Balneo Mariae, for that the same more naturally distilleth all manner of delectable flowers, and comfortable Herbs, than any other dry Furnace by Ashes doth.  
The water distilled in this Furnace, drunk unto the quantity of two or three ounces at a time, both morning and evening, doth marvelously remove and assuage, both the gripings and swellings of the belly, yea this cureth Dissenteria, and the hardness of fetching breath.  
This water drunk fasting, unto the quantity of two ounces, doth not only comfort the heart and brain, but rendereth a help to memory and wit, yea purgeth the evil blood, and removeth phrensinesse.  
This water easeth the grief and pain, caused by the sting and venoming of a Spider or Bee, by laying linen clothes wet in it on the place. This with the red Sarsenet laid on the eyes, doth not only assuage the pain of them, but procureth a clearness of sight, yea the water applied on the ears and neck, doth remove the ringing and pain of the ears. The water of the Borage flowers drunk, prevaileth by a like manner in all those griefs, as the water of the proper Herb doth, yet the water of the flowers accounted the worthier, for that the same purgeth the blood, expelleth Melancholy, and marvelously comforteth the heart. This also amendeth every manner of distillation of the head, by drinking two ounces every evening, before the going to bed. This drink profiteth against burning Fevers, and the Jaundice, and drunk or applied with linen clothes wet in it, doth speedily cool and amend the heat of the liver. The bugloss ought rather to be distilled in the beginning of June, in the like furnace afore placed, named Balneum Mariae. This distilled water drunk, profiteth all such, which are molested with the flux, Disenteria, the painful fetching of breath, and decay of mind, besides the penslue and troubled, and those which are weak of brain, if this be drunk morning and evening with Sugar, unto the quantity of two or three ounces at a time. This drink prevaileth against all hot sicknesses, agues, defaults of the Lungs, the Liver, and Milt: it purgeth also the blood, and removeth the pricking about the heart and breast.  
The water of the Herb drunk, amendeth the Jandise, cleanseth the lepry and Scabs, and stayeth the stilling of the head. This ceaseth the pain of the head, and burning of the eyes, applied with linen clothes on the head or eyes, this in like manner handled, removeth the ringing or sound of the Ears. The bugloss flowers, and Herb, of each two great handfuls, to which added of Cinnamon four ounces, a little bruised before, these together distilled in Balneo Mariae, do yield a most precious water, for the comforting of the heart and brain, if the same in the daily taking, be drunk with the confection of Manus Christi, made in tables with pearls.    

What skill and secrets to be learned, in the sowing, removing and setting of the Marigold. Chapter. 9  
THe Marigold named of the Herbarians Calendula, is so properly termed, for that in every Calends, and in each month this reneweth of the own accord, & is found to bear flower, as well in the Winter as Summer, for which cause, the Italians name the same the flower of every month▪ but some term it the suns flower, or the follower of the Sun, and is of some named the Husband man's Dial, in that the same showeth to them, both the morning and evening tide. Other name it the suns Bride, and suns Herb, in that the flowers of the same follow the Sun, as from the rising by the South, unto the West, and by a notable turning obeying to the Sun, in such manner, that what part of Heaven he possesseth, they into the same turned behold, and that in a cloudy and thick air like directed, as if they should be revived, quickened, and moved, with the Spirit of him. Such is the love of it known to be, toward that royal Star, being in the night time, for the desire of him, as pensive and sad, they be shut or closed together, but at the noon time of the day fully spread abroad, as if they with spread arms longed, or diligently attended, to embrace their Bridegroom. This Marigold is a singular kind of Herb, sown in Gardens, as well for the pot, as for the decking of Garlands, beautifying of Nosegays, and to be worn in the bosom.  
The Seeds of this flower, are commonly bestowed in a Husbandly and well dressed Earth, but this rather done by the counsel of the skilful in the increase of the Moon, whereby the flowers may grow the bigger and broader. But to procure the flowers to grow the doubler, bigger, and broader, the owner ought to remove the plants often, and to set them in new beds, lying in Sunny places, herein considering at those times of removing, that the Moon be increasing so nigh as you can.  
Besides some will, that many Seeds be put together into one hole, in the first quarter of the Moon, and to be sundry times watered, in the first coming up of them, unless the moisture of the air otherwise help.  
These after certain leaves sprung up, if they be often removed & clipped by due course of the Moon, yield a bigger, broader, and fairer flower, and they yield always more flowers in the Harvest, than in the Spring time.  

The Physic benefits and helps of the Marigold.  
THe juice of the Herb and root, applied up in glister form, recovereth in short time the Palsy members. The flowers and leaves dried, keep unto use, for if a woman delivered of child, the after burden come not, kindle or burn this Herb and flowers dried with wax, and with the same make a smoke below, for this is a sure and laudable experiment, to bring them down (the child afore delivered) as the learned Brumfelsius reporteth. For the paps of women swelled, through the stopping and stay of the reddes, minister the flowers with Spikenard and Wine, in that the same ceaseth or assuageth, and provoketh the monthly course.  
The flowers of the Marigold boiled and drunk, stayeth the flux of pissing blood.  
The juice of the leaves wringed forth, and dropped into the ears, killeth the worms.  
The rinds of the roots dried, brought into powder, and applied on foul bushes, do heal them in short time.  
The rind of the Marigold pierceth and digesteth evil humours, which boiled in Wine and drunk, helpeth the stopping and other griefs of the Liver.  
The flowers of the Marigold steeped in vinegar and Salt, and reserved, retain their proper virtue for two years.  
These comfort the stomach and procure an appetite to meat, yea they consume the humours of the stomach, and heat a cold breast.  
The said juice of the flowers mixed with a little pure vinegar warmed, and rubbed well on the Teeth and gums, is a sovereign remedy for the aswaging of the grievous pain of the Teeth.  
The juice of the flowers drunk unto the quantity of two ounces at a time, in the fit of the Plague, shall speedily be helped, if the patient (after the drinking of the juice) lying on bed, be well covered with clothes, to sweat thoroughly. The conserve of the flowers is a preparative against the plague. If seven grains weight of the juice of the flowers be drunk with three ounces of white Wine, and repeated sundry mornings, it helpeth the quartain.  
The powder of the rinds of the roots of the Marigold, mixed with the juice of fennel, Wine, and a little Oil, and boiled unto a thickness, to which a little wax added for the apt making of it an ointment, and so applied on the milt or cold stomach, doth greatly profit.   

The commended helps of the distilled water.  
THe worthy Hieronymus a most expert Herbarian reporteth, that the distilled water of the Marigold flowers, drawn in Balneo Mariae, do recover all defaults of the eyes, whether these proceed of heat, or through cold caused, and to procure clear eyes, besides the putting away of all griefs of the head.    

What skill industry and secrets to be learned, in the sowing and ordering of the Parsley. Chapter. 10.  
THe Parsely in the bestowing in the Earth, requireth small labour and diligence, and loveth a stony and Sandy Earth, so that the same needeth small fattening, whereby it may well agree to be sown in shadowy places, near to the Hedge or Herber in the Garden, and this especially requireth much watering, for the speedier shooting up. The old Seeds, if we may credit Theophrastus, do sooner come up, yea and the elder Seeds are better for the turn: the plants shot up, do endure a long time without sowing any more, in such condition, that the owner or Gardener shall not need to sow or set of the plants again, for five years after. The Parsely when it hath grown a year, it sendeth up or beareth stalks and Seeds, and a yealowishe flower. The new Seeds of the Parsely committed to the Earth, do most slowly come up in beds, in that these not before the fortieth, yea fiftieth and sixtith day after the sowing, do for the more part appear, as the learned Pliny reporteth, yet this ease and commodity ensueth, that once sown and come up (as above uttered) it yearly increaseth of the own accord, without renewing for many years. The Seeds as the worthy Neopolitan Rutilius witnesseth; joy in any earth, and as well in the cold, as warm places, saving the Seeds in the first coming up require much moisture, through which watering, they come so speedily strong, that after no air nor ground hindereth them. Both the Seeds and plants (as Columella instructeth may prosperously be bestowed, to increase the speedier, near to Springs, and little running waters. If the owner or Gardener would have the leaves grow very broad than let him attend to the words of the worthy Greek Florentinus, who willeth to take up of Parsley Seeds at one time, as much as can handsomely be holden between three of the fingers, and these after the tying up in a thin or well worn linen cloth, to be set into a shallow hole with dung, handsomely mixed in the Earth, which on such wise handled, will after come up and grow, with so large a lease, for the increase of all the Seeds will then be joined, & shoot up together in one blade, as the worthy Rutilius hath noted, and before him the singular Columella. But the Parsely shall grow biggest, (as the worthy Florentinus reporteth) if the owner by digging about the roots, bestow chaff about them, & after the covering with lightearth, to water them well & often. The Parsely may the Gardener cause to grow crisped in leaf, if he thrust and bestow the Seeds a little before the sowing in a ball stuffed with them, which broken somewhat with a staff, and as they were spoiled, commit them (as Columella willeth) to the Earth.  
Or the Gardener otherwise with lesser pain may procure them to grow crisped, in what manner soever they be sown, if he turn on the bed and plants a round stone, or big roller, as soon as the plants be somewhat grown up above the Earth: and the like may the owner do with the plants come up, if he tread them often down.  
The best commended time, for committing of the Seeds to the Earth, is from the mids of May, unto the Summer solstice in June, in beds thick together, and to be often watered, for that these speedier increase and come forward, through the heat in the same season. If the owner or Gardener would have the Seeds sooner break and shoot up, let him infuse the Seeds for a certain time in vinegar, which bestowing in a well laboured Earth, fill half the beds with ashes of the Bean cods. After the Seeds are thus sown, water them often and lightly with a small quantity of the best Aqua vitae, and soon after the sprinkling and moistening of the Beds, cover the beds over with some piece of woollen cloth, to the end the proper heat ministered, breathe not away, for by that means, the plants within one hour will begin to appear, so that the owner must then take off the cloth, and sprinkle or moisten the plants appeared oftentimes, whereby they may the sooner shoot up into a high stem or Blade, to the wonder of the beholders. To Florentinus, do Iunius Columella, Pliny, and Rutilius agree, that there are two kinds of the Parsely, as the Male and Female, the Male (as they describe it) hath blacker leaves, and shorter root: but the Female possesseth crispeder leaves, and hard, a big stem, in taste sour and hot: but neither of these two doth Dionysius & Chrysippus the Physician, allow to be eaten with meat, as Pliny writeth: Although the same much used in Pliny's time, as at this day, both in broths & sauces, for a better delight and appetit. They report, that by the often eating of the Female blades, worms engender in the body, and that the female eaten, doth procure the woman barren, as the Male the man. And further, the Parsely eaten of women with child, doth cause the births to have the falling sickness, yet they affirm the Male to harm lesser, so that for the same it was not altogether misliked nor condemned of the ancient, among the wicked fruits. Therefore it is not to be marveled at, if the late Physicians do advise & warn persons, having the falling sickness, and women with child, not to eat the Parselie: To these, if the Greeks forbade Nurses, and women with child the eating of Parsley with meat, although an other occasion may also ensue of the same, that it may hinder women's Milk Springs, and extinguish the coming of milk: besides that, this procureth the eaters of it, unto the venerial act.  
Certain report, that the sick fishes in Ponds, are mightily recovered and made lusty, through the Parsely laid in them.  
There is nothing that doth like sweeten the mouth, as the fresh and green Parsley eaten, so that the Herb often eaten of them which have an unsavoury or stinking breath, & sendeth forth an odious smell to be abhorred, doth in short time marvelously recover and amend the same: A matter very commendable and necessary, both for Maidens and widows, to deceive their wooers, by the chawing and bearing about of the Grene and fresh blades, whereby they may so remove for the present the strong smell of the breath, yawning or otherwise issuing forth, and by the customably eating, send forth a sweeter breath.  
Sundry in times past, preserved the blades of Parsley in a pickle, unto use, which received or contained two parts of vinegar, and a third part of Brine.  

The Physic benefits and helps of the Parsley.  
THe Garden Parsley is hot in the beginning of the third degree, and dry in the second, or it heateth and drieth by nature in the second and third degree. The juice of Parsley, Turpentine, Wheaten Meal, and the Oil of Roses, artely mixed and boiled together with a little quantity of Sarcocolla, of which by art, an abstersive or cleanser made, doth most perfectly cleanse and incarnate the ulcers of Carbuncles, and other impostumes. The Parsley boiled with leaves of the colewort and Melilote, of which a plaster made with Otemeale, Oil of camomile, Dill, and Oil of Roses, and applied, doth maruellousely resolve the impostumes of the paps, caused through the rankling of Milk stayed back, by part drying up the Milk, and part by purging the same.  
The Parsley eaten either raw or sodden, doth amend the stopping of the liver, provoke Urine, stayeth looseness of the Belly, and hath a property in strengthening of lose parts.  
The Parsley also hath the nature of piercing, for which cause it moveth urine, and very much prevaileth against the stone, as well the seed, as root.  
The Greek Florentinus writeth in his husbandry, that the Parsely with crumbs of bread, applied in the steed of a plaster, doth heal the Shingles, but the decoction of the same drunk, to break the stone, and the like to perform by applying outwardly.  
To these, for such hardly making water and diseased in the kidneys to help aswell by the leaf, as by the root.  
The black spots to restore to the proper colour, if the decoction of the seeds be applied upon, and to soften the hardness of the paps, by applying the leaves bruised on them.  
Pliny writeth, that the bruised seeds anointed with the white of an Egg, or the seed boiled in water and drunk, to amend and help the kidneys, and bruised in cold water, to profit and remove the ulcers of the mouth, this also with old wine ministered, to break the stone in the bladder, which like doth the root perform.  
This profiteth given for the Jaundice in white wine, and to such women whose monthly courses do not orderly proceed, or be stayed.  
This is worthy to be noted, that the raw Parsely yieldeth sweeter waters in the drinking, as the worthy Pliny hath noted, and to the mouth (as Galen writeth) the same pleasant and very delectable to the stomach.  
The seed taken in meat, doth expel wind in the body, the same bruised and applied on a foul Scab, doth very well cleanse, and procureth a fair skin.  
The seeds eaten, doth remove the swelling of the stomach, and profiteth the dropsy men, in that the seeds dry and pierce the evil humours, and consume them.  
The Parsely profiteth those persons, which have gotten the lepry of phlegmatic humours. It cleanseth the Liver, and removeth the pain of the Loins and Bladder.  
A sauce prepared of the parsley, with Sorrel and vinegar mixed together, and eaten, prevaileth against the burning of a Fever.  
If after the drying of the parsley roots, and beaten finely to powder the same, be mixed and drunk with the purest wine, doth not only procure a sound brain, and perfit memory, but purgeth the blood.  
The Seeds (after the agreement of the best writers) are principal in the causes of Physic, the roots next to them, and the leaves as third in working.  
The roots, Herb and seeds of the Parsely, applied in meat and drink, do procure urine, remove the stone of the Loins draw down the reddes, dissolve wind in the body, take away the gripings of the belly, assuage the strangury, pain of the back, grief of the Kidneys and bladder, and swelling of the stomach.  
The person bitten of a mad dog, by boiling and drinking the decoction of Parsely, and applying a plaster made of the seeds and Herb shall be speedily helped.   

The Physic helps of the distilled water of Parsely.  
THe commended time for the distilling of Parsely is in the beginning of September, and that the fresh roots and Herb, with the whole substance be distilled together in Balneo Mariae.  
The water of the parsley drunk unto the quantity of three or four ounces at a time, morning and evening, for thirty or forty days together, profiteth against the stone of the kidneys and Loins, purgeth the kidneys and bladder, and greatly moveth forward the urine.  
The water drunk in the same manner, helpeth digestion, procureth an appetite to meat, purgeth the Liver, easeth the strangury, and where so ever this water is anointed on the head or body, hears do soon after shed.    

What skill and diligence required, in the sowing and ordering both of the Garden and wild or running Time. Chap. 11.  
THe Garden Time, although it seem better to agree, to be placed nigh to Beehives (for the commodity of Honey) than in Gardens, yet our purpose is here, somewhat to write of the same, in that this is so carefully bestowed in Gardens, as well for the commodity of meats, as for the deeking of Garlands. There are found to be two kinds of it, the one white with a woody or hard root, growing on little Hills, which is accounted the worthiest.  
The other aswell in kind, as flower▪ black, which Actius (in meats) disalloweth, for the same inwardly received lightly putrefieth, and increaseth Choleric humours.  
The Time of the Garden growing bushy, and full of slips, is seen to shoot up▪ two handfuls high, bring most sweet and delectable of savour, and decked with a number of small leaves, bearing also purple flowers, tending to a whiteness, and the tops after the form of Ants bending in body. The Garden Time better cometh forward, being bestowed in a lean and stony ground, for which cause, it neither desireth a fat nor dunged Earth, but joyeth to be placed in a Sunny and open place. This well enough prospereth, being bestowed in beds, either in the seed or plant, but this speedier cometh forward being only set, yea this increaseth, being set again with the flowers bearing, as the singular Theophrastus witnesseth. The owners of Hives, have a perfect foresight and knowledge, what the increase or yield of Honey will be every year, by the plentiful or small number of flowers growing and appearing on the Time about the Summer solstice. For this increaseth and yieldeth most friendly flowers for the Bees, which render a colour and savour to the honey.  
The said Theophrastus writeth, that the flower of Time (spread abroad is destroyed and dieth, if a big shower of rain happen to fall.  
The worthy Neapolitan Rutilius in his husbandry instructeth, that the whole plant is to be rather set than sown, about the middle of April in a well laboured Earth, lying open to the Sun, and that the same may prosper and come the speedier forward.  
He willeth the owner to water the plants of time, or to moisten them all a day with water finely sprinkled on the beds, in that the time so fast drinketh in. If the owner or Gardener would possess the seeds, he must diligently gather the flowers (in which the seeds are contained) and not labour to separate the one from the other.  
The running Time joyeth to be set or sown near to springs of water, as by a Well, or Pond, for on such wise bestowed in the Earth, the same yieldeth the fairer leaves. This neither requireth, a fat nor dunged Earth, but only to be bestowed in a Sunny place, and joyeth, in the often removing. The running time doth many times proceed or come of the basil, rudely or without care bestowed in the Earth.  

The Physic helps both of the Garden and running Time.  
THe Garden Time heateth and drieth in the third degree.  
The Time after the well drying, brought to fine powder, and given unto the quantity of four drams at a time, with a draught of oxymel (or vinegar and Honey boiled together) not only removeth the joint sickness and ache of parts, but purgeth Choler, and all other Humours. The like quantity given, helpeth the passions of the Bladder.  
The fine powder of Time, ministered unto the quantity of one dram at a time, with a spoonful of water and Honey well mixed together, prevaileth in short time, against the swelling of the Belly.  
The powder taken, unto the quantity of three drams at a time, with a draft of Mellicrate, removeth the grief of that Hyps, assuageth the pain of the Loins and sides, amendeth the breast, and the inflations of Hypochandria or the flanks.  
The powder given, unto the quantity of three drams at a time, with a draft of oxymel fasting, doth marvelously help the Melancholic, the troubled in mind, and fearful.  
The powder ministered unto the quantity of three drams at a time, with the best white wine, both morning and evening, doth marvelously cure the blearedness of the eyes, and the vehement pain of them.  
This powder in like quantity used with good wine, assuageth the grief of the cold Gout and the deadness of moving, and helpeth the stiffness of Limbs, drunk morning and evening.  
The powder drunk morning and evening, unto the quantity of three drams at a time, with a draft of oxymel, doth in short time assuage the swelling of the Testicles: these hitherto Aetius.  
The powder drunk with white wine, morning and evening, unto the quantity of half an ounce at a time, not only moveth urine, and purgeth the Bowels, but sendeth down the after burden, and Terms in women.  
The form of a Syrup made of the Time with Pure Honey, artly boiled, and drunk fasting, doth in short time amend the hard fetching of breath, and removeth all other griefs of the breast, through the spilling forth of the corrupt matter.  
The powder is thought to help greatly the clearness of sight, being sundry times taken with meat: but the Time ought moderately be used, in that (through the often eating) it mightily heateth.  
The time given to such having the falling sickness, greatly availeth in that through the smelling to it (in the time of the fit) they are much revived, but such ought to sleep for a while on the soft Beds of Time.  
The leaves finely beaten and strewed on wool, and with oil applied on lose parts of the body, myghtilye prevaileth, and on burnt or scalded places, to great purpose anointed with Barrowes grease.  
Here conceive, that the Time which is black (as afore uttered) is altogether to be refused, and only to use the same bearing a purple flower, and tending to a whiteness, is best commended for all purposes.  
The running Time sown in Gardens, is by nature hot and dry, and this so much heateth, that it both moveth urine and the reddes, yet the same is sour in taste, as the worthy Physician Galen witnesseth.  
If any drink the fine powder of the running Time with pleasant wine, morning and evening, for a certain time together, doth break the stone of the kidneys and Bladder. The Herb laid on the sting of a Bee, speedily helpeth it.  
The Herb boiled in pleasant wine and drunk, healeth the bit of an Adder or Snake, the smoke of the same, driveth away venomous worms. This Herb boiled with vinegar and Honey, and drunk unto the quantity of a draft at a time, profiteth the spitting of blood: the juice of the Herb drunk, performeth the same, being mixed with vinegar, and drunk unto the quantity of four ounces at a time.  
The Herb stayeth the Rheum and stillings of the head, coming of a cold cause, it likewise amendeth the cough and cold stomach, if the same be taken morning and evening, with good white wine.  
The Herb steeped in Rose vinegar and bruised▪ being with the oil of Roses diligently fried and anointed, doth speedily remove the headache. The same ointment applied on the head, amendeth frenziness and the lethargy or often slumbering.  
The Herb boiled in wine and drunk, openeth the stoppings of the liver and milt, and moveth urine: this drunk in wine sendeth down the terms, and causeth urine, and recovereth the bit, of venomous beasts. The same boiled in wine and oil, assuageth the swelling in the throat, if the throat be daily applied with it.  
The Herb boiled in wine, with the juice of Liquorice, recovereth the cough, and purgeth the breast: the juice of the same drunk with vinegar, unto the quantity of two drams at a time, stayeth the bloody vomitings.  
The Herb boiled with anis seeds in wine, not only heateth the stomach, but removeth wind in the Bowels, and easeth the Strangury. The Seed in wine, doth greatly move urine, and expelleth mightily the stone.   

The worthy helps of the distilled water of the running Time.  
THe Herb, stalk and root, with the whole substance shred, aught to be distilled in Balneo Mariae, about the end of the month of June.  
The water of the running Time, drunk morning and evening unto the quantity of three ounces at a time, doth not only strengthen and amend the head, brain and stomach, but procureth an appetite to meat, removeth the noise or rumbling of the belly, softeneth the hardness of the stomach, and moveth forward the urine.  
In the like manner it drunk not only comforteth the sight, and consumeth humours and the distillations of the head, but mixed with the water of wormwood, and drunk, helpeth a Quotidian Ague. The same drunk to the quantity of three ounces at a time, amendeth a cooled Liver and milt, and recovereth or healeth the bowels exulcerated.  
This in like order drunk, openeth the stopping of the Nostrils and ears, restoreth hearing, helpeth giddiness, stayeth the desire to vomit, and expelleth the gripings of the belly and bowels.  
This drunk sundry times, both morning and evening, breaketh the stone, and moveth urine. This water applied with a linen cloth on bruised members, doth in short time cure them.    

What skill and diligence is required in the sowing and ordering both of the Mints and hollyhock. Chap. 12.  
THe Garden mint desireth to be bestowed, neither in a dunged, nor fat earth, but rather in an open, and Sunny place: yet this best joyeth in a moist place, or by some well. And where the like is not, the Mint in that ground ought to be often watered in the first bestowing in the earth, or this otherwise in short time withereth and dieth.  
The Mint ought to be set in the root or whole stem, in Harvest or in the spring time. The owner or Gardener lacking or not having the Mint seeds to sow, may in the steed of them, use or bestow in his ground, the seeds of the field or wild Mints, in setting the sharper ends downward of the seeds, whereby to tame and put away the wildness of them. This plant well grown up, needeth not after to be renewed or sown every year, in that once sown or planted, it after cometh up yearly of the own accord. And for the delectable savour which it enjoyeth, much desired and used, both in Broths and Salads.  
But this plant after the coming up, may in no case be touched with any Iron instrument, in that the same soon after dieth. This plant flourishing in the Summer, becometh yellowish in the winter time.  
The hollyhock or greater Mallows of the Garden, as Ruellius out of the learned Theophrastus affirmeth, doth often shoot up into the form of a tree, and waxeth so great, that the stem or body of it may serve to the use of a staff, which sendeth forth big stalks, and leaves both large and round.  
The flower of this plant for the proper time flourishing, is named the winter Rose, in that this plant yieldeth flowers like to the Rose, from the beginning of Harvest, unto the winter time, which flowers both of the red and white, lesser than the fading or vanishing Rose, longer endure and enjoy force.  
This Rose of the ancient Greeks, was named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in that the leaves (as Columella reporteth) turn about with the Sun, which at Noon time of the day are fully opened. The ancient Romans did also name it the sown or Garden Mallows. The common people in time past greatly pleased with the beauty of the same, named it the beyond sea Rose. For in comeliness, neither of them giveth place to the Rose, which if the same enjoyed a savour, it were not inferoiure to the Rose, seeing in colour they be equal in bearing of the red carnation and white, so that in savour the Rose only excelleth.  
This for the worthy comeliness and beauty, to be set in windows, is at this day diligently sown and set in Gardens.  
The worthy Rutilius (in his treatise of the Garden instructeth, that the Seeds to be committed to the Earth, ought rather to be bestowed about the middle of April, in a well dunged and fat ground, and to be often watered, until the plants be well sprung up.  
The skilful Columella in his Husbandry uttereth, that this rather joyeth to be bestowed in a fat Earth, well turned in with dung, and that moist dung be laid about the roots of the young plants, in the setting again, which the said author willeth to remove, after four leaves are well shot up above the Earth.  
This learned Columella writing of the holyhoke, reporteth, that the flower (as the Marigold) openeth at the rising of the Sun, full spread at the Noon time, and closeth again in the going down of the Sun.  

The Physic benefits and helps, both of the Mint, and Garden mallows or holyhoke.  
THe Garden Mint is reported to be hot and dry in the second degree, and this in medicine oftener used dry than green.  
The worthy Florentinus a singular professor of the Greek instructions of Husbandry, writeth, that the Mint for the same, might well be accounted an unprofitable Herb, seeing the Herb applied on a wound, defendeth the same from waxing whole, and to come to a scar.  
If the Mint be put into Milk, it neither suffereth the same to courd, nor to become thick, in somuch, that laid into courded Milk, this would bring the same thin again, so that by the same virtue and property, he sayeth to resist and abate the generation, as well in Man as woman: But others of a contrary mind defending the Herb, accounted in very wholesome, and beneficial to man.  
If the Herb boiled in Wine and Oil, be applied on the Paps of the new milk Woman, doth not after suffer the Milk to courde, nor to be thick, and the Milk courded, to become thin again, whereby it amendeth the hard and rankled breasts, in danger to break, through the Milk courded. For which cause, this Herb is wittily added in the potions of Milk, that in the courding of the Milk within the stomach, no peril of strangling through the benefit of this Herb might ensue.  
The Juice or water of the Herb, drunk with the juice of the Pomegranate, stayeth the resting or belching of the stomach & vomiting, as the worthy Democritus in his Husbandry hath noted.  
The Mint brought to fine powder, and ministered in Milk, profiteth against the long worms in the body.  
If the swollen privities, be often suppled with the decoction of the same, it doth in short time remove the swelling of them.  
This drunk in water with Amylum, assuageth the force of the painful Flux of the belly, and scouring with blood: beside, it stayeth the over great course and show of the reddes in women, and the same healeth ulcers on the Infant's heads.  
The savour of this quickeneth the spirits and mind, and the taste worketh an appetite, and earnest desire to meat.  
The juice of the fresh Herb drawn up, amendeth the default in the Nostrils, which also in the pain of the head, and beating of the Temples, is profitably anointed.  
The juice of the Herb applied with Vinegar, retaineth and stayeth the inward courses or Fluxes of blood.  
The Mint after the bruising with the Oil of Roses, applied in plaster form on hard paps, which be swollen through the Milk, doth not only soften, but defendeth them from mattering.  
The Herb eaten with Vinegar, looseth the belly, but daily eaten for a time together, doth marvelously procure a seemly colour to that creature, and this Herb at any time used, is very profitable and wholesome.  
The juice drunk with vinegar, profiteth the spitting forth of blood: the same anointed on the forehead, doth assuage the griefs of the head: the juice with Honey and water applied, removeth the pain and noise or ringing of the ears. The juice tempered with honey, and anointed on the eyes, removeth the moistness and dimness of sight.  
The Mint after the boiling in Wine received, amendeth a stinking or strong savour of the mouth: the mouth after the adding of Vinegar to it washed diligently, not only helpeth the teeth, but purgeth the mattered Gums: If the teeth in like manner be washed fasting, with the decoction of Mints, it letteth the mattering of the Gums. The decoction in Wine, with a little Vinegar added, removeth (through the sundry times taking) the blistering of the tongue, proceeding of heat. The Herb also tempered with Vinegar, and anointed near and about the eyes, doth in short time remove the spots in them.  
The Mint in cold sicknesses, yieldeth a mighty comforting rejoiceth the mind, and stayeth the will to vomit. The juice after the mixing with Vinegar and Brimstone, anointed with a feather on the Shingles, doth with expedition cease the pain.  
The Herb boiled in Wine, assuageth the pain of the bowels and Kidneys, and boiled in Wine with Oil, being applied in plaster form, doth both dissolve and cure impostumes.   

The Physic benefits of the Holyhoke, do here ensue.  
THe mallows of the Garden or Holyhoke, is the like moist by nature, as the other kinds of mallows, and serveth as well to outward, as inward griefs.  
The Herb, root, or Seeds, boiled in either Milk or Wine, and orderly drunk, do remove a hot cough, recover the Lungs blistered, and is a singular remedy against the consumption of the Lungs.  
The Holyhoke boiled in either water or Wine, and tempered with honey and Alum, if the same decoction be gargalled and holden for a time in the mouth, doth speedily cure the blisters and putrefied sores of the mouth and throat.  
The leaves of the Holyhoke, after the boiling with meat, eaten with Salad Oil and a little Salt, looseth the belly, and amendeth the hoarseness of voice: The root and Herb boiled unto the consumption in a manner of the water, will leave a clamminess above, which applied on any impostume, ripeneth & softeneth the hardness of the same.   

The commended helps of the distilled water of the Holyhoke.  
THe distilled water of the Holyhoke Roses (in Balneo Mariae) gargelled, or applied without with linen clothes, is greatly commended for the breakings out of the mouth, and profiteth as well against the outward as inward heats: beside, cureth the Shingles and ulcers of the throat, and all other swellings.  
The said water often drunk, is a precious water unto all inward heats of Fevers, in that the same cooleth & softeneth all impostumes of the Lungs and sides. It healeth and mitigateth the perilous flux Disenteria, the hot swellings of women's places, the Kidneys and Bladder.  
This assuageth the pain of the Bladder, expelleth the stone, purgeth the Kidneys and Bladder, being drunk for a time morning and evening.  
The water applied on the Temples in a hot Fever, procureth sleep, if the feet of the patient in a hot Fever be bathed with it, procureth rest, and ceaseth thirst.   

The commended benefits of the distilled water of Mints.  
THe Herb with the stalks finely shred, ought diligently be distilled in Balneo Mariae, about the middle of May.  
The water drunk morning and evening unto the quantity of three ounces at a time, strengtheneth the stomach, and digesteth the meat received. The water drunk in the same manner, profiteth against the stopping of the Liver and Milt. It openeth also the ways of Urine, as of the Kidneys and Bladder.  
The water in like manner drunk, procureth an appetite to meat, stayeth belching and vomiting, the like doth this applied without on the stomach. The mouth often washed with the same, recovereth a stinking breath, and putrid gums.  
The water drunk stayeth sounding, and giddiness of the head. If any taking a slice of Barley bread, and stieping it in this water, tempered with Wine or vinegar, shall apply the same warm to the Nostrils, the savour incontinent yieldeth a marvelous refreshing and strengthening of the feeble person.  
The water in like quantity drunk, purgeth the Matrice, and a linen cloth wet in it warm, and applied to the privy place, like prevaileth. The water applied on hard paps, dissolveth the milk courded in them, the same for a time drunk, healeth the ruptures within, both of old and young persons. The water after the mixing with Rue and the Coliander, gargelled in the mouth, restoreth the vulva fallen 〈◊〉 of the Herb steeped in Lie, be washed on the Scabs of Children, healeth them speedily.  
This like drunk, profiteth against worms, drunk with Wine, comforteth and heateth a cold stomach.    

What care and skill is required in the sowing and workmanly ordering of the artichoke. Chapter. 13.  
THe Herbarians writ the artichoke to be a kind of Thistill, of them named, the Thistill of the Garden.  
The artichoke which before grew wild in the fields, came by diligence (for the benefit of sale) to be carefully bestowed in the Garden, where through travel, brought from his wildness, to serve unto the use of the mouth and belly. The artichoke growing with thick scaly ears, in form to the pinaple, and sufficiently known to most persons, joyeth in a lose and dunged earth, yet the same better cometh forward, being bestowed in a fat ground, and by that means defended from Moles, as the worthy Rutilius reporteth, but sown in a fast Earth after their growth, be not so lightly digged up of an enemy. The said Rutilius willeth the Seeds of the artichoke, to be committed to the Earth in the month of March, the Moon then increasing of light, and that in beds well dunged, and workmanly prepared, which bestow in the Earth half a foot asunder, yet these not deep put, and in such manner deal with the seeds, that taking so many up, as you may handsomely with three fingers thrust or set those unto the middle joints in the Earth, covering them lightly with lose Earth, which if hot weather happen to ensue, the Gardener with diligence must water the plants for a time, for the plants on such wise handled, will yield a tenderer fruit and fuller head, as the worthy Varro reporteth, yet may not the owner hope or look for fruits or heads to come to their full growth and perfeitnesse for the eating in the first year. If the Gardener would bestow seeds to profit, he ought to make little furrows on the bed, well a foot distant one from the other, being in breadth and deepness of half a foot, which after fill with old dung finely broken, and black Earth in like manner small, in which so handled, bestow the Seeds to the depth of the middle joints, and after cover them lightly with fine Earth, not pressing or treading it down. And as soon as the plants have yielded forth leaves sufficient great, the owner ought to water them often, and to continue the like watering in a ground very dry until the herbs yield or send forth heads both tender and sufficient big, when the plants shall be well grown up, the Gardener must cleanse and purge daily the beds of weeds, & dung about the roots of the plants (if he will credit Columella) store of ashes, for the kind of dung the said author reporteth to be most apt and agreeable to that potherb, of which by the kind of the dung, this herb taketh the Latin name.  
The owner or Gardener must have a special care, that he bestow not the sedes in the earth with the contrary ends downward, for these will bring forth Attochokes crooked, weak & very small, if we may credit the Neapolitan Rutilius. If the owner would have the herb yield beds or Artochockes without prickles, he must after the instructions of the Greek writers of husbandry) either break the sharp ends of the seeds, or make blunt the pricks (before the bestowing in the earth) on some stone rubbed, which also many affirm to come to pass, if the Gardener paring off the rind of the Lettuce root, and shreading or cutting the same into many small pieces, doth after the bestowing of the seeds into each piece, diligently set these a foot distance asunder, will after yield heads the like.  
The Gardener shall possess Artochokes of pleasant savour, if he lay the seeds to steep for three days before the sowing, in the juice of the Rose or Lily, or oil of bays, made with the sweet Almonds, or in any other pleasant juice or liquor, which after the drying in the air from the Sun beams, he committeth them to the earth, for on such wise handled, the fruits yield the same savour as the liquor in which the seeds were soaked and received. For by a like example, the heads shall savour of the bay, if the owner steep them with the leaves of the bay tree, or he otherwise making holes, bestow the seeds within the bay berries, before the committing to the earth: And a like practice may he exercise in all seeds that be great.  
The fruits of the herb named the artichoke (will become sweet and delectable in the eating (if the owner before the committing of the sedes to the earth) do steep them for two or three days, either in new milk, honey, sugared water or wine aromatized, and after the drying in the air, doth then bestow them in beds a foot distance one from the other. The Artochocks be set in Harvest, which is about the month of October, that these may yield plenty of fruits or heads, aught to be those bearing big leaves & stalks, with big stems grown or shot up in the mids: which big leaves after serve to none other purpose but to be broken from the bodies, and the plants to be bestowed again in beds, with the stems in like manner cut off and cast away, as serving to no use, well turned in with dung: these set in such manner that the tendrer leaves grow uptight, & the stemmed in the middle being low broken off, to be diligently covered with light earth. And herein the Gardener must have a care to the watering of them, at times needful, if the seasons sufficiently moist not, either in the winter or in any other time of the year, to set forward or procure speedily the Artochockes to come: & set again the tender plants in well dunged beds, covering them well about with Ashes and black earth, the better to bear & suffer the cold Winter time, which in the year following, will yield new fruits.  
Many skilful Authors write, that if the leaves of the artichoke be well covered in the ground, about the beginning of Winter, they will after become not only white, but pleasanter in the eating, whereby to serve among the Winter meats.  
Here I think it profitable to the owner to know, that the big leaves or branches ought yearly to be broken off, from the old stems or bodies, least the elder in their yield might be hindered, and the younger plants in farther distances set, that these may prosper and send forth their fruits the better, for such is the fruitful and plentiful yield of this Plant, that the branches or great leaves broken off from the tender stems, and set again in the earth, will after cleave & join together, as certain report, and oftentimes to yield in the same year, both the stem & outward roughness with pricks on it. The skilful writers of the Greek Husbandry will, that the owner or Gardener in the opening and digging away of the Earth, to cut them up with a sharp hook, leaving some part of the root in the earth, which so pulled up, and anointing the root with soft dung, set again in a well laboured ground, turned in with old dung well three foot a sunder, & often water them, when the dry season cometh, until the plants shall be sufficiently strengthened in the Earth.  
Those which the Gardener mindeth to let run or grow unto Seed, such shall he separate from all the young plants, as Palladius willeth, and cover the heads either with a thin Potshard, or Bark of a tree, in that the Seeds are commonly wont to be corrupted through the Sun or showers of Rain, and by that means these to perish and come to no use, which if the Seeds be either burnt with the Sun, or putrefied with the moisture of showers, will after yield to the Gardener no commodity in the bestowing in the Earth.  
The owner or Gardener may not gather the fruits of the Artochokes all at one time, for asmuch as the heads ripen not together, but one after the other, so that the owner ought then to gather the fruits, when as these only have flowers below in form of a Garland, and not before that time, wherefore if the Gardener do stay until all the flowers be shed, the fruits will be the worse, and lesser delectable in the eating.  
The Gardener must carefully look unto, that the Mice haunt not to the roots of the Artochokes, for once alured through the pleasant taste of them, they after resort in great number from far places, to the marvelous spoil of the roots, as the Greek Varro in his worthy instructions of Husbandry hath diligently noted, yet not leaving the same without a help and remedy: for he reporteth, that the sharp assault and enterprise of them is withstanded and driven away, if the Gardener either lap Wool about the roots, or swines dung, or bestow the fig-tree ashes in like manner about them.  
The Moles in like manner do marvelously harm, and be injurious to the roots, in so much that through their often casting, and hollowing of the ground, the whole plants are procured to fall or lean, through feebleness in the Earth, for remedy of which annoyance, the Gardener may either bring up and learn a young Cat, or tame a Weasel, to hunt daily in those places.  
There be which settethe plants of the artichoke, in a fall and dry ground, to the end the Moles should not so lightly in their working, overthrow them.  
The owner which would understand and know other helps, let him resort unto those experiments, which we have uttered in the first part.  

The Physic benefits and helps of the artichoke.  
THe Artochocke eaten green or raw with vinegar reformeth the savour of the mouth. The Eared and scaly kernels cleaving or sticking round about the head, being tenderly boiled (after the manner of the Sperage) from which after the liquor powdered, the Ears again boiled with Butter, and seasoned with vinegar, and Salt, do yield a delectable sauce with meat right profitable.  
There be some, which rather eat the Ears 〈◊〉 than sodden, being afore prepared with Salt and the fine powder of Pepper or Coliander seeds strawed upon, for by that means (as they affirm) is the natural sweetness of them more kindly and delectably represented and felt.  
Certain report, that the Ears only steeped in wine, to cause urine and move the venerial act, as the worthy Hesiodus reporteth, which (as Ruellius hath noted) at the bearing of the flower, the grasshoppers than do loudest sing, and women greediest to the venerial act, but men at the same time flowst.  
The root (after clean scraping and keeping forth of the Pythias) boiled in wine, and drunk, not only amendeth the hardness of making water, but the rank savour & stinking smell of the Armholes, which Xenocrates affirmeth, of experience, to send forth on such wise the stink in the urine, caused by the heat of the small pocks, or of any other occasion.  
The Artochocke tenderly boiled and eaten, is said to strengthen the stomach, and help somewhat the privy places, that men children may be conceived, as the Athenian Cherias and Glaucias affirm,  
The worthy Galen reporteth, the meat of the Artochocke to be of an evil nourishment, and incommodious to the stomach, especially when the same shall be hard at the first yielding of the flower, for then the Ears possess a great quantity of Choleric juice in them▪ which for the same, ought rather to be eaten boiled, than raw yet some be of this mind, that the younger heads, tender and full of juice, being prepared (as afore taught) may with the more delight, and lesser harm be eaten.    

What skill and diligence to be learned in sowing, and workmanly ordering, both of the endive and Succory. Chap. 14.  
THe endive, otherwise named the Sycorie or sour Lettuce, serveth rather for the use of Medicine, than for other purposes, so that by a travel caused to grow acceptable in the Garden, for as much as this of itself, by nature, is evermore sour, although it be a kind of the Lettuce, which ought often to be removed and changed into sundry places, that the nature of it may on such wise be altered, with lesser travail to the Gardener.  
The endive thus bestowed in Beds, may well abide the cold season of winter, wherefore in cold Countries, this better agreeth to be sown near the end of Harvest, and well grown up, to be removed and laid again in the earth, that these, in the lying, may on such wise become white, if so be (before the covering) the Herbs be strewed over with river sand, and often watered (if not helped by showers of rain) which then cover with light earth, letting these so rest, until by a diligence in the watering, they become sufficiently white for Salettes or other purposes. The young plants of the Endive are not to be removed, before that sour leaves be sufficiently sprung up, and these cut at the ends of the roots, aswell as the tops of the leaves, with soft Cow dung anointed about the roots, before the bestowing in the earth, which lightly covered, water so long, until the plants, be sufficient strong in the Earth.  
The Sycorie is of the nature of the endive, which in like manner retaineth the proper bitterness, being not like removed and ordered as the endive. This desireth a moist ground and the Earth to be well laboured, when sour leaves be come up: the plants after the removing, ought again to be set in a well dunged earth, and that these may yield fair, large and long leaves, let the owner, after the leaves be somewhat more shot up, or on the middle of them lay a piece of a Tylestone, for by the weight of the same, will the leaves spread out, and enjoy more Touffrs or grow thicker. By this workmanly ordering, will the bitterness of the leaves be removed, & they aptly serve in the winter time, for the use of the Salads, if so be the plants be set again, in the end of August, or rather in the beginning of September, when the leaves are shot up big, and in the pulling up, the Earth not knocked of the roots, but with soft Cow dung the roots gently anointed about, and bestowed after in beds well turned in with dung.  
The leaves laid along in well dunged Beds (to be white) cover so over with lose Earth, that the roots may lie upward, and over them lying a long in the Earth, make some coverture in the form of a harbouring place, or rather strew upon them the chaff or corn, for the better defence of the cold, and bitter winds.  
Certain report, that the like may be purchased, if the owner, after certain leaves of the Sycorie shot up, bindeth altogether, with a brown thread, and covereth them after with a pot of Earth, to the end that those may daily draw by the roots, a nourishment from the earth, which by the same means, shall purchase both a whiteness and tenderness, and lose a great part of the proper sourness.  

The Physic helps, both of the endive and Sychorie.  
The Endive, which by another name, is termed the wild Lettuce, is reported to be cold and dry in the second degree, and of this, only the leaves & seeds serve to the use of Physic, yet are the leaves brought apt to be eaten in Salads.  
The root, by the consent of all writers, is to little use, therefore in our time, seldom applied in Medicine.  
The green leaves exercised in Medicine, are to great purpose, but the dry, prevail little or nothing at al.  
The green serve to comfort, for which cause they prevail against the stopping of the Liver and milt, through the occasion of Choler, and these like prevail against a simple and double Tertian, and against the heat of the liver, and against hot or burning impostumes eaten either sodden, or raw with vinegar. The Syrup made of the decoction of the Herb with Sugar, availeth in all the abovesaid.  
The juice or Syrup given with Ruberbe, about the fourth or sixth day after digestion of the matter, greatly prevaileth for the heat of the Liver, and a burning impostume, the said Herb or juice applied in plaster form, greatly availeth. If the leaves can not be had, then use the seeds bruised and boiled, it to applying the same hot places, which greatly profiteth.  
The juice of leaves applied on hot bushes, qualifieth and draweth forth the heat in them, the Herb bruised and laid on hot impostumes greatly helpeth. The herb applied on the left pap with vinegar, mightily profiteth the Cardiacke passion, the same on the belly, stayeth the flix.  
The Syrup made or the Endive and Hearts tongue, prevaileth against the king's evil, the Herb applied in plaster form, with Ceruse and vinegar, healeth the Shingles, hot impostumes, and swellings: the juice applied with vinegar and rose-water on the temples, assuageth the headache. The drinking of the juice, every second day, recovereth the spitting of blood, and assuageth the excess of sperm. The juice is effectuously anointed with Ceruse and vinegar, on all parts, which are healed by cooling.  
The Sicorie is of a dry and cold quality, yet somewhat more than the endive, this Herb (as Aegineta reporteth) is both of cooling & drying in the first degree, and hath also the virtue of binding.  
The Herb bruised with the root, and round Trochyses or flat Balls made of the same, which after dissolved in rose-water, & anointed on scabbed places, doth both cure them, and causeth a fairer skin. If any use this potion, made with the juice of Cychorie, endive, and Heart's tongue, to which a quantity of Sugar added, in the boiling with water and a little vinegar, doth in short time recover the stopping of the Liver and milt.  
So that pills of Ruberbe be after ministered, and the comforting Electuary of the three Saunders taken.  
If any prepareth this plaster made of Serapium, & Myrrh, of each a like weight, to which the oil of Camomile and Honey in like proportion added, & the same applied warm to the woman's privy place, doth on such wise purge the Matrice, that she may after conceive with child. And in the proper purgings of the women (as Pliny reporteth) the decoction of the Herb in water so much prevaileth, that it draweth forth the dead youngling.  
The juice of the Herb boiled, and ministered, looseth the belly, helpeth the Liver, kidneys, and stomach, boiled in vinegar removeth the vexing pain of the urine, yea the kings evil, applied with Milk or water and Honey, if it be without a Fever.  
The Cychorie taken with vinegar (as Discorides reporteth) is profitable to the stomach, for that the same in meat assuageth the heat and infirmities of the same. And by itself applied, and with barley meal laid plaster wise on the region of the heart, greatly helpeth, in the plague, and burning Agues the same is to be used to great purpose. It also qualifieth Pestilent bushes, if the water of the decoction of the same be applied on the places, with linen clothes. The flower thrown into a pismyers' hill, soon after becometh as red as blood.  
This Herb boiled in wine, and taken with meat, is very profitable to the stomach, in that the same helpeth digestion, the flowers bruised with the roots, and applied in plaster form on the Gout, do incontinent assuage the pain of the same proceeding of heat. This plaster applied on the Shingles, doth marvelously▪ remove the mighty heat.   

The commended virtues of the distilled water, both of the endive and Cychorie.  
THe time aptest for the distilling of Endive, is in the end of May, the leaves (before the distilling) plucked from the stems, and finely shred.  
The Endive water drunk unto the quantity of two ounces at a time both morning and evening, profiteth the straightness and stopping of the breast, in the same manner drunk, is available to women with child in that this both strengtheneth them, and amendeth senses.  
The endive water mixed with the water of Plantein, Rose water, and the white Sief without Opium, of which an ointment made after art, doth in short time recover ulcers distempered of a hot matter, and especially those happening on the privities.  
The said water with the juice of the March Mallow roots, oil of Roses and Camomile, Saffron, barley meal, & the yolks of Eggs mixed altogether over the fire, and applied in plaster form, is a present remedy, both for the Gout of the hands and feet.  
The Endive water drunk unto the quantity of four or five ounces at a time, both morning and evening, recovereth the plague, repelleth or putteth away the kings evil, ceaseth thirst, & in good quantity drunk assuageth the heat of the Liver.  
This helpeth the stitch in the side, and pricking felt about the heart, drunk unto the quantity of three or four ounces at a time, both morning & evening, a linen cloth or bolster of hemp applied on a hot Liver, qualifieth the heat, or in what part of the body the like happeneth, but as the linen clothes wax dry, evermore to wet them in this water.  
The best time for distilling the chicory, is in the middle of may, the herb & root to be finely shred, before the distilling in a tin alembic.  
The water of Cychory drunk unto the quantity of two ounces at a time, both morning and evening, and at Noon, or taken with drink in this manner, removeth the heat of the stomach. This drunk in the like manner or applied with linen clothes on the region of the Heart, both comforteth and strengtheneth the heart and stomach.  
And as this applied with linen clothes on the Liver, assuageth the heat of it, so it openeth the stopping of the same. This drunk in the said manner, preserveth the creature from the plague This like availeth for carbuncles, either drunk, or applied with linen clothes on the places: this also often drunk, stayeth the rising of the lungs unto the throat, and stoppeth the perilous flux Disenteria.  
The water in like quantity drunk, openeth the stopping of the Liver & milt, this gargelled in the mouth and drunk, helpeth the swelling of the Vuula and throat, it helpeth also wasted members, if those be often bathed with the same and drunk in like condition or applied with linen clothes, helpeth the bit of a venomous beast.  
The flowers after the gathering in the morning, distilled in Balneo Mariae and orderly applied, serveth unto diverse impediments of the eyes, as unto the ulcers of them, the mistynes or dimness of sight, the Pin, web, and spots in the eyes, and unto many other like griefs.    

What care, skill, and secrets to be learned in the sowing, and workmanly ordering of the Lettuce. Chap. 15.  
THe Garden Lettuce, desireth a well laboured ground, fat, moist, and dunged, appearing for the more part by the fourth day above the Earth, so that the Seed in the Earth be not burned of the sun, or the ground unfruitful. The seed may be committed to the earth, all the year through if the place for the growing, shall be battle dunged, and moist. The seeds may be sown in beds thick together, and in the month of March or beginning of April, in that the tender plants can not endure the nipping frosts, nor cold air. Those seeds which the owner bestoweth in beds in the month of September, will so be hardened for the winter time, that the plants may well endure to be removed and set at any time, and watered for two or three days together, unless these be otherwise moistened with the daily and sweet showers of the air. And in committing of the seeds to the Earth, the owner ought to have a care, for watering of the beds, least the heat consisting in the dung, breatheth or casteth the seeds forth of the earth.  
The plants risen or sprung up, well four or five leaves above the Earth, ought then to be removed and set again into a fat ground, a good distance one from the other, and to water them well at the roots, so that it freeze not, nor the season be very hot.  
The owner or Gardener may not remove (to set again) the small or common Lettuces, but the great, which will become crisped and thick (named of diverse, the Roman Lettuce) that yieldeth white and far bigger seeds: these if the Gardener bestoweth again in Beds, will shoot up far fairer and greater in tuff, and in taste pleasant, if he especially break away the first leaves before the setting of them in Beds, for as much as the first or outward stalks have much milk in them, which will lightly become bitter through the heat of the Sun.  
If the owner would possess fair and whit Leettuces, he ought to bind the leaves up together with a thread, well two days before the plucking up▪ and setting again in other Beds, which so done, he must straw thick over, with river or sea sand, which the worthy Pliny seemeth only to ascribe to those which yield the white Seeds, whose nature is such, that they best endure the cold winter. But if these through the default of the place, season, or seeds, wax hard, the Gardener may procure the plants to grow tender, by plucking them up, and setting them in well wrought beds.  
The Lettuce spreadeth into a breadth, if so be the owner either setteth it asunder, or when it is grown into big leaves, the tops gently cut off, it be pressed down with a Turf of Earth, Tile or Potshard, whereby it may the less shoot up into a stem. For through the weight thus laid upon (the plant kept under) is forced to creep, and shed forth into a breadth, as the singular Florentinus in his Greek husbandry, & after him Columella, to these, Pliny and the worthy Neapolitan Rutilius utter.  
The Lettuces are caused to grow broad, round, thick of leaves, crysped, and low by the earth, if the plants removed when they be shot up a hand breadth, be after the cutting away of the hairy roots, anointed well about with new Cow dung, and in heaping the Earth well about them, be often watered, and assoon as these are grown to a more strength, to clip the tops of the leaves off with a sharp pair of shears, and to cover them with pots of earth new filled, in such manner that the tops beaten or pressed down, may grow touffed round up, and white, as the said Florentinus (in his Greek instructions of husbandry) reporteth that he did.  
If the owner mindeth to enjoy Lettuces sweet in taste and smell, let him (two days before the pulling up) bind up the tops of the leaves hard together, for by that means in the farther growing, will the plants be the fairer, sweeter, and whiter. Herein remembering, that at the tying (on such wise) of the plants, & they stronger grown to be then pressed down, as afore taught, with either Tile or potsherd or Turf of Earth.  
The skilful Florentinus (doth also affirm) that the plants may be caused to grow sweet and pleasant of smell, if the owner bestoweth of the lettuce seeds, into the citron seeds, before the committing to the earth which likewise the Gardener may perform, by infusing the seeds in either damask or musk water, for certain days.  
Here I think 〈◊〉 not impertinent to the matter, to recite in this place the marvelous devise of Aristoxenus Cyreneus: This man as Pliny writeth, leaving his proper country, for the earnest desire he had to Philosophy, and setting a felicity in banqueting dishes, watered at evening divers Lettuses (as they grew on the earth) with wine and honey mixed together, & with the same liquor so long filled them, until the herbs had sufficiently drunk: which after he had left them unto the next morrow, boasted that he had purchased delicates from the earth. This no doubt a worthy invention for a proper banquet, but no philosophy consisting in it: therefore leaving further to report of this, we will return to our former matter.  
The Lettuce obtaineth a tenderer leaf, or the leaves become the tenderer, if the root (as aforesaid) be diligently anointed about with the best Cowdung, and watered at needful times with river or running water, or the tops of the leaves, as I afore wrote, tied close together with a thread, well two days before the pulling up and setting again.  
If the Gardener desire to have a plant to grow of a marvelous form, & divers in taste, he shall with an easy cost and light travail (as the skilful Greek Didymus reporteth) perform the same, if he will properly make a hole into a round pellet made of goats dung, and into the same put of the Lettuce, Cresses, basil, Rocket, and Radish seeds (as the like Rutilius writeth) and that ball wrapped in dung, be bestowed in a well laboured earth, the furrow not being deep, and soft dung laid over, with the light earth: and this often and gently (or by little and little) sprinkled with water: For the radish shooting down performeth the root, but the other seeds shoot into a height, the Lettuce rising withal, and each yielding the plant in their proper taste.  
There be some which in two or three terdyles of the Goat or sheep bruised, and made up into a ball, bestow the foresaid seeds, and tying this in a linen cloth, do set it into the earth, with the like care and diligence, as above is uttered.  
Many of the Latin writers of husbandry taught the same in an other manner, by gathering whole leaves of the Lettuce, growing next to the root, in the hollow pits and places of which leaves, the owner to bestow, except the Radish (as Rutilius writeth) or the Parseley (as Ruellius instructeth) all the afore named Seeds, which leaves anointed about with soft dung to be set into a well dunged ground, and the Seeds diligently covered over with Earth.  
If any would possess Lettuces for the winter turn, ought to conserve them (as Columella instructeth) after this manner, in plucking first away the outward leaves round about, that the tender leaves left apparent and uncovered, might well be salted in an earthen pot or other vessel, and left covered for a day and a night, after such manner, until these with the help of the Salt, yielded forth a Brine.  
The Brine throughly purged away with fresh water, and the liquor pressed forth of the leaves, to let them lie abroad on a Lattesse, until the leaves be sufficient dry, then to straw the dry Dill, and Fennel on them, after this to lay the heaps or handfuls of the Lettuces into the vessel again, on which to power the liquor made of two parts of Vinegar and one of the Brine: after this, so to thrust down the whole substance with a dry thickening, that the liquor may float and appear well above all, which on such wise ordered, must diligently be tended upon, that as often as the substance above, seemeth to lie bare and uncovered, to fill always up with the said liquor, but with a Sponge keep clean the lips and outside of the pot, washed diligently about with fresh Conduit water, and this so often use, as need shall require.  

The physic benefits and helps of the Lettuce.  
THe Lettuce colleth and moisteneth in the second degree, Aegineta affirmeth that the Lettuce both manifestly cooleth and moisteneth, through which, it procureth sleep, and as the same among other potherbs greatly nourisheth, even so is it a worker and causer of good blood.  
Certain report, that Augustus Caesar by using of the Lettuce in the time of his sickness recovered to health: And no marvel, in that the same helpeth digestion, and engendereth better blood, than any of the potherbes. The Lettuce found of experience to be commodious to the stomach, procureth also sleep, looseth the belly, and causeth plentifulness of milk in the breasts. The Lettuce seed giveth to nurses the plentifulness of milk, and sharpeneth the sight, being taken in drink. The same drunk in wine procureth sleep: a plaster only made of the lettuce, and applied on hot impostumes and the Shingles▪ doth mightily cool: The lettuce sodden and mixed with the oil Olive, received inward by potion, doth help in short time the dropsy.  
The juice of the Lettuce anointed on the forehead of him that hath the fever, & can not sleep, procureth rest & sleep to the patient (as the skilful Florentinus writeth) which also affirmeth, that a man shall not be overcome with drink, if he afore eat with a fasting stomach, green lettuce.  
To these he addeth, that seeds of the Lettuce bruised and drunk▪ to stay the shedding of Sperm, for which cause this is profitably taken or drunk against the night pollutions, happening to many young persons.  
This author beside uttereth, that the Lettuce laid under the coverlet, the sick person not knowing thereof, and gathered after this manner, as with the left hand pulled up by the root before the Sun rising, doth soon after cause sleep. A like to this he reporteth, if five, three, or one leaf be laid privily under the bolster of the sick, but in such manner, that the bigger end of the stalk and leaf lie to the feeteward, and the top or smaller end to the head.  
Here learn, that the plentiful and daily eating of the Lettuce of married persons, is very incommodious and noisome to them, as the Greek writers of husbandry have noted, in that the same (as they writ) not only doth diminish the fruitfulness of children, but the children after borne, to become idle, foolish, and peevish persons. But the physicians in our time write contrary: for they say, that Lettuce neither doth increase evil blood, nor the same thoroughly perfect, yet is the Lettuce (by their agreement) worthier than the other potherbs: For the Lettuce is preferred (as Galen writeth) & not without good reason to other herbs, in that there is none known or found to be of better nourishment.  
This also in the Summer time (as the said Author writeth) is a grateful and profitable meat, forasmuch as by nature it cooleth. This ministered too hot and Choleric stomachs, is marvelously available: yet the often use dulleth the sight of the eyes, & procureth a moistness, yea and abateth the desire of the venereal act. This also through the often eating greatly harmeth such fetching the wind short, spitting up, of blood, and the phlegmatic. This herb beside too often and much used as well sodden as raw) is no less perilous than the eating of the Hemlock. The Lettuce in the summer time is used rather for physic sake, than for the proper nourishment which it yieldeth, as unto the moistening and cooling: yet this seeing it may be discerned cold, who needeth to doubt, that it can engender in any manner sound and pure blood in us: for the substance of it common to us, which is both mylkie and sweet, and to these meanly digested, is for the same readily and lightly changed into blood. The Lettuce therefore eaten moderately, doth procure in us good blood, and helpeth many times the tertian agewe, and the herb is said to lose the belly, in that this through the proper moisture and coldness, both colleth and tempreth the immoderate heat of the liver, which notwithstanding for the speedy and vehement distribution and carrying away of the meat and drink, is many times wont to bind the belly. The herb eaten either raw, or boiled with vinegar and Sugar, doth dissolve the stopping of the milt and liver, yet eaten raw in much quantity, is said to trouble the sight, and both harm the eyes, and cause a mistiness that thickneth and dulleth the visive spirits, and causeth the crystalline humour troubled, and offendeth the animal spirit through the proper coldness consisting in it.  
Many use the Lettuce before it be risen into a stalk, boiling it in water or broth, which likewise (the worthy Galen reporteth) that he did in his old age, yet not eating the same before the boiling, for the hardness which he found to ensue by the eating of it raw: notwithstanding the said Galene in young age used the raw Lettuce, to repress the heat of choler in the stomach: but when he came to old age, he used to eat the lettuce boiled at supper, to procure the sweeter and longer sleep in the night: so that the lettuce boiled and eaten at supper, or at the hour of going to bed, was to him a singular remedy to cause a quiet sleep.  
The ancient used not to eat the Lettuce at the beginning of supper, but at the latter end, the reason of which was, that seeing the Lettuce (as we have aforesaid) is of a cold and moist nature, therefore the eating of the same at the end of supper, and mixed with the other dainties in the stomach, it causeth the sooner and sounder sleep in the night, and this the readier represseth the vaporous fumes of heady wine and drunkenness: also it is the sooner master and stayed through the mighty moistening of the brain. The Lettuce seeds bruised, and mixed with the white of an egg and woman's milk, applied in plaster form on the temples of forehead warm, at the going to rest, doth marvelously procure sleep: A like to this, doth the juice of the Lettuce, and woman's milk, of each a like quantity, to which half an ounce of white Popie seed bruised, and applied warm on the forehead.  
The Seed bruised and drunk, ceaseth the often imaginations of the venereal act in sleep, and represseth the desire of the natural act.  
The worthy Physicians in our time, have devised a more healthful way for the eating of raw Lettuce, at Dynners' and Suppers in the Summer time, by mixing with it vinegar, oil olive and salt, (which so prepared) joining with other meats on the table, that the same may stir up the feeble appetite, caused by great heat, and both temper the burning of blood, and mitigate the heat of the liver and heart, notwithstanding the herb in this manner prepared, ought warily to be used, seing the immoderate use of the herb (as afore uttered) doth extinguish the earnest will to the venereal act.  
The married persons (desiring the procreation of children) ought soberly and measurably feed on the Lettuce, but to the Choleric persons this herb is not denied, so that the coldness of it with Rocket, Cresses▪ Mints, Maioram, and such like be afore tempered, to the apt cooling of their stomachs.   

The commended virtues of the distilled water of Lettuce.  
THe Garden Lettuce gathered about the middle of may, ought after the finely shredding, to be distilled with a soft fire in either Balneo Mariae or Tin Limbeck. This water of the crisped or Garden Lettuce drunk to the quantity of two ounces at a time, both morning and evening profiteth the liver, in that by nature it cooleth and comforteth the same, and cooleth the blood inflamed The water in like manner drunk, stayeth the perilous flix Disenteria, and other vehement Flixes of the belly: this amendeth the trembling of members, and helpeth those which cannot quietly sleep: this anointed on the Temples of the head, and pulses of the hands procureth sleep.  
The water drunk, helpeth women lacking milk, if they either take it alone or in drink, for on such wise this procureth store of milk in the Breasts. The water ceaseth and amendeth a hot and dry cough taken in drink, mollifieth the throat, cleanseth the breast and tongues, ceaseth thirst▪ tempeteth the heat of the stomach, liver, and kidneys, this beside in good quantity taken looseth the belly.    

What care and skill required in the sowing and ordering of the purslane and Rocket. Chap. 16.  
THe Garden Purselan, how diligently the same is bestowed, so much the larger it spreadeth on the earth, and yieldeth the thicker leaf. This desireth to be sown in Februarye, March, April, may and June, and in no other times, for this herb cannot well endure the cold season. This plentifully yieldeth and spreadeth, being bestowed in beds well turned in with old dung, or in ground very fat of itself, or otherwise sown amongst Coleworts, Onions, & Leeks. And after these have joyed a year in the Garden, they will yearly come up without pains to the Gardener, of the own accord, yet the herbs desire every year, to be often watered, to the end that these may yield the bigger Tuff, and thicker leaf.  
The Seeds ought to be sown under the shadow of Trees, and in an harbour where trees grow not too thick, for these otherwise bestowed under a thick shadow, grow thin and small of leaf. The Purslane is one of the Garden herbs, served first in Salads with Oil, Vinegar and a little Salt, aswell at the mean, as rich men's tables, yea this for a dainty dish with many served first at the table in the winter time, preserved after this manner.  
The greatest stems and leaves of the Purslane without roots were gathered in that the smaller steeped (lightly decayed and withered) and these with water clearly and throughly cleansed from the fine Sand, hanging on, and the filth or corrupt leaves if any such were clean purged away, and these so long they dried in the shadow, until they were somewhat withered, for otherwise (through the plenty of moisture) they either moulded or rotten in the lying. After these were they infused in verivice made of sour grapes, strewed thick over with green fennel, bestowed in an earthen pot glazed within, or for the lack of it, in a sweet vessel of wood: after this, the whole sprinkled well over with salt, laying green Fennel again over the Salt, and sundry courses of Purslane, with Salt and Fennel bestowed to the filling up of the pot, and over the upper bed of Purslane again, a thick course of green fennel strewed, which settled the whole mixture down into the pot.  
These being done, the liquors which was tempered or mixed with two parts of vinegar, and one of verjuice made of grapes was poured upon, in such order & so full that the same reached up to the brim or lip of the vessel. The same prickle or sauce at the end, close covered with a lid, was set up in a dry place to be preserved far from the beams of the Sun coming, lest the substance through the standing of the place might gather a vinew or mouldines over the same which also as they affirm may be avoided, if the Purslane be not suffered to lie floating above, but always covered well over with the liquor when they used & served it at the table, they afore cleansed it with warm water or wine, & pouring sweet oil on the Purslane, they set it as a first dish on the table, to procure an appetite to the guests sat down to meat. The Rocket is added to the Lettuce in Salads, to the end it may temper the contrary virtue of the same, so that the Lettuce is seldom eaten with meat without the Rocket, and the Salad on such wise prepared is caused the delectabler and yieldeth the more health to man. And the worthy Galen in his book de aliment. & facultat.. willeth no man to eat the Lettuce or Purslane without the Rocket, nor the Rocket contrariwise in any salad, without Lettuce or purslane, that in asmuch as the one cooleth and harmeth the venereal act, the other through the heating in the either matter profiteth man▪ The seeds may be committed to the earth and the Herb planted, aswell in the winter time, as in summer, for it neither feareth the cold, nor any other distemperancy of the air, nor this requireth great labour about the bestowing of the seeds in the earth, and after the coming up, it especially joyeth to be often weeded, but the seeds to be sown in a sandy or gravelly ground, ought afore to be well turned in with dung.  

The physic helps and remedies both of the Purslane and Rocket.  
THe Purslane cooleth in the third degree, and moisteneth in the second, the Herb used fresh and green, is better allowed: (for this dried hath small use and virtue) in that it mitigateth and moisteneth.  
The Purslane through the proper coldness, assuageth hot and Choleric flures, through the often applying and cooling, and helpeth the persons afflicted with a burning Fever, and the teeth astonished or on edge, by eating of sour things, is amended by the only eating of the fresh herb. The Juice of this applied, helpeth the Shingles, and both bridleth the venereal act, and abateth sleep. The herb expelleth the worms of the belly, & drunk with wine, stayeth the perilous Flux Disenteria. The decoction of the Purslane, holden for a while in the mouth, ceaseth the toothache, if the Juice be anointed, helpeth outward inflammations. The person which hath a hot stomach, or the mouth of the stomach swollen, shall thoroughly be helped by eating of the fresh Purslane. The Juice drunk, mightily cooleth inward heats, the herb eaten, amendeth the ulcers of the privities, yet hurtful to the eyes, and somewhat cooleth the body. A plaster made of the Purslane, and applied with barley meal on hot ulcers (where a fear is that the matter in them putrifyeth) much profiteth, or if it shall be a hot impostume, which fleeth within from one member to another, this greatly amendeth. The Purslane also removeth the ulcers of the head, if bruised it be tempered with wine, and the head washed with the same.  
This applied, helpeth swollen eyes, and prevaileth against the spitting of blood, yet eaten raw, filleth the stomach with a clammy humour, the daily eating of it, abateth the desire to the venereal act, yet eaten with Vinegar, it removeth the burning Fever: the Herb bruised with Barley meal, and heated on the fire, and then applied to the stomach, qualifieth the heat of the same the Purslane used of women molested with the monthely course, stayeth it without grief in short tyme.  
The Purslane chawed in the mouth profiteth against the bleeding of the Nose, the same doth the Juice perform anointed on the Forehead. The Purslane mixed with barley meal, and applied in plaster form, ceaseth the headache, extinguisheth the heat of the eyes, stayeth the perilous flux Disenteria, and strengtheneth both the kidneys and Bladder. The juice given in drink, helpeth burning Fevers, killeth the worms in the Belly, and stayeth the spitting forth of blood.  
The juice bestowed in glister wise, helpeth the excoriations in the bowels of women, and the rawness of the privy places within, procured by distillations from the head.  
The juice of the Herb is profitably anointed on the head, with the oil of Roses, or oil olive, against the headache caused by the heat of the sun and wounds dangered by blasting, or in a furious heat this mightily mitigateth, with barley meal anointed.  
The Herb (to great purpose) is applied on the navel of infant's falling forth by crying, and the Herb chewed or rather the juice boiled, stayeth the grief and lose teeth of the head, yea the juice eaten raw, assuageth the kernels and ulcers in the month and swelling of the gums.  
Leontinus a Greek writer of husbandry writeth, that the leaf of the Purslane holden under the tongue of the person molested with thirst to mitigate the desire of often drinking, and Pliny writeth, that the juice to remove warts, by anointing the places many days together, and he also writeth, that the inflammations of the paps and Gout may be assuaged and healed by the juice of Purslane with honey.  
The said Pliny reporteth, that the root of the Herb hanged with a thread (about the neck) removeth the grief of fall of the Vuula, which like happened to a Judge in Italy, as he writeth.  
The Herb Rocket heateth and moisteneth in the second degree, the seeds and leaves are only used in Medicine.  
The Herb boiled and eaten, increaseth the sperm in the man, which Aegineta (lib. ●.) like witnesseth, saying, that the Rocket obtaineth a great virtue in heating, and supposed to increase sperm, and for the same, to stir up a desire to the Uenereall act, beside to cause (through the often eating alone) a giddiness and pain of the head.  
The Rocket increaseth a strong heat, for which cause the same is hurtful to the head, but the Garden Rocket boiled with the Lettuce & Beets, worketh or causeth no harm, and in such manner eaten, the same increaseth the milk in women giving suck, and Nurses.  
The Rocket eaten, and applied in plaster wise on the pecten, causeth urine, softeneth the belly, comforteth the stomach, and helpeth digestion, the juice of Rocket mixed with an Ox gall, recovereth black scars unto a whiteness, the pimples or bushes on the face, the juice with Honey anointed amendeth in short time.  
The juice or seed mixed with Honey, and anointed on the head, and often used with meat, doth kill the Nyttes and worms of the head, but the often use of Rocket, procureth gripings of the belly. The root after the tender boiling bruised, and applied in plaster form on broken and bruised bones, doth put away the pain, the Seed bruised and drunk in wine recovereth the bit of venomous beasts. A skilful practitioner reporteth, that if three leaves of the Rocket, be gathered with the left hand, and after the boiling in water and Honey mixed together, taken in drink, the same (saith he) marvelously availeth against the Jaundice and hard swelling of the milt.   

The commended Virtues of the distilled waters of Purslane.  
THe Herb, stem, and leaves of the Purslane shred together aught to be distilled in Balneo Mariae, about the end of May,  
The water of Purslane drunk unto the quantity of three ounces at a time, both morning and evening, for three or four days together amendeth the spitting up of blood, and the perilous flix Dysenteria.  
The water drunk in like quantity at a time stayeth any flux of the belly, yea putteth away a hot and dry cough▪ this like profiteth against the heat of Liver, ceaseth thirst, helpeth the plague & removeth the shortness of fetching breath.  
This water also profitable to infants against heat and the worms, given in drink both morning and evening, unto the quantity of two ounces at a time.  
If in two ounces of water of Purselane ,, ten barley, corns weight of the Seed of Psilium or fleaworte be steeped for a night, and after a Spunge deeped in this the tongue be washed three or four times a day, which through great heat in a Fever or other sickness is adusted, and draweth to a blackness, this in short time recovereth.  
It helpeth unto a cooling of the inflamed blood, either drunk alone or taken in drink and repelleth the griefs of the Bladder.    

What skill and diligence required, in the sowing and ordering of the chervil Smallage, Taragon, and Cresses. Chap. 7.  
THe Herb chervil joyeth to be sown in a well dunged Earth, in the months of February, March and April, sometimes in August and September, to possess the Herb in the winter time, and this the better prospereth, through the often watering, until it be well come up.  
The smallage seeds aught to be sown in a well laboured Earth, and near to a stone wall or thick Hedge, this Herb well joyeth in the shadow, and cometh well up in any ground. And after this Herb be once bestowed in the Garden, a man shall hardly weed it forth quite, and the Gardener may leave a stem or two, to shoot up into Seed, from year to year, for this Herb will endure for ever, without any weeding at al. The owner may commit the seeds to the Earth, after the middle or end of February, unto the beginning of September. This Herb hath the like virtue and properties, which the Parsely possesseth.  
The Taragon of the Garden, bearing Seed like to the Flax, aught to be bestowed in a well dunged Earth, and after the plants be shot up near a foot high, the Gardener ought then to take up the hole bodies, and set them again in the self same Earth, which often water, until they have taken strong root in the Earth. The Taragon enjoyeth the like properties, as the Rocket, and may not be eaten a part or alone, but rather with the Lettuce, Purslane, and such like Herbs.  
The Garden Cresses is a sour Herb in taste like to the Onion, which the germans (in many places) do often use in Salads, but it seemeth that the Herb is not eaten, without other cooling Herbs matched with it, as the Lettuce, Sorrel, Purslane and such like, which temper the fire or burning force of the Herb, even as the worthy Physician Galen hath willed it, who forbade the rocket to be eaten without the Lettuce, that the contrary virtue might be tempered. This Herb joyeth to be sown in moist places, as by small rivers or running courses of water, Wells, and springs: for no other labour (after the Seeds bestowed) do they require, saving a daily watering, for the plants in the coming up, desire oftentimes a day to be watered by little and little.  
The Seeds of the Cresses (after the mind of Rutilius) bestowed in Beds with the Lettuce, increaseth very well, for they joy in moisture, and hate the dung: And sown in a shadowy place, in February and March, the plants reasonably prosper and come forward.  

The Physic remedies and helps both of the chervil, and Garden Cresses.  
THe chervil heateth in the third degree, and drieth in the second, this Herb of all persons is eaten raw with vinegar, & in broths boiled.  
This Herb taken in drink, procureth urine, and sendeth down the Terms in women, bruised with wine and drunk, mitigateth the griefs and stitches in the side.  
This drunk with water and Honey, resolveth or looseth phlegm, it putteth away gripings of the belly, and engendereth wind.  
The juice of chervil taken with vinegar, killeth worms in the belly, the chervil brought into powder, and mixed with Honey, healeth a Canker, being anointed upon. The Herb boiled in wine, and drunk, ceaseth the ache and grief of the Hips.  
The Herb with the whole substance boiled, if the same be after mixed with vinegar, and the head washed with the same, doth remove the dandrye of the head. In the like manner ordered and applied, healeth running sores and Cankers.  
It healeth the bit of a mad dog, if the person shall drink of the Seed bruised, and shall wash the wound with the same. The root of chervil boiled with the Herb Saxifrage, and drunk, breaketh the stone of the Bladder, and provoketh urine. The chervil boiled in wine, and drunk, dissolveth the gathered blood into knobs, or otherwise clotted in the body.  
The Herb after the bruising, and tempering with wax and Barrowes grease, applied on impostumes behind the Ears, doth in short time dissolve and heal them.  
The Garden Cresses heateth and drieth in the third degree, but the learned Platearius affirmeth, that the Cresses to be hot and dry, in the fourth degree.  
The seed especially serveth to the use of Medicine, and is preserved in great efficacy, for five years. The Herb green, is of great efficacy, being somewhat dried.  
The seed possesseth the virtue of heating and drying of superfluous humours▪ and in a manner enjoyeth the like virtue of Mustard seed, the seed after the bruising drunk in wine, expelleth the dead youngling, drunk with wine, removeth the swelling of the milt, eaten with Honey, is a remedy for the cough, and looseth the breast, it availeth against the Palsy of the tongue, if the seed chawed be retained a time in the mouth.  
It profiteth not if the Cresses be eaten alone, for that the same dyminisheth man's strength, and engendereth evil humours, for this Herb joyeth to be bestowed in a moist Earth, and under a shadow from the Sun.  
The seed hole taken, restraineth the distilings of the head, without danger or harm, the seed brought to powder, and drawn up by the Nostrils, cleanseth the brain and helpeth the pains of the head.  
The seed of the Cresses helpeth against the palsy, being boiled in wine, and applied hot in a bag to the Palsy member, the powder of the seed blown up doth cause the patient sneeses, amendeth the Lethargy or sleeping out of measure.  
The Seed boiled with dry figs, and a Gargyll made of the same, doth send up and dry the vulva lose hanging.  
Against infections of the head, knobs and dandrie, mix the seeds of the Cresses with Goose grease, and diligently bruised, anoint all about sundry times, the powder of the seed annoyted with oil of Roses, doth stay the going forth of the fundament.  
The seed drunk in wine, doth expel the noisome creeping things, as the round and flat worms in the body, but forcibler by mints added thereto, this profiteth against the hardness of fetching wind, and the cough, with Organye mixed and sweet wine, and the same diverse times drunk: the decoction of the Herb in goats Milk helpeth the griefs of the breast: this amendeth the ache of the Hyps, and grief of the Loins, by anointing with Barley meal and vinegar mixed with it, on the grieved places.  
Certain report, that the daily eating of the Cresses for a time, purchaseth a readier understanding and quicker wit. The seeds after the bestowing into a bag, boiled in wine, and applied on the flank, doth remove the pain grievously vexing, and likewise the Colic, applied on the belly, proceeding of a cold cause.  
For the self same, and for the strangury, doth the simple Herb boiled in wine and Oil prevail, being applied upon. For weakness of the kidneys, proceeding of a phlegmatic matter descending from the head, the rains of the back anointed with honey, strew the fine powder of the seeds, with cumin, and Colofonie.  
A certain practitioner reporteth, that the juice of Cresses distilled or dropped into the Ear, doth remove and deliver the grievous pain of the teeth. The seed boiled in wine and drunk, and a plaster with figs applied without, doth in short time assuage the swelling and grief of the milt.   

The commended virtues of the distilled waters, both of the chervil and Garden Cresses.  
THe chosen time for the distilling of chervil, is when the Herb and root, with the whole substance may be finely shred and distilled, which time best answereth in the middle of May.  
The water of chervil drunk, unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, both morning and evening, helpeth men bursten, and harmed by a grievous fall, and resolveth the blood clotted in lumps. The same drunk, profiteth against the stone of the kidneys, a great quantity of this drunk, at one time looseth the belly.  
The water drunk (as above said) procureth a good stomach, confirmeth and comforteth the heart, putteth away the shaking of the Fever, the same healthful or profitable to the head, and comforteth the senses.  
This like drunk, removeth grievous pains and prickings, helpeth the Lungs, and the diseases of the same.  
The convenient time for the distilling of the Garden Cresses, is in the end of May, in a Tin Limbeck.  
The water of Cresses availeth against the Measles, and impostumes behind the ears, if the same mixed, with Honey, be applied on the places, with linen clothes dipped in it, which being dried, again moisten them, for this removeth the red spots.  
If the Measles be on the legs, then let blood on the Ankle of the foot, and drink the same morning and evening mixed with strawberry water, and refrain after from all hot meats.  
The water of Cresses drunk morning and evening, unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, assuageth a swelling, and expelleth worms of the belly, this mitigateth ulcers, and swellings of the gums if they be often rubbed with it.    

What care and skill required in the sowing and ordering of the Bucks horn, strawberry, and Mustardseed. Chap. 18.  
THe Bucks or Hearts horn, whose leaves be sweet in taste, & somewhat saltie, is at this day sown in Gardens, & yearly used in Salads, and requireth a small labour, before the bestowing in the Earth, for as much as this Herb, so well joyeth in the earth not laboured & dressed, as afore prepared.  
But if the owner mind to have the Herb thick toufte, & fair to the eye, he must often clip the tops of the leaves, and press the head down by some weight, or properly tread with the Foot on it: for on such wise handled will the Herb be procured to grow downward and into a breadth.  
This especially in Salads in the summer time, although the same have no apt savour nor taste.  
The Strawberries require small labour and diligence in the bestowing in the Earth, saving that these joy to be set in some shadowy place of the garden, in that these rather desire to grow under the shadow of other Herbs, than to be planted in Beds alone, and planted under the shadow of high trees, these prosper without any trimming of the Earth.  
Here note a marvelous innocency in the strawberries, that although these creep law by the Earth, and that diverse venomous things creep over the Herbs, yet are these in no manner infected with any venomous contagion, which is a note, that the Herb (of property) hath no affinity with poison. This Herb by diligence of the Gardener, becometh so great, that the same yieldeth fair and big Berries, as the berries of the Bremble in the Hedge, and hereof it seemeth, that Virgilianus Servius named the strawbury, the Mulberry of the Earth. Certain skilful men, by a diligence and care, procure the berries to alter from the proper red colour, into fair white delectable to the eye.  
The Mustard seeds desire to be sown in a fat ground, and to be committed to the Earth with fine powder dust, both before and after the winter, these after the coming up require to be often weeded and watered. But the Seeds may not be sown too thick, in that the plants multiply and spread into breadth. After the plants have enjoyed strong root in the Earth, they are hardly plucked up by the roots, and the Seeds may well be kept for five years, which the newer they be, so much the better to sow, and to be eaten. The goodness of the seed is known in the breaking or cracking of it between the teeth, whether the same be found green, or white within: for if this be white the Seed is old and nothing worth, neither to sow, nor to eat. The seeds which the owner would keep for to eat, those plants must he remove, after certain leaves sprung up, and set them a good distance a sunder, whereby the tops may bush and spread the broader, but such plants which the owner would have run up to seed, those may he not change, nor remove out of the proper places.  

The physic remedies and helps of the Bucks horn▪ Strawberry, and Mustard seed.  
THe Hearts horn hath the property of heating and drying, for which cause taken in drink, it ceaseth the gripings of the belly, yea this used, helpeth the griefs of the joints, strengtheneth and expelleth the evil matter in them.  
This herb after the mind of Dioscorides, hath the property of binding, so that the same be profitably given in red wine, for the perilous Flixes.  
Certain report that if four roots of the Bucks or Hearts horn, be either diligently hanged about the neck, or bound to the pulses of both the hands, that these in short time, do put away the Fever, or at the least, moisture the heat or burning of the feet.  
The Berries aswell as the Herb of the Strawberry have the virtue of cooling and moistening in the third degree, and the Herb itself endureth not above a year.  
Vigonius writing of the Strawberry leaf affirmeth the same to be of a cold quality especially, the Juice of which Herb mixed with the wine of Pomegranates, and a little quantity of Rose water, applied on hot impostumes (both in the beginning and increase of them) doth marvelously help. The Berries eaten with white wine, and a little sugar, doth marvelously amend the hardness and swelling of the spleen, the self same doth the juice of the berry, taken with honey, the leaves, sundry times used in a bath, is said to be most profitable against the stone. The leaves and root orderly applied, do heal as well wounds as ulcers: these also procure the terms, stay the bloody flux Dysenteria, and cause urine: the decoction of the herb and root drunk, helpeth inflammations of the liver, and cleanseth both the kidneys and bladder.  
If any shall be mightily molested with grievous ache and pains of the hips, let him take three or four handfuls of the Strawberry leaves, and boiling them tender, sit in the bath, and rub the legs well (with the liquor and leaves) from the neither part upward: Which done, and thoroughly dried with a warm clothe, apply this Ointment following, prepared after this manner: Take of the ointment of March Mallows one ounce, unto which mix half an ounce of stone honey, and a dram weight of Wax, making thereof an ointment by a soft fire: this on such wise handled, not only amendeth the griefs of the hips, and softeneth the matter hardened in them, but provoketh urine, applied on the proper place.  
The decoction of the Herb and root, holden in the mouth, and washing or rubbing the teeth and gums with it, doth not only strengthen the gums and fasten the teeth, but stayeth the distilings from the head.  
The Berries in the Summer time, eaten with Cream and Sugar, is accounted a great refreshing to men, but more commended, being eaten with Wine and Sugar, for on such wise, these marvelously cool and moisten Choleric stomachs or such being of a Choleric complexion.  
The Juice of the Berries pressed forth, and the water of Plantain added of each eight ounces, to these mix two ounces of Rosed honey, one ounce of the Juice of the Mulberries, of white Greek pitch and the flowers of the Pomegranate, of each a dram weight, these after the diligent beating and mixing together, wash and gargoyle the same in the mouth sundry times, for this in short time removeth and putteth away the impostumes of the throat. Among other commodities which the Berries yield, the Juice or wine pressed forth of them, is a sovereign remedy for the removing of the great redness, spots and red pimples, which happen on the face, through the heat of the liver, the self same assuageth and putteth away the redness of the eyes, the spots, & hot distilings from the head, by dropping of it sundry times into the eyes. The decoction of the roots & leaves of the strawberry in wine is marvelous profitable for the Jandise, being taken divers mornings fasting. The decoction only of the root taken, doth mitigate the heat of the liver, so that the same be drunk in the morning, and at noon, the herb eaten with vinegar & a little white pepper, doth greatly help such fetching the wind short: the Berries also eaten, do cease and cool thirst, for which cause profitable to the stomach, but these especially commodious to the Choleric. The Mustard seed heateth & drieth in the fourth degree and it is like to the Rape seed, saving that the rape seed is bitter, & the Mustard seed sour. The goodness of the mustard seed is known in the breaking of it, which if the same be white and moist within (although new gathered) yet profitable to uses. This hath the virtue of heating & ripening. The force and nature of the mustard seed, is to heat extenuate, and draw forth, as the worthy Dioscorides reporteth. The mustard seeds bruised with the fresh root of Enula Campana, and applied on impostumes breaketh them without pain, the seeds bruised & tempered with vinegar applied on the bit of a venomous beast, doth speedily cure the same. The seeds chawed and retained under the tongue, prevail against the palsy of the tongue, the seeds do like profit against all the kinds of palsies, happening in any part of the body, if a linen bag filled with the sedes, and boiled in wine, be applied on the grieved place, being especially used in the beginning of the infirmity. The seeds after the bruising with cummin and figs eaten sundry mornings, doth deliver and help the dropsy: the seeds after the mixing with water & honey sundry times gargelled, amendeth the blistering or sores of the mouth, & assuageth the swelling of the throat. The Juice of the mustard seed, taken divers mornings fasting, doth procure a good memory, the oil drawn out of the seeds, is a sovereign ointment for the cold Gout, sciaticke, & feebleness of sinews. The Juice of the mustard seed dropped into the eyes, doth remove the dimness of sight, & put away the spots and web in them, yea this in the eating causeth thirst, & procureth the venereal act.  
The person which every morning fasting, shall swallow down two Seeds at a time, shall be free that day from the falling sickness, the seeds boiled in wine, and drunk, amendeth the hardness of fetching breath: the powder of the Seeds drawn up by the nostrils, not only procureth the creature to sneeses, but marvelously purgeth and amendeth the Brain.  
If a like weight of the Mustard seed, Pellitory and Ginger be bruised, and after the well mixing with rosed Honey, the mouth be washed with the same, and this for a good while holden in the mouth, doth marvelously cleanse the Brain of evil humours, of which the grievous pain of the head most commonly succeedeth. The same also amendeth the falling of the Vuula, and ulcers of the throat.  
The Mustard seed, (as Dioscorides writeth) eaten, draweth down and purgeth by the mouth, the phlegm gathered in the head: the Juice of the herb mixed with water and honey, gargelled and holden a while in the mouth, doth remove the hard knobs and swellings of long continuance of the Jaws, the powder blown or drawn up by the nose, to procure the creature sundry times to sneeses, not only profiteth such a one having the falling sickness, but amendeth the suffocation of the matrice, and falling out of place. And against the dullness of the head, and often sleeping, (the head afore shaven) is the ointment or plaster of the seeds profitably applied: the decoction of the Mustard seed in wine, holden in the mouth for a while, doth cease the ache and pain of the teeth coming of cold, and drunk, breaketh the stone in the Bladder, and procureth the Terms.  
The person which coveteth to prepare a clear voice to sing, aught to take the meal of Mustard seed (and after the working of it with honey) to make little balls of the same, and of these to take one every day, which on such wise used, will procure in short time a clear voice.   

The commended virtues of the distilled waters both of the Strawberry, and plant of the Mustard seed.  
THe best time for distilling of the Berrie is, when they are near ripe, yet that they be not over ripe and soft, which after the gathering and sprinkled over with Sugar, ought so to stand close covered in a glass, until they appear mouldy, before the distilling in Balneo Mariae. The Berries which grow in woods standing on hills, are better commended to use.  
The water of the Berries drunk, and mixed with the same, amendeth an evil or an unnatural heat, and ceaseth thirst, proceeding of the liver, or of Choler. The water drunk unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, both morning and evening, not only cooleth the liver, looseth the Breast, refresheth the heart, purgeth the blood, and helpeth the king's evil, but prevaileth against the stone, of the Loins, Kidneys, and Bladder.  
The like quantity drunk, profiteth against blisters, and sores in the mouth, the ulcers and swellings in the throat, and strong savour of the mouth, proceeding of the gums and teeth, if this water also be gargelled in the mouth and throat.  
The water in like order drunk of women, purgeth them, and procureth the Terms. The water drunk unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, both morning and evening, (or at the least in the morning) and linen clothes dipped in it, being applied twice a day to the leg broken, doth in short time recover and help the same.  
The water healeth all foul legs, if after the daily washing both Morning and Evening, linen clothes wet in it, be applied upon: This in like manner cureth filthy wounds, if they shall be washed with the same, or if any shall use of the water in his drink, this water also assuageth the swelling of the face, by the often washing with it.  
The water drunk Morning and Evening, unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, with an ounce of pure Aqua vitae, helpeth (no doubt) the lepry, in that this drink purgeth blood, by the sundry times using, or otherwise a white toast of bread, after the wetting with this be eaten fasting, which on such wise used doth remove the foul scurf and scabs on the body.  
The water after the well tempering with Sugar, distilled over again in Balneo Mariae, is very sovereign for diverse purposes, in that the same not only cooleth, cleareth, and removeth spots of the eyes, but comforteth nature, expelleth poisons, provoketh the Terms, assuageth burning humours, and comforteth conception: yea this is a most effectuous ointment for the eyes, in that the same stayeth tears or watering of the eyes, cooleth the great heat in them, and restoreth a dim sight.  
This water also applied sundry times with a linen cloth wet in it doth marvelously cool & put away the red pimples and redness of the face, yea and cleareth the same, contrary to hope.   

The virtues commendable of the distilled water of the Strawberry leaves.  
THe apt time for the distilling of the herb in either Balneo Mariae or a Tin Limbeck is inethe middle of May. This water drunk unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, both morning and evening doth remove and help the kings evil.  
The water in like order drunk looseth the breast, purgeth the Lungs helpeth the cough, and cleanseth the Lepry. The water dropped into the eyes both morning and evening, doth remove the redness of the eyes, and mitigateth the heat in them.  
The water like drunk ceaseth the overmuch sweeting, and for the heat and stopping of the liver, there is nothing more healthful and profitable.  
The whole herb bearing flower of the Mustard seed, after the finely shredding, ought to be distilled in a Tin Limbeck, in the beginning of June. The water amendeth the ulcers of the gums, if the same be holden a while in the mouth, and the gums often washed therewith. This water helpeth unto the consumption of members, if they be bathed and rubbed with the same: for the members thorough the same, do recover in short time strength and flesh. This water heateth the marrow in the bones, if they be often rubbed with the same, and the water to dry in alone. This water profiteth against a cold disease and ache of the joints, if they be often rubbed with the same, and the water suffered to dry in by itself.    

What skill and care is required in the sowing and workmanly ordering of the Lekes and lives. Chap. 19  
THe Leek for that it is a root of the Garden to be eaten and often used in the pot, therefore I will first entreat of the same, which (as the most skilful report) desireth to be sown in a fruitful and battle place, and lying especially open, whether the same be in a low place, as the worthy Rutilius writeth, and to these, that the beds be leveled, deep digged, diligently turned, and very well dunged. The husbandmen in time past, noted two kinds of this herb, as the one which grew into a head, like the Onion, and the other into many divided blades, both long and strait, whose bush sprung up, is wont to be cut near to the ground, and this with us named the unset Leek. The owner or Gardener which would possess unset Leeks, ought to cut the green blades come up in the beds, after two months of the sowing. For these (after the mind of the learned Columella) will endure the longer, and increase far bigger, if after this cutting they be removed and set again, and how often the green blades shallbe cut, so often the herb is helped with water & new Cow dung. And use instructeth every careful owner as the said author reporteth, that in the removing, such skill must be used for the new setting, as when they be grown into a bigness in the head, to be removed certain distances asunder, as four finger's breadth between either set, and when they shallbe grown to a farther strength and bigness, to be again cut. The Leeks ought so often to be watered, dunged, and weeded, as need requireth the same, and the place is to be often raked over, whereby the plants may increase the better, through the help of the often killing & casting forth of the unprofitable herbs or weeds. As touching the Cives and unset Leeks, they may like be bestowed in the earth, as the Leek bearing the head: And the seeds of these may be committed to the earth at any time, if so be the owner forceth not for the yield of the seeds, but they otherwise ought to be sown in the Months of December, Januarie and february, for the gathering and occupying after the month of March, unto the mids of August. And the plants after the sowing, when the blades be well shot up, ought lightly to be trodden down with the foot, and not to be watered for four days after. When the young and tender blades be shot out of the seeds, and that the owner mindeth to have the heads grow big, he ought not after the pulling up to set them again, before all the small roots be cut away, and the green blades nigh half cut off, which done, that small potsherds, or oyster shells, be laid (as it were) right under each head, and then diligently covered with earth, whereby the heads may so increase the bigger, in the which doing, the worthy Greek Sotion forbiddeth the watering of them till four days after (if a drought ensue) otherwise water them not at all. The skilful Neapolitan Rutilius instructeth, that when the Leeks be grown to a finger bigness, by cutting the blades half away, and the hairy roots quite (least these seed and draw away of the substance) then in the setting in earth mixed with sand and anointed fresh with Cow dung, let the plants be distant in beds well four or five fingers one from the other, & when these have sent forth roots sufficient long, let the owner (gently putting under his Dible) raise softly the heads, that these remaining (as hanging in the Earth) may on such wise fill the rooms or empty spaces by the greatness of the heads growing. And that in fewer words I utter this instruction, if so be the owner would enjoy unset leeks, he may bestow the seeds in beds the thicker together. If these to grow into a head, than the thinner in the earth, and shall cause them to prosper the better through a daily weeding, and feeding with fresh Cow dung.  
The seeds ought to be committed to the Earth, in the months of April, May, and June throughout, to possess the herbs in the Summer time, in the harvest, September, and October, for to enjoy the plants in the Winter time, but these especially require, to be often weeded and dunged, which grow into heads. The Leek shall yield a far bigger head and stem, as after Columella Rutilius wrote, yea before them both the worthy Greek Sotion, if in thin linen clouts, or clothes much worn, the owner shall bestow and tie up many Seeds together, which so handled, to cover diligently with soft dung and earth, and immediately to water them so lying in the earth, for these thus knit up (through the running of the Seeds into one) will send forth leeks of a wonderful bigness, which practise also may the husbandly Gardner try in the other seeds of plants.  
I like experience will come to pass, if the owner bestow a Rape seed into the head of a Leek, with out making a hole, with any Iron instrument, which so handled, set into the Earth, for on such will it grow very big, as both Rutilius and diverse Greek instructors of Husbandry report. There be some, which making holes in the head with a wooden prick, or piece of Elder Cane, or else reed sharpened, bestow (in place of the Rape) the Gourd seeds. Others there are, which taking up so many seeds as they can handsomely retain with three of the fingers, and poured into a thin Reed, do commit those to the Earth, with soft dung covered and laid about, which practice doth even like agree, to the former uttered.  
The said Greek Sotion commendeth and affirmeth, that immediately after the seeds shall be sown, the soft earth of the Beds, be trodden with the feet into small and shallow furrows, and the Beds for three days (as if they were neglected) not watered at all, but in the fourth day, to be helped through the sprinkling of water on the Beds, for such wise handled, to the Blade's coming up, will grow (as he reporteth) the more bushy and fairer to the eye, yet if the owner, between the sowing and planting, shall mix Sand with the Earth, the Blades will shoot up the fuller and bigger.  
The said worthy Greek Sotion addeth and affirmeth, that if the owner shall eat a little cumin seed before, he shall breathe forth no stinking savour at all of the Leek, although he shall eat a great handful at a time of the Leeks, for by eating of the cumin seed is the strong savour extinguished or put away.  
Here out of Petrus Crescentius I have added, as a matter worthy of the noting, that the Leek seed thrown into a vessel of wine, causeth that the wine soureth not, but rather that vinegar returneth into wine, that is, putteth away all the eagerness.  
This to conclude conceive, that the Leek in the eighteenth day after the sowing, to shoot appear (for the more part) above the Earth, and to endure for ten years, after which time to yield seeds, and die.  

The Physic helps of the Garden leek.  
THe Leek, after the mind of the ancient, heateth in the third degree, and drieth in the second, especially, the Garden leek whose Seeds may well endure to purpose, for two years.  
The worthy Greek Sotio (of whom we have afore mentioned) uttereth, in his singular precepts and instructions of Husbandry, that the Leek, bruised and applied, to cure the bit of a venomous Beast, sooner than any other Medicine, and the seed of it drunk with the liquor of Reasons, to recover and help the difficulties of making waters.  
To these, to help and stay the long and old spitting up of blood, if at convenient times, in two drams of the juice, with a like weight of the powder of Myrtyl berries or Gauls, and the meal of Frankincense the same be drunk.  
But the singular Hypocrates willeth the juice to b ministered without any mixture at all, & forbiddeth the daily, or too much eating of Leeks, in that this not only harmeth and dulleth the sight of the eyes, but offendeth the stomach which shall be procured the lesser harmful, if so be the Leek shall so long be boiled, until it become (as soft in a manner) as pap, for on such wise handled, the same is supposed no less to nourish than flesh.  
The juice of the raw Leek (is recited and accounted with Pliny) among the venomous matters: for the report is, that Mela (a man of worthy Birth) accused and sharply blamed of Tiberius for misusing of the office given to him of the prince, who after falling into mighty desperation, and drinking unto the weight of three silver pence of the juice of the Leek, died immediately without grief of body. But such like are rather with silence to be overpassed, than opened for instruction sake.  
But to return to the Physic helps, the leek twice sodden before the eating, draweth down the Terms, procureth urine, and obtaineth a superfluous heat. The juice of the Leek my red with vinegar, applied on the forehead, stayeth the bleeding at the nose. The Leek eaten raw causeth vomiting and is venomous, this also putteth away drunkenness, being eaten raw.  
The juice of the Leek taken with woman's milk, amendeth an old cough, and the ulcers of the Lungs. The Leek bruised and mixed with Salt, applied on evil bushes healeth them. The Leek brought into powder, and tempered with the oil of Roses and vinegar, & dropped into the ears, removeth the griefs of them. The same also profiteth, in like manner applied against the tooth ache.  
The Leek bruised with honey and applied, purgeth ulcers, a plaster made of the same, & applied on bruised members, doth not only assuage the swelling, but removeth the blood clotted.  
The juice of it drunk with woman's milk, stayeth the flux of blood after birth, the same also applied with vinegar, ceaseth the bleeding of the nose, if the fine powder of Frankincense be added to it, and drawn by by the Nosethrels.  
The juice of the Leek drunk with Honey, profiteth against pains or aches of the Hips, the juice of the Leek taken with Honey, recovereth all defaults of the breast and stomach, the same ceaseth an old cough, and griefs of the breast and Lungs: and it helpeth the dropsy, through the sundry times taking fasting.  
Here I will not omit the practice out of Galen, that the Leeks tartness may be abated, and to engender the less wind, if the same boiled in two waters, the cold Liquor in the end be poured forth, and the Herb eaten, by which means it is said, that this stayeth the flux of the belly, and to amend a hoarse voice, yea through the softness of it, to make smooth the roughness of the jaws and mouth.  
For to purchase a clear and sounding voice, Nero accustomed to eat the Leek with Oil, in certain days of every month, when he contended for the segniorytie of loud pronouncing and uttering of words. It which times, he only took or eat nothing, saving bread, as Pliny writeth of him, which reporteth that this to be meant of the unset Leek, to which the prince Nero attributed a singular commendation.  
If two parts of the juice, with a third part of Honey be mired, and applied into the Nosethrels or ears, doth marvelously help the grievous pains of the head, the juice applied up, doth marvelously prevail against the exulcerations of women's privy places.  
The seeds of the lack bruised, and drunk either with cuit or pleasant white wine, doth lose the difficultness of making water, and openeth the urinal passages: the juice of the Leek drunk with wine, doth aid forward the delivery of child, the Leek seeds, after the bruising with myrrh in the Juice of Plantain, is very sovereign for the spitting of blood, and staying the bleeding of the nose.  
The Juice of the Leek, powdered on such wounds, which are become cold and putrefied, doth both cleanse away the rotten flesh, and cureth the wounds if the Juice be mixed with the roots of white Lilies and anointed warm on the hips, it doth speedily remove the ache of them. The fresh Juice applied with salt on new cuts or wounds, doth incontiment close them.  
The learned Dioscorides reporteth, that the Leek moveth and provoketh the venerial act, the same with Honey, in form of an Eclegma, sucked or suffered to melt down, cleanseth and amendeth all defaults of the beast, the same like used, recovereth the wasting of the Lungs: yet the Leek often, and much at a time used, doth burden the stomach, procureth thirst and inflameth the blood.   

The commended helps of the distilled water of the Leek.  
THe root only of the Leek, being shred, is to be distilled in a Tin Limbeck, in the month of June.  
The water drunk unto the quantity of two ounces at a time, both morning and evening, is a sovereign remedy for the spitting upon cold blood: this also is available, being sundry times drunk, for a Barren woman.  
The water of the Leek, stayeth bleeding of the nose, if cotton dipped in it, beoften applied: the same drunk amendeth a costive belly, and ache of the Hips, purgeth the kidneys and bladder, procureth urine, and expelleth the stone.  
The water speedily healeth wounds, if they be washed morning and evening with the same, this also profiteth unto the exulceration and fracture of women's places, which is wont to happen after the delivery of child, if so be the places be washed with the water, both morning and evening.    

What skill and diligence required in the workmanly sowing and ordering of the Onion. Chap. 20.  
THat the Onions have a body compassed and compact with many cartilagies, there is none (I believe) which knoweth not.  
The ancient husbandmen (as witnesseth Columella) named these Onions, because they grew in one round head together, yet not joined together with so many heads round about, as the Garlic, which unto this day is familiarly named the Onion of the Husbandmen with us.  
The Onions for the more part ought to be sown in the months of Januarye, February, and March, in a fat Earth, well dunged, moist, and diligently trimmed, which shot up to some height, aught to be removed in the month of April, a good distance the one from the other, and these further grown, ought carefully to be weeded about, and often laboured to cause them grow the bigger, and to defend than (in time of a blustering wind) by helps set against. The worthy Neapolitan Rutilius writeth that the seeds desire to be bestowed in a fat earth, often turned and raked, moist and dunged, and red also, as the Greek Sotion in his husbandry willeth: which afore aught to be cast up, that it may putrefy through the cold and frosts in the Winter time, (as the skilful Columella uttereth) after these the Earth to be dunged, and within two days after, the ground leveled forth, and cast or trodden into beds, all the roots and unprofitable herbs afore cleansed out. These workmanly handled in the month of March, being a calm and pleasant day, the South or east wind (at that time blowing) the seeds shall workmanly be committed to the earth, with savoury intermedeled between them (as Pliny willeth) for so the plants prosper the better. The worthy Greek Sotion admonisheth the Gardener which would set Onions, to cut away all the hearye roots and tops of the green blades (before the bestowing) whereby they may grow to big heads. Others there are, which only pluck away the blades nigh to the root, for on such wise they send the juice to the neither parts, to cause the head grow big: But these (after the mind of Rutilius) ought in this manner to be placed or set thin in beds, and both raked and weeded (if these not often) yet four times at the least, as Pliny willeth: who also taught, that t the ground be digged & cast up three times before the bestowing of the seeds in the earth.  
If the Gardener commit seeds to the earth in the wane or decrease of the Moon, he shall possess small and sour ones, if the seeds in the increase of the Moon, then strong or big, and of a moister taste, with the sourness mastered. But the same not to be unremembered nor overpassed, that in all the kinds of Onions, the same somewhat long and sharp, is wont to be sourer than the round, and the red one more than the white, to these the dry one, more than the green, and the raw more than the boiled, the fresh also, more than that seasoned or powdered with salt, or the sodden one.  
The Gardener or owner shall possess far greater Onions, if when there is a place or room for the setting again, they be laid in Earth well laboured for twenty days space, and so long left drying against the sun, until all the moisture be gone or drawn forth by heat of the sun, after the instruction of the worthy Greek Sotion, which Ruellius (out of Palladius) seemeth greatly to mistake, in that he ascribeth the same to be done to the Dill, and not the Onions, whose heads may also be bared, by plucking off the upper skin, before the setting again in the Earth, to prosper the better, and yield the bigger seeds, if they be set in the Earth well a hand breadth asunder.  
The heads to be eaten before the full ripenesss, that these may be the sweeter, ought rather to be sown in a moist ground, among the young plants of the Cucumbers, Gourds and Melones.  
If the owner will rightly possess, and gather the seeds in due season: when the green stems are shot up high, and yield big heads, they are then to be guided with two small forks of wooded, fixed on either side (as Columella willeth) that the stems, though the stays shoaring them upright, may not in any big wind, knock the heads together, to the spilling and loss of the Seeds on the Earth, which are not asore to be gathered, that they enjoy a black colour, as after the Greeks Columella, and rutilius like uttered.  
The stems and knops, in which the Seeds are contained, aught to be gathered in the decrease of the wane of the Moon, in a fair and warm time, when the leaves or blades begin of themselves to wither and dry, and that the seeds begin to appear black of themselselues, for than ought the stems to be plucked up by the roots, which knit together in form of garlands, or otherwise bound up, to be laid in the Sun to dry and ripen. The Onions will continue long uncorrupted (as the said Sotion hath noted) if so the Onions be put into hot water, or (as Pliny willeth) into saltie and warm water, and after laid in the hot sun, until they be through dry, which let be hidden or covered with Barley straw, and in such manner bestowed, that neither touch other by any part. In many places, the Onions be hanged in the smoke and in Chimneys near the heat of the fire, and on such wise preserve them a long time.  
The ancient, and skilful writers of Husbandry utter, that if the Gardener would possess Onions of a wonderful bigness in the head, the seeds of the Onions put within the seeds of Gourds, which so handled, bestow in moist beds, well turned in with dung, into a like bigness, will the heads of the Onions increase, if the Earth digged round about, the small heads of the Onions, in the heaving or lifting of the earth, shall be lifted up, yet in such manner done, that the heads not quite raised out of the earth or plucked up quite by the roots, as I afore uttered to be wrought with the Lecke. The like also shall the owner obtain, if boring the head of an Onion, with a wooden prick, in sundry places, and putting into the holes Gourd seeds, he bestow them together in a well laboured Earth.  
But in this place I thought not to omit, that if the Gardener shall commit the seeds of the Onions in due time to the Earth, they will after grow into a head, but they shall yield less store of Seed. But if the Gardener shall bestow little heads in the ground, the heads will after whither and beware dry, and be shot up into a round stem.  
To these I add, that the Onions plucked out of the ground and lying upon the Earth, or hanged up in ropes, do continue longer sound in the air, but if we may creedit Aristotle in the summer Solstice, these, as the Penny royal, & many other Herbs, do at the same time flourish, which may be as if they were of a doubtful life, that one while taking nourishment out of the Earth, and an other whiles from the air. But the Onions lightly bud and shoot out, not being in the earth, and send forth fair green blades by occasion of the moisture in the hrades, but after the stem shall be full shot out, the heads wither.  
To which Pliny wrote, that the Nuts be contrary, in that these do abate the strong savour of the Onion. I read that many skilful Gardeners used to sow the Onions and Garlic near to Garland flowers (but especially the Rose) to procure them to yield a sweeter savour, and the same done by the counsel of the Ancient and the worthy Pliny, which (in my opinion) deserveth to be followed.  
Truly, this one thing is greatly to be marveled at, that the Onion alone of all other Herbs, as Plutarch writeth, receiveth no damage of the Moon, and hath contrary virtues of increasing and diminishing to her: for the Onion becometh green and buddeth forth in the wane or last quarter of the Moon contrariwise she increasing of Light, the Onion than withereth and rotteth.  
For which cause, the Egyptian Priests in time past, refused the Onion in their Religious meats, where otherwise fruits, Herbs, Trees, and Beasts, receive a damage or diminishing and increasing through the occasion of this star, so that the Onion only obeyeth unto the contrary turns of the Moon, whose preserving unto winter time, Columella prepared after this manner, he chose the Onion or Sealiones (that are all alike) which be not budded forth, or that green blades appeared, and these dried afore in the hot sun after which cooled again in the shadow, by strewing upon Time or Savoury, he then laid them by courses, with either of these strawed between in an Earthen pot, and by pouring the Liquor upon, which was three parts of vinegar, and one of Brine: he strewed then a good handful of savoury (in such manner) that the Onions were couched or pressed under the Liquor, which when they had drunk up the liquor, and seemed to lie dry, he poured upon and filled the vessel with the like mixture, and in an apt place set the pot to preserve them to use.  
This one thing I will not omit, although the same may seem childish, in that it is noted by the learned man Cato, who writeth, that the letters drawn and written with the juice of the Onion, are invisible, which then show and appear evidently, when the paper shall be heated at the fire. To conclude, the Onions set in the middle of August in a red earth, do yield the year following their high stems and seed, but the worse will those be, which are bestowed in the earth, to serve green in the Lent time.  

The physic commodities of the Onion.  
Although the worthy Greek Hypocrates more commended the sight, than the eating of the Onion, saying that the same in sight to be good and in body evil, forasmuch as it is hot and burning: yet I purpose here to entreat somewhat of the physic benefits of the Onion, and of these, part faithfully gathered out of the Greek, and part out of the Latin writers, aswell physicians, as cunning and most diligent searchers of husbandly secrets.  
The onion hath the property of heating in the fourth degree, and of a grosser substance, as Galen witnesseth.  
The Greek Sotion (both husbandman and physician) is author, that if any shall daily eat the tender Onion fasting with Honey, it shall maintain the continuance of health. The said author reporteth beside, that the same recovereth and cureth ulcers: to these, that it removeth the foul spots on the body, being diligently rubbed with it in the Sun, and to profit the ears running, by dropping the Juice into them. The same anointed, helpeth the swellings in the throat, and these roasted under hot embers, & eaten with Oil, do help the cough.  
The Onion after the roasting eaten with honey, doth remove the grief of an evil stomach: the Onion eaten raw harmeth the members, in that it too much drieth the moisture of the body: the Onion also eaten raw, procureth a rough throat, and swelleth the stomach: the Onion notwithstanding applied with vinegar on Piles, doth in short time open them: the Juice of the Onion is profitably anointed with honey for the clearing of the eyes, and both removeth the Pin and Webs, and amendeth the blood shotten eyes, the Juice anointed on a bald place, recovereth the heats shed away.  
There be which affirm, that the green Onion applied with Vinegar, doth help the bit of a mad dog within three days, but I rather suppose that the Juice added with Rue, Salt, and Honey, and after the beating together workmanly applied, to perform the same. The often eating of the Onion, harmeth the Choleric, by procuring them hotter and drier in stomach: but this is to great purpose unto the flewmaticke, in that it cutteth asunder, and consumeth the superfluous humours in them.  
The Onion roasted in embers, & applied with barley meal doth stay the dropping of the eyes, and help the ulcers of the Privities: the Juice beside dropped with woman's milk into the ears, is said to amend the pain & noise of the ears. Which also many have given to persons suddenly swollen, by the drinking of water: and they have prosperously given the Onion, to such as are molested with the perilous flux Dysenteria: and these applied, have marvelously profited the griefs of the Loins, and the Juice of them with the Juice of fennel, expelleth and helpeth the water beginning between the flesh and skin, which together with the Rue and honey, recovereth the down right slumbering and sleeping, and with raisins or figs, applied on impostums, both ripeneth and speedily openeth them.  
The Onions after the roasting under hot embers eaten both morning and evening, not only help the pains of the breast, but cause an easy spitting up of gross humours, and purge the stomach: the Onion after the mixing with honey and salt, applied on warts, doth make them speedily fall off, even by the roots.  
If the Onions be often used through their sharpness, they engender in the stomach evil humours, procure thirst, swellings and windiness▪ yea cause headache, and to become foolish, through the fumosity of them, ascending to the head, and harm the Brain: for which cause, the daily and too often using hinder reason, and procure terrible dreams, if so be a weak person, newly crept out of sickness, shall much eat of them, but especially raw, in that these give no nourishment to the body.  
I add out of Galen, that if the Onions shall be twice sodden, each water separated, and in the third water boiled, to give a very good nourishment to the eater, being boiled with fat flesh, and other pleasant spices added, yet are they weaker than the green in working, although the evilness of the juice no longer remaining, nor felt.  
The raw Onion moderately used, according to the rule of Physic, heateth and cutteth asunder gross and clammy humours, openeth the ways of the veins, provoketh the Terms and urine, and increaseth the appetite, the juice also drawn up by the Nosethrels, or the savour received by the Nose, purgeth marvelously the head.  
The Onion is better commended to be eaten, than the savour allowed, in that the person which daily eateth of the young and tender Onions with Honey fasting, shall continue a longer time in perfect health and strength.  
The juice removeth the white spots as well on the face, as body, the juice applied with hens grease, healeth the kibes galling of the heels by a strait shoe: The Juice mixed with Hen's grease and anointed, removeth the red and wan spots of the face, the Onion bruised with vinegar, and anointed on scabbed places, both healeth and causeth a clear skin. The Onions after the boiling in wine or water, fried in Oil, and applied in plaster form under the navel, assuageth the painful gripings and flux, happening to women in child bed: the Onions roasted under hot embers, and mixed with leaven and oil of Lilies, and applied in plaster form on impostumes, speedily breaketh and procureth them to run.   

The commended virtues of the distilled Water of the Onions.  
THe most chosen and aptest time for the distilling of Onions, is in the first month of Harvest, for than ought the roots to be shred, and workmanly distilled. This water drunk four or five times, unto the quantity of two ounces at a time, recovereth the swelling caused by the bit of a mad dog, or other beast: the same drawn up by the nostrils, assuageth the grievous pain of the head. The water helpeth the ache & pain of the teeth, if they be either rubbed or washed with the same: this also causeth hears to grow in any bald place of the head, if the same be anointed with it: the drinking of the water expelleth worms.    

What care, skill and secrets to be learned in the sowing and ordering both of the lesser, and greater Garlic. Chap. 21.  
THe Garlic much desired, and often eaten of the husbandman, with fat Beef, and other sodden meats, joyeth in an earth especially white, diligently digged and laboured, without any dung bestowed in it, whose cloves broken off from the head, aught to be bestowed on the borders of beds round about, well a hand-bredth asunder, about the same time when the Onions are: and these with the beds or little ridges made (in form to such in the field) to be high raised, whereby the plants coming up may the lesser be harmed with the showers falling, and the natural moisture consisting in the earth. The Cloves set in the ridges and borders of the beds, may not be deep, nor the earth raised on them like to hillocks (as many do) but in an even manner, and unto the middle joints bestowed, which when they shall have yielded or sent up three blades, than these to be diligently weeded about, for through the often doing they increase the better, and yield a bigger head.  
The Neapolitan Rutilius (writing of the Garlic in his instructions of Husbandry) willeth that the seeds to be committed to the earth in the months of November, December, January and february, in a ground well digged and laboured, and the same white, without any dung bestowed in it, besides the earth the same time indifferent dry, & in a warm day, for the seeds on such wise handled, are caused to prosper and yield the better. Although the learned Pliny seemeth to write that the seeds bestowed in the earth do slowly come up, whereby these in the first year, only yield a head no greater than a Leek, but in the second year, they grow divided, and in the third year come to their full growth and perfection, and such some suppose to be the fairer and seemelier.  
The Seeds of the Garlic with us, better agree to be bestowed in the months of September, October, February, and March, in a earth white, indifferent dry, and well laboured without dunging. If any happen to remain in beds (as 〈◊〉 reporteth) after the seeds full ripe and gone, those than renew in the year following of the own accord, both in the root and blade, yea yield seeds the same year, which may after be sown in well laboured beds, to send forth green Garlic. If the owner would possess Garlic both great and big in the Head, then before the same be shot up into a stem, he must workmanlye tie all the tops of the green blades to an other growing next to it, which after tread softly down with the foot.  
The worthy Rutilius willeth, that when the stem beginneth to appear, to cover the same with Earth after the treading down, which in such manner to foresee, that it increase not into a bush or many blades, this so handled in the hard treading down, to be daily applied that the Juice may run to the root, and cause the head to wax the bigger. The like of which Pliny in his time first experienced. The worthy Sotion in his greek observations of husbandry: & also Rutilius with certain others report, that if the cloves of Garlic heads be committed to the Earth, and the like pulled out of the ground, when the Moon shall be descending and under the Horizone (as hid to us) that the stinking savour will in a manner be extinguished so that the breath of the eaters, shall very little be felt: which Pliny seemeth somewhat otherwise to utter, instructing that the heads (unto the same purpose) ought to be bestowed when the Moon shall be under the Earth, and to be gathered when the Moon shall be in conjunction, or with the Sun.  
The said Greek Sotion seemeth to affirm, that the Garlic heads may be caused to grow sweet of favour, if in the setting the kernels of olives (after the joining with them) be bestowed together in the Earth, or the sharper ends blunted on some stone, and then committed to the earth, or else in the setting, that lies of the Olives be bestowed with the cloves. The singular Didymus (Ruellius noting the same) uttereth, or rather Sotion (as the Greek copy showeth) that the loathsomeness or stinking savour by the eating of Garlic heads is abolished or put away, if the green and raw bean be soon after eaten. Others there are, which will the root of the beat to be eaten, after the roasting under hot embers, affirming the same to be sufficient to remove the strong savour: Also with the like remedy Menander one of the Greek writers witnesseth, as Pliny writeth of him, the savour to be dissebled and bid. Our later writers of husbandry and Physic report▪ that the rank savour of Garlic may be extinguished, with the only eating of green Parsely blades.  
The commodiouser & apt time for gathering of the Garlic heads is in the decrease or wane of the Moon, the day being dry and fair, when the blades be withered, that they leave or hang down.  
Many of the ancient writers of husbandry utter, that the Garlic heads will endure a long time, and be to better purpose afterwards, if they be either hid in chaff, or after the tying together hanged up in thesmoke. There be others which after the infusion of the heads a while in warm salt water, and letting them dry, do likewise hide them in the chaff.  
But the heads handled after either manner, do for the more part remain barren, or prosper not after the bestowing in the earth. To others it was sufficient to have dried them over the heat of the fire, that they might after grow. The learned Pliny uttereth, that those heads of Garlic be of a sourer taste, which possess the more cloves round about, and he addeth that no more loathsomeness or strongness of savour doth consist in them after the seething, than in the Onion like ordered. Nor he omitteth not, that the Garlic heads afore eaten, to be in steed of the white Neeswort for the pioneers, if they mind to avoid & escape the hazard of death. There is another wild Garlic, which the Greeks name Ophioscoridon, in english Ramsey's, growing of the own accord in the fallow fields, through which the Kines milk by feeding on the green blades, is caused to savour of the Garlic, yea the cheese made of the same milk, doth sender in the eating the like rankness of savour: The husbandmen name this both the wild and serpentine Garlic.  
This Garlic on such wise boiled, that it may not grow again, and bestowed on beds, doth greatly avail against the harm of birds to Seeds, as afore is uttered in my first part, there writing, that the same of Pliny is named Alum. But here cometh to mind a marvelous matter, not to be overpassed, which is, that neither the Weasel nor Squirrel will after the tasting Garlic presume to bite any fowls, by which practice. Pullet's and other souls in the night bring sprinkled over with the liquor of the Garlic may be defended from harm of either of these.  
There is yet a matter more worthy the remembrance, and the same far maruelouser, which Volateranus uttereth, that in his time happened a husbandman to sleep open mouthed in the field by a hay cock, cast up in the Harvest time, which when he had unwittily suffered an Adder to creep into his body, with the eating incontinente of Garlic heads, was (as by a certain preparation against poison) delivered, yet the venom & death of the adder, consisting or remaining within the body distilled & shed forth in the coeating a matter to be marveled at of the wise.  
But this also is marvelous in the Garlic, that if it be boiled with a salt liquor, the same doth effectuously destroy the mites or little worms in either peason or beans, so that the walls and floors of the barns be wet with this mixture. Here also I thought not to overpass the marvelous discord of the Adamant stone and Garlic, which the Greeks name to be an Antipathia or natural contrariety between them, for such is the hatred or contrariety between these two bodies, (lacking both hearing and feeling) that the Adamant rather putteth away than draweth to it Iron, if the same afore be rubbed with Garlic, as Plutarch hath noted, and after him Claudius Ptolemaeus. Which matter examined by diverse learned, and found the contrary, caused them to judge, that those skilful men (especially Ptolomie) mente the same to be done with the Egyptian Garlic. Which Dioscorides wrote to be small Garlic, and the same sweet in taste, possessing a beautiful head, tending unto a purple colour. There be which attribute the same to Ophioscerido, which Antonius Microphonius Biturix, a singular learned man, and well practised in sundry skills, uttered this approved secret to a friend whom he loved. And the same as last, shall here be placed, that diverse Garlic heads hanged on the branches of trees, do drive far off birds from the spoiling of fruits, as the like Democritus noted in the Greek instructions of husbandry.  
That big Garlic named of certain skilful Authors the Africa Garlic, is of far bigger increase, than the Garden Garlic with us. Which the worthy Greek Sotion, Columella and Rutilius instruct, that the cloves to be broken from the head, and bestowed in a white ground, well laboured and dressed without any dung, and set in high ridges of beds, to the end the natural moisture of the earth, nor showers falling may offend.  
The time commended for setting of the cloves, is in the months of January, Februarye, and March, but some will to bestow them in the Earth, from the beginning of October, unto the end of November, well a hand breadth asunder, and unto the middle joints, or rather a finger deep in the Earth, which grown up to some height, to be often weeded about, and the Earth diligently raked, whereby the plants may the better prosper.  
These further grown up, the skilful teach, to tie the tops of the blades, by two and two together, which done to tread the blades down with the foot, that the juice by the same means may run to the root to increase the heads bigger.  
The other instructions need fully to be learned, may the owner conceive by the former taught of the garden Garlic, which for the physic benefits deserveth a place in every ground, especially in the husbandman's Garden.  

The Physic helps and commodities of the Garlic.  
THe learned Pliny seemeth to me, not to have unadvisedly written, that the Garlic doth serve unto many uses in physic, & to the husbandman especially is profitable, for which cause of sundry it is rightly named, the husbandman's treacle.  
This (according to the agreement of the skilful) heateth and drieth in the fourth degree, the Onion, Garlic, and Leek (as the skilful Argineta witnesseth in his first book) endued with a sour virtue, doth heat the body, extenuate and cut the groste humours in the same yet the Cholerik ought to beware, that they do not too often eat the Garlic, especially in the Summer time and hot seasons, for at such times the Garlic inflameth and drieth the body, and increaseth both the red and adust Choler. The worthy Greek Sotion (principal of the writers of husbandry) uttereth, that the Garlic eaten with meat, or hanged against the region of the stomach, doth expel worms in the body, & applied in plaster form, prevaileth against the bit of either snake or adder. The heads burned & mixed with honey, and the same applied, doth remove the black and blue spots, and cause a fair colour.  
The Garlic eaten, putteth away the inward swelling of the body, softeneth and openeth impostumes, and draweth forth matter, being afore sodden, and applied thereon.  
If the head be anointed with the juice of Garlic, it killeth both Lice and nits. The Garlic also is drunk to great purpose, with the decoction of Organy (as Dioscorides witnesseth) against Lice and Nits of the head.  
The heads eaten do move urine, and are supposed to amend the defaults of the kidneys: and a clove holden in the mouth, ceaseth the toothache, proceeding of a cold cause.  
The Ashes of the Garlic heads, after the mixing with Honey, anointed, stayeth the shedding of hear, in the same manner used amendeth the defaults or spots of the skin. If the ashes be strewed on foul ulcers, which are open, it speedily cureth them.  
The ashes of the heads, after the diligent mixing with Honey and May butter anointed, doth in short time remove the foul scabs and Leaprie, and cleareth the skin, if the same be daily exercised in the bath or hot house.  
The Garlic tenderly sodden and eaten, procureth a clear voice, and recovereth an old cough, and correcteth the stomach cooled, the same mightily drieth up the moisture of the stomach.  
If any shall afore eat of the Garlic, he shall not be endamaged by the bit of any venomous worm or Serpent, the Garlic bruised and applied on the bit, doth speedily cure it.  
And the same in these is marvelous (as writeth the skilful Serapio) that although the heads eaten, doth harm the sound sight of the eyes, yet dor these comfort and relieve the dullness of sight, through the moisture consisting in them. The boiled heads eaten with oil and salt, do cure the mattering and breaking forth: of whelks, and remove, both pimples and tetters. Aswell the raw as boiled heads eaten, do recover an old Cough: but the boiled heads eaten, are far more profitable than the raw, and likewise the sodden, than the roasted: and on such wise to the voice they do more profit and help. The person which shall afore have eaten sundry Garlic heads, if he after happen to drink poison, shall not be harmed by it.  
The heads with the green blades boiled in wine and drunk, doth not only move urine, but procureth the Terms and draweth down the after burden, if the belly afore be anointed with it: the like also may a smoke of the Garlic procure, if a woman sitting in a hollow Chair, and covered close about with clothes, receiveth the fume.  
The Garlic bruised with the fig tree leaves and Camomile flowers, by a like quantity, and applied in plaster form, doth cure the bit of a mad dog or other beast.  
The person which weakly digesteth meat eaten, through the coldness of the stomach, shall find great help through the sundry times eating of the sodden heads with oil and vinegar.  
Praxagoras used the Garlic in wine, against the king's evil. Hypocrates supposeth that the after burden to be drawn down through the sitting over the smoke, and Diocles, frenzy persons they doth greatly help, if they after the boiling shallbe eaten, and the fame the dropsy persons, boiled with century: and the Garlic eaten, stayeth the flux of the belly, which the skilful report, the green more effectuously to perform, bruised and drunk in pure wine with Coliander.  
For an old cough proceeding of a cold cause, let the soles of the feet, paulmes of the hands, and chine of the back, be diligently anointed with the Barrowes grease, finely tempered with three heads of Garlic clean peeled.  
The Garlic eaten with fresh butter, or applied in plaster form on the stomach, doth in short time kill the worms in Children.  
The Garlic boiled with vinegar, and drunk with water and Honey, expelleth the broad worms in the body, and what other harmful creeping things in the bowels. The heads boiled with oil, and applied in plaster form, doth cure the bit of venomous things, in what part so ever the same happeneth.  
The harms and swellings of the bladder, are removed with this ointment, if it be sundry times applied without.  
The Garlic boiled with Milk, and eaten, doth heal the ulcers of the Lungs.  
The Garlic boiled with century in wine, and sundry times drunk, removeth the dropsy, gathered of a cold cause. The Garlic bruised and mixed with Coliander, and on such wise taken with wine, helpeth the griefs of the Lungs, and difficulty of the urine. The heads boiled and bruised with beans, and tempered either with oil olive or oil of Poppy, and of the same an ointment made, removeth headache, anointed on the temples.  
There is no better thing for the toothache proceeding of a cold cause than to wash and retain, for a time, the decoction of the Garlic three cloves bruised in vinegar, which undoubtedly ceaseth the pain.  
The heads also boiled with vinegar and Nitre, do remove the itch, and taken in a white broth, ceaseth the grievous pain of the going often to the stool. A Garlic head after the boiling in sweet wine, with a half Penny weight of Beniamine drunk, doth in short time expel the quartain.  
The same bruised and mixed with fresh butter, profiteth very much the pyppes of Hens and Cocks.  
The person hardly making water, and subject to the stone, shall greatly be eased of the grievous pain, by eating of Garlic sundry times.  
The worthy Galen uttereth, that the heads tenderly boiled in two or three waters, do remove the sourness of them, but these than yield a very small nourishment, in respect of the raw eaten with vinegar.   

The inconveniences of Garlic out of Pliny.  
THe defaults of the Garlic are (as Pliny writeth) that it dulleth the sight, causeth windiness, harmeth the stomach, and much at a time eaten, causeth thirst.  
So that for all causes it is better commended sodden than raw, and boiled than roasted.  
The Garlic boiled and roasted, brought to fine powder with Mastic & Pellitory, if the mouth be washed with the same decoction, doth marvelously help the toothache.  
The Garlic profiteth Crafts men, husbandmen, and the Fluematicke, and those which for the more part drink water, and both use cold meats, and hard of digestion.  
The Garlic availeth against the infection of waters, mutation of places, and other contagious airs (which hastily annoy) by the eating afore of it, in such suspect places.  
As touching the Africa Garlic, the same may serve unto all the diseases and griefs in a manner, which tofore are written of the Garden Garlic.   

The commended virtues of the distilled water of Garlic.  
THe heads with the green blades finely shred ought to be distilled in the Canicular or dog days, in a Tin Lymberke.  
This distilled water, helpeth the swellings in the throat, if a linen cloth wet in the same, be workmanly applied, & drunk unto the quantity of two ounces at a time, or gargelled so often in the mouth and throat, until the patiented be better amended.  
The water drunk every morning fasting, unto the quantity of two ounces at a time, doth marvelously amend the green sickness, and swelling of the Spleen, being used for twelve or fourteen days space.  
The water also drunk, profiteth unto all the said sicknesses and griefs, which tofore are uttered of the blade and root.    

What care and skill is required in the sowing and ordering, both of the Scallion and Squyll Onion. Chap. 2●.  
THe Scalyons better prosper and come up, being set than sown, for when they are committed to the earth in the Seeds, the owner may not hope for a seemly groweth of them, before the second year. The owner may bestow the Scallions in well dressed beds, from the beginning of November, unto the end of February, for to enjoy the proper yield the next Spring following: and they require to be likewise set in the ground, as afore taught of the Garlic. But they are to be plucked up to use, before that the March violets be in their full pride and flourish, for if these be longer suffered, as unto the time of the perfect flourishing of the violets, they are then found feeble and withered. And for to know when the Scallions are ripe, it behoveth the Gardener to mark whether the blades beneath be withered, for on such wise seen, denoteth the full ripenesss of them. And to possess Scallions with big heads, it behoveth the Gardener, to bestow round about the roots soft Cow dung, and to water them often, which grown to a reasonable height, he must also tread down and order as afore uttered in the using of the Leek.  
The Squyl Onion better cometh forward in the Garden, being set with the head, than sown in the seed, for when the seeds are committed to the Earth, they yield slowly their seemly bush and heads.  
The owner may bestow the heads of the Squyll Onions in well laboured and dressed Beds, so that the ground be of a dry nature, and tending unto a Saltness, whether gravely or Sandie, for they desire a like diligence to be bestowed on them, as is afore uttered of the Onion and Garlic.  
The ancient and latter writer's report, that there are two kinds of the Squil Onion, as the Male and Female, the Male yielding white leaves, and the Female black. This strong by nature, will continue in the hanging up (in a shadowy place) a long time green, and it lightly groweth (as Theophrastus writeth) bestowed in dry Earth, & speedily shooteth up to a height, it keepeth fruits to be preserved, especially Pomegranates, the stalks afore broken off: and this is said to bear flower thrice in a year, foreshowing by it, the three seasons of committing seeds to the Earth, as the first time of bearing flowers, to signify the first time of ploughing, the second time of flower bearing, the second time: the third, the last time: for how many times these appear, even so often is the Earth accustomed to be laboured.  
The flower also of the Squil Onion (as Beritius writeth) shooting up in a strait stem, if so be it doth not hastily wither, signifieth the large or plentiful yield of fruits.  

The Physic helps both of the Scallion and Squil Onion.  
AS touching the benefit of the Scallions, there is no other aid nor profit to be hoped after, saving that these yield a more delight to the mouth, than the health of the body, for the Scallions serve to no other purpose, than to stir up or move persons unto the venerial act.  
The Squyll Onion hath the virtue of heating in the second degree, and cutting especially of the tough matter in the stomach.  
The Squyll Onion used raw, is very hurtful to the body, especially to the inward members or parts, for which cause, the Squyll Onion is not inwardly to be taken, except they afore be either roasted or boiled, or by some other manner prepared.  
The worthiest force of the same in Medicines is, by sharpuing it especially with vinegar, for which cause (being so prepared) named the Squilitike vinegar, the making of which is after this manner.  
Take the heads clean peeled from the outward skins, those (after the shredding) hang in a Sunnye place, being stitched through with small Packthreed (in such manner) that the parts be a pretty distance asunder, whcyh like handled, let hang for xl. days space.  
The dry pieces after bestow into a Hog's head of most sharp vinegar, but in such manner, that these of no part touch the vessel. The Hog's head after covered so close, that no vapours may breathe forth, and set into the hot Sun.  
After the xlvii. day, let the vessel be lift up, and the pieces taken forth, which done, the owner shall then possess a most sharp vinegar.  
There are others, which make the Squiliticke wine after this manner: the pieces of it shred, they bestow into a vessel of wine new made (that being put in) it may on such wise heat together, & they use this wine to those purposes, as the vinegar.  
The Physic commodities of the Squill Onion are (as the learned Constantyne, in his book de gradibus uttereth) to amend the dropsy persons, such fetching the wind hardly, the defaults of the Liver and milt proceeding of clammy humours.  
The persons sick of the Ague, and having exulcerations or sores within the body, ought to refrain the taking of the Squyliticke vinegar. For the Squiliticke vinegar or wine, purgeth gross phlegm, and corrodeth, procureth the going to the stool, and urine, and causeth vomiting.  
The Squil Onion (after the mind of Dioscorides) is roasted after this manner, this wrought in Paste or Clay set into an Oven, or covered with coals, until the paste or crust about it be sufficiently baked, which drawn or taken forth, if the head be yet not sufficiently softened, then after the covering of it with paste, the second time and set in an Oven, bake the same thoroughly.  
The Onions are also kindly baked or roasted in an Earthen pot, the mouth well stopped with dough or course paste, and set into the Oven.  
This beside cut into round pieces, and after the flitching through with Packthreede, that these be a pretty distance asunder, hang in the air from the Sun beams, for on such wise handled, it serveth to the making of the Oil, vinegar, and wine.  
The singular Dioscorides teacheth the manner of boiling the Squyll Onion, after this sort: Take the middle parts (the outward skins pilled away) which after the slicing into parts and boiled, throw the first water forth, on which pour other water, boiling in like condition, and this so often do, until no more bitterness nor tartness in the water be felt: after these, the slices hanged up, and dried in the shadow, as above uttered, which done, if half a dram of the fine powder be sucked down with Honey, the same amendeth the long continuance of the hard fetching of breath, an old cough, and the griefs both of the liver and milt, yea the dropsy and Jaundice. The like worketh the Squiliticke vinegar, and the same expelleth worms, and other corruptions in the body.  
The oxymel made of the Squilitick vinegar, expelleth melancholy, removeth the Apoplexy & falling sickness breaketh & sendeth forth the stone, the same also purgeth the Matrice of clammy humours, and helpeth the ache in the Hips. The Squilliticke vinegar fasteneth the teeth, by sundry times washing and rubbing of them with it, and amendeth a stinking breath.  
The same dropped into the ears, removeth the clammy humours hindering the hearing. The oil in which the squil Onion shall be steeped, anointed on places, putteth away warts, and cureth both the chops & cliffs of the feet: the same anointed on moist or running scabs, healeth (or at the least) correcteth them, putteth away the dandrie of the head, and profiteth anointed on the bit of Serpents, and other venomous worms.  
The Squil Onion containeth in it an Oil which is black: this oil tempered with honey, and anointed on a bald place, procureth hear to grow. The Squillitike vinegar held in the mouth, amendeth the corrupted and foul gums. The same used, procureth a clearer sight of the eyes, healthful and profitable it is to the griefs of the sides and stomach, if a little be taken twice a day, but hastily drunk down, it overcometh the party for a while.  
The Squiliticke Onion boiled in wine & drunk, expelleth all the inward diseases of the body, and helpeth especially a hot and corrupt Liver.  
The Squil Onion prepared in the abovesaid manner, and boiled with Wormwood and Mastic in water and vinegar, and sweetened with Sugar, helpeth unto the stopping of the liver and milt, recovereth the king's evil & dropsy, mightily causeth urine, draweth down the terms, and expelleth the dead youngling. If Mice hap to drink of the water, in which the Squiliticke Onion shall be steeped for a night, they soon after die.  
The distilled water of the Squil Onion, mixed with meal which Mice willingly eat, and bestowed in such places where they haunt, doth in short time kill those which eat of the same.    

What care and skill is required in the preparing and ordering of the Garden Saffron. Chap. 23.  
AS touching the Garden saffron, it joyeth to be bestowed in a mean and chalky ground, and evermore well laboured, and it may very well be set in the beds, where Onions have been newly plucked up. The Saffron refuseth watering and moisture, for which cause the heads ought to be set in beds (between which) furrows made, that these may receive the moisture falling, which they greatly fear. Besides these, the heads are much endamaged through the resort of Mice and Moles, which greatly covet to feed on the roots or Onions of the Saffron.  
The remedies against these two noyous Beasts, are fully taught in my first part, which the reader may resort unto.  
The heads are rather to be bestowed in the Earth, than the Seeds, in that the Seeds (after the committing to the Earth) prosper not.  
The heads are to be set on ridges, in the month of April or May, and the heads laid on a heap, to lie and whither in the shadow from the Sun beams, for the space of eight days before, which done, to set them with the hairy roots in the Earth well laboured and dressed, and a length one by another, well half a hand breadth asunder, and three fingers deep. Certain there are which will them to be set for the better yield, after the mids of August, unto the middle of September, letting these so to remain for two or three years, and that every year in the month of April and May the leaves or blades then dry, to break off orderly, the other prospering to weed about, and to raise the earth after, two fingers deep, but in such manner, that the heads be not touched.  
After that the herbs be sufficiently cleansed, when as the flowers be withered and dead, especially in August and towards Harvest, which, flourish not above a month, than these are to be gathered in the morning after Sun rising, and after the drying by a gentle fire to be kept together in bags of leather, in a close and dry place.  
And this one thing as marvelous, is worthy to be noted, that the root or Onion standing quite out of the Earth, yieldeth notwithstanding the proper flower of continuance but a day or two after the full opening, at the season of the year: but the head afterwards (as deprived of nourishment) withereth and rotteth.  
The blades be fresh and green all the winter through, in that the heads be full of juice, and sufficient strong to endure the cold season. When the Saffron is set, and in the third year digged up, there are found about each head five or six heads growing, and joined together within the Earth.  
The best Saffron is the same, which is fresh and new, and excelleth in the goodness of colour, in such manner, that the tops in which the Seeds are contained be white, and mixed with a redness: the chive also is not lightly broken, and rubbed in the hand, coloureth the skin, and is in savour comfortable, with a gentle sharpness. And this is named the Oriental Saffron.  

The physic benefits and helps of the Saffron.  
THe Saffron hath the property of heating in the second, and drying in the first degree, as Aegineta witnesseth. The Saffron endureth for five years in perfect strength, being close kept in a leather bag, and set in a dry place.  
Take a scruple of good Saffron, or the third part of a dram, and half a grain weight of pure musk, this mixed together with the best and hot wine, drink fasting, for it is a singular remedy against the hard fetching of breath, of what cause soever the same shall happen.  
The Saffron procureth a fresh and fair colour to the drinkers of it, it comforteth the heart: purgeth and causeth healthful blood, and removeth poisons from the heart. Taken in meat, it causeth a long and easy breathing and helpeth the Asthma.  
Against the infection and plague inward, many after the fortifying of the Saffron. treacle and Mustard Seed, in an empty eggshell close stopped, do make an electuary, with other spices adjoined, which after the taking expelleth the poison or infection by sweats.  
The use of it profiteth impostumes in the breast, & those that be short winded, it amendeth the milt, moveth the venereal act, and causeth urine, this also availeth against the vehement aching and pains of the head if such a plaster be made with the same: take of Saffron Gum, Arabic, Euphorbium, and Myrrh, of each a like weight, these after the finely working to powder, and tempering with the white of an egg, apply in plaster form to the forehead, for this without doubt availeth.  
The saffron taken either in meat or drink, procureth urine, and the Terms: this also amendeth the yellow Jaundice, drunk especially with sweet Wine or Malmsey: this given beside to an ulcered breast, stomach, liver, lungs, kidneys, and bladder, greatly profiteth.  
For the grievous pain of the Gout, take a quantity of saffron, which with the yolk of eggs, oil of roses, and rose water, an ointment made, apply with a feather on the grieved place: the Saffron with crumbs of white bread and milk, after the boiling together, applied in the form of a pultise, on swellings, impostumes, and ulcers, doth greatly assuage both the swelling and pain, yea mightily softeneth and breaketh impostumes.  
If with Opium, Barley meal, milk and the white of an egg, an ointment be made after art, and anointed on any painful and sore place, it doth assuage the griefs in short time. The Saffron (as Vitalis writeth) doth greatly amend the feebling of the heart, and weakness of stomach. The saffron comforteth palsy members, and softeneth the hardness of parts: for the which cause, the same named Oxicrocie, is right profitable. The Saffron removeth the grief of the eyes, either of blood or other blemish, if with rose leaves brought to powder, and mixed with the yolk of an egg, the same be applied in plaster form on a linen cloth to the eye. The Saffron removeth all swellings and griefs of the eyes, if the same be especially mixed with wine, and applied in plaster form.  
The Saffron is profitable mixed with woman's milk and anointed, for the distilling of the eyes. The Saffron removeth drunkenness, drunk with cuit. The person also which shall drink the powder of Saffron in wine, shall not be overcome by drinking. This beside is very profitable for remedies of the ears.    

What skill care and diligence to required in the workmanly sowing and ordering of the navews. Chap. 24.  
THe navews and Turnup's are sown after one manner, in earth well turned up, and orderly dressed, or if the owner will in earable ground, and will endure in a manner any air: yet these desire a dry ground, rather lean and gravelly and diligently turned uppe.  
The seeds well prosper, bestowed in a fine powdered earth, well laboured afore: and to possess fair navews, let not the Seeds be above three years old: for being elder, the Seeds run into Coleworts. If the plants in the coming up appear too: thick together, the owner may pluck them up; and set them thinner in other well dressed places. These also in the growing up, ought diligently to be weeded and the Earth to be digged about, and let the greater and fairer still grow, to possess their Seeds, which in the month of August, diligently bestow in a well laboured Earth.  
To commit Seeds to the Earth the owner ought to stay until the ground be well moistened with showers, for bestowed soon after, they prosper and come the speedier up: But the owner or Gardener ought in any case to take heed, that he bestow not the seeds in a shadowy place, for the shadowy places are disagreeable and hurtful to the plants, although the ground be good fertile and well laboured.  
The property many times of the ground doth alter the navew into a Turnupe, and the Turnupe into a navew.  
The owner ought to gather the navews in the month of November: and to possess them all the winter time, he must bury the roots in Sande lying in a seller, that he may not only eat of them in the Winter time, but all the Lente through.  
The worthier navews be those, which are rather long, and as they were crisped, and not big, and possessing few roots, at the most but one seemly root, and the same strait and sharp downward.  
There be which make a singular composition of the navews, with radish roots, a little Salt, Honey, Mustard, delectabler spices, and vinegar: yea the same may be made without spices, both wholesome and profitable.  

The Physic benefits of the navews.  
THe worthy Galen reporteth the navew to be hot in the second degree, and moist in the first.  
The navews tenderly boiled, do nourish much, yet evilly or hardly digested, and they make soft flesh, and the same puffed up, yet this less than the Turnip, who afore ought to be boiled in water, and that first water after the boiling poured forth, then into a second water bestowed, diligently boil them, for the hardness of their substance, will well be tempered, and meanly engender a nourishment between good and evil.  
The navews which are not thoroughly boiled, do evilly digest, and procure a windiness in the body, besides a stopping of the veins, and natural powers: for which cause, these yield a more commodity to the stomach, and digest better, being twice boiled in fair water, and shifted a third time into a most fat broth, where boiled unto a sufficient tenderness, and then eaten, there be which boil them a third time in new Cow milk, for the better digesting.  
The Seeds confected with Sugar, and eaten, increase sperm in man. But the Seeds bruised and drunk, do especially avail against poisons, for the which cause, there are profitable ministered with treacle.    

What care and skill is required in the sowing and rightly ordering of the Rape and Turnip. Chap. 25.  
THe Rapes be not much differing from the navews and Turnup's, saving that these be bigger, and sweet in the eating. For the Rapes or Turnips be much greater, and in the eating pleasanter than the navews: The Rapes require a like ordering and dressing of the earth, as afore uttered of the navew, which for fronth ought to be rather sown in the Moveth of September, than in any other time, in a moist Earth, well dunged, diligently turned in and dressed: for by that means they prosper and come the better forward, and are caused to be fairer, tenderer, bigger, and sweeter of taste through the cold season following, like as the hoary frosts, snow, and cold mists, than in the dry and warm season of the year.  
After these be come up, and ready to be removed, the owner must carefully see unto, that the leaves be not gnawn neither of spiders, nor of any other vermin or worms, & for the avoiding of like annoyance it shall be profitable for the Gardener (well a day before the committing of the Seeds to the Earth) to mix the Seeds with the powder or dust of plank boards, or rather with the foot of a chimney, which after wet with water, to the end the Seeds may receive some moisture, and being thus ordered, bestow the whole together in the Earth the next day following.  
The skilful Neapolitan Rutilius reporteth that the Rape or Turnip (as the Navew) prospereth under every air, and desireth to be bestowed in a fat and lose earth, and the same so lose, that it in a manner falleth to powder, whereby the Seeds may prosper, and come the speedier forward.  
The seeds also are to be bestowed with fine powdered Earth, to the end the plants may not come up too thick together, about the end of July, unto the mids of September: and if rain happen not the day before, than the day following, moisten the ground with water gently sprinkled upon.  
If the seeds committed to the Earth be bestowed thin, the plants in the coming up (by diligence of the Gardener) will increase the bigger, for which cause, where the plants grow thick together, and these come so some strength, the owner may pluck up sundry; and bestow those a good distance asunder, whereby they grow the bigger in root.  
And for the better furtherance of their growth the owner shall sundry times water and weed about the plants. The seeds may be sown in the open field, and where Corn grew, if so be the ground be diligently ploughed, and the roots weeded forth, these after the bestowing in the Earth, may the owner only cover with the harrow or rake, because the seeds lie shallow on the ground.  
The Seeds joy in an open field, far from the shadow of Trees, in that these lying under shadow be much harmed: if the owner mind to commit Seeds to the earth in a dry season, he may then bestow them in some well dressed place being moist and shadowy, thick together after the manner of the colewort.  
After this, when the plants be well grown up, and the earth sufficiently moistened with showers, the owner may remove and set the plants in larger places well dressed, from the end of August unto the entering of the Sun into Libra or middle of September.  
The Rapes to serve in the winter time, ought to be gathered in the month of October, and those which are the fairer, by plucking away the outward leaves, may be set again in well dunged and dressed earth to yield Seeds the Summer following.  
And to preserve the Rape or Turnip roots, to serve the Winter and Lente time, the owner may work after this manner, by washing first the roots, and these raw, bestow in ranks one upon another, and in each rank strew salt, fennel seeds, and savoury, or only cover them with salt, close couched, and on such wise letting these remain for eight days, pour so much fair water upon, as will well cover them: Which done, let the vessel stand in some vault or Seller, to serve for the above said times, or longer if the owner will, if so be he fill up the vessel, when these lie bare and dry. These hitherto Ruellius in his instructions of husbandry.  
This one thing is in marvelous and worthy the noting, so small a seed to increase in root, to such a bigness as we many times see them, of which the like hath been seen to have weighed thirty, yea forty pound weight, to the admiration of many.  
The owner ought especially to take heed, that the seeds to be committed to the Earth, be not above three years old. For the ground otherwise of the Rapes, will change and bring forth Coleworts.  
For to enjoy fair and big roots, let the owner new set those roots which be grown unto a finger bigness, well a span distant one from the other. Which done, and these somewhat more grown, the owner ought to tread down with the 〈◊〉, and diligently cover the heads thick with Earth, whereby the Juice of the leaves and stalks may run to the increasing of the roots.  
The roots after the gathering in the month of November, may likewise be preserved, to serve the Winter and Lente time, as afore is uttered of the navew.  

The physic virtues and helps of the Rapes.  
THe Rapes brat in the second degree, and moisten in the first: these cause many humours, hardly digests, and increase much wind. The sown Rapes are hard of digestion: which notwithstanding boiled do swell the belly, and increase humours in the body.  
The Rapes have a marvelous property in sharpening the sight, as the singular Auerrois writeth: Yet these throughly boiled, as I afore uttered to be done by the navews, do yield a nourishment, and are profitable to the body: contrariwise these eaten rawishe or not well boiled, do hardly digest, cause wind in the body, and molest the stomach.  
The Rape seeds used in the steed of treacle, recovereth and helpeth poisoning, if any having drunk or eaten poison, shall take the seeds bruised in water and honey, this of experience known, represseth or abateth the force of the poison, that the same can not harm.  
The Rape or Turnip roots confected with vinegar, doth cool and engender wind, yet these extinguish the hot and dry blood, of which most great and perilous sicknesses are caused. The roots and seeds eaten do stir and move the venerial act.  
They are profitable to health, being eaten after the third boiling, and if any foul arrayed with scabs, which represent the kind of a lepry, do wash all the body with the water in which the Rape seeds shall afore be boiled, it doth with the same cause in short time a fairer & clearer skin. The rape roots boiled in May butter, after the tender see thing, eaten with a little salt, do lose the breast: the decoction of them taken, ceaseth a dry cough, boiled with oil Olive, and eaten with pepper and a little salt, do help digestion: The roots daily eaten, do engender gross humours, for which cause greatly misliken of Democritus, to be used for a proper sustenance.  
The decoction or broth of the roots tenderly boiled, applied on palsy members, the hot gout, and kibed heels, do speedily amend and help these: if any in the side of the root; after the making of a hole, do bestow in it the oil of roses, and unwrought wax, and after the tender roasting under hot embers, do apply the same in ulcered or sore kibes, it shall in short time cure them.   

The benefits of the distilled water of Rapes.  
THe Garden Rape or Turnip, both leaves and roots shred, aught to be distilled about the rude of June, in a Tin Limbeck.  
This water prevaileth against the galling of members, if those be daily washed and supled with the same, and that a linen cloth wet in it, be applied twice or thrice a day.  
This helpeth any burning or scalding, if the same be washed with it, but after a crust gathered on the place, the same will in no manner be removed, but through the daily washing of it with this water, which in the end perfectly cureth the sore.  
The distilled water of the putrefied Rapes, applied often hot with a linen cloth wet in it, doth greatly profit the swelling and sores of the feet, caused of cold.    

What skill and diligence is required with the secrets to be learned in the sowing and ordering of the Radish. Chap. 26.  
THe Garden Radish with us, is better known, than I with pen can utter the description of the same, for in a manner every person, aswell the rich, as the poor, the citizen as Countryman, when their stomach is slack or irketh at meat, they then to procure an appetite to feeding by the same root, by cutting the roots either into a length (on each side) or into round slices, do workmanlye season them with salt, beating them for the more delight to the mouth, between two 〈◊〉, supposing a more tenderness caused to the roots, through the like adoing: whose care and diligence in the bestowing of it in the Earth, ought (after the mind of Columella) to be after this manner, than the beds, before the bestowing of the seeds, be well laboured, and workmanly turned in with dung, and when the roots be grown to some bigness, than the Earth to be raised and diligently heaped about them, for if the roots shall be naked or lie bare of Earth, that doth the Sun and air beat upon them, then will they become, in their further growth, but ● hard and hollow like to the Mushroom, as Pliny reporteth, which prescribeth to these, both a lose and moist Earth.  
The worthy Rutilius (in his instructions of husbandry) uttereth, that the Radishes refuse a hard, Sandie and Grantllie ground, and do joy in the moisture of the air: beside, these aught to be sown in Beds a good distance asunder, and the Earth deep digged after a late or new rain fallen, except the place by hap shall be moist, and soon watered.  
The Seeds committed to the Earth, ought immediately (and with diligence, to be covered light with the Rake, and neither dung bestowed within, nor strawed upon the Beds (although Columella otherwise willeth) but only chaff of Corn, as after shall further be uttered.  
The skilful practised in Garden matters report, that these better prosper being orderly set, than curiously sown and that these to be bestowed in the Earth, as both sown and set, at two times of the year, as in the month of February, and beginning of March, if the owner would enjoy the roots timely, and in August unto the mids of September, if the owner would enjoy them much sooner: and these then bestowed in the Earth, are without doubt far better, for as much as the radish in the cold season, groweth and increaseth especially in the root, and is the same time tenderer, whereas the plants otherwise in the fair and warm season, run up into a leaf and stem. Yet this manner of travail, to possess them in the sharp winter, is little in use with us, because the radish can ill abide the bitter air, which once bitten and tainted with the frosts either withereth, or soon after dieth, yet the learned Pliny writing of the Radish uttereth the same to joy so much in the cold air, that in germany hath sometimes been seen a Radish, which grew in compass so big as an infants middle.  
The skilful Aristomachers (in his learned instructions of husbandry) willeth that the leaves of the radish in the winter time be broken off, and thrown away, and to heap the Earth high about them, leaf puddles of water do stand in the Beds: for the roots on such wise increase, and be big in the Summer tyme.  
Howsoever the roots shall be handled, certain it is, that the cold air and frosts do increase and sweeten the roots (as afore uttered of the Rape) if so be they may continue the winter time: for the cold air converteth the increasement into the roots, and not into the leaves, although that those (as Theophrastus uttereth) do wax then hard, in many places.  
The roots are caused to grow the sweeter in eating, and more delectable in taste, if the leaves be broken off (as Pliny hath noted) before the Radishes shoot up into a stem.  
And the leaf of the radish, how much the smaller the same shall be, even so much the tenderer and delectabler root will it yield, which by watering with a Salt Liquor or Pickle, causeth to breath forth the bitterness quite, if any such rest or be in the root.  
As the like Pliny wrote, that the radish to be fed, yea and willed the roots, for the tenderness, to be often watered with Pickle, or salt water.  
The Egyptians watered with the nitre, to the end the roots might be commendabler in sweetness and delight to the mouth, which possess a Cartilege and thick rind, to these, in many roots, sharp in taste, yet delectable in the eating, which part left bare above the ground becometh tough and hard, through the occasion afore uttered, and hollow (like to the Mushroom) unless they be well covered about with light Earth.  
There are Radishes supposed to be of a Feminine kind which be so sharp, and these possess smaller leaves, and to the eye be a fairer green, as Rutilius uttereth of them.  
If the owner covet to enjoy sweet roots in taste, then after the counsel and mind of the singular Florentine, let him steep the Seeds for two days before, in either water and Honey, or Cuyte, or else sugared water, and these dried in the shadow, to commit them orderly to the Earth.  
If the Gardener desire to possess fair and great roots, let him (after the mind of the Neapolitan Rutilius) when the roots be grown to some bigness: pluck away all the leaves, saving two within to grow still, which done, cover the Earth often over the heads, whereby the juice may the more run to the roots, in causing them to grow the sweeter and pleasanter.  
A like experience in causing the root to become marvelous big, doth Pliny skilfully utter and teach, after this manner, by taking a great dyble, with the which making a hole in the Earth well six fingers deep, fill it up with fresh Chaff, after bestow a seed of the Radish with dung & light earth over the mouth, covering the same in like manner even with the Earth, these performed, the root will grow and increase unto the bigness of the hole.  
The skilful practitioners report, that the goodness of the Radish is known by the leaves, which the sweeter they be (after the manner) so much the tenderer and more pleasant are the roots in the eating, the like teacheth or showeth the rind, which the thinner the same is, somuch the delectabler is the root in taste of the mouth.  
The thin bestowing of the Seeds in well dressed beds, from the end of Jugust unto the mids of September, and after the coming up diligently weeded about with the leaves broken off, the light Earth covered about, and often watered with salt water, do procure the roots not only to wax, or grow the bigger, but tenderer and sweeter in the eating, for as much as the salt pickle very much abateth the bitterness consisting in them, as by a like we customably see, that these be eaten with vinegar and salt.  
And the plants better prosper, coming up in an open air, than bestowed in a shadowy place, where in the increase, the roots be much hindered.  
If the owner happen to commit seeds to the Earth in a dry season, let them be sown the thicker in beds, and if the same may be, in a moist ground lightly watered.  
The plants grown to a reasonable height above the Earth, and the showers have moistened the ground a day before, the plants may then be removed, and set into beds well laboured and workmanly dressed, which by diligence bestowed, grow the bigger and pleasant in the eating.  
That the Radishes may not be harmed with the Garden pleas, Theophrastus willeth to sow in the Beds among them, the pulse named Eruum.  
Other singular helps for the most Herbs, may be learned in my first part: which I have gathered for the most part out of ancient writers.  
Here is not to be overpassed, that in Radishes a bitterness consisteth according to the thickness of the rind, as the worthy Pliny uttereth, which writeth that these also do offend the teeth, by blunting or setting them an edge.  
But in this place cometh to mind, a secret very profitable, and to be esteemed with vintners, which the Author freely uttereth to them.  
If the vintner cutteth a radish into slices, and bestoweth those pieces in a vessel of corrupt wine, it doth in short time draw all the evil savour and loathsomeness (if any such consisteth in the wine) and to these the tartness of it, like receiveth, which if the root be not able to rid and draw quite forth this default, let the same immediately be taken forth (and if need shall require) put in a fresh root like ordered. For this no doubt hath often been proved, and profited many by understanding of the secret.  
This no doubt is a secret very marvelous, that the radish in no wise agreeth to be placed or grow nigh to the vine, for the deadly hatred between them, in somuch that the Uyne near growing, turneth or windeth back with the Branches, as mightily disdaining and hating the radish growing fast by: If we may credit the learned Pliny, Galen, and the Neapolitan Rutilius, which seem to have diligently noted the same.  
And the reason they report to be like as afore uttered of the agreement of the colewort with the vine, which is, through the hid discord of natures consisting in them, so that if the places were changed, yet for all the removing, will they in no manner joy together.  
Of which Androcides affirmed the radish and Colewort, to be a sigular remedy against drunkenness, so that the ancient in Greece, commonly joined and matched the drinking of wine, with the Radish, as I afore uttered in the Chapter of the colewort, so that no marvel it is, if these be used so common.  
The radish in time past hath been of such account, and so worthily esteemed, that Moschion the Greek wrote a large pamphlet of the worthy praises of the same: yea the radish before other meats, was so preferred in Greece, that at Delphos in the Temple of Apollo, the radish was esteemed as Gold, the Beete as Silver, and the Rape or Turnip as Lead.  
The Radish also is said to polished very fair the ivory, and butted in a heap of salt, doth alter and reduce the same into a watery pickle.  
The Radish to conclude, in the removing and setting again, looseth the sharpness resting in it, and this hath a singular delight in the rind, so that the same be new gathered and not too old of growth, therefore by the example of many seldom eaten, do unadvisedly refuse and omit the using of it.  
And drawing to an end, I think it right profitable to utter the making of vinegar with the radish, as the learned Petrus Crescentius (in his work of Husbandry) hath noted the same. The roots of the Radish (saith he) being dried and brought to fine powder, and bestowed into a vessel which hath wine in it, let stand to settle (after the well labouring and mixing together) for certain days: which done, the owner shall enjoy a Radish vinegar, very laudable and much commended for the dissolving and wasting of the stone in the kidneys, and many other painful griefs.  

The Physic benefits and helps of the Radish.  
THe Garden Radish (after the mind of the learned, heateth in the third degree, and drieth in the second, but the wild radish in physic causes, is more effectuous.  
This one incommodity (among the physic helps) doth the Radish possess, which is, that it procureth many times belching, after the eating at Supper: for a remedy of this annoyance or incommodity, may be or she incontinent rate, certain branches of Isope, Time, or Organy, or rate the root with pure Oil.  
And for this one incommodity joined with it, the root yieldeth a marvelous number of benefits, for the health and case of persons.  
Here further learn, the other incommodities written by the wise, which are, that the radish eaten, either before or after meals, doth cause wind, the resting of the stomach, dulleth the brain, eyes, and reason.  
The singular Greek Florentinus (in his instructions of Husbandry) writeth, that the Radish doth profit very much the phlegmatic, and marvelously helpeth the stone in the kidneys, and stopping of the urine by Gravel: If any especially boil the rind with white wine and water, and drinketh the same morning and evening, or the rind of the Radish bruised and strained, and drunk fasting in the morning, and that the patient shall persever or continue with the same for certain days.  
The fresh rind after the steeping in white wine for eight hours drunk with a fourth part of the powder of Medler kernels, like availeth.  
The Radish taken fasting in the morning, with warm water prepared, procureth vomiting, for which matter, the Physicians rather appoint the seeds boiled, than the root. If the root be eaten with oil Olive, it stayeth the belchings of the stomach, which are wont to be caused by the same, in that the oil suffereth not such wind to rise.  
The juice drunk with cuit, cureth the king's evil, and drunk with water and Honey, amendeth the cough, which on such wise ministered, doth help those fetching the wind short and painfully.  
The whole substance of the root, so much availeth against poison, that taking the same fasting, it shall nothing harm the creature.  
And the hands anointed with the juice of the radish, as afore uttered in my first part, may handle Serpents without fear.  
The juice of the radish dropped into the ears, doth speedily assuage the wind and noise in them, the same drunk with water and Honey, recovereth the Jaundice. The leaves boiled in porridge in steed of Coleworts, and eaten sundry times, amendteh the stoppings of the Liver and milt.  
The seeds bruised and given with white wine, is right profitable against all sorts of poisons, and other dangerous diseases.  
And if any by a punishment, receive grievous strokes and spots by whipping, by bruising, and applying the Radish on the places, shall speedily cure them.  
The same also cleareth scars and reduceth wan spots unto the perfect colours, and removeth the pimples in the face: this beside delivereth the quartan Ague, if the same be daily given by the way of a vomit, at the coming of the fit.  
The juice of Radish boiled with honey, and after the adding of a little vinegar, the same strained and drunk, profiteth against the quartain ague, and stopping of the milt.  
The Radish applied in plaster form, delivereth the water between the skin, and helpeth a hard and swollen Spleen, as Dioscorides witnesseth.  
The Radish well digesteth, being eaten with meat at Supper, for it heateth the stomach, yet the same causeth a strong breath, by sleeping soon after meat.  
The Seeds after the bruising drunk with white wine, do cause urine, and drunk with vinegar, assuageth the swelling of the milt.  
The juice anointed on old ulcers, both cleareth, and eateth away the Canker in them, the like performeth the powder of the root.  
The Radish boiled with Mulce water or Honey and water, and drunk warm, amendeth an old cough: it removeth the clammy phlegm of the breast, by spitting up, in the daily drinking for certain days.  
The fresh rinds of the Radish well bruised and taken with vinegar and Honey procureth the patiented to vomit, the like performeth the Seeds, drunk warm with water.  
The Seeds have a singular property in expelling, for which reason, these are right profitable to them having eaten muhrooms, which they can not digest.  
If a round slice of the Radish be applied on the navel, it doth speedily cease the gripings in women, as the skilful Hypocrates writeth.  
The often eating of the Radish, procureth plenty of Milk to women giving suck and Nurses.  
The juice of the root drunk with honey, sendeth down the Termes, and expelleth the worms in the belly: the juice gargelled with Honey and vinegar, assuageth the swelling in the throat.   

The commended helps of the distilled water of the radish.  
THe root finely shred in the beginning of September, ought to be distilled in a Tin Limbeck, or rather glass body in Balneo Mariae. The distilled water of radish drunk morning and evening unto the quantity of three ounces at a time, helpeth the digestion of the stomach, the kings evil, and killeth the worms of the belly: the radish also received, cleanseth the stomach of all clammy humours and other matters, which hinder digestion, this beside openeth all manner of stopping of the inner members & veins. This drunk in the like order and quantity, doth extenuate the clammy humours in the lungs, and amendeth the swelling of the milt: this also cleanseth the breast of clammy humours and causeth a clear voice.  
The water drunk unto the quantity of three ounces at a time, both morning and evening, recovereth the poisoning taken either in meat or drink. The same quantity drunk at a time, profiteth against the Quartain Ague, draweth down the Terms, and sendeth forth the Stone.  
This water helpeth those which are stinged either with the Bee or Wasp, or venomed with the spider, if they shall wash the grieved place with the same, and shall apply linen clothes wet in it. This water helpeth the pricking and stitches of the side, if the same be bathed with the water. The water dropped into the eyes, cleareth the humours falling which dimmeth the sight, it also removeth the spots of the face, by the often washing with the water, this removeth the yellow or blackish spots by beating, if the places be often rubbed with the same.  
The water gargelled, and retained in the mouth, amendeth the swelling of the throat, and ulcers of the gums, for this resolveth, consumeth and breaketh them.  
The water often drunk morning and evening, chief at the going to bed unto the quantity of three ounces at a time, for thirty days together, not only cleareth the kidneys and bladder, and the places which contain the stone, but breaketh the stone, and causeth urine.  
This water drunk for three or four weeks together, unto the quantity of three or four ounces at a time, both morning and evening recovereth the water between the skin, and sendeth the same forth by the urine, so that the patient refraineth the overmuch drinking: for how much the lesser he drinketh, so much the more water by the urine is sent forth, through which the patiented is also sooner recovered.    

What care and skill is required in the sowing and workmanly ordering both of the Parsnep, and Carote. Chap. 27.  
THe seeds of the Parsnep and Carote, require one manner of diligence in the sowing, and to be bestowed in a ground painfully digged, well turned in with dung, and workmanly dressed before: but the seeds to be committed to the earth, may not be bestowed in beds very thick together, to the end these in the increasing, may grow the fairer and bigger.  
The plants are in the like manner to be set, and at those times sown as afore uttered of the Radish, as sown in December, January, and February, to serve in the Lent and Spring time, but these better commended, to be sown in the Harneste time to enjoy them all the Lente.  
The Gardener which would possess fair and big roots, aught to pluck away the leaves often times, and to cover light earth on the heads, as afore uttered of the radish: besides these grown to some bigness, at the least so big as the finger, aught to be thinner set, and often weeded about, whereby the roots may grow the bigger and sweeter in the eating.  

The physic benefits and helps of the Parsnep and Carot.  
THe virtues and properties of these two roots are in a manner like, and serve rather for the kitchen, than to the use of physic, in that they be of a small nourishment, and lesser nourish than the Turnip or Rape doth.  
The parsnip root (by the agreement of the Ancient) heateth in the middle of the second degree, and moisteneth in the first, but this in causes of physic smally allowed.  
The root is brought to a more temperament for the body, if so be it be boiled in two or three waters before the eating, for on such wise handled, it harmeth the stomach the less.  
This otherwise sodden (but in one water) engendereth wind in the body, through which it causeth and moveth a desire to the venerial act, and often used, engendereth evil blood.  
The root tenderly sooden in two waters, and removed into a third, procureth urine, assuageth the Colic passion, and sendeth down the Terms in women.  
The Garden Parsenep, eaten with butter and pepper, and a little salt, profiteth the melancholic, and as Vitalis writeth, this increaseth good blood.  
The parsnip seed drunk, and applied to the privy place (as the learned Dioscorides writeth, draweth down the terms, helpeth the straightness of making water, recovereth the water between the skin, and amendeth the stitches of the side or pleurisy.  
This commended for the sting or bit of any venomous worm or beast: This also applied to the privy place, draweth forth the dead youngling, the leaves shred and applied with honey, doth thoroughly clear and amend the great eating in of ulcers.  
It is thought that no venomous beast may hurt the creature which weareth or carrieth the root about him: and the root hanged about the neck, doth profit against the swelling of the throat.  
The Garden Carote is thought to heat and dry in the third degree, but the leaves and stoures especially, and many times the one used for the other in physic causes.  
There is another kind of Carot (being red in colour) which may be eaten raw, but the same sodden with the Turnip, seemeth a pleasant and dainty dish: and this may in the like order be sown, as the others above taught.  
The Carote growing of the own accord; which of most men named the wild, more availeth in the leaf and flower for physic purposes, than the root doth: So that the leaves are to be gathered to use, when the same yieldeth the flower, which after the separating of the root, ought to be dried in a shadowy place, and kept in leather bags for the whole year: for these have the property of dissipating, consuming, and attracting, and is of quality drying by substance.  
The head bound about with the powder of this herb, made sufficiently hot, amendeth a cold rheum: the herb (after the boiling in wine) drunk, and a good quantity of it after the stieping in wine and oil for ten days, boiled so long, until the wine be wasted, and after the hard wring forth of the herb, the whole set over the fire, and a little wax put to it, in making thereof a plaster, which applied, amendeth the pain of the stomach, proceeding of wind or through cold, the strangury, and stopping of the urine, and both the Colic, and Iliacke passion.  
This Carote boiled in wine, with a quantity of figs to discretion, and the same drunk fasting, removeth a dry cough: the decoction drunk doth likewise help the hard fetching of breath; If the head be washed with the water or lie, in which the herb afore is sodden, doth remove the flux of the head proceeding of a cold cause.  
If three handfuls of this herb be boiled in wine, to which oil added in the boiling, and applied to the belly, doth remove wind and beat the stomach: if a Syrup be made of the herb and flowers, and the Juice of fennel, and the same drunk morning and evening, amendeth without doubt the stopping of the liver and milt.  
The herb boiled with Mallows, and herb Mercury, both in wine and water, and the same after the boiling, applied on the navel, amendeth the vexings and gripings of the belly.   

The virtues and helps of the distilled water of the Parsenep.  
THe herb with the root finely shred, ought to be distilled about the end of March, in a Tin Limbeck with a soft fire.  
This distilled water drunk morning and evening, unto the quantity of three ounces at a time, and the trembling members bathed with the same, doth in short time amend the shaking of them.  
If the water every evening (at the going to bed) be drunk unto the quantity of six ounces at a time, doth not only move forward the venerial act, but increaseth sperm.  
This water drunk unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, both Morning and Evening, recovereth in short time the straightness or painfulness in the making of water.    

The diligence and skill to be used, both in sowing and ordering of the Garden Poppy. Chap. 28.  
THe Garden Poppy (after the mind of the Neapolitan Rutilius) ought to be committed to the earth ' in the month of September, if it be in a hot and dry place: but the Seeds in colder and more temperate places, may be bestowed after the middle of February unto the end of April, and sown in beds among the Coleworts.  
The plants come the better forward, if so be vine branches or other boughs of trees be burned in the places, where you after mind to bestow the Seeds. To be brief, the seeds of the Poppy and dill, require the like order and diligence in the bestowing in the earth, as afore uttered, of the herb chervil, and Arache.  

The physic benefits of the Garden Poppy.  
THe white Poppy as all the other kinds, cooleth in the fourth degree, and the seeds full ripe, before the gathering in the Summer time may be preserved for five years.  
The green heads of the garden Poppy, boiled unto the thickness of Honey, profit unto many griefs: this received procureth sound sleep, removeth the cough, it also stayeth the flux of the belly, if any anointeth the belly with it.  
The Poppy Seed (after the bringing to powder) mixed with new milk or broth, and given to children to drink warm, procureth them to sleep.  
The seeds bruised and spread on a toast of Butter, do cause children to sleep: the seeds confected with Sugar, and eaten, do marvelously prevail, in procuring the weak patient to sleep sound.  
The Syrup of Poppy helpeth the rheum, cough, and lack of sleep, by preparing it after this manner: Take of the new heads both of the white & black Poppy one pound, of rain water four pints, boil these so long together, until a pint and a half remain, to which after the straining add of Sugar, and the Pennites, of each six ounces: these boil unto a height, according to art, and this they name, the simple Syrup.  
The compound is made after this manner: take of the fresh heads, both of the white and black poppy, twelve ounces of maiden hear two ounces of licourice, fine drams of tuiubae, thirty in number, of lettuce seeds five ounces, of the Mallows and Ouince seeds an ounce and a half, these after the boiling in four pints of water unto two, strain through a cloth, to which add of Sugar and the Prunits one pound, making thereof a Syrup according to art: for this recovereth a dry cough, the consumption of the Lungs, the Rheum, and debility of sleeping.  
A plaster made of either seed, to which woman's milk, and the white of an egg added, this applied on the Temples, procureth sleep.  
The Seed or Herb of the white Poppy, (after the tempering with the oil of Roses) applied on an ulcer caused through a bruise, draweth forth the heat in it, and the same applied on a hot Liver, greatly profiteth.  
The powder of the white Poppy Seeds, mixed with oil olive, and anointed on the chine of the back, removeth the grief of the Joints, and strengtheneth them, the seeds after the bruising with oil Olive, applied in plaster form about the head, not only procureth rest, but sound sleep.  
The patient which cannot sleep, may bruise certain beads, and after the heating, press forth the Juice, with which washing the face, like availeth. The heads of the grieve Poppy, boiled unto a thickness of bony, profit unto many causes: for this taken procureth sleep, removeth the cough, stayeth the flux of the belly, if any anoint him with the same. The Juice of Poppy, mixed with the oil of Roses, and anointing the feet therewith, removeth the rage of the Gout: the seeds of the white Poppy brought to ponder, and mixed with the oil of Violets, and the chine of the back anointed with the same, profiteth against the Ague, and heat of the Liver.   

The commended virtues of the distilled water of the white Poppy.  
THe aptest time for the distilling of the white poppy, is in the beginning of June, and that the herb finely shred be distilled in a Tin Limbeck with a soft fire.  
This water profiteth against the red spots of the face, if the same be washed with it twice a day, this procureth white hands, if they be washed with it.  
The distilled water drunk unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, before the going to bed, and anointing the Temples or beating veins of the Wrists, doth not only procure quiet rest, but sound sleep, this also used, mitigateth the pain of the head proceeding of heat.  
This water applied with linen clothes wet in it, extinguisheth any heat, and profiteth a burnt skin through the Sun, in removing the heat, by the often applying of linen clothes wet in it.    

What skill, diligence and secrets is to be learned in the sowing and ordering of the Cucumber. Chap. 29.  
THe ancient in time passed confounded or rather contrary matched the Gourds with Cucumbers, as the like also Pliny did, and Euthydemus the Athenian in his book which he wrote of potherbs, named the Gourd, the Indian Cucumber, and Menedorus a follower of Erasistratus defineth two kinds of the same: the one, to be the Indian, which as he uttereth, is the Cucumber: and the other to be that, which is named the common Gourd. The Cucumber besides (after the sentence of Varro) is so named, for the crooking of it, and the Greek physicians named it both sition and Sicys, for that it stayeth and represseth (as Demetrius writeth) the venerial act, through the coldness consisting in it.  
But leaving further to utter of the kinds, let us come to the matter, in teaching what diligence is required, about the well handling of the Cucumber.  
The Seeds after the mind of the Neapolitan Rutilius, desire to be bestowed in furrows not thick together, and these raised well a foot and a half high, but in breadth three foot, and between the furrows must the owner leave spaces of eight foot broad, whereby the Cucumbers (in the growing) may freely wander and spread abroad.  
These after the coming up, need neither to be raked nor wedded about, for that in their first coming up, they joy and prosper the better, by growing among other herbs, of which these are greatly strengthened and aided.  
The plants creep a long, on the Earth, and spread into branches much like to the vine, which for the weakness of the stalk, are caused on such wise to spread abroad on the ground, except these be otherwise shored up in their growing, with props workmanly set in the Earth, for the better staying up of the weak arms and branches, that the fruits corrupt not by lying on the Earth.  
The Seeds for the more part, appear by the sixth or seventh day after the sowing: being sufficiently moistened with store of water for that space and time, by a pot or pots of water dropping continually down with a list or woollen cloth hanging forth of the mouth of the pot, which manner of watering is named filtering.  
This kind of watering, is one of the chiefest matters required, in that the plants prosper and come speediest forward through the much moisture, in which they mightily joy: Yet these are much hindered, and greatly fear the frosts, and cold air. For which cause the plants ought at such cold times to be workmanly fenced with mattresses of straw diligently spread over them. The skilful Rutilius writing of the workmanly ordering of the Cucumber, willeth the Seeds to be committed to the Earth in the month of March, and for danger of the cold or frosts, to cover the beds with mattresses of straw, unto the middle of may, at which time the plants ought to be removed, and set again into beds well dunged and thick laid for to run forth and creep abroad on the ground, but the plants yield the more: if they be bestowed in beds well filled with earth & dung, and these raised above afoot high.  
In the bestowing of the Seeds in the earth, the owner ought to have a care, that he set the Seeds in beds a length, and these well two foot asunder one from the other, herein considering whether the Seeds be broken by the eight or tenth day following, which found ryther hard or broken, doth denote a perfectness or goodness of the Seeds: But these in a contrary manner discerned soft, are unprofitable, and to be cast away, in whose places others require to be set, proving by the sixth or eight day, if the Seeds be broken or otherwise soft, which in a contrary manner seen, bestow others in the places, as above taught.  
The plants, after the coming up, need not to be weeded in any manner, for as much as the plants better prosper and grow the fairer, by coming up among other Herbs, of which these take a nourishment.  
If the seeds before the sowing, be steeped for two days in sheep's milk as Rutilius willeth, or in water and Honey, as Pliny instructeth, or in sugared water, which cause the plants, after their perfit growth, to yield Cucumbers, (both sweet, tender, white, and most pleasant, aswell in taste, as in sight, as the singular Columella hath voted, and before him the Greek Florentinus, also after both, Pliny and Palladius, to all which experience confirmeth.  
The Gardener which would possess Cucumbers timely and very soon, yea and all the year through, ought (after the mind of the Neapolitan) in the beginning of the Spring, to fill up old worn Baskets and Earthen pans without bothomes, with fine sifted Earth tempered afore with fat dung, and to moisten somewhat the Earth with water, after the seeds bestowed in these, which done, when warm and Sunny days succeed, or a gentle rain falling, the Baskets or Pans with the plants, are then to be set abroad, to be strengthened and cherished by the sun and small showers: but the evening approaching these in all the cold season, ought to be set under some warm cover or house in the ground, to be defended from the frosts and cold air, which thus standing under a cover, or in the warm house, moisten gently with water sundry times, and these on such wise handle, until all the Frosts, Tempests, and cold air be past, as commonly the same ceaseth not with us, let about mids of may.  
After these, when opportunity or an apt day serveth, the Gardener shall bestow the Baskets or Pans unto the brim, or deeper in the Earth well laboured and trimmed before, with the rest of the diligence to be exercised, as afore uttered: which done, the Gardener shall enjoy very forward and timelier Cucumbers than any others.  
This matter may be compassed, both easier, in shorter time, and with lesser travel, if the owner (after the cutting of the waste branches, doth set them in well laboured Beds, for these in far shorter time and speedier, do yield fair Cucumbers.  
This one thing I think necessary to be learned, for the avoiding of the daily labour and pains, in the setting abroad and carrying into the house, either half tub, baskets, or Earthen Pans, which on this wise, by greater facilytie, ● may be done, if so be the Gardener bestow the vessels with the plants, in Wheelbarrows, or such like with wheels, for these, to men's reason, causes marvelous easiness, both in the bestowing abroad, and carrying again ● into the warm house, as often as need shall require.  
The young plants may be defended from cold and boisterous winds yea frosts, the cold air, and hot Sun, if Glasses made, for the only purpose, be set over them, which on such wise bestowed on the Beds, yielded in a manner to Tiberius Caesar, Cucumbers all the year, in which he took a great delight, as after the worthy Columella, the learned Pliny hath committed the same to memory, which every day obtained the like, as he writeth.  
But with a lesser care and labour, may the same be perfoumed, as Columella writeth, if in a Sunny and well dunged place (saith he) besundry rods set a row, aswell of the Osior as Bremble, and these so planted in the Earth, after the Equinoctial of Harvest, to cut a little within the Earth, whose heads after the wider enlarging with a stiff wooden prick, to bestow soft dung either within the pithes of the Osiers and brambles consisting in the mids: these done, to fix or put Seeds of the Cucumber into the places, which after the growing to some bigness, join with Oslers and brambles.  
For the plants on such wise growing, are after not fed with their own, but as it were by an other mother root feeding, which by the same means yield Cucumbers, that will endure the cold season and frosts.  
The learned Pliny uttereth the same matter, admonishing here the reader, of the wrong instructions of Columella, although he seemeth to allege an author, for which cause it shall be to great purpose to hear the sentence of Pliny in this, who removing the error of Columella uttered, that Cucumbers may be enjoyed all the year green, instructeth and willeth, that the greatest rods of the Bremble▪ be set again into a Sunny place, where these be cut, well two fingers long, about the Equinoctial Spring or middle March, and into the heads of these, after large holes made, the Seeds to be bestowed lying especially within the Pythes of the brambles, and filled with soft dung, which done, that fat dung and fine Earth, after the well mixing together, aught to be thick laid, and diligently heaped about the roots, which may the better resist the cold.  
But how so ever these aught to be handled, it well appeareth, that Pliny doth disagree with Columella, in this instruction.  
For Pliny willeth these to be set, about the Equinoctial Spring, but Columella, about the Equinoctial Harvest, as the Neapolitan Rutilius interpreted and noted the same, to whom, as it should seem, he bore a favour.  
The plants much fear the Thunder and lightning, for which cause, the Gardener may not set nor remove them at those times, besides if the tender fruits be not covered over with sheets or thin Coverlets, when such Tempests or storms happen, they commonly after perish and wither.  
The Gardener minding to possess long and tender Cucumbers, ought to set under the young, fruits growing, an Earthen Pan, Bole, or half Tub filled with fair water, well five or six fingers, yea half a foot distance from them, for these by the next day, will be stretched unto the water, so that setting the Pans lower into the Earth, or raising the fruits higher, ye shall daily see them stretched forth towards the water, unto the admiration of the owner, for the length of them, which deprived of their vessels of water, shall in a contrary manner see them winded and crooking, so much these joy in the moisture, and hate the drought. The fruits likewise will grow of a marvelous length, if the flowers be put to grow within hollow Canes or Pipes of the Elder. But the same, is otherwise to be learned of the Oil, for as the Cucumbers so deadly hate (as Pliny writeth) that setting vessels of the oil, in steed of the water under them, they after▪ bend and wind away, as disdaining the liquor, which the owner shall well try and see that these to have bended so crooked or winding as an Hook, in one night's space.  
But there must be a special care, as Columella (after the Greek Florentinus) admonisheth, that no woman, at that instant, having the reds or monthly course, approacheth nigh to the fruits, especially handleth them, for through the handling, at the same time, they feeble and wither.  
If she in the place be like affected, shall she after kill the young fruits, with her only look fixed on them, or cause them to grow after unsavoury, or else corrupted.  
The Cucumber will yield fruits without seeds, if three days before the sowing, the seeds be steeped in oil Sesaminium or savin oil (as the Neapolitan Rutilius hath) noted, or that the seeds afore be steeped in the juice of the Herb named of Pliny Culix, or as the same in Greek may be conjectured Coniza, in English Fleabane.  
The like shall be wrought, if the first arms or branches (after the condition of the vines) be on such wise digged about, that only the heads of them appear naked, which a third time to be like bared, if need shall so require, yet such a diligence to be exercised in the same, that what branches grow out, and spread on the earth, to be workmanly cut away, preserving only the stem and branches, that last shoot forth▪ which on such wise handled, yield fruits with the only Pulpes, having no sedes in them.  
If the Gardener desireth to enjoy Cucumbers, having Roman letters, strange figures, and skutching or Arms embossed on the green rind without, he may, after the lively counterfeiting of forms on the Moulds of wood, bestow of the potter's Clay or plaster of Paris, unto the thickness of a finger, which like handled, and cut into two parts, let dry in a fair and hot place, that these may the sooner serve to use, after bestow into the hollow moulds, framed to a like bigness and length as the fruits, of the young Cucumbers, which fast bound about, and so close together, that no air breath in, let these on such wise hang, until the fruits have filled the moulds within, which they joy to do, and be ready to be gathered.  
For the young fruits of property, by the report of the skilful, do so much desire or be so wonderful desirous of a new form, that into what workmanly vessel or mould the young fruits be bestowed, they by an earnest will and desire, represent the figures counterfeited within, as the same found noted, in singular work of Husbandry which why Rutilius may ascribe to Gargilius Martialis) I see no reason.  
To be brief, as the coming of the mould shall be, such will the beauty of the fruits, be for many fruits have been seen (as Pliny reporteth) which represented the image of a winding Dragon on them.  
The owner minding to enjoy Cucumbers, a long time fresh and fair aught to bestow them in white wine lies uncorrupted or not turned, the vessel, after the well pitching without, covered with a heap of sand, in some low Seller or vault in the ground.  
The Cucumbers do like continue a long time, if they be beestowed in a proper Pickle, made of water and Salt.  
But the freshness and delight of them, will a longer time be preserved, if after the husbandly instructions, the owner hang them so high in Barrels or Ferkyns, being a quarter filled or somewhat less, that these in the hanging do in no manner touch the vinegar.  
And the vessels shallbe diligently pitched about, which the owner prepareth to serve to this purpose, that the force of the vinegar, in no manner breatheth forth, for by nature is otherwise penetrable or pierceth, through the thinness of parts. And by this practice, may the owner at due times, all the winter through, make delectable Salads of them.  
The Cucumbers, by report of the skilful) are the longest time preserved fresh and green, if so be these are bestowed in a Glass vessel, filled with the purest distilled vinegar, which if the owner will, he may also preserve a long time, if that he cutteth them off, whiles they yet be young and small, and these bestow in a vessel of hot water to be scalded, which done, lay the Cucumbers abroad all the night time, to be thoroughly cooled, after lay Cucumbers into a vessel filled with a sharp Pickle, made of water and salt for this will preserve them, by the former means, until new do come or may be had.  
The Ancient report, that a Pickle may be made, to preserve the Cucumbers and Gourds a long time, with Salt, vinegar, fennel, and Maioram, if so be the Cucumbers in some vessel be laid by courses, and these above named, strewed between.  
There be others, which affirm, that these may a long time be preserved fresh and green, if they be bestowed into the Pickle made of vinegar and Mustard Seed wrought together.  
The learned Pliny willeth the Cucumbers to be laid in a furrow made in a shadowy place, strewed after the form of a Bed with sifted sand, which on such wise handled, to be covered over with Earth and dry hay.  
Athaeneus reporteth, that the Cucumbers be biggest and fairest to the eye, at the full of the Moon, so that these receive an increase, according to the moons light, through the watery moisture consisting in them.  
For which cause, if the Gardner mindeth to enjoy fair and big Cucumbers, let those be gathered at the full of the Moon, where in the decrease or wane of the Moon, they be then slenderer and not so sightly to sale.  
To these, this Athaenaeus (favoured of Pliny) addeth, that how often it thundereth and lighteneth, the Cucumbers so often (as stricken with a fear) turn and bend.  
This one thing is marvelous, that Moils and Asses are exceedingly delighted with Cucumbers, in so much that they receiving the savour far off, are by a marvelous delight alured to run and break into the place, where these many times grow. For which cause, the hedges and banks about must be strongly made, whereby they may in no manner, break in to tread down and waste the Cucumbers.  
But the same is more marvelous which in the Greek instructions of husbandry is noted, and of many hath been proved, that if an infant sick of the Ague, and sucking still of the Breast, be laid on a Bed made of the Cucumbers to sleep, being framed of like length to the Child, and that he sleepeth on the Bed but a little time or a nap, he shall immediately be delivered of the same, for while he sleepeth, all the feverous heat passeth into the Cucumbers.  
If the owner would enjoy Cucumbers, having but little water in them, he must dig a furrow, of a reasonable depth, and the same filled half up with chaff, or the waste branches of Uynes or trees, finely broken, cover over with Earth, into which then bestow the Seeds, of a reasonable distance asunder, and in the coming up water not the plants, or these moisten very little, but in the rest, order the Plants as afore taught.  
As to the losing and purging of the body belongeth: if the owner shall steep the Seeds in the roots of the wild Cucumber bruised, either rhubarb, Turbyth, Agaricke, Ellebore, or any such like made into a Potable water, for three days together, and for five days together, after the plants shot up, doth often moisten them with this liquor, he ● shall after enjoy fruits, which will gently purge the belly.  
And they may be caused to work the stronger, if the roots, while they send forth their branches, be digged about, and the smaller roots upward cut away, in the places of which, a quantity of the Ellebor, or some other purging simple laid, and the Earth diligently covered about.  

The Physic commodities and helps of the Cucumber.  
THe Garden Cucumber, is moist and cold in the second degree, but the seeds dried, have the quality of drying in the first, or beginning of the second degree.  
Dyphilus Carystus (a Physician among the Greeks bury well learned, and in Husbandry singular) disallowed or rather forbade the Cucumber to be eaten at the beginning of Supper, as a meat incommodious to the Creature, in that the same (after the eating) procureth the person like to rest, as the radish doth, but this eaten last at the meal, worketh an easier digestion of the meat, where otherwise in many, this casteth up the meats eaten.  
The tougher part enclosing the seeds, is of a hard digestion, but the softer Pulp or substance within, is of a far speedier and easier digestion, and profitable to the Choleric, and hot and dry stomachs, being moderately eaten, for that this both cooleth, and extinguisheth thirst.  
The whole substance of the Cucumber, may moderately be eaten with vinegar and salt of such, which daily exercise some labour of the Body.  
But to such which labour not, or be phlegmatic, this altogether denied, for as much as this greatly harmeth especially the stomach & sinows, yet hath the water (workmanlye distilled) and the juice clear strained forth, the property of removing the Ague, and mitigating thirst.  
The Cucumber is not to be eaten sodden, but rather raw, with oil and vinegar, and the better fruits are those, which be gathered at the full ripenesss, or in the hand, discerned somewhat light.  
The seeds bruised and drunk, do amend the strong savour of the urine, but the decoction more availeth in this, and assuageth the heat of the kidneys, yea it abateth the heat, and thirst of the Fever.  
The said Diphilus instructeth, that the seeds have the virtue of cooling, and for the same cause, hardly digested and sent by the windings of the belly, yea these (as he affirmeth) do cause a great coldness, engender Choler, and abate the veneryall act.  
The Seeds, after the brnsing, drunk in either cuit or Milk, do greatly profit such as having an ulcered bladder. To These, and such as are pained with the cough, if so many seeds be taken and used at a time, as may handesomelye be taken up with three of the fingers, and these after the bruising with Cummyne, drunk in wine, doth in short time amend the same.  
The said powder drunk in woman's Milk, unto the quantity of three ounces at a time, profiteth the frenzy persons, and such molested with the perilous flux Disenteria, yea this powder drunk, with a like weight of Cummyne seeds, in powder recovereth the spitting up of corruption or matter.  
The whole substance and meat of the Cucumber, hath the virtue of cleansing and cutting asunder, of which the same causeth clear bodies, and so much the more, if any after the drying, finely beating, and searsing of the seeds useth the same, in steed of a cleansing powder.  
The learned Galen writing of the use and properties of the Cucumbers uttereth an instruction worthy the learning, that although these (saith he) be well digested of the Choleric, and that such without care, eat plenty or much at a time of them, do after in the continuance of time, increase a cold and somewhat gross humour in the veins, which not able to be digested in them, doth after corrupt the sound blood.  
For that cause (saith he) I judge it profitable to refrain the meats being of an evil Juice and nourishment: although that those in certain persons, may easily be digested: For to us not taking a care and regard of them, is an evil Juice gathered (after a good distance of time) in the veins, which assoon as the same once putrefied by a light occasion, doth immediately kindle and cause wicked fevers: these hitherto Galen of the incommodities of the Cucumbers.    

What skill and secrets are to be learned in the sowing and workmanly ordering of the Gourd. Chap. 30.  
ALL the kinds of the Gourds, require the same travail and diligence in the bestowing in the Earth, as afore uttered of the Cucumbers, which after the large setting asunder, and often watering appear (for the more part) above the Earth, by the sixth or seventh day after the bestowing in beds.  
The weak and tender branches, shot up to some height, and coveting by a certain property in nature upward, require to be diversly aided with poles to run up in sundry manners, as either over a round and vaulted harbour, to give a more delight, through the shadow caused by it, and the seemly fruits hanging down, or else by poles directed quite upright, in which the Gourd (of all other fruits) most earnestly desireth, rather than to run branching and creeping on the ground like to the Cucumbers.  
The plants love a fat, moist, and dunged lose ground, as the Neapolitan Rutilius in his instructions of husbandry hath noted: If a diligence be bestowed in the often watering of them, the plants require a lesser care and travail, in that they are very much furthered, by the store of moisture, although there may be found of those, which reasonably prosper with small store of moisture, or being seldom watered, and that they of the same yield fruit of a delectabler taste.  
If the owner or Gardner happen to commit Seeds to the Earth in a dry ground, and that the tender plants appear above the Earth, his care shall then be, to water them plentifully for the speedier shooting up after this manner: by taking certain pots filled with water, into which tongues of cloth afore laid to the bottoms of the pots, that these may the workmanlier distill and drop often on the plants, through the stooping forward of them: which no doubt, profiteth greatly the plants in drought and hot seasons.  
The longer and smaller have few Seeds in them, and for the same more delectable in the eating, yea these better accounted of, and sold in the Market.  
The Gardener minding to commit of the Seeds to the Earth, ought afore to steep them in a bowl or pan of water for a night, whereby the Seeds apt to be sown, may the surer be known, which he shall well perceive by those resting in the bottom, of the cunninger sort preferred and used, but the others, swimming above (as unprofitable) and serving to no use, are willed to be thrown away.  
The chosen Seeds are to be set in beds two together with three fingers unto the middle Jointes, and the sharper ends fixed upward, but the beds afore ought to be digged two foot deep, and so many broad, and the Seeds bestowed well three or four foot asunder, one from the other (in these filled up with old dung,) well turned in with the earth, or rather to procure them speedier to grow and yield the fruit the sooner, let the beds be filled with hot horse dung, new taken out of the stable.  
If the Gardener would possess Gourds of divers forms, as long, round, and short, it behoveth him to choose and set the seeds accordingly. For those Seeds taken out of the neck of the Gourd, shall the owner after the council of the singular Columella, learned Pliny and Rutilius, set in well dunged ground, with the sharp ends upward. Which after the well watering (as above taught) yield fruits, long in form, tenderer, and better esteemed. The Seeds taken out of the mids of the belly, and set into the Earth with the big ends upward, do yield (after the husbandely handling) and watering, great fruits, round, and large, of which after the through drying, and meat taken out, be bottles and other vessels made, to serve for divers uses, in that these grow far larger in the belly, than any of the other kinds.  
The Seeds taken out of the bottom of the Gourd, and set with the gross or big ends upward, do also yield after the workmanlye ordering, fruits both great and large, yet these far lesser and shorter. And the Seeds in general, in what place they be set, ought to be bestowed in earth well dunged, and the rather with hot horse dung, new taken out of the stable, if these be set in the month of March. But the seeds in no manner, may be bestowed in low places, lest showers of rain falling, hinder and corrupt the fruits, through the overmuch water cloying and standing in the Alley or other low place. The plants shot up to some height, ought to be diligently weeded about, and the earth heaped high up, and when need requireth in the hot seasons, to water them often.  
If the Seeds happen to be set in a Earth smally laboured and hollow, when the plants be somewhat grown above the ground, the owner ought to dig away of a good depth from the young plants, the Earth round about, that the roots may the freelier run and spread abroad: the plants further grown and shot up, may the owner erect to run and spread like to a vine, well a man's height.  
If the plants happen to be annoyed with the leek or Garden fleas, the owner shall remove and drive them away, by the only setting of the herb Organye, in sundry places among them, on which (if these happen to light) they either are incontinente killed, or caused to increase but few after, as the Greek writers of husbandry, in their skilful practices witness. Out of which with diligence we have also gathered these, that to the owner or gardener, may happily appear profitable: as the Gourd (a matter somewhat strange) to yield fruits without seeeds, If the Seeds before the setting be steeped for three days at the least, in Sesaminum, or savin oil, as the Neapolitan Rutilius uttereth, or in the Juice of that herb infused, named Conyza, in English Fleabane.  
The like may be wrought, if after the condition of the vine, the principallest and first stem shot up, be on such wise digged about, that alonely the head of the same be left bare. Which as it shall increase, must the owner repeat, yea a third time, if need shall require the same.  
And in this doing, must the owner have a care, that as the branches spread forth (whether upright or on the ground) to be cut away, herein preserving only that stem, which shot forth last.  
The Gourds on such wise handled (as the Cucumbers afore noted, will yield fruits without seeds, possessing only Cartilages, and a soft pulp within. If the owner would possess fruits timely and very soon, then after the instruction of the Greek writers of husbandry, bestow in earthen pans or old baskets without bottoms, fine sifted earth intermeddled with dung, about the beginning of the Spring, in which the Seeds set, sprinkle and moisten sundry times with water: after this, in fair and Sunny days, or when a gentle shower falleth, set them abroad, but when the Sun goeth down, bestow the baskets with the plants within the house again, and these like order so often (and water when need requireth) until all the frosts, tempests, and cold season be gone and passed. After this assoon as opportunity and time will serve, and that a fair day be present, bestow all the baskets and pans of earth unto the brim, in well laboured and dressed beds, and apply that other diligence required, through which the Gardener shall possess timely fruit, aswell of the Gourd as Cucumber.  
The same matter shall the owner bring to pass and cause, with lesser cost, travail, and time, if he cut away the waste branches of the Gourds, or tender shoots of the Cucumbers, for on such wise handled they speedelier yield and send forth their fruits.  
If the Gardener covereth to enjoy divers forms on Gourds, or sundry characters on Cucumbers, let him bestow the flower or tender young fruit of either, as the same shall yet be hanging on the branch, into a mould of like bigness as the fruit. Which to handled, will after cause whether the same be Gourd or Cucumber, to possess on the upper face, the like figure or characters, as were afore imprinted within the mould.  
For the fruit of either after the mind of Gargilio so much desireth a new form, that it like representeth the Image or figure imprinted within the mould. In somuch that of what form the mould of the Gourd shall be fashioned, on such manner shall the fruit grow within the mould: And Pliny for confirmation of the same reporteth, that he saw many Gourds fashioned in their full growth after the form of a winding dragon. If the owner endeavoureth to possess long and slender Gourds, he must bestow the young fruits new grown, and hanging still on the vine branches, either into a Trunk of wood, or a long Cane boored through all the Joints, which in time growing, will stretch and shoot forth into a marvelous length. For the same substance which should increase into a breadth, is caused through the hollow pipe to stretch and grow slender, whereby the narrowness of the hole so hindering the bigness of growth, procureth the fruit to run into a length, as the like Gourd by the same occasion, Pliny saw to extend well nine foot of length. The like fruits altogether shall the Gardner purchase, if under the vines, he set of some deepness in the ground earthen pans filled with water, and they distant well fine or six fingers from the Gourds hanging down. For by the morrow or next day shall he see the fruits stretched even down to the water, by which leading and handling of the pans with water they may be caused to grow of a wonderful length.  
But the pans for a time removed or taken away, will cause the fruits to crook and wind upward, so much of property they joy in moisture, and refuse or hate the drought: yet of the oil is otherwise to be learned, for somuch as they deadly hate the same as Pliny writeth, which if in the steed of water it be set under the fruits, causeth them by the next day to wind an other way.  
If this likewise they can not do, yet do they writhe, and as it were disdaining the same crook upward after the manner of a hook, as a like form of the fruit may be tried in one night space.  
This one matter ought especially to be cared for, as Columella after the Greek Florentinus warneth, that no woman come or very seldom approach nigh to the fruits of the Gourds or Cucumbers, for by her only handling of them, they feeble and whither, which matter if it shall happen in the time of the Terms, doth then either slay the young tender fruits with her look, or causeth them to be unsavoury, & spotted or corrupted within. The Gourds determined to be kept for seed, aught after the mind of Rutilius the Neapolitan to hang still on their vine, unto the Winter time, and cut or broken from the same, to be dried either in the Sun or in the smoke: for the Seeds otherwise are prone to putrefy, and not after profitable to any use. The Gourds and Cucumbers will endure, and be kept a long time fresh and fair to the eye, if they be hid & covered with white wine lies, not over eager or sour, in the hanging down in pipes or hogs sheds. They bein like manner defended and preserved by bestowing them in a pickle or brine. But they will a long time continue fresh and fair (as the worthy instructors of husbandry report) if so be they hang so high within the vessels, that they be nothing near to the Vinegar. And the vessels appointed for the only purpose, shall diligently be pitched over & round about, lest the spirits of the Vinegar in the mean time breath forth, which by nature otherwise is penetrable, through the thinness of parts. The Cucumbers may in like manner be kept for a long time if they shall be bestowed in a vessel of distilled Vinegar: for on such wise they putrefy not, as hath been tried of the skilful searchers of secrets.  
Thus by these practices, may the owner enjoy fair Cucumbers and Gourds all the Winter to use, which if the Gardener will, shall he also preserve a long time, if while the fruits be tender, he cut them off, and scald them in hot water, and after lay them abroad all the night to cool, and bestow them on the morrow into a sharp pickle or brine, made for the only purpose, which on such wise handled, will marvelous well endure, until the new be come.  
In this place cometh to mind, and that very aptly, the same which Athenaeus boasted, as touching his strange feast that he prepared for his friends, and especially in that he served them with green Gourds for a dainty dish, in the month of January, which so pleasantly savoured and eat, as if they had been new gathered, in a manner. Which like, by study and diligence of the gardeners that exercised this art, they supposed them to be preserved.  
As the like Nicander long before Athenaeus and many others report, who will the Gourds to be first dried in the air, and stitched through the heads with a strong packthreed, to be after hanged up in the smoke, that the pots filled with them, may leisurely soak all the Winter, and drink in of the Brine.  
At this day in France, through all the Winter months, are the Gourds hanged up in the roofs of their houses, to be preserved for dainty dishes green, when occasion offereth to use them, especially those which are named the citrons, that far longer endure, and be not so lightly subject to putrefying.  
The fruits of the Gourds, Melons, Pompons, and Cucumbers, may be caused to lose and purge, like to many others, if the seeds be steeped for a night and a day in the liquor made with Ruberbe, Agaricke, Turbith, Senae, Colocynthis, scammony, or other simple purging medicines, and those after the bestowing in the Earth, watered for five days together, and five times every day. When the Gourd is felt unpleasant, the fruits by the stieping, may after receive what savour and taste the owner will, if the seeds before they be committed to the earth, be infused for a time in any pleasant liquor, whether the same be damask or musk water, for the plants shooting up of these, will yield fruit of like savour, aswell being sodden as raw, after the condition of the Cucumber.  
The like altogether may be wrought or caused without any art, if whiles the fruit is a seething, you bestow in the liquor what taste, colour, or savour you desire to have. For the Gourd and Cucumber are of such a kind, that they be void of any quality.  
The rind of the fruit of the Gourd grown to full ripeness, becometh so hard as wood.  
The Gourd planted in the ashes of man's bones, and watered with oil, yieldeth fruit by the ninth day, as the ancient Hermes affirmeth. Which man, for that he teacheth vain matters, for the same cause he giveth me occasion to credit him weakly. Yet experience doth many times cause the uncertain to prove certain.  

The physic benefits and helps of the Gourd.  
THe fruit of the Gourd, is of a cold and moist temperament, and the seeds especially used in medicine. That worthy physician Chrysippus with the Greeks, condemned or rather utterly forbade the Gourds in meat, as unprofitable for their coldness to the stomach.  
That skilful man Diphilus contrary affirmeth, that the Gourds boiled in water and vinegar, do strengthen the stomach.  
The learned Galen writeth, that the Gourd in no manner may be eaten raw, in that the same is unpleasant to eat, but either sodden roasted, or fried in a pan, is well commended.  
The Greek writers of husbandry do report, that the Gourd doth lose the belly, and that the Juice of the same dropped into the grieved ears, caused of heat, they affirm to profit, unto which use of itself, and with the oil of Roses dropped warm into the ears.  
The outward rind pared away, and the meat with the kernels, not fully ripe, heated or parboiled in water, and after shred small like to the Cabbage, and boiled with butter, Onions, and a quantity of Salt. This on such wise prepared and eaten, profiteth lean men.  
Others after the cutting of the unripened fruit into round slices, boil them with butter in a dish like Apples.  
The wine standing for a night abroad, in the hollow of the fresh Gourd, and drunk with a fasting stomach, purgeth gently the belly costive.  
The meat of the Gourd, after the seeds taken forth applied, helpeth the corns of the toes and feet: the Juice of it boiled, and rubbing the mouth therewith, fasteneth lose teeth, and assuageth the pain of them, proceeding of a hot cause.  
The seeds of the Gourd clean picked from their skin, being sodden in Barley water, strained, and drunk, help the inflammations of the liver, kidneys, and bladder, the impostumes of the breast, and provoketh urine.  
If a sick person of the Fever, refuse to drink of this water, a Sirroppe then with Sugar, may be compounded of the same, which mightily profiteth all kinds of Agues.  
The juice of the pieces of the Gourd, tempered with milk and vinegar, in which a linen cloth wet, and applied on the liver, very much assuageth the heat of the Liver.  
When the winter approacheth, the seeds ought to be taken forth of the fruit, and these rubbed well with Salt, that the clammy humours may on such wise be removed.  
The seeds ought after to be laid in a dry place, whereby the proper moisture may not corrupt them, and those seeds like prepared, will endure for three years.  
The pieces of the rind of the Gourd bruised, and anointed or applied in plaster form one the heads of Infants, doth assuage the inflammation or burning caused of the brain, the pieces or juice of the same applied, doth like mitigate the burning Gout, and qualify the inflammation of the eyes.  
The Gourd after the fine shredding, applied in plaster form, assuageth tumors and swellings, the dry Ashes applied on burnings, doth marvelously avail, the Ashes also of the rinds applied on ulcers of the privy place, beginning to putrefy, both purgeth, and bringeth them to a scar.  
The juice of the Gourd, after the boiling with a little Honey and nitre drunk, gently looseth the belly, the same juice mixed with the Oil of Roses, and anointed on the ridge bone and Loins, cooleth the burning of the Fevers, this beside anointed, helpeth the shingles.  
Here learn that the Gourd roasted, or boiled in a dish or frying pan is more wholesome, than raw, for that through the roasting, it leaveth a great force of watery moisture, and therefore yieldeth a stronger and worthier nourishment.  
The Gourd sodden, requireth a tartness to be matched with it, for the same otherwise, is felt unsavoury and without delight, so that it better relisheth, being matched with either salt, sour, or tart things, that nearer agree to the benefit of our body, and the same aught to be on such wise prepared, that it procure not the creature to vomit, as the singular Galen, hath clearly uttered.   

The benefits and helps of the distilled water of the Gourd.  
THe chosen time for the distilling of Gourds, is when they be full ripe, for those than are to be finely shred, and the kernels with the whole substance artely distilled.  
The distilled water of the fruits, mixed with a quantity of Sugar, drunk, not only looseth the belly, but ceaseth thirst, and helpeth the cough proceeding of a hot cause.  
The said water drunk morning and evening, unto the quantity of three ounces at a time; for forty days together, doth marvelously help the stone in the kidneys.  
This water drunk in the like manner for ten days together, purgeth the kidneys and Bladder, and causeth urine, this also drunk in the like manner, qualifieth the burning of Fevers, when no other Medicine can assuage the same: this beside applied without, on the region of the heart, with linen clothes wet in the same, like represseth the heat.    

Of the care, helps, and secrets of the Pompons, Melons, and Musk Melons. Chap. 31.  
THe ancient both of the Greek and Latin writers of husbandry, attributed the Pompons and Melons, to a kind of Cucumbers which they confessed, very near to agree with them, in that the Cucumbers, in their growth have been seen, to be changed into Pompons, and melon Pompons, which two kinds of fruit, do differ in themselves, especially in the form and quantifie, for when these appear to exceed in bigness, they are then named Pompons, but they growing round, and in form of an Apple fashioned, are by a biename of the Pompon and apple, named melon Pompons. For which cause Palladius nameth all this kind of form of apples, Melons, or as if a man should say he named them aplewise or Quincelike, which are not wont to hang, as Pliny writeth, but to grow round on the ground, and they are then grown to a ripeness, when the stalk is parted from the body and a sweet savour from the belly striketh to the nose. Further those growing after the form of a Quince, which properly are named Melons, have a harder and tougher meat than Pompons, and they not only enjoy less wrinkles on the rind, but be drier, grosser, whiter of flesh, and have more Seeds than the Pompons.  
The other kind named Citrons, be in form and colour like to the citron, and the leaves of the branches divided into many small, parts after the form of feathers or wings of Birds.  
The other kind named the winter Pompons, are nothing so big of growth, as be the common Pompons of the Garden.  
But the best kind of all, are the Melons, next the turkish Pompons, and those made sweet by Art, when the seeds before the bestowing in the Earth, are for a night laid in water well mixed with Sugar. or in honey.  
The Melons and Pompons hardly come up in any Country at due time of the year, without a labour, cost and diligence of the Gardener in hastening them forward, nor these caused well to spread & yield, before the great heat of the year become, which season, some year, happeneth diverse and intermeddled with cold, and either over dry, or over moist, which much hinder the ripening of them in the harvest time and towards the vintage. For which cause the Gardener ought to hasten the fruits forward by dung▪ and heat of the beds, which always procure a more health to persons. The seeds of Melons to be committed to the Earth, aught to be such, which have been kept within the fruit, unto the full ripenesss of the same: for these then taken forth of the Melon be more worth, & reserve in them the proper substance within the bodies If the owner would possess the fruits of the Melon timely he ought afore to infuse the seeds in lukewarm water, for six or ten hours, and those after to beestowe in Beds prepared, about the tenth day of March, well three or four foot distant one from the other, and the Beds to cast well two foot high, and so many broad, and to fill them with old dung finely broken, and with black Earth sufficiently lose wrought together, for on such wise handled, they yield a bigger fuller and pleasant fruit. Certain skilful Gardeners bestow horse dung in Beds, so hot as the same cometh forth of the stable, to cause the plants far sooner to shoot up, and they turn upward six or ten of the seeds of the pompone with the sharp ends downward (as certain do four or five of them to come up) and those they lightly cover over, with much beating or treading the Earth down on them. Rutilius in his Husbandry, willeth the seeds, both of the Melon and Pompon, to be thin set in beds, in such manner, that the seeds be placed well two foot asunder, and the places well digged and diligently turned in with fine dung, for the plants joy in a liberty, that they may spread at will hither and thither, and are greatly helped by other Herbs growing among them, as the Cucumbers are, so that they shall need but little raking and plucking away of other Herbs.  
After these, for danger of the cold and frosts, the owner may cover the plants and Beds, with light mattresses made of straw, or with mats spread on rods, shored up with forckes set at each corner of the Beds, or he may for a seemlyer sight, lay abroad boards or Tables on pillars or other stays of stone, set at each corner of the Beds, in such manner, that the boards may be lifted off, when the Sun shineth hot, and set over again, at the going down of the Sun or when the cold air is felt.  
And assoon as the Melon hath yielded leaves sufficient great, the Gardener ought to water the same gently and softly, with a list sharpened at the end hanging forth, and broad at the other end (resting within the Pot or Dish full of water) which on such wise continually moisteneth (by the drops falling) the Earth very dry.  
The Melons further grown, the owner ought to remove, and set the plants again, when the fruits are yielded so big as Oranges, and this especially must be done after the mids of may, when as the cold of the year is well spent, that otherwise might hinder the growth of them, and set well six foot distant one from the other, in Beds diligently dunged and laboured.  
The Pompons purchase a far greater sweetness, and pleasanter in taste, if the seeds afore be steeped for three days in water well mixed with Sugar, or in water and Honey named Mulse, and in like manner the fruits are found sweet in the eating, if the seeds steeped in new Cow milk, 〈◊〉 then set in well dressed Beds.  
The Pompons in like manner will obtain a savour of Roses, if the seeds afore be laid among dry rose-leaves for twenty or thirty days together, and those after with the leaves, set in well dressed beds, or the seeds steeped in rose-water, or other odoriferous liquor, which after the drying in the shadow, then as afore uttered, committed to the earth.  
As the worthy author Florentinus in his Greek instructions of Husbandry writeth, and after him the like that worthy Rutilius.  
Here I think it a matter not to be omitted, that Cats by an earnest desire covet the Pompons, for which cause the owners have a care to look diligently thereunto.  
To procure Pompons to continue a long time without decaying or corrupting, let the owner water the plants for a time, with the juice, of Houseleek.  
The other matters to be learned, are fully taught in the secrets of the Cucumbers & Gourds, where many devices are uttered, that may be used common. As if the owner would enjoy timely fruits, and having strange forms on them, big, laxative, and without Seeds, let him diligently read and consider the former chapters, both of the Cucumber and Gourd.  
The Melons and Pompons ought then to be gathered, when the stalks begin to feeble, and the fruits to yield a pleasant savour in the eating, at which time the owner must diligently take heed of Cats, that have an earnest love and desire to them, as afore is uttered  
Also the Gardener ought to conceive, that those named the winter Pompons, do never grow to a full ripenesss on their beds, and for that cause, to procure them speedily to ripen, he must (after the gathering) hang them up in the roof of the house, and eat of those, when they appear yellow within.  

The Physic commodities of the Pompons and Melons.  
THe learned report, that the Melons cool and moisten in the second degree, yet those feal sweet in taste, are temperately cold. The seeds also are used in medicine, and possess the same property.  
Diocles Caristius (in libris salubrium) uttereth, the Pompon to be easy of digestion, and to comfort very much the heart, yet the same yieldeth▪ but a small increase to the body.  
Diphilus reporteth that the meat of the Pompon doth make fat, yet very hardly digested, through coldness mixed with the moisture of the same, besides it rendereth a small nourishment, and hardly moveth the belly.  
Phaenias reporteth, that the Pompon must be eaten after the stomach is empty, for that this otherwise is lightly converted into those humours, which of the same occasion hinder digestion, through the pre-eminence that it then obtaineth in the receptakle of the meat or stomach.  
Therefore he willeth the Pompons, to be eaten with a fasting stomach, and to pause from eating any other meat, until this in the stomach be half digested.  
Diphilus writeth, that the Pompons eaten, do greatly assuage unnatural heats of the stomach, and mitigate wicked Agues.  
Galen reporteth, that all kinds of Pompons, have the property of cooling, and enjoy a large moisture, yet those not without a manifest quality of cleansing, in that the seeds marvelously cleanse the face of sun burning, of pimples, and foul spots.  
This Author further addeth, that the same doth yield and cause a wicked juice, although it may sometimes be well digested of the stomach.  
Besides he affirmeth the same to cause Choler, and to yield the plenty of moisture out of order.  
The Pompons ought to be eaten for the first meat, but in such manner that such which are fleumatik to drink old wine after the same, & the Choleric, to drink some sour or tart thing after it, for on such wise handled, is all manner of harm avoided.  
For this kind of meat doth lightly alter into Choler, or floume, for which cause the over sweet Pompon doth offend the Choleric, and the fruit unripe the phlegmatic.  
Many worthy men prefer the long Pompons before the round, yet do all the kinds move or lose the belly, and cause urine, so that they shallbe ripe. For which cause they are judged profitable for the kidneys, but the seeds more avail, in so much that stones there prepared they marvelously expel.  
The outward rind of the Pompon applied to the forehead doth effectuously assuage and stay the running of the eyes.  
Such which have a hot stomach, and encumbered with Choler, are greatly harmed, if they drink wine after the eating of the same, in that of the owner nature it is lightly caused, and the wine immediately increaseth it more, and causeth a sharper humour in such bodies, and apt to vomit: yea this also extenuateth, gross and clammy humours, yet doth it well agree, that the phlegmatic eat of the Pompon, for as much as in the same is a substance tender and soluble, that is, the same which is next to the seed, for this doth not lightly corrupt.  
The persons which eat of the Pompons, may not immediately eat and other meat after them, in that those both corrupt, and alter the same eaten.  
At the kinds of Pompons provoke vomiting, in bodies prepared, exceepte the meat enjoying a good juice, be eaten immediately upon, for they on such wise, move the speedier downward.  
The greater number of Physicians write, that those eaten, doth mitigate the venerial act, and do abate the genytall seed,  
The seeds properly, cleanse the face, if the skin be sundry times washed with the decoction of them, the Melons, as Galen reporteth (in lib. de facultatibus alimentorum) have the property of cleansing, for which cause they may aptly clear sunny spots, pimples, and other foul spots both on the face and body.  
The seeds of the Melon clean picked from their upper skin, and diligently brought to powder with bean flower, this after the artely mixing with rose-water, and dried in the sun like cakes, dissolve in fair water, washing the face sundry times with it: for this marvelously cleanseth, and procureth with wine a clear face, yea the same mundifieth all foul spots on the skin.  
The seeds also have the property of causing urine, yea those purge both the Loins & kidneys, but the seeds more avail in the Loins, than in the Bladder, so the a mightier remedy must be invented for the stone of the bladder, than for the stone of the Loins and kidneys.  
The roofs of the Melons, not only cleanse, but heal the ulcers fuly of matter, being applied with Honey in plaster form.  
Many there be, which eat the Melon with vinegar, but to it they add and mix, the Pennyroiall and Onions, by which the harmful force of the cold, might so be tempered.  
Dyphilus writeth, that a little piece of the Mellone put into a pot with meat, causeth the speedier boiling of the Nettle or Mustardseeds or the slip of the fig tree, on such wise ordered.   

The commended helps of the distilled water of the Melons.  
THe best time for the distilling of Melons, is when they be thoroughly ripe, which shred small, distill after art, about the Harvest time.  
The distilled water of the Melons drunk, helpeth singularly the stone, procureth urine, and cleanseth the kidneys, the rather, being used both morning and evening, for three or four weeks together, unto the quantity of three or four ounces at a time.  
The said water, for a time drunk, not only cooleth the liver, but cooleth and extynguysheth all inward heats not natural, yea this tempered with Sugar and drunk, ceaseth marvelously thirst.  
The water drunk, in like manner abovesaid, amendeth speedily an old cough.  
The water applied without the Body, with Linen clothes wet in the same, not only expelleth the heats, but the swellings of the Body, wheresoever those shall happen.    

Worthy instructions about the sowing and setting of sundry Physic herbs, to these of the greatest number of fragrant herbs, and pleasant flowers, and first of the blessed Thistle. Cap. 32.  
WHere afore we have sufficiently written of the apt placing, and workmanly ordering of the most herbs, and fruits, both for the pot and salads, and of their benefits for the use of physic: in this part following (for a further increase and comfort of the simple) we purpose to entreat not only of the artly placing of sundry physic herbs, but to what uses these serve for the aid and benefit of health.  
And of these we intend to begin with that worthy herb named the Blessed Thistle (for his singular virtues) aswell against poisons, as the pestilent Ague, and other perilous diseases of the heart: Which to many at this day is very well known although great controversies have been amongst the Ancient physicians, about the true description of the herb: for both the name and form of the herb, do declare the same to be a kind of Thistle: yet the learned Ruellius writing of the blessed Thistle, came nearer to a troth, and faithfuller described the form of the herb: in that he affirmed the same to have a big stalk, and leaves crisped with prickles (after the condition of the Endive) the flower yellowish, and seeds small, contained within the soft down, (as in the other Thistles,) and that they do late wax ripe.  
This herb named the Blessed Thistle, requireth to be sown in a well laboured ground, and the seeds ought to be committed to the Earth in the first quarter of the Moon, but those not to be bestowed in beds, above three fingers deep.  
The Herb also joyeth and well prospereth coming up among Wheat.  

The physic benefits and helps of the blessed Thistle.  
THe herb of quality is hot and dry, which the bitter taste of the same well demonstrateth, besides it drieth and somewhat digesteth.  
The Herb hath the nature and property of opening, the stopping of members, of piercing and causing urine.  
The blessed Thistle either eaten or drunk delivereth the patient from the mighty pain of the head which vexeth about the eyes: this also putteth away giddiness of the head, restoreth (by a like reason) memory lost, the hearing, and diseases of the Lungs.  
The leaves brought to powder, and drunk in wine, consume and send forth the phlegm of the stomach, but the leaves are the better and handsomer taken, if of the powder pills be made.  
This in like manner purgeth the breast and blood, and very much profiteth the consumption of the Lungs. The leaves boiled in Wine, and drunk hot, doth cease gripings, provoke sweat, break the stone, and help the monthly Terms.  
The herb for a time used, comforteth the brain and sight, not only if the same be eaten, but if the eyes also be anointed therewith.  
When the Juice of the herb cannot be had, then let the powder, or the Herb itself dried, be steeped for a night in water, and the eyes washed with the same. The Juice also dropped into the eyes, removeth the blond consisting in them.  
The blessed Thistle refraineth or stoppeth the bleeding of the nose, or mouth, if the herb be applied to the place, from whence it runneth.  
The powder of the same herb purgeth the vulva, the Jaws, and throat, and causeth that the patient may the easier cast and spit forth phlegm and gross humours.  
The herb drunk in wine, amendeth a weak stomach, procureth an appetite to meat, and abateth the heat, yea this consumeth the evil blood, and engendereth the good.  
If the herb shall be boiled in water and drunk, the sam●●●●meth evil humours, and preserveth the good, this boiled in wine and drunk, provoketh sweat.  
The herb drunk boiled, or raw with wine, breaketh the stone, the same eaten, strengtheneth the palsy members, and recovereth the exulcerated Lungs.  
The blessed Thistle boiled in the water of a healthful male Child drunk, profiteth the dropsy persons, helpeth the plague, and dissolveth all impostumes, yea this removeth the Canker and falling sickness. The powder of the leaves, unto the quantity of half a walnut shell at a time drunk in wine, is a most present remedy against the plague, if the same shall be received within four and twenty hours space of the time grieved. If wine be boiled with the herb, and drunk, profiteth the like: this by a like manner received, amendeth the rotten Fevers of the stomach, and such encumbered with the Fever Quartain. The down proceeding of the flowers of the blessed Thistle, applied on deep cuts, and new wounds, doth in short time cure them without pain.  
The powder of the herb mixed with meal, and a plaster employed of the same with hot Vinegar, helpeth the bushes and other swellings of the plague. The herb cureth any manner of burning, and the blisters proceeding of the same: if afore dried, and mixed with the proper Juice it be applied on the places.  
This Herb drunk with white wine, removeth the Colliks, and putteth away feables the Herb chawed in the mouth, amendeth a stinking breath: the herb also bruised, and applied on botches speedily cureth them, yea this recovereth the defaults of women's places, and causeth the Terms.  
The bit of venomous beasts may be helped, either with the Juice, or decoction of the herb in water, the powder of the herb eaten or drunk, helpeth stitches in the side, and the pleurisy & this also profiteth infants encumbered with the falling sickness, and worms.  
Many worthy physicians affirm, that the powder or Juice, or the decoction of this herb doth expel all manner of poisons: The example of which matter, Hieronimus Tragus (in his Herbal) learnedly uttereth, where he reporteth, that there was a certain young maiden, which unknowing thereof, did eat poison in an apple given to her, whose body incontinente swelled, and no medicine could assuage the swelling, until that the distilled water of this herb was ministered to her, which in short time mitigated or abated the swelling, to the wonder of many, so that on this wise the child was delivered from all peril of the poison.  
A like history reported of others, that a Child happened to sleep in the field open mouthed, into whose mouth an Adder crept and went down into the body, but after two ounces of the distilled water was ministered, the Adder incontinente crept forth again (by the fundament) without further harm or hurt unto the Child. Wherefore against all poisons, they affirm the powder, Juice, decoction, or distilled water of this herb, to be a singular remedy applied either within or without the body: But after the taking either of these, the patiented aught to be diligently covered with clothes, that he may well sweat for three hours space.  
The wine made in Harvest of the blessed Thistle, and drunk in the time answerable, profiteth and helpeth all the griefs before uttered.   

The commended virtues of the distilled water of the blessed Thistle.  
THe time and order of distilling of the same, is that the herb alone, about the end of May be distilled.  
The water distilled of the blessed Thistle drunk unto the quantity of two or three ounces at a time, both morning and evening, putteth away headache, comforteth memory, helpeth the giddiness of the head, and recovereth especially all the griefs of the eyes, although they be but washed with the same.  
The water in like manner taken, profiteth such being in a consumption of the body. The water in like quantity drunk both morning and evening, breaketh the stone, and cureth any burning, by often, applying, linen clothes wet in the same.  
The patiented molested with the quartain or any other Ague, by taking three ounces of the distilled water of the herb fasting, well a quarter of an hour before the fit of cold beginning, and lying down to sweat, be well covered with clothes: shall within certain fits so using himself, be delivered either of the one or other Ague, the like doth the decoction of the herb or the powder drunk hot with wine.  
Against eating Cankers, or any other putrid ulcers, there is scarcely to be found any other worthier than the leaves, the Juice, decoction, or water of the blessed Thistle. And notable diseases hath the herb recovered, especially in women, whose breasts were eaten and consumed with the Canker, even unto the bare ribs, by cleansing first the places with this water, and applying after the powder of the herb, which on such wise handled, healed them in short time.  
And Baths are profitably made of this herb, for the dissolving of the stone, and provoking of the Terms.    

What care and secrets are to be learned in the sowing and setting of the herb Angelica. Chap. 33.  
THe herb Smyrnium, which at this day of all the physicians and pothecaries through out Europe is named Angelica: this when in the first year it shall come up of the Seed, yieldeth stalks of a foot and a half high, a finger big, round, tender, smooth, and bending back to the Earth: these also divided and spread forth into two, three, and many times four smaller stalks or arms, in whose top are leaves in form like to the leaves of the smallage, but far greater, and those divided into three parts, sharp fashioned at the end, and growing unto twelve fingers in height and breadth, and green all the Winter.  
In the second or third year, the stem shooteth up out of the middle of the leaves, and in height two or sometimes three cubits, increasing a within thumb bigness for the more part, round, jointed, whitish and smooth, and as the same were sprinkled with dusty spots and hollow within, beset also with leaves in joint form, much lesser than the abovesaid. This also hath little branches, and certain stems shooting forth, in whose top are great tufts, well five or six inches broad, and those in form imbosed round, and full of whitish flowers in which do after succeed two seeds, conjoined together, long, cornered, and of an ashy white colour: those also contained within the hulk, be long, plain, black without, white within, and the tough kernel covered with a rind or peeling sharp edged. This increaseth in root many times so big as the hand can clap about, and sometimes bigger, yea it sendeth forth the root, before the stem be come up, which root increaseth in years well a soot of length, or into many parts divided, being black without, and white within, big, soft, and full of Juice, which being cut sendeth forth a yellow Juice or liquor, from the inner side of the rind, and a like liquor is contained in the veins of the leaves, but the same more watery.  
The root, sedes, and leaves possess an eager taste, fretting the jaws, somewhat bitter, thin, and aromatic or sweet smelling.  
The most effectuous of all the parts, is the proper liquor, next the seeds, than the root, last the flowers and leaves.  
The herb Angelica joyeth to be sown in a well laboured earth, and the same rather dry than moist, for the harming by worms, after the coming up, this requireth to be diligently weeded about, and seldom watered. This Angelica flourisheth and beareth flowers in the months of July and August.  

The physic commodities of the Angelica.  
THe herb of quality is hot and dry in the third degree, it openeth, extenuateth, and dissolveth.  
This hath special properties against poisons, it cleareth the blood and the body.  
The root is sovereign against the plague, and all manner of poisons, the like doth the distilled water of the root prevail.  
The powder of the herb, unto the quantity of half a dram, with a dram weight of pure treacle, given in four or five ounces of the distilled water of the same, and the patiented well covered to sweat, doth marvelously help the infection of the plague, and sudden agues or sweeting.  
And for lack of the treacle, may a whole dram of the powder be ministered.  
The root of the herb (after the infusing in vinegar) applied to the nose, or the powder of the root drunk sometimes fasting in wine, very much availeth against a pestilent air.  
The distilled water of the Angelica, or powder of the root, ceaseth gripings of the belly proceeding of cold, if the belly otherwise be not costine. To be brief, the distilled water and powder of the root, recovereth all inward griefs of the body, and in the pleurisy or stitches of the sides, this is profitably ministered. The powder of the Angelica (or as some writ the distilled water of the herb, helpeth ruptures, and the diseases of the Lungs, it putteth away gripings of the belly, amendeth the strangury, sendeth forth the youngling and Terms, and dissolveth all inward swellings of the body.  
The root voyled in wine, or water and honey, and drunk, prevaileth in all the above said griefs, being in due order ministered. The Juice bestowed into hollow teeth, stayeth the running of them, the water of the herb dropped into the ears, doth like avail in the same. This also amendeth the dimness of sight. The leaves of the Angelica wrought with the leaves of Rue and Honey in plaster form, and the same workmanly applied, doth not only heal the bit of a mad Dog, but the sting of venomous worms. This plaster applied on the head of the patient sick of the ague, doth in short time draw to it, all the heat of the fever. The distilled water, Juice, and powder of the herb, workmanly applied in old deep wounds, do cleanse, and regenerate, or renew flesh in the places.  
The distilled water applied with linen clothes wet in it, doth marvelously assuage the ache of the hips and gout, in that the same consumeth soft and clammy humours gathered.  
Many other virtues of this herb may be gathered by the former helps uttered.  
The seeds have like properties, as the root possesseth, the wild Angelica is weaker in virtue, but boiled in wine and applied in plaster form, doth especially cure new and old ulcers.    

What care & diligence is required in the artely sowing of the herb Ualerian. Chap. 34.  
THe Ualerian groweth up with a long and high stem, jointed and hollow, bearing on the top a tough, and flowers purple mixed with a whiteness, or white mixed with a redness, after the form of Organy, the root as big as the little finger, and white, with many other small roots branching in the earth, and these yellowish of colour, sweet in savour, and yielding the force of the spike, by a certain strength of the savour. And this doth Hieronimus book report, to be the true Ualerian, and that rare to be found, which for the rareness, is at this day sown in many Gardens. The Ualerian cometh very well up, being bestowed in a moist and well dunged ground, and the herb after the coming up, requireth to be often watered, until it hath yielded a high stem.  

The physic benefits of the Valerian.  
THe herb of quality heateth in the third degree, and drieth in the beginning of the second, and the root especially serveth for the use of physic.  
The root of the Ualerian brought to powder, and drunk in wine, provoketh sweat and urine, the like performeth the root itself, being boiled in Wine: yea this also amendeth the pain and stitches of the sides and back.  
The root dried may be kept for three whole years, and gathered especially in the month of August.  
The powder of the root of valerian, mixed with the white helelbor or neeseworte, and the flower of wheat, this in apt places laid, killeth mice. The root boiled in white wine with fennel and parsley seeds, doth mightily provoke the urine, cold, helpeth the pains in the sides, and moveth the Terms.  
This also prevaileth against poison, and the plague, by drinking of it.  
Certain do boil the root of Ualerian with fennel, anise seeds, and Licourise, for the cough and straightness of breath.  
The green Herb and fresh root bruised, and applied, doth mitigate the pain of the head, stay fluxes, and profitteth the shingles.  
The flowers or root boiled in wine, and dropped into the eyes, procureth a clearness of them, healeth the great piles in the fundament, & other ulcers, but this especially amendeth the dims of sight, as Jeronimus book witnesseth.   

The worthy virtues of the distilled water of the Herb.  
THe convenient time of the distillation of the same is that the root, Herb, and stem, with the whole substance be shred together, and distilled about the end of May.  
The distilled water of Ualerian, drunk unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, doth morning and evening, and linen clothes wet in it applied upon, doth in short time amend ulcers, old sores, and those causing swellings, yea this availeth against the piles, by applying linen clothes wet in it.  
The said water drunk in like quantity, both morning and evening profiteth the creature having any bone broken. This also helpeth a rapture, or a body broken and drop in the eyes, cleareth them.  
The distilled water of the valerian, drunk unto the quantity of a spoonful at a time, every morning fasting, doth expel the long worms in children.  
This water drunk in like manner, as afore uttered, profiteth against poison, and a pestilent air: it healeth new and old wounds, cleareth ulcers and impostumes within the body, and removeth the ache of the hips.  
The distilled water orderly drunk, procureth clear eyes, removeth the pain in chins, and provoketh sweat; this poured into troubled wine, causeth the feign 〈…〉 purer to be drunk.  
The said water assuageth the pain of the members, proceeding of an untemperate coldness, by daily anointing the members with it.   

The virtues of the distilled water of the roots of Valerian.  
THe distillation of this water is to be wrought, from the fifteenth day of August, unto the eight day of the month of September.  
This distilled water drunk, as afore taught, doth remove poison, and profiteth against venomous beasts.  
The distilled water drunk fasting, unto the quantity of six ounces at a time, before the fit cometh, delivereth the Quotidian Ague.  
The said water in like quantity given, and both anointed, and applied with linen clothes wet in it, amendeth the stitches in the sides.  
When two persons at variance, shall drink a quantity of this water out of one cup together, doth after procure them friends, and loving one to the other.    

The diligence required in the bestowing of the Herb Bytonie. Chap. 35.  
THe Betony is an Herb, having a slender stem, and four square, growing in many places a foot and a half high, the leaves long and soft, and indented round about, like to Oaken leaves, and sweet smelling, among the which, greater leaves are those, growing nigh to the root, in the top of the stems is the seed, eared after the manner of savoury, the roots spreading small, and beareth purple flowers.  
The Herb betony joyeth to be sown in a moist and cold ground, and by a brick or stone wall to enjoy the shadow of the same, for the Herb much delighteth to stand in the Sun beams.  

The Physic commodities of the Herb Bitonie.  
THe Herb Betony (after the mind of the learned) is hot and dry in the first degree complete, or in the middle of the second, and hath the nature of cutting asunder, which is manifest of the taste, that is sour and somewhat bitter.  
The Herb boiled with the flowers in wine and drunk, stayeth belching, the rawness of stomach amendeth, and the sour restings correcteth. The self same may be distilled water, or a confection made of the flowers with sugar, or the powder of the dry Herb itself, or ministered with Honey.  
The Herb drunk in wine, very much profiteth the diseases of the Matrice: and this, to be brief, is available to all inward griefs of the body, in what manner soever the same be taken. For this given in Mulse vinegar unto the quantity of a dram profiteth in the sending forth of the harmful humours of the stomach, liver, milt, kidneys, bladder & matrice.  
The person which feareth to have drunk poison, by taking a dram weight of powder in wine, shallbe delivered of the harm, both by urine and siege.  
The Herb (after the boiling in water) drunk, profiteth the Frenzy persons, such having the falling sickness, the Palsy, and ache of the Hips.  
The Herb helpeth digestion, if any after supper, eateth unto the bigness of a bean of the same, being afore boiled in honey, this also steeped in wine for a night, and drunk, stayeth vomiting.  
The Herb boiled in wine and drunk, expelleth the Ague, and ministered to the weight of two drams with Hidromel, sendeth forth the water between the skin, and many humours.  
The powder of the Herb to the weight of a dram drunk with wine, doth speedily help the Jaundice, and sendeth down the Terms.  
The Betony boiled in wine and strained, if with three drams of (Hiera Picra Galem) mixed and drunk fasting, gently purgeth the belly. The Herb boiled with honey, recovereth the consumption of the body, and mattery spittings of the Lungs.  
The Herb bruised, and applied in plaster form on the hurt of the head, as witnesseth Apuleius, doth by a marvelous speediness close and heal the same, yea this hath such a property, that it fasteneth broken bones, and by his force draweth pieces forth, and dissolveth the clotted blood.  
The powder of the herb given to the weight of a dram in wine, stayeth the spitting up of blood.  
The leaves bruised & applied in plaster form on the eyes, doth speedily help the eyes bruised or hurt by a stripe: the roots also of the Herb boiled to a third part in water, and the eyes suppled with the same water, do speedily remove the pain of them.  
The juice of the Herb dropped into the ears with the oil of Roses removeth all manner of pain in them, the same amendeth the hardness of fetching breath, if the breast be anointed therewith. The Herb eaten, cause the clearness of the sight.  
The Bytonie boiled in old wine and vinegar, unto the consumption of a third part, and gargelled in the mouth, removeth toothache. thach.  
This drunk in wine recovereth an evil colour of the body, the same boiled in wine and drunk, they affirm of experience to profit the diseases of the milt.  
The eating of two ounces of the powder with honey for eight days together, assuageth the cough, two drams of betony and one of Plantain, ministered with four ounces of warm water before the fit of cold putteth away the quotidian.  
Three drams of the powder, with one ounce of pure Honey, given in three ounces of warm water, before the fit coming, doth marvelously remove the fits of the Tertian and quartan ague.  
For grief of the bladder, take four drams of Bytonie, of Parsely roots three scruples boiled, but the roots of the Parsely afore boiled in a pint of water unto the consumption of the half, and then the Bitony added to, and given to drink, which delivereth the pain, that never after it cometh again.  
The Bytony drunk in wine, dissolveth the stone, & helpeth at painful griefs of the bladder, yea this is those more effectuous in the strangury: certain persuade, for a singular remedy against the stone, to drink the powders of Bitony, vervain, and yarrow by equal portions in water.  
The roots of Bitony boiled with the leaves, unto a third part away, and drunk in water, with the Herb applied alone, do marvelously assuage (of experience known) the pain of the Gout. The leaves heated between two new Tiles, and applied to the fortheade, do mitigate the grief of the eyes and stay the running of them, in that this among the other herbs, which they apply to the head, obtaineth a principality.   

The commended virtues of the distilled water of betony.  
THe time of gathering, and distilled the Bytonie, with the whole substance, is about the end of may.  
The distilled water of Bitony, as Hieronimus Brunsuicensis, a most expert Herbarian, witnesseth, drunk unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, both morning, noon, and evening, putteth away the dropsy, Jaundice, and any ague.  
The distilled water helpeth the diseases of the kidneys, milt, and Lungs, and all those griefs tofore uttered, the water either drunk or applied on the places with linen clothes wet in it, if the evil or grief shall appear without the body.    

The skill and diligence required in the artly bestowing of the Herb Lovage. Chap. 36.  
THe Lovage joyeth to grow by Ways, and under the Eivesing of an house, it also prospereth in shadowy places, but especially delighteth to grow near to a running water.  
This in the growing, sendeth up a long and slender stem, like to the Oil, jointed, with leaves round about like to the Melylote, sweet savouring, tenderer and softer, towards the top smaller and much more divided. In the top of the stem groweth a touffe, in which consisteth the seed, black, hard, and long, like to the Fennel seed being sharp in taste, & sweet in smelling, it also beareth a yellow flower, & hath a pale root within, but black without, sharp, sweet savouring, tender, full of juice, and biting the jaws.  
The Herb for his sweet savour is used in bathe, but the seed is of greater effect in medicine.  

The Physic benefits of the Herb Lovage.  
This Herb of quality is hot and dry, in the third degree, the seeds endure in strength and virtue for three years.  
The dry root bruised hateth the stomach, helpeth digestion, expelleth superfluous humours, and drunk in wine, unto the weight of half a dram at a time, ceaseth all inward griefs, this also expelleth poisons, causeth urine and the Terms, and performeth the like matters, which the Angelica doth.  
The Herb boiled in wine or water, and drunk, openeth the stopping of the Liver and milt, the Herb bruised and mixed with cumin very much profiteth if the same be drunk in wine, for this recovereth the stomach, and expelleth noyous winds out of the bowels.  
The herb Lovage with Galingale and Cinnamon boiled in wine, and drunk with a fasting stomach, amendeth the diseases of the stomach, milt, and bowels, a powder like to an Eclegma prepared of the Lovage seeds, Cinnamon, Raponticke, and Galingale, with sugar in equal proportion mixed, and drunk in wine, availeth unto the above said diseases.  
If any drink a quantity of the Lovage seeds, in wine fasting, procureth the person to purge both upward and downward, the seeds after the boiling, given up in glister form, doth greatly ease the person pained with the Gout in the feet.  
The Seeds steeped for a night in white wine, and drunk fasting, do mightily draw down the Terms, yet are the seeds of themselves over forcible unto the use of medicine inward, in that they ministered or applied in plaster form, both break and open ulcers, yea expel mightily the dead youngling.  
For which cause the strength of those seeds must be tempered, by alike weight of the Fennel and anis seeds, which on such wise ministered worketh his property in the body without harm.  
But the seeds may safely be applied without the body in any manner, without any other addition to them.  
The Lovage seeds boiled artely in wine, do assuage the gripings of the belly and bowels, remove the swelling of the stomach, digest the humours of the stomach, cure the bitle of venomous worms, procure urine and the Terms.  
A bath made of the Lovage, Rosemary, Penieroyall, Sage, Catmynte, Cammomyl, Mellylote, the citrine Staechados, Mugwort, and Fenigreke, these together boiled in wine and sitting over the fume to sweat, not only openeth the pores of the body, and draweth forth evil humours, but dissolveth the stone, procureth urine and the Terms healeth the Cramp, proceeding of the fullness of body, the pain of the Gout, the Palsy, the kings evil, and heateth all the inner members.  
The root bruised and applied in plaster form, doth greatly avail on the bit of a mad dog, and venomous worm, in that the same both mitigateth and expelleth poison.   

The commended virtues of the distilled water of Lovage  
THe time of the distillation of the same is, that the leaves shred together with the stems, be distilled in the middle of May.  
The distilled water of the Lovage drunk morning and evening unto the quantity of two or three ounces at a time, doth in short time help them, pained with stitches about the breast and sides, removeth the grief of the stone in the Loins and bladder, cleareth the hoarseness of voice, and putteth away the dangerous swelling of the throat, by washing and applying on the same, linen clothes wet in it.  
The distilled water asuageth the swelling of the head, and the aching of the same, if linen clothes wet in it, be applied upon, it procureth a white and lovely countenance, if the same be diligently washed, both morning and evening with the water.  
This helpeth the bushes, and redness proceeding of heat, happening commonly from the knee downward, by appling linen clothes wet in it, that ceaseth the heat and cureth the bushes.  
This cureth the Canker of the mouth, if it be often washed with the same, and that at each time, the powder of the Barbary root be sprinkled upon.  
This also cureth the grief and exulceration of women's places, if these be washed therewith, for three or four times a day, the same doth the said water perform, if linen clothes wet in it, be sundry times applied upon.    

What care and skill is required in the bestowing of the Herb Elecampane. Chap. 37.  
THe Herb Elecampane groweth up with a long stem, big and Mossy, & the leaves with mossy bears on the one side on the top of the stem, being many times a man's height, is a big yellow flower growing, in which the seeds are contained, and those by feeling procure itch.  
The root within the earth reddish without, and white within, big, sharp in taste, and sweet smelling. The root is digged up, at the beginning of summer, and sliced, dried in the sun.  
This especially flourisheth in the month of July.  
The Elecampane may not be sown, in that the seeds bestowed in beds prosper not, but rather set the young buds broken tenderly from the root in Earth well dunged and laboured afore. And those begin to set, in the month of Februarye, well three foot asunder, one from the other, in that those send forth big leaves, and long roots spreading in the Earth.  

The Physic commodities of the Elecampane.  
THe Elecampane of quality heateth in the end of the third degree, and moisteneth in the first.  
The powder of the dry root mixed with pure Honey, and used in form of an Eclegma, amendeth the cough, the root also of the Elecampane (artelye prepared) defendeth the Lungs of evil humours removeth the ache of the Hips and joints, and sicknesses proceeding of a cold cause.  
This expelleth the gross humours in man, and assuageth the ache of the Hucklebones, boiled also in wine, and mixed with Sugar in the drinking, amendeth that hard fetching of breath by the neck especially holden upright, and procureth urine.  
The powder of the root drunk in like manner sendeth down the Terms, and this is profitably ministered against poison, and the bit of venomous worms and beasts.  
The root candied with honey or Sugar, is said very much to prevail against the danger of a pestilent air, being afore eaten, for which cause (the raw root of many) is eaten in the plague time.  
The root of the Elecampane, is candied after this manner, by plucking the root out of the Earth in the month of October, at what time the same is grown to a full ripeness, which then is to be rubbed and cleansed with a course hairy cloth, after this scraped fair with a sharp knife, and those roots which are big, to be sliced into three or four pieces so long as a finger, which after the putting into a brass chaffer, to be tenderly boiled with vinegar, but in such manner, as the pieces burn not to the sides or bottom of the chaffer: Within three days after the boiling, they are to be dried in the Sun, and then bestowed into a new earthen pot, well pitched about, on which a pleasant cuit poured to soak them in, and store of the herb savoury pressed down upon them: which done, the mouth of the pot to be diligently stopped with a skin or thick partchement.  
The roots may otherwise be ordered in scrapping them clean, and after the cutting of them into two or three pieces, well a finger long, to set those steep in water a whole day, over hot embers, which done, to boil the pieces two or three times over, in asmuch weight of honey or sugar.  
The confirm of the Elacampane root, may be made by cleansing and scraping the root in the manner above taught: Which done, to cut them into thin round slices, letting them soak in water over the hot embers, for a long space, and to boil them until the liquor be all wasted, then to beat those in a stone mortar, letting them after to pass through a strainer or linen cloth: this done to boil the whole with a like weight of honey or sugar, two or three times over.  
All other roots may in like manner be candied, and made into conserve, but far pleasant in the eating, if to the confection a quantity of cinnamon be added.  
The same also they name to be candied, when the root or the thing candied, remaineth whole after the canding, but the conserve in a contrary manner remaineth not whole, in that the same is beaten small, to the making of it.  
The leaves of the Elecampane boiled in wine, and a plaster made of the same, applied to weak and lose members, doth so much heat them, that in short time they recover strength and health.  
The Elecampane putteth away ire and heaviness, comforteth the heart, and sendeth forth the superfluous humours by urine: this also (after the mind of Hypocrates) causeth mirth.  
The herb defendeth and preserveth the skin of the face, and like garnisheth the whole body with a continual seemliness, the wine also of the Elecampane made, heateth cold members, the same drunk orderly, helpeth all the diseases which are afore uttered.  
Here note, that all wines boiled or made of the Herbs, do more prevail in the morning, than at evening.  
The Elecampane boiled with Pellitory, and mixed with oil, applied hot to the belly, ceaseth the gripings of the bowels, and the same applied under the Navel, removeth and helpeth the strangury.   

The worthy virtues of the distilled water of the leaves of the Elecampane.  
THe time answerable to the distillation is, that the Herb and root shred together be distilled in the end of May.  
This water drunk morning and evening, for five or six days together, to the quantity of an eggshell full at a time, expelleth the grief of the stone.  
The distilled water drunk in the said manner, or a quantity bestowed in drink, helpeth the person broken: the same also drunk, and the head anointed therewith, in such manner as the same may dry in, greatly comforteth the head.  
The distilled water drunk morning and evening for certain days together, comforteth and strengtheneth the stomach, amendeth the hard fetching of breath, the cough, pleurisse, poison, the stone, and terms in women.  
The distilled water strengtheneth the members anointed therewith, and the more by daily drinking thereof. This also expelleth the stone of the kidneys and bladder, and the same cleareth the parts of the body, and causeth urine, by drinking of it morning and evening, for certain days together.   

The commended virtues of the distilled water of the root.  
THe root of the Elecampane is to be distilled about the end of May, or from the month of July, unto September.  
The distilled water of the same drunk many days together, unto the quantity of two or three ounces at a time, healeth an inner rapture. The distilled water drunk in the said manner, helpeth the stone, provoketh the Terms in women, assuageth the grief of the stone, and provoketh urine: yea this drunk in the abovesaid manner, sendeth the dead youngling out of the mother's womb.  
The distilled water either drunk or applied with linen clothes wet in it, removeth the swelling of women's places: the said water also drunk or applied with linen clothes, assuageth the swelling of the testicles, and only this drunk often, doth amend them.  
The distilled water drunk sundry days unto the quantity abovesaid, both morning and evening, ceaseth the cough, and consumeth the gross and clammy humours about the stomach.    

The care in the bestowing of the herb Pepperworte. Chap. 39  
THe Pepperworte is a seemly herb, yielding leaves greater and broader, than the peach, or Bay tree, and those thicker, greener, & softer, the herb also growing a foot and a half, and sometimes, two foot high, with a stiff and round stem, bearing on the top white and very small flowers, after these a small seed and long root.  
The leaves are sour, and bite in taste like pepper on the tongue, for which cause this is rightly named Pepperworte. This groweth every where in Gardens, and well ordered in the ground, endureth for two years, in certain places also (as witnesseth Ruellius) it continueth green ten years. It flourisheth or beareth flowers in the month of June, and July, and next yieldeth the Seed.  
The herb Pepperworte ought to be set before the beginning of March, after the growing up, to be clipped and cut like the Sives, but this not often: for after the first day of November, the herb ought not to be cut, least it perisheth or drieth through the cold season ensuing. The herb prospereth and continueth two years, if the same be well dunged about, and diligently weeded.  

The physic benefits of the herb Pepperworte.  
THe herb of quality heateth and drieth in third degree, as Brunsfelsius reporteth, but Galen affirmeth the Pepperworte to be hot, as the Cresses is, in the fourth degree, yet lesser drieth than it, and the leaves of this herb doth by property exulcerate: the nature also of the Herb, is to cut and extenuate the meat received, and clammy humours.  
The Pepperworte is not to be used or taken inward without milk, and it hath the like properties as the Cresses, which after the manner of condite things, must be condited with milk and salt. And the same may be made after this manner, by infusing the fresh leaves in new milk: and after the third day, the whey pressed forth, to which then green savoury, the dry seeds of Coriander, Dill, time, and parseley mixed, and diligently beaten together, this well sodden and strained, to add so much salt, as shall suffice.  
Seeing the leaves possess such a sharpness (as Dioscorides reporteth) that they do exulcerate parts within, for that cause may they aptly serve unto exulcerating in the pain of the hips, if after the bruising with an Elecampane root, it be laid to the place a quarter of an hour. And this in the like manner lying to, assuageth the swelling of the milt.  
The root beaten with barrows grease, or with the Elecampane root, and applied in plaster form on the hip grieved, doth deliver the ache in short time.  
This amendeth the skin of the face, by exulcerating, so that the same be after healed, with oil of Roses and wax. And on such wise it easily taketh away foul scabs and lepry, and the marks of Ulcers.  
The root of the Herb Pepperworte tied on the Arm, or hanged about the neck, is supposed to cease or assuage the toothache.    

The care in the bestowing of the Celondyne. Chap. 39  
THe Herb Celondyne shooteth up a foot and a half high, and sometimes is more slender of them, bearing many leaves, and those like to the crowfoot, but softer and to a yellowish colour tending, yielding also a yellow flower like to the Violet.  
The juice in the Herb of yellow colour to saffron, biting the tongue, sour, somewhat bitter and strong savouring. The root above all one, but within the earth shed into many yellow hearye roots: it commonly groweth in shadowy places, by walls and in stony heaps: this flourisheth at the coming of the Swallows, and all the Summer, but it withereth at the departure of them.  
The Celondine cometh up in any earth, yet doth the same more joy bestowed in a shadowy place, and the seeds ought to be committed to the Earth in the month of February, which after the coming up, will endure for two years, if after the shedding of the Seeds, the stems be cut away, well four fingers above the roots.  

The physic benefits of the Celondine.  
THe Celondine is of quality hot and dry, in the third degree absolute: but Platearius affirmeth the herb to be hot and dry in the fourth degree. Four things are preserved of this herb, as the leaves with the stem, the roots, seeds, and Juice.  
The Juice of the herb boiled in a Copper vessel with honey on the coals, and dropped into the eyes, procureth a clearness of them, and putteth away the dimness of sight.  
The Juice mixed with salt armoniac, and dropped into the eyes removeth the pin and web grown on them, and causeth a clearness of sight. The herb with the flowers diligently beat boiling them after in water, and that water boiled, pour into a pot, setting the same again over the fire, and well skimming it in the boiling: when the liquor beginneth to seethe over, strain it soon after through a linen cloth, which keep close stopped in a glass or a pot to use: for this dropped in the eyes, removeth the dimness of sight.  
The Juice of the root cleareth the lepry, if any anointeth the places therewith, and the patiented after taketh the Syrup of fumitory for nine days together, both morning and evening, which without doubt recovereth and helpeth the same.  
The Juice is to be purchased in may, aswell out of the roots as leaves and flowers beaten together, and pressed forth, which after the drying in the shadow, to be form into little pasties.  
The root of the Celondine, boiled in white wine with anise sedes, and drunk fasting, delivereth the Jaundice through stopping in the body, and applied (after the boiling in wine) or chawed in the mouth, assuageth the toothache.  
A handful of the Celondine purged, boiled in an equal quantity of rose-water, and strained, to which an ounce and half of treacle added, is a most effectuous remedy against the plague.  
The root boiled in wine, and applied in plaster form on the shingles or Tetters, speedily healeth them, the herb bruised (as Platearius reporteth) boiled in wine, and applied upon, or a sponge wet in the said decoction: removeth the Colic passion. The powder of the root, sprinkled on wounds and ulcers, both cleanseth and healeth them.  
For the Canker of the mouth, bone, or sinews, the powder of the said root, with the powder of roses wrought together with vinegar, and boiled unto a mean thickness, like to mustard, and the cankerous parts anointed with it, doth much avail.  
For provoking of the Terms, and cleansing the matrice, let a foment be often applied with the water of the decoction of the same.   

The commended virtues of the distilled water of Celondine.  
THe time of gathering and distilling the Celondine is, that the herb with the whole substance be small shred, and distilled in the middle of May.  
The distilled water drunk unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, both morning and evening, expelleth the yellow Jaundice: this drunk in the like manner, availeth against the gripings of the belly.  
The distilled water drunk in the abovesaid manner, mitigateth the ague, and removeth scabs caused of cold, if they often be bathed or suppled with it.  
The distilled water drunk unto the quantity of two ounces at a time, either twice or thrice a day, profiteth unto the stopping of the liver, and milt.  
This water dropped into the eyes, correcteth the pin and web, putteth away the redness of them, and causeth a sharp and ready sight.  
If the mouth be washed with the said water, it ceaseth the toothache and putteth away spots of the face, if the face be washed with this water.  
The distilled water drieth and healeth a Canker, yea Fistula also, and removeth pestilent bushes, if a linen cloth wet in it be applied on the places twice or thrice a day.    

The care in the bestowing of the herb Filipendula. Chap. 40.  
THe herb Filipendula groweth in stony and rough places, as on hills, bearing a leaf like to the wild parsenep, or parseley, the stem big, and a foot or somewhat more in height, yielding on the top a white flower, in the month of July, after that the Seed like to the Orache, and a big root, out of which many round heads or kernels grow.  
The root ought to be digged up in the end of harvest, which endureth for ten years.  
The Filipendula cometh well up in any Earth, yet doth the Herb more joy, being sown or set in a stony or gravelly ground: the Seeds require to be committed to the Earth in the month of April, and to be like ordered, after the shooting up in the weeding and watering as afore taught of the other herbs.  

The physic commodities of the herb Filipendula.  
THe Filipendula of quality is hot and dry in the third degree, which (his vehement bitterness) sufficiently declareth.  
The seed, leaves, and stem of the Filipendula, drunk in wine and honey boiled together, send down the after burden, and further the birth of child.  
The root of the Filipendula brought to powder, and drunk in wine, not only helpeth the King's evil and strangury, but the stone, pain of the kidneys, and ache of the hips.  
The powder of this root taken in wine, removeth the swelling and coldness of stomach, helpeth the hardness of fetching breath, and such short winded, yea all sicknesses which proceed of a cold cause. The meal of this root mixed with meat and given to eat, recovereth the falling sickness, by sundry days using.  
Against the hardness of fetching breath, take this powder, and Gentiane in like weight, and use the same in meat, for this without doubt availeth in short time.   

The commended virtues of the distilled water of Filipendula.  
THe chosen time for the distilling of it is, that the whole herb with the root be finely shred together and distilled in the end of May.  
The distilled water of Filipendula, drunk unto the quantity of three ounces at a time, both morning and evening, recovereth the plague. The said water drunk unto the quantity of four or six ounces at a time, availeth against poison, if a man by hap hatne either eaten or drunk poison.  
The distilled water drunk unto the quantity of four ounces at a time, both morning and evening, dissolveth and cureth the stone of the kidneys, and bladder.    
FINIS.   

¶ A necessary Table to the second part of this Book, briefly showing the Physical operations of every herb and plant therein contained, with the virtues of their distilled waters.  

A.  
ANgelica cureth poisons, cleareth blood, and preserveth the body against the plague. fol. 162  
Angelica availeth against a pestilent air, it ceaseth gripings of the belly, it recovereth all inward griefs, it helpeth ruptures, it amendeth the dimness of sight, the bit of a dog, the heat of the fever, deep wounds, reneweth flesh etc. fol. 163  
Angelica, assuageth the ache of the hips, and the Gout, it cureth new and old ulcers. fol. 163  
artichoke reformeth the savour of the mouth. fol. 53  
artichoke causeth urine and venerial act. fol. 53  
artichoke amendeth the hardness of making water, and the rank savour of the arm pits. fol. 53  
artichoke strengtheneth the stomach, and helpeth the privy places, that men children may be conceived. fol. 53  
Arage or Orage helpeth that stopping of the liver, it ceaseth the shedding of the gaul or yellow Jandise, it casteth up choler, softeneth the belly, healeth impostumes, swellings, swimmings drawing of the wind short, expelleth worms, provoketh vomiting, helpeth a hot liver, it loseth the belly, & delivereth the pain of the bladder, helpeth the ague, profiteth against spitting of blood, it helpeth the matrice, draweth a thorn or nail out of the skin, it loseth rough nails from the fingers, it helpeth the hot gout in the feet, it softeneth the belly being hardened by heat, and removeth swellings. fo. 18. 19   

B.  
Beer looseth the belly, provoketh urine, purgeth the body of evil humours, it helpeth the smelling, the pain of the ears, the pain of the gums, it procareth hear to grow, and killeth lice, nits, and dandrie, it healeth whelks, blisters of scalding or burning, gripings of that belly, stayeth a loose belly, driveth away the worms of the belly, helyeth the obstructions or stoppings of the liver, the corrupted Spleen, and the shingles. fo. 14. 15  
The discommodities of the Beete: it grypesh and biteth the stomach, and increaseth evil humours. fol. 15  
Blete softeneth the belly cureth the biting of a scorpion, the beating parn of the temples, it profiteth the Oil on the mytt, it restraineth the Terms. fol. 17  
Borage procureth gladsomeness, it helpeth the giddiness and swimming of the head, the trembling and beating of the heart, it increaseth memory, and removeth melancholy, and the kings evil, it doth only comfort.  
Bugiosse prevaileth for the roughness of the throat and cough, it procureth gladsomeness, it purgeth red Choler, it recovereth the Cardiake passion, it expelleth the noisome humours of the Lungs, it removeth the swelling of the feet, it preserveth a good memory, it comforteth the heart, and engendereth good blood. fol. 28. 29▪  
Buckeshorne helpeth the griefs of the joints, it bindeth, it putteth away the fever. fol. 77  
betony stayeth belching and rawness of the stomach. fol. 165  
Bitonye profiteth the diseases of the matrice, & all inward griefs. fol. 165  
Bitonie purgeth all poison, it profiteth frenzy persons, falling sickness, palsy, ache of the hips, it helpeth digestion, stayeth vomiting, it expelleth the ague etc. fol. 165  
Bitonie fasteneth broken bones, dissolveth clotted blood. fol. 168  
Bittonye stayeth the spitting of blood, it helpeth the eyes bruised, and the pain of them, it helpeth the pain of the ears, it causeth clearness of sight, removeth toothache, the cotidian, tertian, and quartain ague, the grief of the bladder etc. fol. 168  
Bittonye assuageth the pain of the gout etc. fol. 169  
Blessed thistle causeth urine, helpeth the megrim, restoreth memory, and hearing, helpeth the diseases of the lungs, purgeth phlegm of the stomach and blood, helpeth consumption of the lungs, gripings provoketh sweated, breaketh the stone, and helpeth the monthly Terms. It comforteth the brain and sight, purgeth the blood in the eyes, stoppeth the bleeding at the nose, purgeth the vulva, and ceaseth the Spitting of phlegm. fol. 158  
Blessed Thistle helpeth a weak stomach, procureth appetite, abateth heat, consumeth evil blood, provoketh sweat, strengtheneth the palsy members, recovereth the lungs exulcerated: It profiteth against the dropsy, helpeth the plague, impostumes, cankers, and falling sickness, it is a present remedy against the plague, the fevers of the stomach, and the quartarn: It cureth green wounds, bushes, swellings of the plague, any burning, the colic, scabs, a stinking breath: It helpeth womennes privities, it helpeth Stitches, Pleurifies, and infants encumbered with the falling sickness. fol. 159.  
Blessed Thistle expelleth poison with two examples. fol. 160   

C.  
colewort helpeth the hardness of making water, the Canker sores, the Ulcers in the paps of Women, aches in the joints, hardness of hearing. fol. 9  
Coleworts procureth the monethlye course of women, it cureth the foreness of eyes, it profiteth against the eating of venomous mushrooms, it maketh Children to go speedylyer alone, cureth the Disease of the Spleen and Jaundice, it cleanseth the scurf and scaprie, it amendeth the voice, and grief of arteries, it cureth the bit of a dog, it helpeth the Rheum, and falling of the uvula, it helpeth the bit of a Serpent or adder, it cureth the gout, joint sickness, old ulcers, purgeth the head, draweth the terms or reddes down, and qualifieth inflammations. fol. 10.  
Coleworts assuageth great swellings, it breaketh botches, stayeth the shedding of hear, the disease of the spleen, it cureth eating ulcers, canker sores griefs of the flanks or sides, headache, a dry cough, it drieth a moist belly. fol. 11  
Colewoortes bringeth these discommodities, it hardeneth the belly, it harmeth the flewmaticke, and women having the Red course on them. fol. 11.  
chervil provoketh urine, and sendeth down that terms in women: it looseth phlegm, it putteth away gripings of the belly, it engendereth wind, it killeth worms in the belly, it healeth a canker, it ceaseth ache in the hips, it removeth the dandry of the head, it healeth running sores, it healeth the bit of a mad dog, it breaketh the stone of the bladder, and provoketh urine, it dissolveth the blood gathered into knobs. fol. 72. 73  
chervil healeth impostumes behind the ears. fol. 73  
Cresses drieth superfluous humours, it expelleth the dead youngling, it easeth the cough and looseth the breast, it availeth against the palsy of the tongue. fol. 73  
Cresses are not to be used alone. fol. 73  
Cresses restrain the distillations of the head, cleanse the brain, and pain of the head, help against the palsy, provoke sneezing, and amend the lethargy or sleeping out of measure: drieth the uvula, helpeth infections of the head, as knobs and dandry: stayeth the going out of the fundament, expelleth the round and flat worms in the body: these help the griefs of the bresie, the ache of the hips, and grief of the loins, purchase a readier understanding & wit, remove the colic proceeding of a cold cause, help the Strangury, remove the pain of the teeth, and doth assuage the swelling of the milt. fol. 73. 74.  
Carrots amend a cold rheum, the pain of the stomach, stopping of urine, and colic, a dry cough, the hard fetching of breath, the flux of the head, remove wind, heat the stomach, the stopping of the liver, the vexings of the belly. fol. 128  
Cicory cureth scabbed places, causeth a fair skin, recovereth the stopping of the liver, it purgeth the matrice, helpeth the liver, that vexing pain of urine, the kings evil, the plague, burning- agues, pestilent bushes, the gout proceeding of heat, and cureth the shingles. fol. 56. 57  
Celondine, the juice of the herb cleareth the eyes, removeth the Pin and web, being mixed with salt Armonyacke: The herb removeth the dimness of sight, the juice cleanseth the Leapry, the root driveth away the Jandise, and helpeth the toothache, & healeth Tetters or shingles: The herb removeth the Colic passion, the powder of the root cleanseth and healeth ulcers, helpeth the Canker of the mouth, bone or sinews, being anointed with the same boiled in vinegar with the powder of roses. fol. 78  
Celondine boiled in rose water, and a quantity of treacle added to that same, is a most effectuous remedy against the plague. fol. 178  
Filipendula is of quality hot and dry in the third degree. fol. 180  
The leaves and Stem of Filipendula drunk in wine and honey mingled together, help the after burden, and furthereth the birth of child, the root brought to powder, helpeth the King's evil and strangury, the stone, pain of the kidneys, and ache of the hips. Taken in wine it removeth the swelling and coldness of the stomach, hardness of fetching breath, and all sicknesses proceeding of cold causes. fol. 179  
The water of Filipendula being drunk Morning and evening, unto the quantity of three ounces at a time, recovereth the plague. The same also being drunk four ounces at a time is good against poison, and also dissolveth and cureth the stone of the kidneys and bladder. Folio. 180   

E.  
Endive prevaileth against the stopping of the liver and milt, against the simple & double tertian against the heat of that liver, against burning impostumes it draweth hot bushes, it cureth the Cardiacke passion, it stayeth the flux, it helpeth the kings evil, the shingles, hot impostumes and swellings, assuageth headache, the spitting of blood, the excess of sperm. fol. 57 58  
Elecampane amendeth the cough, the ache of the hips, expelleth gross humours, easeth the hard fetching of breath, it procureth urine, etc. fo. 172  
Elecampane is profitable against poison, against the pestilent air and plague, etc. fol. 173.  
Elecampane recovereth strength, helpeth the strangury. etc. fol. 174.   

G.  
Garlic heateth the body, extenuateth gross humours, it expelleth worms, cureth the bit of a Snake, taketh away black and blue spots. fol. 100  
Garlic harmeth the Choleric person. fol. 100  
Garlic putteth away inward swellings, openeth impostumes, killeth lice and nits of the head, moveth urine, helpeth toothache proceeding of a cold cause, stayeth the shedding of hear, cureth ulcers, recovereth lepry procureth a clear voice, & removeth an old cough, correcteth the stomach cooled, drieth up the moisture of the stomach, it is a preparation against the bit of a serpent, relieveth the dullness of sight, healeth tetters and whelks: it resisteth poison, removeth urine, procureth Terms, draweth down the after burden, cureth the bit of a mad dog, helpeth the digestion of a cold stomach, the kings evil, frenfre persons, dropsy, it stayeth the flux, an old cough proceeding of a cold cause, it killeth worms in children, expelleth the brood worms in bodies, it cureth the bit of venomous things, the swellings of the bladder, healeth ulcers of the lungs, dropsy being of a cold cause: it helpeth the griefs of the lungs, and difficulty of urine, headache, tooth ache proceeding of a cold cause, itch, the pain of going often to the stool, expelleth a quartain, cureth the pippes of Hens, it helpeth the stone. fol. 100 101. 102. 103  
Garlic profiteth against contagious airs.  
Gourd comforteth the stomach, loseth the belly, helpeth the heat of the ears, profiteth lean men, purgeth gently, helpeth the corns of the toes, fasteneth lose teeth and helpeth the toothache, the inflammations of the liver and bladder, impostumes, provoketh urine, helpeth all agues, assuageth the heat of the liver, the inflammations of infant's heads, the burning guote, the inflammations of the eyes, assuageth tumours, ulcers on the privy places, looseth the belly, cooleth burning fevers, helpeth the shingles. fol. 148 &. 149.   

L.  
leek cureth the bit of a venomous beast, helpeth the difficulties of making water, stayeth the spitting of blood, dulieth the sight of the eyes, offendeth the stomach. fol. 86.  
The Juice of the Leek is deadly. fo. 86  
Leek twice sodden draweth down the terms, procureth urine, obtaineth a superfluous heat, stayeth the bleeding of the nose, causeth vomiting, and putteth away drunkenness being eaten raw. fol. 86.  
leek amendeth an old cough, and the ulcers of the lungs, healeth bushes, the grief of the ears, and the toothache: it purgeth ulcers, removeth the blood clotted in bruised members, stayeth the flux of blood after birth, ceaseth the bleeding of the nose, profiteth against pains of the hips, stomach ceaseth an old enough, helpeth the dropsy, stayeth the flux of the belly, and helpeth a hoarse voice. fol. 87  
Nero accustomed to eat an unset leek with oil for his sounding voice. fo. 87  
Leek helpeth the pain of the head, it prevaileth against the exulcerations of women's privy places, looseth the difficultness of making water, aideth the delivery of child, for the spitting of blood and staying the bleeding of the nose is very profitable, cleanseth the wounds, helpeth the ache of the hips, recovereth the wasting of the lung. fo. 87. 88  
Lettuce procureth steep, causeth good blood, helpeth digestion, looseth the belly, causeth plentifulness of milk in the breasts, sharpeneth the sight, cooleth impostumes, helpeth that dropsy, cureth the shedding of sperm, procureth sleep being laid under the coverict, and profiteth Choleric persons. fol. 63  
Lettuce is noisome unto married men, it dulleth the sight of the eyes, it abateth the venerial act, it harmeth the phlegmatic: the overmuch eating of Lettuce is as perilous as Hemlock. fo. 64  
Lettuce helpeth the Tertian ague, it looseth the beliye, it represseth drunkenness. fol 64  
Lettuce procureth sleep. fo. 65  
Lovage helpeth digestion, expelleth superfluous humours, it ceaseth inward griefs, it expelleth poison, causeth urine. etc. fol. 170  
Lovage expelleth the stone of the kidneys and bladder. etc. fol. 171   

M.  
Marigold helpeth the after burden of a woman, stayeth the flux of pissing of blood, it killeth the worms, it healeth bushes, & stoppings, & griefs of the liver, comforteth the stomach, and procureth appetite to meat, heateth a cold breast, assuageth the pain of the teeth, it recovereth the palsy, a fit of the plague, is a preparative against the plague, it helpeth the quartain, it helpeth the milt or cold stomach. fo. 32. 33  
Mints uncurdeth milk. fo. 42  
Mints stayeth the belching of the stomach and vomiting, it profiteth against the long worms in the body, it helpeth the swollen privities, assuageth the flux of the belly, and scouring with blood, it stayeth the reddes in women, it healeth ulcers on the infant's heads, quickeneth the spirits, bringeth appetite, amendeth the default of the nostrils, retaineth the fluxes of blood, softeneth the paps, and defendeth them from mattering: it looseth the belly, procureth a seemly colour, profiteth the spitting out of blood, assuageth the headache, and the noise in the ears, it removeth the dimness of sight, it amendeth the strong savour of the mouth, it helpeth the teeth, and purgeth the gums, and healeth the blistering of the tongue, it comforteth in cold sicknesses, it stayeth the will to vomit, and helpeth the shingles, it dissolveth and cureth impostumes, and helpeth the spots in the eyes. fol. 43  
meadows or Holihoke remove a hot cough, recovereth the lungs blistered, and is a singular remedy against the consumption of the lungs, healeth the putrefied sores of the throat and mouth, looseth the belly, and helpeth the hoarseness of the voice, it ripeneth any impostume and softeneth it. fo. 44.  
Mustard seed heateth and ripeneth, it breaketh Impostumes without pain, it cureth the biting of a venomous beast, it helpeth the palsy of the tongue, and availeth against all palseis, it helpeth the dropsy, the blistering of the mouth, the swelling of the throat, it procureth a good memory, it helpeth the cold gout, sciaticke, and feebleness of sinews, it removeth the divineness of sight, and putteth away the spots and web in the eyes, it causeth thirst, and provoketh the venerial act. fo. 79  
Mustard seed preventeth the falling sickness, it purgeth the brain, it cleanseth the brain from humours, it amendeth the falling of the uvula, and ulcers of the throat, it draweth down phlegm from the head, it removeth the swelling of the Jaws, it helpeth the suffocation of the matrice, it ceaseth the ache of the teeth coming of cold, it breaketh the stone in the bladder, and procureth the Terms, it causeth a clear voice. fo. 79. 80   

N  
NAuews nourish much, profit the Stomach, increase sperm in man, prevail against poison. Folio. 113.   

O.  
ONions maintain health, cure ulcers, remove spots on the body, profit the ears running, help swellings in the throat, & the cough, remove the grief of the stomach, open piles, clear the eyes, remove the pin and web, amend the bloodshotten eyes, recover the hears shed away, the biting of a mad dog etc. fo. 93. 94.  
Onions eaten raw harm the members. fo. 93  
Onions harm the Choleric, and profit the phlegmatic person. Folio. 94.  
Onions stay the dropping of the eyes, help ulcers of the privities, pain and noise of the ears, Disenteria, grief of the Loins, the water between the flesh and the skin, cure slumbering, and impostumes, pain of the breast, spitting of grass humours, purgeth the stomach, cureth warts. etc. fo. 94.  
Onions often used, engender evil humours, procure thirst, swellings, windiness, headache, cause to become foolish, they nourish nothing. Folio. 94.  
Onions twice sodden nourish. Folio. 95.  
Onions eaten raw cut gross humours asunder, open the veins, provoketh Terms and urine, increaseth appetite, purge the head, remove the white spots on the face, heal kibes, remove the red and wan spots of the face, healeth scabs, assuageth fluxes and gripings in childbed, heal impostumes speedily. fo. 95   

P.  
pimpernel is especially applied for poison, it driveth venomous blood from the heart, it ceaseth the headache, it healeth a green wound, ulcers and other wounds, by an experiment tried upon a Cock: It moveth fucate, expelleth poison, removeth the disease of the hips, the cough, and purgeth the breast, the stone of the kidneys and bladder, and removeth the strangury: the gripings of the bowels, the stopping of the liver and milt, it putteth away any fever an experiment against the Physic of the lungs. fo. 26  
Parsely doth incarnate Ulcers and Carbuncles, it doth resolve the impostumes of the paps, it amendeth the stopping of the liver, it provoketh urine, it stayeth looseness of the belly, strengtheneth lose parts and helpeth the stone, it healeth the shingles, the hardly making of water, and softeneth the hardness of the paps: It helpeth the kidneys, removeth ulcers out of the mouth, and Jaundice, and helpeth women's monthly course: it is delectable to the stomach, it expelleth wind in the body, removeth scabs, and maketh a fair skin: It helpeth the sweling of the stomach and dropsy, it cleanseth the liver and leaprie, and removeth the pain of the loins and bladder, it prevaileth against a fever, it procureth a sound brain and perfect memory, and purgeth the blood, assuageth the strangury, and helpeth the biting of a mad dog. fo. 36 37 38  
Parseleye Seeds are the principal causes, the Roots the next, the leaves as third in working. Folio. 39  
Purslane assuageth hot and Choleric fluxes, and helpeth the burning fever, helpeth the teeth being on edge, helpeth the Shingles, hindereth venerial act and abateth sleep, it expelleth the worms in the belly, it stayeth the flux Disenteria, ceaseth the toothache, it helpeth the stomach swollen, it cooleth inward heat, amendeth the ulcers on the privities, it healeth an hot impostume, it removeth the ulcers of the head. fo. 68  
Purslane helpeth swollen eyes, and spitting of blood, it removeth the burning fever, it qualifieth the heat of the stomach, it stayeth women's monthly course, it stayeth the bleeding at the nose, and the headache, it extinguisheth the heat of the eyes, it stayeth Disenteria, it strengtheneth both the kidneys and bladder, it helpeth burning Fevers, it killeth the worms in the belly, and stayeth the spitting of blood, it helpeth excoriation in women's bowels, and the rawness of privy places. It helpeth the headache, it mitigateth 〈◊〉 furious heat, it helpeth the navels of infants, it stayeth the lose teeth in the head, it assuageth the kernels and ulcers in the mouth, it mitigateth the desire of often drinking, it removeth warts, it assuageth the gout and inflammation of the paps the fall of the uvula. etc. fo, 68 69  
Parsnep and Carote moveth venerial act, procureth urine, and assuageth the Colic, sendeth down the Terms in women, it profiteth the Melancolicke, increaseth good blood, helpeth the straightness of making water, amendeth stitches of the side or pleurisies, the bit of a venomous beast, it amendeth the eating of ulcers, the wearing of this root is profitable. fo. 12  
Poppy procureth sleep, helpeth the Rheum, cough, and lack of sleep. folio. 129  
Poppy recovereth a dry cough, consumption of the Lungs, Rheum, and debility in sleeping, it draweth heat out of an ulcer, helpeth a hot liver, strengtheneth the Joints, removeth the rage of the gout, profiteth against the ague. fo. 130  
Pompons or Melons, are easy of digestion, comfort the heart, assuageth unnatural heats in the stomach, they take away sunne-burning and foul spots. fo. 154.  
Pompons profit the Reumaticke and Choleric person. fo. 154. 155  
Pompons which are round lose the belly, and cause urine. fo. 154.  
Pompons assuage the running of the eyes. fo. 155  
Pompons mitigate the venerial act, cleanseth the skin, causeth urine, purgeth the loins, kidneys, and bladder, heal ulcers, and cause speedy boiling. fo. 155. 156   

R.  
ROchet increaseth the sperm causeth venerial act, causeth a giddiness and pain in the head, increaseth a strong heat, is hurtful to the head, increaseth milk in women & nurses, causeth urine, softeneth the belly, comforteth the stomach, helpeth digestion, recovereth black scars unto whiteness amendeth pimples, or bushes in the face, killeth nits and worms of the head, helpeth bruised bones, and bitings of venomous beasts, the Jaundice, and hard swelling of the milt. etc. fol. 69. 70  
Rapes or Turnip sharpeneth the sight, yieldeth nourishment, extinguisheth, heat and dry blood, it stirreth venerial act, cureth scabs, helpeth digestion, hot gouts, and kibed heels. fol. 116  
radish eaten before or after meat causeth wind, dulleth the brain, eyes and reason. fo. 122  
radish profiteth the phlegmatic, helpeth the stone, stopping of the urine by gravel, procureth vomiting, stareth belchings, the kings evil, the cough, profiteth against poison, and to the handling of serpents, it helpeth the noise of the ears, the stopping of the liver, it availeth against all sorts of poisons and diseases, it cureth strokes of whips or bruises, it cleareth scars and pimples in the face, it delivereth the quartain ague. fol. 123  
radish profiteth against the stopping of the milt, it delivereth the water between the skin, and swollen milt, it eateth out the Canker of ulcers, amendeth the old cough and phlegm, it procureth vomitings, it causeth mushrooms to digest, it helpeth gripings in women, procureth milk, sendeth down the Terms and worms in the belly, assuageth the swelling in the throat. fo. 124.   

S.  
Saffron amendeth the hard fetching of the breath, procureth a fair colour comforteth the heart, causeth healthful blood, removeth persons from the heart, causeth long breath, expelleth infections, helpeth impostumes in the breast, moveth the venerial act, and causeth urine, helpeth headache, procureth the terms, removeth the yellow Jaundice, it profiteth an ulcered breast, stomach, liver, lungs, kidneys, & bladder, it helpeth the gout, impostumes, swellings, the griefs of any sore, feebleness of the heart, palsy, the grief of the eyes, the distilling of eyes, removeth drunkenness, and diseases of the ears. fo. 110. 111  
Sperage helpeth the palsy, kings evil, strangury, a hard milt, and stopping of the liver, it recovereth the shedding of the gall, it removeth the swelling of the belly, and colic, it procureth urine, and dissolveth the small stones in the bladder, it helpeth the griefs of the woman's privy place, it profiteth against the stinging of Bees, it helpeth the hardly making of water, the pain of the gums, teeth, mouth, breast, and chine of the back, it removeth venerial act, and looseth the belly, the dropping pain of the urine, the difficultness of the same, the flix Disenteria: It cleareth the kidneys, and stopping of the liver. fo. 22. 23.  
spinach softeneth the belly, moisteneth the body, removeth the griefs of the breast and lungs, it profeteth in hot causes, it nourisheth more than arage, it assuageth Choler, it helpeth the soreness of the throat, hoarse voice, the hardness of breath the cough etc. fo. 24.  
sorrel procureth appetite to meat, preserveth against that plague, it ripeneth sores, it assuageth the flix Disenteria, the pain of the belly, and aborment of the stomach, it helpeth the leaprye and ringworms, and tough nails, the itch of the body, the pain of the ears and teeth, the kings evil, the headache, any sickness coming of heat, Jaundice, the reds of women, all fluxes of the belly, the swelling of the milt, the burning of the fever. fo. 25. 26  
Strawberry leaves helpeth hot impostumes. fo. 77  
The Strawberry amendeth the hardness of the spleen, the stone, healeth wounds and ulcers, procureth the terms, stayeth the bloody flux Disenteria, and causeth urine, it helpeth inflammations of the liver, and cleanseth both the kidneys and bladder, it helpeth aches & provoketh urine: It fasteneth the teeth, and stayeth the rheum: it is good for Choleric stomachs, it putteth away the impostumes of the throat, it removeth the redness and pimples, which happen on the face through the heat of the liver, it assuageth the redness of the eyes, the Jaundice, fetching the wind short, & cooleth thirst. fo. 78. 79  
Stallions or Squil Onions move venerial act, cut the tough matter in the stomach. fo. 106  
Squil Onions amendeth the dropsy, the fetching of wind hardly, the defaults of the liver, the ague, exulcerations, purgeth phlegms, and the belly, causeth vomiting. fo. 107  
Squil Onions amendeth the hard fetching of breath, an old cough, griefs both of liver and lungs, expelleth worms Melancholic, apaplexie, falling sickness, the stone, purgeth the matrice, cureth the ache of the hips, fasteneth the teeth, amendeth the savour of the breath, helpeth the hearing, driveth away waries, chops of the feet, running scabs, the dandry of the head, the bit of Serpents, procureth hear to grow amendeth foul gums, the sight of the eyes, griefs of the sides, expelleth all diseases of the body: It killeth mice &c. fo. 10.   

T.  
TIme removeth joint sickness, purgeth Cholier, and humours, it helpeth the passions of the bladder, the swelling of the belly, it removeth the grief of the hips, loins and sides, it amendeth the breast and the inflammations of Hipochandria or the flanks, it helpeth melancholic, blearness of the eyes, and the pain of them: It assuageth the grief of that cold gout, the stiffness of limbs, it assuageth the swelling of the Testicles, it purgeth the bowels, it helpeth the hard fetching of breath, and falling sickness, it breaketh the stone of that kidneys and bladder, it helpeth the stinging of a Bee. fo. 40. 41  
Black time is not to be used. fo. 41  
Time which hath a purpur flower, is commended: all Time is mightily hot. ibidem.  
Time healeth the bit of an adder or snake, it helpeth & spitting of blood, it stayeth the Rheum coming of a cold cause, it easeth the cough and a cold stomach, the headache, frenziness, lethargy, and often slumbering, it openeth the stoppings of the liver and milt, and moveth urine, it recovereth the bits of venomous beasts, it helpeth the swelling in the throat, the cough, and purgeth the breast, it stayeth bloody vomitings, it heateth the stomach, it removeth wind in the bowels, it easeth the strangury, it moveth urine, and expelleth the stone. fo. 39   

V.  
VAlerian provoketh sweat & urine amendeth stitches, killeth mice, moveth the terms, prevaileth against the plague, helpeth the straightness of breath, the headache, fluxes, and Shingles, procureth clearness of sight, and healeth the piles. fo. 164. 165.   

W.  
Water of the herb Ualerian distilled amendeth Ulcers, old sores, swellings, piles, bones broken, ruptures, cleareth the eyes expelleth worms, it profiteth against a pestilent air, impostumes and ache of the hips, it provoketh sweat, etc. folio. 165.  
Water of the roots of Ualerian distilled, removeth poison, the quotidian ague, and stitches. fol. 168  
Water of white poppy distilled, cureth the red spots of the face, procureth white hands, it helpeth the headache proceeding of heat, it extinguisheth any heat. fol. 131  
Water distilled out of Gourds, looseth the belly, ceaseth thirst, the cough, helpeth the stone, purgeth the kidneys and bladder, qualifieth burning fevers. fol. 150.  
Water of melons distilled, helpeth the stone, procureth urine, cleanseth the kidneys, cooleth the liver, ceaseth thirst, breaketh the cough, expelleth heats and swellings. fol. 157  
Water of the blessed Thistle distilled, putteth away headache, comforteth memory, helpeth giddiness and all griefs of the eyes, consumption of the body, breaketh the stone, and cureth burnings. fol. 160  
Water of the leaves of Elecampane, expelleth the grief of the stone, helpeth the person broken, comforteth the head, strengtheneth the stomach, amendeth the hard fetching of breath the cough, pleurisse, poison, the stone and Terms of women, causeth urine. etc. fol. 172.  
Water distilled out of the root of Elecampane healeth an inner rapture, assuageth the grief of the stone, provoketh urine, it sendeth the dead youngling out of the belly, it assuageth the swellings of the testicles, it ceaseth the cough. etc. fol. 175.  
Water of Strawberry leaves distilled, removeth the king's evil, it looseth the breast, purgeth the lungs, helpeth the cough, cleanseth the lepry, it mitigateth the heat in the eyes, it ceaseth overmuch sweeting, it is healthful for the stopping of the Liver. fol. 82.  
Water of mustard seeds distilled amendeth ulcers of the gums, it helpeth the consumption of members, it heateth the marrow in the bones, this water profiteth against a cold disease in the joints. fol. 82.  
Water distilled out of Lekes remedieth the spitting of cold blood, it profiteth a barren woman, it stayeth the bleeding of the nose, it helpeth a costive belly, and ache of the hips, purgeth the kidneys and bladder, procureth urine, expelleth the stone, healeth wounds, it profiteth exulcerations and fracture of women's places. fol. 88 89.  
Water distilled out of onions, recovereth swellings caused by the bit of a mad dog, assuageth headache and tootache, causeth hears to grow, expelleth worms. fol. 95.  
Water distilled out of Garlic, helpeth the swellings in the throat, also the green sickness, and swelling of the spleen. fol. 104.  
Water distilled out of Rapes, helpeth gallings, burnings, scaldings, swellings of the feet. fol. 117.  
Water distilled out of radish, helpeth digestion, the kings evil, worms of the belly, cleanseth the stomach, it openeth all manner of stoppings extenuateth the humours in the lungs, cleanseth the breast, causeth a clear voice. fol. 125.  
Water of radish recovereth poisoning taken in meat or drink, helpeth the Quartain, draweth down Terms, and helpeth the stone: assuageth the stinging of a Bee, profiteth against the venom of a spider, helpeth the pricking in the side, cleareth the eyes, and the face: It removeth yellow or blackish spots by beating, also the swelling of the throat, and cleareth the kidneys, breaketh the stone, and causeth urine, and expelleth the water between the skin. 125  
Water distilled out of Parseneys helpeth the palsy, moveth the venerial act, and increaseth the sperm, helpeth the painfulness in making of water. fo. 128  
Water distilled out of the root of Lovage, helpeth an inner rapture, helpeth the stone, provoketh the terms in women, removeth the swellings of women's places, and ceaseth the cough. etc. fo. 171  
Water of Coleworts stayeth women's reddes, it profiteth the birth of a child, the dropping of the urine, it stayeth a lose belly. fo. 12  
Water of the red Coleworts softeneth the belly, putteth away that giddiness of the head, helpeth the Apoplexy, the Cramp, Palsy, inflammations, swellings, ulcers within the body, and without. fo. 12. 13  
Water of the white Beets, prevaileth against the stone, it ceaseth the vexing pain of Joint aches. fo. 15  
Water of Sorrel prevaileth against the plague, it removeth all inward heats, ceaseth thirst, helpeth the liver and milt, also removeth the shingles, scaldings, or burning, the kings evil, it cooleth the burning heat of agues. fo. 27  
Water of pimpernel helpeth stone of the Kidneys and bladder, and purgeth the reins, it helpeth the plague, profiteth women whose matrice is cold, and sendeth down the reds, it helpeth the shaking of the members, it expelleth grief from the heart and evil humours, and provoketh urine: it profiteth against poison, and causeth a white skin. fo. 27  
Water distilled out of Borage, assuageth the gripings & swellings of the belly, it cureth Disenteria, and hardness of fetching breath, it comforteth the heart and brain, and rendereth a help to memory and wit: it purgeth evil blood and frenziness, it easeth the stinging of a Bee or spider, it procureth clearness of sight, it removeth the ringing and pain in the ears, it comforteth the the heart, it helpeth the rheum, burning fevers, and Jaundice, it cooleth the liver, it helpeth the flux disenteria, the painful fetching of breath, and decay of mind, the weak brain: it purgeth the blood and pricking about the heart and breast. it cleanseth the scaprie and scabs, and stayeth the stilling of the head, the headache, the burning of the eyes, the ringing of the ears, fo. 30. 31  
Water of Marigolds distilled, rendereth all defaults of the eyes, and procureth clear eyes, and also prayeth away the griefs of the head Folio. 33  
Water of Parseley distilled, profiteth against the stone of the kidneys and loins, it purgeth the kidneys and bladder, and greatly provoketh urine. fo. 39  
Water distilled of running Time, strengtheneth the head, brain, and stomach, it also procureth appetite to meat, it removeth the noise and rumbling of the belly, it softeneth the hardness of the stomach and moveth urine, it comforteth the sight, and consumeth distillations of the head, it helpeth a quotidian ague, it amendeth a cooled liver and milt, and healeth the bowels exulcerated, it openeth that slopping of nostrils and ears, it restoreth hearing, helpeth giddiness, stayeth desire to vomit, & expelleth the gripings of the belly, it breaketh the stone, and moveth urine, it cureth bruised members. fo. 40  
Water of Marigolds or holihoke distilled cureth the breaking out of the mouth, as also the outward and inward heats, the Shingles, ulcers, and all swellings, it cureth all inward heats of fevers, it cooleth all impostumes of the lungs and sides, it mitigateth the flux Disenteria, the hot swellings of women's places, the kidneys & bladder, it expelleth the stone, it procureth sleep in a hot Fever, & ceaseth thirst. fo. 44. 45  
Water of Mints distilled, strengtheneth the stomach and digesteth the meat received, it helpeth the stopping of the liver and milt, it openeth the ways of the urine, it procureth an appetite to meat, it stayeth belching and vomiting, it recovereth a 〈◊〉 stinking breath, and putrefied gums 〈◊〉 it stayeth sounding and giddiness purgeth the matrice, it dissolveth milk courded in hard paps 〈◊〉 healeth ruptures within, it restore the uvula fallen, it healeth the scabs of children, it helpeth worms, and heateth a cold stomach. fo. 45. 4●  
Water of Lichory cooleth the heat of the stomach, it preserveth from the plague, it cureth carbuncles, it stayeth the rising of the lungs, and stoppeth the stipe Disenteria, it openeth the stopping of the liver, it helpeth the swelling of the uvula & throat, helpeth wasted members, & the bit of venomous beasts, helpeth the ulcers in the eyes, and the dimness of sight, the pin and web etc. fol. 58  
Water of Lettuce distilled profiteth the liver, it cooleth that blood inflamed, it stayeth that flix Disenteria, it amendeth trembling of members, & helpeth sleep it helpeth women lacking milk, it ceaseth a dry cough, it moltifieth the throat, cleanseth the breast and lungs, ceaseth thirst, tempreth heat of the stomach, liver and kidneys, it looseth the belly. fol. 65.  
Water of chervil distilled, helpeth men bursten, & hurt by grievous fail, and resolveth the blood clotted in lumps, it profiteth against the stone of the kidneys, it looseth the belly, it procureth a good stomach, comforteth the heart, putteth away shaking of the fever, is healthful for the head, and comforteth the senses, it removeth the pains of the lungs. fol. 75  
Water distilled of Strawberries, amendeth an unnatural heat, ceseth thirst proceeding of the liver, or of choler, it cooleth the liver, looseth the breast, refresheth the heart, purgeth the blood helpeth the king's evil, prevaileth against the stone, loins & kidneys, it cureth blisters in the mouth, it procureth women's Terms, helpeth a broken leg, healeth all foul legs, it cureth filthy wounds, & assuageth swellings of the face, helpeth the Lepry, purgeth blood, removeth spots out of the eyes, & comforteth nature, expelleth poisons, asuageth burning humours, and comforteth conception, stayeth warting in the eyes, & cooleth heat in them, restoreth a dim sight, it cureth pimples in the face. fo. 81. 82.  
Water of betony distilled, putteth away dropsy, jaundice & ague, cureth the diseases of the kidneys, & milt. fo. 196   
FINIS TABULAE.