THE Use of both the Globes, Celestial, and Terrestrial, most plainly delivered in form of a Dialogue.  
Containing most pleasant, and profitable conclusions for the Mariner, and generally for all those, that are addicted to these kind of Mathematical instruments.  
Written by T. Hood Mathematical Lecturer in the City of London, sometime fellow of Trinity College in Cambridge.  
Imprinted at London at the three Cranes in the Vintree, by Thomas Dawson. 1592.   

To the well-willers of the Mathematical Lecture T. Hood, wisheth all felicity.  
IT is not unknown unto you most friendly and courteous auditors, that the worshipful William Sanderson, besides the great cost, which he hath heretofore employed in the searching out of the Northwest passage unto China, and the Moluccas, and to a relieved our countrymen in Virginia) hath now of late with no small charge for the farther honour and benefit of the commonwealth caused two Globes (the Celestial and the Terrestrial) to be set forth. And for somuch as the Globes of themselves without their use (which is most singular of all other Mathematical instruments) are more delightful to the eye then profitable to the professor thereof, he did with a friendly consideration invite me to pen this treatise concerning their use, the which I thought good generally to dedicate to the tuition of you all, rather than to any one (as the common use is) in this respect. I am credibly informed of late that certain men, whereof one (how profoundly soever he thinketh of his learning) not being able either to wright true English, or Latin, hath gone about to form an out rageous, and most impudent Pamphlet to my disgrace, & to commit it to the press, an other not being able either to write or read, runneth up & down, both the Court, and City (pretending I know not what skill in Mathematical matters) seeking to discredit all men in respect of himself, & me not modestly among the rest. Forsomuch therefore (most loving auditors) as these men and such like without any cause (except my well doing move them thereunto) have gone about to Kendell a most vile conceit against me in your minds: my request therefore unto you all is this, that you will friendly and favourably peruse this work: and conferring it with the profit which you have acknowledged in my reading, vouchsafe to be my patrons against such undeserved ill willers of mine, and that so much the rather, because in this Book I have set forth certain things, whereof I have not had any direction from other authors, but have grounded them upon mine own study, and experience guided by reason, which if it shall please you to do, you shall find me most willing, as I have always been, to be profitable not to you only privately, but to my common wealth publicly in what I may. Farewell.  
Yours Thomas Hood.   

The use of the Celestial and Terrestrial Globe.  M. 
ALl hail Philomathes, what news?  P. 
No news Sir, but this is the cause of my coming, to have a little conference with you touching the Globe.  M. 
You know that my mind, & affection towards all men of honest disposition hath been such, that I am ready to pleasure them so far forth as I may. Say therefore briefly, what will you have the end of our communication.  P. 
My desire is to be instructed by you in the use of the Globe: and that so much the rather, because lately by our painful countryman Master Mollineux, at the great cost and charge of that worshipful gentleman, and ●ouer of learning M. William Sanderson, there have been two Globes set forth, and for so much as they are now in the hands of many with whom I have to do, I would not be altogether ignorant in those matters.  M. 
In good time Philomathes, is this requested at my hands, for I myself have been very liberally invited ●o him to pen a Book, concerning the use of both the Clobes, for the better profit of our countrymen. So ●●at your request is but an hastening forward of that work, which in respect of his liberality I cannot but be willing to undertake. Go to therefore let us come to the matter: and to the end your desire may be fully satisfied, move you the question, and I will answer.  P. 
Very well: First resolve me in this, what difference do you put between a Globe & a Sphere. Me thin●eth by the common phrase of speech there should be a difference between them, for I hear some men say, that they will learn the use of the Globe, and others are desirous of the Sphere.  M. 
If you regard the proper signification of the word, they differ nothing but this, that the one is the Greek word, the other the Latin. But in their unproper signification there is a difference between them, for the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as it is used unproperly, signifieth that, which the Latin word Globus cannot. The word Sphere taken unproperly betokeneth such a body as is round on the outside and hollow within (as that which is made of two round dishes joined together by the brims) the which body the Latins properly call Orbis, an Orb: in this sense also is the word Globus used. Moreover the word Sphaera signifieth that instrument made of brazen hoops (we call it commonly a ringed Sphere) wherewith the Astronomers deliver unto the novices of that Science, the understanding of things which they imagine in the heaven. In this sense we cannot use the word Globe, except we imitate the ignorant people who not knowing how to call a thing rightly, will now & then term the ringed Sphere a Globe.  P. 
What is the proper signification of these word and how are they defined?  M. 
A Sphere or Globe, which in truth are all on● is a round bowed : such a one is the whole frame of the world consisting of heaven and earth.  P. 
What am I to observe in this definition, for th● better understanding of the present matter which we hau● in hand.  M. 
You are especially to note the word (round● and thereby to gather this, that whether the Globe be Mathematically conceived in mind, or sensibly delivered to the eye, it is contained and enclosed under one surface. Also because nothing is made round without a centre, therefore in the midst of the Globe we must conceive a point to be, the which we call the centre of the Globe, from whence all the right lines drawn unto the uttermost surface of the Globe are equal. Iten for somuch as the body cannot be made round without a circular motion, and there is no circular motion without some rest, and that rest cannot be simply within the Globe, therefore likewise in the uttermost surface of the Globe you must especially observe the two points upon which the Globe moveth, and upon which it resteth whilst it is moved. These points are called the Poles of the Globe. In the Poles this is to be noted, they are but two, they are right opposite one to another, they are equally distant from the Centre of the Globe. And in regard that the Globes (which we use) represent some principal part of the world, therefore we call these foresaid Poles, the Poles of the world and speaking either simply of the Poles, or of the Poles of the world, we have relation only to those points upon which the Globe moveth, whereof the one is termed the North, the other the South pole. Last of all from the one Pole to the other we must imagine a line to be drawn through the Centre of the Globe, the which right line is called the axle-tree of the Globe, which in the revolution of the Globe never moveth but standeth still. Thus much generally concerning those things which are to be noted in the Globe, so far forth as it is simply called by that name. Let us now proceed to the division thereof. The surface of the Globe, as we have hitherto spoken of it, is to be understood as a blank having nothing inscribed in it, yet fit to receive any inscription: therefore according to the inscription of the Globe we divide it two several ways: so that the Globe is said to be either Celestial, or Terrestrial. The celestial Globe is that which containeth in the convenitie thereof certain circles of the heaven, and the fixed stars, with their Astronomical appertinences. Of this Globe I mind God willing to entreat first, and then of the terrestrial Globe.  P. 
By your definition I perceive that your whole discourse shallbe either of the circles belonging to the Globe, or else of the Stars with their Astronomical appertenences as you call them. But before we enter into the discourse of these matters, I must crave a word or two with you, concerning the particularities of your definition, that by comparing it with the thing defined, and with the thing signified by the Globe, which is the heaven, I may the better understand the matter. First therefore in that you say that the Globe is round, would you have me by these words understand the Heaven to be so?  M. 
Yea that you must, & to confute that fond opinion of Lactantius, who affirmed the Heaven to be flat, there are sundry arguments alleged by the Learned, whereof some are probable, the other necessary, the arguments are these: First it hath pleased God in the form of the heaven to set forth a resemblance of his eternity, that as in this figure, so in him there is neither beginning not ending. 2 For so much as the heaven was to comprehend all corruptible things, & without it is neither time nor place, therefore it hath received a spherical form, which of all Isoperimetrall figures is most capacious, and fittest to contain. 3. If the Heavens were not round, but three or four square, or of some such like figure, that monstrous absurdity which nature doth so much abhor, that is to say an emptiness must be granted. 4. This roundness being denied, it must needs follow, that wheresoever, and of what sort soever the situation of the earth were, the distance from it to the heaven would not be the same, so that the quantities of the same Stars & their distances would be unequal to those that dwell in any one place of the earth.  P. 
And by your leave Sir it seemeth so: who is he that hath not seen the full Moon to rise as big as a bushel, the which not withstanding being mounted higher seemeth nothing so great. Again in a fair day, if we look round about us, toward each part of the Heaven, doth it not seem further from us near unto the ground, than over our heads? So that if we should make our eyes judges of the roundness of Heaven, we can not aver it to be so, because the Stars appear in several quantities, and each part of Heaven seemeth not to be of an equal distance from us.  M. 
In deed it is somewhat which you say but most easily answered, even by a familiar example. A man reading his book seethe the quantity of each letter, & which way so ever he turneth himself keeping the book in one distance from his sight the letters appear of the same quantity, but if he put on his spectacles he conceiveth the letter to be greater than it is, because the visible form thereof is enlarged by that means. The like must be understood in the Stars, namely that which way soever they move they would appear of the same magnitude, were it not that near unto the earth, when the Sun is ready to set, there is a damp or mist which is unto our sight as the spectacles are, whereby the visible form of the Stars seen is so enlarged and dispersed, that our sight cannot comprehend them in their proper Magnitude. The like unto this is to be perceived in the water, which causeth any thing cast into it to seem greater, than it would appear in the same distance lying on the bare ground. As for the second objection which you make, you must understand this, that the sight is not an immediate judge of a distance assigned, but gathereth it by means, that is by the interposition of a certain number of men or houses, or trees, or hills, or some other such like thing betwixt the eye and the thing seen. Which things interposed if they be many, we affirm the thing seen to be far off, because reason telleth us that they cannot be contained in a small space: contrariwise if they be few we judge the distance to be the lesser. Hereupon it cometh to pass that our eye running along by the ground and beholding so many houses, churches, hills, and trees between us and the heaven, we judge and affirm it to be far from us: but for somuch as in looking up toward heaven, there is nothing to be seen directly in our sight, except a cloud or two which (as the Philosophers affirm) cannot be above three miles or there abouts distant from the earth, therefore we think that part of heaven to be nearer: so that the argument taken from the equal apparent magnitude of the stars cannot be but true, and inferreth the roundness of the heaven. The. 5. argument is set from the motion of the stars, which is circular. 6. Again the Spherical figure is fittest to move, and therefore most ●●tte for the heaven, whose motion is continual without intermission. 7. Moreover by the form of the parts namely the Stars, we infer the form of the whole. 8. Also this standeth with reason, that the most perfect body should have the most perfect form, and therefore the heaven being so pure and perfect that the Philosophers wanting a name for the subject matter whereof it is made, have called it a Quintessence, it requires also the most perfect form which is Spherical and round, as may appear by all the works of God, where in this roundness is especially to be observed. 9 Last of all we may take an argument from our Astronomical instruments which are most fit being round and are derived from a circle. Thus much for the form and figure of heaven.  P. 
You say then that the heaven is most perfectly round: and not only that, but you will have it also to be accounted a  body. By the word  we commonly understand that body which being made of some massy matter is not hollow within, but whole and entire through out. Must I conceive the heaven to be so?  M. 
Common sense denieth that conceit. For you see the earth, the water, and whatsoever element else, or Elementate thing there is to be contained within the cope of heaven, in so much that the matter of the heaven is not entire and  through out. But to the end you may understand this Solidity aright, hearken I pray you unto my words, and let the material Globe alone for a while. The whole world is divided into two principal parts, the one aetherial, the other Elemental. The Elemental part compacted o● the 4. Elements, the fire, the air, the water, and the earth is environed on every side with the aetherial part which is the Heaven: which from the element of the fire upward is  and hath no emptiness in any place. Yet i● it not so  but that it is distinguished into certain Spheres or (as we ought properly to term them) Orbs, whereof each one moveth diversly. These Orbs are in number. 10. as may be gathered by the motion, occultation, and parallax of the Stars. The 10. which is the uppermost of all is called the primum mobile, it moveth from the East directly toward the West upon the poles of the world, expressed by the poles of the Globe, within the space of 24. hours, and imparting his motion to the other. 9 it carrieth them with him round about in the same time, so that whereas we see the Sun, the Moon, & all the Stars to rise and set within that space, it cometh to pass not by their own proper and peculiar motion, but by the violent and swift motion of this first movable. The inferior. 9 Spheres move from the West toward the East not directly in a line against the other, but from the West south-west they bend toward the East north-east. Some of these. 9 Spheres are beautified with Stars the other have none. The ninth Sphere hath never a Star, it is usually called the Crystalline heaven (although that name be common also to the foresaid Sphere) because it is most clear, and transparent, having no one part thicker than an other. It maketh his proper and perfect revolution as Ptolemy affirmeth in 36000. as Albategnius writeth in 23760 as Alphonsus gathereth in 49000. years: the which time is thought to be Plato his great year, wherein he said ●ach thing should return to the former estate. Of those spheres which are beautified with stars, some have but ●●e star, the other hath many: that which hath many is ●he, 8. Sphere, otherwise called the Firmament, either because being the uttermost of all (as antiquity judged) it ●●rmely keepeth in & encompasseth the rest, or else because 〈◊〉 comprehendeth those stars, whose distance one from an ●ther is firm & fixed, and not uncertain as the other ●re, and therefore also is called the Sphere of the fixed stars. This. 8. Sphere albeit it be partaker of the. 2. uppermost (for as I said each uppermost Sphere imparteth his motion to all his inferiors) yet hath it a motion properly belonging to itself, not perfect and absolutely spherical, as the other motions are but winding from ●he North to the Southward, in. 3500. years it revolveth ●he same way in the same time, making his whole access and recess in. 7000. years. This motion is called the motion of Trepidation. The other. 7. Spheres which succeed are each one decked with one only star called a Planet, that is by interpretation a wandering Star; not that it runneth at random uncertainly, (for the motion of them all is most certainly known, as may appear by the Eclipses which are foreseen an hundred year before they come) but because their distance one from an other is never the same being, sometimes nearer, and sometimes farther of, therefore are they termed wand'ring stars. The uppermost of these. 7. is the Sphere of Saturn, whose motion is complete in. 29. years. 155. ●ayes. 3. hours. 47. min. 44 sec. jupiter next under him compasseth the Heaven by his proper course, in. 11. years, ●14. days. 13. hours, 12. min. 4. sec. The Sphere of Mars finisheth his race in one year, 321. days. 16. hours. 34. min. 44. sec. The Spheres of the sun, Venus; and Mercury run their course in one year, that is in. 365. days, 5. hours. 55. min. 26. sec. 10. thirds. 56. fourths. The which space of time is commonly called, a solare year. The Moon which is lowest of all & next to the Elemental region, maketh her revolution in the space of. 27. days, 7. hours. 43. min. 7. sec. So that hereby you are to understand that albeit both the heaven itself and the celestial Globe be called a  body, yet there is this difference between them that the Globe consisteth of one piece, but the heaven of many Spheres or Orbs, and those as you have heard moving sundry ways & in divers manners.  P. 
I do believe you because, as the Proverb is, a learner must believe, but it seemeth unpossible that the one Sphere should move one way, and the other an other way.  M. 
It is no more impossible for the one Sphere to move one way and the other an other way, than it is impossible for the Master of a ship to walk from the prow to the poop, that is from the South Northward, whilst the ship runneth from the North southward.  P. 
Which of all these. 10. Spheres doth the celestial Globe represent?  M. 
It representeth especially the. 10. Sphere.  P. 
But you said before that the stars are in the 8. Sphere which is the firmament.  M. 
It is true: but because the motion of the fixed Stars following the motion of the ninth Sphere from West to East, is so slow and so little, that in a man's life time it can hardly be perceived, therefore without any great inconvenience we may place the fixed stars in the ●●●face of the Globe, though it properly in respect of the ●●●cles represent the tenth.  P. 
Why do you in the definition of the celestial ●●obe put in these words (containing in the convexitie)?  M. 
Thereby is expressed an other difference between that which we behold in the heaven itself, and on the celestial Globe. Our eye not being within the Globe beholdeth every thing described thereupon on the outside: whereas notwithstanding we see the stars on ●●e innerside of heaven.  P. 
Why do you say certain circles, are there any more to be understood in the heaven, than are expressed in the Globe.  M. 
Yea a great many, the which I will both name and describe unto you as occasion serveth. But for so much as these on the Globe are sufficient for a young beginner or a Novice in Astronomy, therefore there are ●o more described. Whereof one is Real, the other are imaginary.  P. 
What say you that some of these circles are imaginary. What mean you thereby, would you have us think them to be devices of an idle brain?  M. 
Not so, their commodity is singular in common life being well understood and applied to use: but ●herefore they are called Imaginary because they are not expressly to be seen in the heaven, but are in mind to be conceived.  P. 
Well, let us now come to those things which you said are principally to be observed in the celestial Globe, that is the circles and the stars with their Astronomical appurtenances.  M. 
Here I will use a Hysteron proteron as the Rhetoricians term it, and will set the cart before the hors● that is I will first speak of the Stars, and then of th● Circles, for so I think it fittest for your instruction.  P. 
As you please Sir, but what Method and ord●● shall we observe in them.  M. 
I think it not amiss to have consideration 〈◊〉 these two things: First, of the writing which I tearme● before the Astronomical appurtenances, then of th● stars themselves.  P. 
I pray you do so. I perceive in the Globe that b●● many of the Stars there are set down the Character● of the Planets, sometimes one alone, as in the thigh 〈◊〉 Gemini, what doth it signify.  M. 
The Character doth express the nature of th● Star unto which it is adjoined, according as the Character doth import. If it be the Character of Saturn, signifieth the Star to be of his nature: if it be the Character of jupiter, it signifieth the star to be of his nature, and so forth of the rest.  P. 
Sometimes there are two Characters together as in the fish.  M. 
They betoken that star to admit the nature 〈◊〉 both the Planets.  P. 
Sometimes between the two Characters ther● standeth the letter P.  M. 
It signifieth the star to be of the nature of th● Planet unto whom the first Character doth belong, ye● partly also of the nature of the Planet, to whom the other Character appertaineth.  P. 
Sometimes the Characters are not joined with any one star but are set down by themselves alone, & before the Character there standeth a letter as in the Lion.  M. 
It signifieth that all those stars to whom that ●●●ter is adjoined, to be of the quality of that Planet, before whose Character the same letter standeth.  P. 
I find in the Globe certain syllables, but they make not perfect words: as Card, or Car. Alf. or Al●●●. Reg.  M. 
Card. or Car. signifieth Cardanus, whose stu●●● in these sciences hath been singular, and therefore his authority is great, and is often alleged not only for the dignesse of the Stars, as where it is written Reg. Car. that is to say, Cardane counteth it a princely Star, or a ●●arre of the first magnitude. But also for their quality 〈◊〉 where you see it written by the bow of Sagittarius the archer, the meaning is that Cardane accounteth that ●●arre to be of the nature of jupiter & Mars. The like 〈◊〉 to be understood of Alf. or Alfon. which signifieth Alphonsus king of Arragon, whose great travail and ●●st in those studies hath purchased unto him an eternal ●●me.  P. 
Let us now come to the Stars for I see nothing ●●s to be doubted of, what order shallbe kept in discour●ng of them.  M. 
I think it sufficient to speak of their adjuncts, ●amely of their quantity and quality.  P. 
Then you mind not to speak of the division of ●●e Stars into several kinds, nor of the matter whereof they are made.  M. 
No, for the stars expressed in the Globe are all of one kind, that is fixed, and differ only in quantity or quality, as for the matter, that belongeth not to the Astronomer, but to the Philosopher: so that whether they be the thicker part of their Orb, and are to their Or● as a knot to a tree, or whether they be made of fire are fiery stones let the Philosophers look to that. I purpose only to entreat as I have said of their quantic and quality. The quantity of the stars is to be considered either in their number, or in their magnitude.  P. 
How many are there in the Globe?  M. 
There are 1025.  P. 
Are there no more in the heaven? We say commonly that they are in number infinite.  M. 
It is without question that there are more 〈◊〉 heaven, but yet they are not infinite in number, for 〈◊〉 is written. Psalm. 147. He counteth the number 〈◊〉 the Stars and calleth them all by their names. If the● may be counted and named, they are not infinite. Therefore when we say that they are infinite, our meaning 〈◊〉 that their number is exceeding great, as it appeareth. Genesis 22. vers. 12.  P. 
Why then do the Astronomers keep an accord of no more seeing their number is so great?  M. 
The heaven is to the Astronomer as a book therefore even as a man looking upon a book lying farr● of from his sight, doth only account those letters whic● he doth see & discern: even so the Astronomer, although he see a great number of stars, yet maketh he accoūt●● no more than these because he can distinguish no more.  P. 
Have there no more been noted heretofore, o● since the time that this number was first ratified?  M. 
Yes, for the Portugals traveling into Indi● have brought home news of certain little clouds near unto the South pole, & certain stars, the which stars a● you may see are set down by M. Mollineux in the Celestial Globe. Some of them being comprehended within ●●e Cross, and are commonly by our men called the Cro●ers, some of them are included in the South triangle, ●●hers are left in formed. So that their report argueth ●●at all the fixed stars were not observed by Ptolomie ●●mselfe.  P. 
There is yet one question remaining touching the number of the stars. I observe that in the winter the ●umber of the stars seemeth more than in Summer: that should be the reason thereof?  M. 
You must note this that it most commonly fal●●th out so when the weather is coldest, and the nights ●re frosty: and thereby I gather the chiefest reason, why 〈◊〉 the winter the stars appear so many to be this, 〈◊〉 Summer the cold having no place left unto it where●● to be, but the middle region of the air, where it waxeth at that time most forcible by reason of the An●peristasis of the heat, it so engrosseth and thickeneth ●●e air, that the stars of the lesser magnitude being ●ut weak in their beams cannot pierce it, and come to ●ur sight: In winter this cold breaking the prison wher●● it was penned before, & gathered thick together, spreadeth itself and becometh more thin, so that the air being more purged, and the grossness thereof being ●●ken away, yieldeth to the stars of smaller light, a free ●nd ready passage through which they may send there ●eames unto our sight. another reason is thus alleged, 〈◊〉 winter because the air is more purged, the stars do ●ine very forcibly, whereupon it cometh to pass that our sight may be deceived in them, and causeth us to ●hinke, that we perceive more stars than indeed we we do: where as we do not see more stars, but only certain appearances of them procured by their vehement brightness and twinkling, and by the wavering of the air. Let this also be an other reason: the nearer the Sun is to the ground the more lightsome is the air above it, the more lightsome the air is the fewe● Stars are seen: therefore considering that in Summer the depression of the Sun is but little, and in winter great, whereby the air in the night time in Summer, is more lightened than in winter, hereupon it cometh to pass that the stars seem fewer in Summer than in winter.  P. 
Thus much for the number of the stars: wha● is their Magnitude?  M. 
Their Magnitude is a certain quantity whereby the stars differ one from an other. The several Magnitudes observed in the stars are six, unto the which are adjoined certain other which are called of the Latins Nebulosae, & Obscurae, cloudy and obscure o● dark stars. All there Magnitudes are expressed in the Globe, with several forms set down before the nose o● the Greater Bear, so that having an eye to those forme● you may easily learn what Magnitude any star hath that is placed in the Globe.  P. 
How many stars are there of each several Magnitude.  M. 
There are. 15. of the first Magnitude: of the second. 45. of the third. 208. of the fourth. 474. of the fift. 217. of the sixth 49. The cloudy stars are. 5. the obscure. 9 But you must still remember this, that in this account those stars are not contained which are inscribed in the Globe according to the report of the Portugals, yet their several Magnitudes may be known by their form.  P. 
So I suppose, but yet these which you have now counted make but 1022. you reckoned before 1025.  M. 
It is true: but you must note this, that commonly in rehearsing the number of the stars, the Astro●omers omit those which are in the hair of Berenice, if ●hey be added the whole number is 1025.  P. 
Of what bigness may the stars be?  M. 
Some of them are 107. some. 90. some. 72. times ●igger than the earth. But of this matter I have written largely in my Book concerning the use of the Celestial Globe in Plano, wherein you may satisfy yourself concerning their quantity.  P. 
The next thing to be spoken of touching the stars is their quality: what have you to deliver concerning that?  M. 
This word quality hath a very large signification, and may be applied almost to what soever is not of ●he substance of the Stars. But I will speak only of ●heir twinkling and figure.  P. 
What is the cause why the stars do twinkle?  M. 
The continual motion of the air: in which ●here are two motions to be considered: the one is pro●●er to the air, which is upward in a right line: the other is unproper received from the Heavens. For as the Heaven is carried about in the space of 24. hours, so doth it ●ead with it what soever is movable within it, whereby ●t cometh to pass, that the form of the Stars appea●ing in it is greatly distracted, so that it seemeth to us to ●●ast forth sparkles, which we call the twinkling thereof. This may easily be confirmed by the water which running on swiftly causeth the Stars which are by reflexiō●eene in it, to twinkle much more than they do in the air, by reason that it is a grosser body, and the motion thereof is to us more sensible than the motion of the air  P. 
If the motion of the air be the cause of th● twinkling of the Stars, why should not the Plane●● twinkle as well as they?  M. 
The reason why the Planets do not twinkle i● their dearness unto us, whereby it cometh to pass● that their beam is lesser troubled and distorted.  P. 
Doth the twinkling of the Stars signify any thing?  M. 
It doth signify the motion of the air generally: but if it be more than usual it signifieth wind Thus much concerning that matter, now followeth the figure of the Stars. The figure is either common o● peculiar. The common figure considered in every one is the roundness, for this we hold that the figure of every Star is round, and not three or four square: of this there are sundry arguments. First, our sense which judgeth the Stars to be round: again the most noble body as I said before requireth the most noble form: the most excellent bodies are the heavenly bodies: therefore they crave a round figure for that of all other is counted most excellent. To conclude the Moon giveth us a most certain argument of this roundness: for she doth not only appear so at the full, but at all other times she receiveth her light circularly from the Sun.  P. 
Yet that is not always so, for in the first quarter and the third her light is parted with a right line.  M. 
The reason of that is yielded by the Masters of Perspective, who truly affirm that every great circle in Spherical body standing full before our sight, ●●emeth to be a right line, This therefore shall serve for 〈◊〉 confirmation of the common figure belonging to every Star, which is their roundness. The peculiar figure is that which is considered but in some, and is call●d a Constellation.  P. 
What is a Constellation?  M. 
A Constellation is a certain number of stars representing by there place, & order (after a certain sort) the form of some natural, or artificial thing. It is otherwise called an Asterisme, form or figure.  P. 
Are all the stars enclosed within these constellations.  M. 
You may easily see by the Globe they are not: there are. 108. exempted by the ancient Astronomers which the called (informs) unformed, yet of later time. 6. of thē●●ue been reduced into the figure of Antinous, and ●●ree into the hair of Berenice.  P. 
Why were the stars brought into constellations?  M. 
For instructions sake: things cannot be taught without names: to give a name to every one, had been both troublesome for the Master and for the Scholar: troublesome for the Master to devise, troublesome for the Scholar to remember. As the merchant therefore ca●eth all his bills of one kind into one box: & out of ●●at box can fetch them as occasion serveth: even so the ●stronomers have reduced many stars into one Con●●llation, that thereby they may tell the better where to ●●eke them, and being found how to express them.  P. 
Why did they bring them into these figures and into none other.  M. 
There be. 3. several reasons which induced thē●ereunto. First these figures express some property of the Stars, as those of the Ram to be hot, & dry, so● so is the Ram: Andromeda chained betokeneth imprisonment. The head of Medusa cut of signifieth th● loss of that member. Orion with his terrible, & threaning gesture importeth tempest, and terrible weather: th● Serpent, the Scorpion, and the Dragon, signify poison the Bull insinuateth a melancholy passion, the Bear infers cruelty etc. Secondly some of the Stars if no● precisely, yet after a certain sort do represent such a figure, and therefore that figure was assigned them: as fo● example the Crown both North and South, the Scorpion, and the Triangle partly represent the figure whic● they have. The third cause was the continuance of th● memory of some notable man, who either in regard 〈◊〉 their singular pains taken in Astronomy, or in regard of some other notable deed, had well deserved of mankind, as Hercules, Perseus, etc.  P. 
Are these constellations of any antiquity, & wh●● was the first author of them?  M. 
I never read who was the first author of each particular constellation, we receive them of Ptolomee and he received them of the Platonics, so that the●● antiquity is great. Thyestes the brother of Atreus is sai● to have invented the constellation of the Ram: More over in the 38. chapter of job, there is mention made o● the Pleyades Orion, and Arcturus & Mazzaroth which some interpret the 12. signs: job lived in th● time of Abraham as Siderocrates maketh mention in his Book, De commensurandis locorum distantijs.  P. 
How many constellations are there, and which are they?  M. 
There are 48. besides the Cross & the South ●●●angle, which are newly added in the last Globes. In the ●orth part there are. 21. namely. 1. Vrsa minor, the les●● Bear. 2. Vrsa maior, the greater Bear. 3. Draco, the Dragon. 4. Cepheus. 5. Boötes or Arctophylax. 6. Corona Borea, the North crown. 7. Engonasis, the ●●eeler. 8. Lyra, the Harp. 9 Olor, the swan. 10. Cass●peia. 11. Perseus. 12. Heniochus or Auriga, the ●●●●ter. 13. Serpentarius, the man holding the Serpent. 〈◊〉 Serpens, the Serpent. 15. Sagitta, the Arrow. 16. A●●ila, the Eagle. 17. Delphinus, the Dolphin. 18. Equis●ctio, the less Horse. 19 Pegasus, the winged Horse. 〈◊〉 Andromeda. 21. Triangulus, the Triangle.  
In the Zodiac of the 8. Sphere or firmament there 〈◊〉 12. according to the number of the Signs. 1. Aries, ●●e Ramme. 2. Taurus, the Bull. 3. Gemini, the Twins. 〈◊〉 Cancer, the Crab. 5. Leo, the Lion. 6. Virgo, the ●●rgin. 7. Libra, the Balance. 8. Scorpius, the Scorpion. 〈◊〉 Sagittarius, the Archer. 10. Capricornus, the Goat. 〈◊〉 Aquarius, the Waterman. 12. Pisces, the Fishes.  
In the South part there are. 15. 1. Cetus, the Whale. 〈◊〉 Orion. 3. Flwius, the River. 4. Lepus, the Hare. 5. Ca●●● maior, the greater Dog. 6. Canis minor, the le●●●r Dog. 7. Argo navis, the Ship. 8. Hydra, the Snake. 〈◊〉 Crater, the Cup. 10. Coruus, the Crow. 11. Ceutau●is, the Centaur. 12. Lupus, the Wolf. 13. Lar, or Ara, ●●e Altar. 14. Corona Austrina, the South Garland. 〈◊〉. Piscis Notius, the South Fish.  P. 
Yet me thinketh there be 2. which you have not ●●amed, that is Antinous and Berenice's hair.  M. 
Those two were devised since, and therefore are ●ot usually counted in the number of the Constellations ●ut are reckoned among the informed Stars, as I said ●efore.  P. 
Do all Astronomers retain these constellation and his number?  M. 
No, some count but. 44. some. 46. some. 52. some 72. But by the chiefest Astronomers the foresaid number is retained.  P. 
Of which of all these Stars ought I to take notice especially?  M. 
It is good to know them all, or at leastwise those which are of the first, second, and third Magnitude. But you must especially be acquainted with th● lesser Bear: for the Star which is in the end o● her tail is called the Pole Star, by reason of th● dearness thereof unto the Pole, it is also called th● North Star, and for the excellent use, which it hat● in cosmography, it is called simply the Star. An● the North pole in respect of the dearness of the lesse● Bear, is called the pole Arctic (for Arctos amon● the Grecians signifieth a Bear) and the South pole because it is opposite, and right against the pole Arcticke● called the pole Antarcticke.  P. 
I could wish (if it were not troublesome) th●● you would deliver to me the poetical reasons of these constellations because it is very pleasant.  M. 
It shall not need if you desire them, you m●● find them set forth at large in that little book whic● I named before called the use of the Celestial Globe 〈◊〉 Plano.  P. 
Well then let them pass, and let us now● come to the Circles of the Globe, and in them I woul● gladly learn these two things, what they are, and wha● use they have.  M. 
With a good will: but first you must no● ●he manifold signification of the word, otherwise ●ou may mistake yourself greatly. The word Circled is taken sometimes properly, sometimes unproperly. Properly a Circle is a round plane as Ramus ●efineth it, or according to Euclid, it is a plain figure contained under one Line, which is called a Circumference, unto the which all right lines drawn from the Centre are equal one to an other. In this ●ence we never simply use the word Circle, speaking ●f the Celestial Globe, but we utter it periphrastical●e in this manner, the plane of the Equinoctial Circle, the plane of the Horizon, or horizontal circle, etc. The word Circle taken unproperly, signifieth either a circumference which is a crooked line without breadth, or else it signifieth a surface, in both these significations, the word Circle is used in the Celestial Globe: be they perfectly round or no, whereupon we make this division of the Circles in the Globe: The Circles are either perfectly round or unperfectly round.  P. 
Is it possible that there should be a circle in the Globe that is not perfectly round?  M. 
Do you not see in the Globe a space contained and enclosed on each sides with pricks, which hath certain divisions and goeth not on directly, and even as the other circles do.  P. 
Yes, it passeth by the bow of the Archer, and from thence ascendeth to the Eagle, and so continueth to the Swan, and to Cassiopeia, and down to the Archer, compassing the whole heaven round about: what may that circle be?  M. 
It is that great white circle which is really to be seen in heaven, by the Grecians it is called Galaxia by the Latins Lactea via, or Lacteus circulus, and by us expressing word for word, it is called the milk waie● The best opinion touching this circle is this, that it is the part of the firmament, neither so thin as the other parts thereof, nor yet so thick as the Stars thēselues● If it were so thin as the other parts of heaven the● could it not retain any light, but the light would pass through it, and not be seen: if it were as thick as the Stars than would the light be so doubled in it, that i● would glister, and shine as the Stars themselves do but being neither so thin as the one, nor so thick as the other, it becometh of that whiteness which we see If you desire to read the poetical fables or other discourses touching this circle, you shall have them also in my book of the Globe in Plano.  P. 
What use hath this circle in the heaven?  M. 
First, it limiteth the tropical points whereof w● shall speak hereafter: Secondly, it is an argument unto us to prove, that the Stars move not in the firmament, as fishes in the sea, or as birds in the air: For if that were so, it is most certain that the Stars which are in this Circle at this present, would presently shift the same, and pass aut of it into some other place of the 8. Sphere which never falleth so out: but common experience witnesseth this, that the Stars which are now in the milk way, have been in it ever heretofore, and we shall see them still continue therein, so long as the heaven endureth. Thus much for the unperfect real circle which is but one. Let us now come to the perfect circles of the Globe, which are not really to be seen but in imagination to be conceived, upon which the principal use of ●●e Globe dependeth: A perfect round circle is that ●hich lieth uniformally between his terms. In these circle's this  first to be noted, that unto every one of ●●em belongeth Poles, and Graduation either expressed 〈◊〉 understood. The Poles of a circle are. 2. points concealed in the surface of the Globe, equally distant from every part of that circle whose Poles they are said to be. Graduation is the dividing of a circle in to certain parts, whereof every one is called a degree. The parts wherinto ●uery circle of the Globe either is actually or imaginarily understood to be divided are. 360. Therefore a degree in nothing else but the. 360. part of a circle So that when as we speak simply of a degree either of heaven or earth, or generally of a degree of any circle, it is not to be understood as a thing, that may be limited, and set down by any certain measure, as by passes, or yards, or miles, or inches, or such like quantities, because it is not of a ceratine greatness every where, but as the circle is greater or lesser, so doth the degree increase or decrease, and is ●ide to be the. 360. part of it, be it of what quantity soever.  P. 
I pray you let us wade a little farther into this matter, tell me what was the reason why a circle was divided into these parts and not into any more or less?  M. 
The reason is this. The Cosmographer whether he have to deal with heaven or earth, hath many occasions to divide a circle into sundry parts, therefore it behoved him to choose such a number in the division of a circle, as might most conveniently be divided by many divisors: now for somuch as there could no number be found of so small a quantity, that might be divided by so many divisers as this number. 360. may be (for it ma● be divided by. 1.2.3.4.5.6.8.9.10.12.15.18.20.24.30.36.40.45.60.72.90.120.180.) therefore they made 〈◊〉 special choice of this number, rejecting the custome● Eratosthenes and Hipparchus, who were wont to divide a circle into. 83. parts. Neither do the Cosmographers only graduate a circle, dividing it into simple degrees, but they go on farther and part a degree into 60. minutes, a minute into. 60. seconds, a second into 60. thirds, a third in. 60. fourths, and so forth until they come to tenths beyond which number they do● not lightly pass.  P. 
Then I gather by your words, that a minute is nothing else but the. 60. part of a degree, and a second is the. 60. part of a minute, and a third is the 60. part of a second, and a fourth is the. 60. part o● a third, etc. But why did they choose this number. 60.  M. 
The Cosmographer was induced to choose this number. 60. by the same reason whereby he wa● moved to choose the foresaid number. 360. As in dividing of a circle so likewise in dividing a degree, a minute, a second, etc. He thought it most convenient to take such a number as being but small might be divided into most parts, and therefore to avoid the tediousness of greater divisions, he choose. 60. rather than any other, because there is none of so small a quantity, that will admit so many partitions for these number● may divide it. 1.2.3.5.6.10.12.15.20.30. Thus much concerning the significations of the word circle, and the common accidents thereof, which are Poles and Graduation, now I will proceed to their several kinds. The perfect round circles imaginarily conceived in the ●eauen, and ascribed with the Globe, are either great ●t little. A great circle is that which cutteth the Globe ●nto two equal pieces. As touching the Poles of the ●reat circles this rule is general, that if. 2. great circles ●ut one an other at Right angles, the Poles of the one circled are in the other: also, if. 2. great circles cut one ●n other at obliqne angles, the Poles of the one are di●●ant from the Poles of the other, so far, as the grea●er declination or distance of the one circle is from the other. A great circle is either movable or fixed. A movable circle is that, which moveth with the motion of the Globe. A movable circle, eythe lieth between the Poles of the Globe, or passeth through them: The movable circles, which lie between the Poles, are. 2. whereof the one lieth just between them in the very midst, and is called the Equinoctial ●or Equator. So that the Equinoctial may be defined to be a great movable circle of the Globe, lying just in the midst between the. 2. Poles of the world: The other circle lieth not just between the. 2. Poles, but leaneth toward either of them, and is called the Ecliptic, so that the Ecliptic may be defined to be a great movable circle, leaning toward each pole of the world, always cutting the Equinoctial at obliqne angles. The two points wherein it cutteth, the Equinoctial are called the Equinoctial points, and the two points wherein it swerveth most of all from the Equinoctial, are called the Solstitial points, or Tropical points, the reason whereof I will declare hereafter. The movable circles passing through the Poles of the Globe are. 2. and they cut themselves at Right angles in the Poles: the one is called the Equinoctial colour, the other is the Solstitial colour. The Equinoctial colour is a movable great circle draw by the Poles of the world & the equinoctial points. The Solstitial colour is a movable great circle, passing through the Poles of the world, and the Solstitial points, A great fixed circle, is a circle which followeth not the motion of the Globe, but standeth still whilst it turneth about. The fixed circles are. 2. cutting one another a● right angles, namely the Horizon, and the Meridian. The Horizon is a great fixed circle of the Globe, dividing the part of the heaven which is seen, from tha● part of the heaven which is not seen. The Meridian is a great fixed circle of the Globe, cutting the Horizon at right angles. Thus are all the perfect great circles expressed in the Globe. A little circle is that which divideth the Globe into 2. equal pieces, and are all equally distant to the equator: The little circles of the Globe either touch the Ecliptic, or are severed from it. Those which touch the Ecliptic, are called tropics. A Tropic is a little circle in the Globe, parallel to the Equinoctial, touching the Ecliptic in the Tropical point. Those little circles, which touch not the Ecliptic, are called Polare circles: A Polare circle is a little circle in the Globle Parallel to the Equinoctial, passing by the Poles of the Ecliptic. Thus have you the brief definitions of the usual circles of the Globe, the other circles shallbe defined as occasion serveth.  P. 
I pray you, now let us draw near to that, which I so greatly desire, that is the use of the Globe.  M. 
The use of the Celestial Globe is either simple or mixed. The simple use of the Globe, is when we work and perform, a conclusion by the Globe itself, without the help of any foreign instrument: and that either by ●●ch circle alone, or by two or more of them taken together. The mixed use of the Globe is that, which be●●e the Globe requireth the use of foreign instruments. And for somuch as these several uses of the Globe can●●t so be distinguished one from another, but that of necessity now and then they must go jointly together, I think it not a miss therefore before I go any further, to make you acquainted with the instruments.  P. 
Do so I pray you, and I will move such que●●●ons concerning them, as I shall think convenient for my instruction.  M. 
The instruments are these: First a pair of Calaber compasses, whose feet must be bend inward according a● you see in the figure. A. The second is a Square with a ●●ūmet line, made in such form as you see the figure B. The third is an hour circle as we call it, with his In●ex, expressed in the figures C. and D. The fourth is a thin ruler of brass, bowed according to the conuexi●ie of the Globe, & divided into the. 90. degree, made fast at the. 90. degree to a little button of brass, this instrument is called, the Quadrant of Altitude, and is expressed in the figure. E. The fifth is an half circle of brass called a circle of Position, as in the figure F. The sixth i● an Index, which we call a Spherical Gnomon, the form whereof is expressed in the figure G. The seventh. is a Needle touched with the Load stone.  P. 
To what end serve the Calaber compasses?  M. 
With them we take the distance of any two things what soever propounded upon the Globle, as of two Stars, or of any circle from a Star: or of. 2. circles one from an other.  P. 
In what manner shall I take the two stars, and how shall I infer their distance.  M. 
Stretch the one foot of your compass fro● the centre of the one Star, unto the centre of the other, then apply the feet of your compares to the ●quator, the degrees of the Equator contained between the feet of your compasses, express the distance of th● two Stars.  P. 
But what is that distance?  M. 
It is their distance only in degrees, for we● cannot simply express it otherwise, yet if you desire for your pleasure sake to know what number of mile● any two stars in the Globe are distant, one from an other, note these my words and you shall know it. Th● Astronomers considering the huge quantity of the stars compared with the Globe of the earth, have concluded the compass of the firmament to be in the outside 1017562500. miles, and each degree to contain 2826562 ½. Therefore knowing how many degrees any. 2 Stars are distant one from an other, if you multiply the number of degrees by the number of miles answerable to each degree, you shall find the distance in miles, the centres of the. 2. stars being supposed to be in the convexity of the firmament.  P. 
I pray you give me leave to have a little more conference with you concerning the taking of the distance of any two Stars, or what soever things else upon the Globe. You say, that I must stretch the one foot of my compasses from the centre of the one star unto the centre of the other, and afterward apply my compasses to the Equator, the degrees of the Equator contained between their feet express how many degrees the two Stars assigned are distant one from an ●●her. I take this rule to be certain and true, when the ●●e foot of the compasses being set in the beginning of ●egree, the other foot lighteth just in the end of the ●●●e, or of some other degree. But put case that the f●●te of the compasses should fall between the beginning, and end of a degree, what shall I then say?  M. 
You must pronounce the Star to be distant (besides the whole degrees) so many minutes, as are contained between the beginning of the last degree, and the ●●●der foot of your compasses.  P. 
But how shall I know how many minutes they are?  M. 
This question was conveniently moved by you Philomathes, & giveth me occasion to deliver unto you a rule, whereby not upon the Globe only, but upon your Astrolabe also, or any such like Mathematical instrument, you may find out, how many minutes there are cut 〈◊〉 above the whole degrees, in this manner. When the ●●ote of your compasses lighteth between the beginning ●●end of any degree, make a prick, where the said foot lighteth: then take the distance between the beginning of the last degree, & the prick, & count it (beginning at which degree you please, and noting well where you began) in the Equator. 60. times. The number of the degrees comprehended between the place where you first began your account, & the place wherein you finished the s●●e, express the number of minutes contained in the foresaid space. As for example put case that the space contained between the beginning of some one degree, and the prick made in the same degree, being counted. 60. times in the Equator do run over. 30. whole degrees of t●e said circle, then must you pronounce, that space to comprehend. 30. minutes. If being counted. 60. times reacheth but unto. 15. degrees, then doth the said spa●● contain. 15. minutes, if it overrun. 45. degrees, the● doth it answer to 45. minutes, etc.  P. 
I understand you well. But again suppose tha● the space contained between the beginning of the la●● degree, and the prick therein be so little, that I cann●● take it with my compasses, because (as it may fall ou● their feet will not come close enough together: Ho● shall I then know, how many minutes are contained 〈◊〉 that small space.  M. 
When it happeneth so, that you cannot take th● space between the beginning of the degree & the pric●● then take that space which is contained between th● prick, and the latter end of the degree. Count that. 60. times in the Equator marking how many degrees yo● do run over, subduct the number of those degre●● from. 60. the remainder showeth you, how many minute were comprised in the small space aforesaid. This also to be noted, that as you find out the minutes, so ma● you find the seconds and thirds, etc. of a degree. Fo● if (the small space aforesaid being counted. 60. times i● the Equator) the foot of your compasses doth not light precisely upon the end of some degree, then take th● space between the last prick made with you compasse● and the beginning of that degree, wherein that prick 〈◊〉 made, count it. 60. times in the Equator, as you did th● other before, the number of the degrees, which you runn● over, express the seconds, etc.  P. 
In this thing also I conceive your meaning, le● us proceed. Is there any thing to be observed in taking the distance between two circles of the Globe, o● between some point assigned in the Globe, and a ●●rcle?  M. 
Yea, that there is, for you must take heed of this, that setting the one foot of your compasses in the one ●●rcle, you do but touch the other circle with the other ●●ote: for the distance between two circles assigned, or between a point, or star, and any circle is the shortest extension that may be: no the shortest extension frō●●rcle to circle, or from point to point is, when the feet ●f your compass (standing in the one circle) cut not the other in two several places, but touch it in one only.  P. 
To what use serveth the Plummet line?  M. 
It serveth to set the Globe upright, which in ●ome conclusions is necessarily required.  M. 
Unto what part of the Globe must it be applied?  M. 
It is most conveniently applied to the Horizon.  P. 
Unto how many places of the Horizon must I apply it?  M. 
You must apply it unto. 3. several places at the ●east, for setting it but in two you may chance to be deceived.  P. 
The third instrument which you spoke of is the hour circle, of what quantity is it to be made?  M. 
The quantity according to the usual manner is at your own pleasure, respect being had to the quantity of the Globe. The greater Globe may abide a greater hour circle, the lesser Globe a lesser, yet I would wish you rather to exceed in the quantity, that fail therein, because we take this for a general rule in any Mathematical instrument, that the greater it is the more preciseness and pleasure is in the use thereof.  P. 
Of what fashion would you have it?  M. 
Of this fashion which here you see in the fi●●gure C. But of what fashion soever it is made, it must b● so contrived that it may be taken of and on, from th● Globe at your discretion.  P. 
Where must this hour circle stand?  M. 
It must stand upon the Meridian, so th●● the axle-tree of the Globe come just through the centre of it, and the circumference of it be equally distant from the Pole. Also you must observe this: some Globe are so fastened to their Meridian, that the axle-tree cometh just through the midst of the thickness of th● Meridian: Other Globes have their axle-tree fastene● to the right, other to the left side of the Meridian: therefore when soever you set the hour circle on the Meridian, you must so place it that the line of, 12. a clock both above, and beneath, be answerable directly to that part●● of the Meridian, unto which the axle-tree of the Globe i● fastened.  P. 
Do you like this fashion of the Index?  M. 
Yea: yet if it were but half the length of th● Diameter it were sufficient: but howsoever you make it, you must take heed that the points of it be just in a right line, with the centre of the hour circle.  P. 
What is the use of the hour circle with his Index?  M. 
The particular use thereof shall appear better hereafter in several examples. The general use is whensoever there is my question made of time, or the parts thereof, as of a day, or hour, when the Sun riseth, and setteth, etc.  P. 
What say you concerning the quadrant of altitude?  M. 
The use of this quadrant and where it must ●●nde, shall be declared hereafter in the particular propo●ions.  P. 
What would you have noted in the circle of position?  M. 
The breadth of it is at your pleasure, the compass of it is the half of the Horizon: But in my conceit it were much better if it were of such a Diameter, that the innerside standing upright upon the Horizon it may fall even with the outside of the Meridian, for so it might be made fast to the Horizon, & the conclusions whereunto it serveth might be wrought the better, if there were added unto it a small squire of brass which might move up and down upon it always at right angles.  P. 
What is to be said touching the Spherical Gno●●●on, of what length would you have it made?  M. 
As it is usually made the length thereof is ne●er limited. What length soever it have you must take●●ed of this one thing, that it be so framed, that it may rise always at right angles from the Globe.  P. 
How shall I find that?  M. 
Find some place in your Globe where two great circles meet together, as for example the point where the Equator, and the Ecliptic cut one an other: set one foot of your Compasses in their intersection and extend the other at your pleasure, making therewith ●or 4. privy marks in the circles that cut one another on each side of there intersection one. Then set your Spherical Gnomon on this foresaid intersection, and keep it fast, that it stirreth not, afterwards set the one foot of your compasses in one of these privy marks, & ●●tend the other foot to the top of your Gnomon, if the foot of your compasses thus extended, will reach fro● the top of the Gnomon unto all the other marks, it 〈◊〉 a certain argument that it is perpendicular to yo●● Globe.  P. 
The last instrument which you speak of is a n●●dle touched with the Load stone. How would you ha●● it made, and where should it stand?  M. 
Each man may follow his fancy, yet for my se●● I would have the box made so square as might be, breadth answerable to the Horizon of the Globe, the bottom of the box I would have the. 32. points the compass, with certain subdivisions as occasion sho●● serve either more or lesser: also I would have a li●● drawn according to the variation of the Compass, would not have it fastened to any certain place of t●● Globe, but applied only to the Southside of the Glo●● so close as may be, unto the East or Westside of the Meridian as occasion requireth. Thus much for the instruments belonging to the Globe. Now you may take wh●●● course you please for the circles and their use, either si●●plie alone, or jointly together, or as they crave the hel● of these instruments.  P. 
I must needs confess mine ignorance in the 〈◊〉 matters to be great, and therefore I am willing to ta●● the more pain, I pray you give me leave to ask, wh●●● I think good and I will take the Globe unto me, and begin with the Equator following from one to one, v● till I have run them over all. You say that the Equator is a great circle lying just in the midst between th● two Poles: therefore first I conclude this, that the Po●● of the world are the Poles of the Equator: as for the degrees of the Equator, I see that they are. 360. and that the number goeth on continually from one to. 360. beginning ●hat point of the Globe where the Ecliptic crossing ●●oth bend toward the North pole.  M. 
You say true: These degrees for distinction sake from the degrees of other circles the Grecians do call prevot, the Latins Tempora, that is times: because by them the several times of the day, and night are limited, 〈◊〉 when soever there is any question made of any time be it a day, or the parts thereof, it may well be resolved by the degrees of the Equator, yet the hour circle whereof we spoke before doth serve for that purpose.  P. 
What is the reason of this name?  M. 
It is so called because when the Sun is under this circle the day, and night are of an equal length.  P. 
By your leave Sir, why do you say (under this ●●cle) in common phrase of speech we say, that the ●●nne is in the Equinoctial, and in the Ecliptic, and in 〈◊〉 Meridian, etc.  M. 
It is true that we say so, but in these kind of speeches we use the word (in) for underneath, or right against. I told you before, that these circles, which are described in the Globe, are especially to be conceived in the. 10. Sphere, and considering that the Sun is in the. 7. Sphere beneath, therefore we cannot truly say that he 〈◊〉 in the Equator, etc. But when we say so, our meaning it this, that he is underneath, or right against some one 〈◊〉 there circles, so that a right line drawn from the cen●●● of the world, through the centre of the Sun, and continued up to the. 10. Sphere, would light upon that circle in the which the sun is said to be. Wherefore to return to my former speech, when soever the Sun is 〈◊〉 (that is to say underneath) this circle, the day, and the night through out the world are equal, wheresoeu● the Sun riseth, & setteth within the space of. 24. hour and therefore it is called the Equator. The Graecian call it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which word for word may be teamed the Equidiall, but the Latins following the pleasantness of the word, have chosen rather the Equinoctial, deriving the name from the night, & not from t● day, as the Grecians do. This circle is also termed 〈◊〉 girdle of the world, in regard that it possesseth the middle place between the poles, as a girdle on the body a man. The seafaring men for the excellent use there do call it the Line.  P. 
In that this circle lieth in the midst between the two Poles, what have I to note thereby.  M. 
Hereby the Globe is divided into. 2. halfa which we call Hemispheres, whereof the one is the No● Hemisphere from the Equator to the Northpole, the oth●● is the South. Item the Equator lying as it doth, is the beginning of all declination, whensoever therefore you sh● hear hereafter of the declination of the Stars, of 〈◊〉 declination of the sun, or of the signs, it must be coū●●● from this circle, and whatsoever is precisely in, or vn● this circle hath no declination. Last of all, in that the 〈◊〉 quator lieth just in the midst between the two Pol●● of the world, we are to note this, that it must need move uniformally according to the motion of the heaven, at no time faster than at an other, but look how many degrees thereof arise, & set in one hour, so many degrees arise, and set in every other hour: as you you self may prove hereafter, and therefore as I said it is th● measure, and rule of all time. Thus much concerning th● Equator simply considered in itself.  P. 
In the Ecliptic (for that is the next) me thin●●th there do many doubts arise. You defined it to be a great movable circle of the Globe, cutting the Equinoctial at obliqne angles, and declining from it 2●. d. 30 m. toward each pole of the world. Therefore by your general rules set down before concerning the Poles of the great circles, I may conclude, that the poles of the Ecliptic are. 23. d. 30 m. from the poles of the world. But what is the chiefest end of the Ecliptic?  M. 
The chiefest use of this circle is to lay forth unto us the proper motion of the Sun, for even as you see the Ecliptic line to traverse the heaven obliquely, and to decline both to the North, & to the South poles, even so doth the Sun keep his course never waruing from this line, but going on every day from the West to the Eastward, almost one degree of this cir●●, that is to say. 59 m. 8. sec. 19, thirds, 37. fourths. He fi●●sheth his course within the space of. 365. days, 5. hours 〈◊〉 min. 26. sec. 10. thirds, 56. fourth's, which is the length of a year. Also this circle is the beginning of all Latitude, so that whatsoever is distant from this circle, either toward the one pole, or toward the other, is said to have a Latitude, as you shall see hereafter, and whatsoever is in or under it hath no Latitude.  P. 
Then belike the Sun never hath any Latitude, for, as you said even now, the Sun never swerveth from the Ecliptic line.  M. 
You say true: this circle also serveth for the Longitude of all Stars, or what soever else is called in question in the heaven, the which Longitude how it is to be found I will declare unto you hereafter: It serveth also for the Eclipses of the Sun, or Moon, as you may gather by the name, for there is no Eclipse, but wh●● the Sun or Moon are both precisely in, or very near unto this circle. To conclude, whensoever there is an question moved of the rising, or setting, or any other thing else concerning the Sun, we must have recou●● to this circle, because it representeth as I said even not the progress of the Sun, and there is no day, but th● Sun possesseth one degree, or an other of this circle the which degree must always be sought out whensever there is any conclusion to be wrought concerning the Sun, or the place of the Sun.  P. 
Are the degrees of the circle as many as the degrees of the Equator?  M. 
I told you before that every circle of the Glob●● is either expressly divided into 360. degrees, or else it is 〈◊〉 be understood to be so divided. But herein is a differē●● the degrees of the Equator go on continually from. 1. 〈◊〉 360. but the degrees of the Ecliptic do not, for they 〈◊〉 continued but unto. 30. and then begin again.  P. 
What is the reason of that proceeding?  M. 
That the year and the Ecliptic might be answerable one to an other, as the year is divided into. 〈◊〉 months, and every month usually hath. 30. days, so th● Ecliptic is divided into. 12. parts, whereof every on is called a sign, and every sign containeth. 30. degrees.  P. 
What is a sign?  M. 
A sign is taken properly or unproperly: Properly a sign is the twelfth part of the Ecliptic. So tha● if we draw a line from the centre of the world to th● Ecliptic, what soever Planet, or Star falleth precisely upon that line, is said to be in such or such a sign a● that line tendeth unto.  P. 
What is a sign unproperly taken?  M. 
If you mark my words, I will easily deliver the whole matter unto you but you must pluck up your understanding, for that whereof I speak is not to be seen but to be conceived in the Globe. First therefore imagine, that in the surface of the Globe there were two circles drawn parallel to the Ecliptic, the one on the one side thereof. 6. degrees distant from it, the other on the other side according to the same distance, so that from the one circle to the other there were. 12. degrees. These circles thus drawn must enclose within them a surface.  P. 
I understand you: in the ringed Sphere I remember it is called the Zodiac, and it is parted into. 12. equal pieces, whereof every part is called a sign consayning in breadth. 12. degrees, and in length thirty, and resembles that figure which the Geometricians call a Parallelogramme.  M. 
That is one signification of a figure. Then imagine that from the. 4. corners of this Parallelogramme there were drawn down to the centre of the Globe (which representeth the centre of the world) a right line, so that they met altogether in one point, these lines with the Parallelogramme aforesaid must needs enclose a  figure like a Pyrarnis: this is the second signification of a sign, and whatsoever is within the compass of this pyramidical figure, is said to be in such or such a sign according as the denomination of the base doth import. Thirdly, imagine that from the Poles of the Ecliptic there were drawn. 6. great circles dividing the Ecliptic into. 12. equal parts, between each two half circles next adjoining there must needs be enclosed a surface like unto that of the Globe, which 〈◊〉 contained between the Equator, and the Ecliptic, the which are in number. 12. and each of them is called a sign 〈◊〉 whatsoever therefore is contained from the one pole of the Ecliptic to the other within any of these surfaces, is said to be in such or such a sign as the denomination of each part of the Ecliptic doth infer, contained in any one surface. Last of all, if from each side of this surface you imagine. 2. half circles to be put into the Globe, so that they may concur together in the axle-tree, those half circles together with this crooked surface, will comprehend a  body, not unlike unto the twelfth part of an apple being divided equally: of these bodies their willbe twelve, whereof every one is called a sign: and hereby it cometh to pass that what soever is within the world may be referred to some sign. Thus much for the signification of the word.  P. 
Yet me thinketh you have omitted one signification: for I have heard these Constellations which are set forth upon the Globe called by the name of the twelve signs.  M. 
You say true and commonly in sun Dial's, you shall see the 12. signs painted according to these const●●lations, but they are most unproperly termed so: and in the use of the Globe you must especially take heed that when there is mention made of any sign, you have not recourse to these constellations but to the equal partition of the Ecliptic which are properly called the signs.  P. 
What other thing is to be noted in the signs?  M. 
Their expression, and their division. The signs are expressed two manner of ways, either by Characters, or else by names, both of them are diligently to be observed for their use is manifold. Their names and Characters are these: 1. Aries, the Ram. ♈. ●. Taurus, the Bull. ♉ 3. Gemini, the Twins. ♊. ●. Cancer, the Crab. ♋. 5. Leo, the Lion. ♌. 6. Virgo, the Virgin ♍. 7. Libra, the Balance. ♎. 8. Scorpio, the Scorpion. ♏ 9 Sagittarius, the Archer. ♐. 10. Capricornus, the Goat. ♑. 11. Aquarius, the Waterman. ♒. 12. Pisces, the Fishes. ♓. Every sign as you see excepting one, receiveth his name from some living ●aeature, and therefore that broad circle in the ringed Sphere, which you mentioned before (the which also is to be understood in the Globe) is called the Zodiac by the Grecians, who in their language call a living creature Zoon and Zodion. Yet some will have it so called of Zoe life, because the Sun passing to and fro in it, procureth life unto living creatures.  P. 
What is the reason why they chose these names and none other?  M. 
Names are best taken from familiar things, wherewith we are best acquainted: For somuch therefore as the effects of the Sun in the course of the year are greatly correspondent so certain properties found in these common things, therefore the Astronomers thought it good to entitle the signs by their names. As for example: we know the Ram to be of nature hot and dry, carrying his chief credit in his forehead, such is the effect of the Sun in this sign. Therein he beginneth to make show of his heat, & with his heat he inferreth a dryness, as may be seen by the March winds, which then begin to blow when the Sun entereth into this sign. The second sign is the Bull, whose force is more than the Rams, and his complexion is Melancholic, even so is the heat of the Sun augmented, and that melancholic humour beginneth to abound. The third sign is Gemini the twins, which expresseth the doubled force of the Sun, and the natural inclination of each living thing unto copulation at that time of the year. The fourth sign which is the Crab, expresseth the return of the Sun, and his going backward as it were: for the Sun after he is come to the head of this sign declineth no more from the Equator, but returneth again nearer and nearer to that circle and here upon the head of this sign is called the Tropical point, and that tropic which toucheth the Ecliptic in that point, is called the tropic of Cancer. Moreover forsomuch as the Lion of all other creatures is the strongest, and the hottest, and never freed of an ague, therefore the sift sign is called the Lion, to signify the mighty strength that is in the heat of the sun, & the subjection of our bodies unto fevers at that time of the year. The sixth sign is the Virgin, which signifieth that the Sun in that sign bringeth forth no new thing, but hasteneth every thing forward to a ripeness: even as the Virgin of herself is barren, but groweth every day riper and riper, as the course of nature doth require. The Balance which is the seventh sign doth import the equality, and equal passing of the day and night, which are then of one length, when the Sun entereth into this sign, so that the head of this sign & Aries are the Equinoctial points. The eight sign, which is the Scorpion, signifieth that even as, if you take not heed of the fair countenance of that beast, you may be privily, and at unawares smitten with his sting, so also if you take not heed to yourself, at that time when the Sun possesseth this sign, his fair show in the morning may so deceive you, that you may be overtaken with a cold not thought on before night: Likewise the piercing cold of the frost and snow falling in the month of November is resembled by the arrow of the Archer which is the ninth sign. The tenth sign is the Goat: the Sun coming unto this sign declineth no farther from the Equator, but beginneth then to climb, and mount aloft in respect of us, that dwell to the Northward of that circle, whereupon that tropical circle which toucheth the Ecliptic line in the head of Capricorn, is called the tropic of Capricorn: This mounting and climbing of the Sun, the Astronomers have thought good to express by the figure of this beast, which of all other of that bind climbeth most high, and is by nature Melancholic answeareable to the season of the year. The Waterman in the. 11. sign, who putteth us in mind of that abundance of humours which reign at that time. Last of all the Fishes ●●●ng the. 12. sign, do admonish us that when the Sun is 〈◊〉 his sign, the rain is usually so plentiful that every thing may swim therein, as the fishes in the Sea. There are other reasons of these names taken from the course of the vital blood, and other humours felt in man's body when the Moon possesseth the foresaid signs, the which for brevity sake I omit.  P. 
But are these reasons general and may they go for currant, as well on the other side as on this side the Equinoctial?  M. 
Not so: but for somuch as Astronomy was bred on the Northside of the world, the Astronomers therefore have applied their reasons especially unto that part. So that when we are in that part of the world which is beyond the Equator, we must understand the contrary to that, which we say, whilst we are or this side, as for example, we say the springe beginne●● when the Sun entereth Aries, and the Summer whe● he entereth into Cancer, but to them it falleth out contrariwise, and the beginning of the Spring must be ascribed unto Libra, and the Summer unto Capricorn: etc. as hereafter you shall hear more at large.  P. 
Why is the first place among the signs ascribe to Aries?  M. 
The Astronomers allege certain reason for it, which must be received favourably, because the are not necessary, though sufficient to persuade a we willing mind: the reasons are these: 

1. The Sun coming unto this sign, each thing beginneth to flourish, and that season is most fittest for th● generation of all things, therefore it carrieth the pre-eminence.  
2. The North part of the world hath a dignity above the South, in respect of the creation and the bi●● of our Saviour, & whatsoever excellent thing hath been since the world was made.  
3. The Astronomers inhabiting the North part o● the world, have given the first place unto this sign, because it is the first of all those a which lean from the E●quinoctiall Northward.  
4. Last of all, there be that affirm that the Sun▪ when he was created, possessed this sign, and in that respect it ought to have a dignity above the other.    P. 
I pray you, now tell me are the signs all of on●● kind, or are they severally divided and distinguished one ●●●m an other?  M. 
They are not all of one kind, but are divided by their place and their quality. By their place they are distinguished four several ways, which are not to be neglected because they have much use in Astronomy. First, in respect of their place some signs are said to be Northern, other are called Southern. The Northern signs are those which decline toward the North pole: as ♈. ♉. ♊. ♋. ♌. ♍. The Southern signs are those which decline to the southward: as 〈◊〉 ♏. ♐. ♑. ♒. ♓. Secondly, the sign in respect of their place are said to be opposite: as ♈. to ♎. ♉. 〈◊〉 ♏. ♊. to ♐. ♋. to ♑. ♌. to ♒. ♍. to ♓.  
Thirdly, some signs are named Cardinal, some Equinoctial some Tropical, & Solstitial. The Cardinal signs 〈◊〉 ♈. ♋ ♎. ♑. so called because they are the main ●ointes, and as were the things whereupon the four quarters of the year are turned round, and have egress and regress. For the Sun coming to the head of ♈. the spring beginneth, and the signs from thence to the head of Cancer, are called the Vernal signs, or the signs of the spring time, namely ♈. ♉. ♊. When the Sun cometh to the head of ♋. the Summer cometh in, and the three signs from thence, that is ♋. ♌. 〈◊〉 appertain to that season. The Harvest displayeth itself when the Sun entereth into and ♎. and these three signs ♎. ♏. ♐. are called Autumnal signs, and are appropriate to that season. The winter beginneth when the Sun toucheth the head of Capricorn, and these signs ♑. ♒. ♓. are attributed to that quarter of the ●●●re. The Equinoctial signs are ♈. & ♎. because the Sun in those two points only, and no more toucheth the Equinoctial line (as you may perceive by the Glob●● and then only are the days and nights equal. The tropical and Solstitial signs are all one, namely ♋ a●● ♑. yet diversly denominated because of sundry effect which fall out in them. For somuch as the head of 〈◊〉 and ♑. are the limits and bounds of the Sun either coming to the Northward toward us, or declining from us to the Southwards, so that he passeth not bey●●● them, but returneth presently toward the Equator, therefore these signs are called the tropical signs (as I pa●●ly noted before) and the head of either sign is calle● tropical point. These signs and points are called a●● Solstitial, because as the water, when it is a full sea, 〈◊〉 near a full sea, doth flow or ebb so slowly, that 〈◊〉 think it to stand still, and therefore call it a still wa●● even so the Sun coming to these points is said to sla●● (though his motion be continual without ceasing) 〈◊〉 that his declination from, or toward the Equinocti●● can hardly be discerned for the smallness thereof. T●● signs also are diversly distinguished according to th● quality, but it is not for me in this place to reckon the● because they belong to judicial Astronomy, which c●●leth some of them Masculine, some Feminine, some ●●●urnall, some Nocturnal, some movable, some Fix●● some Common, etc. The qualities whereby the sig●● are usually distinguished are either Elemental or Hum●rall. So that the signs are divided according to the. 4. ●●●ments, and humours reigning in our bodies. The elemental qualities are such as are in the elements, as heat 〈◊〉 cold, moisture, and dryness. The fire is hot and dry, 〈◊〉 are some signs, & are therefore called fiery, as ♈. ♌ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 which because they are but. 3. in number, are called 〈◊〉 the fiery triplicity. The air is moist and hot, so 〈◊〉 ♊. ♎. ♒. which make the airy triplicity. The water is cold and moist, so are ♋. ♏. ♓. making the wa●●●● triplicity. The earth is dry & cold, so are ♉. ♍. ♑. ●●ich make the earthly triplicity. The humoral qualities are such, as are in the. 4. humours of our bodies, and are answerable to the qualities of the. 4. Elements. The first ●●mor is choler, which is hot & dry like the fire, where●● on the fiery signs are called also choleric. Blood answereth in quality to the air, which is hot and moist, ●●●rfore the airy signs are also Sanguine. The water & 〈◊〉 me agree in quality, being both cold & moist, so that 〈◊〉 watery signs are called phlegmatic. Melancholy and 〈◊〉 earth are dry, & cold, the earthly signs therefore are ●●●ed Melancholic. And to the intent that you may ●●st easily carry these qualities of the signs in memory 〈◊〉 this: Choose. 4. fingers of your hand, and call the first 〈◊〉, the second earth, the third air, the fourth water: ●●en in beginning at ♈ count the. 12. signs upon your four ●●●gers, so shall you find which are fiery and choleric that is hot and dry, which earthly and melancholic, that is dry and cold: etc.  P. 
There arise in this place. 2. doubts wherein I would gladly be resolved: First the Philosophers have 〈◊〉 down this as a principle, that in heaven there is nei●●er heat nor cold, in what respect then are the signs ●●de to be of these qualities. Secondly the natural pla●●●g of the Elements is this, the fire is first and the air su●ceedeth, & then the water, the earth itself is last of all, what is therefore the reason of this disorderly placing of ●●e signs, why are the earthly signs in the second place?  M. 
The ancient Astronomers, men of great experience, and pains, observing the sundry changes and alt●rations of all things here upon earth, noted that the Su●● and other planets coming to certain places of the heaven, did move some of these inferior bodies more th●● othersome, and stirred up their qualities more or lesse● or otherwise diminished them. The qualities, whose augmentation, diminution, & alteration they especially observed, were these beforenamed, because they were mo●● subject to common sense. And considering that as black a●● white, so heat and cold, dryness and moisture cannot 〈◊〉 in one, and the same subject being contraries: therefore they affirmed certain places to be hot, others to be col●● some to be moist, and some to be dry, not actually as th● elements are, but virtually by their virtue and powe● From this experience I might draw an answer to yo●● second question, that because they observed in ♉. whic● is the second sign, the earthly qualities, that is drougth● and coldness, therefore they placed the signs as they b● Yet I pray you also note this in the elements, there are 〈◊〉 qualities one intensive & predominant, which is the chiefest of the two, the other is remiss: as in the fire the predominant quality is the heat, the remiss quality is the divines, these elements are changed one into another, not a●● all adventures, but successively from one to another thi● natural change is fitly expressed by the placing of the n●● signs. The fire which is intensive hot cannot become moist immediately, but it is always dry, yet may it lose hi● heat and become cold and dry, which are the qualitie● of the earth. The first sign therefore being fiery, the second is earthly, to signify this natural alteration. Again the air is intensive moist, and remissive hot, therefore it cannot be dry, but it may lose his heat, and become cold, as the water is, and therefore those 2. signs succeed one an other. I might derive also a reason of this disorder from the several aspects of the signs, which is not to be neglected in the ecliptic, for in this circle they are to be accounted.  P. 
What mean you by that word, aspect, which you say, is to be observed in the signs?  M. 
An aspect is a position of the signs (it is a ●hing incident also to the planets) in a determinate distance of the ecliptic line, from whence they may as it ●ere behold one another.  P. 
Hour many aspects are there?  M. 
Having regard unto the Planets, there are five aspects, for they may be right under one an other, or else ●hey may be in one and the same great circle drawn from the poles of the ecliptic through the centre of ●ach Planet: this aspect is called conjunction, and is expressed with this character ☌. the other aspects are sextile, quadrature, trine, and opposition: these 4. are only in the signs, for the signs are not said to have conjunction. Sextile is an aspect of the signs (or planets) when they are distant one from an other the sixth part of the ecliptic that is 60. degrees, as ♈. and ♊. ♉. and ♋. etc. it is expressed thus. *. Quadrature is an aspect of the signs when they are distant one from an other 90. degrees, which is the fourth part of the ecliptic, as ♈. and ♋. or ♋ and ♎. it is thus expressed □. Trine, which ●s also called trigonal, or triangular, is an aspect of the signs, when they are distant one from an other the third part of the ecliptic, which is 120. degrees, as ♈ and ♌ the character of this aspect is this △. Opposition is an aspect of the Signs when they are distant. 180. degrees, which is half the Ecliptic, so that the one sign is in the one end of the Diameter, and the other sign in the other end: as ♈. and ♎. or ♋. and ♑. this aspect is expressed thus ☍.  P. 
What is the reason that the quintile is exempted?  M. 
If you mark it, there is no aspect hitherto named, but the number, which giveth the denomination thereto, will exactly divide. 12. for so much therefore as 5. from whence the quintile aspect, if there were any such, is to receive his denomination cannot divide. 12 exactly, therefore that aspect is excluded by the Astronomers. Thus much for the quantity, that is the number of the aspects.  P. 
If there be any thing to be said, touching their quality, I pray you let me hear it, it cannot be much besides the text.  M. 
The quality of the aspects is either certain or uncertain. The certain is either good or bad both of them are either perfect or mean. The perfect good aspect is the trine because the signs, which behold one an other in that aspect, agree in both their qualities: as ♈. and ♑. are both hot and dry: as ♉. and ♍. are both dry and cold, etc. The mean good aspect is the Sextile, because the signs placed in that aspect do in quality partly agree, and partly disagree: as ♈. and ♊. agree in heat, but the one is dry the other moist, yet are they not directly opposite. The bad aspects are the Quadrature and the opposition. The uncertain aspect is the conjunction for it is sometimes good, sometimes bad, according to the Planets which meet together. Out of the consideration of these aspects ariseth that disorderly placing of the Signs which was mentioned before. The Astronomers perceiving the contrariety which fell out ●implie now and then in the quartile aspect, that the Signs, which were so placed, did oppugn one the other sometimes in both the qualities, as ♈. and ♋. whereof the one is fiery, the other watery, they could not dispose of the signs in that order as the elements are placed, for by that means the first sign should ne●er have oppugned the fourth in both qualities, but they should always have agreed in the one, which thing was contrary to their observation. Thus have I briefly run thorough those things which are simply to be respected in the ecliptic. Let us now proceed to the Colours.  P. 
What is the reason of that name?  M. 
Colurus properly signifieth Cauda Mancus, maimed in the tail, for these circles (excepting one position and situation of the sphere whereof I will speak hereafter) do always appear unperfect. Their office is this, to distinguish the. 12. Signs, according as they are answerable to the four seasons of the year, for you see them to divide the Zodiac into four parts, whereof the one containeth the Vernal signs, the other the summer signs, etc. Moreover, the Solstitial colour passing through the head of ♋. affordeth us always the two poles of the ecliptic in this manner. If you turn the head of ♋ toward you, this is a certain rule, that look now far the head of Cancer is above the equator, so far is the north pole of the ecliptic beyond the north pole of the world, and the south pole of the ecliptic is so far on this side the South pole of the world. If you turn the head of Capricorn toward you, it falleth out contrariwise.  P. 
I perceive it well, for then the north pole of the ecliptic is on this side the north pole of the world, and the south pole of the ecliptic is beyond the south pole of the world so far as the head of Capricorn is distant from the equator. Where are the poles of the 2. Colours?  M. 
There is no great use of them in the Globe, yet if you desire to know where they be, the former general rules will lead you to them: you shall find the poles of the equinoctial colour to be in the intersections of the equinoctial, and the solstitial colour: and the poles of the solstitial colour to be in the intersections of the equinoctial colour, and the equator 〈◊〉 self. The graduation of the colours in the celestial Globes usually is omitted, but in M. Mollineux his Globe, the equinoctial colour is gratuated from the equator toward each pole of the world the solstitial colour is gratuated from the ecliptic toward each pole thereof, to the intent that the Globe may be ready both for the declination and latitude of the Stars. Let us now come to the Horizon. Wherein you must first understand, that the breadth which is given to the Horizon, or any other circle else generally belonging to the Globe, is not given unto it as an Horizon (for simply as it is an Horizon, or a circle of the sphere, it is a line without any breadth) but the breadth is allowed it for the degrees and other things necessary for the use of the Globe.  P. 
I understand you well, but I pray you express unto me particularly what things these are that are inscribed in the Horizon, and what use they have?  M. 
There are inscribed in the Horizon the 12. s●●nes, the 12. months of the year, and the 32. winds (which are commonly called the points of the Compass) both in english and latin.  P. 
Nay by your leave Sir. I am not yet fully satisfied, I mind to go more particularly to the matter. What degrees are those which are set in the inner side of the Horizon?  M. 
They are the degrees of the 12. signs, and the numbers that stand next unto them are the numbers of the degrees of each several sign from 10. to 10. In the third space next unto the Horizon are set the names of the twelve signs with their characters, the name standeth at the beginning, the character at the end of each sign.  P. 
But what meaneth the character which is in the ●iddest of every sign?  M. 
It signifieth that the sign is the house of that planet, unto whom the character doth belong, as for example, Aries is the house of Mars, Taurus is the house of Venus, etc.  P. 
What is the reason why the first sign is set in the east point of the Horizon, and from thence successively they go about by the North?  M. 
That is done to help the memory of the novice in Astronomy, all the signs from the east, counting about by the North to the West, are those which before I counted the Northern signs, the other are the Southern signs. The partitions which follow the names of the 12. signs, are the days of each several month: next unto them succeed the number of the days belonging to each month.  P. 
But what mean the letters set upon each seu●rall day.  M. 
They are seven letters of the alphabet answerable to the seven days of the week: the letters a● iterated according as the days of the year do requi●● Of these letters, that which is appropriate to the Su●daie, is called the Dominical letter for that year.  P. 
Why? is not every year the same letter appropriate unto the Sunday? these letters keep alway the same days of the month, for A serveth contin● ally the first of januarie, B the second, C the third, & ●  M. 
It is true that the letters are answerable 〈◊〉 those days, yet doth the Dominical letter change eu●●rie year, and in the leap year there is two Dominical letters. The reason why they change is this, there●● in the year one day more than 52. weeks, as you m●● perceive by the letters, for the last of December, and th● first of januarie are marked with one letter. If the● were just 52. weeks, the Dominical letter could neue● change, for than if the first day in the year were Su●day, the last day would be Saturday, and the first day 〈◊〉 the next year continually would be Sunday again, an● A would still be the Dominical letter. But in respect 〈◊〉 the odd day it falleth so out in every common year that the year beginneth and endeth with the same day▪ as if the first of january be Sunday, the last of Decembe● that year is Sunday also, the first of the next year being Monday, the Dominical letter must needs change, and being A, it becometh G, thus much shall suffice for that matter.  P. 
In that space where the number of the days are expressed, I note certain letters to be written, namedst K. N. and I. to what use serve they?  M. 
They signify the manner which the ancient 〈◊〉 manes observed, in expressing the days of every groaneth. They did not count their days from one to 30 or 31. as we do, but they divided their month into three several parts, which were Kalends, Nones, and Ideses, according as the three foresaid letters do import. The first day of every month was called the Kalends, and therefore the letter K. is applied unto it throughout the horizon. The other days of the Kalends, were they more, or less, did not succeed in the same month, but did go before in the former month, and were counted backward. As for example, the Kalends of januarie did not follow the first of januarie, but went before in the month of December in this manner: the last of December which is the 31. day, they called the day before the Kalends: the 30. of December was the third of the Kalends of januarie, the 29. of December was the fourth 〈◊〉 the Kalends of januarie, and so they counted them to the 14. of the month of December, which was the 19 of the Kalends of januarie. Which month had more Kalends, and which had less, may be gathered easily out of the horizon by the place of the letters. Also you may find which month had more Nones, and which had l●sse. The number of the Ideses in every month was e●●●all, namely 8.  P. 
But were the Nones and the Ideses counted backward as the Kalends were?  M. 
Yea, for where you see the letter N stand, that was the first of the Nones. As for example, the 5. of januarie was the first of the Nones of januarie, the last of the Nones was the 2. of januarie, so that the Romans account was contrary to ours. Likewise, the 13 of januarie was the first of the Ideses, the last of the Ideses wa● the sixth of januarie. These things are to be regarded especially by the learned sort, that they may be skilful in the account of the ancient Romans.  P. 
The next space which followeth containeth th● names of the months. I pray you let me have a wo●● or two with you concerning them, because not bein● skilful in the Latin Authors, I cannot satisfy my sel●● in many things, which I would gladly know. Tell 〈◊〉 I pray you hath this number of months been continual, I speak of the Romans.  M. 
No, for Romulus the first King of Rom● counted but 10. months to the year, according to th●● time which a woman beareth her child in her womb Numa Pompilius succeeding him, added other tw● months, namely januarie, and February, so that he●● by he made the months of the year answerable to t●● 12. signs. This number of the months hath continue still.  P. 
Hath the order of them been all one from th● beginning.  M. 
Romulus, who was the first author of th● year, began it at the month of March, in the honour● Mars his father. Numa Pompilius adding two other months, made januarie the first, and February the la●● month of the year, because it was consecrated to th● infernal gods. The Decemuiri afterwards joined januarie and February together, and made February th● second month of the year.  P. 
What is the reason of their unequal quantity?  M. 
It was not possible that they should all be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quantity, because of the motion of the Sun making 〈◊〉 several days of the year, if the Sun had gone unwisely every day one degree of the Ecliptic, then ●●●ht every month of the year have had just 30. da●es, but considering that there is five days more in th● year than there are degrees in the Ecliptic, it is 〈◊〉 possible, but that five months must have one odd ●ai● more.  P. 
But now there are 7. months which have 31. ●●●es, and one month hath but 28.  M. 
It is so: first there were but five months that had 31. days, but julius Caesar took one day 〈◊〉 February to put to julie, that as he thought him●●●● inferior to no man, so his month should have as ●●●y days as any other. Augustus Caesar succee●●●g him, and being as ambitious as his predecessor, ●●h drew an other day from February, and joined it 〈◊〉 his month August, to the end that it might not be ●●●rior to julie in the number of days.  P. 
Have these names of the months continued ●●●m the first beginning?  M. 
No. For the month of julie, because it was the fift from March, was called in old time Quintilis, and August being the sixth, was called Sextilis. Moreover, Domitianus Germanicus Emperor of Rome, ●●●nged the name of September, and called it Ger●●●nicus, because in that month he overthrew the Germans. He changed also the name of October, and called it Domitianus after his own name, but after his decease, those two months received their ancient names again.  P. 
What is the reason of these names?  M. 
The month of januarie hath his name of 〈◊〉 latin word janua, which signifieth a gate, a door, o● entry, because it is the first entrance into the year. 〈◊〉 else it receiveth his name from janus the two fa●● God, to whom this month was consecrated. Feb●arie received his name from the word Februus, wh● was the infernal God, otherwise called Pluto, to who●● in this month the Romans did sacrifice: or else of ●●brua, which were sacrifices, and ceremonies for p●●ging of souls, which in this month especially they ●●fred to the Gods beneath. Some derive it from the w●● Febris, an ague, because in this month they were so●● what rife. March receiveth his name from Mars●● father of Romulus, and God of war, as the Roma● accounted him, and in this month they began th● warlike provision. April, this month was conse●●ted to Venus the mother of Aeneas, from whom 〈◊〉 Romans fet their descent. The Grecians called her 〈◊〉 phrodite, to signify, that she was bred of the foamed the sea, which is by them called aphroes, and from the●● they fet the name of this month, striking out the● calling it Aprill as it were Aphrill. But Varro thinks it more convenient to derive the name from the La●● word aperio, which signifieth to open, because the ea●● beginneth then to be free from the binding force of 〈◊〉 frost, and to send forth the grass and other fruits. 〈◊〉 month of May hath his name derived sundry way● Some will have it taken from the word Maius, that 〈◊〉 jupiter. Others derive it from the Goddess Maiest●● daughter (as the poets will have) of Honour, and Re●●rence, because in this month the first worship of the●● ●●ds began. Others take the name from Maia, the 〈◊〉 of Vulcan, unto whom, Vulcan's high Priest 〈◊〉 sacrifice in the Kalends of May, which is the first of 〈◊〉 month. Others say, this month was so called of ●●●ia the daughter of Atlas, and mother of Mercury 〈◊〉 of Merchants, because in this month the Mer●●●ts offered sacrifice to Mercury, and Maia. Last of 〈◊〉 me affirm, that in this month Romulus divided 〈◊〉 people of Rome in maiores, & minores, that is, 〈◊〉 the elder, and younger sort. Hinc sua maiores tri●●●e vocabula Maio. So that this month received 〈◊〉 ●ame from the maiores, that is, the elder sort. 〈◊〉 hath his name also derived from sundry things, ●●e fetch the name from junius Brutus, by whom, ●●quinius, and the name of the Kings were expulsed ●●me. Others derive the name from juno Moneta, 〈◊〉 whom for her good admonition, and counsel in ●●●ng the fearful earthquake at Rome, the Romances ●●cated a Chapel the first of this month: so that the ●●●eth was called junonius, and afterwards junius, to ●●de the length of the word. Others call it june a ●●●endo of joining, because in this month the Ro●●es and Sabines were joined together in one city. ●●ers take it from Iwenta the Goddess of youth, 〈◊〉 wife of Hercules. Ovid writeth thus, junius a ●●●num nomine dictus adest, that as May was deri●● from the maiores, that is, the elder sort, so june ●●ld be derived from the minores, that is, the younger 〈◊〉 julie is derived from julius Caesar, who was borne 〈◊〉 is month: it was first called Quintilis as I said ●●re. August taketh his denomination from Augu●●● because in that month he greatly augmented the Empire of Rome, and came three times triumphing 〈◊〉 the City. September is so called, because it is Septi●●● a Vere, the seventh from the spring time, at which 〈◊〉 as I noted before the ancient Romans began t●● months. Likewise October is the eight, Nouem●●● the ninth, December the tenth from the Spring. T●● you hear the reason why every month is called by 〈◊〉 name. The great space which is next to the name●● the months contain the names of certain days the which those that are written in the greater Rom● letters, are the names of the festival days observed 〈◊〉 the Church of England.  P. 
What is the general use of placing the sig●● and the months in the Horizon?  M. 
They serve to this purpose, the day b● given to find the place of the Sun in the Ecliptic that is, what sign of the Ecliptic, and what degre●● every sign he doth possess, with his entrance into 〈◊〉 sign: and contrariwise, the degree which the Su● possesseth being known, and the sign to find the 〈◊〉 of the month, the which things are very necessary the use of the Globe. For many questions cannot e●● be answered, except the place of the Sun be know● The day therefore of the month being found out in 〈◊〉 Horizon, the degree which standeth right against 〈◊〉 day is the place of the Sun. But considering that in 〈◊〉 Leap year there is a day more than in the other th● years that went before it, and that day is put in 〈◊〉 ways immediately after the 24. of February, theref●●● in that year after the foresaid 24. day of Februa●● if you seek the place of the Sun, you shall add 〈◊〉 day more than the number of the day is in w●● ●●u seeks the place of the Sun. As for example. If ●●u seek it the eight and twentieth of February, you 〈◊〉 all take the first of March: and if you seek it 〈◊〉 first of March, you shall take the second of ●●rche, etc. For so shall you come nearest to the ●●●th.  P. 
Why then doth not this table afford the pre●●●● place of the Sun?  M. 
No, but it is done to help the novice in astronomy, until he attain unto farther know●●ge in that Art, and this is sufficient for him, be●●●se in common practice he shall never by sense find ●●ifference between this, and the exact place of the ●●nne.  P. 
What mean the names of the months that ●●owe, how chanceth it that they are twice set ●●wne?  M. 
The first of them is the new reformed Al●●nacke of the Romans proclaimed by Gregory Pope 〈◊〉 Rome. The other is that which our Countryman 〈◊〉. hath lately set forth, containing the true compu●●on and reduction of the months to their first and ●●●cient seats, the which were therefore set down in 〈◊〉 Horizon belonging to this Globe, that thereby ●●●ght be seen the difference that is between our Calendar, and that of the new style, and also that we may ●●●dily keep an account according to our own, and ●●●ir Calendar.  P. 
I pray you give me some instructions touching this matter: for I see some Globes that have ●●●yr Horizon described after the new Roman Al●●●nacke (namely, those Globes which were made at Amsterdame, by Ieames Floris) the which tro●bleth me many times, because I cannot reduce them 〈◊〉 our account.  M. 
You see this, that the new Roman Alm●nacke preventeth our 10. days, and the other preventeth our 15. days, one rule applied orderly to th●● both shall be your direction in them: in this mann●● If the day of the month be assigned according to 〈◊〉 account, and you having none other Horizon butt t●● which is made after the new style, would notwithstanding know what degree and sign the Sun possessed add ten days unto the number of the day propounded, and seek that out in the horizon the degree of 〈◊〉 sign which is correspondent to that day is the place 〈◊〉 the Sun. As for example, the 11. of August I desire 〈◊〉 know the place of the Sun by the Horizon made after the new style. I add 10. to the number of the day it makes 21. which number I seek in the Horizon, and rig● against it I find the 27. degree and 30. min. of ♌.  P. 
But put case the question were propounded concerning the 24. of August, if I should put 10. to th● number, it maketh 34. how shall I make answer he●● considering that August hath not so many days?  M. 
If the two numbers added together excee●● the number of the days belonging to the month assigned, take the days of the month assigned from the total sum, the number remaining is the days of th● month following, as in your example 24. and 10. ma●● 34. August hath but 31. days, take them from 34. the 〈◊〉 mainder 3. referreth me to the third of September: th● degree answering unto that day is the place of the Su● Contrary wise, if you know what degree of the Ecliptic the Sun possesseth, and by the Horizon of the ●●●w style you would know what day of the month it is 〈◊〉cording to our account, first seek in the said Horizon 〈◊〉 day opposite to that degree, and if it be possible, subtract 10. from the number, the remainder giveth the day 〈◊〉 the month according to our account: as for exaumple, if against the degree of the Sun you find the 〈◊〉 day of any month, the day upon which the Sun possesseth that degree according to our account, is the 11. 〈◊〉 of the same month.  P. 
But put case I cannot subduct ten from the ●●●mber of the day which standeth against the degree ●●●gned?  M. 
Then add that number to the number of the ●●●es belonging to the month next before it, and sub●●ct 10. from the total sum, the remainder is the 〈◊〉 of the month immediately going before, according ●●●our account. As for example, the day answering to 〈◊〉 degree of the Sun in the Horizon of the new style, ●●●he sixth of August, forsomuch as I cannot subduct 10. ●●●m this number, therefore I add it unto the 31. days 〈◊〉 julie, the total sum is 37. from whence I take 10. 〈◊〉 remainder is the 27. of julie, upon which day the ●●●ne possesseth the same degree (namely, the 13. d. 5. m. 〈◊〉 ♌) which he possessed the sixth of August according 〈◊〉 he new account. This that I have said touching the 〈◊〉 Roman Calendar, may be said of the other next ●●●oyning to it, taking the number 15. for 10. To con●●●de, this is a general rule for you to note, that what ●●gree soever in the Horizon you find the Sun to possess the same degree, must be sought out in the Enigmatic: the which degree we call many times simply the Sun, sometimes we call it the place of the Sunn● and therefore whensoever we say bring the Sunne● the Meridian, or bring the place of the Sun to 〈◊〉 Meridian, etc. our meaning is, that you should bri●● the degree of the ecliptic which the Sun possesseth to the Meridian, or to the Horizon.  P. 
Do these degrees of the signs continually answer to the same days of the month?  M. 
No, but they may serve the turn 24. year, 〈◊〉 30. without great inconvenience. That they do 〈◊〉 keep the same days of the month, you may see● the entrance of the Sun into the equinoctial poin● and into the solstitial points: for the vernal eq●noctiall at the Incarnation of Christ, was the 25. 〈◊〉 March, and the summer solstice was the 24. of Iu●●● The Nicene Council found the vernal equinoctial 〈◊〉 be the 21. of March, and now it is the eleventh of 〈◊〉 said month. The reason of this difference is, in 〈◊〉 julius Caesar's Almanac which we follow, presupp●seth the year to be 365. days and 6. hours, which ●●ing greater than the year of the Sun, it comm●● hereby to pass, that the Solare year preventeth 〈◊〉 year of julius Caesar, and draweth by little and 〈◊〉 nearer unto the first day of the month, so that in 〈◊〉 to come the entrance of the Sun into the head of ●●ries, which is the equinoctial point, will be the first 〈◊〉 March, if there be not a correction used. In the oth●● spaces that follow are set the names of the wind●● which commonly we call the 32. points of the comp●● both in english and latin, to the intent that not only 〈◊〉 learned, but the ignorant also might have use of them 〈◊〉 the latin names the author thought good to follow 〈◊〉. Lemnius, both in respect of the learning of the ●ame, and also because the names which are used by ●hers savour rather of the Italian speech, than of the ●●cient Roman tongue. The use of them is excellent as ●●al be declared hereafter, both for the place of the rising and setting of the fixed stars, and the Sun, and also for their coasting round about the heaven.  P. 
This is one thing that I would feign be resolved 〈◊〉, why in saying the compass as the mariners term 〈◊〉 they begin at the North point, and so go on from ●●ence Eastward, were it not as good to begin at the ●●ast where the Sun always riseth?  M. 
In deed if the Sun did always rise full East, 〈◊〉 were convenient the compass should begin there: ●ut they follow the Sun, and for so much as the vt●rmost rising of the Sun is at the North point of the ●●orizon, and beyond that he cannot rise, as you shall see ●●ereafter, therefore they begin there. Thus much con●●erning those things which are described upon the Horizon of the Globe, whereof the points of the compass ●ust be understood in the Horizon of heaven, and be●●des them certain degrees: for the quarter from the East to the South, from the West to the South, also from the East to the North, and from the West to the North, is to be vn●●●ood to be divided into 90. degrees, the number of which ●●egrees is not usually expressed, because the degrees of ●●e signs next unto the Globe may easily supply them. The reason why each quarter must be understood to be ●●us divided, is the difference which is between the learned & the common mariner. The common mariner seeing a star or the Sun to rise and set, usually nameth the point ●f the compass upon the which it appeared, as, that it riseth East, north-east, or East, and by South. The l●●ned Astronomer he counteth how many degrees th● rise from the East, and how many degrees they set fro● the West, as that the Sun riseth 22. degrees 30. min●● the Northward, or 11. degrees ¼. to the South wa●● Therefore that you may quickly understand them both 〈◊〉 you must accustom yourself to turn the degrees 〈◊〉 each quarter into the points of the Compass, and contrary wise the points of the compass into degrees, 〈◊〉 this manner. The whole circle is divided into 360. degrees, therefore the 32 points of the compass, and 〈◊〉 360. degrees are equal, the quarter of the circle cont●neth 90. degrees, and 8. points of the compass, eu●● point of the compass therefore containeth 11 degr●● two points contain 22. degr. ½. three points conta●● 33. degrees. ¾. four points contain 45. degrees. N●● demand what you think good concerning the Horizon, as it is to be conceived in the heaven.  P. 
I have divers things to ask concerning 〈◊〉 circle, I will fet them out of the definition: which 〈◊〉 this. The Horizon is a great fixed circle of the Glo●● dividing that part of the heaven which is seen, f●●●● that part of the heaven which is not seen. First tell 〈◊〉 what is the reason of the name?  M. 
You observe this, that when you stand 〈◊〉 plain champion country, where there is nothing 〈◊〉 hinder your sight, that round about you there seeme●● circle to be described, which is a representation of 〈◊〉 circle whereof we speak: beyond this circle you● 〈◊〉 nothing, neither doth your sight pass it, but end●● there, whereupon the Grecians have called it the Horizon, of the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is finio, to end, the ●●●●●●es also call if finitor, that is the ender, because it limi●●h our sight.  P. 
You say it is a fixed circle: what meaneth that?  M. 
My meaning is, that it never stirreth nor mo●●●h, as it may be proved by a most certain argument ●●ken from the poles thereof in this manner. The Horizon, as you may perceive by the Globe, cutteth the meridian at right angles, the poles therefore of the Horizon (by that general rule which I gave you at the first) must ●●edes be in the Meridian, the one of them is that point 〈◊〉 the Meridian, or that point of the heaven which is ●●●ht over our head, and is called the Zenith, the other is ●●e point right under our feet, and is called the Nadir: 〈◊〉 then the poles be the points directly above, and directly beneath us where we stand, and no pole can ●●me nearer to his circle in one place than in an other, ●●t is always equally distant on every side from it, it must needs follow, that so long as we stand still, the Horizon must be fixed, for if it should rise upward, it ●ust come nearer, if it should move downward, it ●ust fall farther from the vertical point which is our zenith, and the pole of that circle.  P. 
What then? doth the Horizon move when we move?  M. 
Not so: but that Horizon standeth still, and ●●u transport yourself into another, so that you are ●●yd to change your Horizon.  P. 
Are there then so many Orisons?  M. 
Herein is the difference between the other circles of the Globe before named, and the Horizon, they are but one in the heaven, as one equator, one ecliptic, etc. But the Orisons are infinite, not to be numbered, every man hath his Horizon in truth, yea a● many points as there can be conceived, in the half 〈◊〉 the heaven so many Orisons are to be understood though not sensibly to be discerned in a small space for the sensible alteration of our Horizon can hard●● be perceived in 400. furlongs, which amount unto 〈◊〉 miles.  P. 
You say that the Horizon divideth the heaven, b● how doth it divide it into equal, or into unequal parts  M. 
It is a great circle, therefore it divideth it in●● equal parts.  P. 
When I look round about me standing in 〈◊〉 plain champion field, do I see just the one half of th● heaven?  M. 
Here you must understand, that the Horizon is taken two several ways, the one is called rational 〈◊〉 natural, because it is the true horizon represented by 〈◊〉 horizon of the globe, and not by sense, but by geomet●● call reason, to be comprehended to divide the heaume equally. The other is sensible and apparent: that i● it is that space of the land and sea which our eye sig●● beholdeth, and from thence runneth on unto the heaven. And for so much as the centre of the Horizon is 〈◊〉 our sight, the which is far distant from the centre 〈◊〉 the world, through which the diameter of the true Horizon doth pass, therefore reason telleth us this, tha● it cannot be so great as the other is, and consequently 〈◊〉 cannot divide the heaven into two equal parts: ye● considering that the Globe of the earth in respect of th● heaven is insensible, so that our sight cannot make● sensible distinction between each Horizon, therefore although our reason affirm an unequality, we acc●●nt them equal.  P. 
Have you any thing else to be added touching 〈◊〉 Horizon?  M. 
As the equinoctial is the beginning of all declination, and the ecliptic is the beginning of all latitude i●●he celestial globe, so is the Horizon the beginning of all elevation, altitude, or height. Whatsoever is in the Horizon hath no elevation, whatsoever is above it, hath a● elevation more or less, as hereafter you shall hear. ●●s the beginning also of all depression. In it are counted the amplitude of every thing, that riseth or setteth in the heaven, and the several coasting of the Sun or stars, which is called the Azimuth or vertical circles, etc. But 〈◊〉 us now come to the Meridian. You see that it cutteth the Horizon at right angles, and standeth so upon 〈◊〉 that it leaneth neither to the one hand nor to the o●●er, therefore the poles of it must needs be in the Horizon, in the East and West points thereof. In it are con●●ined the poles of the world, and the poles of the Horizon, which I called before the Zenith, and the Nadir. The degrees thereof are 360. not continued as the degrees of the equator, but are counted from 1. to 90. for so it is most convenient for the raising of the pole, and the equator above the Horizon. The use of it simply considered in itself, is the dividing of the heaven into two equal parts, whereof the one is the East, and the ●ther the West. Whatsoever is toward the rising of the Sun, is the East, whatsoever is toward his setting is the West part of the world, and by it the day is distinguished equally. From it (as you heard before) we begin to account the points of the compass, and the variation thereof.  P. 
Are the Meridian's many in number, or 〈◊〉 there no more than one, as we see in the Globe?  M. 
The Meridian's are not so many as the Ho●●rons in number, yet are they so many, that we m●● term them infinite in respect. Which way soever yo● go the Horizon differeth, because your vertical po●●● differeth, but the Meridian differeth only between 〈◊〉 East and West. If you go North, or South, your Me●dian continually is the same, because your Zenith, 〈◊〉 vertical point is always in the self-same line: so th●● the Meridian's in truth are so many in number as the● are points between the South and North part of th● Globe, as you see it divided by the Meridian, though 〈◊〉 sense they cannot be discerned. Notwithstanding, w●● commonly count those that are of one Shire, or Ci●●● or Town, to be under one Meridian, because the se●sible distinction of one Meridian is not perceived scarcely in 300. furlongs, which are 37. mile's ½. Thus mu●● touching the great circles of the Globe, as they are simply considered by themselves, now of them jointly on● with an other, and first generally without respect ha●● unto any certain position of the Sphere. Here the●● things do offer themselves to be considered, 1. the equal division of the great circles by the Horizon, 2. th● uniform motion of the equator, 3. the declination, 4. the longitude, 5. the latitude, 6. the four cardinal points o● the world, 7. the goodness of the Globe. Howsoever the Globe is situated in the Horizon, be the pole higher o● lower from it, or just in the same, the great circles of the Globe are equally divided by the Horizon, except they be conicident, and hid therewith.  P. 
May they then be hid with the Horizon?  M. 
Yea, there is none of them excepting the Meridian, but in some position of the Sphere it may be just in ●●e Horizon, and covered with it: as thus for example. 〈◊〉 the two poles of the Globe be in the Horizon, the two ●●●ures interchangeably are in the Horizon. If the pole 〈◊〉 razed 66. degrees 30. min▪ above the Horizon, the Ecliptic is sometimes covered therewith, namely, when th●t tropical point, which is next to the pole elevated, ●●mmeth to the North side of the Meridian. Last of all ●●en the pole is in the Zenith equally distinct on every ●●e from the Meridian, then is the equator continually in the Horizon. What is to be noted thereby I will de●●●re unto you hereafter, only mark you my words at 〈◊〉 time. Otherwise the great circles are equally divided 〈◊〉 the Horizon: whereby you shall note this touching 〈◊〉 equator, that whensoever the Sun cometh unto ●●●t circle, the day and the night is of an equal length. ●●●o concerning the Ecliptic you see this, that there 〈◊〉 always six signs above, and six beneath (saving 〈◊〉 that very moment of time, which I spoke of even ●●w) and therefore when any sign doth rise, the opposi●● sign doth always set, as if ♈ arise, ♎ doth set, if ♋ 〈◊〉, ♑ doth arise. And contrary wise, the second thing to be noted, is the uniform rising and setting of the equa●●●▪ which (howsoever the Globe be set) riseth and set●●●● neither faster nor slower at any one time more than 〈◊〉 ●n other, whereupon as I said before it is the measure of all time, the entire revolution of it is the measure of ●4. hours, and the rising of every 15. degrees is the m●● sure of an hour.  P. 
How shall I induce myself to believe this uniform motion of the equator?  P. 
First, the situation of the equator in the midst of the globe between the two poles, may move you t● believe it: even as therefore the motion of the heaven is certain & doth not move but equally, so doth the 〈◊〉 quinoctiall move also. Secondly, it maketh the same angl● with the Horizon in any certain position of the Sphe●● without alteration, which thing the ecliptic doth not▪  P. 
How shall I know that?  M. 
Raise the the pole of the globe as high as yo● please above the Horizon, as for example 50. degree● The angle which the equator maketh with the horizon will be 40. broad, as you may perceive by the degrees 〈◊〉 the meridian intercepted between them both. The turn the globe round, and that angle will still continu● of the same quantity: but the angle which the eclptic● maketh with the horizon will vary diversly. Last of 〈◊〉 the uniform rising and setting of the equator, may 〈◊〉 perceived by the hour circle, for if you place it as yo● were taught before, and apply the index unto twelue● clock, and then mark what degree of the equator is 〈◊〉 the East or West side of the meridian, in moving 〈◊〉 globe, until the Index light upon one a clock, you sh●● find 15. degrees of the equator to rise, and to set, and consequently it will fall out from hour to hour. A● here I must put you in mind of one thing, that for 〈◊〉 much as the equator is the measure of time, the you● students in Astronomy ought diligently to endeavour th● selves to be cunning, and ready to convert the degree minutes, seconds, etc. of the equator, into parts of tim● and contrariwise the parts of time into degrees of the ●quator, the which thing is most easy unto them that 〈◊〉 skilful in the rule of proportion, for if 15. degr. do ye● hour, they may easily infer what 30. or 40. degr. etc. ●●l yield: and again, if 1. hour give 15. degr. what shall 2.3. or 4. hours yield, etc. The third thing which craveth no certain position of the Sphere is the declination, a thing to be noted by all students in Astronomy. Declination is the distance of any thing in the celestial Globe from the equator measured by the degrees of a great circle drawn from the poles of the world.  P. 
But what great circle is that, by whose degrees the declination is to be measured?  M. 
It is that great circle which is drawn from the poles of the world through the centre of that thing whose declination I would know by the globe. But for so much as it were an infinite and an impossible work to draw through every point assigned a circle, therefore we make 〈◊〉 meridian the common instrument to find the declination. So that whether we seek the declination ●●●ny star in the heaven, or whether we seek the de●●●ation of any point assigned in the ecliptic (which forearmed also the declination of the Sun, because the ●●●ne always possesseth one degree or other of the e●●pticke) this is your rule: If you bring the star or any assigned degree of the ecliptic unto the meridian, the degrees of the meridian intercepted between the equator, & the asigned star or degree, express the declination.  P. 
You say that I must bring the star or degree as●●●ned to the meridian, but is it no matter unto which ●ide of the meridian I bring it?  M. 
Yes, it is a great matter. Here therefore you must call to mind that which I told you before, concerning the applying of the hour circle unto the meridian. If the ●●elcree of the globe come through the midst of the meridian, or be applied to the right or left side of the meridian, the star or degree assigned, whose declination yo● would know, must be applied to the Meridian accordingly, either to the midst, to the right or left side there●●▪  P. 
You said before, that the equator was the beginning of all declination, and whatsoever is under th● circle, hath no declination, whereupon I may infer●● this, that the heads of ♈ and ♎ have no declination.  M. 
It is true: but what point soever is either 〈◊〉 the one side, or the other of the equator, it hath a declination according to the denomination of the pole ●●ward which it declineth.  P. 
Then all declination is either Northern or Southern, whether it be of the Sun or Stars. But wh● is the greatest quantity that they may have?  M. 
The terms and limits of the declination as y●● have heard is the equator, and the thing propounde● whose declination you would know. The greatest dec●●●nation therefore of any thing propounded, cannot 〈◊〉 more than 90. degrees, because nothing can be farth●● distant from the equator than 90 degrees, the po●● therefore have the greatest declination, and whatsoe●● it is that cometh nearest unto them, hath a gre●● declination than that which is farther off from the●● whatsoever is nearest the equator, hath the least declination. The chiefest regard of the greatest declination is 〈◊〉 the ecliptic, wherein 2. points have greater declination than all the rest, namely, the heads of ♋ and ♑, whi●● decline according to the latter observations 23. d. 28. 〈◊〉  P. 
Why hath there been a difference found in tha●  M. 
As there hath been a difference found in th● declination of the fixed stars by reason of the moti●● 〈◊〉 the ninth Sphere, so in regard of the motion of trepidation belonging to the eight Sphere, the Sun doth ●●●nge his greatest declination. Ptolemee found the ●●atest declination to be 23. d. 51. min 20. s. Io. Regio●●●ntanus avouched it to be 23. d. 30. min. Copernicus' pronounced it to be 23. d. 28. m. All the other points of 〈◊〉 ecliptic are of a lesser declination, according as they are nearer to the equinoctial, and in them this is a general rule, that those points of the ecliptic which 〈◊〉 opposite, or equally distant from the equinoctial points have equal declination, as ♉ and ♏. being opposite, item ♉ and ♓. or ♉ and ♍. which are of equal ●●stance from the equinoctial points, have equal declination.  P. 
Hitherto you have made the Meridian the ●●mmon measurer of the declination: but may I not ●●de it otherwise?  M. 
Yes you may find it by your compasses more precisely in this manner: set one foot of your compasses in any star propounded, or in any degree of the ecliptic, whose declination you desire, and turn the other foot of them to the equator, or any other circle parallel unto the equator, putting the said foot out, or pulling it in, until you do but touch the circle. Then app●●e your compasses to the equinoctial line, and observe the number of degrees intercepted between them, for they express the declination.  P. 
What commodity doth the knowledge of the declination bring?  M. 
First, it helpeth us to find the height of the pole, as I will teach you hereafter when I speak of the height of the stars and Sun. Secondly, it bringeth us to the knowledge of the place of the Sun. Last of a●● it bringeth forth the day of the month.  P. 
Tell me the declination being known (as s● example, suppose I know the Sun to decline 11. de●● 30. m.) how shall I find the place of the Sun?  M. 
Forsomuch as 4. mean points of the ecliptio● have equal declination (as I said even now) there m●●● therefore consideration be had of the time of the yea●● as, whether the Sun be supposed to have this declination in the spring, or in the summer, etc. For the declination propounded, must be sought out only in that p●●● of the ecliptic which is correspondent to the season than is your rule this: if the quarter of the ecliptic 〈◊〉 swerable to the season propounded, be applied to 〈◊〉 meridian, the degree of the ecliptic, which falleth 〈◊〉 under the assigned declination, is the place of the Sun●● so if it be spring time, the Sun declining 11. d. 30. 〈◊〉 must needs possess the head of ♉. if it be summer, 〈◊〉 possesseth the head of ♍ etc.  P. 
Hereby me thinketh I could answer the 〈◊〉 proposition myself.  M. 
Let me see: the declination of the Sun be●● given, how can you find the day of the month?  P. 
If the degree which the Sun possesseth being fo●● out by the former proposition, be sought for afterwards in the horizon of the Globe, the day of the mon● which standeth right against it, is the day required, 〈◊〉 for example, the Sun in the Spring time declineth 〈◊〉 d. 30. m. by the former proposition I find his place to 〈◊〉 the head of ♉. unto the which in the horizon of t●● globe I find the end of the tenth of April to answer▪  M. 
You say true: the fourth thing which craue●● 〈◊〉 certain position of the Globe is the Longitude: this ●ay belong to any point assigned in the Globe, but generally we seek the longitude either of the Stars, or of the degrees of the ecliptic, whereby also we count ●●e longitude of the Sun. The beginning of longitude is the head of ♉, the circle wherein it is counted ●nd measured is the ecliptic. The extremity or end of the longitude in respect of the Stars which are distant from the ecliptic toward either pole thereof, is ●●at point of the ecliptic, upon which, that great ●●cle lighteth, which is drawn from the poles of the ecliptic through the centre of the star. But in re●●●ct of the ecliptic itself, or in regard of any star, 〈◊〉 the sun supposed to be in the ecliptic, the end or ●●●it of longitude is that degree, which the sun or star is supposed to possess. Hereupon we define the ●●●gitude thus. The longitude is an ark of the ecliptic, contained according to the natural succession of the signs between the head of ♈, and that great circle, ●hich is drawn from the poles of the ecliptic, through the point assigned in the Globe. Hear you must note this, that forsomuch as the head of ♈ is the beginning of all longitude, therefore whatsoever is contained under the half of that great circle, which is ●●●wen from the one pole of the ecliptic through that ●●int unto the other, hath no longitude at all. The other ●●ints assigned in the globe, may increase in longitude ●●to 360. degrees, than the which there can be no greate●, because they are the degrees of the whole ecliptic.  P. 
You say, that the longitude is an ark of the ecliptic, but how shall I express it: as for example. 〈◊〉 I be demanded of the Longitude of the Star called the Lion's heart, what shall I say, that it is an ar●●● of the ecliptic, & c? me thinketh that were somewh●● absurd.  M. 
If you should answer so your answer we●● true: but for your instruction note this, that when 〈◊〉 be demanded of the Longitude of the Sun or starr● we make answer two several ways, sometimes by 〈◊〉 degrees of the sign upon which the great circle falle● which is drawn from the poles of the ecliptic throu●● the centre thereof: so we say, that the Longitude of 〈◊〉 Lion's heart is the 23. d. 43. m. of Leo. Sometimes 〈◊〉 answer by the continual succession of the degrees contained in the ark of the ecliptic, for we say the Lio● heart hath Longitude 143. d. 43. m.  P. 
But the degrees of the ecliptic are not 〈◊〉 down in continual succession upon the Globe.  M. 
It is true, and therefore the Longitude vp●● the Globe is not found, but according to the signs, 〈◊〉 their degrees. Yet if for every whole sign you co●● 30. degrees, and unto that sum add the odd degre● and minutes remaining, if there be any, the total is 〈◊〉 Longitude according to the continual succession, as 〈◊〉 example, the Lion's heart is in the 23. d. 43. m. of Leo. ●●fore Leo there are 4. whole signs, therefore I take fo● times 30. which make 120. unto which I add the o●● degrees, and minutes remaining, which are 23. d. 43. 〈◊〉 the total sum 143. d. 43. m. is the Longitude, according to the continual succession of the degrees.  P. 
You said, that in finding the declination, 〈◊〉 meridian circle is a fit and convenient instrument: 〈◊〉 what shall we have to find the longitude.  M. 
It were convenient for this purpose and for 〈◊〉 latitude whereof I am to speak, to have a semicircle ●●●de fast to each pole of the ecliptic when occasion ●●●uld serve, divided into 180. degrees, so that the quar●●●●rom the ecliptic to each pole should contain 90. ●●●erwise you must use the quadrant of altitude, appling the 90. degree thereof unto the pole of the eclip●●●●e, and bringing the edge of the quadrant through 〈◊〉 centre of the star. But if you could so order the ●●●ter that the Globe might be taken off from the me●●●●an, and the poles of the ecliptic fastened thereto ●●●he poles of the equator are, than were it most commodious for this purpose, and for the finding of the la●●●●de of the stars, which is the fift general thing to be ●●●ed in the use of the Globe, without any certain po●●●n regarded.  P. 
What is the Latitude?  M. 
I told you, that as the equator was the beginning of all declination, so is the ecliptic the beginning ●●●ll latitude in the celestial Globe. Whatsoever there●●● is just under the ecliptic, hath no latitude, as the ●●●ne who keepeth always underneath it. The lati●●●e than which is afforded by the celestial Globe, is of 〈◊〉 stars that are not under the ecliptic, it is defined 〈◊〉. Latitude is the distance of a star from the eclip●●●●e measured by the degrees of a great circle drawn 〈◊〉 the poles of the ecliptic through the centre of 〈◊〉 star propounded.  P. 
Therefore if I take the quadrant of altitude, or the half circle, which you spoke of before, and apply it to the poles of the ecliptic, bringing it close to 〈◊〉 star assigned, the degrees which are contained ●●●weene the ecliptic, and the star, express the latitude thereof. But put case I wanted both of the●● might I not find the Latitude by the Compasses?  M. 
Yes in such manner as I taught you to fin●● the declination. If you set one foot of your compa●●● in the centre of the Star, and take the shortest extension (as we call it) between the said centre and the ecliptic, the degrees of the equator contained between the feet of your Compasses afford the Latitude, 〈◊〉 which must be pronounced to be either North or So●●● according as it leaneth to the Poles. What Star s●●uer leaneth from the ecliptic toward the North p●●● hath North latitude, and what soever leaneth tow●●● the South pole, hath South latitude.  P. 
What use hath the longitude and the latitude  M. 
They serve to find out the Stars of the Glo●● which are easily found if I know these two things 〈◊〉 I apply the quadrant of altitude to the pole of the ecliptic either North or South as the denomination 〈◊〉 the Latitude doth direct me, and bring the end the●● to the degree of Longitude, the Latitude being coun●●● in the quadrant, will bring me directly to the place● the Star. Moreover, we cannot so conveniently 〈◊〉 the celestial Globe, or rather we cannot make it a●●● without the knowledge of the longitude and latitud●● the Stars.  P. 
You have taught me how to find out the de●●●nation longitude, and latitude of the Stars, so 〈◊〉 forth as they are inscribed in the Globe. Now put 〈◊〉 that I should find in the heaven some Star which 〈◊〉 not in the Globe, may I notwithstanding by the Gl●●● find out the longitude, latitude, and declination of 〈◊〉 Star?  M. 
Yea that you may. Can you tell how to find 〈◊〉 distance of Stars?  P. 
Yea that I can, I learned it at your Lecture when 〈◊〉 read your book concerning the use of the cross ●●●fe, and there it is set down.  M. 
Then when you espy any star in heaven not ●●●ressed in the celestial globe, first make choice of two ●●●res in a reasonable distance from that which you espy, ●●●e any two, it maketh no great matter which, only ●●●y must not be in a right line with the star seen, but ●●her choose them in a triangle. Secondly, take the distance of each star from the star newly seen: Thirdly▪ find out those two stars upon your Globe, which 〈◊〉 made choice of in the heaven, then extending your ●●●passes at several times, unto so make degrees of the ●●●ator, as the several distance of each star doth re●●●re. Set the one foot of your Compasses in the one ●●●re, whose distance was first taken, and according to 〈◊〉 distance make a circumference either upward or downward, according as the situation of the star ●●wly found out doth admonish you. Also set the foot 〈◊〉 your Compass in the star whose distance was ●●●nd out at the second time, and according to that ●●●●nce make an other circle which shall cross the for●●● in one place or an other, the intersection of those 〈◊〉 circles is the true place of the star, whose declina●●●●, longitude and latitude may be found by the rules ●●●e said.  〈◊〉 
I perceive your meaning, the practice of it will be delightsome, proceed now I pray you to the sixth thing 〈◊〉 ●e noted in the circles of the Globe, considered ●●tlie one with an other, without any certain position of the Globe, which is the finding of the four cardinal points.  M. 
This is certain, that where the meridian cu●teth the Horizon, there are the two cardinal poin● which are called the North and South: and where t●● equator cutteth the Horizon, there are the other 〈◊〉 which are called the East and West: so that if by 〈◊〉 help of the needle touched with the Load stone y●● turn the fore part of the meridian to the Southwar● the four cardinal points will appear, howsoever 〈◊〉 pole of the Globe be raised more or less above the Horizon, so that it be not made your Zenith.  P. 
Why do you put in that caveat?  M. 
They that dwell under either pole, have 〈◊〉 equator just in their Horizon, so that it maketh no intersection with the Horizon, and therefore in that ●●spect they cannot say that this place or that place is i● East or West, but which way soever they look, i● South unto them. The last general thing to be noted 〈◊〉 the circles, is the goodness of the material Globe it se●●● And here I must tell you this, that concerning a●● Globes, which our countryman hath made, the bo●● upon which the printed papers are pasted, is most perfectly round, as by the trial I have found them, and 〈◊〉 therefore to say it, that he may receive commendations for his pains, and artificial handling of the sa●● If there be a fault, it is either in the papers or in the Horizon or meridian: which whether it be, the circles 〈◊〉 bewray it, in this manner. If the great circles which 〈◊〉 drawn from the poles of the world, being applied 〈◊〉 the meridian, do not precisely answer it, and fall i● underneath it, without bowing one way or an oth●● ●●ere is a fault in the pasting of the papers, or else the ●●ridian itself is crooked. The papers cannot be hol●●, the meridian may. If the equator, in the revolution 〈◊〉 ●he Globe, do not keep just under the middle of the ●●●idian where the degrees begin, there is a fault in the 〈◊〉 be, for it is a sign, that it sinketh down to much ●●●ard the nethermost pole, or else is raised to high ●●●ard the uppermost pole. If the equator in the reuo●●●on of the Globe do not rise and fall just upon the 〈◊〉 and West point of the Horizon, there is a fault as ●●●ore, or else the papers are not pasted just in a circle. 〈◊〉 ●he just half of the meridian be not above and be●●●th the Horizon, there is a fault, either in the Hori●●● itself, which warpeth, or else in letting of the me●●●an into the Horizon, which may be remedied either ●●raysing it higher, or letting it sink lower. If the Ho●●●on do not cut the equator into two equal pieces, ●●●re is the same fault in the Globe also, except the Ho●●●on warp. Thus have I delivered as briefly as I ●●●ld those things which are to be considered in the ●●at circles of the Globe jointly one with an other, ●●hout regard had unto any certain position of the ●●ere, it remaineth therefore now to speak of them ●●●ey require a certain position which we commonly 〈◊〉 the rectifying of the Globe.  P. 
What is it to rectify the Globe?  M. 
To rectify the Globe is so to situate it, that it ●●●y be answerable to the heaven, so that the meridian 〈◊〉 ●he Globe, the poles and axle-tree, with the Horizon, 〈◊〉 answerable to the same circles in the heaven, whe●●●r it be a right Sphere as we term it, or a crooked.  P. 
What mean you by a right Sphere & a crooked?  M. 
You see this, that howsoever you place 〈◊〉 Globe in the Horizon, the equinoctial either make● an angle with the Horizon, or is parallel unto it, a● falleth just within it. If it make an angle with the Horizon, the angle is either right or obliqne. According 〈◊〉 this angle the Sphere is called either right or obliqne A right Sphere is that wherein the equinoctial and 〈◊〉 Horizon cut one an other at right angles: therefore the poles of the equinoctial (which are the poles of t●● world) are in the Horizon, and contrariwise, the poles 〈◊〉 the Horizon are in the equinoctial, so that the equinoctial passeth both directly over our head, and under 〈◊〉 feet. The Horizon in regard of this concourse at rig●● angles with the equator, is called also a right Horizon And here you are to note this diligently for your ease● using of the Globe, that the meridian may supply 〈◊〉 place of a right horizon, because it hath all the properties thereof. For as the Horizon of a right Sphere cu●teth the equinoctial at right angles, so doth the meridian, as the poles of the world are in the right Horizon so are they in the meridian: as the right horizon di●deth all the circles of the Globe, be they great, or li●● into two equal parts, so doth the meridian: whereupon we take this for a general rule, that what conclusion● ever in the use of the Globe is to be tried by the horizon of the right Sphere, the same may with lesser trouble 〈◊〉 tried by the meridian.  P. 
By that which you have spoken of a right Spher●● I may easily gather what an obliqne (or as we tearm●● it) a crooked Sphere is, I think I may rightly define 〈◊〉 obliqne Sphere to be that, wherein the equator make●● an obliqne angle with the horizon: whereupon th● 〈◊〉 needs follow as a consequent, that one of the ●●s is always above the horizon, and the other be●●h, either more or less.  M. 
You say true: and therefore this also doth ensue, 〈◊〉 an obliqne Sphere may admit all the degrees of ●●●parison, that is, it may be obliqne, it may be more ●●●que, it may be most obliqne. It is obliqne when the 〈◊〉 is raised never so little above the horizon: it is most ●●●que when the pole is raised most above the horizon, 〈◊〉 is, when the pole is in our Zenith, and the equi●●●tiall is coincident with the horizon. The horizon in ●●●rd of this obliqne angle made with the equator, is ●●ed also an obliqne horizon. Moreover, you must ●●e this, that whether the Sphere be right or crooked, ●●arre as the equinoctial is distant from the horizon, ●●●rre is the pole of the equinoctial distant from the 〈◊〉 of the horizon which is our Zenith. And again, ●●arre as the Zenith is from the equator, so far is the ●●e from the horizon. If the equinoctial be 90. de●●es above the horizon, the Zenith is 90. degrees di●●t from the poles of the equator. If the equator be 〈◊〉 degrees above the horizon, the Zenith is 30. degrees ●●●ue the pole. If the equator and the horizon do ●●●se one with an other, the pole and the Zenith are 〈◊〉 ●he one point.  〈◊〉. 
What am I to learn by this for mine instruction?  M. 
Hereby you may learn how to set the quadrant ●●altitude in his due place: for if from the pole upward you count so many degrees of the meridian, as 〈◊〉 contained between the equator, and the horizon: 〈◊〉 otherwise, if from the equator upward you count 〈◊〉 many degrees of the meridian, as are contained between the pole and the Horizon, there is the 〈◊〉 place unto which you must fasten the said quadran●  P. 
Let us now return from whence we departed Tell me I pray you, is it always requisite that the Glo●● should be in situation just correspondent to the fac● the heaven?  M. 
No. In most conclusions it is only requisite that the pole of the Globe should be raised accord 〈◊〉 to the pole of the heaven, for otherwise we cannot ●●●taine to the truth of the question. But the setting of●● Globe due North and South by the help of the nee● or the setting of it level by the plummet line, are 〈◊〉 always necessary, when they are necessary, I will 〈◊〉 you hereafter. The height of the pole must either given, or be sought out.  P. 
I perceive your meaning. Now to the purp●●● concerning the use of the circles of the Globe, when 〈◊〉 Globe requireth a certain position, or as you calle● a rectifying, with which circle shall we begin?  M. 
With the Horizon, for either in that, or fro● that most of the propositions do arise. First of all let 〈◊〉 call in question the rising and setting of the Sun 〈◊〉 Stars: the rising and setting of the Star is to 〈◊〉 gathered by the Star itself, the rising the setting 〈◊〉 the Sun is to be gathered by the degrees of the ecliptic.  P. 
When is a Star, or the Sun said to rise & se●●  M. 
If the centre of the Sun or Star commi●● from the inferior Hemisphere do mount above our Horizon, he is said to arise. If descending from the supper i● Hemisphere, his centre falleth beneath our Horizon, 〈◊〉 is said to set. If mounting upward, or descending downward, the centre doth but touch the Horizon, 〈◊〉 is said then neither to rise nor set, but is rising.  P. 
Go to then, answer me to this, any elevation 〈◊〉 ●he pole being given, how shall I find by the Globe ●●at stars do arise and set, what stars never set, and ●●at stars never rise?  M. 
Rectify your Globe, that is, raise the pole of 〈◊〉 Globe according to the elevation assigned, so shall 〈◊〉 presently answer yourself by the revolution of 〈◊〉 Globe. If both the poles be in the Horizon, you ●●ll see every star and every degree of the ecliptic 〈◊〉 ●rise and set. If one of the poles be in your Zenith, ●●u shall see all the stars and degrees of the ecliptic ●●●m the equator upward never to set, and contrariwise ●●●se that are from the equator downward never to 〈◊〉. If the pole be raised 66. d 30. m. you shall see all the ●●●res from the one tropic upward never to set, and ●●●m the other tropic downward never to rise, and 〈◊〉 Sun being in the tropic next to the pole that is ●●●uated, doth but touch the Horizon with his centre, 〈◊〉 being in all other places of the ecliptic, he doth 〈◊〉 the rise, and set. To conclude, this is a general rule to 〈◊〉 gathered out of the declination. If the declination ●●●●er of the Sun or Star be lesser than the compleasant of the height of the pole, the Sun and Star a●●●th and setteth. If the declination be greater, they ne●●● set, or else never arise. If the declination be equal, ●●ey touch the Horizon, but never set, or else never a●●●●. The next thing to be considered in the Horizon is 〈◊〉 ascension and descension of the Sun or Stars, ●●●h the difference thereof. Ascension is the portion of 〈◊〉 equator contained (the orderly succession of the degrees being observed) between the head of ♈, a● the horizon, at the time of the rising of the Sun, 〈◊〉 Star. Descension is the portion of the equator contained in like manner between the head of ♈, and th● horizon, at the time of the setting of the Sun 〈◊〉 Star. Therefore whatsoever is in the horizon wi●● the head of ♈, hath neither ascension or descension Ascension and descension is either right or crooked otherwise called obliqne. Right ascension is the portion of the equator contained between the head of Ari●● and the meridian, at the time of the coming of a●● either sun or star unto the meridian. Descension may be defined in the same manner by the departing from the meridian.  P. 
How cometh it to pass that you define th● right ascension by the meridian and not by the horizon, as you did generally define it before?  M. 
I define it by the meridian, because I would ha●● you remember that which I told you before, namel● that the meridian of the Globe may very fitly supply 〈◊〉 place of the horizon in a right sphere. Therefore if y●● would know the right ascension of the sun or starre● bring the degree of the ecliptic which the sun possesseth, or else bring the star assigned to the meridian and there observe what portion of the equator is contained between the head of ♈ and the meridian, 〈◊〉 that is the right ascension. Hear this is to be no●● that the right ascension and descension are always on● for the same degree of the equator which cometh 〈◊〉 the meridian, the same degree goeth from the meridian with the sun or star. Moreover, there is no degre● of the ecliptic, nor no star, but it hath a right ascen●●●, and descension, excepting those which were gene●●● excepted before, namely, those which are just vn●●● the meridian with the head of ♈.  P. 
By your words I gather, that the obliqne ascen●●●● is the portion of the equator contained between 〈◊〉 head of ♈, and the horizon of an obliqne sphere, at ●●●rising of the sun or stars. Descension also may 〈◊〉 ●efined in the same manner by the setting. So that if ●●sire to know the obliqne ascension, I must bring the ●●●●ee of the ecliptic, or else the star assigned to the ●●●●zon, and there observe what portion of the equator contained between the head of ♈ and the horizon, 〈◊〉 that on the East side of the horizon is the obliqne ●●●nsion, on the West side it is the descension.  M. 
You say right. And here note this, that the ●●●que ascension and descension are never the same. 〈◊〉 some stars and the sun likewise have neither ●●●ension or descension, namely, when they neither rise 〈◊〉 set.  P. 
What is the difference of ascension which you ●●●red before?  M. 
In searching out the right and crooked as●●●sion, you shall find this continually to be true, that of ●ne and the same sign or star the several ascensi●● never agree: the one is always either greater, or ●●●r than another: therefore having found out the ●●●t and crooked ascension of any one star, subduct 〈◊〉 lesser from the greater, the degrees of the equator ●●●ch remain, is called the difference of ascen●●●●.  P. 
To what end serveth this ascension, and difference of ascension whereof you speak?  P. 
It serveth to divers purposes, whereof I sh●● make mention hereafter, now let us follow the mat●● which we have in hand. We use in the Horizon to observe with what degree of the ecliptic any Sta●● doth arise or set, which thing is done only by mou●● the Globe up and down, until the Star assigned co●meth to the East or West side of the Horizon, the degree of the ecliptic which is then in the Horizon, 〈◊〉 the degree required.  P. 
By this means also I may know what degr●● cometh to the meridian, for if I bring the Star propounded to the meridian, the degree of the ecliptic which is under the meridian with the star, is the ●●gree required. But what doth the knowledge of 〈◊〉 avail me?  M. 
Hereby you may learn upon what day of 〈◊〉 very month every Star is to be seen rising or s●●ting, or in the meridian at midnight, in this manne● Bring the Star propounded to the East side of the Horizon, mark what degree of the ecliptic is in the Horizon with it when the Sun shall possess the oppo●● degree, that day shall the assigned star arise at the ●●ting of the Sun.  P. 
But how shall I know that day?  M. 
I told you before, that whensoever there any degree of the ecliptic assigned, it must be sou● out in the Horizon, and right against it you shall fin●● the day of the month wherein the sun possesseth th● degree. Take an example: the little dog ariseth in o● Horizon with the 5. d. 30. m. of Leo, the degree oppose to this in the west side of the Horizon, is the 5. d. 30. m Aquarius, the sun possesseth that degree as I perce● ●he Horizon the 16. of Januarie, therefore upon that ●●at the setting of the Sun the little dog ariseth ●●e Horizon. Contrariwise, bring any Star to the 〈◊〉 side of the Horizon, mark the degree of the e●●●icke which cometh to the Horizon with it: ●●●n the Sun possesseth the opposite degree, on that ●●at the rising of the Sun the said Star shall set in 〈◊〉 West. And here is the first means offered to find 〈◊〉 elevation of the pole. This is certain, that there is 〈◊〉 elevation wherein one and the same Star ariseth or ●●●eth with the same degree of the ecliptic with ●●●ch it riseth, and setteth in an other elevation, but a Star in each several elevation of the pole, hath ●●uerall degree of the ecliptic, with which it riseth 〈◊〉 setteth every day. If the lesser dog arise in one ●●e with the head of Leo, in an other place he ariseth 〈◊〉 the 10. or 20. of Leo. Therefore if you can observe 〈◊〉 Star rising in the Horizon when the Sun doth 〈◊〉 or setting in the Horizon when the Sun doth a●●●● note the day of the month in the Horizon, and the degree of the ecliptic answerable to that day: find out also the opposite degree, then if you noted the Star to arise, bring the Star to the East side of the Horizon, and raise or depress the pole of the Globe, until the ●●●●re and the degree of the ecliptic fall both together in the Horizon, for than shall the pole of the ●●●be be at his true elevation.  P. 
If I noted the Star to set, I must work this conclusion on the West side of the Globe.  M. 
It is so. Moreover, if you note with what degree any Star cometh to the Meridian, seek out the opposite degree, when the Sun possesseth that degree, then at midnight you shall see the star in the meridian: but we cannot from hence infer the elevation of the pole, because every where be the pole higher or lower, the stars continually come to the meridian with the self-same degree of the ecliptic. Hear is occasion offered to deliver unto you the cosmical, achronical, and helical rising and setting of the signs and stars, which are not to be neglected of young students, especially such as are conversant in reading of the Poets, because in many places they can hardly be understood, without the knowledge of these things, Cosmical rising and setting of the stars generally taken, is their ascending and descending at any hour of the day whatsoever. Likewise, we define generally the Achronical rising and setting of the signs and stars to be their ascending and descending in the night. But properly they are applied to that time only at which the Sun doth arise or set. Therefore the degree which the Sun possesseth being applied to the East side of the horizon, the sign or stars which are then on the East side of the horizon with the Sun, are said to arise Cosmicallie, and they which at the same time are in the West side of the horizon, are said to set cosmically. Furthermore, the degree which the Sun possesseth, being brought to the West side of the horizon, the sign or stars that are on that side with the said degree, do set Achronicallie (that is by interpretation in the edge of the night) and they on the other side arise achronically. Whereby this appeareth, that what sign or stars soever arise cosmically, the same do set achronically, and contrariwise. Likewise what star or sign soever riseth achronically, the same do set cosmically, and contrariwise. The helical rising of the stars is their appearance after they have been hidden by the beams of the sun. The helical setting of the stars is the hiding by the beams of the Sun. For this you must note, that the Sun moving from the West to the East, doth by little and little gather upon the stars which are Eastward from him, and coming near unto them within some 15. degrees, little more or less, according to the quantity of the stars, by his brightness he obscureth their light, and then are they said to set helically. Afterwards the Sun keeping on his course, leaveth the stars to be seen toward the West, then are they said to rise helically. By the Globe you shall gather the helical rising and setting thus, turn the degree which the Sun possesseth to the East side of the horizon, the stars which are a little above it, are those which are risen helically, for the Sun hath left them to be seen before his rising. Again, turn the degree which the Sun possesseth to the West side of the horizon, the stars which are a little above it, are those which are ready to set helically, for the Sun will come upon them from the West. The next thing to be noted, is the amplitude of the Sun or stars.  P. 
Tell me what it is, how it is divided, what use it hath?  M. 
The amplitude is to be consider at the instant time of the rising and setting of the Sun or stars, and not else. The amplitude is the distance of the Sun or stars from the true East or West measured by the ark of the horizon. Therefore you must bring the place of the Sun (that is the degree of the ecliptic which the Sun possesseth) or the star assigned to the East or West side of the horizon, according as the time requireth, then mark how many degrees of the Horizon are contained between the Sun, or the Star, and the true East or West point of the Horizon, for those degree● express the amplitude. Amplitude is either North or South. North amplitude is the ark of the Horizon counted from the true East or West Northward. South amplitude is to the Southward. The seafaring men keep account as I told you before by the points of the Compass, but it is better to observe the amplitude by degrees. The Sun or Stars under the equator have no amplitude, because that circle always riseth and setteth full East and West: for the other points of heaven this is general, that those which have equal declination, have equal amplitude, be it to the North, or to the Southward. In a right Sphere the declination and amplitude of the Sun and Stars is of one quantity, so that knowing the one, I know the other: therefore if at any time in travailing, we find the declination and amplitude of the Sun or Stars to agree together, it is a certain sign that we are then under the equator, and our Zenith is just in that circle.  P. 
Then may I infer this also, that for so much as the meridian of a right Sphere, & the Horizon may be counted as one, if the distance of the Sun or Stars from one Zenith be equal unto their declination, we are just under the equinoctial.  M. 
You say true: in any obliqne Sphere the declination and amplitude of the Sun or Stars doth always differ, for the amplitude doth exceed the declination, yet is it never more than 90. degrees. Where the pole is elevated (as you may perceive by the Globe) 66. d. 30. min. the amplitude of the Sun in the tropical points, is 90. degrees. Where the pole is in our Zenith, there is no account made of the amplitude, because there is neither rising nor setting of the stars. The use of the amplitude is in the finding of the elevation of the pole. Each several star in each several elevation, hath a peculiar amplitude, so also have the several degrees of the ecliptic, whose declination doth differ. Therefore the amplitude of the Sun or star being known, if you bring them to the horizon, and raise the pole of the Globe, or depress it, until the star or Sun come to his just amplitude, the pole shall have his true election.  P. 
Me thinketh contrariwise I may infer this: the amplitude being known, and the pole having his due elevation, to find the degree which the Sun possesseth: for that degree which toucheth that amplitude, ●s the degree of the ecliptic fought for.  M. 
You say well: but considering that two several degrees in the North part, and two in the South have equal declination, and therefore equal amplitude, you must in answering this question have an eye to the ●ime of the year, that you may make choice of the sign which is correspondent to the season, according as it hath been noted heretofore. Moreover, the amplitude either of the Sun or Stars being known, and the pole of the Globe being raised as it ought to be, you may find the variation of the compass in this manner. Pitch your compass in some convenient place, take the amplitude of the Sun, or any other star arising or setting, then bring the degree of the ecliptic which ●he Sun possesseth or the star observed, unto the horizon of your Globe, if the amplitude found out be correspondent to that which the Globe affordeth, then hath your compass no variation, otherwise the variation is so much, as the difference between the observation made with your compass & the Globe amounteth unto.  P. 
But how would you have the compass framed, for the performance of the conclusion?  M. 
You may take any how so ever they be made, but for the young beginner that compare is fittest which hath the Needle set just under the North and South point.  P. 
I pray you tell me this: the pole being raised as it ought to be, how shall I find at what time the Sun or any other star ariseth.  M. 
The readiest way to perform this is by the rectifying of the index belonging to the hour circle.  P. 
How is the index to be rectified?  M. 
The degree which the Sun possesseth being brought to the Meridian of your Globe, and you● hour circle being fastened to the Meridian orderly, 〈◊〉 you place the index upon 12. a clock, then is the inde● said to be rectified. This thing you shall note diligently, that there be no more repetition made thereof when soever the mention shall be made rectifying the index of your Globe. The index being rectified if you bring the degree of the Ecliptic which the Su● possesseth to the Horizon the index will express the time of his rising or setting, according as it is applied either to the East or West side of the Horizon. Likewise the index being rectified if you bring any Starr● assigned to the East or west side of the Horizon, yo● shall find the time when it riseth or setteth.  P. 
But put case I wanted mine hours circle, and th● index, may I not find the time of the suns rising and ●etting otherwise?  M. 
Yes, you may find it by the difference of ascension as I will teach you hereafter. Thus much concer●ing those things which are to be observed when the Sun or Stars are in the Horizon. Now let us come to those things which are to be noted when the Sun or stars are either above or beneath the Horizon. Among the which, the first to be considered is the altitude of the Sun or Stars.  P. 
I pray you let me have your instruction in this ●atter, for I take it to be a thing expedient to be known, because I hear many men brag of their cunning in taking the altitude of Sun and Star.  M. 
The Horizon is the beginning of all altitude height or elevation: therefore what soever is in the ho●zon hath no altitude, height, or elevation. The extremi●●e of all altitude is the Zenith, for nothing can be higher above the Horizon than that point, which being 90. degrees above the Horizon is equally distant from it ●n every side. Moreover this you must understand, ●hat from the Zenith to each several point of the Ho●zon a great circle may be drawn, which because they ●ome from the vertical point, are therefore called ver●call circles, in some one of these circles is the altitude to be counted, whereupon we define the altitude to be the distance of the Sun or Star from ●he Horizon, expressed by the degrees of the vertical ●●rcle, which is drawn from the Zenith through the cē●r of the Star propounded. The instrument serving ●or this purpose is the quadrant of altitude which must ●ee fastened as you were taught before unto the Zenith.  P. 
How shall I find the altitude thereby?  M. 
Lay the quadrant of altitude upon the place o● the Sun, or any other degree of the ecliptic; o● upon any star, and observe the degrees contained between it and the horizon, for they generally express● the altitude required, the Sun or star being supposed to be in such or such a place of the heaven. The altitude of the Sun or star is either meridian, or intermeridian. The meridian altitude is the distance between the star and the horizon, when the star i● just in the meridian, the quantity whereof is expressed by the degrees of the meridian circle. Therefore if you bring either the Sun or star assigned to the meridian, you shall find the meridian altitude thereof, the pole of the Globe being raised to his due height.  P. 
Why do you put in that caveat?  M. 
Because as the pole riseth higher or lower, 〈◊〉 doth the meridian elevation of Sun or stars alte● In a right Sphere the meridian elevation of the Sun or stars is always equal to the complement of declination: as if the Sun decline 23. d. 30. min. his elevation is 66. d. 30. etc. In the most obliqne Sphere the meridian altitude is always equal to the declination therefore where the pole is 90. degrees above the Horizon, you shall never see the Sun mount higher that 23. d. 30. min. which is his greatest declination. In other situations of the Sphere the meridian altitude is four in this manner if the Sun or star decline to the po●● elevated, the declination of the star being added t● the elevation of the equator, giveth the meridian altitude: as for example, if the Sun decline 23. d. 30. min● toward the North pole, the elevation of the equator being supposed to be 38. d. 30. m. his meridian altitude will be 62. degrees. Contrariwise, if the Sun or star decline from the pole elevated, the declination being taken from the elevation of the equator, leaveth the meridian altitude: as if the Sun decline from the North pole 23. d. 30. m. the elevation of the equator being supposed to be 38. d. 30. m. his meridian altitude will be but 15. degrees.  P. 
Is there any excellent thing to be gathered by the meridian altitude of the Sun or star.  M. 
Yea, for it bringeth us to the elevation of the pole, for considering that each several elevation of the pole hath a several and peculiar elevation of the Sun or stars, therefore by it we may know the elevation of the pole. If the elevation of the Sun or stars be equal to the complement of their declination, then are we just under the equator, and both the poles are in the horizon. If the elevation be equal to their declination, then are we just under the pole. The other elevations of the pole are found by addition or subduction, ●n this manner. If the Sun or star decline toward the pole elevated, the declination being subducted from the meridian altitude, leaveth the height of the equator, which is always the complement of the elevation of the pole, therefore if you take the height of the equator from 90. you have the elevation of the pole. If the Sun or star decline from the pole elevated, their declination added to the meridian altitude, giveth the height of the equator, and consequently the height of the pole.  P. 
But what if the Sun or star have no declination?  M. 
Then is this a general rule, that the Sun o● star is then in the equator, and therefore the Meridian altitude expresseth the height of the equator, which being subducted from 90 giveth the pole. Thus much concerning the meridian altitude of the Sun or Starr● The intermeridian altitude is the distance of the Sun or Star from the Horizon, when they are in some other place of heaven, and not in the meridian: This altitude is either antemeridian or postmeridian. The antemeridian altitude is the distance of the Sun or Star from the Horizon at any time before noon: the post meridian altitude is the distance of the Sun or Starr● from the Horizon after noon. And for so much as th● Sun or Star by their proper motion make but sma● difference in their place, so that it cannot sensibly be perceived in the after noon a that they have move from that place wherein they were in the forenoon therefore we say that the antemeridian & postmeridian altitude of the Sun or Stars is all one, this being supposed that they be equally distant from the meridian. 〈◊〉 searching out the antemeridian or postmeridian altitude of the Sun or Stars the rule is all one with that general rule which I gave you before, so that the Sun o● Star be supposed to be in any place above the Horizon bet ween it and the Meridan.  P. 
But put case that I did not suppose the Sun or Star to be in any place? may not I find out b● the Globe their certain and true altitude which the have in heaven.  M. 
This you must understand that some things ar● found out immediately, some things mediately by certain means. If the Sun shine he will bewray his own height by the help of the spherical gnomon, but the height of the stars cannot so be found out, for they require the knowledge of the hour or some other such like thing, as you shall perceive hereafter.  P. 
Tell me then, how shall I find the height of the Sun by the spherical gnomon.  M. 
Rectify your Globe perfectly in the open air where the Sun shineth, so that it may stand precisely North and South, and that the Horizon be level, and the pole raised as it is convenient: set your spherical gnomon upon the place of the sun, on the East or West side of the globe, according as the time requireth, and turn the globe to and fro until the gnomon give no shadow: them if you fasten the globe, that it move not, & bring the quadrant of altitude over the place of the sun, the degrees thereof intercepted between the place of the sun, & the Horizon will express the true height of the sun. Thus much concerning the altitude of the sun or stars.  P. 
Now teach me how I may know how long they continue above the Horizon.  M. 
Here you must note this, that for so much as the sun is the efficient cause of the day, therefore to know how long he continueth above the horizon is to know the length of the day, which is found in several manners. First thus. Bring the degree which the sun possesseth to the East side of the horizon, then rectify the index, setting if upon 12. a clock in the hour circle. Turn the globe about until the said degree come to the West side of the Horizon: the hours (which the index runneth over) express the continuance of the sun above the Horizon: in like manner may you find how long any star continueth above the Horizon.  
The second way to find out the continuance of the Sun or star above the Horizon, is by the difference of ascension taken twice.  P. 
Why do you take the difference of ascension?  M. 
This you shall perceive by the Globe, that in a right Sphere there is no point of heaven which doth not rise and set within the space of 12. hours, so that the day is never longer than 12. hours, neither doth any star continue above the Horizon longer than that time. But in an obliqne Sphere (if the Sun or stars be not in the equinoctial) the day is either longer or shorter than 12. hours. If the Sun or stars decline toward the pole elevated, their continuance is longer, if from that pole their continuance is shorter above the horizon than 12. hours, by the difference of ascension twice taken as I find before.  P. 
But why take you this difference twice?  M. 
The one declareth how much the Sun or any Star ariseth sooner or later in an obliqne, than it doth in a right Sphere, the other telleth how much sooner or later it setteth, and thereupon we frame our rule thus, if the difference of ascension of the Sun or star declining toward the pole elevated be twice taken and added to 180. degrees, the total sum converted into hours and parts of hours as occasion offereth, shall declare the continuance of them above the ground. Again, if the difference of ascension of the Sun or star declining from the pole elevated be twice taken and subducted from 180. degrees, the remainder converted into hours etc. declareth their continuance above the ground.  P. 
The length of the day being found, what may be inferred thereupon.  M. 
Many things both pleasant, and profitable in Astronomy, as the elevation of the pole. If the day be continually but 12. hours long, then are we precisely under the equator. If the day be 6. months long, then are we directly under the pole. The other elevations are found out thus. Divide the length of the day into two equal parts, and convert the hours into degrees, as if the day be 16. hours long, the half thereof is 8. hours, which contain 120. d. From the head of Aries count these degrees in the equator to the West side of the Horizon, and set fast the last degree under the meridian, so that it stir not from it: then in the equinoctial colour count the declination of the Sun for the day propounded either upward or downward from the equator, according as the place of the sign requireth. Last of all, raise or let fall the pole of the Globe until the degree of declination doth touch the Horizon, so shall the pole have his just elevation, the like may be done by any fixed star. The second thing to be noted in knowing the length of the day, is the time of the suns rising or setting, for if the length of the artificial day be divided into two parts, the one declareth the hour of his setting, the other being subducted from 12. affords the time of his rising: as if the day be 16. hours long, he setteth at 8. and riseth at 4. a clock. The like may be done concerning the rising and setting of the stars. The third thing is the length of the night: for the length of the day being subducted from 24. hours, yieldeth the length of the night.  P. 
But may not these three last things be performed by the Globe itself?  M. 
Yes very conveniently I taught you before how the time of the sun his rising & setting may be found out. The length of the night is known in this manner▪ Seek out that degree of the ecliptic which is opposite to the place of the sun: Bring it to the East side o● the horizon, set the index of the hour circle upon 12. a clock, turn the Globe about until the said degree touch the horizon in the West, the hours which the index hath passed over, express the length of the night. The fourth thing ro be gathered out of the length of the day being known, is the length of the planetary hour. The planetary hour is the twelft part of the artificial day or night: therefore sometimes it is longer than the common hour, sometimes shorter, sometimes equals unto it, in a right sphere, the common hour and the planet hour, both of the day & night are equal, in an obliqne sphere if the sun dicline from the pole elevated, the common hour of the day is lesser than the planetary hour, but the common hour of the night is greater: contrariwise if the sun decline toward the pole elevated, the common hour of the day is greater than the planetary hour, but the common hour of the night is lesser. The next conclusion is to find the hour of the day by the sun shining.  P. 
Why do you say by the sun shining, may not the hour be found, if the shine not, or may it not be found by the stars.  M. 
If the sun shine, he leadeth us unto the knowledge of the hour by his light, but if he shine not, there must be one thing or another granted, and given, o● else we cannot come to the knowledge of any particular thing be it hour, or height, or coasting: the like is to be said of the stars whose beam being so weak, that it cannot make a shadow, enforceth us to crave some one thing granted unto us, before we can infer any conclusion.  P. 
I perceive your meaning, first therefore tell me what I may do by the shining of the sun: and then I will crave the other conclusions.  M. 
The hour of the day by the sun shining is found thus, Rectify your globe perfectly, seek out the place of the sun, and rectify the index, bring the place of the sun either to the East or West side of the meridian according as the time of the day shall advise you, set the spherical gnomon upon it, and turn the globe to and fro until the gnomon cast to shadow, then will the index in the hour circled give the hour of the day. Now mark how many things follow upon this work: First, so soon as you have found the hour, if you fasten the Globe that it stir not, and bring the quadrant of altitude over the place of the sun, you shall find his altitude above the Horizon. Item the globe being fastened, and the quadrant of altitude being brought over the place of the Sun, you shall find upon what point of the compass he is, with his distance either from East, West, North, or South. Item, the hour being found: you have all the Stars above the Horizon at that hour. Item you may by the Globe perceive what Stars are in your Zenith at that time. Item, if you note what point of the Ecliptic is under the Meridian, both above and beneath the Horizon, and also what point of the Ecliptic is in the East and West, you may thereby very well know the four Cardinal points of Heaven, as we term them, and consequently the beginnings and end of the 12. houses of heaven which is commonly termed the erecting of a figure.  P. 
All that you have mentioned before is easy, but I do not perceive this last conclusion.  M. 
I will help your understanding so well as I can. First therefore a figure, as we take it commonly in this sense, is the division of the heaven into 12. parts by certain great circles drawn from the intersections of the meridian and the horizon, through equal partitions of the equator, dividing the ecliptic into 12. unequal parts. Each part of heaven thus divided is called an house. The beginning of them is in the East, and from thence the rest are accounted under the horizon to the neither part of the meridian, and from thence upward to the West, and so by the South side of the meridian to the East again, for so the revolution of the heaven requireth. The instrument whereby the houses are found out, is that half circle which we commonly call the circle of position whereof I spoke before. The manner of finding them out is this. The hour being known by the shining of the Sun, the 4. cardinal points do straightway offer themselves, whereof that which is in the East is called the first house, that which is under the horizon in the meridian is the fourth house, that which is in the West is the seventh house, and that in the South part of the meridian is the tenth house. These being noted severally according as you see in the figure following, from the point of the equator, which is under the meridian, you shall count 30. degrees toward the East, over the thirtieth degree bring the circle of position, and note what point of the ecliptic it crosseth, for that is the beginning of the eleventh house, and the degree opposite unto that degree of the ecliptic is the beginning of the fift house. Again, from the point of the equator, which is under the meridian, you shall count 60. degrees toward the East, and over the said 60. degree bring the circle of position, and note what point of the ecliptic it lighteth upon, for that is the beginning of the twelfth house, and the opposite degree of the ecliptic under the Horizon is the beginning of the sixth house. The beginning of the ninth and eight house are found out in the same manner on the West side of the Globe, as the eleveth and twelfth house were found out on the East side. The beginning of the second house is the degree opposite to the eight house, and the degree opposite to the ninth house is the beginning of the third house.  P. 
Is there any thing else to be found out by the shadow of the spherical gnomon.  M. 
The Sun being in the meridian, the height of the pole may be found out thus. Rectify the Globe precisely in the open air, not regarding the elevation of the pole of the Globe at his due height. If the gnomon cast a shadow, the pole of the Globe is either higher or lower than it should be, and therefore must it be raised, or let fall.  P. 
But how shall I know when I am to raise it, and when to let it fall?  M. 
If the shadow run toward the pole elevated, you must raise the pole of the Globe, if it run from the pole toward the equator, you must let the pole fall.  P. 
Is there any thing to be gathered out of the former propositions, touching the variation of the compass.  M. 
Yea, for if you remember it, I told you, that when the spherical gnomon casteth no shadow, then do we find not only the hour of the day, but also the coasting of the Sun, that is, the point of the compass upon which he shineth: Compare therefore your Compsse with the Globe, and you shall easily find, whether it doth vary yea or no, and how much the variation is, so that the Globe be rectified precisely as it ought to be: for if the Sun shine upon the same point of your Compass, upon which the Globe signified him to be, then hath it not variation at all, but if they differ, their difference will express their variation. Thus much concerning those conclusions, which may be performed on the Globe by the shining of the Sun, and the Spherical Gnomon. Let us now come to those propositions, which require a certain supposition, or the granting of some one thing or another, and may be performed without the sun shining: and thus, for example. The hour being given to find the height that the Sun shall have, at that same hour. Rectifye your index, turn the Globe either to East, or West side of the Horizon, according as the hour assigned doth require, until the index fall upon the said hour, then fasten the Globe, and bring the quadrant of altitude over the place of the sun, the degrees of it intercepted between the place of the Sun, and the Horizon, express his height at that hour.  P. 
Here me thinketh I may reverse the former proposition, and by the height of the sun given, I may find out the hour.  M. 
You say well, for if you rectify your index, and move the globe to and fro as the time requireth, until the place of the Sun fall upon that degree in the quadrant of altitude, which you supposed the sun to have, then will the Index express the hour.  P. 
May I not also by the height of the stars find the hour of the night?  M. 
Yes, if so be you know the stars of heaven, & can compare them with your Globe.  P. 
Put case I did know them (for afterwards I will be bold to crave the knowledge of them) how shall I find the hour of the night.  M. 
Take the height of some known star, rectify your index, turn the globe about until the same star found out in your globe, have the same elevation in the Quadrant of Altitude, which you found him to have in the Heaven, so shall the Index express the hour.  P. 
Here also I may infer this proposition. The ●oure of the night being given to find not only what ●eight the stars shall have above the horizon, but also what stars are then above it.  M. 
You may, in this manner: rectify your index, turn your Globe about, until the Index fall upon the ●oure assigned, so shall you have the stars in your Globe answerable to them which are seen in heaven: then applying your quadrant of altitude unto them, you shall find the height of each several Star.  
Now mark you well how many things follow hereupon. By this means you may come unto the knowledge of the stars, especially if you set the Glob● North, and South, for then the Globe will be so answerable to the heaven, that you cannot but know th● stars of the heaven by the stars of the Globe, fo● that star in the Globe which in place and height 〈◊〉 answerable to the like star in heaven, affordeth th● name and title thereof. Item, the hour being found b● the stars height, or the height being found by th● hour, as I taught you even now, if you fasten the globe and bring the quadrant of altitude over the centre of th● star, you shall find upon what point of the compa●●● any star is, and how many degrees it is distant fro● either of the four cardinal points of the Horizon. ●tem, you shall find the culminant stars, that is, tho●● stars which pass over your Zenith. Item, you ma● thus find the four cardinal points of heaven, with th● beginning of the twelve houses, and how far th● Sun is distant from the Horizon, according as I delivered it before, in speaking of finding the hour of th● day by the Sun.  P. 
But may the height of the pole be found by th● stars, as it was found by the Sun?  M. 
It cannot be found by the shadow of th● spherical gnomon, because the beam of the stars i● so weak, that it cannot cause a shadow, but the meridian altitude of any star being given, the height of th● pole is presently found by the Globe in this manne●● Bring the star whose meridian altitude is known vnt● the meridian of the Globe, either to the North, or Sou●● side thereof, as the star itself doth admonish you then raise, or let fall the pole of your Globe, vnt● there be so many degrees of the meridian contayne● between the centre of the star, and the horizon, as ●he height found out amounted unto, so shall the pole of the Globe have his due elevation.  P. 
Let us now return to our former purpose: you ●●id even now that by supposition of some one thing or ●nother, many conclusions may be performed by the Globe without the sight, or shining of the sun, or ●●arres as you showed it by example in supposing the ●eight of the sun, or stars to be known, or the hour ●f the day, or night, and from thence you derived ma●y other conclusions. Have you any other proposition ●ending to the same effect?  M. 
Yea there are many, for out of any one thing almost all the other may arise: because there is in them a ●ertaine reciprocation, & a necessary consequence from ●he one unto the other: as thus. If the hour be known, & the height of the sun, we may find his place: the ●●dex being rectified.  P. 
That may be easily done by the height of the ●●nne at twelve a clock having consideration of the ●ason of the year, because in each quarter of the eclip●cke each several degree hath a certain altitude in the meridian. But how it should be done at any other hour ●ther before, or after noon, I do not see.  M. 
You must suppose that when your index was rectified, you did then know the place of the Sun: ●ut when you went about to take his height you forgot 〈◊〉: if therefore you desire to know it again, turn the ●obe to and fro, until you bring the index to the hour assigned, fix the Globe and apply the quadrant of altitude to the ecliptic, that degree of the ecliptic, which ●nder the quadrant of altitude answereth to the height of the Sun known, is the place of the Sun, Which being found, we may proceed by a necessary consequence to all the former conclusions whatsoever. As to the point of the compass upon which he shineth, to his distance from the East, West, North, o● South, etc.  P. 
Then if I perfectly know the distance of the Sun from the east, or West, together with hi● height, I may find his place in any elevation of the pole.  M. 
You may, having consideration of the time of the year, which is always requisite in these propositions, which lead us to the place of the Sun For if you set the Quadrant of altitude to the point of the Compass, upon which the Sun is said to shine, or upon that distance from the true east, or West, which the Sun is said to have, and turn that quarter of the ecliptic which the time of the year requireth, unto the quadrant of Altitude, that degree which under the Quadrant answereth to the supposed height of the Sun, is the degree which the Sun possesseth. Contrariwise we may by the place of the Sun, and the point of the compass, upon which he shineth, find the height of the Sun.  P. 
Me thinketh that that is easy: for if I set the Quadrant of Altitude against the point of the Compass assigned, and bring the place of the Sun unto it, the degrees of the Quadrant contained between the place of the Sun, and the horizon express his height.  M. 
You say true: this proposition also is performed with the same facility. The point of the Compass being given, and the place of the Sun to find ●●e hour of the Day, in this manner. Rectify your index, set the Quadrant of Altitude upon the point ●f the Compass assigned, then bring the place of the ●unne to the edge of the Quadrant, so shall the index express the hour.  
This also is another consequent: the point of the compass being given, and the height of the Sun to ●nder the time of the rising or setting: you know that ●●e point of the compass, and the height of the Sun ●ust necessarily lead us to his place, having found his ●lace, rectify the Index, then bring the place of the Sun 〈◊〉 the East side of the Horizon, so will the Index point ●ut the time of his rising: again turn the place of the ●unne to the West side of the Horizon, and the index ●ill express the time of his setting.  P. 
I find it now true which you said before, name● that the supposition of some certain things bringeth 〈◊〉 the consequence of all the other. For me thinketh ●●at I myself knowing the point of the Compass, and ●●e height of the Sun, could easily infer by your example the declination, the right and crooked ascen●on of the Sun, the length of the day, or night, the meridian Altitude, and whatsoever hath been spoken of before. For the height of the Sun, and the point ●f the compass, upon which he shineth leadeth me to ●e place of the Sun, the place of the Sun being brought 〈◊〉 the meridian giveth his declination, & also his right ●cension, and his meridian altitude likewise the same ●ace being brought to the Horizon affordeth his croo●ed ascension, then keeping the place of the Sun at the horizon, if I set the index upon 12.2 clock, and turn the Globe about to the West, I cannot but find the length of the day: etc. Let us now proceed.  M. 
Hitherto you have heard those conclusions which may be inferred by the Globe, the Sun or Stars being supposed to be either in the horizon or about it: there are some which belong to the Sun or Stars, being under the horizon. Among the which 3. or 4. only are usually sought after: the other either because they are not greatly profitable, or because they are easily performed by that which hath been delivered heretofore, are neglected. The first of them is to find the depression of the Sun at any hour assigned: but especially at midnight.  P. 
What meaneth the depression of the Sun?  M. 
The depression is opposite unto the altitude: and it is the distance of the Sun from the horizon downward, it is found thus: Seek out the degree of the ecliptic opposite unto that degree, which the Sun possesseth, bring it to the South side of the meridian above the horizon, the degree of the meridian between it and the horizon express the depression of the Sun at midnight. Whereby is gathered how he is unto them which are our antipodes.  P. 
But put case I would know the depression of the Sun at any other hour, how shall I find it?  M. 
Bring the opposite degree unto the meridian, rectify the index, turn the Globe about until the index fall upon the same hour, fasten the Globe, & then bring the quadrant of altitude over the said degree, the portion of the quadrant between it, and the horizon express the depression of the sun at the hour assigned. The second concerneth the dawning of the day. That is ●ound in this manner. Bring the degree of the Sun ●o the meridian, rectify your index, then seek out the degree of the ecliptic opposite to the degree which the Sun possesseth, move it toward the West side of she Horizon, and by the help of the quadrant of altitude ●et it 18. degrees above he Horizon, the hour upon which the index falleth, expresseth the dawning of the ●ay.  P. 
I pray you tell three this, what is the reason why ●ou bring the opposite degree to the West side of the Horizon?  M. 
As before in seeking the depression of the Sun, ●he opposite degree being brought to the South side of ●he meridian declared how low the degree of the Sun ●as under the Horizon in the North side, even so here ●he placing of the opposite degree 18. degrees above the Horizon in the West, causeth the true place of the Sun ●o be 18. degrees under the Horizon in the East, at which distance the dawning doth begin.  P. 
What if the opposite degree cannot have 18. degrees of elevation, but falleth underneath it.  M. 
Then must you conclude, that the twilight continueth from the setting of the Sun until his ri●ing.  P. 
Is the dawning of the day in all places at the same ●oure the Sun possessing one and the same degree?  M. 
No, for the more obliqne the sphere is the daw●ing beginnineth so much the sooner, because the Sun creepeth his course continually nearer to the Horizon, & ●herfore lighteneth our hemisphere so much the sooner. The third conclusion concerneth the length of the dawning, which is the time from the first breaking of the day unto the rising of the Sun: the conclusion is wrought thus, Seek out by the former proposition the time 〈◊〉 the dawning, then seek also the time of the Sun▪ rising, the difference of these two times express the length of the dawning, which is more or less according to the obliquity of the Sphere. The fourth conclusion concerneth the length of time wherein any sign a ariseth above the Horizon.  P. 
What, is one sign longer arising than another I thought that as they were all equal, so the time 〈◊〉 their rising or setting was also equal: and this is certain, that any six Signs arise and set in 12. hour.  M. 
That is true, if you take them jointly together otherwise being taken severally, the one is longer a ●sing than the other: whereupon there ariseth another distinction of ascension, which in respect of the time limited unto each sign is said to be right or obliqne without respect had to the situation of the sphere as it was before Those signs have a right ascension, with whom the●● arise more than 30▪ degrees of the equator: that is to say that are longer arising then 2. hours, contrariwise if there arise with the sign fewer than 30. degrees of the equator, that is to say, if the sign arise in lesser time than 2. hours, then is that called an obliqne ascension. Ether of these ascensions may be found out 2. several ways: by the degree of the Equator, for that is the measure of all time, o● else mechanichally by the hour circle. By the degrees of the equator, the length of time, that is the ascension of any whole sign is found thus in any situation of the sphere Bring the head of any sign to the East sign of the horizon, mark what degree of the equator is in the horizon with it, them move the globe, until the end of the said sign cometh to the horizon, mark the degree of the equator in the horizon, subduct the lesser from the greater, the remainder converted into hours, and minutes if need require expresseth the ascension of the sign propounded. By the hour circled the length of time wherein any sign ariseth is thus sought out. Bring the head of any sign to the East side of the horizon, set the index upon 12. a clock, move the globe west ward, until the end of the said sign come to the horizon, the index in the hour circle will express the length of time wherein the sign did arise. These are the chiefest questions moved concerning those things which happen under the horizon.  P. 
I pray you hath the circle of position no other use then to rectify a figure.  M. 
Yes, for it findeth that circle whereof it receiveth his name, that is the circle of position, which is but a great circle drawn from the one intersection of the horizon and meridian, unto the other, through the centre of some star, or any point else assigned in the heaven, dividing the sphere into 2. pieces. By it in erecting of the 12. houses, we find what notable stars, or what planets are in any of the houses. The distance of any circle of position from the meridian is found thus. The circle of position being raised from the horizon unto any point assigned in the globe, move the quadrant of altitude (fixed to the Zenith) to the east or west point of the horizon as occasion requireth: the degrees of the quadrant contained between the said circle of position & the meridian express the quantity of the angle which it maketh: each circle of position may supply the place of half an horizon, & in that respect it hath singular use in astronomical & geographical matters, as shall be declared, if God spare me life and ability to perform that which I have in hand. It remaineth now to speak of the lesser circles of the Globe.  P. 
But by your leave sir, you have said nothing of making the dials by the Globe: which is a matter mentioned by all Astronomers in handling the use of the Globe.  M. 
It is true, and therefore I did omit it, because it is the matter which I have now in hand, the which I am so much the more desirous to perform, because it hath been earnestly required by a friend of mine, whose forwardness in these in studies I would help so much as lieth in me. Therefore let me at this instant crave pardon for that matter, until such time as I shall particularly discourse thereof.  P. 
Well then proceed in the use of the lesser circlet of the celestial Globe.  M. 
You see that the four lesser circles of the globe divide the whole surface thereof into 5. parts. Every one of them is called a Zone.  P. 
What meaneth chat word Zone?  M. 
It signifieth among the Grecians a girdle, or a swaddling band, and therefore it is fitly applied unto these portions of the globe, because they in their figure represent after a manner such a thing. Of the Zones some are enclosed with one only limit some with two: those which are enclosed with one only limit, namely with the circle arctic, and antarcticke are the two Zones which lie about each pole, which because of their distance from the ecliptic, and place of the sun are called cold. Not that there is either heat or cold in heaven, but because they which dwell on earth under that circuit of the heaven, feel not the Sun so forcible in his heat by reason of his obliquity, as others do. The other 2. Zones are limited on each side: That which is in the midst, being limited on the one side with the tropic of Cancer, on the other side with the tropic of Capricorn, ●s called the burning Zone, because the Sun keeping ●his course continually within it doth greatly heat that part of the earth which is subject unto it. The other two being neither too near the Sun, nor too far of are called temperate, because they are neither so hot as the ●one, nor so cold as the other: that which is to the Northward is limited with the circle arctic, & the tropic, of Cancer, the other to the Southward is enclosed with the circle antarcticke, and the tropic of Capricorn: The breadth of each cold zone is 47. degrees: the breadth of the burning Zone is as much: each temperate Zone hath 43. degrees in breadth. As they are described on the celestial globe, they express unto us what stars are enclosed within each several Zone, which are to be no●ed, because they add somewhat according to their nature unto the quality of the Zone making it more hot or cold. Thus much concerning the use of the celestial Globe, wherein if I seem to have been overlong, I do therefore crave pardon, because I have witten it for the behoof of our country men, who being not thoroughly seen in the Latin tongue might from hence gather that in some measure, which might further their knowledge, and satisfy their desire in these kind of matters.  

The use of the Terrestrial Globe.  
WE are now come Philomathes, to the terrestrial Globe, whose use I am so much the more desirous to teach you, by the more I find you willing to learn: follow you therefore your accustomed manner in moving of questions, & I will endeavour myself to shape you answer to your demand: for so I judge it best for your instruction.  P. 
Seeing it is your will I should doc so, I pray you te1s me, what mean you by the terrestrial Globe, & how do you define it?  M. 
The thing itself telleth us, that we may define it to be a  round body containing in the convexity thereof the description of the land, and sea, with certain lines necessary thereunto.  P. 
For somuch as I have now the definitions of the two Globes before I go any further to the use of this: tell me wherein the celestial and terrestrial Globe agree, and wherein they differ?  M. 
Concerning their agreement: first you see they have their form common, for they are both round.  P. 
It is so: but herein me thinketh the terrestrial globe is faulty, because it doth not represent the true form of the earth, as the celestial globe doth resemble the heaven, for the earth is not round.  M. 
Take heed what you say Philomathes, the roundness of the earth both in breadth & length two so substantially confirmed, that he is almost accounted an heretic among the geographers that denieth it. Their arguments are set, not only from the proportion, but also from the manner of the rising & setting of the stars, & the raising & depression of the poles. Item besides the eclipse of the moon & the natural course of the water, that which appeareth to our sight in going from, or coming near the shore, is an evident token of the foresaid roundness.  P. 
But for all these arguments I say, that the globe doth not represent the just form of the earth, which being full of hills & dales doth greatly disagree from a perfect round. yea my sight also witnesseth such a thing, for which way soever I look, both the water and the earth for the most part seemeth plain.  M. 
It is is somewhat Philomathes which you say, but there are divers reasons which moved the Cosmographers in setting forth the terrestrial globe, to do that which they have done, that is, to make it round. First because it was not necessary to make these hills & dales, it was sufficient to express their place, & to say the truth it was unpossible to set them forth as they are indeed. Secondly, the earth in regard of the heaven doth not seem otherwise than round: as you may perceive by the shadow thereof, which in the eclipse is most spherical, & round: thirdly, these hills and dales in regard of the whole earth, are but as a mole, or wart upon a man's body, or the small pimples on an orange. And as for the plains which I see, be it either on the water or land, it ariseth of the huge circuit of the earth, which is so great, that each part thereof which we see, cannot but seem unto our sight to be a right live.  P. 
Well then the first agreement of these 2. globed is in their form, they are both round, albeit the earth be not to be conceived to be so precisely round as the heaven is. In what else do the Globes agree?  M. 
They have the same poles, the same axle-tree, the same imaginary circle. So that what conclusion soever may be performed by any of these on the celestial Globe, the same may be performed on the terrestrial Globe, excepting those proportions which concern the fixed stars.  P. 
I thought that these things had belonged especially to the celestial Globe.  M. 
So they do: but they are therefore expressed in this, because the globe of the earth and water being contained within the heaven, and being in respect the centre thereof, we may hereby gather what part thereof is subject to any part of the heaven. Thus much concerning their agreement, their difference appeareth first in their inscription, as their several titles do import, the one containing the stars of heaven, & the circles thereof, the other expressing the earth and water. The second difference consisteth in the manner of the description: For as I told you, the stars which we behold in the concavity of heaven are described on the convexity of the celestial Globe: but in the terrestrial Globe the earth is described on the outside even as we behold it. The third difference is in certain circles and lines expressed in the terrestrial Globe, but not in the celestial: namely the circles of longitude and latitude, and the Rhombes.  P. 
Do you not mistake yourself: there are in the celestial Globe circles of longitude and latitude, for otherwise how should we find the longitude and latitude of the stars?  M. 
Put case it were as you say (which is seldom or ne●er seen) that the circles of longitude & latitude were described on the celestial globe: yet are they not the same with those of the terrestrial Globe, for the longitude & ●●titude in both these Globes is not accounted in one ●inde of circles, as I will declare unto you, when I shall ●aue occasion to speak of the use of this Globe. This hall suffice for the difference of the Globes which constech in these four things. 1. In the general subject ●atter. 2. In the manner of describing the same. 3. in the hercules of longitude and latitude. 4. in the Rhombes. Let ●s now come to the use of the Globe, wherein I will proceed even as the subject matter inscribed doth afford, not meddling with any of the former conclusions ●t down in the use of the celestial Globe, but speaking ●f those things only which the terrestrial Globe doth ●ade us unto.  P. 
Go too then: what do I learn by the circles of ●e Globe, first by the equator?  M. 
It divideth the earth into 2. pieces, the North, ●nd South: the North is that which is from the equinoc●all round about subject to the North pole, the South that, which is from the equinoctial round about toward the South pole.  P. 
Do you say then that all they which are between ●he equator and the North pole, are the northern peole, and so likewise of any several place?  M. 
Yea that I do, what think you of mine assertion.  P. 
I can hardly think it to be true: for then why do we call Cape Saint Vincent the South Cape? and why doth the Scripture call the Queen of Saba the Queen of the South, seeing they be both on this side the equator?  M. 
You must note this, that North and South are not taken after our manner of way: neither East or West. North and South is taken three manner of ways. One way, simply as I spoke of it even now: the other are in respect: as first for example, what soever is from our Zenith toward the North pole is said to be Northward, and what soever is from thence toward the South pole, i● said to be Southward: and in this respect is cape Saint Vincent called the Southcape being compared with cape sinister because it is toward the South pole in respect of this. Again North and South are taken in respect of the ecliptic, whereupon every star distant from the Ecliptic toward each pole is said to have North or South latitude according to the pole toward which it bendeth: as for example, the star called the lesser dog in respect of the ecliptic is said to have South latitude, because it leaneth from the ecliptic toward the South pole 39 d. 10. m. yet in respect of the equator it is counted Northern because it declineth from the equator toward the North pole. 5. d. 57 m.  P. 
I understand you well: what either use hath the equator in the terrestrial Globe.  M. 
You heard me speak in the use of the celestial globe of a right sphere, & of the divers accidents belonging thereto, as that the day and night therein was always of on equal length, and that the stars did rise & set in 12. hours: the equinoctial line therefore in the terrestrial globe, expresseth, who they be that have the right sphere and see the accidents belonging thereto. As those of the ●e Island Gilolo, of Celebes, of Borneo, of Taprobana, ●f part of Africa, and America. Moreover the degrees ●f the Equator are the common scale of the terrestrial ●obe whereby we know what distance there is from ●ace to place in this manner, set the one foot of your compass in the one place assigned, & extend the other ●ot unto the other place: apply your compass so extened unto the equinoctial, the degrees intercepted between the feet of your compass express the distance,  P. 
In deed I find hereby how many degrees of ●e equinoctial are contained between the feet of the compass, but how shall I express their distance, either 〈◊〉 miles or leagues?  M. 
You must express that according as the allow●ce is of several cosmographers. Ptolomee alloweth ●nto every degree of any great circle described on the ●●rth 500 furlongs or 62 miles & ½. We allow 60. miles or 〈◊〉. leagues. The French man alloweth 16. leagues and ⅔. ●he Spaniard maketh every degree 17. leagues & ½: So ●at if you multiply the number of degrees intercepted between the feet of your compass by any of the foresaid ●umbers the product giveth the distance of the 2 places e●er in miles, or leagues according to the denomination of ●e multiplier. Another use of the equator is this: in it the ●gitude of any place is found, the latitude is counted from it.  P. 
Here accordinng to your promise, I pray you in●ruct me in these things, that I may know readily how 〈◊〉 distinguish the longitude, & latitude of the terrestrial ●obe from them of the celestial globe.  M. 
That will I do so plain as I can: the longitude of the celestial globe beginneth at the head of Aries, in terrestrial Globe it beginneth in the equator at that great circle, which being drawn from the Pole of the World through the fortunate Islands (as Ptolemee will have it) cutteth the equator at right angles. Again the longitude celestial is counted in the ecliptic the terrestrial longitude is counted in the equinoctial. Thirdly, the celestial longitude is counted from the head of Aries in the Ecliptic unto that great circle which is drawn from the pole of the Ecliptic through the star, or any point else assigned in the heaven, unto the ecliptic: the terrestrial longitude is counted in the equator from the foresaid great circle unto that which is drawn from the poles of the world unto the equator, through the City, or any other point assigned in the terrestrial Globe. Last of all, the longitude in the celestial Globe is found ou● by the quadrant of altitude applied to the poles of the ecliptic: in the terrestrial Globe it is found out by the meridian. In regard of these differences, we define the terrestrial longitude to be the ark of the equinoctial contained between the great circle passing through the fortunate or Canary Islands, and the great circle drawe● from the poles of the world through any point assigned in the Globe: according to the degree of that ark so is the longitude assigned to be, as if the degrees be 20.30. or 40. etc. The place or point assigned is said to have 20.30. or 40. degrees of longitude.  P. 
Give me leave here to move certain question for mine instruction. First, why is the longitude counted in the equator, and not in the meridian from pole to pole, or in some other great circle?  M. 
You know it is an usual custom when a thing is offered to us that is both long and broad (the dimensions being unequal, to call that the length of the thing which is the greatest, and that dimension which is the shortest we call the breadth. The Geographers therefore taking survey of the world, & finding the inhabited part thereof to be more between East, and West, than between North and South, they gave the name of longitude to that part following or accustomed manner in these dimensions.  P. 
In speaking of the beginning of longitude, you said that according to Ptolemee, it was to be counted from the meridian of the Canary or fortunate Islands: why did you put in those words?  M. 
There is a diversity in the beginning of longitude among the Cosmographers, & therefore I thought good by my words to insinuat so much unto you, Ptolemee and the ancient Cosmographers began their account at the foresaid meridian. But the later men have begun it at the meridian, which runneth through the Island of S. Michael, as you may see upon the terrestrial Globe wherein this meridian is divided into degrees, that it may be the better distinguished from the other.  P. 
Why did they begin at this place, and why did they account from thence Eastward?  M. 
Ptolemee began at the forenamed meridian of the Canary, or fortunate Islands, because in his time they were the furthest places of the world discovered toward the setting of the Sun, & he did therefore reckon to the Eastward, because from the fortunate Islands to the Westward, there was not any hope of more land, out to the Eastward there was. The later age began at ●he meridian of Saint Michael, because under that meridian the compass hath no variation, but respecteth duly the North and South as most men affirm, though other say it hath his just position under the meridian of Corno and Flores: and others between the Islands of Flores and Faiall, which are all in the number of those islands that are commonly called Acores: They accounted also the longitude the same way that Ptolemee did, thinking indeed, that beyond that place there was nothing but sea. But since the world hath been found to be habitable round about: there have been some that have begun the longitude at some such certain place as liked them best, and have counted to the West ward: as for example, the Spaniards who traveling much unto the West india, have begun their longitude at Toledo and counted it Westward.  P. 
What difference make you between a circle of longitude and the meridian: me thinketh by your words they are confounded.  M. 
It is so, they are confounded for every circle of longittude is a meridian, & contrariwise every meridian is a circle of longitude, but they are distinguished by their office: so far forth as the circle drawn through any place assigned limiteth the distance in the equinoctial, which the said place hath from the meridian passing through the Canary Islands, or any other meridian from whence the longitude is accounted, in that respect it is called a circle of longitude. But in regard that when the sun cometh to this circle it is then high noon or midday, it is therefore called a meridian.  P. 
Are there then so many circles of longitude as there be meridians?  M. 
Yea that there are, although upon the globe all the circles of longitude are not expressed, as for example upon M. Moleneux his globe they are drawn but through each tenth degree.  P. 
How is the longitude of any city or town assigned upon the globe to be found out?  M. 
The instrument serving for this purpose is the meridian of the Globe, it supplieth the want of all the circles of longitude which are not expressed. Therefore if you bring the city assigned to the meridian of the globe the ark of the equator contained between the said meridian, & the first meridian of longitude expresseth the longitude of the place assigned: so that the said arkly be taken and accounted according to the orderly succession of the degrees of the equator.  P. 
I pray you express the meaning by some example on the globe.  M. 
I will. I bring jerusalem to the meridian, and find between it and the first Meridian of longitude 72. degrees, 30. minutes of the Equator: so much I pronounce the longitude of that place to be, because the succession of the degrees of the Equator is orderly taken: again I bring the city of Mexice in America to the Meridian: & albeit between the meridian of that place and the first meridian of longitude there be contained but 90. d. 30. m. yet must I not affirm that to be the longitude of Mexico, because counting from the first meridi●n to the meridian of Mexico I count against the orderly succession of the degrees; therefore I must have regard vn●o the said succession & pronounce Mexico to be from the first meridian 269. degrees, 30. minutes. But that yond may not be deceived in counting the longitude, let this ●e a general rule, and easy unto you: if the first meridian of longitude be on the left hand of the meridian of the Globe which is taken for the meridian of the place assigned, then begin at the first meridian, the degrees of the shortest ark of the Equator from the left hand toward the right express the Longitude. But if the first meridian or circle of longitude be on the right hand of the meridian of the Globe then beginning at the first meridian the degrees of the greatest ark of the equator from the right hand to the left, declare the longitude of the place assigned.  P. 
Me thinketh by your words that the longitude of every place must be accounted continually by degrees.  M. 
Yea, it must be so accounted, but if it be your pleasure to know how many miles or leagues etc. it is distant from the said first meridian: Extend the foot of your compasses, from the place assigned to the first meridian of latitude according as you were taught before in taking the distance from place to place, and apply your Compasses afterward unto the equinoctial line, the degrees thereof intercepted between the feet of your compasses being converted into miles or leagues, will give the distance.  P. 
You said, that if I bring the place known unto the meridian I shall find the longitude, whereupon as I think I may contrariwise infer this, that if the lon-longitude of any place known be brought unto the meridian I shall be sure to find the place under the meridian if it be expressed in the globe.  M. 
You say true, and hereby also you may learn thus much, that many places may have one and the same longitude because many places of the terrestrial globe many be contained under one & the same meridian  P. 
But have they all one longitude that are under the same meridian?  M. 
Not so, for as you see by the Globe, each circle of longitude maketh 2. several intersections with the equator the one on the one side, the other on the other side right opposite: whereupon it cometh to pass, that those places which are under one and the same meridian may differ 180. degrees in longitude. Those places therefore are said to be in one longitude which are under that half of the meridian, which is contained between the 2. poles from whom there cannot be imagined a right line to be drawn parallel unto the diameter of the Equator. But if the one place lie upon the one side of the meridian and the other place beyond the pole on the other side of the meridian, then cannot they have the same longitude.  P. 
They that have the same meridian, have they any thing common, and what have they differing one from another in respect of the things appearing in the revolution of the heaven?  M. 
I cannot conveniently answer unto this question, until such time as I have instructed you in the latitude, let it rest therefore until then, and note this in the mean time, that as two or more places may have one longitude, so many may differ in longitude.  P. 
Is it expedient for me to observe the difference of longitude between place and place, then tell me how I may find it by the Globe?  M. 
The longitude of the two places being severally sought out, as you were taught before, bring that place which hath the lesser longitude, unto the South side of the meridian: if the other place be either just under the North side of the Meridian, or on the East side thereof, subduct the lesser longitude from the greater, the remainder giveth his difference of longitude: But the place which hath the lesser longitude being brought to the South side of the meridian, if the place which hath the greater longitude be on the West side thereof, subduct the greater longitude from 360. degrees, add the remainder to the lesser longitude, the total sum giveth the difference of longitude: otherwise if you be not skilful in Arithmetic, the place which hath the lesser longitude being as I told you brought unto the meridian, the degrees of the equator contained between it etc. the longitude of the other place, afford the difference of longitude.  P. 
The difference of longitude being known, what may I infer thereon?  M. 
First you may infer your course from the one place to the other can never be north & south: but upon some other point of the compass. Secondly they never have the same hours of the day or night: for if it be noon or midnight to the one, it is past, or before noon or midnight unto the other: yet in the opposite hours they may agree as if it be 6. in the morning it may be 6. at night to the other, if it be noon to the one, it may be midnight to the other, the difference of longitude being just 180. degrees.  P. 
If they that differ in longitude do thus differ in their hours, how shall I know by the globe (comparing two places together) which of them preventeth one the other.  M. 
Bring either of the two places unto the meridian, if the other be to the Eastwaad thereof. I say that that place which is under the meridian is prevented in the time. As if the question were between London and Rome. London being brought to the meridian, Rome is found on the East side thereof, therefore I say that London is prevented in the time, and that at Rome it will be 6. 7. or 8. a clock in the morning etc. before it be the same hours at London. Contrariwise if one of the 2. places being brought to the meridian, the other be found on the West side thereof, then doth the place under the meridian prevent the other, as for example. London & Mexico being compared together, London being placed under the meridian, Mexico is on the West side thereof, therefore London preventeth Mexico: whereby I may conclude, that it is 6. a clock in the morning at London before it be 6. a clock at Mexico. etc.  P. 
You have taught me to know which place preventeth the other, tell me now how long the time is wherein the one place preventeth the other?  M. 
If you convert the difference of longitude into hours & parts of hours as is convenient, you shall easily find out what the time is, wherein the one place preventeth the other. Otherwise you may do it thus: bring the westermost of the two places assigned unto the meridian, set the index of the hour circle upon 12. a clock, turn the globe Westward until the other city come to the meridian, the Index expresseth how long the time is wherein the westermost of the two places is prevented. As for example, if the index light upon the third hour, then doth it signify that it is but 9 a clock at the westermost place when it is 12. a clock at the other etc. and what eclipse or other celestial appearance the Westermost place seethe at 12. a clock, the other seethe it at 3. a clock after noon etc.  P. 
What have you else to say of the equinoctial circle?  M. 
It is the beginning of latitude.  P. 
Let me thoroughly confer with you about this matter: how do you define latitude in resspect of the terrestrial Globe?  M. 
It is the distance of any point assigned in the terrestrial Globe from the equator, limited by the degrees of a great circle drawn from the poles of the World through the point assigned.  P. 
Then by your words I gather this, that for so much as the beginning of latitude is in the equinoctial, what so ever is under that circle, can have no latitude. Also the latitude may be counted toward either of the poles, so that it is either Northern or Southern according as the pole is, toward which the place bendeth from the equator. But when you say that the latitude must be accounted from the equinoctial to the place, do you not mean the Zenith?  M. 
Yes, you must always so understand it: for albeit the word latitude be applied to the terrestrial Globe, yet is it sought out by the circles of heaven, and commonly being demanded what the latitude is, we answer that it is the distance of our Zenith from the equator, notwithstanding it is sufficient speaking of the terrestrial Globe, to say that the latitude is to be accounted from the equator to the place assigned.  P. 
What great circle is it in which the latitude must be accounted?  M. 
It is that great circle of longitude which is drawn from the poles of the world through the place assigned, but because it were an infinite work to draw a great circle through every place, therefore in seeking out the latitude we make the meridian of the Globe to serve our turns in this manner. Bring the place assigned to the meridian of the Globe, the degrees of the meridian intercepted between the equator & the place assigned, express the latitude of it: so I say, that the latitude of London is 51. degrees, 30. min. because London being brought unto the meridian falleth underneath that degree and minute, and is so far distant from the equator.  7. 
Is the latitude of London 51. degrees. 30. min? I took that to be the elevation of the pole at London.  M. 
So it is also, for the elevation of the pole and latitude are all one in number: for this is usually to be seen upon the Globe, that so far as any place is distant from the equator, so high is the pole from the horizon: Therefore when you desire to raise the pole of your globe unto his due height, seek out the latitude of the place assigned, according to that raise the pole above the horizon.  P. 
The greatest longitude is 360. degrees what may be the greatest latitude?  M. 
Nothing can be further distant from any circle then the pole, which is but 90. degrees, so that the greatest latitude is no more.  P. 
Be the circles of latitude expressed on the globe?  M. 
Yea as many circles as are parallel to the equator, may rightly be called circles of latitude, albeit some of them admit particular names.  P. 
Thereupon I think it cometh to pass that we confound those phrases of speech to have the same la●itude, and to be in the same parallel.  M. 
You say right: for a place to be in the same parallel with London, is nothing else but to be in the same latitude, & to be of equal distance with it from the equator.  P. 
You said before, that if I see any place what soever upon the Globe, bringing it unto the meridian I shall find the latitude thereof. Contrariwise therefore if I know the latitude of a place and seek it out in the meridian either toward the North or South pole, according as the situation of the place requireth, I shall be sure to find out the place in the revolution of the globe, if it be inscribed in the globe.  M. 
That also is true: but if both the longitude, & the latitude of a place be given, you cannot but find it out presently in this manner. Bring the degree of longitude unto the meridian, set the Globe fast, and in the meridian seeking out the latitude you shall be sure to find the place, or at leastwise where it should be, if it be not expressed in the globe. Thus much concerning the longitude and latitude.  P. 
Then must I trouble you with a question propounded before, which was this, what thing they have common, and wherein they may differ that have on● longitude: the which question you promised to satish me in, when you had discoursed of the latitude.  M. 
I will do what I can, especially becuse I know it is most pleasant. You see by the Globe that of the several inhabitants of the Earth dwelling either on th● North or South side of the equator. Some may have divers longitudes, but the same latitude, as the German● the Muscovites, the Tartarians etc. differing in longitud% have notwithstanding the same latitude with the English men, These inhabitants generally considered are calle● Perieci: they have their Zenith in the same parallel: the stars rise and set unto them all upon the same point of the compass, and at the same hour, and have the same height above the horizon. They have the day and night increasing and decreasing alike unto them all: & the seasons of the year changing after one manner and at one time, yet they that dwell to the Eastward of the other prevent the other dwelling to the westward in the time: as thus, they in Germany may see the Sun rise at six a clock, so may we in England, yet their 6. a clock preventeth ours by an hour more or less, according as they are more or less unto the Eastward, so that when the sun riseth unto them at six a clock, it is then but five a clock to us that dwell fifteen degrees more unto the Westward, and the Sun will have been up unto them an hour, when he beginneth but newly to rise unto us. And if we happen to see the moon eclipsed at nine a clock they that dwell forty five degrees from us Eastward, shall fee her eclipsed at twelve a clock, yet shall it be but six a clock to them that dwell as many degrees from us to the westward. Here you are to understand this, that albeit the word Perieci according to the signification thereof, may be generally applied to all them that have the same latitude, yet properly in Geography, it is attributed unto them that have the same meridian, but dwell on the contrary sides thereof, and have their difference of longitude 180. degrees and one of the poles of the world always in the midst between their vertical points, such are they that dwell in Arabia, Felix on the one side, and in Hispania nova on the other side of the meridian.  
These men differ one from another in this, that when it is high noon to the one, it is midnight to the other, and contrariwise: item when the Sun setteth to the one, he riseth to the other, and contrariwise: item the South side of our meridian is their North side: all these communities and differences may be easily found out upon the Globe either by ayplying a thread unto the Globe in stead of another Horizon, or else by comparing the two globes together: The thread must cross the meridian so many degrees distant from the pole as the pole is distant from the horizon: as if the pole of the place assigned be 50. degrees, the thread must cross the meridian in the 50. degree on this side the pole. From the meridian, it must be directed to the East point of the Horizon, and from thence crossing the neither side of the meridian in the 50. degree from the pole, it must be directed to the West side of the horizon until it come to the upper side of the meridian again. So shall you most easily perceive all those communities, and differences of the Perieci to be true, whereof I spoke before: as that their days and nights being severally compared are of an equal length: that the stars and the Sun rise and set at the same hours etc.  P. 
If I were desirous to try this by two several globes how shall I go to work?  M. 
You may go to work divers ways, as yo● think best for your own capacity: having raised th● poles of each globe according to one and the same elevation: set the Globes so one by the other, that the Ea●point of the one may join with the West point of th● other, or that the South points of their horizon ma● close and join directly all together, or which 〈◊〉 take to be better their Northern points, Set also the Zeniths in their places according as the elevation of the pole doth direct you. Here must you conceive this, that the greater ark of the meridian is the noonstead line and the lesser ark from the pole downward to the Horizon, and under it is the line of midnight: then seek out the place of the Sun for any day propounded, and bring it to the East side of the one globe, and ●o the West side of the other (for of them that are pecu●atly called Perieci, the one seethe the sun and stars ●etting, when the other seethe them rising) afterwards turn the Globes so about, the one from you, the o●her toward you in such sort; that the place of the Sun arising to the one may fall under the horizon of the o●her, for by that means you shall find out the communities and differences spoken of before.  P. 
I do partly perceive the matter I hope by practice 〈◊〉 understand it the better. Proceed now I pray you in ●hat, which I requested at your hands.  M. 
As some of those which inhabit either the North ●r South part of the earth may have the same latitude, ●ut divers longitudes: so again some may have the ●●me longitude but divers latitudes, as they here in Eng●●nd have the same longitude, and are under the same meridian which the Spaniards, and those that dwell to ●he West side of Africa, yet do they all differ in longitude: ●hese men have the self same hours of the day and night, with the four seasons of the year. But in many ●ther things they differ as they dwell nearer or further ●om the pole, or nearer or further from the equator. ●hey that dwell nearer the equator have the Sun al●aies higher above their Horizon than the other that well further of: also they which dwell nearer to the equator have a longer day in Winter, but a shorter night, than they which dwell toward the pole: but in Somme● they which dwell toward the pole have a longer day, & a shorter night than they that dwell toward the equator as for example, in Winter the Spaniards day is longer than ours, namely whilst the Sun is in the Southern signs from the 13. of September to the 11. of March: but from the eleventh of March to the 13 of September our day is always longer than theirs. Again from the 13. of September to the eleventh of March their night is shorter than ours, but from the 11. of March to the 13. of September our night is shorter than theirs. Moreover the Sun never riseth unto these men at one hour, ercept he be in the equator: as for example to us and the Spaniards. Whilst the Sun is in the North signs he riseth more early and shineth longer to us, than to them, but the Sun being in the South signs, he riseth more early and shineth longer to them than to us: Last of al● the Sun never riseth or setteth to them and us on the same point of the compass. etc. all which things you may easily perceive to be true by those rules which you have heard before in the celestial globe, if you do bu● find out by the terrestrial globe their, feveral latitudes that dwell under the same meridian, and then raise the pole severally, working the conclusions aforesaid according as you have been taught.  P. 
Have not these people any peculiar name which dwell under one meridian, but differ in latitude?  M. 
No, but there are another kind of people having one longitude which have a peculiar name, and are called Anteci. They are such inhabitants of the earth as dwell under one meridian, and have the same longitude & also the same latitude, but toward divers poles: so that as far the one dwelleth from the equator northward, the others have the same distance from it Southward, and as high as the North pole is raised to the one, so high is the South Pole raised to the other. Such are they that dwell in the West side of Arabia twenty degrees Northward, and they that dwell in Madagascar in the same longitude twenty degrees to the South ward. These men have the day and night of equal length, the Sun rising and setting at the same hours on the same point of the compass, but at divers times and the seasons of the year are opposite: as when it is Summer to them which dwell in A●abia, it is Winter to them in Madagascar. And contrariwise, when the day is longest to them in Arabia, it ●s shortest to them in Madagascar. Furthermore, if the Sun rise 25 degrees from the East to them in Arabia, he riseth so many degrees from the East to them in Madagascar, but to the one in Summer, to the other in winter if the day be fourteen hours long to them in A●abia it is so long also to them in Madagascar, but he possesseth contrary signs. These things may severally be tried by the globe, or by comparing your 2. Globes together, and raising the North pole of the one, and he South pole of the other above the Horizon, so ●hall you see that that degree of the Ecliptic which continueth longest above the horizon to them that dwell Northward, continueth the shortest above their Horizon that dwell Southward. Moreover also you may perceive this, that they which dwell Northward see the Sun rising, and the Heavens moving from the left and to the right, but they which are to the Southward see the Sun arising, and the heavens moving fro● the right hand to the left. Besides these inhabitant before named there are other to be noted, which because they go foot to foot right opposite one to the other, they are therefore called of the Grecians Antipodes, and Antichthones, because they dwell in opposite places of the earth.  P. 
Me thinketh it is impossible that you speak o● how can they that are under us walk upon the ea●● without falling. Can two men walk the one on the to of a wheel, the other on the neither side thereof with out tumbling down?  M. 
Your reason is not alike in the wheel and 〈◊〉 the earth. All they that dwell upon the earth have o● common centre in the Globe of th● earth, unto whi●● they do naturally tend in respect of their gravity, an● therefore where soever they stand they cannot fall from the earth, but bend naturally unto the centre thereo● But they which stand upon a wheel, or any such roun● thing else have not any one point in the wheel, or 〈◊〉 the round body, unto the which they do natural bend, and therefore whensoever he cometh unto an● such place of the wheel, wherein his legs cannot keep th● weightiness of his body perpendicular and imminent the centre of the Wheel, he must needs fall from th● wheel toward that centre, unto which naturally he i● clineth, which is the centre of the earth. This is certain both by reason and experience of our own countries' that there are Antipodes, and therefore let the tru● prevail with us more than the opinions either of A●gustine or Lactantius, who have stoutly denied t●● Antipodes, yea Lactantius (as I remember) held it heresy, and counted them accursed that said there were antipodes.  P. 
How do you define the Antipodes?  M. 
They are certain inhabitants of the earth right opposite one to another in the extremities of the diameter of the Globe. Therefore the antipodes have the same meridian, yet they differ in longitude one from the other 80 degrees. They have the same horizon indeed, but differing in reason, namely thus, that the Zenith or vertical point of the one is the nadir to the horizon of the other: and contrariwise, they have also the same latitude, but bending toward contrary poles.  P. 
How shall I readily by the globe find out who ●e antipodes one to another?  M. 
Bring any point or place assigned in the globe into the meridian, and note what latitude it hath, the ●oint or places having the self same latitude in the merdian under the Horizon is the habitation of them, that ●●e antipodes to the former. Such are the inhabitants of Trinideda and java maior, also the inhabitants of old, and new Guinea, with infinite other places of the earth, whose antipodes are not yet discovereed. The Antipodes have all things contrary (excepting those that dwell ●nder the equinoctial) if the heaven move to the one ●●om the left hand to the right it moveth contrary ways into the other, if it be day to the one it is night to the ●ther, if the Sun rise to the one he setteth to the other, 〈◊〉 the day or night increase to the one, it decreaseth to ●he other, if it be Summer to the one, it is Winter to he other etc.  P. 
Why do you make exception of those that dwell ●nder the equator.  M. 
Because they being aswell Perieci, as antipodes, have all the seasons of the year agreeable, and the same length of day & night, & the Sun rising & setting at the same hour, yet when he riseth to the one, he setteth to the other, & the hours of day and night are opposite, for when it is high noon to the one, it is midnights to the other: when it is 11. a clock in the morning to the one, it is 11. a clock at night to the other etc. Thus briefly concerning the communities & differences incident to sundry inhabitautes of the earth in regard of their difference and agreement either in longitude or latitude. Let us now speak of the meridian.  P. 
Me thinketh that it hath the same use in dividing the terrestrial, which it hath in dividing the celestial Globe into two several parts, whereof the one is the East, the other the West: So that what people or countries soever are toward the East side from the meridian of any place may be called the Eastern people, and the other toward the setting of the Sun may be called the Western people.  M. 
It is true that they may be so called, but it is respectively, only in regard of the place wherein you dwell, otherwise the true East and west parts of the terrestrial Globe are limited by the first meridian, or circle of longitude: what countries soever lie from that meridian Eastward an hundred and eighty degrees are called the East countries, and the other are called the West: yea the names of these places by means o● the first inventors of Geographie are known so authentical, that they are not changed as the other be, which only are spoken respectively, for albeit it so fall out (a● many times it doth in travailing far) that Hispaniola or Cuba, Brasill, and all that cost of America do lie from us to the Eastward, yet do we commonly call them the West India. Again though that Sumatra, Borneo, the Moluccas, and divers other places also thereabouts be from us towards the setting of the Sun, yet do we term and call them by the name of East India.  P. 
What are the partitions in the meridian?  M. 
Those which are next unto the Globe are the legrees, which have no other use than hath been spoken of, ●ther in the celestial globe, or heretofore in the terrestrial, when I spoke of finding the latitude of any place. But ●esides the degrees, there are other partitions serving particularly unto the terrestrial Globe. Those partitions which are next above the degrees express the quantity ●f the longest day, so that when you shall hear the day 〈◊〉 be 13.15.24. hours long, or 1.2.3. months long etc. You may by these partitions find out what people ●●ey are which have the day of such a length. The upper ●ost partitions are the climates.  P. 
What is that which you call a climate?  M. 
It is nothing but a certain space of the earth untained between two imaginary circles parallel ●●to the Equator: From the beginning of which space ●●to the end the longest Day admitteth the difference of half an hour. As for example, the space of the trestriall globe between the 12. d. 45. min. of latitude ●here the longest day is 12. hours and three quarters, to the latitude of 20. d. 30. m. where the longest day is th'hours ¼ is called a climate.  P. 
How many climates are there?  M. 
The number of the climates are divers. The ancient Cosmographers made but 7. beginning at the 12. d. 45. m. of latitude, and ending at the 50. d. 30. m. But they which succeeded, added two other, and made 9 climates the which number is expressed upon the meridian of the Globe. Others made 19 neglecting the ordinary increase of half an hour in the longest day, and the place also where the ancient Cosmographers began their climates. Others made 23. others 47.  P. 
Why did the ancient Cosmographers begin 〈◊〉 the 12. degree 45. minutes of latitude, & end at the 50. d. 30. m.  M. 
They thought that that part of the earth between those two parallels to be habitable, & therefore had only respect to them. But the latter Cosmographers knowing the earth to be more habitable, extended their climates over the whole surface thereof from the equator to the pole.  P. 
Me thinketh the Climates on the meridian, a● extended but toward one pole, are they not also to be considered toward the other pole.  M. 
Yes, in the self same distance from the equator, but with contrary names.  P. 
Hath each climate, a several name?  M. 
Yea, for they are denominated according to th● name of certain notable places, which are in the midde● of them, as appeareth in the Table following: the C●●mates to the Southward are called by the same name the word anti (which signifieth against) being put there unto: as for example, that which is the next beyond three equator to the Southward is called anti dia Meroes, because it is as far beyond the Equator as that Climate which passeth through Meroe is on this side thereof, etc.  
Lo here is the Table of the ancient Cosmographers, wherein is expressed the number of the Climates with their limits, etc. as you see it set down in the front thereof.  
(g) By this Table, as also by the Globe you may gather (Philomathes) the whole difference of time from the beginning of the first climate to the last to be 4. hours and an half: but the diversity of the height of the pole is 42. d. 49. m the breadth of them according to Ptolemee is 2359. mile's ⅜: but according to our account, that ascribe to every degree of a great circle 60 miles, it amounteth unto 2569. miles. The other things which may be said concerning the Climates, as that the beginning of the one climate is the end of the other, and that the climates next unto the equator are greater than those which are further of etc. I leave them to your own contemplation because you may gather them not only out of this table, but also out of ehe globe itself. Yet this I must tell you that the Cosmographers have divided each climate into two parts, whereof each part is called a parallel. So that in this sense a parallel may be defined briefly to be the limit of half a Climate or otherwise, it is a portion of the terrestrial Globe contained between two circles from the beginning whereof unto the end the longest day admitteth the difference of a quarter of an hour. But of this matter let this suffice. Let us now speak of the ecliptic.  P. 
With a good will, to what end serveth that circle, me thinketh it should be needles in this globe.  P. 
No, for hereby the terrestrial Globe is not only made fit to serve for all those propositions, which in the Celestial globe are performed by knowing the place of the Sun, but hereby also we learn whether the Sun passeth by the Zenith of any people yea or no, & what people they be by whose Zenith he passeth not, and how many times he passeth by them, and how far he is distant from their Zenith, with other conclusions more, whereof I will speak hereafter, as they come to my memory.  P. 
How shall I know whether the Sun passeth by the Zenith of any place yea or no?  M. 
You know, that the Ecliptic expresseth the high way of the Sun: therefore as many as dwell within the obliquity thereof between tropic and tropic must needs see the Sun in their Zenith, the rest from either tropic to each pole never have the Sun in their Zenith.  P. 
How often may the Sun be in the Zenith.  M. 
Not above twice to any nation, and to some but once. As many as have their latitude equal to the greatest declination of the Sun, they never see the Sun in their Zenith but once, such are all they that dwell just under the tropics. But as many as dwell within the two tropics have the Sun perpendicular over their heads twice in the year, namely at that time, when the declination of the Sun, and the latitude of the place are equal one to the other, for then the Sun declining from the equator cometh to their Zennith, and passeth beyond it to the tropic, and descending from the tropic he crosseth their vertical points again.  P. 
Then in seeking out the declination of the Sun, & the latitude of any place, I shall not only know whether the Sun cometh to the Zenith of the said place, but also at what time he cometh thither.  M. 
You say well, for if the declination of the sun, & the latitude of the place either are, or may be equal, then will the Sun pass by the Zenith, but if the latitude be greater than the declination of the Sun may be, the Sun never cometh to the Zenith. Again when the Sun possesseth any degree of the ecliptic having a declination equal unto the latitude of the place assigned, that day will he cross the vertical point of the said place.  P. 
If the Sun be not in the Zenith, how shall I know his distance from it by the Globe?  M. 
Seek out in the meridian the declination of the Sun, and there make a mark, seek out also the latitude of the place assigned, there also make a mark, the degrees of the meridian intercepted between the two marks express the distance of the Sun from the Zenith: So shall you find the Sun in Cancer to be distant from our Zenith here at London 28. degrees, but being in Capricorn, he is distant from it 75. degrees. If you desire to know this by rule, the rule is: the place assigned being without the tropics, and the Sun declining toward the pole elevated, the declination of the Sun taken from the latitude giveth his distance from the Zenith, as the Sun declining northward twenty degrees, twelve minutes, is distant from our Zenith at London thirty degrees, eighteen minutes. If the Sun decline from the pole elevated, his declination added to the latitude, giveth his elongation from the Zenith. Item, if his place assigned be within the two Tropics, his declination toward the pole clevated, compared with his latitude, and the lesser: being subducted from the greater, the remainder giveth his distance from the Zenith: Otherwise if the Sun decline from the pole elevated, the total sum made of the declination, and the latitude affordeth the foresaid distance. If the place assigned be under the equator the declination of the Sun is equal to his distance from the Zenith according as you may perceive by the Globe.  P. 
What other use hath the ecliptic in the terrestrial Globe.  M. 
We are hereby certified of the several seasons of the year in each several place. Summer is caused by the access of the Sun unto our Zenith: Winter, by his recess from the same. Hereby therefore we may gather what people have two winters and two Summers: also who have but one winter and one Summer: as many as dwell under the tropicks, and from thence toward the poles have but one, because the Sun falleth from their Zenith, & cometh toward them but once in a year, they which dwell within the tropic have two, because the Sun crosseth their Zenith twice, and falleth twice also from it, once to the North, and again to the Southward. But between their Summers and Winters there is not an equal distance unto any of them, those only excepted which live under the equator: who being just in the midst of the suns proper motion have the several seasons of their year distinguished equally in common sense. The other have their seasons divided unequally, as they that dwell in the 20. d. 12. m. to the Northward have from their first Summer to the second two months, but from the second to the first Summer following in the next year, they have ten months, namely all that time, wherein the Sun is going from Leo to Gemini: Furthermore this is generally to be noted by the ecliptic, that they which dwell on several sides of the equator have never the same seasons falling out at the same time: for if it be Winter to them that dwell to the Northward of the line, it is Summer to them that dwell to the Southward, and contrariwise.  P. 
But they that dwell on one and the same side of the Equator have their Summer and Winter at one time.  M. 
Not so, as many as are under or without the tropic toward the pole have their Winter and Summer at one time, namely, when the Sun entereth the head of Cancer, but they that dwell from the equator to the tropic have their Winter and Summer only then, when the Sun is furthest from their Zenith, or else crosseth it. As they that do dwell under the equator have their Summers when the Sun entereth into Aries and Libra, and then crosseth their Zenith But their Winter's fall out when he cometh to the tropical points, and is furthest distant from their Zenith: they that dwell 11. d. 30. m. to the Northward of the line, have their Summers when the Sun entereth into Taurus & Virgo, but their Winters are in his entrance into the tropics, for that is general to them that dwell within the tropics, that howsoever their Summers alter their times, their Winters always keep their appointed days, which are those, wherein the Sun entereth the tropical points.  P. 
Shall we now proeceede unto the other circles of the Globe.  M. 
Not yet, there is one thing remaining to be noted in the terrestrial globe concerning the shadows, that are made upon earth at noon whereupon the inhabitants reccave divers names, for some of them are called Ascij, others Amphiscij, others Heteroscij, & others Periscij. They are called Ascij who having the Sun in their vertical point do want the shadow of any thing that standeth upright upon the ground, for the Sun beam falling perpendicular upon the earth doth illuminate the thing, which standeth upright round about, so that the shadow thereof cannot be seen until the Sun declineth from the Zenith. Such are all they that dwell either under or within the tropics, as by experience you may prove upon the terrestrial Globe by the spherical gnomon.  P. 
In what manner I pray you?  M. 
Rectify your globe perfectly in the open air, where the Sun doth shine, and set your spherical gnomon either upon the degree of the ecliptic, which the Sun doth possess, or upon any place of the globe having a latitude answerable to the declination of that degree which the Sun doth possess, then turn the globe toward the Sun, & the gnomon being right against him will cast no shadow, or otherwise bring the gnomon close to the meridian, and there set it fast until noon, for then the Sun will fall so just upon the point of the gnomon that it will yield no shadow.  P. 
What are they whom you call Amphiscij.  M. 
They are such as have a shadow falling two several ways, one while to the Northward, and another while to the Southward. These dwell within the two tropics, as you may perceive by the terrestrial globe This you know standeth with reason, & common sense proveth it true, that the shadow bendeth to the opposite place from the Sun, as if the Sun be South ware the shadow runneth Northward, whereupon this must needs follow, that for so much as they which dwell within the tropicks have the Sun sometimes to the northward of their Zenith (as those in the Island of S. Thomas) & sometimes to the Southward, they must of necessity have the shadow bending to the same places, as when the sun is in the north signs, the shadow of any thing standing upright upon the horizon must at noon run Southward, when he is in the south signs the shadow will bend northward. You may try, if you will abide the trial of it, by the spherical gnomon: rectify your globe, place the gnomon upon the Island of S. Thomas, or upon any degree of the equator, or any other degree of the ecliptic, bring the guomon to the meridian when the sun approacheth near unto that degree, & mark which way the shadow falleth & after the sun is passed that degree either ascending or descending do the like again, and you shall find the shadow of the gnomon to fall toward a contrary place to that, toward which it fell before: the Hetroscij are those whose noonstid shadow falleth but one way only: such are all they that dwell between the tropics & the circle arctic or antarcticke: they that dwell between the tropic of cancer, & the circle arctic never see their noonstid shadow bending but to the northward because the sun is always south unto them: contrariwise they which dwell to the south between the tropic of capricorn, & the circle, antarctick never see the noonstid shadow, but bending southward. You may try this also by the globe, for the globe being rectified, & the gnomon applied to any place between the foresaid circles, and then brought unto the meridian, & there set fast, you shall not at any time find the Sun to cast the shadow any way but one.  
The last of these are the Periscii whose shadow runneth round about them to every point of their Horizon in one and the same day, wherein they differ from the Amphiscii: For albeit their shadow being also unto all parts of their Horizon, yet upon one and the same day it tendeth but toward one half of the Horizon that is either to the Northward or to the Southward. But the Periscii have their shadow going round about in one day. Such are they that dwell within or under the circles Arctic or Antarcticke: The reason whereof is the long continuance of the Sun above the horizon, who never setteth sometimes until he have compassed the horizon round about. Now let us come unto the Horizon.  P. 
Is there nothing then to be said of the two colours?  M. 
No, for they have no use but this, that the degrees of longitude begin at that place where theequinoctiall colour and the head of Aries concur in the Equator, so that it may in that respect be counted the first meridian or first circle of Longitude.  P. 
Well then, let us discourse of the horizon: what use hath it in the terrestrial globe?  M. 
It severeth the antipodes one from another, how soever the globe is situated, and is common to them both. And whereas in the Celestial Globe you were taught to find the length of the artificial day, with the time of the suns rising and setting: upon the terrestrial Globe you may readily see who they be that have the day of such a length, and the Sun rising and setting at such a time.  P. 
How is that to be found out, I pray you rub my memory but with one example.  M. 
The length of any day being propounded seek which degree of the ecliptic the Sun possesseth, that present day, as for example, the day being 16. hours long, I suppose the Sun to be in the head of Cancer: then in the first meridian or circle of longitude which is distinguished into degrees count his declination, and at the end thereof make a prick, which in this example selleth out to be in the very intersection of the tropic, and the foresaid circle of longitude: thirdly divide the length of the day into two equal parts, and convert the hours into degrees of the Equator, which as this example requireth are 120. from the head of Aries toward your right hand count so many degrees in the equator: apply the end of that number close to the meridan, raise or let fall the pole of the Globe until the mark of the declination made in the circle of longitude, do touch the Horizon: the cities or other places of the terrestrial globe which are then 90. degrees distant from the Horizon in the revolutions of the globe are those, which have the day of such a length: or otherwise, as many as have their latitude correspondent to the elevaon of the pole are those, whose day is so long as it was propounded to be.  P. 
I remember now very well, that you taught me the like of this in that proposition of the celestial globe, wherein I learned the length of the day being given to find the height of the pole.  M. 
You say true: this is the only difference, that here we must have an eye to the latitude, because the true place of any city or town upon the terrestrial Globe is found rather by it than by the clevation of the pole, albeit in number they be all one. By that which I taught you even now, this also may be gathered, that if the Sun being in any certain sign assigned do rise an hour two or three either sooner or later unto others, than unto me, I say I may know what people they are as for example, if the sun in Cancer rise unto me at 4. a clock, and to another at 3. or 2. a clock in the morning or to another at 5. clock: how far do they differ in latitude from me either to the northward or to the southward.  P. 
I pray you tell me, how this may be dispatched readily.  M. 
The chiefest consideration, which is to be had in this matter is in what half of the Zodiac the sun is. If the sun be in the northern signs, they which have the longer day have the pole higher elevated, than they which have a shorter, but the sun possessing the southern signs, they which have the longest day have a lesser latitude, if you remember this you cannot err, so that the situation of the places be both toward one pole, or one of them under the equator.  P. 
Let me try if I myself can hammer out this question: the Sun in Cancer riseth to me at London at 4. a clock and 45. minutes in the morning how far do they dwell from me either Northward or Southward, that is to say otherwise, how do they differ in latitude from me, to whom being in the same sign he riseth at 3. a clock 45. minutes. First I conclude this, that they dwell to the Northward, because their day is longer, the Sun possessing the Northern signs: then do I raise the pole according as the fatitude of London doth require, and afterwards bring the intersection of the first circle of ongitude, and the tropic unto the Horizon, setting fast the Globe that it stir not, and noting what degree of the Equator is under the meridian. 〈◊〉 do consider moreover how much their day is longer than ours: in this example it is longer by an hour convert that time into degrees, and count from that degree of the Equator, which is under the meridian to the Westward (where as otherwise if their ●ay had begun after ours I should have counted them 〈◊〉 the Eastward, that is, I should have subducted them) I turn that degree to the Meridian, and afterwards raise the pole of the Globe until the foresaid intersection of the tropic and the circle of longitude, ●oe touch the Horizon, for than is the pole at his due eight, from whence if I subduct the latitude of Lon●on, I shall find them to be the Northward of us 5. derees.  M. 
You have concluded well: and in like man●●r may you find, how far another is to the Southward, and which of the two poles is raised above the round: but I leave these things to your hammering, ●eing you can hammer them out so well. Let us now ●ll in hand with those things which are inscribed in the horizon.  P. 
I had thought that you had sufficiently discoursed 〈◊〉 them in the celestial globe.  M. 
Yet there is in regard of the terrestrial globe peculiar use of the points of the compass, or winds we commonly term them. For by them may we now how one coast or country beareth from another, which way it lieth, either East, West, North or South, 〈◊〉 otherwise.  P. 
I imagined that thing to be known by the crooked lines described upon the terrestrial Globe, which you called the Rhombes.  M. 
Not so, indeed they teach us how to direct our course to any place: but they teach us not how one place lieth from another: and therefore the Latins in this case use 2. several words, whereof the one is Plaga a coast, the other directio, a direction. Whereof the one greatly and always differeth from the other, except the two places assigned, whose coast or direction I seek for lie under the same meridian, or near the equator.  P. 
This seemeth to be a Paradox unto me, must not direct my course unto a place according as it lieth from me?  M. 
No, except the places lie North, and South: fo● a place may be East or West from you, as the Islands 〈◊〉 Maldinar, which lie east from London, yet if you detract your course by the East, or West point of the compass, you shall never come there.  P. 
What do you call a coast?  M. 
A coast is an Ark of the horizon contained between two vertical circles, whereof the one is always the meridian, and the other is the circle, which passe●●● from our Zenith through the place whose position from us we seek for. This ark and position of the place usually is denominated according to the point of the compass, upon which the vertical circle lighteth in th● Horizon: as for example, if the vertical circle light upon the North-east point of the Horizon, I pronouns the place to lie North-east from me.  P. 
By what means shall I find upon the terrestrial globe, how any City doth lie from me, and toward what coast.  M. 
First rectify your globe according as the latitude of your place doth require wherein you are, then fasten ●he quadrant of altitude to the Zenith, and bring the known place unto the meridian, turn the quadrant of altitude to the city, or town assigned, whose coasting ●om you, you desire to know, and mark upon what soint of the compass it lighteth in the Horizon: for acceding thereunto you must pronounce the place to lie ●●om you, North-east or Southeast, or otherwise as it fal●th out.  P. 
Is there any other use of these points of the comtesse described upon the Horizon of the globe.  M. 
Yea, for being at Sea the latitude being given, & ●e point of the compass whereupon any known land descried doth bear from you, you shall know how far ●●u are from it: In this manner: raise the pole of your ●●be according to the latitude, bring the quadrant of ●itude to the Zenith, and then turn it to the point of ●e compass upon which the land descried doth bear ●●m you, bring the said point of the land close unto ●e quadrant, and see how many degrees of the quadrant ●e contained between it, and your Zenith, those dewees converted into miles or leagues (as you were ●●ght before) do yield the distance. Here also note this ●at as you do in one so you may do in two or more head ●●des if you descry them being at sea. Thus much con●ning the use of the greater circles of the terrestrial ●●be, it remaineth now to speak of the lesser: but for much as this matter whereof I have now last of all innated hath great affinity with the Rhombes, if it please 〈◊〉 I will instruct you in them, and their use before I fall in hand with the lesser circles.  P. 
I pray you do so, and for so much as I could never see any Author which did write of them, give me leave to require what I doubt of them and their use?  M. 
With a good will, I will do what I can to ●a●tissy you.  P. 
What is the reason of this name, & why are they called Rhombes?  M. 
We in our speech all them the points of the c●passe: but the name of rhomb is received from th●● Spaniard the reason of the name is this, as I gather it. Among the geometricians as you know this kind of sigu●● ◊ is called a rhomb: for so much therefore as the points of the compass described upon th● globes, but especially in the plain sea card, do represent such a like form, hereupon the Spaniard hath given this name unto these lines, translating the name from the plain Sea card to the Globe. And here I m●● crave leave of you to use this name, because I find it is teaching to be most convenient, for there is such affinity in your English tongue between the point of the compau used in failing, and the point of the compasses used i● making of Circles, and other Geometrical descriptions that many times it breedeth an error: so that when soever I shall have occasion to speak of any line of direction, I think it best to call it a rhomb.  P. 
What use have they in the terrestrial globe?  M. 
Their use is manifold, as I will teach you by several propositions whereof this shallbe the first, because is most general, and chief respecteth these lines: any 〈◊〉 places, or points being assigned in the terrestrial globe, ●●find their rhomb, that is, upon what point of the compass I am to direct my course from the one unto the other  P. 
Then as it should seem by your words, these spiral & winding lines, which you call the rhombes, do imitate the winding nature of the Mariner's compass.  M. 
They do so, for if you mark them, they make always one & the same angle with the meridian of any place, & do run on by little & little as the very nature of the compass would direct you, if you should follow any one point thereof. In these rhombes you may note this, that the rhomb of north or south is always some meridian or other, but the line of East, & west is parallel always to the equator, whereby you may perceive that to be true, which I told you before, that it is one thing for a place to lie or coast East & west from you, but it is another thing to direct your course East & west, for he ●hat directeth his course according to the rhomb of East & west never altereth his latitude, but keepeth always in one distance from the equator, whereas he which runneth continually upon a great circle must of necessity at length make an intersection with the equator. The other Rhombes traverse the globe more or less according as they come nearer unto, or are further off from the meridian. Let us return to the proposition propounded.  P. 
Go too then, two places being propounded, how shall I find upon what rhomb I am to direct my ●ourse?  M. 
Take your Quadrant of Altitude, or some ●ther Brazen ruler bowed according to the circumference of the Globe, lay it precisely upon the two places assigned, & mark where it cutteth any 2. circles of latitude on the globe, set one foot of your compasses in the on ●terfectiō, extend the other foot unto the other interfection then come down unto the equator, and wheresoever you see these rhombes to meet together (we call it commonly the centre of the sly or rose) there set the foot of your compass & extend the other compass to the next circle of latitude to the equator, the rhomb, upon which the foot of your compass doth light, will give you you● direction.  P. 
I must needs trouble you with certain questions, because this matter is very strange unto me. Where I set the onefoot of my compass in the centre of the fly, is it not material, which way I turn the other foot, either upward, or downward to the right hand, or to the left.  M. 
As for turning your compasses upward to th● parallel next above, or downward to the parallel next beneath the equator, it is not greatly material, yet you must consider this, that if you turn your compasses upward to the parallel the centre of the fly doth represent the nethermost place of the two, if you turn it downward it representeth the uppermost. As for turning you compass to the right or to the left hand you must take a● especial care of that: this rule you must observe that you compasses must always imitate the situation of your 〈◊〉 ler that if the upper end of your ruler bend to the right hand or to the left, the upper foot of your compasse● must do the like, and this must be your continual pro●●uiso, that the feet of your compasses touch the two parallels exactly.  P. 
But I perceive this, that albeit the compasse● light upon the parallel, yet it will not always light upon a rhomb.  M. 
That is true, if it light upon a rhomb, than our direction from place to place precisely according 〈◊〉 the denomination of the rhomb: As for example, if light (being turned upward) upon the the third rhomb, ●om the meridian to the right hand, then must your diction be from the nethermost place upward Northest, and by North. But from the uppermost place downward it is South west & by South.  P. 
Doth one and the same line give me always two rections.  M. 
Yea, according as you move from one place another, if you bend your course under the meridian ●om the North pole to the South, then is your directi●● southward, but from the South pole upward it is forth, though the line of direction, that is, the rhomb ●●e all one, so likewise descending, one and the same ●ombe is south-west, which in ascending is North●●t.  P. 
If the foot of my compass lighting upon the pallell doth not exactly touch any rhomb, what shall I 〈◊〉 then?  M. 
Mark unto which rhomb the compasses come ●arest, let that give the denomination to your directi●●, adding these words, and a little more, or a quarter a point more, to the Eastward or to the Northward ●c. as falleth out.  P. 
Yet there ariseth another doubt: in searching the ●ombe between Trinidada, and Cape verde and laying my ruler upon them as you willed me, I perceive the ●ersections of it, and the parallels to fall out so far a●●der, that my compasses cannot conveniently reach ●m. In this case, what shall I do for to find the ●ombe?  M. 
You must understand, that so long as you can reach the intersections of the Parallels, with your Compasses, that rule which I have set down is most ready for use, otherwise let this serve your turn which doth ensue. When the lands assigned bears near unto the East & West, or upon any other rhomb, with a black lead applied close unto the meridian, from the places assigned describe two obscure parallels of a sufficient length, then with your compasses take the distance of the one land from the other, and guiding your compasses continually upon the two parallels, see which 〈◊〉 the Rhombes contained between them will best agree or come nearest unto the extension of their feet, th●● is the rhomb of your direction. As for example, bei●●● desirous to know the rhomb, which is to direct me from Cape D'al Cuer on the Coast of Maroco, to th● Southermost side of the Island of Coruo, from th● said places I describe parallels, then taking the cances of those places, I guide the feet of my compases upon the parallels, to the westward: but I find that they will not exactly agree with any of the Rhombes, but that which cometh nearest unto the is the rhomb of North West and by West, which must be my direction, saving that I must bear somewhat less than half a point unto the West ward.  P. 
I must confess this to be an exact way, but feareth me with the hurt of my globe by making so m●ny paralles on it.  M. 
Then take this rule, whereby you shall ne●● hurt your globe. Suppose always that one of the t●● places assigned, wheresoever they be were the cen●● of the Fly described upon the Equinoctial line, then with our pair of Compasses take the distance of the two places as they lie on the Globe, and with another pair take the difference of their Latitude. Set the one Compass in the Centre of the Fly, and guide the other as you see occasion either Eastward or Westward, Upon the Equator from the said Centre until the two compasses do coneurre, the rhomb next unto the Feet of the Compasses meeting together, is the direction which you seek for. Thus much concerning the finding of the rhomb, whereby you are to direct your course from place to place: Now learn another Proposition, which is ●his, the rhomb being given, and the latitude to find the place wherewith you fall, or wherein you are: ●he which proportion is performed in this manner. Seek ●he rhomb upon the globe, upon which you directed your course, in it (by the help of the meridian) mark the atitude of the place from whence you come: and the la●tude also of the place with which you fell: take the di●ance of those two marks made in the rhomb: then ●etting one foot of your compasses in the place from whence you came, turn the globe to & froetoward the neridian, until the other foot light under the meridian ●pon that degree of latitude with which you fell, that is ●e place wherein you are. As for example, put case I put ●ff from the lizard south-west, and came unto the ●ortie degree of latitude, in the rhomb of Southwest I note the latitude of the lizard, and the for●e degree also of Latitude, I take the distance of ●ose two marks, & setting the one foot of my compasses in the lizard I turn the other foot to the forty degree of latitude, whereby I perceive I am wide o●● the Coast of Portugal unto the Westward thirti● leagues.  P. 
I understand you well: now tell me, how shall find how many leagues I have run upon that rhomb?  M. 
The second mark being made in the rhomb assigned as you were taught even now, take with you compass one degreeof the equator or of the meridian which according to our account is 20. leagues, and according to the Spanish account 17. ½. measure there with the portionof the rhomb contained between th●● two marks, so shall you find the distance which you have run.  P. 
Before you taught me to take the distance of th● two places assigned otherwise.  M. 
You say true, for than you sought not the d●●stance according to the course which you did run, b●● according to the great circle imagined to be draw between them: which kind of measuring, if it should be observed in your cour5e you should greatly decea● yourself, as you may perceive in this example, put ca●● you run under the 60. parallel either East or West, until you passed half thereof, taking your distance as you were taught at the first in a great circle the two place can be but 1200 leagues asunder: but your distance being taken according to your course as I taught you ever now amounteth unto 1800. leagues. Therefore the be way is this, especially if your course made upon a●● rhomb fall out to be great.  P. 
Let this be the fourth proposition concerning th● Rhombes, the rhomb being given, and the distan●● known to find the latitude, with which I fall, how shall 〈◊〉 do this?  M. 
In the rhomb given, make a prick according ●o the latitude of the place from whence you departed, from that prick, count the distance, which you have ●unne, at the end thereof make a note bring that note ●o the meridian, the degree of the meridian expresseth ●he latitude, which you seek for.  P. 
May I not also make this conclusion upon the globe, the rhomb being given, and the distance to find ●ow far I am parted from my meridian.  M. 
Yes most readily: in the rhomb given the la●●tude of the place being noted from whence you departed, and the course also which you have run, bring ●he first mark unto the meridian of the globe, fix the ●obe that it may not stir, then setting the one foot of our compasses in the second mark, take the shortest actention between it, and the meridian, the degrees of ●●e equator contained between the feet of your compasses being converted into leagues, or miles will give you ●●e distance from the meridian, from whence you de●●rted.  P. 
Me thinketh this rule may lead me to the longitude.  M. 
So it will, for the rhomb being given, and the ●●stance or else the latitude wherewith you fall, it is an easy ●atter to find the longitude according to your globe: ●he marks being made in the rhomb as you were ●ught even now, bring the mark which representeth ●●e place from whence you departed unto the meridian, ●●d note in what place it cutteth the equator, bring also ●●e ●econd mark unto the meridian, and note in what place the equator is cut, the degrees of the Equator intercepted between those marks express the longitude between the two places.  P. 
There is yet another question to be answered. If I run upon any rhomb may I not know how many leagues I have run having raised, or let the pole fall a degree?  M. 
Yes that you may, and you may also find this how far you are distant from your meridian. Here note this, that in the performance of these conclusion● without any great error you may reckon five or ten degrees of the meridian to be but as one, yet with this caveat, that if you count five degrees as one, every degre● is twelve minutes or miles, if ten be taken for one, ther● is every degree six minutes or miles, but it is best no● to exceed five or ten. To answer therefore to th● first of these two questions: come to the Centre of th● fly, which is in the equator, and count the ten●● degrees of the meridian either next above, or next be neath it to be but as one, and every degree to be sin miles, or two Leagues: then if you measure fro●● the Centre of the Fly unto the interjection, which any rhomb maketh with the tenth circle of latitude you shall readily, and easily find how many leagues 〈◊〉 miles you run upon any rhomb, in raising or letting fall the pole a degree. Again if from the said Intersections of the rhomb, and the Parallel, you measure the distance unto the Meridian, accounting as you did before each degree to be but six miles or leagues, you shall find the distance from the maridian Is there any thing else which you desire concerning use of the Rhombes.  P. 
Yea there is one thing, which hath troubled me most of all, & that is the traversing upon the globe: as thus, sometimes I run South about 60. leagues, sometimes South south-west as many leagues, than South and by East 100 leagues, then after that south-west I know not how far, but I find myself to be in four degrees of latitude South ward. How shall I observe this course upon the Globe?  M. 
If you were perfect in that which I have taught you, you would not make a doubt of this: but for so much as you are but yet a novice herein, I will exemplify the matter unto you, that by this one example you may gather what you have to do in the rest. The example shall be that which you have propounded, supposing the place from whence we set sail to be the Southermost side of cape de verde, at that place where the tenth ●●eridian or circle of longitude toucheth the land. First Therefore in that meridian I count 60. leagues, which are degrees where I make a mark, whereby I find myself ●o be in 11. degrees of latitude, and under the same messdian: from thence you ran according to your suppo●tion 60. leagues: from the mark which I made in the 〈◊〉, circle of longitude I draw with a black lead an ob●ture parallel, which shall cut the rhomb of South ●outh west, in that rhomb I account 60. leagues (which ●●e three degrees) as I did before, and from thence pre●ntly toward the Cape I draw a parallel to the equator, ●●en taking with my compasses the 6o. leagues noted in ●e rhomb of South south-west, I set the one foot of ●y compasses in the mark made in the 10. circle of lon●tude, & stretch the other foot westward to the paralax which was last drawn, and there make a mark. Here I find myself to be almost in the eight degree of latitude, and from the place of my departure a little more than six score leagues, and from the meridian thirty leagues Afterward you suppose your course to be South and by East an hundred leagues: continuing the last parallel unto that rhomb I count in it an hundred leagues: making a mark therein as I did before, and from it also drawing a parallel line toward the cape, than my compass being extended to an hundred leagues I set the one foot in the mark made in the former parallel, and turn the other Eastwards according to my direction until I touch this last parallel which was described, there also I make a prick: your last course was south-west, you know not how far, but you found yourself to be in four degrees of South latitude: I bring the meridian to the rhomb of south-west, and there make a note under the fourth degree of latitude, and from thence I draw another parallel toward the Cape: then taking as much of the rhomb of south-west as was contained between these parallel lines, I set the one foot of my compass in the mark which was last made, and extend the other foot to the last parallel, making a mark therein, which is the place of my being: and thereby I gather that I am fallen to the Southward of the line four degrees, & am distant from cape verde 390. leagues, and from the meridian from whence I departed 140. Thus much concerning the use of the rhombes described upon the terrestrial globe. There remain now Philoma a thes none of the circles of the Globe to be spoken of but the lesser circles only, which are the limits of the siue Zones, whereof mention was made in the end of the celestial Globe. The use of the which circles in the terrestrial Globe is no more than this, to signify what inhabitants of the earth, do dwell in every Zone, and who they be which feel that distemperature, or temperature of heat and cold. Whereby you may perceive how greatly they erred, which though the temperate Zones only to be habitable, and the other by means of their extremity of heat and cold to be unhabited.  P. 
Concerning the qualities of the 5. Zones I would gladly be resolved in those questions, first whether each part of the burning Zone be of a like heat: and if they be not, which is the hottest. Secondly, whether the other Zones be of a likely condition, or if they be not, which exceedeth one another in their qualities.  M. 
I will willingly satisfy your desire, and that so much the rather because some of the arguments used in deciding those questions may be expressed on the globe. You must here note what be the efficient causes effects are counted 3. First the heat is caused by the perpendicu●tity. Secondly, the long abroad. Thirdly, the nearness of the Sun: The cold therefore must be effected by the obliquity, by the ●mall abode and by the elongation of ●he sun. This also standeth with reason, that where here are most causes there must be the greatest heat or old: Let us therefore examine them in the Zones, beginning first with the burning Zone. For so much as the bur●ing Zone is contained within the tropics, so many ●herefore as inhabit that Zone must of necessity have the ●unne perpendicular unto them, so that in that respect, they are all equal, though in the other causes they disare●e. The abode of the Sun is lesser under the Equator than under the tropics, for the day is but of 12. hours under the equator but under the tropics it 〈◊〉 13. ½. And somewhat more. Moreover the Sun coming toward the Equator, and depatting from it, declineth almost in one month so much as he doth in months, near to the tropics: Last of all, the Sun coming toward the equator, keepeth on his course 〈◊〉 rectly, not coming that way again till half a yea● be past, but coming toward the tropics as he hates the earth mightily by his slow ascending, so doth increase the heart by his slow descending, and his so dait return. The heat therefore near unto the tropics greater than under the equator.  P. 
Then which is the hotter of the two tropics  M. 
Then tropic of Capricorn, for it hath not o●ly the Sun perpndicular and continuing a long ti●● above the horizon, as the other tropic hath. But 〈◊〉 hereafter you yourself will confess according as y●● go one forward in these studies. Hereupon the con question may be resolved, that of the two ●●zones the antarcticke is the colder, and in the tem●rate zones the winter is colder to the Southward th● to the Northward: for albeit he be obliqne to th● both, and continue a like time above either of their 〈◊〉 rizons: yet for so much as in Winter he is neer●● them that dwell in the Northern zones, than to th●● that dwell in the Southern zones: they therefore h●● the warmer Winter, and consequently the colder Summer. Having now answered your questions, it maineth Philomathes to advise you to acquaint y●● self thoroughly with your globe, not only that you 〈◊〉 be ready to perform those conclusions, which you 〈◊〉 learned, but also that you may know, and distinguish the several parts of the world with the chief Kingdoms, Cities, Capes, necks of land, Seas, straits, and Rivers throughout the whole world, for it will be unto you a great disgrace, especially in this our traveling age, not ●o be cunning in these things: which cunning you may ●asily attain unto, if you do but furnish your study with the Globes, and now and then as your leisure serves, look upon them.  P. 
I will do mine endeavour, especially, because as I ●ue a good hope of the profit that may ensue, so I find ●●e pleasuce to be exceeding great. And to you sit for the ●ines which you have taken in furthwering my study, I all think myself greatly beholding so long as I live.  M. 
That is my desire Philomathes, to make ●●ng students to be beholding unto me, & if so be here●er you shall stand in need of my help, either through getfulnes or hardness of that, which I have taught, you, if you will repair to my poor lodging in Abchurch lane, you shall find me ready to do you what pleasure I can. And so farewell.   
FINIS.