THE theoric AND PRACTIC OF MODERN WARS, Discoursed in Dialogue wise.  
WHEREIN IS DECLARED THE NEGLECT OF Martial discipline: the inconvenience thereof: the imperfections of many training Captains: a redress by due regard had: the fittest weapons for our Modern War: the use of the same: the parts of a perfect soldier in general and in particular: the Officers in degrees, with their several duties: the embattling of men in forms now most in use: with figures and Tables to the same: with sundry other martial points. Written by ROBERT BARRET.  
Comprehended in six Books.  Ozar morir, da la vida. 
ANCHORA SPEI   printer's or publisher's device 
LONDON, Printed for William Ponsonby. 1598.   


HONI SOIT QVI MAL Y PENSE  
VNG IE SERVIRAY   blazon or coat of arms   

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE MY SINGULAR GOOD LORD, HENRY EARL OF PEMBROKE, LORD HARBERT OF Cardiff, Marmion, and Saint Quintin, Lord Precedent of her majesties Council established in the Principality and dominions of Wales, and the Marches of the same; of the most noble order of the Garter, knight; Lord Lieutenant within the Principality and dominions of South Wales and North Wales, and the Marches thereto adjoining; and of the Counties of Will't and Somerset, etc.  
RIght Honourable, having spent the most part of my time in the profession of Arms, and that among foreign nations, as the French, the Dutch, the Italian, and Spaniard, I have been moved by sundry my friends, to set down in writing such Martial points, as I have noted, gathered, or learned from them, whereby, such young Gentlemen, and others, my willing country men, as have not, as yet, entered within the bounds of Mars his bloody field, may, at the last, gather some instructions, to be the readier at the Alarm given: the which seemeth not far off. And sith my principal scope and purpose hath been, to open these discourses to the behoof of the younger and unexperimented sort, I have therefore emboldened myself, with your good Honour's consent, and favour, to dedicate them unto that Noble young Lord your son, as a matter (were it handled by a more perfect soldier then my self) befitting his Lordship, as well for the Martial virtues already shining in him, as for the sympathy that his honourable birth and Nobility hath with this subject which we treat of, being war and Arms. Thus humbly craving your good honour's consent, I beseech the Almighty for ever to bless you with all honour and felicity.  
Your Honours humbly at command, ROBERT BARRET.   

TO THE RIGHT NOBLE YOUNG LORD, WILLIAM, LORD HARBERT of Cardiff, son and Heir apparent to the right Honourable Earl of Pembroke. Robert Barret wisheth increase of all Honour and virtue.  
MOst Noble young Lord, and of honourable expectation, although your young years, have scarce arrived yet to the bearing of Arms, nevertheless on the assured hope conceived of your honourable parts, as so nobly each way descended, (whose virtue hath always shined to the glory of your name and house) I have emboldened myself to offer unto your Lordship's view and protection, these Military discourses, penned upon occasion of conference had with sundry Gentlemen, and by them wished to be published. Many good reasons have moved me to dedicate them unto your Lordship, as well in respect of your own virtues (resembling altogether that Noble Earl of Pembroke, your Grandfather, and that worthy Sir Philip Sidney your Uncle) as also in respect of the great and weighty Commands which your Right Honourable father doth worthily hold over us, in these our Western parts and Wales, under our dread Sovereign. Such as they are, I humbly beseech your Lordship to accept, as from a soldier, who humbly offereth himself and his service unto yourself, next unto my good Queen and dear Country.  
Your Lordships humbly at command ROBERT BARRET.   

TO ALL MEN OF WAR IN GENERAL.  
HOnourable soldiers, and brave men of war, of what degree soever, I am assured there is none of you that will spurn at these my pains taken, as penned, not to instruct the experimented and Martial sort, such as you are, but the unexpert and young Gentlemen, which have not yet entered commons in Mars his Campe. For what good is herein contained, shall redound to your glory and fame in general: and what faults and errors be herein committed, must rest upon me, bear them off as I may. Let us love one another, that God may love us all, and give us true Martial valour to the service and defence of our dread Sovereign and dear Country.  
Yours in all love, ROBERT BARRET.   

TO ALL GALLANT MINDED GENTLEMEN, and my good country men in general.  
GAllant minded young Gentlemen, and good countrymen in general, which have not yet marched under Mars his Colours, nor known the parts incident to his followers, for your instructions have these discourses been principally penned: the which although they be but rough, & not polished with school terms, yet happily not so barren, but you may reap some good fruit from them, being read, and noted with due regard▪ to your behoof (perhaps) in these behoveful times. I am not ignorant that sundry have treated upon the like subject, and all to good end: but yet they observe not all one method, neither I myself (happily) such as every one would wish. It is somewhat hard to please few, but harder to please many, and none can please all: although mine intent hath been (as others no doubt, the like) both to please and profit the most. These approaching times do require such unpleasant matter, yet the necessity is such: and therefore to be regarded. Accept it friendly, as I have penned it willingly, so shall I hold myself both rewarded and satisfied.  
Your well wisher ROBERT BARRET.   

William Sa. in praise of the Author and his work.  

THose that in quiet states do sing of war,  
Or write instructions for the Martial crew,  
Must never think t' escape the envious jar  
Of those, who wealth, not honour still pursue.  
For they do fear least soldiers growing strong,  
Command the pelf which they have gathered long.   

Then worthy Barret, honoured mayst thou be,  
That dreadless all the teen of base conceits,  
Hast writ a work, shall still eternize thee,  
In spite of envy with her sly deceits:  
For thou that oft in battle bold hast stood,  
Hast now done that, shall do thy country good.   

For which his pains let this suffice, to show  
The love one soldier ought to bear another,  
Kindly embrace his work, for well you know,  
A soldiers merits, doth exceed all other:  
And say with me, as justly say you may;  
His travels do deserve our praise for ay.   
William Sa. Gentleman.   

THE FIRST BOOK OF WAR DISCOURSES AND MARTIAL DISCIPLINE.  

The first Dialogue:  
Wherein is reasoned of the Neglect of Martial Discipline, and inconveniences thereof: the comparison of Weapons ancient and modern, with their different Executions: the imperfections of many training Captains: the perfect training of men, to great effect: the due sortment of Weapons now used: the contempt of Soldiers, and causes thereof.  Gentleman. 
GOod Captain, I pray, if your leisure will permit, let us have your company some few days, familiarly to discourse with you upon such matter as time, cause, and occasion shall minister: for since the rumour of this troublesome world towards, 
The cause of the beginning of these Discourses.  I mean, besides the brabbles of Ireland, the great preparations of the ambitious Spaniard, pretended as is thought against us, both myself, & other country Gentlemen, unexperimented in such martial causes, have not a little mused thereupon: and so much the more, by reason of the strait charges and commands directed from her Majesty, and her honourable privy Counsel unto us of every Shire, to make good provision of furniture, and our people to be well trained: the which seemeth not done without some great occasions known, or matters greatly suspected: What think you of it?  Captain. 
Sir, I will draw my leisure and poor skill to the uttermost, to satisfy, in what I can, your courteous request. And first, concerning mine opinion touching the ambitious and proud minded Spaniard, 
The Spaniard, as well by his own imperious inclination, as by the Pope & Clergies suggestion, & instigation of English and Irish Papists, hath these thirty years imagined England's subversion. Example, in Anno 1588.  I say; that besides her Majesty and her honourable Counsel, it is not unknown unto a number of honest gentlemen and soldiers of our nation, that the Spaniard hath above these thirty years, as well by his own natural imperious inclination, as by the Satanical suggestion of the Roman Pope and Clergy, and continual instigation of our English and Irish Papists, both desired, pretended and practised the utter ruin, subversion and conquest of our religion, state, and realm: the experiment whereof in Anno 1588. last, with his Invincible Navy, so by him termed, attempting our seas and coasts, we have yet fresh in memory: whereof we may well say: Deus pro nobis pugnabat.  Gent. 
But do you think that he will yet attempt the like, considering his foils, and losses then received?  Captain. 

The Spaniard to be suspected for many reasons.  Why sir, do you think that so mighty a Prince, so proud and ambitious a Nation, possessing so many mighty kingdoms, such inestimable Indies, such plenty of wealth, such ready subjects, such skilful warriors, such brave Conductors, such store of shipping, and having such an egger on as is the pestiferous Pope, will not yet attempt what he can, were it but to recover his honour and reputation lost in the last action?  Gent. 

Yet many men hardly to be persuaded.  Truly Captain, a number of us country Gentlemen can hardly be so persuaded, and especially our common country people.  Captain. 
Indeed I do not greatly marvel thereat, considering our long continued peace under our gracious Sovereign's reign (whom God long maintain over us) wherein we have not known what the name of war hath meant, much less the effects thereof: 

Peace breeds security; security, careless minds: careless minds, contempt of war: contempt of war, unmartial minds. Men having lived long in peace, seldom suspect war.  
Securitas parit periculum.  
By neglect of martial discipline, many kingdoms subverted.  
Examples.  
Good to shake off security, and be careful for our safety.   For long peace hath bred Security; security, careless minds; careless minds: contempt of war; contempt of war, the despising of souldiarie and Martial discipline; the despising of Martial discipline, unwilling minds I fear me: so that it can hardly be beaten into our brains, I mean a number of us, that we which so long have found the fruits of peace, should ever feel the effects of war. To prove that long peace, and neglect of Martial discipline hath metamorphosed manly minds, nay whole States and kingdoms; let us consider the Macedonians prowess, the Grecians policy, the Romans' valour, the Carthaginians stratagems, so long as they maintained Martial discipline, ruled each the Monarchy in their times: but discipline neglected, disorders grew on, new Martialists sprung up, and overturned their wealth, state, and kingdoms, with a final ruin of their names and Nations.  
I speak not this, but for example, to put us the more in mind to shake off security, to mistrust the worst, to make us more ready and willing to be trained in Martial points, not grudging at the charge, but frankly to offer it, to fit us with furniture, and desirous to be instructed in the knowledge and managing of each arms in their kind; whereby if so proud an enemy should attempt any thing against us, we might be ready, with resolute minds, to beard him to the uttermost. I could say much more, but this may suffice to a willing mind to conceive.  Gent. 

Inveterate opinion not easy to be altered, touching black bills and bows.  You have touched many points under a few terms, but (Captain) all this and much more will hardly persuade our rural sort; and I think many of us Gentlemen not far better minded: for in executing her majesties commands, for training our men, providing of armour, I hear many say, what need so much a do, and great charge in Calliver, Musket, Pike and Corselet? our ancestors won many battles with bows, black Bills, and jacks. But what think you of that?  Captain. 


Time altereth the order of war, with new inventions daily.  
The fiery weapons Canon & musket.   Sir, than was then, and now is now; the wars are much altered since the fiery weapons first came up: the Cannon, the Musket, the Caliver and Pistol. Although some have attempted stiffly to maintain the sufficiency of Bows, yet daily experience doth and will show us the contrary. And for that their reasons have been answered by others, I leave at this instant to speak thereof.  Gent. 
Why, do you not like of our old archery of England?  Capt. 
I do not altogether disallow them; 
The reputation of Archery much blemished, since the invention of fiery weapons.  true it is, they may serve to some sorts of service, but to no such effect as any of the fiery weapons.  Gent. 
Will not a thousand bows handled by good bowmen, do as good service, as a thousand harquebus or muskets, especially amongst horsemen?  Capt. 
No, were there such bowmen as were in the old time, yet could there be no comparison.  Gent. 
Your reasons.  Capt. 
First, you must confess that one of your best Archers can hardly shoot any good sheaf arrow above twelve score off, to perform any great execution, except upon a naked man, 
Bows far inferior unto Calliver or Musket.  or horse. A good Calliver charged with good powder and bullet, and discharged at point blank by any reasonable shot, will, at that distance, perform afar better execution, yea, to pass any armour, except it be of proof, & much more near the mark than your Archer shall: And the said Calliver at random will reach & perform twenty, or four and twenty score off, whereunto you have few archers will come near. And if you reply, that a good archer will shoot many shots to one; 

The readiness of the one and the other: with their different executions.  
Archers may shoot in v●llie. The execution of the bow not comparable to the musket.   Truly no, your archer shall hardly get one in five of a ready shot, nay happily scarce one; besides, considering the execution of the one and the other, there is great odds, and no comparison at all.  Gent. 
But our bowmen may shoot by volleys, as thick as hail in the air.  Capt. 
They may shoot thick, but to small performance, except (as I said) upon naked men or horse. But should there be led but eight hundred perfect hargubuziers, or six hundred good musketeers against your thousand bowmen, I think your bowmen would be forced to forsake their ground, all premises considered: and moreover a volley of musket or harquebus goeth with more terror, fury, and execution, then doth your volley of arrows. And again, against a resolute troop of horse, either Pistoletiers, Hargulatiers or lancers, they will stand less time (except they be well fronted with hedge, ditch or trench; or seconded with a strong stand of pikes,) then either Harquebus or Musket, considering the execution of the one & the other. 

The weapon not of deadly execution, little to be feared.  
Bow men have most use in open field, and in set battles shot are used in all services.   And what soldier is he, that cometh against a weapon wherein there is little hazard of life, which will not more resolutely charge, then against a weapon, whose execution he knoweth to be present death? Many more reasons might be alleged for the sufficiency of the one, and the insufficiency of the other, but others have answered the same already, besides the proof which daily experience bringeth: and thus you hear mine opinion of your Bows; desiring you (Gentlemen and others) not to conceive sinisterly of me for this mine opinion, as not held of me for any dislike I have of our old Archery of England: but that common experience hath made it most manifest in these our later wars: well wishing in my heart (had it been Gods good will) that this infernal fiery engine had never been found out. Then might we boldly have compared (as our ancestors did) with the proudest Archers in the world.  
But you must note this by the way, 
The fiery weapon without practice dangerous to the handler.  that the fiery shot, either on horseback, or foot, being not in hands of the skilful, may do unto themselves more hurt then good: wherefore the same is often to be practised, that men may grow perfect and skilful therein.  Gent. 
Well, to stand in argument I will not, for I have seen little trial either of the one or the other. But what think you of our abundance of black Bills which we think to be the next natural weapon for the Englishman?  Capt. 
True it is, that in time past our nation hath performed round slaughter. work therewith: but the wars and weapons are now altered from them days, and we must accommodate ourselves to the now used weapons, 
To accommodate ourselves to the now used weapons, order, and times.  order, and time, to answer our enemies with the semblable, else happily shall we find ourselves short of our reckoning, with our all-too late repentance. But might I have, in stead of these black Bills and jacks, so many good armed Pikes, I mean good Corslelts furnished, I would think myself far better either to offend or defend.  Gent. 
Why, would you not allow short weapon in the field?  Capt. 


Not many short weapon in the field.  
When to be used.   Truly no, not many, yet would I not exclude them all. For I know them necessary for many pieces of service; as to perform execution if the enemy break, or fly; to mingle with shot to back them if need be; to pass with Conuoyes, & to stand by your Artillery; to creep along trenches, and enter into mines, where the Pike would be overlong; 
Target of Proof.  but best for the mine or breach is the Target of proof, 
Pikes, most honourable weapon in the field.  short sword, and Pistol: but for the plain field, neither black bill, Halberd, nor Partisan comparable to the Pike.  Gent. 
In a set battle would you not have Bills or Halberds for the guard of your Colours?  Capt. 


Short weapon about the Ensign not so available as the Pike.  
The Reasons.   As few as might be▪ for in their steds far better were so many armed Pikes, in mine opinion, considering that in set Battles when men come to the shock, or push of the Pike, they sarrie close together, and the first three, five, or seven ranks do bear the chief brunt; and entered so far, men buckle pell-mell, close together, by which time commonly the one side recoileth or swayeth, and a battle once recoiling doth not lightly hold long, so that ere the Centre of the Battle be touched one side must fall to disarray; men once disordered, they commonly fall to rout, the rout is pursued with slaughter and ruin. Against horse the like reasons are to be made: thus either to offend or defend, far better is the Pike, than either Bill, or Halberd. And to conclude, the strength of the Battle is the armed Pike, 
The armed Pike, the strength of the battle.  so they be equally sorted with arqebus and Musket.  Gent. 
What mean you by equally sorted?  Capt. 


The equal sortment of weapons, offensive and defensive.  
Country people loath to be at charge.   I mean as much to offend, as to defend: To offend I would wish to every hundred men 25 Muskets, & 25 calivers at the least, 40 armed Piks, 7 or 8 Halberds, and 2 or 3 Targets of proof to defend, and so of all other numbers.  Gent. 
Your proportion I like well, but our country people are loath to be at the charges of so many costly weapons, although her Majesty and her honourable privy Counsel, have given orders and directions for the same.  Capt. 


Our dangerous time to be regarded.  
Men living long in security, amazed in alterations.   I perceive it to be so, whereat I grieve not a little, considering, how dangerous is the time; how malicious, strong, & politic is the enemy; how careless, yea senseless are we; and how unwilling to our own weal? But should these your secure men once hear the Alarm of the enemy, (from the which God defend us,) then should you soon see them alter their copies, change their colours, forget their great brags of black Bills and Bows, and stand at their wits end what course to take; and should they yet recall their courage, and pluck up their spirits, and dare to look the enemy in the face, what guides (I pray) have they? 
Want of good guides.  It is not enough to say down with them, down with them, Lay on Bills and Bows: 
Actions not effected with words, but with conduction, order men with suitable weapons.  they should encounter strong squares of armed Pikes, gallant squadrons of Muskets, brave troops of shot, conducted by skilful Leaders: then should they soon see the difference of weapons; the danger of the one, the little doubt of the other, with repentance (perhaps) for not taking them to other weapons in time. Thus much I speak to our inveterate conceivers of bows and black bills.  Gent. 
But we have trained companies, and selected bands, to answer our enemies with like weapons. 
Selected bands.   Capt. 
True it is, 
Companies well trained to great & good purpose. The danger of ignorant leaders and trayners.  there have been good orders set down for the same, and no doubt, well performed in many parts of our country: but I myself have seen many simple Leaders, simple in deed to train, much less to bring men to fight: for where the blind leads the blind, both fall into the ditch.  Gent. 
You mean this by our country Gentlemen and Citizens, who have the training of their shires and towns, and never came in wars, but her Majesty and Council have so appointed it for many good respects.  Capt. 
I know it very well, for many good respects, but I am well assured that her Majesty would well like of such country or citizen Captains, 
training Captains very skilful, aught to provide good officers.  as would be careful to provide themselves of good Officers; such as have seen wars, and borne office in the same, I mean honest and valiant men, not tapsterly praters, and alebench bragger's, who know no point of soldiery in the world. And if your Captains were each furnished with one or two such good officers, I mean honest men, and of experience, no doubt, but they might then do far better than they now do; and by such they might learn many good points of service, to their good, and their companies good instructions; yet not so much as thereby to become sufficient Captains.  Gent. 
Our Captains have Books of War, 
Books of war.  whereby they may learn more in one days reading, than you have in a whole years service; and then no great need of such, which were but charge to small purpose.  Captain. 
Truly good Sir, pardon me, you speak according to your skill; Now to answer you, 
Three sorts of war writers.  I say: Such books have been written by men of sundry humours, sundry qualities, and sundry professions. As some have been penned by learned men, 
1  as Politicians, Geometricians, and Mathematicians, which never saw any wars; 
2  Some by men of small learning, but by their practice and long continuance in wars; Some again have been penned by men both of good learning and long experience in wars: 
3  the last of these are to be best approved, 

The last ●●st approved.  
Comparisons.   as all men of judgement must confess. Now, the unsouldier-learned, to the unlettered soldier may be paralleled or comparaisoned, as the Physician Theorike to the gross practitioner, and unto the learned soldier, as the theoric only unto the theoric and Practic jointly in a perfect Physician. And this is my opinion of the diversity of warre-writers, of all which I suppose the last to be chiefly followed. 
Reading Captains three sorts.  Well, now to your reading Captains: many of them that read, 
1  do neither understand the Method nor meaning of the writer; 
2  many do understand the Method, and not the meaning; and some again (as men of quicker conceit, 
3  most fit for wars) do understand both Method & meaning: 
The best wa●●ing experience, far from a worthy Captains.  yet by want of experience & practise, they are far from a perfect soldier, and more from a worthy Captain. The proof of this is soon seen, for of your first sort, 
Example of the first sort.  bring one of them into the field with a hundred men, he will never rank them aright without help; and (God knoweth) with what puzzeling and toil: there is the end of his service, yea and thinks he hath done well too. Now let one of your second sort come into the field with the like number, 
Example of the second sort.  he will rank them three and three, but at every third rank he must call to his boy, holae sirrah, where is my Book? and having all ranked them, than marcheth he on fair, and far wide from a soldiers march: then cometh he to cast them into a ring, about, about, about, till he hath enclosed himself in the Centre; now there is he puzzled, hola master stand still until I have looked in my Book: by this time there is a fair ring broken. 
Example of the third sort.  Lastly, let your third quick conceited man come into the field with his company, he ranks them by three, five, or seven in a rank: Pikes, half in front, half in trains; Colours and brown Bills in the midst; divides his shot, half in vaward, half in rearward, and marcheth on in some pretty good sort, casteth his Ring, and happily cometh out again; but two to one he misseth his counter-ring. Well, this is well, say our Citizens and country people. But how far all these Captains are wide to show their soldiers the right use of each weapon, a man of mean judgement may perceive, much less to bring them to the face of the enemy without a manifest danger, 
Dangerous for unexperimented Captains to bring men to fight.  or wilful overthrow: Examples hereof I might recite enough, but I pray God, if ever it come to the proof, we leave not too many examples ourselves. For there be many points in a soldier, and more in a Captain, which can not be attained by reading, 

Many points to be in a soldier, and more in a Captain, not attained by reading, but by experience, and that de veras.  
Orderly training by good Trainers to good purpose. Points wherein a soldier is to be fully instructed.   but by practice and experience; and that de Veras, as the Spaniard saith, in earnest; and not de Burla, in jest. True it is, the training of men, is to good and very great purpose, especially were it done in such sufficient sort, and by such sufficient Trayners, as the weightiness of the cause requireth: wherein each soldier should perfectly learn his march; know the several sounds of the Drum, to keep his place and array in good order; when to march; when and how to charge; when to retire; when to stand; how to handle the weapon committed unto him; with a number of other points, most needful in these times to be thoroughly known unto your trained men, yea, and to others also, were it possible.  Gent. 
Truly (Captain) you deal somewhat roundly with our Citizen and country Captains, scarce worth thanks at their hands.  Capt. 
Sir, I would be loath to offend any; but being demanded, I must needs speak the truth, so near as I can: for according to my opinion and skill, I have answered your questions: 

Questions & demands do draw out semblable answers.  
Careful & diligent men to be commended.  
Men of sundry constitutions fit for sundry purposes.  
Natural instinct doth work wonderful effects in all kind of professions.   giving you to understand, that my opinion is not so of all: for I do know many sufficient Gentlemen and Citizens most willing to the service, who are highly to be commended for their good care and diligence therein: yet doubtless they will be to seek in many points, if it should come to the proof. True it is, all men are not of one constitution of body, humours, and spirits: for some men are fit for wars, some for peace, some for the country, some for the city, some for learning, some for manual crafts, some to govern, some to be governed, some able to conduct a Company, but not a Regiment; some a Regiment, but not a Royal Camp: of which last sort very few are to be found. To conclude, Natural inclination doth work wonderful effects in all kind of Professions; for some men (being naturally humoured thereunto) do prove better soldiers in five years experience, than some others in fifteen: and it is much, yea, it importeth all almost, to be often in Action. For a man haunting long the wars, 
To be often in action breedeth knowledge. Comparison. Little reputation of Soldiers in our age with us.  and seeing little execution, is as one that useth often the Fence-schooles, but never taketh weapon in hand. And if any of my speeches may seem unto some, to exceed the bounds of Decorum, I have been urged thereunto by the little reputation had of Soldiers amongst us: for surely, such as have followed the wars are despised almost of every man, until a very pinch of need doth come; then have we fair speeches; good countenances for a little time; but the action once ended, and the fear past, frowns do follow and cold rewards: so that the profession of Arms hath amongst us, of all others, been least esteemed in these our later days; 
The reasons.  the reason is, we have had little need of wars, and consequently little use, whereby we are grown ignorant in the Arte.  Gent. 
Then I perceive, 

Experience coupled with natural instinct, most perfect.  
The bad reputation of Soldiers springeth much from their own disorders.  
The disorders of men of war proceeding from two causes.  

1. The bad election.  
2. The little discipline.   
Favourite elections.   Experience makes men perfect, but most perfectest, if with Experience be coupled the natural instinct you speak of: but me thinks, that the bad reputation we have had of Soldiers in our age, springeth not of the little use we have had of wars, so much, as from the disorder of such as have professed the same.  Capt. 
I must confess there hath been, and is many times, great disorders committed by some professors and followers of wars; the which, in mine opinion, proceedeth from two causes: the one from the bad choice of some Captains, Soldiers and Officers, made at the first, by those who had commission or authority for the same: next, by reason of the little discipline used amongst those so chosen; for many have been chosen by favour, friendship, or affection, little respecting their experience, virtues, or vices; whereby most commonly, the fawning flatterer, the audacious prater, the subtle makeshift, is preferred before the silent man, the approved person, or the plain dealing fellow. Then such being chosen and preferred, how do you think the conduction should be good? Again, the Companies that are commonly levied, 
Faults committed by the justices of peace in levying of Soldiers.  are drawn forth by the justices of peace, who to disburden their town or shire of corrupt weeds, as they term it, do pick out the scum of their country, thinking such men sufficient for the wars: what wrong thereby is done to the service, the issues of many actions do often times manifest. Now, such choice made both of soldiers and Captains, what good can be expected from them? For little amendment groweth where lewd Liberty beareth sway: 
Little amendment groweth where lewd liberty beareth sway.  for wars disorderly used, is the Chaos of confusion; and wars well conducted and disciplined, is the Harmony of justice.  Gent. 
I pray (good Captain) sith you have thus far waded into the matter, let us entreat you to show us the parts of a Soldier, the use of his weapon, and the order of your modern war.  Capt. 
These three matters handled would ask a great volume, far above my reach: 

All wars are either offensive or defensive.  
Maintained, managed and conducted by money, men and arms, by policy, order, and by good Chiefs.   neverthesse's, to satisfy in part your courteous demand, I will do my best. Then thus I begin to reason: First, Wars are of two sorts, either offensive, or defensive; maintained and performed with men, armour and money; managed with Policy, Order and Stratagems; conducted and perfected by a singular General, brave Commanders, and resolute Soldiers. To begin therefore from the lowest degree unto the highest, I will declare unto you what parts I could wish in every degree, and what order in the same, following herein for the the most part, the Italian and Spaniard, by whom the best discipline of war in our days hath been used, and supplying where they are defective.  Gent. 
What Nation, think you, do prove best Soldiers? for we are of opinion, that there is no Soldier to the Englishman.  Capt. 
Truly, for strength, valour, and courage, I suppose us comparable to any nation whatsoever: 

The English for valour and courage comparable to any.  
It is the nature of every nation to think best of themselves.  
Vegetius opinions & reasons, what climate breeds the best soldiers.   but surely for subtle policy and martial discipline, especially in this our latter age, some other nations do exceed us. And it is the nature of every nation to esteem and think best of themselves: but Vegetius holdeth opinion, the man borne under the temperate Zone and climate, to be fittest for wars: For (saith he) the Soldier of the Septentrional or North Climate, by reason of his wide distance from the Sun, doth abound in hot blood, and is of good courage, and great strength: entering into battle without fear, but rash and inconsiderate in the same: void of consideration and counsel in most of his actions. And on the contrary, the Meridional man, by reason of the nearness of the Sun, the which they have almost for their Zenith, are fearful and fainthearted, and very loath to enter into battle, except constrained and urged thereunto; but withal, very subtle, wary and sharp-witted: therefore (saith he) Men of the middle Climate, participating of both the extremes, are best for the wars; as men hardy, quick, of great direction and counsel, well proportioned, and of reasonable good disposition and health. But I suppose, that of either nation by military discipline and practice, 
Men born under any climate may prove good soldiers by experience and discipline.  may prove good and excellent Warriors.  Gent. 
But yet, me thinks, that men of great stature are of greatest strength, and so most terrible to the enemy, and fittest for the wars.  Cap. 
True, in the first ranks tall men do make a fair show, but now the artillery and fiery weapon hath greatly diminished their authority: yet before this infernal engine was used in the world, the opinions of the most famous Captains were different herein: 

Sundry opinions what statured men be most fit for wars.  
The mean, best allowed.  
To be served with our own nation is best for us.   for Alexander esteemed men of little stature, for most valiant and hardy: Pyrrhus, per contra, liked the goodly, tall and large proportioned men: but julius Caesar, as more considerate and wise, rather chose men of mean stature, as naturally strong, of determinate minds and courage, and capable of counsel and prudence. But we must be served with our own nation, out of the which ought to be chosen the most discreet, godly, and virtuous Captains, and Officers of most experience, annexed with virtue, and Soldiers of honest behaviour and conditions, which (by skilful Captains) may soon be brought to be ready men.   

THE SECOND DIALOGUE; WHEREIN IS declared the general parts, 

The parts of a Soldier in general, his valorous determination grounded.  

1. Upon defence of true religion.  
2. For the honour of his Prince.  
3. For the safety of his country.  
4 To learn diligently the Art he professeth, which is war.   
Many men of base birth by valour and virtue attained high degree.  
Maximinus.   wished to be in a Soldier.  Gentleman. 
WEll now, I pray you declare the general parts of a Soldier.  Capt. 
It is necessary that he which entereth into this action, that he ground his valorous determination upon four principles. First, upon defence of true Religion: secondly, the honour of his Prince: thirdly, the safety of his country: four, diligently to learn the Art he professeth, which is war, whereby many men of low degree and base lineage have attained unto great dignity, credit, and fame: as Caius Marius, borne of poor parents in a village of the Arpines, came to be a famous commander of the Romans: Valentinian, a poor man's son of Sybaly in Hungaria, a Roman Emperor: Maximinus, borne in a base town of Thracia, unto the like dignity: and Nicholas Pichinnino, the son of a Butcher, to be Captain general of Philip Viscount Duke of Milan's army, and other potentates of Italy. Many others might be remembered, both English, French, Italian, and Spanish, borne of low degree, which by their value, virtue, prudence, and conduction, mounted to such high Types of honour.  
Now he that taketh this resolution, 
He ought to be diligent, careful, vigilant, and obedient: and above all to fear God. To choose honest Camaradas.  aught to be diligent, careful, vigilant, and obedient, and above all, to have the fear of God. To choose to his Camaradas and companions men well acquainted, and of honest conditions; no factioners nor mutineers, whose company is more dangerous than the devil himself. With his Camaradas, he is to demean himself, sober, quiet, and friendly: rather severe then lavish in speeches: for licentious talkers do easily lose their friends, their estimation and own quietness.  
Let him be mindful to serve God; for although all professions are thereto bound, yet none more deeply than the valiant soldier, whose actions are every hour in danger of death: and without doubt, he that so doth, fighteth with more bold resolution and courage, and is thereby brought through manifold dangers, and unto unexpectable events.  
Let him be no blasphemer, 
No blasphemer.  nor swearer: for besides that such a one is infamous to the world, he is assured to be punished by God's divine justice, whereof many examples have been seen.  
Let him abstain from dice, 
No idle gamesters.  cards, & idle games; for common gamesters, although they have many other good parts in them, yet are they not esteemed according to their better parts, but rather discredited, getting enemies, questions, and brawls, with many other inconveniences that follows.  
Let him not be over curious in his fare and diet, but content himself with such provisions as be provided in the camp. 

Not curious in fare.  
To eschew drunkenness.    
In any wise let him eschew the beastly vice of drunkenness; for crammed paunches and drunken nowls are apt to nothing but to be sluggish, slothful, and drowsy, and in their drunken pangs to have their throats cut. Examples whereof there are too many extant; as of Tomyris Queen of the Scythians, who overthrew Cirus, with his three hundred thousand Persians, in their beastly drunkenness; & of Spargapises the said Tomyris son, who being first entrapped & foundered with the like vice of drunkenness, was first by the same Cyrus defeated and taken; with many more such examples. 
Gluttons & drunkard, bre●de many disorders.  Besides, the soldier given to this vice of gluttony and drunkenness, doth disturb all towns, villages, and all lodgements wheresoever he cometh with his unruly hurly burly and robberies, never contenting himself with the ability of his poor host; whereby great scandals do arise, causing many times many Towns, Cities and whole provinces to revolt from their Princes, caused by the disorder of such insatiable drunkards and gluttons. The which insolences are carefully to be prevented, 
Examples of punishment. Decimare.  & severely punished; as did julius Caesar at the siege of Placentia in Lombardie, Dezimare or tenth the ninth Legion by sound of the horn (an ignominious chastisement) for spoiling, & robbing certain villages of his friends. And the Emperor Aurelius did severely punish such soldiers as did take any thing from their host perforce: with much more severity did Aufidius Cassius reform the robberies & spoils done by his disordered companies. 
Aufidius.  And Pescennius Niger did condemn unto death, a whole Camarada of Soldiers, for taking a cock from their host where they lodged, perforce: And great Tamberlan punished so severely one of his soldiers for such like offence, that the rigour thereof did so correct and discipline his camp, that where his army lodged three days together in one place, a tree full laden with fruit, would at their departure remain whole, 
Temperance, and Abstinence.  and untouched. On the contrary, the virtue of abstinence and temperance hath been such, and so great in some, as it hath rested a perpetual fame, and praise to their names; and have thereby achieved great and honourable enterprises.  

Chaste & honest.  Moreover let our soldier be chaste and honest in his living, refraining sensuality with all possible instancy, avoiding all occasions which might move him to that vice: for those that do give themselves thereunto, do commonly become cowards in their determinations, with little felicity, or good hap in their attempts. For they become lasey, 
Excess of lechery breeds cowards minds and diseased bodies. Examples.  sickly, and feeble, and chief, such as do carry women with them, having most ordinarily their ends accompanied with dishonour and shame, and their effeminacy many times the hindrance of great actions: As it chanced unto the imperial camp, after their famous sack of Rome, whereat they lost their General Bourbon, so that the Prince of Orange, and other Imperial Captains, durst not meet nor stop the passage of Monsieur de Lautrech, General of the French army, which marched towards Naples, to regain that kingdom, by reason that they saw their soldiers so estranged from their former valour, as men corrupt and effeminate with the vices of the city: & as it fell out with Hannibal's army at Capua; which in short time, of valiant, became vile: of bold and venturous, cowards and dastards: of careful and vigilant, sluggards, slow and careless: whereby Marcus Marcellus made it known unto the world, that Hannibal might be conquered. The which vice ought with all rigour to be chastened.  

Decent in apparel. Over curious in attire is sign of a Carpet knight, a humour unfit for war.  He ought to be very moderate, and not over garish in his apparel and garments: for it is a principle, found true by experience, that he that is curious in his gate and attire, is never like to prove a perfect soldier; for they require different humours, to the deep skill in war, and the dainty curiosity of Carpet knights. Examples of garish camps, easily defeated, many might be produced, but time permitteth me not: but the beauty and bravery of a soldier is his bright and glittering armour, not gaudy attire, and peacocks plumes.  

Yet places and times unmeet to be respected.  I do not thereby infer, that a soldier coming to his Prince's court, or in other places absent from the wars, should not go more gallantly attired, according to the place and quality of his person.  

Loving and obedient unto his Captain.  He shall bear a great love and true affection unto his Captain, and obey him, and the other officers of the camp, with great respect: for the very day that he first entereth to be a soldier, he doth secretly swear, and promise to serve his Prince, by obeying his officers: for the true order of war is a very resemblance of true religion, ordained of God, which bindeth the soldier to observe justice, Loyalty, constancy, 
justice, loyalty, constan●●●, patience, silence and obedience.  patience, and silence, and above all, obedience; through the which is easily attained the perfection in arms, and means to achieve great enterprises though never so difficult: as Plato saith very well, that love and obedience is sign of a generous mind, not subject unto passions and unruly fits; for he that wanteth the virtue of obedience and patience, 

Not subject unto passions.  
Disobedience breedeth many mischiefs.  
Not to attempt any thing without his captains consent.   though otherwise never so valiant a soldier, is unworthy the name. For no greater mischief can befall a camp then disobedience, nor from whence greater damages do proceed: too many examples thereof do abound. Therefore a good soldier ought not go against the determinations of his General, no nor to pass out of the trenches, although it were with intent to show his valour in some singular combat, or in any particular challenge, without his General's licence (for he is not now his own man, but the Princes, who doth give him pay) remembering the rigorous punishment which Manlius Torquatus did execute upon his own son Titus Manlius, 
Example of rigorous punishment for disobedience.  commanding his head to be stricken off in his own presence, for having passed his command in sallying forth to fight with Genutius Metius Captain of the Tusculans, who gave him the defy & challenge; nothing availing the poor Gentleman, in having overcome and slain his enemy, nor the whole armies supplications, and entreaties. The like rigour used Posthumius Tiburtus against his son Aulus Posthumius, at his return from his conquered enemy.  Gent. 
Put if his Prince maketh wars against other Christians, as commonly it falleth out, is it no grudge to the soldiers conscience to fight against them?  Capt. 
I suppose none, 
The soldier is bound to obey his Prince, without examining the cause of the war.  for the soldier is bound to serve his Prince, and to defend his designs; and it toucheth him not, much to examine whether the war be just or injust, not being against God's true religion: but in such a case, I would wish men to be well advised.  
Our soldier ought patiently to suffer the adversities and travels that do fall out in the courses and chances of war also, 
Patiently to suffer the adversities of war.  showing tokens of true virtue, not to be over-greedy and hasty for his pay, although he stand in great need thereof, but rather with cheerful countenance, show his constancy, eschewing by all means possible, rebellions and mutinies, which often upon such cases do succeed, and in no case be partaker with mutineers, for always the end of such, is sharp and shameful death: examples whereof are rife in every nation.  
If in encounters and battles where he shall happen to be, 

Careful execution ere he fall to the spoil.  
An unsouldierly part to be scraping and spoiling.   the enemy's hap to be overcome, let him set all his care and diligence in execution of the victory with his weapon, and not in the spoil of apparel, robes, and trash: lest he be accounted an unruly scraper, as too many now a days be: for many disorders do happen by the disorder of covetous spoilers, many times to the dishonour of the action, and loss of their lives.  
The like consideration he ought to have in the expugnation of any fort, 
To pursue the victory thoroughly. Not cruel upon cold blood.  city or town. He shall pursue the victory even until the enemy be wholly yielded, and rendered, and licence granted to fall unto the sack and spoil: wherein he shall deport himself neither cruel nor covetous, as a number of bad and graceless fellows do, which without respect of God or man, do leave no kind of ravening cruelty uncommitted, 
Favourable and merciful to the humble vanquished.  with brutal ravishment both of women and maids, and with merciless murdering of poor innocents yielded: rather in such cases shall he show himself favourable and merciful to the humble vanquished, procuring to defend them, and especially silly women and maidens: for God, no doubt, will be well pleased in so doing.  


To choose the weapon wherein be most d●lighteth. The pike and corselet most honourable weapon for the footman.  
The musk●t of most execution of any fury manual weapon.  
To practise all weapons.  
The sword and target important to many effects.   Let him make choice of the arms which he means to use, and whereunto he ●indeth himself most affected and fit, and to exercise all sorts of weapons; as is used in the schools of the janizzaries Turks. The pike and corselet is of most estimation with footmen, for being a weapon of most firmness in the field, wherewith all squares of men are form, as a most sure defence against the fury of horsemen. Of fiery manual weapons, the musket is of most execution and force; next to them, the calivers; those to environ the pikes, and to be divided into many small troops and bands, do serve to best purpose.  
Let him practise each sort of weapon, although he profess the Pike, Calliver or Musket, and particularly the sword and target; the which in mine opinion is very important to many effects, where men join close together: and moreover they be very necessary, to view, and reknowledge batteries, to begin assaults, to make an entrance, to give a Camisada, & to many other purposes presented in wars.  

To learn the several sound of the drum.  Also must he learn the several sounds of the Drum, whereby to obey to that which is commanded (for the Drum is the Commanders voice,) giving due attention to understand the same, and carefully to note and mark the signs made by the Captain and officers, without prattling to his next companions; for it is one of the greatest faults that a soldier can commit, and a sign of great ligeritie and lightness.  
It is also a great point in a soldier to be skilful in swimming: 
To be skilful in swimming.  as at imbarkments, disimbarkments, and passing over rivers, and sundry other occasions incident to wars.  

Courageous and resolute in encounters.  In skirmishes and encounters, he should be valiant and resolute, for the soldier that is timorous, can never incline his heart to any haughty enterprise, nor a fearful fainting stomach neither dareth to attend, nor attempt any hot charge, which for vilety and fear, is noted with shame and infamy amongst all warlike nations.  


Vigilant and careful at sentinel.  
Not to disarm himself until he see his ensign unarmed in corpse de guard.   He shall be very careful to be always vigilant, and ready, being placed for Sentinel or in the Corpse de guard: where he shall not put off his armour until his ensign-baerer be first unarmed, on whom he ought to have his eyes fixed, to imitate, as he should upon his Colours to follow in the field. The faults herein committed, are severely to be punished: for in Sentinels consisteth the security of the camp. The Romans' punished Caius Sulpitius with rigorous death, for his negligence herein, throwing him headlong down from the high Capitol rocks, what night the Gauls attempted the surprising thereof, which Marcus Manlius manfully defended.  

Loyal to his Prince.  He shall keep unspotted his fidelity to his Prince, and although there befall him many disgustos, and insufferable toils, yet shall he not pass to the enemy's camp, for not to be tatched a traitor, a foul and odious offence, rigorously to be punished amongst all nations, from all ages and times; and never yet traitor to his Prince made ever any good end, whereof too many examples do abound; The treason may be liked, but the traitor never beloved nor trusted.  

No shifter from Company to Company.  He shall continue and assist in the company where he first began, without shifting from company to company: for using the contrary, he shall be esteemed a wavering companion of small consideration and constancy.  
In his eating and drinking he shall not be curious to keep any precise hours, 
Not curious of hours for eating: but to prevent time.  more than the time will permit; yet let him procure to prevent time herein: for a man hungry and overwatched, shall weakly perform his service in the field.  
When he shall lie in Camp or garrison, 
To practise warlike exercises in vacant time.  let him at vacant times occupy himself in warlike exercises, wherein virtue excelleth fortune: as in leaping, running, wrestling, tossing the Pike, pitching the Bar, throwing the Sledge, and in the practice of all sorts of weapons, which he shall use for his recreation: unto the which exercises, I wish Captains should enure their companies, as did King Pyrrhus his soldiers, rewarding such as excelled herein.  
It shall be wonderful available for him to read Histories, 
To delight in reading of histories. The profits proceeding thereof.  for nothing doth more revive the spirits, and sharpen and perfectionate the wits of man. Therein shall he find the erecting, the government, the alteration or fall of Monarchies, Kingdoms, and commonwealths: the courses and changes of times, and ages; the conductions, and stratagems of battles won and lost; the carriage of brave men, and baseness of bad persons; the virtue and fame of the valiant, the shame and infamy of the vile: the use of ancient discipline, and manner of our Modern wars. In fine, there shall he behold the state of Peace and War.  
And for as much as no man can reduce those things unto perfection whereof he is ignorant, 
Careful to mark the courses kept by his superior officers.  and knoweth not the Art, let him diligently mark, consider, and remember the orders which the higher Officers do observe, in framing their Squadrons of Infantry and cavalry, and the place of the great Artillery in the march, field and Camp; and the plot of the alodgement according to the disposition of the ground where the Camp shall then be, with the manner of the entrenching, with the placing of the Ordinance, and defences for the same.  
And if he find himself at the siege of any strong place, town or fortress, let him diligently view the situation, and the order that is taken for the battery thereof: and if happily he be within a fort of defence; let him well mark the course that is taken for the defending thereof. Thus viewing, considering, conceiving, and observing all these aforesaid points, and many more used in military actions, and that which toucheth every officer in particular, even from the Caporall to the Captain general, to the end he may be thoroughly perfect in the Art he professeth; 
The profession of arms foundation of Nobility.  thereby to advance and vantage himself, sith it is the very source, mother, and foundation of Nobility: reason therefore it is, that it be perfectly understood of the professors and followers thereof, seeing that all practices of mechanical Arts do follow the same order and course to come to the cunning of their craft.  Gent. 
Good Captain, 
So many good parts hardly to be found in one 〈◊〉.  you have largely discoursed upon the points and parts in general, which ought to be in a soldier; and me thinks so many good parts are hardly to be found in one man.  Capt. 
True it is, 
Every honourable soldier ought to endeavour himself to attain● wha● he can.  and very rare in deed: yet every honourable soldier, that resolveth to follow wars, aught, with all his endeavour, to try to attain to all those good parts, according to his capacity and wit: and although his ability be not able to attain all; 
Some better than few, few better than none at all.  yet unto some: some better than few, few better than none at all; the first to be honoured, the next to be accepted, the third to be rejected.  

Many good parts 〈◊〉 a soldier, gotten by experience, and perfected with learning.  Thus may you see how many good parts are requisite to a perfect soldier; not learned by hearsay, nor gained with ease: but with care, diligence, industry, valour, practice and continuance; and most of all perfected with learning, annexed with long exercise and use.  Gent. 
Then I see you would have a soldier to be learned withal, which you seemed to dislike in our book Captain at the first.  Capt. 
You mistake me far, for I ever allow and honour the learned soldier: for what famous Commanders have there yet been, 
Most famous Commanders were learned.  unlearned and without letters? Themistocles, Alcibiades, Alexander, Caesar, Scipio, with all the rout of the brave Roman Commanders, and as many brave men as ever were since, were men learned, and read. Thus I rest for this time, till a new day to begin.   
The end of the first Book.   

THE SECOND BOOK OF WAR DISCOURSES AND MARTIAL DISCIPLINE.  

The first Dialogue:  
Wherein is declared the particular parts of sundry Martial Officers, from the Caporall to the Captain of Infantry.  Gentleman. 
Courteous Captain, your yesterdays Discourses, have given us such content, that we are now inflamed to know further herein. Wherefore I beseech you to proceed with your Martial matters, describing unto us each office in particular, whereunto myself, and these other Gentlemen will give our diligent attention.  Capt. 
The orders observed by Antiquity I let pass, falling in few terms, to our Modern customs, wherein you shall understand, 
All Camps form of men, weapons, munition, and good Chiefs.  that all Camps are framed of Men, Weapons, Munition, and good Chieftains, wherein there is some difference in every Nation; but the course which herein I mean to follow, shall be most after the Italian & Spaniard, who have had the chief managing of wars in Europe these 50. or 60. years; and with whom I have most frequented and served.  
A Royal camp therefore, being levied and gathered, the Prince with his Council of war, 

The Commanders of a camp in degrees.  
Army is divided into sundry Regiments.  
The Regiment into sundry bands. The officers of a Regiment.  
The number of a Band.   appointeth a most sufficient General, than a camp-master general, a Captain general of the cavalry, a Captain general of the Artillery: the Camp is divided into sundry Tertios or Regiments; over every regiment a Campe-maister or Colonel; the Campe-maister divides his regiment into companies, over every company a Captain, also every Regiment hath his Sergeant Mayor, and over the whole army a Sergeant Maior General.  
Touching the number of a several Company, some think 100 some 150. sufficient; but whether it be of 100.150.200.300. or more, or a Regiment of such several companies, being fitted with Captains and Officers of sufficiency, it importeth not much: for some Captains can better govern 300. then some others 150.  
Now the Captain, having his company appointed which he is to direct, govern and command, 
The Captain and his officers of a Company.  he chooseth his Lieutenant, ensign, Sergeant, Drum, Fifes, & Cabos de squadra, or Caporals, and Cabos de camera. Now for sundry & often occasions offered in war, the which must be encountered with order, policy & government of numbers, more or less, it is necessary to divide the companies into Squadras, as well pikes as shot, containing each Squadron twenty five men: and over each squadron a Cabo de squadra, with which office I mean to begin.  

The Caporall his election and office.  Capt. 

The parts to be in a Caporall.  When the Captain electeth his Caporals, he ought to do it with such consideration, that amongst his soldiers, one, chosen to this office, none should excel him in valour, virtue, experience, and diligence; yea and in age also, to the end he might be respected with more love and reverence: so that he deport himself among them, 
To be with his soldiers, as a father with his children.  as a father with his children, his conditions being a pattern unto them, assuaging and ending their debates and quarrels, reducing them unto amity, with loving one another, in such sort that they may all be of one will, desire, and ligue.  
Let him learn perfectly every soldiers name, and to know the quality & valour of every one in particular, 

To cause them to keep their arms neat and clean, and to show them the use thereof.  
The glittering show of armours is the rejoicing of a camp.  
He shall persuade them to all cleanliness and honesty, & dissuade them from vice.   & be earnest with them to keep their armour neat, clean and bright, and often to practise the weapon they carry, he himself ensigning and teaching the Bisognios and raw men: for, besides that it concerneth every one in particular for his own defence, and thereby the better to know his valour and skill, nothing doth more rejoice and glorify a Camp, than the glittering show and shining of their armour.  
He shall persuade them to go neat and clean in their apparel, but with modesty and profit. He shall reprehend them for swearing and lewd speeches: and shall not permit them any prohibited games, the which he must do with such sagacity and wary means, that they result not against him, and so reject and contemn his reputation, thereby losing their love and his former respect, for the punishment remaineth not in his hands, nor in any other inferior Officer, but it appertaineth to the Campe-maister or Lord high Marshal.  


To be obedient unto his superior officers.  
Being at any peace of service with his Squadra alone, his care and authority great.  
His care at the Corpse de guard.   In presence of his superior Officers, he is to observe array, order, & obedience, as the rest of the soldiers do, but being with his Squadron alone in any skance, trench, Ambuscado, or abroad at the watch, or to such other effects, he beareth at that time his Captain's authority: as, being at watch or guard in any open place, he is to enscance and fortify as commodity and the place will permit, to resist the attempt of the enemy, being by them charged, ordering and appointing all his company to stand with their weapon ready bend, still, without rumour, and resolute to defend. And being at watch in the Corpse de guard, let him provide fire, coal, and wood, to make light as well by day as by night, especially, if his Squadron be shot, to spare the over much wasting of match, whereof he must see they be well provided, as also of powder and bullet, and concerneth to him the distribution of the same amongst them.  

His care, office, & duty in ward, watch, and Sentinel.  Being appointed to ward or watch, let him provide to be first refreshed with victuals, and his Camarada also: then enter thereunto orderly, from whence neither he, nor any of his Squadron, is to departed upon pain of life, until the Sergeant do call and command him from the same.  

The care, order, and regard in placing watch and Sentinel.  In placing of the Sentinels, there are so many advertisements to be given, as there are differences of situations and places; and therefore it is to be remitted to the discretion of the Scoutmaister (if there be any) or unto the care of the diligent Sergeant, careful Caporall, or other such officer, to set them in such sort, and with such disposition of the ground and place, and distance, that they may before the enemy arrive, give advisement in sufficient time to the Corpse de guard, whereby they may be ready with weapon ready bend. 
In places of suspicion and danger, to place men of best importance.  And therefore in such places of suspect and danger, there ought to be placed soldiers of importance and care, and men of best credit, sith it concerneth the security of the Camp, which remaineth quiet, reposed, and at rest, trusting unto the care and diligence of these Sentinels, unto the which an order is to be given, how to behave themselves, in any alarms presented, giving them the Word delivered by the Sergeant. And if the place be obscure, and full of covert, he shall set abroad certain forlorn Sentinels without the Word, single, and if occasion require, double; a shot and a pike, to give knowledge of the alarm. This is sometimes done with a whistle or hiss, for not to disturb the camp without great need or good occasion. His principal care is, 
To visit and revisit often the watch.  to visit and revisit them, as well by day as by night, making his Contraround with great care and diligence, and to be ready at every call and need.  
He is to repart the victuals, 
To repart the victual with equity and right.  delivered by the Sergeant for his Squadron, with liberality and equality unto every Camarada, without partiality to any; and shall procure that in their lodgings they accommodate themselves together as true companions, and loyal friends; he himself being so unto all, both in deed and word, for the better to keep them at command and obedience, the which doth most import to the well effecting of any act, and so shall he accomplish what is encharged and commanded him as a prudent Officer.  Gent. 
Then, is the word to be given to every several Sentinel, saving to the forlorn Sentinels, as it appeareth by you, or unto the Caporals only as I have heard say?  Capt. 
Amongst the Spanish companies of their old Regiments, where their soldiers be experimented, 
The word not to be trusted unto raw soldiers & bisognios.  trusty & careful, it is so used; but amongst new companies, the Caporals only have the Word, who are to be ready upon every call of the Sentinels, to see the occasion, and to take the Word: the which is so done with great consideration, for many inconveniences and disorders which raw Bisognios will commit: and therefore those Posts or Sentinels which had the word, being relieved & changed, are presently by the Sergeant or Officer, carried unto the Corpse de guard; & not suffered to departed thence until the watch be discharged.  Gent. 
In what order is he to take the word?  Capt. 
Being a shot, he ought to have his piece ready charged & primed, and to cock his burning match, 
The order how the Sentinel is to receive the word of such as come near him.  and so to present his piece; and being a pikeman, to tertiar or charge his pike, and no further off then that with so low a voice as they may understand one another, to demand the Word, as in the Sergeant majors office I will more at large declare.  
Now every Caporall or Cabo de esquadra divides his Squadra into two equal parts; 
Camarada, what.  naming either of them a Camarada: containing each twelve soldiers, or any other number, according to the proportion of his Squadra. And over every Camarada, 
Capo de Camara.  or such number of soldiers, is there appointed a Cabo de Camara, being the most sufficientest soldier of the said Camarada. The which Capos de Camara, are assistants unto the Caporall, for the good direction and government of his Squadron, and are necessary Officers for the speedy embattelling or changing of proportions of any number of men, as hereafter shall be declared.   

The Sergeant of a Band, his election and office.  Capt. 
In the election of the Sergeant, there is greater consideration to be had, for that in him consisteth the principal parts of the observation of Military discipline. 
In the Sergeant of a Band there ought to be military discipline. Skilful, valiant, quick.  And for that the execution of the superior officers orders and commands, do concern his charge and duty, it importeth much, that he be a skilful and valiant soldier, and well experimented in martial matters; and (I say) of so great importance, that more tolerable it were, all the other officers of the company (yea were it the Captain himself) to be raw men and Bisognios, with little experience and skill, and the Sergeant not so; who of necessity ought to be an expert soldier, and of great spirit and diligence.  

Requisite that ●e be somewhat learned and seen in Arithmetic, to know how to sort his weapons, and to frame his squadron the sooner. To draw each sort of weapon by themselves.  It is requisite that he be somewhat learned, both to write and read, and to cipher, whereby to keep a roll or list of all the soldiers of his company, with their several weapons, and have them in memory by names of the Camaradas, and to know distinctly how many armed corselets, and unarmed pikes, with the short weapons, what number of Shot, Musket and Calliver; to set with diligence at an instant all his company in order, as occasion shall cause, and the place require wherein he shall be. And to the end that he do it not confusedly, let him draw each sort of weapons by themselves, whereby to set them in order with more consideration, dispatch and ease; placing the most expert soldiers and best armed, in the front, rearguard, and flanks, where greatest occasion shall require. For it toucheth him to see that his company be well ranked, 
The best armed in front, flanks, and rearward.  in equal distance, and in good array, with their armour and weapon fitted, and used in their due nature; the which he must do, with great forecast, cheerful speeches, and courteous words, binding them thereby to love him, to regard him, to respect him; instructing the Drums and Fifes their several sounds, as how to sound a Call, 
To instruct the drum the several sounds.  a Troop, a March swift or slow, an Alarm, a Charge, a retreat, etc.  

The manner to rank a several Band.  Sundry orders are used in ranking and placing each sort of weapon in a single company, but the best observed is this; the Muskets first and calivers in forward & rearward equally divided, the Pikes in like sort with their armed corselets in front, rearward, and flanks, containing in the Centre their Ensign, with their armed Halberds: to be ranked by 3.5. or 7, as the Sergeant shall think good. But to enter into skirmishes, or to frame any Squadrons, let him observe the order appointed by his Sergeant Mayor, showing himself diligent and ready therein; in so doing he gaineth honour, reputation, and credit: and doing the contrary, infamy, dishonour, and shame, breeding cause of disorder, and losing of time.  

To divide the squadron for several services.  It is his office to order and divide the Squadrons, assigning which shall be for the Corpse de guard, which for the walls, which for the streets of the quarter where they are lodged, and which are to accompany the Colours; and he shall not suffer any soldier to come thither without his Arms fully furnished. 
To appoint them to their several service.  He is also to appoint which shall go to the Scoutwatch, and those which shall work in the Rampire & Trenches. If any quarrels or brawls do arise amongst the company, it is his part to apprehended the offenders, yet in such sort, that he dismeasure himself with none, but execute the same with great moderation.  
It is also his office to set & remove the watches, 

To set & remove the watches.  
To give the word with all secrecy & circumspection   conducting them to the place where they are to remain, counseling the Caporals what they are to do, communicating his opinion in placing the Sentinels: and to give them the Word with all circumspection and secrecy, as was delivered to him by the Sergeant Maior.  
And although it toucheth the Caporals to know the provisions which the Soldiers have of powder, 
To be careful for the soldiers provision.  shot, and match, and other munitions and arms, yet the superintendency thereof resteth in him: for, besides that it importeth the Prince's commodity, the bad distribution thereof doth hazard many times the safety of the whole Army, coming to fail and want in time of necessity.  
When occasion is offered, he is to fight as well as the rest, choosing his place, which shall seem him fit to return to his office, and accomplish the duty of a true and perfect Soldier: therefore he shall go always gallantly armed with a fair Milan corselet and Burgonet, and his weapon a Halberd or Partisan, but by reason of his continual motion, 
The proper arming of a Sergeant  not over heavy: his Halberd borne after him unto his lodging, thereby to be the better respected and known.  
If there want victuals to be sold in the Camp, 
His care is to provide and call for victuals f●r the soldiers.  it toucheth him to procure from the Army's store, to the end that his Company fall not into want: the which being procured, he shall distribute the same unto the Caporals, who are especially to divide it amongst the Camaradas. The like he is to do for match, powder, and shot, and other convenient things, that his Company may be well ordered, and well provided.  
In the absence of his Captain he is to use the like obedience unto his Lieutenant, 
In absence of the Captain to be obedient to the Lieutenant.  or Ensign, who remain in his room to govern the Company: and particularly he ought to carry great respect unto the Sergeant Maior, readily accomplishing all his orders and commands, and very often to come in his presence, reknowledging him for his superior officer, well remembering and marking what he shall ordain and command in all occasions offered: considering the designs and courses that are taken, 
By diligence, pains & industry to climb to higher degree.  to the end that by such semblable instructions and examples, and by his good diligence and valour, he may deserve and ascend to higher degree and place.   

The ensign-baerer or Alferes, his election and office.  
In the choice of the Ensign bearer, the Captain is to have many & great considerations, 
The parts required to be in an ensign-baerer.  for that it is not only enough for such a one to be a good Soldier, bold and valiant, but to be his equal (if it may be) in valour, discretion & counsel, because many times, in his, and his Lieutenant's absence, the government of the Company doth belong to this Officer. 
The Ensign is the foundation of the company, and in whom consisteth the honour and reputation of Captain & soldiers.  And for as much as the Ensign is the very foundation of the Company, and therein consisteth the honour, & his, & his soldiers reputation, it is necessary, that he unto whom this office is incommended & committed have in him the parts of a perfect Castellano, or Captain of a castle, in nobleness & estimation of honour, to know how to keep it, 

The Ensign-bearer to die in defence of his Ensign.  
The Ensign for the field the smaller, for garrison, than the bigger.   and die in the defence thereof, never abandoning the same, as many valiant & honourable ensign-bearers have done, to their immortal praise and fame.  
When a Company is newly levied and erected, the Captain causeth his Ensign to be made of what colour it seemeth him best: and if the service be for the field, he maketh it somewhat less, the lighter and easier to be handled; but in Garrisons it is made somewhat larger, because it is most often camped upon the wall.  Gent. 
Why are they called Ensigns, and from whence came that name?  Cap. 
The ancient Romans reparted the people of their Armies into Legions, Cohorts, Centuries, and Maniples: and to be severally known, they carried upon spears or pikes ends, the figures of Eagles, Dragons, and such like; and some the pictures of their Emperor, and called the same Signa: whereupon the Italian and French calleth them Insignes: 

Wherefore called Ensigns.  
Why called Banners: why called Colours.   but the Spaniard nameth them Vanderas, from the Almain word Vanderen: and we Englishmen do call them of late Colours, by reason of the variety of colours they be made of; whereby they be the better noted and known to the company.  
Now, the Ensign made and finished, & fastened unto a speare-headed staff, sharp pointed with iron, the Captain with his own hands delivereth it unto his ensign-baerer, encharging him the custody & defence thereof, with a solemn oath, 

The Ensigns delivered to the ensign-baerer by the Captain with great solemnity and oath.  
After any singular piece of service, it is the Ensign bearers due yet by gift of the Captain.  
The Ensign bearer to go gallantly armed.   to be true to his Prince and Captain; accompanied with many honourable words, the which he is bound to return to the Captain, if the Company be dissolved or casht, before any notable piece of service performed, either at breach, battery, encounter, or battle, wherein he hath valiantly fought, and honourably defended the same; for from thence forward it is the Alferes due, as deserved for his manhood & valour: but yet to receive the same from the Captain as an honourable gift.  
He shall always go gallant & well armed, with a fair corselet, Burgonet, short sword and mean dagger, which are his proper arming, with a fair Halberd, when he beareth not his Colours, borne after him to his lodging, or elsewhere, thereby to be the better respected and known.  

To show himself terrible to the Enemy.  He must show himself dreadful and terrible to the Enemy with his drawn sword in his right hand, and in his left the Ensign bravely displayed and vaunced.  
In cases where he is obliged and bound to fight, and to follow with the soldiers; as when the Enemy shall have broken the Squadron, 
The times and cases when the ensign-baerer is to fight.  even unto his Front and rank, or if to run in array, and in the scaling & assaults of batteries or walls, or in such other conflicts, he must push and thrust with the point of his Ensign: and therefore let him procure to have to his Camaradas most valiant and expert Soldiers: for although that every Soldier of the company be bound to his succour, defence and aid, for their common honour, yet those that are most obliged, will most adventure themselves therein; as well appeared at the assault of the city of Aphrica in Barbary, in Charles the fift his time, when john de Vega Viceroy of Sicilia, and the Lord Garcia de Toledo gained it: where the ensign-baerer of Captain Moreruela (being his brother) being overthrown and sore wounded, 
Examples.  was by the Sergeant, (who was also brother unto them) seconded and succoured, causing him to retire, himself remaining with the Ensign; and passing forward with the same, like a valiant soldier, was slain; the Captain seeing him fall, took up the Ensign, performing the ensign-bearers office & duty, until the place was entered: wherein he was so sore hurt and wounded, that few days after he died thereof, and his Alferes also: so three brave brethren valiantly died in the defence of one Ensign. Some such examples have we had amongst the brave soldiers of our Nation to their renown and fame.  Gent. 
If in fight the Ensign be broken, 

The Ensign broken or torn in fight, no dishonour to the Ensign bearer, if he retain the trunk in his hand.  
In march how he is to behave himself.   and the Enemy do carry away a part thereof, doth the ensign-baerer lose thereby his reputation?  Capt. 
No, not a jot: so that he keepeth the very trunk of the staff in his hand.  
When the Company doth march, the ensign-baerer may carry his Colours resting upon his shoulder, either open or folded up: but making a stand or Alto, he is bound by duty to advance the Ensign, and not to campear it, or pitch it on the ground: for that is the trick of a Bisognio, and doth repugn the authority and gravity of his office.  
In fights, 
In fights, in encounter, in musters, and in his General's presence how he is to behave himself. In presence of the Prince, how. The Ensigns place in a squadron or battle, the right ●and is the place of pre-eminence.  in encounters, in musters, and in presence of the Lord General, he must carry his Colours displayed, & passing by him he must advance it, only bowing the point somewhat downward without any more ceremonies: but if he pass by the king or Prince, he shall withal bow somewhat one of his knees, as a difference from the General.  
In Ordinances, or framed battles, always the Ensigns do march in one large or long rank jointly, in the midst of the Squadron, the most place of honour is the left and right outsides, the Ensign on the right hand carrying the pre-eminence, who giveth direction and order to the rest in this sort: if he beareth his Ensign on his shoulder lose, so are all the rest to carry theirs; and if fartheled up, all they are to do in the like order: and so imitating him in all other manners and shows: 
The Abanderados.  and if he delivereth his unto his Abanderado, and take the Halberd, the rest are to do the like: and the self same orders are to be observed by the Auanderados: for it is an unseemly show to see in a rank of Ensigns, different orders one from another.  
The Abanderados are used to be soldiers, and some do set their own servants to that office. These aught to go well appareled and well armed: for I have seen sometimes amongst the Spaniards, the Alferes themselves to pass into other ranks to fight, leaving the Ensign with the Abanderado: but I like it not; for it is not lawful for the ensign-baerer to leave his Colours, 

Not lawful for the ensign-baerer to enter into fight, but with the Ensign in his hand.  
The Ensign to be accompanied with a Corpse dugarde in his lodging.   neither to fight but with the same in his hand, and that upon such occasions, as before I have declared; no, though it were to show his valour and prowess.  
In the lodging the Ensign should be accompanied with a Corpse de guard, although it be in place of quiet, and out of all suspicion, as well for the authority and reputation of the same, as to avoid many inconveniences which happen to succeed through mutinies, brawls and frays. It is also convenient that the ensign-baerer have always with him a Drum, to call his company together, and for such occasions as shall be offered: for the Ensigns should be of such veneration, and have been so respected of the Soldiers, 
The veneration and respect of the Ensign.  that there hath seldom been seen any one flying to the sanctuary thereof (avoiding the soldiers fury) to be pursued or hurt, esteeming their Ensign a thing inviolable: as it fell out in Brescia, when the mutinous soldiers would have slain the Lord Lewes Yearts, their General, who flying to the Ensign, it was enough to cause them to leave off so shameful and so abominable attempt.  


The soldiers not to disarm themselves until the ensign-baerer be first unarmed and Ensign placed up.  
When the Ensign-bearer is to disarm.   When the Soldiers do enter into any Corpse de guard, either in Castle, town, fortress, or camp, they ought not to disarm themselves until they see their Alferes first unarmed, upon whom they should have their eyes fixed, to imitate, as they have upon the Ensign he beareth to follow: wherefore the ensign-baerer is not to disarm until the gates of the Fort or place of defence wherein they are, be first shut; & if it be in camp or field, when it seemeth that he may safely do it, & not otherwise: to the end that the soldiers take not example from him of unsoldiarie negligence and sloth, but rather of all vigilancy, care and pain.  Gent. 
You have largely set down the advertisements touching this Officer, wherein you have notified many martial points, unknown to us: therefore I pray proceed to the Lieutenant's office and duty.  Capt. 
This Officer amongst the Spanish companies is not used: but amongst us, the Italians & French, therefore I will touch somewhat of him by the way.   

The Lieutenant his office and duty.  
He therefore that is chosen to this office, aught to be a man of great experience, fidelity and valour, who in the absence of his Captain, carrieth his room, charge and command; 

The parts that ●ught to be in a Lieutenant.  
Not to arrogate over much authority to himself,   unto whom the soldiers and under-officers are to obey, for the time, as unto the Captain himself: notwithstanding he must use it with such discretion and moderation, that he arrogate not too much unto himself; but at his captains return he shall with all love, truth, and duty, inform him of all things and matters passed.  
If any questions and civil debates do arise amongst the soldiers of his band, he is to pacify, judge and determine the same with gravity and good speeches: whereby he shall bind them more firmly unto him in obedience and love: 

To pacify and determine the soldiers brabbles with gravity and good speeches.  
To cause offenders to be apprehended.  
To see the company furnished with all necessaries.  
To counsel, aid & assist the Sergeant in his office  
To pass with the company to the Corpse de guard.  
To visit and revisit the watch.   and when as he cannot concert and agree them, he is to refer them over unto his Captain; but the most faulty and offenders he may cause to be apprehended, and send them to the Colonel or Martial.  
It is his charge and office to see that the Company be provided of all necessaries, advertising the Caporals to see well to their charges, and advising the Sergeant to be diligent, careful, and ready in his office, wherein he shall aid, help & assist him, both in ordering the company, and in setting the watch, the which he is precisely bound to perform himself, in the Sergeant's absence or time of infirmity.  
He is to pass with the Company unto the Corpse de guard, to see the watch and Sentinels set, and often times to visit and revisit the same; and to persuade the soldiers to respect, with obedience, their Sergeant and Caporals: wherefore it importeth him to be well spoken, discreet and wise, to move & persuade them with sound reasons, to the observation and obedience of Military discipline, disburdening thereby his Captain of many and sundry toils.  

To see the soldiers appointed to their lodgings.  It toucheth him also to see the soldiers appointed to their lodgings, giving order for the same unto the Harbinger, and how he shall distribute the baggage and carriage amongst the particular soldiers, and the sick men carefully to be looked unto, not suffering these Harbingers or Furriers to rob, purloin, and filch as they are wont to do, whereby great scandals do arise, as at the rising of the Vlishingers, and in sundry other places hath appeared.  
His place of march (his Captain being present) is in the Rearward of all the company, 
His place of march.  but after any fight or skirmish, in retiring & marching out of the field, he is to pass before, and the Captain in the rearward. Now, for as much as by that, as shall be declared in the ordinary captains office, may easily be understood the duty of this officer, having the whole company in charge, it seemeth me to have said at this present, sufficient herein.   

The Captain of Infantry, his election and office.  
First, 
Captains chosen by the counsel of war & state, or by Viceroys of provinces.  at the levying and erecting of new Companies, in Spain, the Captains of Infantry are appointed by the Counsel of state & war, and when places be void in the garrisons & Camp, new Captains are placed by the Generals and Vize royes in their several governments: but with us the Lords of the privy Council do commonly appoint them.  Gent. 
Truly, the election made by such personages must needs be good & sure.  Capt. 
It should seem so indeed: nevertheless it hath been seen many times, that both some Generals, 
Little consideration used many times in bestowing their charges. Inconveniences arising from favourite elections.  Vice, & Counsellors also have miss in the consideration thereof, bestowing those charges upon their followers, & Court-familiars and favourites, whereby hath risen damage to the Prince, & discredit to the action: for by means of such favorit-elections, many valiant & skilful soldiers do remain without charge, fit for their skill and valour; whereby (remaining in service) they obey not their such chosen officers, neither do they attempt such honourable enterprises as often times are offered, 
The expert soldier loath to obey the unexpert Captain.  seeing that they are neither to be honoured, nor rewarded for the same, seeing that men of little good sort, Bisognios, and of small skill and experience, are only by favour, preferred before them unto those charges, due to them by right; which is the cause that Military discipline is fallen to decay, and standeth in great need of reformation.  Gent. 
How might that be?  Capt. 
Marry (in mine opinion) with the Princes & Potentates due reputation, 
Good order for reformation.  favour & regard: the which may easily be done thus. When any new Companies are levied and raised, than not to give the conduction and charge of them, for affection and favour, unto such as lie fawning in the Court for the same, but to give order unto their Generals, Viceroys and Colonels, assisting in their Camps, and in the government of their several Provinces, to send them lists or rolls of the most ancient, 

Captains to be chosen out of the best approved Lieutenants.  
None to be captains except first a Lieutenant.  
None Lieutenant but first an Ensign.  
None Ensign but first a Sergeant.   most skilful and best renowned Lieutenants that they have, and out of those to elect and choose Captains; and of those which before were Ensigns, to choose for Lieutenants: and Sergeant to be ensign-bearers; and Caporals to be Sergeants; and of the best approved soldiers to choose for Caporals. And the very same orders should the Viceroys and Generals observe, & not to elect him for Captain who never was Lieutenant; nor him for Lieutenant, who never was Ensign: & that the Treasurers of the Camps and Navies should not set down place to an ensign-baerer, who never was Sergeant; nor to a Sergeant, which never was Caporall: and that this order among them all should be inviolably observed & kept: by this order should the companies be perfect & well disciplined conserving great quiet and good order amongst them; the soldiers using great obedience to their officers, seeing themselves commanded by such skilful masters, and every man will in his room & place, 
Hope of preferment makes men obedient & diligent.  use his diligence, skill, valour, and endeavour, hoping thereby to ascend to the degrees of others before him.  Gent. 
But with us in England, where (thanks be to God) we have had little occasion of wars, this order would hardly be observed, considering the little choice we have of men of such sort.  Capt. 
True it is, we have small choice in deed: nevertheless, there be many brave men of our nation which have long followed the wars, 
Many have spent their patrimony in wars, but few enriched thereby.  both in the Low countries, France, and other places, many of them spending their wealth and patrimony in the same, and men of good sufficiency, were they employed, yet rest they obscure and without charge many of them, 
Favourite election is a cross to old soldiers.  by reason of the favourite election afore named. What courage then to follow wars?  Gent. 
But many of your French and low-country servitors do hold too high an opinion of themselves, 

A fond conceit of some servitors.  
A worse mind of some common soldiers.  
The first to be disliked, as men inconsiderate.  
The second as men neither fit for peace nor war.  
The more honest minds less apt to beg or crave.   thinking that for a few years service in foreign parts, they merit an everlasting reward and pay: and your common soldiers, the action once ended, do scorn to return to their former occupations and trades.  Cap. 
Both those sorts do I deeply condemn with you; the first, as men fond conceited & inconsiderate; the second, as men neither good for peace nor war. But we must not say they be all such, neither many such, I hope; for I do know many others brave and honest men, that live contented with their lot, though in mean estate, not begging nor craving with bold and shameless faces, (for the more honester mind, the less apt to beg and crave) but applying themselves to some honest course and trade, to maintain their poor living; well knowing that The wars once ended, the Prince's purse not able, neither necessary to maintain all idle: 
The wars ended the Prince's purse not to maintain all idle.  nevertheless, the wars again revived, As ready to serve, as the proudest he. And again, I do know many others, men of honest minds, and of good courage, who having long followed the wars, and of good proof in the same, being out of action by the aforesaid occasions, and having no trade, few friends, and less means, do pass (God knoweth) but barely, a thing to be pitied, and wished to be considered. Now out of these (I suppose) ought our Captains and Officers to be chosen, 
Men having long followed the wars, & of good proof in the same, most fit to be chosen for Captains.  in these dangerous seasons, with some reasonable allowance toward their maintenance, levied by such means, as should be found most fit by her majesties honourable Counsel; and subjects and commons most willing to the same: which, no doubt, would prove to wonderful great effect, especially to our true training and bringing men to be ready: for, Captained as we are, our blind ignorance may chance breed our own woe.  Gent. 
Such choice (in mine opinion) were good indeed, to bring our people to more perfection in soldiarie points, especially to bring them to the face of the enemy to fight: but we have Muster-masters appointed in every Shire, men of service and skill, both to instruct our Captains, and to train our soldiers, who have pay allowed them for the same.  Capt. 

Muster-masters what they ought to be.  Sith the other cannot be, surely this course is good: provided that these Muster-masters be such men as I speak of; I mean expert, valiant, skilful, discreet, & especially diligent men; but if they want those parts, As good never a whit, as never the better: wherefore I could heartily wish (considering this fickle & dangerous 〈…〉 Lieutenant's of every shire, and Captains and Gentlemen of the 〈…〉 provide them of some good Officers at the least: not only to fur●●● 〈◊〉 selves with good armour and furniture, but also to cause all others, 〈◊〉 to carry the charge thereof, to provide them in like sort, changing those ●●●roued black Bills and Bows into good Muskets, 
In stead of bow●● and bills good pikes & muskets.  Pikes and corselets, not ●●●●uring any for friendship or affection, nor winking at faults, I know not for what small causes, 
A caneat for Captains and Muster-masters  but to see it performed. Wishing also our training Captains, and Muster-masters, to look well to their charge and duty; and besides their diligent training, to see each fault amended, and that in due time, for their own credit's sake.  Gent. 
What course would you wish to be taken, for the redress and reformation hereof, men having already provided bows and bills?  Capt. 
Marry thus: 
What order for converting bills and bows into pikes & muskets.  Look in every Parish, how many men might be found able to bear the charge of an Armed Pike, which is with a corselet complete, let them be charged therewith; the charge at the most will not amount unto above forty shillings: a small sum to a man of any wealth, considering it is for the defence of lands, 
A good consideration.  goods, liberty, life and all.  Gent. 
But happily they will grudge thereat, as a great charge.  Capt. 
The more pity and shame: For how many men able to bear the charge thereof, 
A bad sort of people.  shall you see in a lewd Ale house, tavern, and bowling Alley, to lose twice that value in one day or night, at cards, dice, or other unthrifty game, 
To grudge at a good action, sign of a beastly mind.  and never grudge thereat? But their grudging at so good an action, showeth their ignorance, and base beastly minds: but grudge or grudge not, provide it they should, had I the commission: for the urgentnesse of the cause doth deeply require it. 
A miserable mind.  And again how many of these grumbling snudges shall you see which repine at a penny for so good an action, yet can find pounds by hundreds to buy their poor neighbours out of their livings, goods and all; men of bad consideration and worse conscience. 
Good courses.  Next, such men as should be found able to bear the charge of a Musket, should provide one in like sort, which with 30 or 40 shillings charge would be well performed: and where one man were not sufficient thereunto, join a couple; where not two, join three; where not three, join four; so making a common purse to buy the same: for I could wish the most weapon in the field to be Pike and Musket. 
Pike and musket the most weapon in the field.  Again, such as have calivers imposed upon them already, if they be found men able for more, (for we must stretch our ability in this case) turn them to a Musket on God's name, passing over the charge of the Calliver unto another less able; then such as shall thus be found, see they provide it good and sufficient; & not such rotten stuff as commonly I see. Now for such as have bows and bills imposed upon them already: let them alter the weapons, providing in their stead good Pikes & Muskets: & where one is not found sufficient, join two or three, as I said before.  Gent. 
What, would you have them cast away their bows and bills, having been charged with the same already?  Capt. 
Not so, 
Bows and bills yet serviceable in some sort.  they may serve yet to many purposes. For all those weapons (before spoken of) provided, shall serve but for your trained men: and your bills and bows, which every man, or most men can handle, shall, (if need require) be put in place of service befitting them weapons.  Gent. 
What order would you wish for match, powder and shot, would you have the burden thereof upon such as do find the piece?  Capt. 

An order for powder & match for training days.  No, not all the charge: but I would wish a general seazement to be made upon every parish, for as much as should suffice for officers wages, match, & powder for one training day, to be delivered unto the Captain, or some other officer for that purpose, to provide the same ready, to see it justly distributed, & well spent in the training (with as little waste as might be) and so from training to training, as the service shall continue.  Gent. 
And for the general store, what say you of that?  Capt. 

A great care to be had for the general store.  I hope there is sufficient care had thereof already: if not, I could wish such as have the commission & charge thereof to look well thereunto, having a due regard to the weightiness of the cause; and to see that the moneys collected for that purpose be substantially and thoroughly bestowed in pikes and corselets, muskets, calivers, match, powder, lead, and all other things there unto appertaining; that in the time of service nothing be found wanting: for wants in time and pinch of service have hindered great actions, 
Want of necessaries in time of service, hath hindered gre●t actions.  as I myself & others have seen: beseeching our good Lord God, so to stir up the hearts of our high Commanders (as I trust he doth) to have great care and due regard to the most necessary provision of such munitions, sith our modern wars depend much upon the same. But I have long digressed from the officer I had in hand, unto whom I think it is time to return.  Gent. 
It was of the election of a Captain of foot-bands; but of the parts of his charge and duty you have not yet touched.  Capt. 

Whom to be chosen for a Captain of footbands.  Then, a Captain of Infantry, or foot-band, should have in him all the parts (before rehearsed) of a perfect soldier, having worthily passed through all the aforesad degrees of service: as first to have been a Caporall, from a Caporal to a Sergeant, from a Sergeant to an Ensign, from an ensign-baerer to a Lieutenant, and from a Lieutenant to this office; & one who in all those offices hath well performed his parts and duty, to the end he may the better know how to command and order every one in his degree. 
The parts to be desired in a Captain.  And particularly it is to be respected, that he be a man that feareth God, virtuous, wise, politic, valiant, careful, vigilant, and (as a thing of great importance) well experimented in martial affairs: for disorderly shall he govern in wars, 
Disorderly shall he govern in wars, who was never skilful in the art.  which never was skilful in the Arte.  Gent. 
So many good parts in one subject are hard to be found.  Capt. 
Yet some such men there are; and where there are not all those parts, let the choice be made of such, in whom most are to be found.  Gen. 
Being chosen, and his charge appointed him, what is then required?  Cap. 

The captains care in the election of his officers.  To know how to choose necessary officers for the government of his company, and to see they may be such, as their degrees and places should require; for in this election he shall greatly show his skill, prudence, and wisdom; the which parts if he himself have, he will choose men like unto himself; if not, then per contra, as it hath been seen many times; 
Similis similem sibi quaerit.  yea and those places to have been sold, and chopped and changed for money.  Gent. 
What number would you have a foot-company to contain?  Capt. 
Some man may be sufficient to govern three hundred, some two hundred, some one hundred, as I have said before.  Gent. 
How would you have a Company sorted with weapons?  Capt. 
To every 100 men I would wish 40 pikes, 10 halberds, of which number 2 or 3 to be targets of proof, 
The due sorting of weapons.  25 muskets, & 25 calivers, & so to the higher numbers.  Gent. 
Thus you would have as many pikes with halberds, as you have of shot: but I have heard some say, that they would two thirds of shot to one third of pikes.  Capt. 
True, provided that there be the full number of muskets, or rather more; for I would be as well provided to defend, as to offend.  Gent. 
What importeth so great a number of muskets?  Capt. 
Much, 
The advantage of musket.  considering the wonderful execution of that weapon: for one good musket may be accounted for two calivers.  Gent. 
But the musket is a heavy carriage, and painful to be handled; not fit but for strong and mighty men.  Capt. 
You would not be of that mind, had you ever seen any good service, especially amongst the Spaniards, who use them almost generally: and I am assured that for courage and strength, we are comparable, yea do excel them: but many of us want their practice, 
Skill & obedience.  yea and happily their obedience. Now considering that the musket hath his rest, the heaviness thereof is many times eased: and again, for the handling, 
Practice maketh perfect.  Practice maketh perfect, as in all other weapons.  Gen. 
What officers think you necessary for a Company of three hundred men?  Cap. 
One Lieutenant, 
Necessary officers to a band of three hundred men.  one ensign-baerer, two Sergeants, twelve Caporals, after the reckoning of 25 soldiers to every squadron (the Captain squadron accounted for one,) one harbinger or furrier, one Chirurgeon skilful in his art, & his servant. three Drums, and as many Fifes.  Gent. 
The Company newly levied, and officers chosen, what is the Captain to do first before he march with the same?  Capt. 
Having provided his Colours, 
The Ensign to be incommended to the ensign-baerer.  he shall with solemnity incommend it unto his Alferes or ensign-baerer, as before is declared, and then shall divide his soldiers into squadrons, choosing for his own squadron the most experimented men, and of best sort.  Gent. 
Wherefore doth the Captain choose a squadron to himself, being commander of the whole Company?  Capt. 
Because it is a matter of much importance, and necessary, in respect that this squadron standeth in such predicament, 
The Captain's Squadron.  that any Gentleman, though never so illustrious; and any Alferes, Lieutenant or Sergeant may serve as soldier in the same, 

No blemish unto any Gentleman, to serve as a common soldier in the captains squadron.  
Advantaged in Pays.   without any disparagement or blemish to their reputation, although they themselves have had men under their charge; for such aught to be advantaged in their pays, & the Captain to respect and esteem them as his own person, and counsel and consult with them, choosing officers out of them when any do want. And if any piece of service be presented, wherein he shall be occasioned to use some part of his company, he chooseth of those, such as he shall think good, & incommendeth the action unto them: & to give breathing unto men of less account in encounters & skirmishes which are offered: &, even for very shame of them, the common soldiers (knowing they shall be marked & noted) will fight more resolute and ready. Besides, men of such sort are a great beauty to the band, being commonly better armed then the rest.  
He is them to procure what he can, 
To instruct and procure his soldiers to the fear of God.  that his soldiers be good Christians, & men fearing God (for God knoweth, there be a number neither regarding their creation nor Christianity.) For no action is either good, or like to be, where this foundation is not first laid.  


To appease debates.  
To reprehend & punish dish nest livers.  
Few b●d do corrupt a number of good.  
To exercise them often to their Arms.   If there be any banding, secting or passionating amongst them, he is to appease & compound the same: & those that do live dishonest▪ infamous, or tatched with foul crimes, let him first charitably reprehend them; whereupon, if they amend not, yet more severely; if not then, and all necessary preventions used, let them be cashed out of the band; for a few bad do soon corrupt a number of good.  
He must diligently use his soldiers to the often exercise of their Arms, seeing them well furnished therewith, showing them the use of every kind of weapon: and what orders they are to observe at encounters and battles, according to the nature of their opposite enemy: for there is a difference between the German, the French, 

Different nations different nature's. To practise all military exercises.  
The Captain equal with his soldiers in all peril and pain.   the Italian, and Spaniard, being nations of different humours, natures, courage, policy, & conduction. Also that he see them practise all other exercises necessary for wars, so that nothing be done disorderly in the Company: carefully in all actions observing military discipline: being equal with his soldiers in all perils & pains, which is a great encouragement to the soldiers, & an increasing of their love towards their Captain & not to send them out like headless men, himself remaining behind safe under covert, as such sometimes have been seen.  

To muster and train often. The order to be observed in training.  He shall often times muster, show, and train his Company, causing them to march in good order, keeping well their arrays, in march, countermarch, in ring, in S. D or G. forms, all which are framed by the only order of marching: and bring them into squadrons of battles of sundry sorts and forms, showing them how to march orderly therein, how to charge either against horse or foot, how to retire with their faces still toward the enemy: and how to turn their faces, making front of either flank or train, and to wheel about, if occasion should serve, but a thing hard, and not easy to be performed: how to disband, and how to fall into troops. By these means he shall know his Company the better, be better reputed of, 
Men ready for action to great importance.  and make his men more apt and ready for action: a thing very important for a Captain.  

Great care to keep array in marching.  When he marcheth with his Company, he must be careful that his soldiers break not out of rank, although it be in their own country, or in country of our friends, out of danger or suspect of the enemy, to the end that they neither rifle, spoil, 
Disorderly behaviour of ●ad soldiers breedeth many mischiefs  nor rob houses, gardens, or orchards, and other places of corn & fruits; for thereby do rise and result many times great scandals and tumults amongst the naturals of the country wherein they march, & is cause that they are but badly ●ntertained at their lodgings: wherein he is to have great care & vigilancy, that his soldiers grow not licentious upon their poor hosts, neither offer them abuse for their meat and provision, but be contented with such as is given them, according to the ability of their poor hosts, 
Disorders to be punished.  chastening with great severity the offenders herein: for in so doing he shall acquist & gain the name & reputation of a Christianlike, virtuous & discreet Captain: but Captains doing the contrary, suffering their soldiers to grow over licentious and lewd, 
The toleration of evils breeds many inconveniences.  have procured to themselves & their companies great hatred, infamies & grudge, with their throats many times cut by the country Boors: examples hereof too too many, both in France and the Low-countries.  
Now his band being of compound weapons, he himself may use and carry either Calliver, 
What weapon the Captain is to use  Musket or Pike, as he shall fancy most, but the Pike is most honourable, dividing his shot into forward and rearward of the pikes, containing in their centre the Ensign and Halberds. But if the band be all pikes, or all shot alone, (which order I have seen observed amongst the Spaniards) then being pikes, he is by duty to carry a pike, himself armed in a corselet complete, wherein he shall be curious to have them gallant and good; which will cause his Company to imitate him therein. But if his Company be all shot, then is he in like sort bound by duty to carry a piece, either Musket or Calliver, gallantly furnished, 
Vnsoldiarly trick of a training captain.  and neatly kept. And not in musters and trainings to carry neither longsword, neither Halberd, neither leading-staffe, neither halfe-pike, neither yet a page going before him; for it is a Bisognios trick, ill beseeming a perfect Captain. 
The captain being set to defend any place, what he is to do.   
If he be commanded with his Company to the defence and guard of any place; he is to repair, to rampiere, to entrench, and to fortify himself therein, with all speed, care, diligence, and forecast: and defend the same with resolute valour, as diverse valiant Captains have done, both in time past, and also in our age, whose fame in histories, is, and ever will be fresh, in despite of envy.  
If the Army be encamped; 
Commanded to any piece of service, what he is to do.  and being commanded unto any piece of service, he must show therein great valour, vigilancy and care, animating his soldiers, and consulting with his officers and most experimented men of his Company, and after determination had, to show himself courageous and resolute. But let him well beware that he attempt nothing inconsiderate and rash, as many ignorant men have done, 
To attempt nothing inconsiderate and rash.  to their own and companies confusion. For those that go without prevention, preconsideration, and forecast of such successes & casualties as may befall, do in the very action find themselves puzzeled, amazed, and at their wit's end, with their overthrow in fine. Therefore to avoid such inconveniences, & hazards, let the Captain be well assured to observe the orders & instructions given him by the higher Commanders, 
To observe the orders given by his commander.  if manifest occasion be not seen that in observing the same, great damage may ensue, or good occasion be lost.  
It importeth him also much to be a good Orator, and to have a sweet vain in speech, 
To be a good Orator, and to what purpose.  and all other Commanders and officers in like sort, that have people in charge, to persuade, move, or dissuade their soldiers, as occasions shall serve; to persuade to good actions; to dissuade from bad factions; to commend valour and virtue; to reprehend faults and vices, and things done without order and discipline; to encourage, move and stir up men's minds to battles & brave encounters, and to induce men by good speeches to endure patiently, and with constant hearts the toils, wants, and discommodities, which commonly are presented in casualties of war, whereby they arise not in mutinies, nor into such other dissolutions, by reason of impatiency in semblable adversities.  
A point of great virtue it is in a Captain, not to be over covetous and greedy, but frank and liberal amongst his soldiers and followers, succouring them to his best ability in their necessities & needs; 
A captain not to be over covetous, but careful for his soldiers.  procuring that they be orderly paid, and not basely to wrong them, in detaining, deceiving and robbing them of their pays, as some bad Captains have been wont to do, who with little honesty, and less fear of God, have made a practice thereof: such unworthy Captains the Lord General ought severely to punish.  
Item, such day as his Company hath the guard, he must send his Sergeant to take the Word from the Sergeant Maior, or some other such parsonage who hath order for the same, 
To take the word  with the which Word he is to govern his watch and Sentinels for that night: for therein consisteth the security of the Campe.  
In visiting the Sentinels & Corpse de guard he must use great care & diligence: and see that his soldiers and officers do precisely perform what toucheth them therein, 
Careful to visit the Sentinels.  according to the order he shall have received from his superior Commanders: and cause that his Company be always provided with candles & torches, & such other lights, 

To be provided of lights for the night time.  
To be obedient & diligent about his superior commander's.   for the redress of many casualties chancing in the night.  
He shall obey the ordinances of the Sergeant Maior, and other his superior officers with great good will & diligence, respecting them, & accompanying them, the more to move them to love and affect him: and shall procure to learn from them the orders & courses they shall take in prosecuting the war: for it is a great virtue to be curious to know that which toucheth his profession: & it importeth him much to understand it perfectly, whereby he may find himself furnished with more considerations, and more ready for matters committed unto him, thereby to advance himself in his Prince's service, and in credit and reputation to his own person, bearing with a magnanimous and equal mind, as well his adverse, as his prosperous fortune, a rare and principal virtue.  

Necessary carriage and baggage in marching. But not over pestersome.  At marching unto any place with his company, let him procure that they be provided of necessary baggage: but yet with such moderation, that in no sort he suffer his soldiers to be pestered and cumbered; but as light as may be, but with their armour & weapon, to the end, that if occasion be offered to encounter with the enemy, they may find themselves more ready & determinate to gain booties from them, then careful to conserve their own trash and baggage: not permitting any soldier to have any horse, but some few and particular of his most expert men, 

Few horses to be permitted in footbands.  
The Captain is most ordinarily to lodge among his soldiers.  
Not to be over curious in his diet and far.  
Examples.  
To entreat his soldiers with gentle words & good works.  
A good Captain is as a father to his soldiers, and they as children unto him.  
Soldiers loving their captains will adventure their lives for their common honour.   the which may serve in steed of light horses, to discover and take knowledge, and to send advises, if need should require.  
In his alodgements, he should most ordinarily lodge amongst, or near his soldiers, giving them examples with his virtues and good behaviour, being companion with them in hardness of living, not procuring to himself dainties & curious meats, imitating herein Cato Vticensis, and George Castriot Lord of Albania, Hannibal, Scipio, Caesar, and others.  
In fine he shall entreat his soldiers with gentle words & good works, accounting them as his sons and children, whereby they may love him, & respect him as their father; and being thus linked, he shall enterprise no act, wherein they will not follow him with great love, willingness and valour, boldly adventuring their lives for their common honour, gaining to himself thereby great fame & reputation with the General and the whole Army; thereby binding his Prince to reward him according to his valour, virtue and deserts.  Gent. 
You have declared many good parts belonging to a Captain: I would that our Captains were half so well furnished.  Capt. 
I would they had all these good parts, and many more, if more might be: then should we have less cause to make reckoning of our enemies.    
The end of the second Book.   

THE THIRD BOOK OF WAR DISCOURSES AND MARTIAL DISCIPLINE.  

The first Dialogue:  
Wherein is declared the order of a Roman Legion, with their divisions: and the manner of the Grecians Phalanx: also a form of training to be practised and used amongst us, with the use and handling of each weapon in their kind: and other military points.  Gentleman. 
FRiendly Captain, your yesterdays Discourses, have so delighted, contented and inflamed both myself, and these other Gentlemen, that we must needs entreat you to proceed, and to speak somewhat of the higher Officers of the field: wherefore I pray satisfy us herein.  Capt. 
Gentlemen, I would those parts of skill were in me to answer your requests, and to satisfy your expectations. Nevertheless seeing you are so well bend, and inclined to the understanding of Military courses; I will, to my best ability and knowledge, declare unto you such matters as I have found by mine own experience, either learned from the directions of brave Commanders under whom I have served, or gathered out of the best authors which have written upon this subject War. Indeed at the beginning of these our speeches, I did not then think to have marched so far into this Martial field, 
Discontinuance breedeth forgetfulness.  for my five or six years discontinuance from action, had almost driven all the courses, order and method thereof out of my mind and memory: but your curious demands and questions, have both drawn me on, sharpened my wit, and refreshed my memory: wherein if I have erred, or may miss hereafter (as no man but erreth, some more, some less) I submit myself to the censure and correction of men more experimented, and of better parts than myself.  Gent. 
Truly Captain, you say very well; and I would we had many of no meaner parts, nor of no worse meaning than yourself, in mine opinion; then no doubt, but our common soldiers should be better instructed, and be better dealt withal, than they now are by some of their Captains. But letting these matters pass; I pray what order would you wish to be observed in the training of our soldiers here with us in the country, sith we are commanded to train, and as yet I see little good order observed in the same.  Capt. 
Touching the true and orderly training of your people in this our Modern Militia, I have in general roved over some part thereof already; but not so particularly as such an action would require: wherein I could hearty wish, that, as near as possible we might, we should reduce ourselves with such arms as we now use, unto the form, manner, and course of the ancient Romans in their Militia and discipline of war, 
The military discipline of the Romans to be followed.  although ages, seasons, and inventions, have altered much and many weapons by them used.  Gent. 
I pray what order did the Romans observe in their wars? and how were they armed?  Capt. 
The Romans divided their foot people of war into men armed with heavy armour, (or, as we may term it, armour complete) and into light armed men. 

Gravis armatura of the Romans.  
Velites of the Romans, and their armings.   Those which were light armed, they called by one common name, Velites; under which word they understood all such as carried slings, darts, bows, crossbows, and such like: the greatest part of whom, were armed with a skull or close Cellat for the head; and had, besides their other weapons, a shield or Target upon their left arm to defend and cover themselves, and did fight or skirmish in straggling sort, a good distance from those that were armed with heavy or complete armour in Squadron. Unto those may we well compare our shot, especially them of the forlorn hope, or Enfans Perdus, as the French do term them. Their people armed with heavy or complete armour, 
The arming of those of gravis armatura.  had first a Cellat or Burgonet, which covered their head, and reached over their shoulders: then for their body a Cuyrasse, whose flaps or tasses covered their thighs, even down to the knees; their legs and arms were armed with Greaves and Vambraces: and for their defence they carried a shield of four foot long, and two foot and a half broad, bound about with a band of iron; and for weapon they had a sword, not over long, girt unto their left side, & a short dagger upon their right; and in their hand a javelin or Dart, which they called Pilum, the which at the beginning of their fight they did lance or dart at the enemy: unto these may we compare our corselets and Pikes, whereof we frame our battles or battalions: and our armed halberds, partisans, and other short weapon. Commonly a Roman army consisted of two Roman Legions, 
A Roman army.  which was a Consul's army, and of two auxiliary legions, which were of their friends or confederates.  
Their Legion consisted at the first, but of three thousand footmen, and three hundred horse; 
Roman legion Cohort, century, Maniple.  but afterwards increased unto 5.6 or 8000. foot. Their legion they divided into Cohortes, Maniples, and Centuries. Every legion of 6000. foot, was divided into ten Cohorts, at 600. to every Cohort, and every Cohort into six Centuries, after 100 men to every century: and every century into four Maniples, after 25. soldiers unto every Maniple, or into five Maniples, at 20. soldiers to every Maniple. 
A legion distinguished into 3. Hastati, Principes, Triarij. Their order of placing.  Moreover, every legion was divided into 3. parts, or orders of battles, into Hastati, Principes, and Triarij. The Hastati were set in the front of their army, in order of Squadrons thick and sure; behind them were placed the Principes, but with the order of their Squadrons more rare and thinner. After these again were ranged the Triarij, but with the order of their Squadrons, much more thinner than the Principes.  
Now their slingers, darters, archers, or crossbows, and such light armed, were placed without these Battles, 
Velitat, their places to fight.  or Squadrons on the flanks and front, between the horsemen and their armed battle: as we do, or aught to do (in mine opinion) our shot, some fillers of Pikes, Halberds, and such other short weapon.  Gent. 
What sort of men think you fittest to be chosen for soldiers, and to be trained; and what order in their training?  Capt. 
I suppose, 
Whom fittest to be chosen for soldiers. Signs by the physiognomy.  men of the better sort, from the age of eighteen years unto thirty years, are fittest to be chosen. Now the signs whereby to conjecture the persons most apt for wars, by the Physiognomy, and proportion of body, are these: The eyes quick, lively & piercing; the head and countenance upright; the breast broad and strong; the shoulders large; the arms long; the fingers strong and synowie; the belly thin; the ribs large; the thigh big; the leg full, and the foot lean and dry: for whosoever is of this disposition, and with these conditions, cannot choose but be nimble and strong, which are two qualities, chief to be required in a soldier.  
I could wish that those Bands which are appointed to be trained (for of the Officers I have spoken before) should be by their Captain, 
New soldiers to be often trained.  Muster-maister, and other Officers, trained at the least once every month, or oftener, as the weather and season will permit: and every Caporall, with his Cabos de Camera, to train and instruct their Esquadra, especially of shot, once every week, or once every fortnight at the least: ensigning them the use of their weapon, and order of sleight skirmish: 
Practice breedeth readiness.  For often practice maketh men ready, especially and shot, the which without readiness and skill is a weapon of little advantage; and in the hands of perfect soldiers, is a weapon of great advantage, and of wonderful execution.  
Now the several companies, having been well applied and taught for a time by their Captain and other officers, 
Sundry companies to join together.  I would wish, should once every three months, meet and join some four or five companies together, in some convenient place, then and there to bring them into such forms as should be needful for so many companies. And once a year at the least, all the companies of the whole shire to meet in some most convenient place together, then and there to be instructed in the orders how to march, 


1. To march  
2. To encamp.  
3. To fight.    how to encamp, and how to fight: dividing them into so many parts or battalions, as unto their chief Officer shall seem good.  Gent. 
What course would you wish the Captain of a single company to observe in the training of his soldiers?  Capt. 
First having his company levied and chosen of the better sort of people, as is said, 
Rules to be observed by a careful Captain.  let your raw Captain, (for so I term those which never were in action) provide himself, if possible he may, of a good Lieutenant, and a sufficient Sergeant, and a skilful Drummer. Then let his people be suited with such sort of weapon as is appointed. The which I would wish to be (as I have said before) to every hundred of men, 25. muskets, 25. calivers, and 40. or more of pikes and corselets, and the rest, short weapon; as halberds, sword and targets, and such like.  
Now having suited every man with a convenient weapon, I would wish your Muster-maister, if your Captain have not the skill (for your Muster-master ought to be a man of experience) first to declare unto them the parts that ought to be in a soldier in general, 
Military points to be ensigned new soldiers.  as before is declared; then to ensign them the right carriage of their arms and weapon: then to know the several sounds of the Drum: next to learn to keep his rank and file orderly; and so to march either swift or slow, step by step with the sound of the Drum; then how to keep their array, being cast into a ring, or any other form; with the coming out again, and returning into a counter-ring; and out of the same into a march, and countermarch: then how to make their Alto or stand, and how to double their ranks, until they bring themselves into a just square of men, if their numbers will permit it; and how to double their ●●les, either upon the left or right hand, and so to fall off again, both from file and rank: and being in squadron, how to turn their faces on either, or any part, making front on any flank or train, as occasion shall be offered. Then the perfect use and managing of every weapon in his due nature and kind: 
A good Captain will soon make ready soldiers.  and so by a continual use they may (by good instructors) become soon to be ready soldiers.  Gent. 
Here be many good parts under a few words; but they are too brief for me to understand: wherefore I pray dilate more at large thereof: and first, what mean you by the carriage of his weapon?  Cap. 

The art of war better delivered by act than words.  To discourse upon all these points particularly, it would be over long: & might better be showed in act than in words: yet to satisfy you somewhat herein, I will speak of the particulars here & there, as I shall be occasioned, & shall call them to memory. First therefore, 
The Harquebuzier his armings and weapons.  the soldier that is appointed to carry a caliver, is first to be ensigned how to carry his piece upon his left shoulder, with his flask at his girdle, or hanging by at Port-flask, or Flask-leather upon the right thigh, & upon the left side of his girdle, to have his touchboxe fastened by the string, hanging down somewhat long by the strings, sufficient to be taken, and to prime his piece with touch-powder: and on his right side a Bullet bag or purse of canvas, or leather for bullets. Also some three or four yards of match, in several pieces hanging at his girdle, with one piece of match of a yard long in his left hand, holden fast by the third finger of the same hand, having the one or both the ends of the same, lighted, or fired. 
To charge.  Also to be provided of a priming iron or wire, of a steel and flint stone, to strike fire upon any sudden occasion, either to spare the burning of match, or to fire their matches if the same do chance to go out. Then how to charge his piece, either with his flask or bandelier, & then to let slip the bullet down into the barrel after the powder, and to ram the same with paper, tow or such like, thrusting the same down with the scouring stick, if time will permit: or else (a more readier way) thus; After that the bullet is slipped down unto the powder, to put after the same some two or three corns of powder, which will wedge fast the bullet. This being done, 
To cock the match.  let him hold his Calliver with his left hand, (as in his charging he ought to do the like) gripping the same by the stock, somewhat near under the cock, betwixt his thumb and four fingers; then, holding the nose of his piece somewhat upward (for not to endanger his fellows) to take the one end of his lighted match, with his forefinger, middle finger, & thumb of his right hand, & so to cock the same, having a regard that it may fall due within the pan: finally if it be a crooked stock piece, to set the same unto the left side of his breast, retiring his right foot some half step behind the left, or advancing the left foot some half pace before the right, 
To level.  and so to take his due level: & holding the hindermost part of the stock betwixt the thumb and forefinger of his right hand, & with the other three fingers to draw to the serre, 
To discharge.  & so to discharge his piece with agility having done the which, 
To retire. To recharge.  to retire soldier-like, and charge again, giving place to his next fellow, or seconder. But being a strait stocked piece (the which I hold for the better) he is to place the same upon the right side of his breast, fast against his shoulder, leveling and discharging, as aforesaid. And for other arms he is to be fitted with a short sword, and mean dagger, and a Spanish morion. Now the musketier is to carry his musket upon his left or right shoulder; 
The musketier his arming and his fork weapon.  for it importeth not much on whether, so they observe the order of the first rank, with his Fork or rest in his left hand, fastened about his hand wrest or little finger by a string, having his flask and touchbox fitted as before is said, or having a bandalier, the same to be over the left shoulder, 
To charge.  and under the right arm. Now to charge the same, he must hold his musket with his left hand, having his rest trailing by the string, and put the but end of the stock upon the ground, then with his flask or bandalier to charge his piece with powder, slipping down the bullet into the barrel after the same, and to fasten it with two or three corns of powder, as is aforesaid; then to clap the musket into his fork, planting the lower end or pike of the rest into the ground near unto his left foot, and resting the but end of the stock upon his left thigh, 
To cock his match.  then to prime his pan with touch powder. And having his match ready, as before is said, to take the piece of match that hangeth by the middle or third finger of his left hand, betwixt the thumb and fore finger of his right hand, and with his middle finger to measure at what length to cock the same, 
To level.  to fall with a proportioned length into the pan. The which being done, let him retire his right foot somewhat back, and stand firm upon the same: and holding fast both the musket and rest with his left hand, to raise the but end of his musket from his thigh unto his breast, and to fasten the same firm and close unto his right shoulder and breast, 
To discharge.  holding fast the said hinder part of the stock betwixt his right thumb and fore finger, drawing down the serre with the other three fingers, and so taking due level to discharge. Having performed the which, let him uncocke his match, clap his musket upon his shoulder with a half turn, and so retire, trailing his rest or fork by the string, and giving place to others, 
To retire. To recharge.  go charge again: finally for other arms, a reasonable short sword, a mean dagger; with no morion, but a fair hat and feather.  Gent. 
Thus I perceive your fiery shot have many busy skills, without knowledge of all the which it is hard to become a perfect shot.  Capt. 
True; 
Advise.  and therefore often to be practised: But here let the muster-maister and training Captain be well advised not to suffer their shot to carry any bullet about them, in time of their trainings, and feigned skirmishes, for fear of danger, that might thereby ensue among themselves. But now and then after their training, 
How to bring the bisognios fir s● to the bullet.  to take every shot single, and to see him charge his piece orderly with powder and bullet as aforesaid; and having a great but erected to that purpose (the which ought to be in every hundred or Bailywicke) to cause them to level, and discharge at the blank thereof, orderly one after another: encouraging those which do make the fairest shot.  
Now for the Pike, 
The piker his armings and weapon  which the Spaniards do term Senora y Reyna de las armas, the Queen and mistress of weapons. The soldier which carrieth the same, is to be well armed with a good corselet, furnished with his gorget, Morion, tasses, pouldrons, vambraces, and gauntlets also; to be armed as he ought to be; whatsoever opinion other men may hold to the contrary, supposing a bare pair of Cuyrasses only sufficient: but I am of opinion, that the armed Picquier ought to be armed in all points (as I have said) for defence: and then to offend, to be weaponed with a good Pike of ground ash, 
The pike of 17. or 18. foot.  of seventeen or eighteen foot long at the least, well and strongly headed, with the cheeks three foot long, or there about: and for other weapon, 
The dagger.  to wear a good short sword and dagger: for the dagger is a weapon of great advantage in Pell mell.  

Objection.  And if it be replied, that the soldier so heavy armed, is not for any great march, 
Answer.  or speedy execution; I say, that among well ordered Regiments, there are also yet some unarmed pikes, that is without any corselet, or, at the most, the bare cuyrats only and morion, the which the Italians do call Picche secche. Now these are reserved & employed in such pieces of light service. 
Picha se●cha.  And the Picquier, either armed or unarmed is to be showed and taught the carriage and use of his pike; 
The carrying and handling of the pike.  as first to tertiar or carry the same orderly upon his shoulder, holding the same with his four fingers upon the upper part of the staff, & his thumb under the staff, near unto his shoulder, basin down the blunt end thereof, to advance the point, and poizing the pike with an equal poise upon his thumb and shoulder, always in march keeping the lower end of his pike on the one side of his foreman's leg still advertising that in march the pike is to be carried upon the right shoulder, of every soldier throughout every file, saving the utmost file on the left side of the arrays or ordinances, which are to carry their pikes upon their left shoulders only, always regarding how those of the foremost ranks do carry their weapon, the rest to do the same throughout every rank and file following: for order and form do require the same. 

To make Alto, to arbolare, or advance.  
To rear.   Next he is to be taught how to plant his pike on the ground, at any stand or Alto: then how to arbolare or advance his pike, that is; to rear his pike upright against his right shoulder▪ and with his right hand stretched down unto his thigh, to hold the same near unto the butt-end betwixt his four fingers and his thumb, stretching his forefinger downward unto the butt-end of his pike, and so advance the same upright & high against his right shoulder, resting and staying the same with his right hand against his right thigh and knee, 
When to advance.  as before is said. Now this is to be done at such times, as being brought into a Ring, and serreing close shoulder to shoulder, then to advance their piks in this sort at the enclosing thereof, & so to continue until they fall out of the ring again into a larger march. Also the same is used by some, at their arriving unto the corpse de guard, at the setting of the watch before their chief Commander or officer; even as the first rank shall arrive into the corpse de guard, some ten or twelve paces from the place of their stand; to arbolare their pikes; and so rank after rank, carrying them in the same order until they come unto their place of station, there to make Alto, and to plant their pikes upon the ground, as the squadron is form. 
To present, To charge.  But principally, the soldiers marching in squadron, and upon point to come to the push of the pike with their foot enemy, then are they first to advance their pikes, as is said, bearing the same orderly with the right hand against the right thigh, and the left hand above near about the shoulder, and so to charge upon the left hand and push, 
To push.  standing firm and sure upon the left foot. But if the squadron be charged with any troops of the enemy's horse, 
To couch.  then must the Picquiers couch their pikes fast under the right foot, holding the same 〈…〉 the left hand, and bow down the point thereof against the breast of the hor●e, 
To Couch.  having his right hand ready to draw his sword, if occasion shall be offered.  
Now how necessary and available this continual use and practice is, may easily be gathered from the sundry victories of the ancient Romans. Who both in their Camps and Garrisons had their Tesserarios (which were as our Sergeant Majors) to ensign and teach their people of war the use and managing of their arms, 
The Romans Tesserarios their training.  at all idle and vacant times. The old soldier, sometimes once in a day, and the Tirones, which we term Bisognios, or new soldiers, twice in the day, or as occasion served: so were their people always ready and perfect. And again they did not only practise them in the knowledge of their weapons, but many times also did conduct their Companies for their recreation into the field, there causing them to run, 
Virtuous exercis●●  to leap, to jump, to wrestle, to throw the sledge, to pitch the bar, and such like exercises; and sometimes also to learn to swim, as a quality very befitting a soldier. Moreover, they did many times cause their soldiers, as well foot as horse, 
To march out feigned skirmish.  to march armed at all points, even as it were to serve against their enemy, once or twice in a month, every man carrying his own provision and victuals, and giving and receiving the charge, even as in hostile fight: and this did they for the space of ten miles, five out, and five home. Thus with these exercises they brought their people to be able, quick, and ready to serve upon all occasions, and did more good service with twenty thousand of such so trained and practised, 
Ready men, advantageous.  then with thirty or forty thousand of raw and untrained men: But to have a soldier to be very perfect, and a good executioner indeed, it is needful to have been in some good pieces of service, & to have seen men to fall on both sides, 

To be a good executioner must have seen service.  
To toss the pike.   which doth flesh & harden a soldier very much. Finally the good Picquier ought to learn to toss his pike well, with the due handling of the same, and to be skilful therein; sith it is the weapon he professeth: for 100 of ready pikemen, are better than 200 that know not the use of the weapon. Now the halberders ought to be fully armed with a corselet as is the Picquier; but in marching he is always to bear the same on the right shoulder, 
The halberd.  holding the lower end thereof, with his right hand almost close to his right thigh and knee.  Gent. 
You have well discoursed touching the carriage and handling of the caliver, musket, pike, and halberd. But now, I pray what mean you by doubling your rank and file?  Capt. 
By rank I mean every row, or order of men, standing shoulder by shoulder, 
rank what it is. File what it is.  either in march or squadron, reaching a long from the one side of the squadron unto the other. And by file, I understand all the line, order, or row of all the soldiers standing consequently one after another, from front to the train, either in march or squadron. Now, the doubling of rank or file is thus. First suppose your company to be of 100 pikes (as for the shot we will speak of hereafter) and you would bring them into a just square of men: 
The doubling of rank and file.  first search out the Cubike root of your number, and it is 10; then (after the first order) you shall cause them by the sound of the drum, 
By single file.  to embattle, to march up in single files, at 10 men in every file, & the head man of every 10 to be a Caporal or Cabo de Camera; and as the first 10 is come up unto the place where you mean to frame your squadron, cause them to make Alto; then call up the second file, at 10 per file, causing them to march up close pouldron to pouldron of the first ten, and there to firm & stand: then the third file, than the fourth and so consequently the rest, until your squadron be form: your ensign marching up in the middle file, as in this figure may appear.  
Here you see them drawn up in single files, at 10 men in every file: and so your squadron is framed, 10 files, and 10 ranks or 10 in flank, and 10 in front.  
another order is thus: you may march them up in 2, 3, 4, or 5, files at once, and 10 ranks (for the number even or odd importeth nothing) if at 2 files at once, 
By maniple or many files.  then are they marched up and framed at five come up: if at 3 files at once, then at three marchings up at 3 files per Maniple, which make 9 files, and 1 single file, at 10 men per file: which maketh your just square of men. Now if you will march them up, by 4 files at once, they are 2 marchings or Maniples, at 4 files, 10 ranks, and one Maniple, at 2 files per Maniple, and so again is your squadron form. And again if you would march them up by 5 files at once, and 10 ranks, they come up in 2 Maniples, and so is your squadron justly framed.  

How to double the rank●.  Your squadron being thus framed & set, at 10 ranks, & 10 files, them to double the ranks, you shall cause upon an other sound of the drum, those of the second rank, to step in betwixt them of the first rank, beginning either upon the left or right hand first, as you will: and the 4 rank to double the 3, and again the 6 rank to double the 5, and the 8 rank to double the 7, and finally the 10 to double the 9, so shall your battle or squadron come to be 20 in breadth, and 5 in length or depth; or 20 files and 5 ranks, which is in form of a battle of double front as by these figures appeareth.  
Here you see the ranks doubled into 20 files and 5 ranks. Then cause them upon another sound of the drum, 
To fall off.  to fall of, or back again into their former places: and so to double again upon the other hand, and fall off again. Now, to double the file; 
To double the file.  cause the second file to double the first either upon the left or right hand, as it shall please you to begin, and the fourth file to double the third, and the sixth the fift, and the eight the seventh, and the tenth file to double the ninth, as in these figures following may appear.  
And here you may see the file doubled, reduced into five files, at 20 men per file, upon the right hand: the like you shall cause them to do upon the left hand: having first caused them to fall off from their file, bringing them into their former square again.  
Then shall you go unto the train of your battle or squadron, and upon another sound of the drum, 
To turn their faces and make front of any part  you shall command all your soldiers to turn their faces upon a sudden towards you: then causing them to double both rank & file that way, as you did the other way before: thus with a little pains taking and practice, you shall soon bring your soldiers to be ready and skilful in these alterations of forms, and many more. The like may be done with any other greater numbers, either in battles or battalion, or by making the front of any flank.  Gent. 
But to what end serveth all this?  Capt. 
Marry, to many good purposes: For the first order of doubling the ranks (besides the readiness it breedeth in the soldiers) doth serve to alter upon a sudden your grand square of men, 
Doubling of ranks and files serveth to sundry purposes.  into a square of ground, or into a battle of double front, and to many other purposes, in framing of many small battalions one grand square. And again, the second order in doubling of the files, doth serve to many such other purposes: as if upon a sudden your foot enemy shall come to charge you upon the flank, then by doubling their files, and suddenly turning their faces upon the enemy, they shall make of flank the front, and so be ready with double hands, either to receive or give the charge. For those battles of square of ground, or battles of double fronts, do bring many hands to fight at once: being very advantageous for footmen against footmen, as reason and experience proveth and showeth.  
And again, if you draw or divide your battle or battalions into maniples, to march through straits or narrow passages, 
To pass straits  this order of doubling the files is very ready and available, as thus. If your battle or squadron be of 5184 pikes, whose square root is 72: now your passage will permit but 8 men to march in front; then must you divide your square root 72 by 8, so cometh it to be 9 maniples of 8 men in rank or breadth. And say yet again, that the strait or passage doth fall yet more narrow, or straighten less, then to contain 8 men in front, them cause every maniple, at the very entering of the strait, to double their files, and so of 8 you shall make 4 files per maniple: the which being shouldered up close together, will contain no more room in breadth then the 8 did before. And having passed the strait, cause them to fall into their former proportion, and so maniple after maniple in passing the strait.  Gen. 
But if the squadron or maniple were of odd numbers, it would not so fall out.  Capt. 

Odd files or ranks.  That importeth not: for the odd file or rank which resteth undoubled, may in passing of the strait, close up shoulder to shoulder unto the rest, observing their proper stations in files; and if the passage will not permit that, then to fall back after the train of their maniple, & having passed the strait, to sleeve up in file, pouldron to pouldron of their fellows, and so to fall into their former proportion. The like of any other odd numbers may be done with very great facility.  
Now, for as much as I intend to frame both figures and tables of sundry sorts of battles and battalions, in our discourse following▪ I will at this instant be the more brief; supposing this, at this present to suffice. For he which conceiveth and understandeth this well, may do the like with any other numbers great or small.  Gent. 
And what course do you appoint the shot belonging to those numbers of pikes, to observe in these alterations of proportion?  Capt. 
The shot appertaining unto every such number, 
Shot, how to be practised.  may be practised in the like or semblable sort, either alone by themselves, or placed in two grand sleeves along by the flanks of their squadron or battalions. 
Example.  As for example: If unto the former number of 100 pikes, there were proportioned & suited 100 shot, caliver and musket, these would I draw out into 5 per rank, which would make 20 ranks. Those 20 ranks would I cut off or divide in the midst, so should I have 10 ranks for to sleeve the one flank of the battalion, and 10 ranks for the other flank, at 5 men per rank, or 5 files in every rank, which is all one. These 2 sleeves being placed, may be doubled with the pikes by rank or file, for practise sake only. But if you were engaged to fight with the enemy, I would wish all great sleeves of shot to be divided into many small troops, the one still to second another: as hereafter shall be declared & showed. And lo here another order: the 2 grand sleeves being all musketeers, as the battle or battalion doth advance & march on toward the enemy, 
Musketeers, how to discharge upon a march.  & coming once within reach of the musket, than the first ranks of these sleeves of muskets many discharge in marching in this sort. The first ranks stepping some two or three paces forward, & there those of the right sleeve to step one half pace toward the right hand, & those of the left sleeve, one half pace toward the left hand, having in the mean space made themselves ready, and cocked their matches, then with readiness & expedition all those of them first ranks, their muskets being upon their rests or forks, to discharge at once, and keep their station, & charge again, permitting other ranks to proceed before them. Then presently those of the second rank to step up just before the first rank, as the battle or battalion marcheth, and so to discharge as their former fellows had done before: & then the 3. rank before the 2. & the 4. before the 3. and so all the other ranks consequently with this kind of double march: and at the train of the last rank, those of the first to follow up again: 
How to discharge upon a countermarch.  and so consequently the rest. But if it chance their squadron of pikes to be distressed, & forced to retire, they are to discharge at the enemy, retiring back, upon a countermarch, as these figures following shall plainly denote unto you the manner and order.  
The First Figure.  
The second Figure with the Muskets discharging in marchings.  
The third Figure upon the retreat, the shot discharging upon a Countermarch.  

Musketeers wheeled into a half moon to discharge in volley.  There is yet another order of discharging of troops of Muskets in volley, the which I have seen used by the Italian and Spaniard, thus. Your Musketeers being divided into sundry troops, of 30, 40 or 50 in a troop, the one to second the other: then the two first troops standing upon the two angles of your squadron or battle, may be drawn up by two officers, by three, four or five at the most in a rank: and the said officers being at a sufficient distance to discharge, shall cause the Musketeers to close somewhat near, shoulder to shoulder, and so wheeling them about in figure of a half Moon, shall at their due semicircle, or half compass, cause the Musketeers to make Alto; and clapping their muskets on their rests, close one by an others shoulder, and each one having a care to his forefellowes, they shall at one instant, discharge altogether at one volley upon the enemy, and so retire, giving place to other troops: the manner and form whereof shall by these figures following appear.  
Troops or squadras of muskets at 50. per troop 5. in rank.  Gent. 
Your calivers or small shot, would you have them to discharge in these manners and orders before spoken of and figured?  Capt. 
No; 
calivers divided into small troops to discharge by file.  but I would with the calivers or small shot to be divided into sundry small troops, of 20, 30, 40 or 50 in a troop; and by their several officers to be led up, and to skirmish in single file, discharging readily one after another in file, and so wheeling about upon the left hand, to retire, giving place unto others to second them, and to fall into their form of troop again; and then recharging advisedly to be ready to come up to second others, as their turn cometh; of which manner of small troops, shall often in our discourses following, be denoted and showed. Now to conclude these orders of training, I will set down one point more to be observed by one single company, or two, or three companies jointly coming into the Corpse de guard to their watch, reserving many other particular matters until I come to treat of the office of the Sergeant Maior, where many Military points shall be at large discoursed. You must note that every single company marching & training alone, 
The arraunging of a small company to march.  their pikes are first ranked by 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 or more in a rank, according to their number (the number of even or odd, in rank importeth nothing, as I said before) having their ensign, and halberds contained within the centre or middle rank of their pikes. Then the shot is to be ranked altogether with the like number of men in a rank, and then to cut them off, or divide them at the middle rank; leading the one half of them unto the forefront of the pikes, 
Order to be observed entering into the Corpse de guard.  and there to place them in even files with the pikes, and the other half is to be brought unto the train of the pikes, and there filled in like manner, always regarding to place the muskets of the first half of your shot, in the foremost ranks, and those of the other half, in the hindermost rank. Now thus marching on, and coming to the place of Corpse de guard, the shot of the vanguard are to make Alto, or stand, than the pikes to march up by, them; and the first rank of pikes coming unto the foremost rank of the shot, to make Alto also, and then the pikes to double their ranks, as before is declared, to bring themselves into squadron, even rank for rank with the shot. This being done, than the other shot of the rearward is to march up upon the other hand of the pikes, rank for rank with the said square of pikes: and so is your squadron or battalion form as by these figures following may appear; where I suppose one or two companies together in march, 
The march.  containing in all 100 pikes, and halberds, & 100 shot, they march on 5 per rank; the shot of the vanguard makes their stand, then do the pikes march up by them, & coming unto their foremost rank of the shot do stand also; and there double their ranks, so are they 10 ranks, and ten files: lastly cometh up the shot of the arereward & garnisheth the other flank, even rank with rank, and so is the squadron framed and garnished with shot.  
Thus me thinks that I have sufficiently entreated of this order of training, as for other sorts of embattling we will hereafter speak of, as occasion shall be offered.   

THE SECOND DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is declared of quadrat battles, both of men and ground: opinions tocuhing the mingling of short weapons with the pikes, and lining of battles with the same confuted: the framing of battles of pikes in three sorts: the placing of shot about the battle, with the places of the horse and artillery.  Gentleman. 
Then I pray pass to your other officers of war.  Capt. 
There be many petty officers used amongst us, as Clerk of the band, Drummer, Forage master, Scout master, Trench master, Quarter master, Caporals of the field, & such like, of whom I will speak particularly nothing; but including them under the charge of other superior officers: of the which I will begin with the duty of a Sergeant Maior, whose office is of such importance, care, industry and skill, especially in day of battle, that I must be constrained before I enter into the parts of his office, to describe the orders of fights and battles most used in these our modern wars, as a thing most pertinent unto the aforesaid officer, touching the sundry forms of battles used by antiquity; wherein (in mine opinion) the Romans' did most excel: I will speak, at this instant, little more than what is said before, considering that ages, times, occurrents, inventions and customs have altered, and daily doth, what antiquity thought best and best assured.  
The forms of battles in our time are not many, yet every man almost hath a several opinion thereof; but common reason and experience hath made most men confess and agree, that of all forms the square battle, be it either of square of men, or square of ground, is the most assured, most strong, and most apt to be reduced into any other form.  Gent. 
What mean you by this word Battle?  Cap. 
By the word Battle, I understand in this place a whole united body of soldiers well disciplined, all armed with pikes, to fight in day of battle, an act of arms, with good hope of victory, the which for more security hath the front, the train, and the two flanks of complete corselets, to the end that being assailed or charged, they may make the face or front of any or every side or part; and valiantly receive the charge, and may also charge and break the enemy, and attain the victory. 
The cavalry & shot, not contained within the body of the battle.  Now in this body I understand neither the shot, nor cavalry, the which are to have an other order to another end.  Gent. 
Are these battles framed in one sort only, or in more, or in many, or in how many; or what manner I pray are they made?  Captain 
Your curious demand deserveth answer, I told you before that many sorts of battles have been framed by valiant and expert Captains: but the best approved, and most used now, is the square battle, be it either of men or ground.  Gent. 
I would gladly know the reason why they make their battles square; and what is meant by square of men and square of ground.  Capt. 

The reason why battles are framed in quadrat proportion.  Battles are made square, & so used, for that they are apt to frame the Front of every side or part, which could not be if they were Triangles, or of any other form used by antiquity. And it doth much import that the Front be gaillard and strong: for the front once broken, the battle stands in hazard. And again, to serrie or close Pouldron to Pouldron the square form is best: for that they close equally together, & strengthen the front to the victory. And this shall suffice touching the Quadrat. 
Square of men, & square of ground, what it is.  Now, concerning the difference of square of men, and square of ground, I say: that the square of men is, when there be so many men in front as in flank, or so many in length as in breadth; and this sort of battle cometh to be in ground two times, and one third more long than broad, and a Quadrat of ground will be of men two times and one third more broad then long.  Gent. 
In how many manners may these square battles be made?  Capt. 
Were the Companies all of pikes, with corselets complete and not mixed with bare pikes, (which is not lightly to be found) the framing of any of these sorts of battles would be very ready and easy, and might be soon brought into any proportion without confusion: the which being of pikes armed and unarmed, will require more care, 
Battles consisting of armed and unarmed pikes, framed in three manner of ways.  labour, and pains, to the framing thereof. Now therefore I say, in three sorts or manners, most available and most commodiously are battles framed in these days, consisting of armed and unarmed pikes.  
1 The first manner is when an army doth march with the one half of the armed pikes in the forward, and the other half in the rearward of the unarmed pikes. Now in the body of this battle I understand no short weapon, (but reserve them to another place and unto another purpose, as before I have said, and will hereafter speak more thereof) but all pikes, for the battle thereby would be more readily framed, more braver in sight, and more stronger to fight, in mine opinion.  
2 The second fashion is, when the army marcheth company by company, with their armed pikes in the forward and rearward of every particular company.  
3 The third order is, when an army marcheth Maniple by Maniple, with the armed pikes in the Front and train of every particular Maniple. And besides this, when the armed pikes which do serve to arm the two flanks, do march the one part before, & the other part behind, and these also are called Maniples: for a Maniple is here called so many ranks throughout the battle, as the battle is in length, 
Maniple, what it is.  at so many per rank as they march in ordinance or array. And although the armed pikes which do march at the head or tail of the arrays of Maniples to arm the two sides, if it happen at any time that they march not to the full length of the battle, yet nevertheless when they be put unto their office to arm the two sides, although they be not in length to the length of the battle, at so many in rank as is appointed to arm the two flanks, yet are they called Maniples also. And again, any part of shot or pikes, that be drawn a part, to be set to defend any strait, or to scarmush, may also be called a Maniple: but being shot, 
Shot in troupe●.  are fit called troops, after the french word.  
Now of these sundry sorts of imbattailling of men, as well of proportions of equality as of inequality, and of battalions of the same nature, as well even as odd battalions, serving to the framing of cross battles with such other like, I will frame certain calculations or tables, the which shall serve to sundry numbers of men & orders, according to the judgement of the skilful soldier, which shall be in the last book of these discourses.  Gent. 
But me thinks you are not much affected to have any halberds or bills in your battle, which is contrary to our opinion and custom: for we call them the guard of the ensigns, and slaughter of the field.  Capt. 
Truly, 
Halberds and short weapon no● liked of in the body of the battle. The reasons why.  I would not wish any such weapon in the body of a standing battle, if we might be provided otherwise of pikes: my reasons are these. For the pikes being Terciard or charged over hand to encounter a battle of footmen, or couched under the foot to receive any troops of horse, do one of them fall so proportionally within or after another; even as their ranks of men are distant in their several stations, the second following the first, the third the second, and the fourth following the third, and so consequently every rank seconding one another, that it seemeth it were as good for a man to come upon a brazen wall (if they stand resolute) as upon such a battle of pikes, except they should be marched or encountered with the like weapons and proportions. Now if this be the best course to receive or charge footmen, than no doubt (not being thus mingled with short weapons) it must needs be the best battle to receive a charge of horse.  Gent. 
Although you disallow and disprove to have your battle of pikes mingled with short weapon; yet would you not allow them about the ensigns in the centre of the battle?  Captain 
For what purpose in the centre of the battle?  Gent. 
To defend the ensigns with hand blows.  Cap. 
I suppose it an error. 

Halberds not liked of about the colours.  
The reasons why.   For who doth not know that if the enemy be like to be victor, the armed pikes will yield backward as they feel themselves distressed, so as when the pikes are in such manner crashed and clustered together, that they can no longer charge and push with their pikes, then will the throng or press in the centre be so great, that the halberds and bills shall have little room to strike; nay short swords will hardly have room at that instant either to thrust or to strike. I would think daggers would do more execution at that time, and in that press until one side fall to flight: 
Dagger's available in pell-mell. Short weapon in a stand of pikes vnseemeli●.  so I see no reason at all for halberds or bills to have place in a battle or stand of pikes: Besides the unseemly show they make either by themselves in the centre, or mingled among pikes.  Gent. 
So I perceive you would quite exclude all halberds and bills out of your battle, and so not at all to be used.  Capt. 
Conclude not so short upon me, because I give them no place within the body of the battle. For if you remember, in our former discourses, at the equal sortment of weapons, I allowed to every hundred of men 8 or 10 halberds. The which bills and halberds with other short weapons as swords and targets, 
Short weapon their places of best service.  and long swords, and such like, shall serve as in a place of best service for them, to mingle with your naked troops of shot, and also (placed with some pikes) for the guard of the carriage and munition and ordinance, or for execution if the enemy begin to break and sly, with sundry such services not contained in the body of the battle.  Gent. 
Well, you have satisfied us herein; but what think you of sundry other opinions touching the lining of battles with shot or bows?  Capt. 


lining of battles with shot or bows disliked.  
lining of shot in single rank.   Touching such lining I will show you mine opinion against them. Now first for that kind of lining which is used in placing a pike and a shot, I am sure that the shot cannot be so hurtful to the enemy, as they will weaken the battle: my reason is this. No army, I am certain, shall be so ordered, that the battle shall be left bare without his troops of shot before, to keep the enemy doing in skirmish, until the battles be ready to join, and charge or couch their pikes: at that instant have the shot, that line the battle, their time to serve, even as the pikes are couched, 
The reasons.  and not before. Now let men of consideration and experience judge, whether it be possible for them to discharge above one shot a piece, and that not above three ranks of them; and thereupon, whether those shot can at that time of service be such a strength to the battle, as if an armed pike were in the room. I do suppose the battle would be much stronger, if the shot were rid from thence, and pikes in their places. Then it falleth out, that this kind of lining is not good. 
lining with shot in another sort more tolerable.  Now, touching another kind of lining with shot, which is 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7, ranks of pikes; and then 3, 4, or 5 ranks of shot, and then pikes, and then shot again. In deed this kind of lining is the most tolerable, and yet not without his discommodities: for if such a battle join with a battle of foot, the shot cannot play until the ranks of pikes before them are broken; which cannot be, but that their own men and their enemy shall be mingled pell-mell one among another. Then tell me by reason, how those shot can serve that are the lining, but they must needs kill as well their own men, as their enemy, being thus mingled at all adventures. And if this be the end of their service (as indeed it is) by a forced necessity to kill without choice, then must it needs follow, that they are rather hurtful then serviceable in that place: far better therefore pikes in their rooms.  

lining with bows, a cumbersome tying weapon.  And now for your lining with bows, a cumbersome tying weapon in a throng of men; it must needs be concluded by reason, that where calivers, which are no tying weapons, are yet unprofitable, in that place how can bows, to which it requireth such elbow room, and are so troublesome, be any ways in that sort commodious or to be allowed?  Gen. 
Your reasons and conclusions have wonderful well liked us; wherefore now I pray return again to your framing of battles of pikes only, without short weapons.  Capt. 
I told you before, that battles are made most availeably, and most commodiously, in three manner of ways: showing you every several order, and that when time should permit, I would frame tables for the easy ordering of each.  Gent. 
But shall your tables serve for the framing of one whole body of a battle, or for more?  Capt. 

Tables to be framed, and to what end.  These tables shall serve to make either one, two, or three battles of an army, or so many as shall be requisite and needful, either to offend the enemy or to defend; and also according to the situation of the ground, and shall serve only to have in a readiness and memory, all that which a battle well ordered would require, according to the ground where it shall be; so that there shall need no more but to command the men to be marshaled into the order that shall be appointed to the framing of the battle, according to the situation of the ground. But first I will set you down orderly a table of proportional numbers, in such proportion as one would make the breadth of the battle to have unto the length, and so many will set down of proportional numbers, as shall suffice to make every sort of battle, 

Proportinall numbers ●e●uin● to the setting of battles.  
Proportions of equality.   that may be more large then long, or equal; as hereafter shall appear. And now of proportional numbers, I will begin to speak of those which be in proportion of equality: as 1 to 1, 2 to 2, 3 to 3, 4 to 4, and 5 to 5, and 6 to 6, and so of more; provided they be of equal comparison the one to the other. But yet to frame a battle, those shall be taken which be in least proportion, as 1 to 1, and those numbers which are of equal comparison, as 1 to 1, do serve only to make the battle quadrat of number of men: that is, so many men in breadth as in depth of the battle. But when you will make a battle that may be of more men in breadth then in depth, then shall you take the numbers which be in proportion of inequality, so much as you would have the battle to be of more men in breadth then in depth; 
Proportions of inequality.  as 3 to 2, or 5 to 3, or 7 to 4, and such like, as shall be found in these tables following of numbers compared the one to the other in inequality: beginning with those of the least proportion.  

A table of proportions, of so much as you would have the battle to contain in breadth of number of men unto the length.  

Proportion of Equality.  
As 1 to 1, that is, the battle to contain so many men in breadth as in length.   

Proportions of Inequality.  
That is, the battle to be more broad then long, or more in front then in flank.  
As 2 to 1, that is, the battle twice so broad as long.  
3 to 1, that is, three times so broad as long.  
4 to 1, that is, four times so broad as long.  
5 to 1, that is, five times so broad as long,  
6 to 1, that is, six times so broad as long.    
To bring these fractions into whole numbers of proportion, you must work thus: Multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fraction, and adding thereunto the numerator of the said fraction, the proportion is found: as for example, to have the battle to contain two times, and a third more broad then long▪ I seek in the table 2 ⅓ whereof the whole number is 2, and the fraction is ⅓. Now multiply the whole number 2, by the fractions denominator 3, and it maketh 6, whereunto add the fractions numerator, which is 1, and it amounteth 7, so is 2 ⅓ in proportion as 7 is to 3, and so must you work any the like numbers.  
In all these aforesaid proportions, to make the battles of proportion of equality, that is as broad as it is deep, or of inequality, which is more in breadth then in depth, both these ways is to be understood of men, and not of ground; for of the proportions of ground I will speak hereafter. 
These proportions of men and not of ground.   Gent. 
Me thinks I understand touching the proportions of equality, and inequality, & that is so broad as deep, or more in breadth then in depth, understanding of men, both of the one manner, and the other; but I would gladly (Captain) that you would show it us by example, for so we shall the better conceive of the matter.  Capt. 
I will most willingly: Therefore to begin, I will set down to make a square battle of number of men, that is, so many men in front as in flank: And let our whole number be 5000 men, of armed pikes, and single pikes one with another. Now to frame this quadrat battle, you shall take in the aforesaid tables, the numbers of proportions of equality, which are as 1 to 1. Then must you set down your rule in this sort: 
The rule to frame a square battle of men.  Setting down first the proportion of equality for the first and second number, and the number of men for the third number, thus 1 prime, 1 second, 5000 third. This being done, multiply the 3 number which is 5000, the number of men by 1, the second number, and it maketh still 5000, (for 1 doth neither multiply nor divide) then divide the said first multiplied number 5000 by 1 the first number, and it maketh yet 5000. Now out of that 5000, you shall take the quadrat root, which is 70. So 70 ranks of men shall your battle contain, 
 both in breadth and length; and there will remain 100 men. For 70 multiplied into itself resulteth 4900, the which deducted out of 5000, there resteth 100 men, the which 100 men divide by 70, so will there arise one more rank of men, and yet will there remain 30 men over, the which one rank shall be joined unto the 70 ranks aforesaid, so are they 71 in breadth and 70 in length: but to the end you may better understand me, I will go showing the same by figures, whereof this shall be the first.  
And the 30 men which do remain out of the body of the battle, they shall be reserved for other purposes.  
And this square battle of number of men may be done in a more shorter and readier way, 
A more exquisite way to frame any square battle of men.  thus. Take the quadrat root of 5000 simply, which is 70, and with this 70 divide the 5000 men, so will there come 71 for the breadth of the battle, and there will remain 30 men. And thus your battle will contain 70 ranks in length, and 71 men per rank in breadth, with 30 men remaining as aforesaid. Now although the battle be more broad then long, or more men in front then in flank by one rank, yet is it nevertheless, after the order of war, called a square battle of men.  
The table drawn aforesaid for the proportion of equality, that is, that the battle do contain so many men in breadth as in length, shall serve also to show the order which is to be observed in the battles that are to be be made of more men in front then in flank, that is, in proportion of inequality, as hereafter I will show you, giving you to understand that all the figures shall have their scala divided into paces, 
Geometrical scale. foot.  and every geometrical pace into 5 foot, of the which measure of feet I have here under set down the fourth part, which is three inches, for that every foot is divided into 12 inches, to the end you may conceive what quantity of ground every battle of pikes would require, allowing for every man's station set in array to fight, 3 foot in front, that is, from pouldron to pouldron, and 7 foot in flank, that is 3 foot before, and 3 foot behind, for the use of his weapon, and one foot for his own station.  Gent 
By this your example you have satisfied me wondrous well, in giving me to understand how to set a battle quadrat of any number of men, which is so many men in front as in flank: yet would I desire to know how to arm or empale this battle with armed pikes, both front, tail, and the two flanks, considering that few armies have all their pikemen furnished with corselets complete.  Capt. 
True, there are few armies that have scarce the one half of their pikemen armed with corselets, which is a great part of the strength and beauty of the battle, therefore we must seek a course how to empale any battle with such armed pikes as they have: 
To impale the battle with your armed pikes the rule.  to do the which these rules following shall serve to empale any battle, as well of proportion of inequality, as of equality, the forward, the rearward, and the two flanks, with pikes and armed corselets. Now I suppose the whole number of pikes to be 5000, as well armed as unarmed, whereof there be 2000 armed pikes with corselets; the said 2000 I will repart into two equal parts, by 2, or taking the ½ of 2000, which is 1000: and with this 1000, will I empale the two flanks, and with the other 1000 will I arm the front and train of the battle. 
 Now first to arm the two flanks of the battle with 1000 armed pikes, I will divide 1000 by 70, which is the depth or flank of the battle, and the product will be 14 ranks of pikes to arm the flanks of the battle, with 20 pikes of surplusage: the 14 ranks shallbe halved, or divided into halves, which is 7 ranks; with the which 7 ranks I will arm the one side, and with the other 7 ranks the other side of the battle, or more or less unto any side, as occasion or need shall require: as in this figure following shall appear.  
And the 20 armed pikes which before remained, 
The Romans'.  shall be added unto the other 1000 which are to arm the front and rearguard of the battle, so they are 1020 pikes armed: with these 1020 armed pikes, shall the front and rearward be armed thus; first deduct the 14 ranks, which went to arm the two flanks of 70 men in length, out of 71, which is the breadth of the battle, so resteth 57 ranks for the breadth: with this 57 divide the 1020 armed pikes, and there will come forth 17 ranks of armed pikes, to arm the head and tail of the battle: and of these 17 ranks you shall set 9 ranks in the front, and 8 ranks in the rearward; with more or less on either, as need and cause shall require: as by this 3 figure following shall appear.  
Thus this square battle of men cometh to be in length 70 ranks, at 71 men per rank in front with 9 ranks of armed pikes in the vaward, and 8 ranks in the rearward: and with 7 ranks of armed pikes at each side in length, as you see. And remaining 51 armed pikes out of the impalement, the which you may place at the angles or corners of the unarmed pikes, as ye see in the 4 figure, or where you shall think fittest for the defence and strength of the battle; and not to leave them out, (for being part of the square) as you did the 30 pikes which before remained at the enlarging of so many men in rank in the first figure. The which 51 armed pikes are now placed in the angles of the battle, as in the 4 figure before may appear: that is, with 7 ranks at 2 men per rank in the fore angles, and 6. ranks at 2 men per rank in the rearward angles.  Gent. 
O how it delighteth me to have learned of you, how to arm or empale a battle. But now would I feign know if there be this number of men in the battle by you supposed, with the 30 at first remaining.  Capt. 
To know if there be in this battle the number of 5000 men, with the 30 which advanced at the first framing of the battle, 
The proof.  do thus: multiply the length by the breadth, that is 70 by 71 men, & it amounteth 4970 men; unto the which adjoin the 30 which remained, so will they amount unto 5000 pikemen, armed and unarmed, as before was set down, to set the said battle, in the first figure, which is your demand.  Gent. 
This is very easy; but now would I feign know, if they have the proportion of equality.  Capt. 
That you shall know thus: divide the breadth by the length, as to repart 71 by 70, the product is 1. And although that 1 do remain of the breadth, yet it is called a square battle nevertheless.  Gent. 
Captain, I am well satisfied in understanding the proportion that a battle hath in breadth to the length: but now would I gladly know how long and large is this square battle of men, I mean how much ground it will occupy?  Capt. 
First you must understand (as I told you before) that every man martialled in battle array to fight, 
A rule to know what quantity of ground any battle will require, each armed man's station 3 foot in breadth 7 foot for length.  will require in his station, 3 foot of ground in breadth, that is from shoulder to shoulder, and 7 foot of ground for length, that is 3 foot for before him, 3 foot for behind him, and 1. foot of ground for his own station. This being noted: then must you multiply the 71 ranks of men in front by 3 foot, and they will amount unto 213 foot, and the 213 foot shall be divided by 5 foot, accounting 5 foot to apace, and the geometrical pace to contain 2 ordinary going steps or paces of a man: so will there come forth 42 paces and 3 foot. By this reckoning will the battle contain 42 paces and 3 foot.  
And now to know the length thereof in ground, you shall multiply the 70. ranks of length of the battle, by 7 foot, so will there come 490 foot, the which 490 foot you must divide by 5 foot (which is apace) & there ariseth 98 paces; & so doth the battle contain in length 98 paces of ground. Thus the square battle of number of men cometh to contain more ground in length then in breadth about 2½ twice & third, as you have seen in the 3 and 4 figures of the square battle of men. Thus you have understood of a battle, square of number of men, with their armed pikes in front, in train, and the two flanks: which is in such order as the said battle should be framed upon the point to fight.  Gent. 
I have very well understood the order that should be kept, to know how broad and long is the battle of ground: but I beseech you to show me now, the order to be observed in the framing of the said battles, so that there should need no more but the Sergeant Maior, to appoint the soldiers the order they should keep, for to frame and order the said battle with speed and in readiness.  Capt. 

A rule to frame these battles with speed.  Truly, your demand is good, sith that speediness is the proper and peculiar part of the arming of these battles. To do the which you shall work thus: The armed pikes which are in the 2 flanks shall be accommodated and placed in the front and in train of the battle, as in the calculation of the 3 and 4 figure, whereas there be 70. ranks, at 14 men per rank, that is 7 men in rank for the arming of every flank, 
 then multiplying 70 by 14, do amount 980 armed men; and 980. armed men you shall divide by 57 which is the rest of the breadth of the battle, (being of unarmed pikes) & there resulteth 17 ranks, at 57 armed men per rank. Of the which 17 ranks, at 57 men by rank, there shall be adjoined 9 ranks unto the front, and 8 ranks unto the train of the battle, with the other 9 and 8 ranks, which were before of armed pikes at the front and train: So the battle shall be in length or by flank 87 ranks, at 57 men per rank in front, with 18 ranks of armed pikes at the forward, and 16 ranks of armed pikes in the rearward, as in this figure following shall appear.  

What to do with the remains.  And the 11 armed Pikes which remained at the last division, when it shallbe time to arm the two flanks of the battle with speed, then unto one of the two flanks shall they be added, which is unto that flank where the same shall be found wanting.  Gent. 
Me thinks that I understand sufficiently, how to arm and set a battle with celerity and speed at every occasion as shall be offered, and also the order to be observed in setting a battle of equality, which is as many men in breadth as in length: but now I would gladly learn how to frame a battle of inequality, which is of more men in breadth then in length?  Capt. 

Rules to frame all battles in proportion of inequality, or two fold battles.  Sir, knowing how to frame the calculation of the proportion of equality, that is, as many men in breadth as in length of a battle, it shall be very easy for you to do that of inequality; which is a battle more broad then long: yet nevertheless will I give you the instruction of the proportion of inequality. Now put the case, that you will frame a battle of proportion of inequality, which is of more men in breadth then in length, and that your number be 5000 men, of armed and unarmed Pikes, as afore is said of the Square battle of men. And put the case that you will frame this battle ⅓ times more in breadth then in length (for this proportion is more used than any other in wars) for that this is the proportion which cometh to make a battle quadrat of ground, wherein most men are brought at once to fight in front. And to make this battle you shall take in the table 2 and ⅓ which is in proportion as 7 to 3: and these two numbers are to be set down for the first, and second thing. Now to have the length of the battle, the second number is set down for the second thing, and the number of men which you will have to be embattled for the third as hereunder appeareth. Then proceed as is done in framing the Square battle of men. 
The Rule.  . Then multiply and divide as before is said. The same order is to be observed in every other proportion of battles, which you would make of more men in breadth then in length, termed by some Englishmen, Bastard square, Broad square, and Base square, or by some others, Twice fold Battles. To work the which, now multiply 5000 the third, by 3 the second, and they make 15000: and this 15000 shall be divided by 7 the first, whereof the product is 2142, and 6 men remaining, of which 6 make no account. Now of 2142 extract the quadrat root, which is 46 and 26 yet remaining, of which 26 make no reckoning also, as before is said: and, this 46 (the root of 2142) is the length of the battle. Now, the breadth or front thereof shall be found by dividing the 5000 men by 46 the length of the battle, and there will come 108 men in rank for breadth of the battle, and 32 men remaining, the which 32 men shall stand out of the battle, as before is said in the Square battle of men. Thus shall this battle contain in flank 46 ranks, and in front 108 men per rank, as in this sixth figure will appear. And there will remain 32 men, which are not contained within the body of the battle.  

The sixth figure. Bode 108 men in rank.   Gent. 
Now having understood how to frame this battle of proportion of inequality, which is of more men in breadth then in length, in every proportion with facility, show me how to arm the same with armed pikes.  Capt. 
To arm this battle of inequality, that is, more men in front then in flank, I will show you very easily. Let us suppose to arm this battle round about, the front, 
The order how to impale with armed pikes the battles in proportions of inequality.  the train, and the two sides proportionally, according to the proportion that the breadth of the said battle hath unto the length of the same, which is, as 7 unto 3. Add the said 7 unto 3, and it is 10: so shall it be as 10 to 3. Then see in 5000 men, how many be armed with corselets, and I set that there be 2000, as before is said in arming the Quadrat battle of number of men. Now shall you part these 2000 armed pikes into two proportional parts, as 10 to 3, the one part to arm the two flanks, 
 the other to arm the vaward and rearward of the battle; then place down your rule in this sort. If 10 require ⅔ what 3/2000. Now multiply 3 the second with 2000 the third, and it resulteth 6000: and this 6000 divide by 10 the first, so will there come 600 armed men; and these 600 armed men shall be to arm the two sides: and deducting 600 out of 2000, there resteth 1400 armed men, the which are to arm the front and rearguard of the battle. Now must these 600 armed men be reparted by the length of the battle, that is, by 46. so will there come 13 in rank for the length. And of these 13 ranks, you shall place 7 per rank on the one side, & 6 per rank on the other side of the battle in length, as in the figure on the next page appeareth.  
Now the 72 men remaining, I have placed in the 4 angles, as in this 8 figure above appeareth:  Gen. 
I perceive how to arm a battle of proportion of inequality, the vaward, the rearward, & the two sides: But (I pray) tell me, the battle being thus framed, how I may know whether this battle hath this proportion of his breadth to his length, that is 2 times and ⅓ more broad than long or as 7 to 3.  Capt. 
To know if the length to the breadth of the battle hath his proportion, 
The proofs.  as 7 to 3, you shall divide 108 the breadth, by 46 the length, the product will be 2, and 16 remaining, which is about ⅓ of 46 a little more.  Gent. 
But how shall I prove, that in this battle of inequality there be the 5000 men contained?  Capt. 
Thus: multiply the breadth of the battle 108, by 46 the length, and they will amount 4968, unto the which add the 32 men which remained, and the sum is 5000.  Gent. 
Now I beseech you to declare unto me the length & breadth of ground, that the battle of inequality doth occupy.  Capt. 
Marry, 
The rule to know the quantity of ground this battle containeth.  thus: It shall be supposed to allow 3 foot in breadth, and 7 foot in length for every soldier, or little more or less, as shall be thought good: Now multiplying 3 foot with 108 men, the breadth of the battle, it will amount 324 foot, and 324 foot shall be divided by 5 (accounting 5 foot to apase) thereof will come 64 paces and ⅘, which is 4 foot, and that is the breadth of the battle.  
And to know the length of the battle, multiply 46 ranks of length by 7 foot, there will come 322 foot: and divide the said 322 by 5, there will come 64 paces and ⅖, which is 2 foot, for the length of the battle: which will be near about the length of proportion: and this is the perfect battle of ground.  Gent. 
I pray, let me ask you, In what manner might I accommodate the calculation of the battle, to the end that it might be done with dispatch and readiness, as you have showed me before in the Quadrate battle of number of men?  Capt. 
To do this: 
The rule to accommodate this calculation with speed. Where to place the remains.  deduct 13 ranks of armed men which are in the two flanks in length, out of 108 men in breadth, there will rest 95 per rank in breadth of the battle. Then shall be sought in 13 men by rank in length, how many armed men by multiplying 46 of length, by 13 ranks, will amount 598, and 598 shall be divided by 95 the product will be 6 ranks of men, at 95 per rank of armed men, and 28 armed men remaining: And of these 6 ranks of armed men, there shall be put 3 at the head, and 3 at the tail of the battle, with the other 7 ranks which were there before: And so the battle shall contain in length 52 ranks, at 95 men per rank in breadth, with 10 ranks at the head, and 10 ranks at the tail of armed men, as I will show you in this 9 figure following: and there remains 28 armed men, the which at the time that this battle is made, shallbe placed in one of the flanks, for there they want, as before is said in the account of the 5 figure of the Square battle of men.  Gent. 
I rest so well satisfied with your good discourses and demonstrations, that I find myself more and more desirous to demand of you other particularities: wherefore I pray you to show me the manner to march, and set a battle with speed, occasion offering to fight.  Capt. 
Willingly, as far as my small skill will extend. Therefore touching the order of marching, and out of the order of the said marching, to set a battle with speed; I say that there are three manners observed in the making thereof: of the which before that I declare their orders one by one, I will with brevity repeat all that which before I showed you.  

Repetitions of the former.  I have told you before, how to make the Calculation of battles, as well of the squares of men, as of Proportions of inequality, containing more men in breadth then length (termed by us Englishmen Bastard squares, Broad squares, and Base squares.) And I have told you of the proportion of the breadth unto the length: and moreover, how broad and long will the said battles contain in ground: the which instructions will serve to frame any other battle, that may be more broad then long in any other proportion, with the help of the Tables which before I have showed you: for in the same may be found every proportion that shall be needful, to frame any battle which may be more broad then long in number of men, or equal.  
Now will I show you the manner how to frame a battle with speed; and this shall be by the instructions of the tables before given. 
Out of 3 manner of marchings to frame a battle with speed. The first manner.  And this battle shall be speedily set after the order of the three manners of marching, as at the beginning I told you. The first manner is, when the companies do march with one part of the armed Pikes at the forward, and an other part at the rearward of the unarmed Pikes, as I will show you in the tenth figure.  
In this case, having the Table in memory, only there resteth to commit unto two expert officers (as Caporals of the field, or such like) at the time of setting the battle, that the one go unto the head and the other unto the train of the ordinances or Arrays: and let him that stands at the head, cause or command to turn or wheel either from the right hand, or from the left (as shall be most convenient) 95 ranks, at 10 armed men per rank, and having finished, to set the 95 ranks at 10 armed men per rank, he shall cause them to turn their faces from that part whither the Ordinances or Arrays do look, as you shall see designed in the eleventh figure on the page next following.  
Then besides this, let him place 32 ranks of the arrays of the unarmed pikes at the backs of the armed pikes, so many as they be ranks in length in the battle of the unarmed pikes, as in the 8 table before figured appeareth; afterward let him go from hand to hand, drawing out of the arrays 32 ranks of unarmed pikes, and set them one by another shoulder to shoulder, as I have demonstrated in the 12 figure, and as I will show you in this 13 figure.  
And there will yet remain 8 armed men, to place where you shall think good. Advertising you, that if you should have set the 72 armed men which before remained, at the head or tail of the battle, it would not have reached unto one whole or full rank unto the breadth of the battle: for an entire rank of the inner part of the battle in breadth is 95 men, that is, so many as the breadth of the unarmed pikes do contain. Thus the battle declared by the aforesaid 17 figure will be in length 46 ranks, at 108 men per rank in breadth, with the 7 ranks of armed pikes in the front, and 7 ranks in the rearward, and with 8 men per rank of armed pikes on the one flank, and 7 men by rank of armed pikes on the other flank, as in the aforesaid 17 figure appeareth, with the 8 men which remained, placed in the body of the battle.  Gent. 
Assuredly (Captain) this order seemeth wonderful good. But now unto the other two orders which you spoke of.  Cap. 
Touching the second manner of framing of battles. First the calculation or table of the battle must be had in memory (as before is said) in what proportion the said battle would be framed, and the army marching company by company, as I will show you in the 18 figure: every captain shall be commanded by the Sergeant mayor, to make so many ranks of their pikes as the length of the battle shall contain, as in the 18 and 19 figures shall appear. Now let us suppose the said battle to contain in length 52 ranks, with 10 ranks of armed pikes at the head, and as many at the train, as is showed in the declaration of the ninth and 14 figures, and that every Captain do make 52 ranks, with 10 armed pikes before, and 10 behind, as in the 18 figure is showed. And if any Captain be found which hath not to accomplish that number, let him join with another Captain, and betwixt them both let them make up that number of 52 ranks. This being done, Captain by Captain shall set their ranks shoulder to shoulder the one of the other, and shall so frame the battle 52 ranks in length, with 10 armed pikes by rank before, and 10 behind. After that shall be framed the battle, as I will show you in this 20 figure following. This being done, one of the 4 Caporals of the field, shall go unto the head, and another unto the rearward: then he which is at the head, shall take away from the front of the battle 3 ranks of armed pikes, and arm therewith one of the flanks▪ at 7 men per rank in length, adjoining unto them the 28 armed pikes, which he lacketh to furnish out the length of 46 ranks at 7 men per rank, as is said in the declaration of the 9 figure.  
And the other Caporall or officer, which is at the train of the battle. He also shall take away or draw forth from the train 3 ranks of armed pikes, and arm with them the other side or flank, at 6 men per rank, in length of 46 ranks. So shall the battle be form 46 ranks long, at 108 men per rank in front or breadth, with 7 ranks of armed pikes in front, & as many in train, & with 7 armed men per rank on the one flank, & with 6 men by rank, on the other flank armed pikes: as I showed in the 8 figure of the table and also in the 21 figure following.  
And there will remain out of the body of the battle 32 men, and they shall be placed as I said in the last of the third order, at the beginning: moreover there remains 72 armed men.  
You must note and conceive, that in the 18 figure, where the companies do march one after another by five in a rank, and in the 19 figure, where they do come up shoulder to shoulder to the framing of the battle, as may appear, although the full number of companies do not there appear, as is requisite: yet it is to be conceived that they do consequently one follow another, but want of room in paper cutteth them off.  
And the 72 armed pikes remaining, which are of the number contained within the body of the battle, shall be placed either in the four corners of the unarmed pikes, as in the 16 figure may be seen; or else in each of the two sides or flanks, as in the 17 figure appeareth, where there is one rank adjoined unto the one flank, and another unto the other flank; or else you may arm and strength with the same 72 armed pikes, any one of the flanks, as need or occasion shall require.  Gent. 
You have described the first and second order of embattling excellent well, in mine opinion, therefore (I pray) proceed to the third.  Capt. 
The manner of the third order is thus, 
The third order by marching maniple by maniple.  When the army is caused to march Maniple by Maniple, with their armed pikes in vanguard and rearguard of every particular Maniples; and with one Maniple all of armed pikes, which marcheth in the vanguard of the Maniples which have their unarmed pikes in their middle or centre: the which Maniples of all armed pikes, is that which serveth to arm the one flank of the battle. Besides this, there marcheth another Maniple of all armed pikes, after all the Maniples; and this Maniple serveth to arm the other flank of the battle. And the Maniples must march the one after the other, as in the figure appeareth.  
Now, there resteth how to bring those into Maniples of this last order, which do march in the full length of the battle, with their armed pikes in front and train; the which shallbe done in this sort. Let it be supposed (as the 17 figure of the second order doth show) that there shall be drawn forth 15 men in rank of armed pikes in length of the battle, which serve to arm the two flanks, out of 108 men per rank, the breadth of the battle, there resteth 93 men per rank for breadth or front. And these 93 must be divided into so many parts, as one would that the Maniples should march in ordinance or arrays, the one after another, as the way will permit.  
Advertising you, 
Advertisement.  that although I have given order and examples to arm the front, train, and both flanks of the battle, in form and manner as I have set down in the 24 and 25 figures, with placing the armed pikes which remained out of them which armed the front, train, and both the flanks of the battle, in the angles & flanks of the said battle, as by their several figures may be seen; yet, notwithstanding the aforesaid examples, they may be placed where most need and occasion shall serve to strengthen the battle, either in front, in train, or in any flank. So may you also, as occasion shall require, set more armed pikes upon any part, for the more strength and security of the battle. And this much may suffice, 
Fiery weapons.  touching the body of a form battle. Next ensueth, the fiery weapons, Muskets and Calivers, how they should be placed.  Gent. 
I pray let us understand the order of them also.  Capt. 
As the armed pike is the strength of the battle, 

The armed pike is the strength of the battle, so is the shot the fury of the field. Shot and pikes of necessity to be coupled.  
The one without the other of no great force.   so without question, is the shot the fury of the field: but the one without the other is weakened the better half of their strength. Therefore of necessity (according to the course of wars in these days) the one is to be coupled & matched with the other, in such convenient proportion, that the advantage of the one may help the disadvantage of the other. For a stand of pikes, though never so well armed, being charged & assailed with the like, or a less number of shot, by every man's judgement would have the worse, & not able to abide the field, unless they had shot, to answer their enemies shot. In like sort, any troop of shot, though never so brave & expert, being in open field, having no stand of pikes, or such other weapon, nor hedge, ditch, trench, or rampire, to relieve and secure them, could not long endure the force of horse, especially Launciers. 
The sortement of these weapons, offensive and defensive.  Now the due sortement and matching of these weapons to offend, and defend, and to aid one another, as above is said, of the best experimented is accounted thus: Unto every 100 men, to have one third pikes (with some few short weapon) and two thirds calivers.  
But were the one half (or more) of your shot, Muskets, as the spaniards most commonly now use, and so to be wished with us also, then less number of shot would serve and more of pikes, 
The advantage of musket.  (as I said at the beginning of our discourses.) For every Musket, considering the wonderful execution of that weapon, may be valued for two Calivers. Touching the placing of these fiery weapons about the body of the battle, there hath been, and yet is, sundry opinions. Of some of them I have already spoken in these discourses, namely, of lining of battles with shot, or short weapon, by me disliked; having there declared my reasons for the same.  
But before I come to the placing and ordering of shot (for being a weapon not skilfully and warily used, is of more danger to ourselves then to the enemy sometimes) I will put you in mind of one notable oversight in our shot (especially of the crooked stocked Calliver; 
notable oversight of our shot in charging and discharging their pieces. ) For many soldiers over-curiously carrying and conveying their piece with the nose downward, and striving to be seen nimble and quick in discharging, (not considering that one shot well bestowed, availeth many unadvisedly spent,) have let slipped the bullet out of their pieces barrel upon the ground, before the discharging thereof. Whereby it cometh to pass many times, that an hundred shot, having in skirmish discharged their piece three or four times a piece, against two hundred of the enemies, and scarce slain two of them. A great indiscretion, & to be better regarded and amended; the which may easily be done thus, 
A redress and easy way, how to fasten the bullet.  either after having charged and slipped the bullet out of his mouth into the barrel of the piece, by mounting the nose thereof somewhat upward, holding his piece firmly with his left hand, or else by stopping after the bullet, which is easily done, only by putting two or three corns of powder into the piece after the bullet.  

How some do use to place their shot about the battle of pikes.  In placing the shot about the battle, some do use to flank the two sides of the battle with sleeves of shot, by 11, 13, 15, or 17 in a rank, or more or less, as they shall think good; and place the said sleeves of shot, 10 or 12 foot distant from the armed pikes; and the rest of their shot in 4 great troops at the angles of the battle, without the said sleeves, serving for horns or wings unto the battle, and the horsemen to be placed without them again, as in these figures following appeareth.  

A better order to divide your shot into troops.  But (in mine opinion) this order is not so good, as if the shot were divided into sundry small troops, trooping round about the battle the one to second the other: placed in form as hereafter shall follow thus. First, your grand square (or more battailions if you will) being set, 
To girdle the stand of pikes with shot.  then empale or girdle the same round about with shot, by 3, 5, or 7, or more, in a rank (according to the proportion of the battle, near adjoining unto the armed pikes, to be by them guarded from the horse, 
The shot in small troops, one to second an other.  if need were; The rest of the shot divide into many small troops by 30 40, or 50 in a troop, to troop round about the battle, with some reasonable distance from the same, to maintain skirmish or fight which way soever the enemy approach: Provided that the same troops be still maintained, one to second another, that the battle may be by them shadowed, to the end that the skirmishes or troops of the enemies may not have that advantage, to play with their shot upon your battle: for he is but a foolish shot, that shooteth at, or among light skirmishers, where he may discharge upon the body of his enemy's battle, which stands thick together, 
The armed pikes once overthrown the battle stands in hazard.  and is a fair mark to shoot at; for the armed pikes once overthrown, which is the strength of the field, the victory by all likelihood is like to ensue.  
The empalement, especially in the front, I would wish to be Muskets, some 3 or 5 in a rank, according to the greatness of the battle; and those not to discharge, 
The girdling shot to discharge at 20 pases●ff, and not farther.  until the battles approach within 20 paces distant, and then thoroughly to discharge in volley upon the face of the enemy: the which cannot choose, but must slay many, and wound a number in the enemy's front; the effect whereof shall breed great encouragement unto you, and disencouragement, and weakening to the enemy. You may also (if you please) place at every corner of your battle a squadron of Muskets, near unto the girdling shot, at 50 Muskets in each squadron, or as occasion shall require; who, upon the enemy's battle approaching, wheeling a little about, in form of a half Moon, shall discharge their volley all at once, upon the body of the enemy's battle. What execution the Musket performeth, such as have been in good actions do know very well; and scarcely to be believed of those which never saw any service. The figure of this battle, empaled with shot, cornered with Muskets, and trooped round about with the rest of their shot, winged with horse, as men at arms (if they have any) and Launciers, and light horse, with the place of the field ordinance, and forlorn skirmishers, shall hereafter ensue, on the other side of the leaf.  
The embattling of 5200 pikes, armed and unarmed, short weapon 1300, muskets 3250, calivers 3250. And of 〈◊〉 arms, 400: and Lances 1000, and 600 hargulutiers, with 14 field pieces.  

A particular declaration of the former battle in figure.  In the before figured battle, I have placed and set down the shot, and short weapons, belonging unto the proportion of the said battle, as here following shall particularly be declared.  
First, the battle or body of pikes, armed & unarmed (containing in number 4968, 
The battle or body of pikes.  as in the figure before appeareth) I have framed in proportion of inequality, being 2⅓ times more in breadth then in length in number of men (called commonly a broad square) which is in proportion as 7 to 3, which proportion covereth the due quadrate of ground, 
Impaled with armed pikes.  as before I have at large recited, being impaled round about with 7 ranks of armed pikes, at 108 men per rank in front, and 46 ranks in flank. For the furnishing of which battle with shot, and short weapon, in due proportion to the same, I have presupposed this course and order following; after the rate to every 100 men; 
The sortement of the weapons.  40 pikes, 10, halberds and short weapon, 25 Muskets, & 25 calivers. Which battle containeth pikes 5200, (whereof is within the body of the battle, 4968 pikes) halberds and short weapon 1300, Muskets 3250, calivers, 3250; being in all 13000 men sorted and suited with weapons as appeareth, and severally placed to fight (as I suppose) to most advantage, thus. 
First the body of the battle containeth pikes 4968 armed and unarmed; being 108 in front, and 46 ranks in flank; the which body is environed or girdled with Muskets at 5 in rank round: 

Girdled with muskets.  1640  4 Squadrons of Muskets, at the angles of the battle, at 50 per squadron. 
0200  30 Troops of shot, on the one flank, at 30 in a troop, amounteth. 

Shot in troops.  0900  30 Troops of shot on the other flank, at 30 in a troop, amounteth 
0900  17 Troops of shot, in the forlorn hope, at 30 in a troop, amounteth 
0510  46 Troops of shot, in the reareguarde, at 30 in a troop, amounteth 
1380  Sum total of the shot bestowed about the battle. 
5530  More shot is bestowed about the guard of one part of the artilliarie 
0350  More shot placed in guard of the other part of the artilliarie 
0350  Finally there is shot left to guard the munition, sum 
0270  Thus you see the whole number bestowed, amounts 
6500   

Halberds and short weapon 1300 bestowed as followeth.  06 Troops short weapon, mingled with the shot on the one flank at 30. 
0180  06 Troops short weapon, mingled with shot, on the other flank at 30. 
0180  05 Troops short weapon, mingled the forlorn hope, shot at 30 in tr. 0. 

halberds and short weapons.  0150  08 Troops short weapon, mingled with the shot in the reareguard. at 30. 
0240  More short weapon with the one part of the artillery to guard 
0200  More short weapon with the other part of the artillery 
0200  Finally the rest of halberds and short weapon, are with the munition 
0150  Thus also is bestowed the whole number of short weapon 
1300    

The remains of the pikes where placed.  Finally, there remained 232 pikes, the which are placed in two squadrons, with the rest of the halberds and short weapon, containing in each squadron 116 pikes and 200 short weapon as in their several figures may appear. Advertising moreover, 
To draw some pikes out of the centre of the battle.  that out of the body of the battle may be drawn some small number of pikes, to be employed with the other pikes and halberds, at the guard of the artillery and munition: which room shall serve for Drums, Phiphes, Chirurgeons, and hurt men: where also is the place of the General, if he think good; But with this proviso, that you draw not so many pikes from the heart of your battle, that you leave the same heartless.  
To conclude; The said battle is winged with 2 squadrons of men at arms; 
Men at arms.  at 200 in each squadron, with 2 troops of Launciers, 
Launciers.  at 500 in every troop; and with 2 troops of hargulutiers, 
Hargulutiers.  and other shot on horseback, at 300 horse in every troop. And before them again is placed 14 pieces of field ordinance, 
Great ordinance.  in two parts, having by them their guards of shot and pikes, as appeareth.  
Thus have you here seen in figure the embattailling, and bestowing of 5200 pikes, 
The number of each.  6500 shot, and 1300 short weapon: and of 400 men at arms, and 1000 Launciers, and 600 hargoletiers, imbattailled and placed, and ready engaged to fight, as particularly above appeareth.  Gent. 
Truly, for mine own part I have little skill to judge, but in mine opinion, this seemeth wonderful strong for one battle: but me thinks, you have framed your battle of more men in breadth then in length.  Capt. 
So it is; 
The broad square battle bring the most hands at once to fight in front.  For I have set 108 men in breadth, and 46 ranks in length: the reasons thereof I showed you before: for by this means there cometh more hands at once to fight in front, and the flanks notwithstanding sufficient strong, especially having any advantage by the seat, which battle cometh to be an equal square of ground, and a broad square of men, in proportion of inequality, as 7 is to 3, 
The square of ground.  that is two times, and a third of men more broad then long.  
But for these forms of battles, as they bring most hands to fight at once; so are they not equally strong on each side, as is the just square of men: wherefore it behoveth the leaders thereof, 
A care to be had to the situation of ground.  to have a care to the situation of the ground, and to procure (as near as they can) that the enemy may charge but in the front, so shall they be wonderful strong either against horse or foot. And to encounter any foot enemy (for no great force of enemy's horse may be brought into one Isle, I suppose) no form more strong than this, for one only battle.  Gent. 
Why, are there used more battles than one in one fight?  Capt. 
Yea truly, 

Venturous to set all our fortune upon the brunt of one sole battle.  
So is it dangerous for unexpert men to fight in sundry battalions.  
Men come not often to hand blows, as in old time, the shot so employeth the field.   and with great reason and advantage, were men expert and skilful. For as it is venturous to set one's fortune upon the brunt of one sole battle, so is it dangerous to frame many batallions, except men be very skilful and well practised therein, by reason of the difficulty in seconding one another. And again it is rarely seen in our days, that men come often to hand-blows, as in old time they did: For now in this age, the shot so employeth and busieth the field (being well backed with a resolute stand of pikes) that the most valiantest and skilfullest therein do commonly import the victory, or the best, at the least wise, before men come to many hand-blows.  Gent. 
But your battle thus framed, and engaged to fight, what order take you therein then?  Capt. 
It is hard for any man to give any direct course, 
Hard to ascertain any course of fight before the enemy's order be known & seen. Occurrants of war be manifold and strange.  before the enemy be known and seen. For the occurants of war be so manifold and strange, that sometimes upon a moment, the first resolutions and courses taken are to be altered: as was well to be seen in our actions with the spaniards in anno 1588. at sea. Where our first determinations and appointed orders, were upon our joining with the enemy quite altered, and changed; and so changing daily, as occasions were offered. And in land service more occurrantes do befall hourly, which hereafter we will speak of.  


The shot on horse back commonly beg●n the first skirmishes.  
At the field ordinance do commonly begin the first puzzeling. The forlorn hope to disband, and having skirmished to retire to the flanks. One troop of shot to second an either.   But now partly to answer your demand: First the enemy discovered, approaching, and engaging us to fight, happily some skirmishes may be begun by the hargoletiers and light horse; but the battles approaching and coming within shot, the field ordinance, on both sides (if there be any) begin to go off, at which artillery the first puzzelling doth commonly begin, each part attempting to surprise the others ordinance: then the lose shot in the forlorn hope on both sides begin to disband and fall to flat skirmish: their office performed, having been well bearded, they retire to the flanks and rearward of the battle, from whence they are supplied and continually seconded with other fresh troops, so still maintaining fight, till the horse do offer to charge, the which are commonly encountered with horse again: if not, than the shot retire behind their stand of pikes, and are then also aided with their halberds and short weapon, and some half pikes mingled among them; 
The squadrons of muskets when to discharge. The couching of the pikes.  upon whose charging, the Muskets of impaling and the squadrons at the angles do roundly bestow their volley in the face of the enemy, than the pikes are couched fast under the right foot, guarding the girdling shot under their succour; the which girdling shot, are to kneel upon their right knee under the couched pikes, & closing close together do stand with resolute heart, hand, and body, holding the pike at a reasonable distance, in the left hand, & their sword ready drawn in their right hand of the first 3, or 4, ranks, being sure to stand firm, and couching their pikes point to the breast of the horse, for that is the place of most advantage. 
A square of pikes handled by resolute men, not easy to be broken by horse.  A squadron of pikes thus couched and handled by resolute and honest men, I cannot see how any troop of horse dare venture upon them: and if they do, yet not able to break far in, if men stand resolute: so of force must they retire with loss and disadvantage. But if they be encountered with equal numbers, 

Against foot to charge overhand.  
Valour and skill is second means of victory, but God the chief & first.  
The duties of diligent officers in time of battle.   proportions, and force of pikemen, than (if they will) they advance their pikes until they come to the push, then with charging over hand to thrust and push courageous and valiantly; at which time valour and skill is showed, as second means of victory, but God the first cause and giver of all.  Gent. 
In few words you have finished a battle: But your leaders and Commanders, how are they this while employed?  Capt. 
Every one according to his office & place, to encourage & animate the soldiers, to redress with speed any disorders happening in their own troops, to espy the disorders or negligence of the enemy, taking advantage upon such occasion: with sundry other points, which in their several duties shall be declared.   

The second Dialogue, wherein is declared the order of many ancient forms of embattling.  Gentleman. 
YOu spoke of more sorts of battles, I pray therefore declare unto us their orders, how many, in what forms, and to what uses.  Capt. 
Although I have before somewhat touched the same, not minding to meddle farther then with our fights now most accustomed, 
The just square of men best allowed, out of the which all other proportions may be reduced.  yet nevertheless drawn on by your good and curious demands, I will, the best I can, particularly describe them. Therefore, as I have before declared of all forms of battles now in our age most in use, best approved, and best allowed of, is the just square of men, as equally strong on every side, and most fit, and best assured for the open field; and out of which quadrate all other forms may easily be reduced. Next unto that, 
The quadrat of ground.  and most advantageous (indeed) to fight, is the quadrate of ground by good regard had, wherein many hands are brought at one time to fight. Of both the which forms I have before largely discoursed, as well the manner how to frame them, as their due sortement with weapons, and shot to the same; I will now speak somewhat of the rest, of the which there are many sorts serving in old time unto many purposes (but now with us quite out of use) as the Diamant battle, 
Sundry ancient forms of battles now out of use.  the Wedge battle or Triangle, the Shears battle, the Saw battle, the Moon battle, the SDG battles and the Cross battle, with such like, and chief the battle compounded of sundry battalions; the which last recited, of all others, I think to be the most strong and advantageous, 
The danger of raw men,  were men expert, skilful, and ready: but raw, as in our days they be, very difficult and dangerous to be handled.  
The nearest therefore unto the square of men, 

The Diamant battle.  
The framing thereof out of the grand square.   is the Diamant battle; unto the framing whereof, out of the said square, there needeth no more, but whereas the leader stood before on the square of the battle, let him appoint another to go to the next corner or angle thereof, and willing the pikes to turn their faces upon him, and they shall strait, out of the square, march into a Diamant proportion: which form when you are disposed to alter, do no more but appoint the leader to the square, where he first stood, commanding the pikes to turn their faces upon him, and they shall forthwith march into a square battle again. The facility is great both herein and in all others, and that without any confusion, as by their several figures following shall appear; the which I have framed of 25 letters, the better to give you to understand.  
And again out of the Diamant form may be reduced two triangles, by cutting or dividing the same in the midst at the two flat angles, as in this figure of a Diamant form may appear by the pricks running along: & of 2 triangles may be framed a Shears battle and of 3 or 4 triangles may in like sort be framed the Saw battle, by joining the angles together as in their figures following shall appear.  
Here you see the square reduced into a Diamant form, with only turning their faces unto the right angle E, as above appeareth, & so marching on, do fall into a perfect Diamant form, with two sharp angles, and two flat. But in their march they will stretch overlong, each man from his leadesman, so will it be of no force to fight, by reason of their rarity & thin standing, as in the former figure may appear by F.B. & by L.G.C. & by G.M.H.D. & by W. R.N.N.E, the two sharp angles; 
A more stronger framin of the Diamant battle.  and so of the rest. To reform the which fault; First command your men to stand in the form they are; then causing the two sides of the first angle E to stand yet firm, and command every one of the rest (except the said two sides) to march on, one after another, until he come to find himself in a due distance, each after his leadsman: thus F. shall march up towards B. until he find A. to be his left-side fellow, then there to rest: them again G. shall proceed towards C. until B. be his side fellow, L following him until F. be his side fellow, then shall H. pass forward toward D. until he find C. to be his side fellow, M. following, H. & Q. following M. Then shall I. step up between D. & K, and N. following I, & R. following N, and W. following R. Likewise O, shall go nearer unto K. until he find P. his right side fellow, and N. on his left side: S. shall follow O, and X. shall follow S: then shall T. proceed towards P, and Y. follow T. Lastly Z. shall step up between &. and Y: So is there framed a perfect triangle or wedge battle; as in this figure following shall appear.  
Here have you seen, how out of a square of men hath been first reduced a Diamant battle simple; and out of the Diamant a triangle or wedge battle in perfect order to fight, which is with 1. man in the first rank, 3 in the second, and 5 in the third rank, & so consequently augmenting 2 in every rank, with the Ensign in the midst. Now, by this order out of 2 just squares of men, are reduced 2 triangles; and of two perfect Triangles, 

Out of 2 just squares of men is framed 2 triangles.  
Of 2 triangles is framed a Diamant.   is form a Perfect Diamant battle, by joining the two rearward parts together. But first out of the one Triangle must be drawn the last rank of all, the which may be placed at the latter point of the Diamant battle, or else as the Sergeant Maior shall think good. The figures of both which squadrons reduced into Diamant forms, and from Diamonds into 2 Triangles, lastly adjoining the 2 Triangle back parts together, is form a perfect Diamant battle fit to fight; as by their several figures here following may be seen.  
These two squadrons shall be reduced into 2 triangles, in manner as aforesaid, which will be in form following.  
In these 6 former figures, I have declared the order how, out of 2 squadrons of men, to bring them into 2 Diamant forms simple, and out of 2 Diamant forms single, to reduce them into 2 perfect Triangles, by causing all their middle ranks to march up, until they find their leadsman before them in their due distance: the which 2 Triangles, being thus perfected (as in the 4 and 5 figure may appear) and joining the two back parts together, do make this perfect Diamant form to fight, as here by the 2 figures following shall appear. But of the second figure I have drawn the latter rank of one of the Triangles, being nine men, and placed them at one of the corners.  
Now, touching the Shears battle, the same is to be made of 4 battalions of equal proportion, working, as before you did with the Diamant & Triangle battles: the which 4 battalions being reduced (as before is said) into 2 triangles, and joining their two corners together, is framed the Shears battle, as here you see.  
Lo here the Shear battle framed of 4 battalions; to back the which you must draw up 2, 3 or 4 ranks of pikes according to the proportion of the battle, and place them on the back part thereof, as you see above designed by this letter O, where I have backed the same with 2 ranks, at 18 men in a rank. And also the same order is to be observed in the Saw battle, as after appeareth. Next is the Saw battle, which containeth 3 sharp angles framed of 6 battalions, in such order as the Wedge, & Shears battles before wrought, as here in the figure following is designed.  
Thus you see this Saw battle framed and reduced out of 6 square battalions. But there is another order yet to frame these Diamant, 
another order yet to frame their battles.  Triangle, Saw, and Shear battles, which is thus: Place in the first angle or rank, one man; in the second rank 3 men, in the third rank, 5 men, and in the fourth rank 7 men; and so consequently adding unto every rank 2 men, until you have finished your battle into such proportion as you shall think good.  
Now, there have I spent more time in those trifling forms and unused proportions than I needed, but only to give you content, and to the end to show, that he, which is a Sergeant Maior, 
A Sergeant maior ought not to be ignorant of any forms of embattling as well ancient as modern.  ought not to be ignorant in any manner of proportions, as well ancient as modern; whereby he may be both able, skilful and ready to frame, altar, and change his proportions, as occasion shall be offered, and that with facility and speed.  Gent. 
To what intent and purpose were these proportions of Diamant, Triangle, Shears, and Saw battles first devised?  Capt. 
The Triangle and Diamant battles were invented by antiquity to encounter the square, 
To what purpose these terms were first devised.  the Shears battle to encounter the Triangle or Wedge battle, and the Saw battle to encounter the Shears battle. All the which are in small use in our days.  Gent. 
Will you speak nothing of the Cross battle, so much commended by some men; nor of the battle compounded of sundry battalions?  Capt. 
The Cross battles have been most used by the sweden's, 
The cross battle, and order thereof.  and high Germans. The form whereof, be it in sundry battalions severally appointed, or in one whole and entire battle all together joined, is no doubt, of marvelous great strength and very excellent conveyance: by reason of the sundry places of safeguard and defence ministered to the shot and hurt persons therein. It is commonly framed of 5 battalions or squadrons, 4 in cross wise, and one in the middle: the which middle battalion may contain your Ensigns and short weapons: but if it be framed of 4 battalions, with the centre unfilled, then may the centre contain the impediments and baggage of the army.  

A declaration of these Cross battles.  I have here figured a Cross battle compounded of 5 battalions, the middle battalion containeth the Ensigns and short weapons without their shot. And in the second figure I have set down the said Cross battle, with their shot bestowed, in the 4 void angles or corners, in 4 other battalions or squadrons, as may appear. Now for as much as I intent to frame certain Tables to the forming of every sort & manner of all these foresaid battles & battalions of all numbers of men, from the smallest number unto 10000 pikes, I will leave at this instant to speak any more thereof: hoping this already spoken to be sufficient for any willing minded Gentlemen, which have not yet seen wars, & desirous to understand some points of martial matters: for unto those do I write, & not unto the expert soldier, whose skill and experience, annexed with learning I honour and reverence. 
Speculation without practice, but half the Arte.  For surely speculation without Practice, is but half of the Art, but both jointly together maketh the same perfect.  Gent. 
Although we have been tedious unto you, yet I pray let us entreat you, to show us the order of the battle compounded of many battalions.  Capt. 

To divide a small power into many parts, dangerous.  To divide a small power into many parts, were but dangerous: but having a sufficient and competent army, the manner is now a days to divide them but into 3, distinguished into Vanguard, Battle & Rearward; yet, if men were perfect and ready, a sufficient army might well be reparted into sundry battalions, contained in two or three fronts, near after the ancient Romans, the one to supply and second the other a matter of great importance, especially if it should come to campall fight, by reason of the diverse breathe and succouring one another; a thing seldom seen in our age.  Gent. 
What mean you by a sufficient and competent army.  Capt. 
Not a handful of men of three or four thousand, as we use now a days: But I understand that a sufficient and able army should contain 12000 pikes and short weapons or there abouts, 
What to be a sufficient army.  and as many shot; making 24000 in both and also 6000 horse.  Gent. 
How would you repart these 12000 pikes and short weapon into 3 battalions, distinguished into vanguard, battle, and rearward: or into more battalions. I pray show unto us the order thereof in figures.  Capt. 
Of these 12000 pikes and short weapon, behold here in figure 11000 of them (for there is 1000 reserved for other purposes) divided, first into 3 battles, or squares of men, and then again into 9 battalions, and lastly into 12, as by their several figures shall appear.  

The figure of 11000 pikes, reparted into 3 battles.  
Into three battles.   

The figure of 11000 pikes divided into 9 battalions.   

Into twelve battalions.  
The figure of 11000 pikes, reparted into 12 battalions.   Gent. 

Vanguard.  The first or vanguard of the 11000 pikes reparted into 3 battles, containeth 4900 piquiers, whose square root is 70, which is 70 ranks, and 70 men per rank, or 70 in front, and 70 in flank, or 70 ranks and 70 files: all which is all one. In the second of those 3 battles, distinguished by name of battle, is contained 3969 pikes whose square root is 63 containing so many men in front and flank. 
Battle.  the third of those battles, termed by the name of rearward, doth contain 1936 pikes, Lastly, 
Rearward  the cubike root whereof is 44, and so many it containeth in front and flank: being all square battles of men.  
Now in the marching of these battles up to fight, there is great and many considerations to be had; 
Many considerations in bringing men to fight.  both for the wind, the sun, and advantage of ground, and also the quantity and quality of the enemy: as whether he do exceed more in foot, then in horse; and also their manner and form of embattling. All which considerations, and many more, must proceed from the good capacity, sound intendment, and military skill of our General, and other commanders of our army; unto whom if it shall so seem necessary, and occasion so require, first to lead the vantgard alone to fight, the same is afterward to be seconded by the battle, marching up by the right or left flank of the vanguard, and joining with whom, may renew the fight a fresh. And then if it fall out, that they should be again distressed, the rearward is then to march up upon either the right or left side, as cause shall most require, and so joining with the other two, to renew again their encounter and fight, wherein both skill valour, and virtue must be showed.  

A consideration.  And whereas I have in those battles proportioned 70 men to the depth of the vanguard, and but 63 to the battle, and 44 to the rearward, the which drawn up together in that proportion should badly correspond by reason of their different depths, or flanks; it must be therefore considered, that the first shock and brunt is commonly the hardest, and no doubt but many men of the first ranks must fall at their several encounters: and coming so to pass (as of necessity it would) then these different proportions should soon come to be different; as any judicious men may conceive.  
Secondly, 
A declaration of the 9 battalions.  the said number of the 3 battles are divided into 9 battalions of the same kind and nature that their grand battles were of, whereof there is made 3 fronts, in the first front is contained 4 battalions or squadrons, with their several spaces betwixt. The second front or supply is framed of 3 battalions, with their several spaces betwixt. And the third front or last hope and succour containeth 2 battalions. The which 2 battalions I have placed upon the two out angel's of the 3 middle battalions; and in the void spaces betwixt, is placed the impediments and baggage of the army. The several breadth, depths, and numbers of every of these battalions, are set down in their several figures.  Gent. 
To what purpose serveth the void spaces betwixt every battle?  Capt. 
The void spaces may serve for the troops of shot to sally out of skirmish with the enemy, 
The void spaces to what purpose.  and to retire again, and also for the 3 battalions of the second front, to march up and pass betwixt them, for the battalions of the first front having encountered the enemy, and feeling themselves distressed, are warily and orderly to retire with their faces and weapon point bend upon the enemy. At which retiring the battalions of the second front, are to advance forward, and to pass in betwixt the void spaces of the first 4 battalions, and so all joining valiantly together with the first, 
Sundry charges and fresh heads.  to make a fresh head, and to begin a second fight. And being then again distressed, they are all orderly to retire, as is said. Then lastly the two battalions of the 3 front, are to advance the one up by the one side of the other battalions, and the other up by the other side of them; or as occasion shall most require: and then finally all jointly together to give a third and final fight. By which order it should seem, fortune to abandon them thrice before that they should be quite vanquished.  
And last of all, 
A declaration of the 12 battalions.  the former 3 battles are reparted into 12 battalions of the same kind, distinguished into 3 fronts. The first front whereof containeth 5 battalions, of 961 men in each battalion, whose square root is 31 with their several spaces betwixt. The second front is framed of 4 battalions, of 961 men each, whose square root is still 31, with several spaces betwixt every battalion. And the third front is form of 3 battailions, containing in each 625 men, whose square root is 25 for front and flank. The which three fronts of battalions, are orderly to advance, to charge, to retire, and to recharge, as in the former discourse is described.  Gent. 
The shot belonging unto the said numbers, where are they to be placed and employed?  Capt. 
The shot appertaining unto every of these battles and battalions ought to be divided (in mine opinion) into sundry small troops; trooping about the said battles and battalions to maintain skirmish, and some to be placed upon banks, 
The shot parted into sundry troops.  ditches, and ground of advantage (the situation yielding such) according to the direction of the Sergeant Maior general: and the cavalry a reasonable distance without the out angles of the battles or battalions, 
The cavalry.  in troops and squadrons, serving as wings to the same, and upon grounds of advantage and places fit for their service, with good regard had, that they pass not on the front of your battalions, for danger of disordering your own squadrons upon their retreat, as in folio 72 is described.  Gent. 
What quantity of ground shall these battles and battalions require?  Capt. 

The quantity of ground for each soldiers station.  I have said before, that unto every picquier at the time of joining the charge, is to be allowed for his station in front or breadth, that is, from shoulder to shoulder, at the least 3 foot; and for depth, that is, for before and after 7 foot at the least, for his own station, and for the use of this weapon. And the void spaces betwixt the battalions are to contain in breadth as much as do the battalions of the second front, within the which they are to advance and pass: so is it easily to be calculated, what quantity of ground such order of battles and battalions will require. Moreover it must be considered, that there must be a convenient space of ground remain between the train of the first order of battalions, and the front of the second order, and in like sort from the train of the second order, unto the front of the third● order: as some 20, or 25 paces betwixt each, or such as the ground will permit, or occasion require.  Gent. 
What place is the general and other chief commanders to keep in these orders of fights: or are they to be on horseback or on foot?  Capt. 
The Lord general is to be well mounted, and the Campe-Maister General, and Sergeant Maior General, are to be mounted on good geldings, Andadoras' and not Corradoras'. 
What commander and officers to be mounted.  Whereby they may speedily pass from place to place, especially the Campe-maister and Sergeant Maior general, to execute the Lord General's commands, to keep the squadrons in order, and to redress the disordered: as in such occurrants shall be requisite.  
The General his place, is commonly in the space upon the front of the second order of the battalions: 
The General his place.  from whence he may most conveniently send his directions and orders: to do the which, besides the Campe-maister and Sergeant Maior General, & his Trumpet, and chief Drummer, he is to have attendant upon him certain expert gentlemen both on horseback and on foot.  
The Colonels of every foot regiment, are with their companies to serve on foot, being arranged to fight: their due place is the right angle of the first rank of their squadrons, 
The Colonels.  & their Lieutenants in the left angle of the same ranks, the Captains and other inferior officers, in rank also, as their place requireth; as more at large in their several duties is declared.  
But in case that a Colonel were in any piece of service with his regiment alone, then is he to employ the place and office of a General, for the present service. The Ensigns are to be placed in the centre, or near the centre, towards the foremost ranks of every battle or battalion, and to stand in rank also. Finally of these 12000 pikes and short weapon, there is reserved out, about 1000 to serve to other purposes: as to guard the artillery, munition, and impediments, and such other pieces of service.  

Another order to divide an army into sundry small squadrons.  There is yet another order of dividing an army into sundry small battalions, or squadrons of one kind, each squadron containing 100 pikes, 10 in front, and 10 deep, embattled by single files, of 10 men in every file, the order and manner whereof is in folio 38, 42, 43, particularly described.  Gent 
I pray, how should a regiment or many, or an army be martialled or embattailled after this manner? 
The manner.   Capt. 
If you would have all your army divided into battalions or squadrons of that kind, then are the Colonels of every particular regiment, to cause the companies of their regiment to embattel themselves, upon a sound of the drum, in such small battalions or squadrons of 100 pikes, in every squadron 10 in front, and 10 deep, as in folio 38, 39, and 4 may appear.  
And suppose that the 24000 footmen were reparted into 20 regiments, after 1200 into every regiment: of the which 1200 men there is 600 picquiers, those 600 picquiers are to be embattled into 6 small squadrons of 100 in each squadron, at 10 in front and 10 deep. Being thus embattled into sundry small squadrons of one kind, they may with great facility be brought into any proportion you will, as by these figures following may appear. Where you see embattled the picquiers of three regiments several into their small squadrons, of 100 in each squadron, at 10 in front, and 10 deep, all in one front.  
In the first figure you may behold 3 regiments embattled into 18 small squadrons; in the second figure behold the same reduced into a battle of double front, or into a due square of ground, which is twice so many men in front as in flank: and in the 3 figure, you may see the said 3 regiments brought into a just square of men; that is, as many men in breadth as in depth: the order whereof is thus.  
The first regiment being embattled into 6 small squadrons, and placed in one equal front, the second regiment (being embattled in the like manner) is to march up unto the train of the first 6 squadrons, there joining squadron with squadron, and answering file with file. After them again is the other last 6 squadrons to march up unto the train of those 6 middle squadrons, and placed even squadron with squadron and file with file: so that of these three regiments there is made one body of a battle of broad front, or due square of ground, which is twice so many men in breadth as in depth, as by the second figure may appear.  

The order.  Finally, if you should be occasioned to reduce the said three regiments into one grand battle of equal proportion, or due square of men: then place 4 of these small squadrons in one front, on whose train 4 other squadrons, are to march up; and then again 4 others, and lastly the last four squadrons; so that squadron with squadron, and file with file, may equally answer one another, as in the third figure may appear. Where, of 16 of these small squadrons is framed a battle in proportion of equality: which is so many men in depth as in front: and there remaineth out two small squadrons, the which are to serve to other purposes, either for a supply, or to other services.  
Thus have you seen these three regiments embattled and brought into sundry proportions. 
An army may be framed of sundry small squadrons.  Likewise in the same manner may a whole army be ranged and ordered by good conductors, into sundry battalions, and distinguished, either into one, two, or three fronts: as the just occasions, and the judicious intendment of the good commander shall concur and find convenient.  Gent. 
By describing unto us these several orders of reparting an army into sundry battalions & squadrons, ye have contented us wonderful well: & it seemeth (in mine opinion) much advantageous, being discretely and orderly handled. But how should the shot, due unto those regiments, be placed and ordered?  Cap. 
The shot belonging unto these regiments, divided into sundry battles, battalions and squadrons, should be reparted into sundry small troops, of 50 in each troop, at 5 in front, and 10 in depth, or more, or less, as occasion shall procure; the ordering and placing of which shot doth appear, in folio 42 43, & 73, & is in many other places described; so that one troop may always be ready to second another, and to give breathing one to another.  Gent. 
But what have you next to speak more of, before you return to the office of the Sergeant Maior: by reason of whose office you have made these sundry demonstrations of diverse and many sorts of battles, and battalions, as a matter most pertinent unto the said Sergeant Maior his office.  Cap. 
I should now set down the tables of all these sundry proportions: as first of battles in proportion of equality; 
Of tables to be framed.  which is the just square of men; their order of ranking; their dividing into Maniples, and so marching up shoulder to shoulder, to bring them into their former order of battle, with the marching up of their remainers: their due numbers of girdling shot, and the dividing of the said battles into sundry battalions of the same kind: then again, the tables of battles in proportion of inequality, 
Even.  which is more in breadth then depth: with their divisions into battalions of that sort, and the table of even battalions for cross battles, and of other proportions, with the quantity of ground that every of them would require; but time permitteth me not: reserving the same unto the last book of these our military discourses.  
But I must now speak something by the way, of marching our battle through straights, and being passed, how to fall again into the former proportions.  
When you come to any strait, 
To march an army through straights.  it must be considered of what wideness the passages are, and how many men may go in front easily thorough the same; and then may you accordingly, at your discretion, choose whether you will draw your battle out into the former Maniples, that the same marched in before their coming into battle (as in the several tables thereof shall be showed) or into more Maniples or parts, if thereunto you shall be compelled by the narrowness of the place: 
Drawn into Maniples.  which likewise being so wide, that fewer Maniples than you marched up before, will serve for their division, you may accordingly also draw them out into 3, 5, 7, or 9, Maniples, as the nature of the strait, and your judgement concurring together shall think meet. 
The Ensign to be contained in the middle Maniple.  Always provided, that the ensigns be contained in the middle Maniple: and having passed the straights, you may again draw them up shoulder to shoulder, as in the order of marching in Maniples, is before in folio 62, 63, 66, and 68 declared; whereby easily and without confusion they shall forthwith fall in their former proportion. But as concerning your shot, 
The shot, in troops most serviceable.  you shall not need (except the strait be very narrow) to draw them out into any such parts, without it be those in the girdling, which as they stand in proportion in the battle, must be drawn out into Maniples with the pikes, for if mine opinion might be received touching the other shot, I would always advise, that the residue should ever more remain in many small troops, not above 40, or 50 shot, at the most in a troop, as before I have showed, for that by experience I know the same to be of greatest force, and readiness for service: be it therefore in plain or strait, or how soever, the more troops your shot be severed into, the better shall the enemy still be applied; 
The one to second another.  besides the seconding the one of the other with such quick dispatch, shall cause that after the first troops have once discharged, they retiring themselves behind all the rest, shall be sure against they come up again to have leisure enough to charge sufficiently and surely, that few shot shall be spent in vain, as they do when great numbers be clustered together.  
Now, 
If the enemy constrain to fight in the strait them to quarter your Army.  if it should fortune (as most commonly it chanceth) that the enemy should fight with you in the strait, then must you not draw your battle into those Maniples or parts, but consider whether the strait be such, as will suffice you to go through, holding the same proportion that you have. If not, then consider whether squaring the battle into 4 parts, 
To quarter the battle into sundry battalions.  you may with so many battalions pass to encounter with the enemy, if so you cannot, it seemeth unto me the readiest and safest way, to divide your battle into more battalions, as for example: first to proportion them out into 4 or 6, if those be not convenient, then into 8, if you think that will not serve, then into 12 or 16 battalions, or as the passage will permit, which thing may more easily be brought to pass, if the body of your battle do consist of pikes only, which, were the same of compound weapons, could in no wise be so suddenly done, without great confusion; as a man of any judgement may conceive: and as by these figures following shall plainly appear.  

Not to enter unadvisedly into any nulls.  But before the arrival unto such straits and passages, the wise Commander is carefully to consider, and to send sundry scouts abroad to discover: and also shall cause (if possible he may) the summities, higher grounds, craggy rocks, thickets, woods, and other places of advantage, to be first possessed by his own people, sending to that effect, shot, half pikes, and such like.  
The figures of quartering a battle.  
In dividing and quartering of all which, as may appear, the place of the Ensigns is still crossed, to redress the which the Sergeant Maior or Colonel, may place them where he thinketh fittest: drawing out, where every Ensign shall stand, one pike; and replace the same pike in the first room of the Ensign which at the out drawing of the Ensign remained void.   
The end of the third book.   

THE FOURTH BOOK OF WAR DISCOURSES AND MARTIAL DISCIPLINE.  

The first Dialogue:  
Wherein is declared the election, office, and duty of a Sergeant Maior, with sundry points of Military discipline, etc. and marching of the Army.  Gentleman. 
TRuly (Captain) this order for passing of straits, doth content me wonderful well: and me thinks, having ready men, and good officers, very easy and ready to be performed. But now (I pray) if there rests no more to be spoken herein, begin to show us the choosing & office of a Sergeant Maior, which in day of battle, seemeth an office of great importance.  Capt. 
I did at the begininng of my second book, declare unto you, that a Prince levying an Army royal, doth by his Council (or Council of war, 

The chief Commanders of an Army.  
Divided into Regiments.  
The officers of the Regiment.  
Divided into Companies.  
The officers of a Company.  
Sergeant Mayor of a Regiment.  
A Sergeant Maior general.   if there be any such in the realm) appoint first a most sufficient General, than a camp-master general, a Captain general of the Cavalry, and a Captain general of the Artillery. The Army is divided into sundry Tertios or Regiments; over every Regiment, a camp-master or Colonel. The Cololonell divides his Regiment into sundry bands or companies, and over every company a Captain: every Captain hath his Lieutenant, his Alferes or Ensignebearer, his Sergeants, his Caporals, and his Drums and Fifes. Also every Regiment hath his Sergeant Mayor; and over the whole Camp or Army, a Sergeant Maior general: of which Officer I mean now to treat.  

The election and office of a Sergeant Maior.  
The election of the Sergeant Maior, is made by the General, out of such as the Colonels do name unto him. 
A Sergeant Maior is the general Minister of a whole Regiment. His office consists in marching, in embattling, & encamping.  His office is, to be the general minister or officer of a whole Regiment of sundry companies, and superintendant of all the Sergeants of the same. By whose hand and industry, the camp-master or Colonel, doth give and appoint the orders convenient to the due government of his Regiment or Army: as in marching, in encamping, and embattling, and in such other matters concerning hereunto: whereby may be gathered the parts, the qualities, the valour, the great skill, experience and diligence, which ought to be in him, who is chosen to this degree of office; being of such importance, that in the time of the Greeks and Romans', this office was credited unto none; but the Generals themselves did execute the same in their own person.  
The Sergeant majors office is of much higher degree, 
The Sergeant Mayor of higher degree than any ordinary Captain.  than any ordinary Captain: for every Captain doth receive his directions from the Sergeant Maior; and the Sergeant Mayor from the Colonel or General, or from the King or Emperor himself, if he be in field. For he is barred no gate nor entry, but is freely suffered to enter, 

Great regard to be had in the election of this officer.  
Skill and natural instinct.   even into the General's tent, or King's chamber. Therefore there ought great regard to be had, in the election of this officer. Which being done in a person of insufficiency, doth many times cause great inconveniences to arise: and the person so chosen, for want of skill and natural instinct, not knowing how to uphold his due authority, gravity, and power, doth lose oftentimes his due respect and reverence of the Captains, and other officers: whereby it had been better for him to have remained a Captain of a single company, then to have risen to this degree of office, being not fit, for skill and nature thereunto.  Gent. 
Then I perceive that you would wish him that should use the place of this office, besides his experience and skill, to be also of a natural inclination befitting the same.  Capt. 
So is my meaning: For besides his long experience and practise in wars, he ought yet to have a certain natural instinct befitting this office: for as much as the most of his actions are to be handled in the face and view of the enemy, 
His actions are handled for the most, in the view and face of the enemy. The parts to be required in a Sergeant Maior. To espy advantages. Not to let slip good occasions offered.  and in place of greatest peril; as ready at every instant to redress every disorder. He ought besides his long experience, to be valiant, learned, quick witted, and ready conceited, wise, discreet, and ready both to see, and foresee, as well their own, as the enemy's orders or disorders; preventing, redressing, and taking advantage, as time and occurrants shall be offered, not letting slip any occasion offered.  Gent. 
Is the Sergeant Mayor to have any particular company to himself, as the other Captains of Infantry have?  Capt. 
No truly, and that for many good respects: For in the absence of the Colonel, he hath the command of the whole Regiment, among the Spanish Tertios.  Gent. 
You said that the office of the Sergeant Maior did consist in three things; that is, in the good order of marching, in the sure manner of encamping, and in the perfect forms of embattling: wherefore I pray discourse more at large thereof unto us.  Capt. 
Truly (Gentlemen) if you remember, I have before at large declared touching the embattling of men, 

To k●●w to frame his squadron, to march with the same, to bring them to fight. A squadron what it is.  
To be victorious or invincible.  
The army b●st ordered and disciplined, is like to be Lord of the victory.   the ordering of squadrons, their dividing into Maniples, and the forms of sundry kind of battles with us most in use: but yet to give you content, I will repeat some part thereof again. Wherefore it concerneth this officer to know how to frame his squadrons, to march with the same, and bring them to fight. Now, a squadron of men is, (as before I said in folio 45.) A congregation of soldiers orderly ranged & set, by the which is pretended to give unto every one such place and room, as they may fight without hindering one another, and to unite all their forces together, in such sort that they may attain to their principal intents and end, which is to be victorious or invincible. So that we ought to think that the army which is best ordered and disciplined, although of lesser numbers, 
Vegetius his reasons.  is like to be, by all reason, Lord of the victory: as Vegetius declareth very well, giving the reason why the ancient Romans became conquerors of most nations of the world; saying that in greatness they were not like to the Almains, neither comparable in number to the French, neither so subtle as the africans, nor so strong as the spaniards, 
The advantage of practice and good discipline.  nor so furious as the Brittanes, nor so wise as the Grecians, yet did they make easy, and answer all these disadvantages and difficulties, by only maintaining their people well exercised in arms, and practise of war, and keeping them well disciplined and reform in manners. And for as much as squadrons and battles be form of numbers of soldiers, more or less, according to the greatness of the army, it is necessary that this officer do perfectly know, 
It is necessary to have ●n writing the just number of every company and their sortment of weapons. To have always an Idea in the head of sundry forms of battles. To be skilful in Arithmetic.  and have in writing, the just number of every company; as how many pikes, how many halberds, and how many shot, and before occasion or necessity befall, do make a common habit in his head and memory, framing therein many & variable forms of those which are now most in use, as the just square of men, and quadrate of ground, and the battles of many sorts of proportions of inequality, with all the others whereof before I have written. To do the which, it is most needful that he be very skilful in Arithmetic, for without the same, he should hardly perform his office: and not only to know how to embattle the companies of his own Regiment, but of many Regiments together, and of any number: 
A battle framed of sundry Tertios by the Duke de Alva at Lisbona. The Tertios of Naples, Sicilia & Lombardie. Spanish Tertios.  for that many times the General doth command to frame a battle of sundry Regiments together; as did the old Duke de Alva at the taking of Lisbona, and conquering of Portugal. Who commanded, that of the Tertios of Naples, Lombardie, and Sicilia, there should be one battle made and framed; and of the Tertios of Don Rodrigo Sapata, and Don Gabriel Ninio, an other, and of the Tertio of Don Lewis Henriques, another squadron: and that out of all the six Tertios there should be drawn 2100 shot, to serve to other purposes. And for as much as the Sergeant Maior was not very skilful and ready herein, 
The Sergeant Mayor by want of skill, much puzzeled.  they found themselves much puzzled in doing thereof; and fell into many faults, in presence of their General and Princes: and in general judgement of the whole Camp wherein I then served.  Gent. 
Truly it was a matter well worth the noting, but is there more sorts of embattling then those you have spoken of before?  Capt. 
I have already spoken of the most; yet of diverse nations used diversely; of all which forms I would have the Sergeant Mayor to be skilled and seen, although the conduction of our wars now a days, 
Our wars now a days do consist more in surprises, assaults, and batteries, then in main fight.  doth consist more in surprises, assaults, and batteries, then open field fight, and although the best now in use, are but two or three, viz. the first square of men, and the square of ground, and their division into battalions of that kind, according to the weapons wherewithal we now fight.  Gent. 
Which of these do you hold for most assured and strong?  Capt. 
I hold them all for sufficient strong, but the difference which may happen, 
The difference to be judged by the situation of the ground and occasions to fight. Just square of men.  is to be judged according to the situation and disposition of the ground, and occasions to fight, and by the order that the camp shall observe. For in some occasions the square of men would be best, as in open field, without advantage of hedge, ditch, water, marish or wood, or where the enemy is strong in horse, to charge on every side: the which just square of men, in every part is found to be equally strong, and apt every way to receive the charge: the which could not be so, 
●attell in broad front.  were the battle overlong affront, & narrow in flank, as is the bastard, broad, or base square; but yet in other occasions, where these advantages are to be found, it were better to fight in broad front, for that thereby, many hands do come to fight at once together in the vanguard, and with more difficulty to be compassed by the enemy, having any of the advantages before spoken of to friend: but most commonly, if necessity, occasion, or situation do not constrain otherwise, the quadrat of ground is best, and most used, as best proportioned with equal strength in vanguard and rearward (especially against footmen) and also flanked sufficiently strong: and which of all other doth occupy least quantity of ground.  Gent. 
What mean you by Bastard square, Broad square, and Base square.  Capt. 
The Bastard square, 
What is meant by bastard square, broad square, & base square.  is the battle which containeth almost twice so many men in front, as in flank, in proportion as 1 ¾ is to 1: the Broad square is the battle which containeth more, or as much, as twice so many men in front, as in flank, as is 2 to 1, or 2 ⅓, which is as 7 to 3: and the Base square, is the battle which containeth almost thrice, or 3 times more in breadth then in depth, which proportion is as 8 to 2, or 3 to 1, or such other proportions of inequality, as fol. 51.  Gent. 
You have before declared at large the manner how to frame all these sorts of battles: therefore it is needless to demand it again; whereby I perceive how necessary it is for the Sergeant Mayor to be both learned and skilful in Arithmetic: but doth it import any thing, whether the ranks be of even number or odd?  Capt. 
No truly, 
The ranks even or odd importeth little.  but a custom used amongst us, without any ground: for battles are to be set according to the number of men, and the same to be framed as the situation of the ground will permit; therefore the number of Par or Impar doth little import to the strengthening of the battle: but the due proportioning thereof according to the quantity of your men, to be accommodated to the ground, or situation; and above all, 
The brave conduction of the Commanders, and the resolute valour of the soldiers, is the firmness of the battle.  the brave conduction of the Commanders and the resolute valour of the soldiers, is the strength and firmness of the battle.  Gent. 
What order is to be taken in setting of battles with speed and facility, that the confusion of the soldiers disturb not the same, especially where men be unruly, every one thrusting himself into the first ranks of the forward, in such disorder many times, that neither the Sergeant Mayor nor Colonels themselves shall be able to frame a battle in good sort?  Capt. 
The care to redress this inconvenience toucheth the Sergeant Maior; 
A politic order to be observed, in setting a battle when the soldiers be unruly.  and therefore he ought to give advise and warning unto every company before they come to this point, that they beware of such confusion, disorder, and disobedience; notifying unto them that the Ensign or Ensigns which were of the ward that day, should frame the first ranks of the vanguard; and the Ensigns or Companies that had the ward last before, should successively follow; and those which were afterward to have the ward, to succeed them again, and then next such as first were gathered to the squadrons.  
Moreover giving advisement to the officers, that they suffer none of the soldiers of their band to come without their armour, 
No soldier to come with his armour by piece-meal or broken.  by piece-meal and unfurnished: for by such faults, although that by the aforesaid reasons, the vanguard appertaineth unto them, yet they lose their pre-eminence, for coming so ill armed; and justly may others, better armed, be placed in their rooms.  Gent. 
And if (perhaps) upon the Alarm given (as commonly it falleth out) all the Companies in Arms, do join and gather together, unto the Corpse de guard or place of assembly, in such a case, what is the Sergeant Mayor to do?  Capt. 


An order to frame a squadron, of unruly soul●iers upon the Alarm given, or suddenly.  
A fine check of unruly soldiers.   He shall frame together that confused and disordered body, placing the Captains before: and shall draw his battle from out one of the flanks, or out of the rearward, as he shall find it most commodious: the which he shall do with great facility, and thereby shall defraud those that were cause of such confusion: and it shall serve unto two good effects: the one, he shall frame his battle with speed, and the other, he shall by this means chasten the unruly and disobedient, by leaving them in the rearward, who seeing this order taken by the Sergeant Maior, will ever afterwards, be more obedient and tractable to be set in order.  Gent. 
But the battle or squadron of pikes being set, in what order is the same garnished with shot, and how many and great shall the sleeves thereof be, and how far distant placed from the pikes? for I have heard different opinions therein; whereof, although you have said somewhat already, yet I pray, let us hear something more of the same.  Capt. 
No soldier is ignorant, that the squadron of pikes being set, is to be impaled or girdled with shot, 
The d●e & natural girdling with shot.  as many ranks of shot, as pikes. But the due and natural girdling indeed, aught to be no more shot in rank, then that the pike may well cover and defend, especially where the enemy doth abound in cavalry. And so under the defence and favour of the pike, there cannot conveniently stand above one rank of three shot at the most, and so many (in mine opinion) should the girdling contain: the which girdling shot, kneeling upon one knee, under the covert of the couched pikes, should, at the charging of the horsemen, discharge their volley in their face and bosom, 
When and how to discharge their volley.  which would be no small galling unto them. But when this danger of horse is not to be feared, than the impalement may be made of more shot in a rank, at the discretion of the Sergeant Maior, according to the quantity of shot contained in his companies, and the rest of the shot to be divided into sundry small troops (as I said before) to troop round about the battle, 

Shot in sundry small troops trooping round about the battle. Every troop to be led forth to skirmish by their Caporall.  
Squadrons of muskets, at the angles of the battle.   with some reasonable distance from the same: the which manner of small troops, I esteem to be far better than the sleeves containing great numbers, and more ready to be brought to skirmish, every several troop to be led forth by his Caporall, and some Captains to oversee the whole.  
Moreover, I would think good, at every angle of the battle to be placed a good squadron of Muskets, which should serve to flanker it every way, even as the Cavalleroes or Travassos' do the curtain of a fort: so that a well framed battle or squadron of pikes, well impaled with shot, and anguled with squadrons of Muskets, seemeth a Castle with his curtains Cavalleroes, and ditches: the manner whereof being framed of expert & resolute men, is of wonderful force, the which was well to be seen in the journey of Caruam in Barbary, where Don Alvaro de Sandy, with 4000 spaniards, 
A brave retreat of Don Alvaro de Sandy made in Barbary, with 4000 foot against 20000. horse.  foot soldiers of great valour, made a brave famous retreat, the space of 4. or 5. miles in a champion field, being be set and charged by Cydearfa, king of the Moors, with above twenty thousand horse, at the least five or six times, with the loss of only 80 men of his; and the slaughter of seven or eight hundred of the enemy. Which is a gallant example what brave footmen may do, being conducted by a good chief.  Gent. 
Your orders and reasons do like me very well: but yet of one thing I stand in some doubt, and would gladly be resolved therein, which is, that our bands and companies of infantry, have commonly two thirds of shot, unto one third of pikes, so that the battle impaled, sleeved and anguled with shot, there will yet abound and remain good store of shot nevertheless. Now where should those be bestowed, to be safe from the fury of horse, if the enemy should therein greatly abound?  Capt. 
Your question is good, and I myself have bethought me many times thereupon: wherefore if your ground be such that the enemy's horse may charge you but upon two parts at the most at once, then may the shot retire safely on the contrary parts: but if you be imbattailled in open Campania, without any advantage for you, and your enemy very strong in horse, and you few horse or none to reanswer them, 
An order for the safeguard of shot in open campania, where the enemy aboundeth in horse.  than (in mine opinion) the surest way is thus (as I said before) in speaking of lining of battles with shot, first to place 5, 6, and 7 ranks of armed pikes, or more, and girdle them with 5 ranks of shot, close under the guard and shelter of the pikes, on the out side: then again within those first ranks of pikes, 3, 4, or 5 ranks of shot, then certain ranks of pikes, and then shot again; and so consequently, as your numbers and occasions shall require, as in this figure appeareth.  
Here is to be noted that in such cases where your battle may be charged on every part or side, that then those ranks in flank which have a wider distance than those men which are in front, do march up closer together, whereby they may make the front of equal strength and distance, of station every way.  
In this figure first you see placed the girdling shot 5 in a rank, under the guard and secure of the pikes, 
Declaration of the figure.  than 9 ranks of pikes, then certain ranks of shot, and then pikes again; and so consequently to the centre, where is placed the ensigns, and short weapon, and munition. The girdling shot upon the very charging of the enemy's horse, and at the couching of their pikes, may (kneeling upon one knee, the better to be under the covert of the pikes) discharge in the bosom of the enemy, not above twenty paces of: and then the pikes being couched, the other ranks of shot, contained within them, are to discharge close over the heads of the couched pikes before them, and so successively as the other pikes shall be couched the shot contained within them shall discharge. So thus (in my conceit) would this order contain in safety, the most part of your shot, and be sufficient strong, and a great galling unto horse.  Gent. 
This order I think to be good, where the enemy aboundeth in number of horse. But now I pray tell us what order is the Sergeant Mayor to take and observe, when these companies do march?  Captain 
Herein consisteth great skill, 
Great skill and care in the marching of an Army.  care, direction, and discipline; for generally men be loath and unwilling to be tied to any strict and painful order, especially Besonnios, wanting practice and patience; for upon every light occasion, they will break and disarray, as when they come to any strait or unplained way, or when they feel themselves a little wearied or chafed with heat, running on every side disorderly to seek water, 
The disorders of soldiers do many times grow through remissness and negligence of officers. What the Sergeant Maior is to do, being in the open field with the army. Vanguard, battle, and rearward.  which often times hath been cause of many defeatments. And many times again upon small occasions do they dismande themselves, the cause thereof growing from the over remissness and negligence of the officers, in not correcting at first, such disorders with rigour and severity, as the urgentnesse of the cause would require, and for that they want the care and diligence to redress such mismeanours, as hereafter I will speak of, declaring first what the Sergeant Maior is to do, being in Campania: which is to go take the orders to be observed from the General, and to know whether his tertio or regiment is that day to have the vanguard, battle, or rearward; the which he is to do the night before that the army is to march, although that the General many times for many good respects, will not make the same known, until the very hour of marching.  
And this shall he do chief that day, which toucheth his regiment to have the vanguard. And therefore it is always important for him to know the ways most commodious, 
To know the ways most salliable, for the soldiers to march.  and most salliable for the soldiers and companies out of the camp: for many Sergeant majors having erred herein, have found themselves puzzled, confused, and ashamed in presence of their Generals, guiding their regiments by ways pestered with carts, wagons, and baggage of the camp. And at other times for conducting them through passages so difficult and cumbersome, that they have been constrained to break their arrays. For at the removing of a camp, the prancing and neighing of horses on every side, and the crossing of carts, 
Great noise and rumour in removing of a camp.  baggage and carriages, and the noise of drums and trumpets, is such and so great, that (if he be not very preconsiderate in the same, and know well the way, where he is to conduct his companies) he runneth many times into those inconveniences: and chief when the camp doth dislodge by night, or in days misty and dark, for than is the danger most to be doubted: therefore it importeth much, that the Sergeant Maior be very skilful in the region and country where they are to pass, 

To be skilful in the country where they are to march.  
Sundry considerations.   and to know the distances from place to place, and the qualities of the ways and passages, with their straits, and enclosures, their hills, valleys, rivers, brooks, lakes, moors, meadows, fields, open or enclosed, forests, woods, thickets, or whether the country be stony, plain field, or ditched, and all difference of situations of grounds, as well of the hills, and high mountains, as of the plain and champain; to the end, that he may consider, foresee, prevent, 
To what end.  and prepare for every place where the enemy may annoy him. For many times one regiment is to march alone, and then doth it touch the Sergeant Mayor to have the care and speculation hereof, as it doth the Campe-Maister General when the whole army marcheth, for that it befall him not, as it did unto the Romans' in the Furcas Caudina's and unto many other through the like misregard. 

Examples of the Romans' at Furcas Caudina's. To procure faithful and trusty guides.  
Hannibal deceived.   And for more security hereof, they are to procure faithful and trusty guides, and skilful way leaders, to the end not to be beguiled and abused, as Hannibal was, when he warred in Italy against the Romans', who willing to lead his army unto Cassinum, was led and guided unto Casilinum, to be put into the hands of Quintus Fabius Maximus, General of the Romans' his enemies.  
Now the order being known, 

To cause the drum mayor to sound the reco●a or removing.  
The Captains of footmen.  
To assemble the companies in the place of arms, and there to frame his squadrons.  
The Sergeants of bands, what to do.  
To divide the battle into Maniples, if the passage be narrow.   and the way reknowledged, and the hour of removing at hand, he is to command the drum mayor to sound the call Recoia or assembling, and every Captain of infantry to cause their baggage to be trussed up and laden, and shall strait ways draw forth his ensigns out of their quarter into the place of arms, and there shall frame his battle or squadron, reparting their Captains into such places as concerneth them that day, and shall dispose and appoint the Sergeants of ordinary bands in such sort, that every one may know what part he hath to govern and set in order. And for as much as it is seldom seen, that the ways, fields, and passages be so large, that the whole battle may march all in front, he is to frame his ordinances arrays or Maniples no greater, then that the same may march commodiously and at ease through the same, the order whereof I have at large declared in folio 62, 67, 68 and 92: always provided, that he quarter or divide not his battle (if the passage will so permit) into no less than the third part of the front thereof, as thus, if the front be of 27 pikes, the Maniples or ordinance shall be of 9, and if 21 in front, than the division or quartering shall be of 7 in front, and so of other numbers: for he is to conduct his companies so well disciplined and ordered, that occasion being offered, he may with speed and readiness frame and set his battle, or battalions, reparting the Captains and officers in places most convenient, as before is said.  Gent. 
But tell us how is he to repart them, and who shall go in the vanguard; which in the battle, and who in the rearward; and in what part shall the Colours be placed, that this readiness and quick dispatch, might be performed in setting the battle as you speak of?  Capt. 
The order I have partly spoken of before; 
The order in marching of vantgards, battle, and rea reward.  but to give you content, I will repeat it again: therefore me thinks that the order to be observed therein, is thus. That the shot of the forlorn hope, and the shot of the right flank (being divided into many small troops as I said) should march before, than next, the girdling shot, of the said right side; after them should follow the ordinances and Maniples of pikes, in such sort & order as before is declared: & to the end that the ensigns go not crossed either in one sort or other, 
The ensigns where to be placed fitt●st.  he is to place them alone after another, within so many ranks of pikes, so that when soever he brings his Maniples up together pouldron to pouldron, to the framing of his battle, they may still remain in their convenient places, which is in the centre.  
Then after the pikes shall follow the girdling shot of the left flank, and last of all in the rearward shall follow the troops of shot belonging to the left flank, and rearward, and having passed the strait, and the squadron form, then may they repair each girdling shot, 
Having passed the strait to march up pouldron to pouldron again.  and troops to their due and convenient rooms, as before; of which orders of Maniples, and quartering of battles, I have before declared at large.  Gent. 
Is there any meaning or mystery in marching the left or right side shot before in the vanguard.  Capt. 
None truly, that I know of, more than that in all our actions we ought to incline what we can unto perfection: and as the right hand is the more perfect and noble, 
In all our actions to incline to perfection.  from thence it is reason, that we begin to frame our battles, and in that place also to begin to dissever them.  Gent. 
The munition, and baggage belonging to the Companies, where are they to go, to cause least hindrance, and to pass in most security?  Capt. 
The consideration that is to be had when an army doth march, is, that if the enemy be known to be on head the vanguard, upon the way you are to pass, then let the munition and baggage be placed in the rearward; 
Considerations to be had where the munition is to march.  and per contra, if the enemy be found to be in the rearward, then pass your baggage to the forward: and if on the right side, then convey it to the left; and if on the left side, then transport it unto the right, with the like consideration, and in this sort shall the camp be always a wall and defence unto the munition and baggage. And if in marching the enemy do offer to fight, the munition by this means, shall be no let or hindrance at all. And besides all this, there ought to be sent abroad certain Hargulutiers or light horse, 

Certain light horsemen to be sent out to scout before the munition.  
In country's secure from the enemy, the munition is to pass before with a sufficient card. The reasons.   to scout before the munition and carriage, to prevent the sudden incursions of the enemy's straggling horse. The same order ought also to be observed in the marching of one regiment alone. But in case that there were no enemy, and they might march through places plain, safe, and secure, the munition and carriage ought always to pass in the forward, with a sufficient guard of pikes, shot, and short weapons; & that for good respect, & because it is very commodious for the soldiers, that when they come well wearied to their quarter, they may find their tents ready pitched, and many times their forage provided, and not to stay attending and expecting the same, coming many times, wet, dirty, over tired, and half dead with hunger: and again if by hap any of the carriages do fall, the owners of the baggage may help to redress, whereby to save their baggage and furniture: which could not be done if it marched in the rearward.  Gent. 
But if it should happen, that in none of these said parts, the baggage might march in safety (as in Barbary, or other Champain country, where the enemy's number consisteth most of horse) & we not having sufficient numbers to answer them, what is then to be done, where the enemy may charge on every side?  Cap. 

In parts of danger the munition is to march in the centre, or among the squadrons.  Then in the centre of the battle, or betwixt the squadrons, with their convenient guard, as before is said: for besides that little which the soldier hath, and carrieth the same there, it is reason he defend and keep it; so in the like sort he is to procure that the enemy detrusse him not thereof, neither the enemy to glory that perforce he hath despoiled us of any thing, 

Better to lose the munition then to hazard the whole army. The munition forsaken sometimes for policy sake.  
Example at the battle of Vicentia in Italy.   for the great part of reputation which is lost thereby: but if the same may not be conserved without manifest danger, and the squadrons thereby to be disarrayed, then ought it to be forsaken and left: the which many brave commanders have not only done, but some have left their carriage to the enemy of purpose, to the end that by rifling the same they might fall into some disorder; by which means and policy they might the sooner defeat them, and obtain the victory: as did Prospero Colonna and the Marquis de Pescara at the battle of Vicentia in Italy, whereat the Venetians, and the Captain: Marquis Aluiano were broken and overthrown.  Gent. 
The foot soldiers horses and their boys, where are they to go when they themselves mount on horse back, and their boys do carry their weapon and armour in their masters rooms?  Capt. 
I would wish as few horses as might be with the foot companies, but only for some officers and sick persons: 

As few horses as might be to be permitted in foot companies.  
No foot soldier to pass out of the camp on horseback.  
Where the foot soldiers horses are to go.  
The orders to be observed when the foot soldiers do mount on horseback.   but for such as be, it is manifestly known, that it is forbidden by all good discipline of war, that no foot soldier do pass out of the camp or alodgement on horseback, neither on horseback to enter into the same, but always at sallying he acccompany his colours, at the least a mile, and before the arrival to their allodgement, the like. To do the which, their horses may go by one side of the battle, if the way will permit it; and if not, then at the train thereof, until they have licence granted to mount; and yet not that to be permitted, until their foot Captain be first mounted; and then may they mount on horseback, and put themselves in order with the Captain or officer that is to conduct them, and to this effect should the Sergeant Maior name and appoint some one. And if they be of the shot of the vanguard, then are they to follow their vanguard troops of shot; and if pike men, then to follow their arrays or Maniples of pikes: and in like sort shall the Hargabuziers of the rearward do, placing themselves in the train of their troops, and shall set their boys and pages with their arms in their rooms and places, to the end that if occasion be offered, every mounted soldier may alight, and step to his room and place, without disordering their ordinance or arrays at all. In the like sort shall such foot soldiers as have boys carrying their arms, do: and when occasion is for the soldier to take him to his arms, 
The boys to be shifted out of the battle.  having received the same from the boys, let the boys be shifted out of the battle: for I hold it not for good, as I have seen some Sergeant Majors, to place those boys near unto their Ensigns, either before or after them: for by this means may the battle be disordered and broken, and none of those which mounted on horseback, can readily find their due rooms and places. A thing which the Sergeant Maior should greatly regard, to keep his companies always in good order.  Gent. 
In their marching should not the soldiers make stayings and pausings, to ease and rest themselves.  Capt. 
It is very necessary that they make some Altoes or stands to ease them, 
To make sundry altoes or stand, to ease and refresh the soldiers.  and that they might refresh themselves with such short victuals as they bear along with them, and by a little reposing, they may breathe and ease them of the weariness of the way, and so conserve themselves in good order. For although the soldier be never so much practised and enured, and though the shot may suffer the ways travel without any great pausing, yet the pikemen, as men laden with their armour, are not able to endure the same, especially in days of scorching heat, 
Careful to make the Altoes or stands in places convenient and fit.  without danger of sickness, or bruising of their bodies. Therefore the Campe-maister or Sergeant Maior ought to be very considerate and careful, to cause the stands to be made, as the commodity shall be offered, and necessity require it, to the end, no disgrace might befall them. And for that it hath been sometimes seen, that the Sergeant majors taking little regard here unto, have conducted their Regiments very disorderly, 
Disorderly conduction causes of overthrows.  making a long trace file or line (as it were) of them: the vanguard distant from the rearward at the least three or four miles; in such sort, that by much lesser numbers than the numbers of their own companies, they may many times, be beaten and overthrown: as it chanced unto the French army in Lombardie, being defeated by Antonio de Leyva, governor there, for the Emperor Charles, at their marching towards Viagrass●, their Commander, 

Example at Via grassa in Lombardie, when the County Sanpaule was taken.  
To make always the stands near fresh waters, and to be careful that the soldiers straggle not.   the County Sanpaule being taken: for having passed too forward with his vanguard, leaving behind him more than was convenient, the County Guido de Rangon with the ariereward, who had the charge thereof. The Sergeant Maior is therefore to be careful, to make always his stands and Altoes near unto some good waters, the officers taking great care & watchfulness, that in those stops and stayings, the soldiers dismeanour not themselves, nor range not disorderly unto the next adjoining places, nor run into orchards, nor gardens to rifle and spoil, for it is contrary to good military discipline.  Gent. 
When the camp doth march, passeth the Sergeant Mayor on foot or on horseback?  Capt. 


The Sergeant Maior is always to pass on horseback, & to what effects.  
If he meet the General, not to alight from his horse.   On horseback; For unto this officer only is his horse allowed him, and at all times to ride, and into every part, and upon any occasion, and to traverse and pass through the Arrays of the battle, visiting, providing, and ordering all things concerning the same; and also to take the word from the General: and being on horseback, if he chance to meet him, he is not to alight, as some unskilful Sergeant Majors are wont to do. For the solicitude, care, and readiness, appertaining to this office, is such, and so great, that it requireth he enjoy such a pre-eminence. 
Nor yet to dismount from his horse in the day of battle, and wherefore.  Neither yet in the day of battle ought he to dismount, nor enter into rank with the other Captains, as some will seem to say; for in the fight he serveth but for one, but being on horseback, he may value for many, in viewing, reviewing, ordering & redressing many & sundry occurrants, which in such times are offered, importing many times the good success of the victory, & therefore he is to go armed but lightly, 
His armour light with a short truncheon in his hand. No affront to the soldier, deserving it, to be corrected by the Sergeant Maior.  with a short baston or truncheon in his hand, which shall serve him to apart horses, carriages & baggage, which oftentimes do disturb & hinder the squadrons, & to show and point with the same some things that he commandeth, and orders that he ordaineth to be done, and sometimes to correct therewith the disobedience of unruly soldiers: whereat no man ought to be offended, or take it for any affront, sith it is done for corrections sake.  Gent. 
In what part ought the Sergeant Mayor to stand or go, when the army doth march?  Capt. 
The ordinary place of the Colonel is the vanguard; and so the Sergeant Maior, 
Where the Sergeant Maior is to pass, when the army doth march.  being his officer, by whom he sendeth his Commands unto the Captains, Ensigns, and Officers, ought always to be near unto his person.  Gent. 
But if the enemy be known to be behind or after your rearward?  Capt. 
In such case he shall remain in the rearward, 

But if the enemy be known to be in the rearward he is to pass in the rearward.  
To reprehend the faults of the Sergeants.  
If the arrays be broken to be ready to redress them. No Captains or other under officers to pass the word, stand; but the Sergeant Maior, or other superior officer.  
The camp-master as head of the Regiment, the Sergeant Mayor as guide of the battle.  
The foot soldiers to alight from their horses a mile ere they come to their lodging.  
The place of alodgement to be first viewed by the Sergeant Maior.  
At their arrival to frame his squadrons in the place of arms. Orders to be observed at the alodgement.  
The place of arms to be kept all free and unpestered.   but to assist there in such sort, as he forget not to make the Alto or stand sometimes, and to stay until he hath passed through all the arrays of the marching squadrons or army. And if he find that the Sergeants do not their duties, in keeping the soldiers in good order and array, he shall severely reprehend them for the same, being a thing of such importance, and that no negligence be found in conserving due order and array, so that none might be broken if possible it were. And if the arrays be broken, as sometimes it happeneth by reason of the strait passages, it behoveth him to be very ready & vigilant to redress them again, and if to do the same it should need to make a stand, an officer is presently to be sent to the Sergeant Maior: and neither Captain, Alferes, nor any other officer to pass the word, stand, either to this effect or any other, as it oftentimes falleth out, crying stand, or march, from hand to hand, unless the necessity be so urgent, as not permitting time to signify the same unto the camp-master or Sergeant Maior. For by reason of this abuse of every officer to pass and give the word, upon every small occasion there do succeed many inconveniences, and is as much as to usurp the pre-eminence, which only is due to the Camp-master, as head of the Regiment, and unto the Sergeant Maior, as guide of the battle. And therefore it is very necessary, that the soldier or officer which so shall do, to be well punished for the same. And the Sergeant Maior is to be careful, that the Captains and soldiers which are on horseback, do alight, & set themselves into the arrays, a good mile before they come unto their allodgement, the which ought to be first viewed by himself, or his coadjutor, somewhat before the companies do arrive, and at their arriving to frame his battle in the place thereof, and not to suffer any soldier to pass unto his quarter, or to dismaunde himself in the order, until the whole Regiment be all entered; and he, or his coadjutor in his name, coming unto the companies, do licence them to their lodgings and quarter.  
The which ensigns are placed in the front of the quarter of every company, all in one rank, and from thence downward the soldiers to be lodged. And the Sergeant Maior shall not permit nor suffer any carriage or baggage to be put before them, nor pestered within the place of arms, neither any fire to be there made, nor any other impediments; for from thence forward, it is only a place of arms or assembly, and is to be left free and unpestered for only the battle when it is to be set.    

THE SECOND DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is declared, of the encamping of an army: the placing of the corpse de guards, scouts and Sentinels: 

The Sergeant Maior what he is to do, at the first encampement of the army.  
First to draw forth a corpse de-guard some 80 paces without the ring of the emcampement.   their several duties: the order of visiting and revisiting the Sentinels, and their relieving and changing: the order of giving and taking the word, with sundry other martial points, appertaining to such cases.  Gentleman. 
IN lodging and emcamping the regiments or army, the which being settled, the Sergeant Maior, what is he then to do?  Capt. 
Presently to draw forth a corpse de guard, about threescore or fourscore paces from the face of the encamping, of some five and twenty or thirty soldiers, and those are to be of one of the companies which was of the watch the night before, sith that until a fresh watch do enter, and the 24 hours be fully accomplished, it appertaineth unto them that entered therein before, except a whole company be set there by day to the ward; and in such case it belongeth to the companies of shot, 
The orders to be observed.  if there be any particular shot companies in the camp. And this Corpse de guard which is to be drawn out, is to be set in the self same place where the company of the watch is to be placed at night.  

2 To reknowledge the quarters and to reform all encumbrances.  This being done, he is to reknowledge his quarters very well, and to see if there be any need to raze plain any places, that the soldiers may commodiously sally forth to the Alarm for it falleth out many times, that the companies be lodged in orchards, gardens, vineyards, and among bushes, from whence they cannot come but with some difficulty, the which he is to redress; and to make plain and easy any thing that may impeach and hinder the speedy setting of the battle, and framing of the squadrons; which as well for this purpose, as for the fortifying of the camp, and leveling the ways and passages for the artillery, with such other services, 
pioneers to amend cumbersome ways.  there is always in the camp certain companies of pioneers, the jurisdiction of whom doth belong unto the General of the artillery, or to the Campe-maister General, unto whom he is to repair, to provide him with speed of such as shall be needful.  

3 
To go to the Campe-maister general or his marshal, to receive orders from him to sundry purposes; as for the watch, the ward, guard for the munition, to scout, and discover, who to provide wood, and to assist in trenching.  
Being with his own regiment alone, what he is to do.  
The Sentinels how to be placed. To consult with other officers.   And if the whole army be there, he is to go unto the camp-master General, and know of him how many ensigns of his regiment are to be put to the watch, and in what place or part, and what companies are to guard the munition, and in other most convenient places for the service & security of the camp; & such as are to go abroad to discover, and to scout, and who are to provide wood, water, and other necessaries; and what companies are to assist in making the trenches, and bulwarks, and other fortifications, reparting the same works amongst all the bands of his regiment (for unworthy is he the name of a soldier, which will not put to his helping hand in such cases) in sort that every one have their share of the labour in order. But if he be with his own regiment alone, it than concerneth him to reknowledge, foresee, and to provide and give order for all: and to place the Sentinels in such order and distance, that no man may pass out, nor enter into the quarters of the alodgement without their view and sight. And if his regiment be jointly with the other regiments or tertios of the same nation, or of another, he is to conjoin with the other Sergeant majors, and consult, counsel, and concur with them touching the placing of the guards and Sentinels: so that there may be found no negligence nor imperfection, sith all this office consisteth in care, vigilancy, readiness, and order.  

To go to the General for the word, and orders to be observed.  It concerneth him also, to go unto the General for the word, and to receive the order and course to be followed the next day, and to go presently unto the Campe-maister to show him thereof: although that sometimes the Campe-maisters or Colonels themselves do take the word and order from the General, and give the same unto the Sergeant majors, yet properly the doing thereof doth appertain to the Sergeant Maior his office.  

To have great care in placing the watches and guards.  And as touching the watches and guards, he ought to have great consideration, not to place them, if the enemy be at hand, before the entering in of the night: for he ought to prevent, if possible it might be, that the enemy perceive not where he setteth his watches and Sentinels.  
And when it were time he shall call together the company or companies, 

tofore advertise the soldiers by the drum maior.  
To reknowledge and view the places of guard and Sentinels.  
To appoint them the order in going the rounds  
To visit and revisit all the aforesaid orders.  
To reprehend the faulty.  
The negligence of Commanders breeds contempt in soldiers.  
The encampement to be entrenched.  
Where the corpse de guard to be set. Natural fence, good.   which should be of the watch; the which are to be advertised thereof from the morning, by the Drum Maior of the regiment, and he is then to set them in their places, the which as I said, aught to be reknowledged and viewed, and showed unto the Sergeants of such companies where they are to place their Sentinels, and he is to appoint them what order they are to keep in going their rounds: always reserving a particular care, to visit and revisit all the before appointed matters and orders.  
And if he shall find any negligence or carelessness in such officers, he is to reprehend and chasten them with such severity as the case and cause shall require, for in the not executing the same, he becometh to be contemned, unrespected, and his commands and orders misprized: and so by consequence to introduce a very corrupt discipline.  Gent. 
What distance from the quarters and camp should the guards and watches be placed and set.  Capt. 
In encamping an army, it is accustomed most commonly to entrench round about the quarters thereof, for more security and strength to the allodgement: and when it is so, the companies which have the ward, are always to sally to guard the trenches, which is the wall of the camp. But in case there be no trenches, the Corpse de guard (in mine opinion) is not to be placed above 70, or 80, paces distance (as I have said before) from the front of the allodgements in his place of arms; yet sometimes there be found ditches, bottoms, and valleys so strong, that it shall be good for the guards to be placed there, although they be farther distant off, 
Great silence is to be kept in the body of the watch.  than I speak of; for such strengths by nature do serve and stand in steed of ditches and trenches. But not finding such natural fences, the watches are to be placed, as before I have said. For thus, as well for the security of the quarters, as for (if need should require) to secure those companies, it is better they be placed near then far off. And it is to be noted, as a thing of great importance, that great silence be kept in the body of the watch, at the least all rumour and loud noises are to be excluded, 
The Sentinels what distance asunder, and from the Corpse de guard.  and in their conversations to talk modestly, stilly, and with low voices.  Gent. 
And the Sentinels, what distance should they stand from the Corpse de guard?  Capt. 
About thirty paces, 
The Sentinels the wall of the camp, therefore near together.  little more or less.  Gent. 
And how far the one from the other?  Capt. 
There aught to be no more distance betwixt them, then that they may easily discern one an other, how dark soever the night be. For the Sentinels, being the wall of the camp, & which do serve that no body may enter in, nor pass out thereof, 
Sentinels better double than single.  without being seen and discovered, now if they should be placed too wide a distance off, that would not follow, which is pretended.  Gent. 
And those Sentinels are they to be single? 
The Sentinel vigilant, silent and careful.   Capt. 
No, but double, for four eyes may see and discern better than two, and because, if sleep do assail them, or could, the one (oppressed with sleep) might walk, and the other stand vigilant at the watch, with all stillness and silence, and without talking, with open eyes, and ready listening ears; for many times it chanceth to hear that, which the obscureness of the night will not suffer to see: and if they do perceive, 
In hearing or seeing any thing what the Sentinel is to do.  hear, or see any thing, whereof they ought to give advise to the officers, let the one go thither, and the other stay, and not to leave the Sentinel post forsaken: and therefore, for these and such like causes, it is much more safer, requisite, 
The single Sentinels, where.  and needful that they be double. But those which are set yet 30 paces farther, are to be single, which of some are improperly called forlorn Sentinels, not having the word, as the doubles have, the which are to be placed in the same distance, 
His duty what to do.  as are the first, and command and order given, that in descrying any thing, they are to retire to the post of the double Sentinels, and giving advise and notice of what they heard or saw, are to return to their places, without giving the Alarm: 

Not to give Alarm, but upon reasonable cause. When to give the Alarm.  
Fear and imaginations do disturb men's senses.   but in case that there were any notable number of horse or foot discovered, in retiring unto the double Sentinels, & all three perceiving the same for certain, and affirming it, than the Alarm is to be stricken, and in other sort, not: For many times, unto one man alone, fear or imagination doth cause few people to seem many, and many things to seem to be, which are not indeed: and at no time, is the Alarm to be stricken in the camp without good and urgent cause. For remedy whereof it is a matter of great importance, that the Sergeant Maior, 
To visit and revisit the Sentinels, at sundry hours in the night, to good effects.  every night, at different hours, do ordinarily visit and revisit the watches and Sentinels, as well to see that they observe and perform his orders and commands, as to the end that the officers and soldiers, understanding his courses taken, be more vigilant and careful in their watches, fearing to be punished if they incur into any defaults and negligences.  Gent. 
What call you the forlorn Sentinel, sith you say, they are improperly so termed? 
The proper forlorn Sentinel, what it is.   Capt. 
The proper forlorn Sentinel is that, which is set, either on horseback or foot, as necessity shall require, near unto the enemy's camp; to the end, to espy and give advise if any companies or troops shall sally thereout, or if the camp do remove secretly. And this such Sentinel is to be placed in some part so near unto the enemy, that being descried and seen, he shall with great difficulty retire and escape: 
An example.  and is never set but upon necessity of such like advises: As when Francis the French king, did relieve and victual Landresie, which the Emperor Charles held besieged, who determined to give him battle the next day before he were departed; and so Don Fernando de Gonzaga, who was General, commanded Captain Salazar that he should that night put himself near unto the enemy's camp, thereby to understand their designs and intents: but he miss to effect the same. 
The forlorn sentinel, not to have the word but a different Contersigne.  So the French retired in safety and well without any perceiving thereof. And thus these Sentinels have not the word that is kept in our camp, for the inconvenience that might hap, if being taken by the enemy, & corrupted with rewards or otherwise, they thereby might know our word: but he ought to have a different contersigne, that when he returns, he may be known thereby.  Gent. 
What order is observed in the day of the Word?  Capt. 

The order to be observed in the day of the word.  I have already told you, that the Sergeant Maior doth take the same from the General, and giveth it unto the Sergeants, and they unto the Caporals and Sentinels: but with this consideration, that the Sergeant Maior give not the same unto the Sergeants, being in Campania, until the very instant that they set the Sentinels and watch: And if they be in town of garrison, Citadel, or Fortress of defence, not until the shutting in of the gates, and the Sergeants & Caporals not to give it unto the Sentinels, until the very point of their placing at their stands or posts. 
With some the word doth pass no further than the Caporals. Dangerous to trust the word with raw soldiers.   Gent. 
You say here, that the Sentinels should have the Word; but I have heard say, that among our English servitors in the Low Countries, the Word passeth no further than the Caporals; and the Sentinels not to have the Word at all.  Capt. 
Indeed among raw soldiers there is good reason for the same, for the sundry inconveniences that might otherwise follow thereon. But with the Spanish Tercios, where they be experimented men, aswell in military actions, as in firm loyalty to their king, this order hath been observed, as I speak of.  Gent. 
Then the Caporall having the Word, and the Sentinel, not: what is the Sentinel to do, when occasion is to demand the Word? 
The Sentinel not having the word, what to do.   Capt. 
The Sentinel finding any occasion, is to cause the party to stand, and presently with an audible voice to call his Caporall; who with speed, from the Corpse de guard, repaireth to the Sentinels post, & there himself taketh the Word.  Gent. 
What order is observed among the officers and soldiers in taking the Word the one from the other? being a thing of such importance, we would gladly know it.  Capt. 
When any Officer or Captain of the Round, 

The order to be observed in taking the word, by the officers, and soldiers the one from the other. The shot; how? The pike; in what manner?  
The officer or Round; aught to give the word unto the Sentinel first.  
The soldier set at Sentinel, not bound to reknowledge any person, without giving the word.  
The word is the mean in war to exclude all deceits.  
The sight and hearing, easily deceived, especially by night. Example.  
A fowl error.   will, upon any occasion, draw near unto the Sentinel, the Sentinel, being a shot, ought to cock his burning match, having the piece charged and primed, and so to present it, and being a pike man to Terciar or charge his pike, and no farther off, then that with so low a voice, as they may but understand one another, to demand the Word, and in like order and consideration ought the officer or Round to give it unto the sentinel, when he cometh to visit it; the which Sentinel, aught by no means to suffer any person to come near unto him, except he give him first the Word, no although he knew him to be his Captain or Sergeant Maior, or camp-master: for the soldier being set at the Sentinel is not bound to acknowledge any person, for to permit him to approach unto him, but such as shall give him the Word which was given by the General, and so to the guards, by the mouth of the Sergeant Maior: which is the ●eanes and instrument used in wars, to exclude all suspects, & decits: For we see, the sight and hearing is easily deceived, although it be by day, then how much more by night; as was well to be seen by Publius Considius one of Caesar's Captains, a man esteemed for valiant and skilful (as one who had served in the armies of Lucius Sylla, and Marcus Crassus) whom Caesar sending to reknowledge and view the camp of the Helvetians his enemies, with certain spies, & to see if Titus Labienus had gained & possessed a hill, whereunto Caesar had sent him, he miss & erred so much in the reknowledging thereof, that he came running unto Caesar, & told him, that the hill, which he had commanded Titus Labienus to gain, was already possessed by the enemy, being quite the contrary; which caused that Caesar failed to defeat the enemy that day. And therefore in cases of such importance, there aught great care and consideration to be had.  
And again the officer or Round, when he goeth visiting the post or Sentinels, if he find them ready & vigilant (being that which is expected) he hath no need to approach always unto them, 
The Round finding the Sentinel vigilant, need not always approach near him.  but to pass along and visit the rest: and if he find them all with this watchfulness & ready, let him return to his Corpse de guard.  Gent. 
I have heard say, that the Sentinel ought not to suffer any person to pass by without giving him the word; and me thinks that you say, that the officer or Round, finding the Sentinel waking & vigilant, and having seen them, may return to his Corpse de guard without giving the Word.  Capt. 


The Sentinel ought to suffer none to pass in or out of the camp without giving the word.  
The officer or Round.   The obligation and duty of the Sentinel is, not to permit any person to pass in or out from the camp, without giving him first the word, neither yet to come near where he standeth: but if the officer or Round do pass through the Sentinels within distance of 8 or 10 paces, it is sufficient that he speak, and pass by, and is not bound to give the Word. But if in case they were to come from out of the camp, he is in no wise to suffer them to come near to reknowledge him, although it were at the abovesaid distance without giving him the Word: and if happily such person will not give it, 

Refusing to give the word, he may discharge as at an enemy.  
How to deal with such as come into the camp.   he may discharge at him, as at his enemy. And although he give him the Word, he is not to permit him to enter freely into the camp, but to accompany him unto the double Sentinels, & consign him unto them, for that one of them may forthwith, convey him to the Corpo de guardia, and there deliver him to the Sergeant, or Alferes, or to the Captain of the company, who are bound to give present advise thereof unto the Sergeant Maior, unto whom it concerneth to convey him to the camp-master, or General, if the case so require.  Gent. 

When the Alarm is given, what the Sentinels are to do.  When the Alarm is given, are all the Sentinels to retire to their Corpse de guards.  Capt. 
No sir; for they never should forsake their posts without licence of their officer, and that they do withdraw them, except those which do give the Alarm; who seeing so great a fury of the enemies to come upon them, which they are not able to withstand, that then indeed they ought to retire to their Corpse de guards?  Gent. 
In such occasions do all the Ensigns, which are at the watch make a squadron together, 

When the Alarm is given, what order is to be taken with the ensigns or companies.  
The General's guard, and guard of the munition, not to stir.  
To frame the squadrons with all diligence.  
To inquire the cause of the Alarm.  
To advertise the General and camp-master thereof.  
The companies set in squadron not to dissever without licence from the General.  
To return the Sentinels to their posts, or stations.   or every one apart?  Capt. 
They all join together in that Corpse de guard, which standeth most commodious for a place of arms, the which the Sergeant Maior ought to show them before hand; whither also the rest, which are in their quarters, should repair; but not those which are guard to the General, nor those that do guard the munition, nor out of the place of arms, or at the guard of the quarters, for those are not to leave their posts or stations; but of the others the Sergeant Maior shall frame his battle or squadron with all possible speed & diligence: and then shall presently inquire the cause of the Alarm, the which being known, he shall presently by his officers, give advise unto the Regiments next unto him, and above all, he is to advertise his camp-master and General; without order from whom, the companies already set in battle may not return to their quarters and guards. And so the Sergeant Maior, after they be fully satisfied & assured that they may disband and break up, he ought to demand licence of the General for the same, and shall return to set his posts as before they were. And if he shall perceive it to be needful to reinforce and strengthen his guards, he ought to do it with more or less numbers, as the necessity shall require it.  Gent. 
I have heard that some Sergeant Majors do draw out of their principal Corpse de guards where their ensigns & companies do stand, & the first Sentinels, other small Corpse de guards; 

To draw out of the grand Corpse de guard, other small Corpse de guards.  
The small Corpse de guard to what effect.   but I know not to what end?  Capt. 
That Sergeant Maior doth not amiss: for that Corpse de guard is of those soldiers which are for the Sentinels, and Round that night; for that the officer, when he is to relieve and change them, may find them more ready. And these Corpse de guards do serve also, that the Sentinels may have succour near at hand, if need should require: and again, they help also to keep the guards more vigilant, and the soldiers more ready to the service of their ensigns.   

THE THIRD DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is declared, some orders to be observed by the Sergeant Maior, in the very fact of arms: and in surprises and camisadoes, and ambuscadoes: and to be a general procurer of the soldiers good.  Gentleman. 
WHat orders is the Sergeant Mayor to observe, in the times of fight with the enemy?  Capt. 
The Sergeant Maior cannot keep any certain rule therein, considering the diversity of chances, stratagems and policies, which in every moment do happen in war.  
But in the action of battle, he is to see, and to foresee (as before I said) as well their own, as their enemy's orders, and disorders; to redress with all valour, readiness, and skill, 
What the Sergeant Maior is to do in the fact of battle.  what is needful in his own squadrons, and to espy every advantage upon the enemy: and valiantly to animate, order and encourage his soldiers to valour, virtue and honour; and that with courageous and honourable words: and if by fortune any of his squadrons be disordered and broken, he must with all speediness, courage, and skill redress the same.  Gent. 
But if any men in the ranks of his squadrons be hurt or slain, either by the enemies great shot, or otherwise, so that wanting there those men which so are slain or hurt, how are these ranks to be refurnished, so that it may be done without confusion?  Capt. 
The order of the Romans, 
The Romans' order was to fight in battalions. The Greeks did fight in Phalangia, or square. Men slain or hurt in the first ranks, how to reform the ranks. The fore ranks to be always kept full.  as I have already said, was to fight in order of battalions, the one to second the other, which is a very strong order of fight, were men expert and skilful therein: And the manner of the Greeks was in Phalangia; which is a just square of men, whom we do therein imitate: which manner of square of men is, each man standing consequently in rank, and in file one after other: so that if any of the first files or ranks be slain or hurt, the next soldier succeeding the same man hurt or slain, is to step up into his place & room, and the next after to follow him; and so successively one to follow another, even unto the centre or train of the squadron: in such sort that always the foremost ranks be fully furnished.  Gent. 
And what is to be done with those hurt and slain men, for me thinks they should be looked unto. 
officers appointed to withdraw hurt and slain men out of the battle.   Capt. 
The Spaniards have a laudable custom, which is, that they have certain men appointed of purpose, to retract and draw forth of the squadrons, such men as be hurt, and to bring them unto the chirurgeons: and for such as be slain right out, to convey them away, so that their slain numbers is never lightly known to the enemy. Which order I would wish to be received and observed amongst us.  Gent. 
What other parts are there yet in him to be required?  Capt. 


To be skilful in giving a Camisada.  
Example.  
To conduct the soldiers with great silence unto the Camisada.  
To invest their shirts.  
To perform with resolution, and all celerity.  
In such difficult attempts the Sergeant Mayor to be conductor.  
Example.  
In ambuscadoes the soldiers to be silent and ready.  
To charge suddenly.  
The Sergeant Maior to be solicitous with the general for armour, and other necessaries for his regiment.  
How the same to be reparted.  
To be the universal procurer of the soldiers good.  
Hurt or sick men to be conveyed to the hospitals.  
All under officers to assist the Sergeant Maior.  
The carriage-maisters.  
The Harbingers.  
The Sergeants.  
Lieutenant and Alferes.  
Drum Maior.  
Caporals of the field.  
The Sergeant majors Coadjutors.   Moreover the Sergeant Maior ought to be very expert, and to be very skilful, and well advised, in the course which is to be kept in giving a camisada: as that was, which was given unto the Prince of Orange's army by the Spaniards, when he came to relieve grave Lodwick his brother, being besieged within Mouns in Henault, by Duke d'Alua, which was such, that he was feign to raise his camp, and retire toward Germany. Now in such cases, the Sergeant Maior must conduct his soldiers with great silence, even to the place of the enemy's camp, and there shall he command them to put their shirts upon their armour, at one instant making ready to effect their designs, whereunto they shall pass with all speed and resolution, before that the enemy may be advertised thereof by their Sentinels. And also when other great occasions are offered, where it is needful to carry the soldiers with great silence, secrecy, and stillness, he is to be their guide; as did the Sergeant Maior Valleio, when Mondragon with his regiment passed over the river Schalt, to secure their friends besieges in Targoes.  
And in ambuscadoes, which are to be done in places of covert; as woods, thickets, hollow ways, or hills, he is to be careful that the soldiers be silent and without noise, for not to be discovered, until their espials and watches, appointed for that purpose, do give them the sign of the convenient time of their sudden charge upon the enemy.  
Also it is the Sergeant majors part to be solicitous and diligent with the prince or Captain General of the army, and the other superior officers, for the providing of armour, and other necessaries for the companies of his regiment, and for the other munitions of powder, match, lead, and victuals: the which he shall cause to be reparted unto the Sergeants of the bands, to be by them delivered unto the Caporals, who are to distribute the same among the companies.  
And to conclude, he ought to be the universal procurer of the soldiers good, procuring their pays, and that they be succoured in their necessities and wants. And if there be any hurt men or sick, he is to procure that they may be carried with all care, unto the hospitals or such places deputed for the same, providing them of carriages, necessaries, and guides if need require. To do all the which he hath all the officers of the regiment for helpers and ministers; which are to assist and obey him, For the cariage-maister is to furnish him with carts, and carriages as shall be needful, and the furrier mayor, to provide and bring munition at the day of battle: and the Sergeants to assist him, to set the squadrons and to keep the companies in order and array: and the ensigns and Lieutenants to give and notify the orders and commands to the guards for the service of the companies: and the drum mayor to proclaim and sound the general commands, bandoes, and laws of the field, and to give warning unto the Captains, and companies, which are to have the watch: and the Caporals of the field, being his Coadjutors, to assist and help him in all matters, and actions general touching his office, with whom he is to consult, and communicate his proper authority unto the best experimented of them (with leave of his superior commanders) and unto which coadjutor the Captains and officers ought to be obedient, 
The Sergeant majors coadjutor.  as unto the Sergeant Maior himself, receiving also from him their order and commands: and therefore it behoveth that he be a very sufficient person, of good deserts, and known to be such; to the end, that the respect which is borne to him for his office sake, be not lost, if the parts requisite in such a parsonage be not found in him. It toucheth not only the Sergeant Mayor to be a general master of all Military discipline, 
The Sergeant Maior a general master of all military discipline. A procurer of the soldiers soul's health in general. Banishing all public crimes, and common offenders.  and the universal procurer of all necessary things for the soldiers bodies (as I have said) but he is also precisely bound to be the procurer of their soul's health, by punishing and banishing all public crimes and sins out of every Band and Company, as lewd keepers of common women, thieves, pilferers, disordered persons, and drunkards, bawds and brawlers, and all such as live infamousely, and above all to be very careful not to suffer any blasphemer, yea, if it were possible, not to have any swearing by the name of God, sith that with all these sins the divine Majesty is highly offended: which if herein he have the care that is required, he shall not fail to be well reputed, 
The reward of a good officer, both in heaven and earth.  favoured and esteemed of the Prince, under whose ensigns he warreth, and also be blessed of God, both in heaven and earth.   

THE FOWERTH DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is treated of the office, duty and parts of a Sergeant Maior, entering with his regiment into a fortress or town of garrison, to keep the same: and the orders therein to be observed, both of officers and soldiers.  Gentleman. 
GOod Captain, you have very well and largely declared the office, parts and duties of a Sergeant Maior, lying in the field and Camp; wherefore I pray let us now entreat you to show the parts of his office entering with his regiment into a fortress or town of garrison, to defend and keep the same.  Capt. 
Having found you so kind and courteous (Gentlemen) I can do no less but endeavour myself to content you in what I may: 

The Sergeant Maior entering with his regiment into any Fort or town of strength to keep the same, what he is to do.  

1. To reknowledge the place well.  
2. The places necessary for the Corpse de guards, sentines, and Rounds.  
3. The place of assembly.   
To divide the companies, and the orders to be observed he must give in writing unto ever Captain.   and therefore I say, that when any regiment doth enter into any fortress, town, or castle, to reside there for the defence thereof, the Sergeant Maior is presently to reknowledge and view every part of the same, both within and without, and to consider the parts most necessary where to place the Corpse de guards, and to set the Sentinels: and also to mark the most convenientest places for the Rounds to pass, and to see the place or places of assembly or Arms, whereunto the Captains and Companies are to gather and assemble, if in case any alarms be given: and this being done, he is presently to divide the Companies according as he shall see it most convenient for the guard and custody of the place. And of this repartition (communicating it first unto his Colonel) he is to give an order and instruction in writing, firmed with his hand unto the Captains and Ensigns of every Company, reserving a copy thereof himself, to the end that no officer might with reason excuse himself, if he should chance to commit any fault or negligence in any thing touching the guard of that which was commanded him, seeing it was delivered him in writing.  

Great care to be had in dividing the guards.  And because there is great consideration and care to be had in dividing the guards of a Fort, hold, and Town of defence, chief if any enemy army be expected to the same, notwithstanding that in all other times this care and foresight is to be observed in this function: 

No company to have any one place assigned them to krepe customably.  
The reasons.  
In the evening to assemble the companies of the watch.  
To draw lots, or cast dice for the quarters.  
No company nor squadras to know their quarter until the very hour of setting the watch.  
To consider whether the places for the Corpse de guard be commodious.  
Reparations to be done.  
Garrits, and watch houses.  
The walks for the Rounds to be made commodious.   he should in no case assign unto every company the part of the wall or bulwark which they are ordinarily to keep: for the most often that towns have been taken by practise, tracto, or treason, the principal cause hath been, that the Sentinel or officer, which so selleth the place, hath known the part and quarter where ordinarily he was to guard and watch, whereof we have many examples: and therefore he ought to assemble, and gather into the place every evening, the companies which are to be that night of the watch, and that they draw lots, or cast the dice for the quarters which shall concern them to keep: and the troops or squadraes, and Sentinels shall observe the same order: in such sort that neither any company, may foreknow his quarter, nor yet the squadra, what part of the wall doth appertain unto them, until the very hour that the watches be set, and placed in the same.  
Now this partition being made (as is said) he is to consider very well, whether the Corpse de guard, where the company or companies are to enter into and stand, be fit and commodious; and also those of the gates and cavalleroes. And if they have need of repairing, let him cause it forthwith to be done, and also the garrits and watch houses, where the posts and Sentinels are to be placed, and whether they be sufficient to defend and keep out the rain: and this to be done at the charge of the city or town, as is accustomed. And if the Rounds cannot commodiously pass round about the walls, he is to cause it to be accommodated forthwith. And must see, that there be sufficient store of torches, cressets, links, and lanterns, as well to be kept in the Corpse de guard, as for the rounds and counter rounds. In placing the companies which are to have the watch, 

To provide store of torches and lights for the night.  
To set the watch an hour before night.  
No soldier suffered to disarm himself until the shutting in of the gates.  
The soldiers not to disarm until the Alferes be unarmed.   the Sergeant majors do use different orders; for some do set them in the morning, and others in the evening; sooner, or later, as they shall think good. But in mine opinion, if necessity did not otherwise constrain, I would always set them (especially in summer time) an hour before the sun setting, as well for that the soldier should come supped, and so should have no occasion therefore to go out of the watch, as for that until the shutting in of the gates, no soldier should be permitted to disarm himself, giving them to understand how foul it is, and ill beseeming the profession of a soldier, that no sooner they are entered into the Corpse de guard, but that their corselets be hanged up upon the walls: yea and some do use it in the Camp, having the enemy's army at hand, the which fault is intolerable, and they ought not to do it, until they see their Alferes disarmed first, on whom they ought to fix their eyes, to imitate, as they do on their ensigns in the field, 
The orders to be observed at the opening of the gates.  to follow.  
At the opening of the Gates, the Sergeant Maior ought to appoint the Sergeant or Sergeants, that be of the guard, that they be present at the shutting & opening of the same, and the soldiers always to betake them to their arms, not suffering any to carry cloak, mantle or such like thing, to trouble them at that instant, and that there first pass forth at the wicket (which serveth for that purpose) five or six soldiers, who shall discover, take knowledge, and view, seventy or eighty paces out abroad into the fields: and finding all things safe and secure, 
Not suffering the people to pass out or in by throngs.  the gates shall be opened, first suffering the in-people to pass forth, and that not by throngs, as commonly is used, but by little and little orderly; especially if there be carriages, carts, or baggage: and until all those be passed out, he shall suffer none to enter in, neither permit them to approach nigh unto the gates. And the issuing out of the people being ended, with the like regard and order ought the out-people to enter; always having in the Corpse de guard of the gate, both by day and night, two Sentinels, one at the weapons, and the other in the field; and that every one of these should have a Spontone, 
The Sentinel to have a Spontone.  or a long sharp iron, to the end, that when any wain, waggon, or cart, laden with hay or such like, do pass by, he may therewith thrust the same thorough, to know if there be any deceit therein hidden. For a Garrison may easily be deceived by such guiles and stratagems. Like as Caesar de Napolie did attempt at Turine, 
Example of a practice.  although he effected it not, being prevented by the advise and diligence of a Smith, an inhabiter of that place.  
He is to cause wood to be provided for all the guards, 

To provide wood for the corpse de guard.  
Places to be provided in the corpse de guard to accommodate the arms   although that cold weather constrain it not, for that to light their matches it is always needful to have fire. And that in the Corpse de guard there be place commodious to hang up their corselets, and to accommodate their pieces in good order: seeing not only that it is necessary, that the soldiers may with speed and readiness betake them to their Arms, if in case the Alarm be stricken, but also to avoid all confusion, and also for the adorning of the Corpse de guard.  
And when the Ensigns or companies shall enter for guard or watch into the place, the Sergeant Maior is to be present, and he ought not to suffer then any gaming Tables; 

Not to suffer any gaming tables the watch entering into the place.  
To receive their colours with great respect and reverence.  
To keep good account of the number of the soldiers.   but the soldiers to receive in their Colours with great respect and reverence, sith they represent the authority Royal: and in doing the contrary, it repugneth all good Military discipline. And he is to keep a good account and reckoning with the soldiers that serve in every Company, according to the muster that they made, whereof he is to have feed and certificate from the Paymaster or Treasurer, and knowing thereby, that they bring to the guard and watch, much lesser number of people than they receive pay for, he ought to take a reckoning of the officers of the Companies, and for being careless herein, many soldiers do serve many times but badly. And he ought not to suffer, that in their entering in or going out from the watch, 
To have regard that their Arms be complete and good, and inconvenient order.  there want any piece of their corselets, or Morian to the shot, neither that they serve with rusty armour, nor of the antic fashion; neither that any Pike do want his head, cheeks, or arming; for that in having them, it doth not only beautify the squadron, but it maketh it to seem more than it is, 
All apparitions yielding terror to the enemy, to be esteemed.  which is a circumstance of great importance, sith all the apparitions which may yield terror to the enemy, are to be esteemed, and much accounted of.  Gent. 
In what order do the Ensigns enter into the place?  Capt. 
Unto the Corpse de guard, 
The orders to be observed by the companies entering into the Corpse de guard.  the shot goeth always in the Vanguard, and there arriving, do open, making a lane or street, betwixt the which the Pikes do enter, and march in their Arrays: and (in mine opinion) they should not carry them advanced up, 
Another order set down in folio 46.  as I have many times seen used, but they should pass in betwixt the shot, with their pikes on their shoulders, marching as they come; and at their arriving, unto the head of the shot where the Captain standeth, without opening or disaraying, and then advance their pikes, abiding in their ranks, and so from hand to hand, each rank to do the like: and then the shot at that arriving and rearing of their pikes, shall draw near and impale the first ranks on each side, and so consequently the rest, unto the end of this order; in such sort that the squadron may remain form and garnished. 
Two companies entering at once into the Corpse de guard.  And if by chance two companies do come at once into the place, as many times it chanceth, than ought they jointly to form the squadron, with their shot on each flank, and the corselets not to break their arrays, advertising that always the ensigns be in the centre thereof.  Gent. 
And the companies which stand at the ward, what are they to do when the others do enter?  Capt. 
They must attend ready armed and arms in hand, standing upon one side of the Corpse de guard, 
The companies which were at the watch, what to do.  until that those companies which do enter, have finished their squadron; and then do they march in order towards their lodging, accompanying first their Colours home.  
And the Sergeant Maior is to be careful, to visit every day the Corpse de guards, 
The Sergeant Maior is to visit the Corpse de guard.  whereby he shall cause, that neither the soldiers nor officers do absent themselves from their watch, and that there be no brawls nor brabbles therein. And it doth import much, that he do the like in the Rounds and counter Rounds.  

Unruly soldiers to be punished.  And if any should dismeanor himself, breeding question or brawl, either in word or deed, he is severely to be punished, for the great inconveniences that may ensue thereupon, being so many men together with weapon in hand.  
And he is to provide that the Rounds and counter Rounds be of more or less men, 
The Rounds and counter Rounds.  or more or less continued, according as need shall require: but they never should return to their Colours from whence they departed, until they have furnished their quarter, 
Their duties and charge.  the which they ought to bestow and spend in giving turns about the walls, & viewing the vigilance and carefulness of the Sentinels: and the like aught those to do, which do go their Rounds in the town.  Gent. 
When the Rounds and counter Rounds do meet, as well in the camp as in a Castle,, who is to give the Word one to the other first?  Capt. 
The counter Rounds are most commonly of officers, and therefore by reason and duty the Round is to give place, 
The Round is to give the Word first unto the counter Round.  and to give the Word first unto the counter Round. But for as much as Captains themselves do use to round in the ordinary quarters, it is convenient, to the end that none may justly be aggrieved, and to disbarre all odds and inconveniences, that the Sergeant Maior (as a person, unto whose charge and office is the disposing and appointing of the guards, 
The Sergeant Maior is to give order for this point.  Rounds, and counter Rounds) do give order unto the companies in what manner they are to behave themselves in this particular point: which shall be, that always the Round to give place, and give the Word unto the counter Round: and thence forth shall appoint the counter Rounds to be of officers of the companies, as is accustomed.  
And in case that in the one and the other there be officers, or that both be of soldiers, it is great reason that the Round do yield and give the Word first, for that the counter Rounds be of more pre-eminence: 
The counter Rounds duty and charge.  the which are not only ordained to do the same which do the Rounds: which is to see unto the care and vigilancy of the guards and Sentinels, but they are also ordained to see if the Rounds do fail in their duties: 

The Governor and Sergeant Maior rounding extraordinarily is to give the Word first unto the Round.  
The Round is to give the Word first unto the Sentinel, and to take account of a such as they shall meet.  
If any pass out of the forest by night, to give advertisement thereof.  
The guard not to retire by day till an officer come to remove them.  
To visit and revisit all things often and as different hours.  
To reprehend with gravity and courteous speeches.   But this is to be understood in case that the supra Roundes be as ordinary as the Rounds: for that when the Colonel or Governor of the fort, or the Sergeant Maior do extraordinarily visit and Round, as they are wont to do, then is it their part to give the Word unto the Round: the which being not advertised that they be any supra Round, he is bound to give the Word unto none but only unto the Sentinel: and all those which he shall meet, he ought to view, and take account of them, of that which they do, and whither they go; apprehending such as he shall find faulty, or any other suspected person that he shall fortune to meet. And if by chance there pass any body by night out of the fort or garrison, as commonly it happeneth, it is needful to advertise the Sergeant Maior thereof, who should thereupon take order to change the Word which the watch had, for the inconvenience that might happen for not doing the same.  Gent. 
And the guards by day, may they retire without farther order?  Capt. 
No truly, until the Sergeant Maior, or his coadjutor, do come to withdraw them in such manner as they were set, placing the guards that are to remain there by day. And for as much as I have spoken very much touching this officer, I will conclude with saying, that he ought to visit and revisit at diverse and different hours, all things that he hath provided, after their well ordering; and see how they be performed, reprehending and punishing what he shall find worthy punishment. But he ought to do this in good and courteous sort, and sober manner, knowing how to command with sweet and gentle words, having a natural grace thereunto, and gravity, whereby to be obeyed, in such sort, that when he would determine to execute his designs, and his superiors charges and commands, all the soldiers and officers might bear him that due respect and obedience, 

The drum is the voice of the commander.  
To provide good Drummers.   which should be needful to bring the same to effect. Finally, let the Sergeant Maior be very careful to provide good drummers, and men skilful in their art, especially their Drum Majors; for the drum is the voice of the commander in the field: and besides their skill with the drum, to be men of good capacity and judgement; also to speak sundry languages, being behoveful for many important occasions wherein they are to be employed.  Gent. 
Captain, 
Many good parts ought to be in the p●rsonage of a Sergeant Maior.  you have thoroughly discoursed touching the office of a Sergeant Maior; whereby is to be understood how many great and good parts ought to be in the parsonage called to this martial function. Now I pray tell what degree of office cometh next.   

THE FIRST DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is declared the Election, Office, parts and duties of a Camp master or Colonel, and from whence these names Colonel, and camp-master did spring, with some discourse touching the nature of the Spaniards.  

The camp-master or Colonel, his Election and Office.  Gentlemen. 
THe next officer, in superior degree, is the camp-master or Colonel. The election of this officer is made by the Prince, with the advise of his Council of state and war. His office is, to be Commander and chieftain over the Captains, and all the other officers of his Tertio or Regiment: 
The Colonel his office and Command is over the Captains and soldiers of his regiment.  having jurisdiction & dominion over them all. Whereby may be inferred and gathered the parts and qualities which ought to be in him, and the great skill and experience in war; as one who ought to exceed them all, for to know how to command, rule, and govern them, with authority, prudence and valour. And for as much as in many occurrants and occasions, growing and presented in wars, he ought to know how to perform the parts and office of a Lord high General, 
Principal parts in a Colonel.  being alone with the companies of his own Regiment, as when his General commandeth him to the battery, or siege of any fort or City, or to defend any town or fortress, or to war in open Campania, to give battle to the enemy, to make incursions, to retire and withdraw skirmishers, to frame bridges over rivers, to fortify himself in camp, to conduct artillery, and many other pieces of service to be performed with a band of three or four thousand men: whereof there are many rare examples, extant of many brave Colonels, who have showed themselves singular herein, both English, 

Example of brave Colonels Lucius Martius.  
The two Scipios slain.  
Asdrubal the Carthagian.   French, and Spanish, in our late and modern wars, bravely behaving themselves, as did Lucius Martius, a Roman Knight, when he gathered together the relictes of the defeated armies of the two Scipios, having had those their two Consuls slain by Asdrubal the Carthagian in a campall battle. Therefore, I say, for as much as by that which is already spoken, may be understood, that he, which is a Campe-maister should be endued and graced with the like good parts and skill, 
To conduct, to fight and govern well.  for to conduct, fight, and govern well, as a Captain General, I will leave to recite now, until I come to declare the parts and qualities due to be found in a High General of an army Royal; and from thence shall be considered what concerneth this officer, and so will I at this present, speak only of such things as he ought to provide for the good conduction and government of the companies of his Regiment.  
In the time of the Emperor Charles the fift, Francis the French king, and Henry the eight, 
Colonels with us, which the spaniards do call Maestres de Campo, and wherefore so called.  king of England, those were entitled Colonels, or, as some will, Colonels, which the Spaniards do call Maesters de Campo: being yet called Colonels, by the Italians, the French, the Germans, and by us Englishmen, so called: by the Spaniards, Maestres de Campo, for having, quited and deprived them the pre-eminence which they had to elect Captains and Sergeant Majors, the Lord high Generals reserving the same unto themselves, leaving unto them no more but the command, and authority in the administration of justice, and in the effects of war. For commonly the Captainries are appointed by the Prince or General: 

The Colonel electeth to himself a Lieutenant, and Alferes, a Sergeant, and Caporals.  
From good & skilful officers, ensueth the observing of good orders.   the Colonel electing unto himself a most sufficient Lieutenant and Alferes, a Sergeant, and Caporals, all men of due sufficiency, to the end that his Captains may imitate him therein; for that, that it importeth much to have good and skilful officers, sith from them doth grow the observing of good orders, and unto the army the due use and exercise of arms, with the perfection of discipline, and all good parts to the perfection of infantry, with encouragement to the soldiers, that with them the Colonel may attain honour, glory, and fame by his actions, and military courses.  Gent. 
Thus it seemeth that this name of camp-master is but modern. 
The name of Colonel or camp-master, but modern.   Capt. 
True; Neither the name of Colonel very ancient.  Gent. 
Then, how were those called before time, which had the government of soldiers in armies?  Capt. 
They were called Duces (guides) of which amongst the Romans there were three sorts, 

By the Romans called Duces, differenced into 3. parts.  

1. Duces Militares.  
2. Duces Provinciales.  
3. Duces Limitan●i.    or differences viz. Duces Militares, Duces Provinciales, and Duces Limitanei; intituling those, Duces Militares, which went ordinarily with the armies: having each, under their charge and rule, one thousand men or more, as have now our camp-masters or Colonels, or rather our Generals. The other, entitled Duces Provinciales, were those which had all the soldiers of one Province, under their command and charge; as have the camp-masters of the Tertios of Naples, Sicilia, & Lombardie. The third, called Duces Limitanei, were those which had under their charge and government, all the men of war on the frontiers to the enemies, as had our Lord Marchers in England.  Gent. 
Thus the titles of Dukes sprung first from the wars.  Capt. 
So did the titles of Earls, 

The titles of Dukes, Earls, Marquises, and Knights, sprang from the wars. The Colonel's company precedeth all others of his regiment.  
The Colonel ought to be a perfect soldier.  
Being such, the other officers will more punctually perform their duty.   Marquises and Knights. But now to return to our matter. The Colonel's company or band, doth precede all the other companies of his Regiment, both in place and in all other occasions. And now for to know how to command and govern all the officers of his band, and of all the other companies in his regiment, he ought most perfectly to understand that which toucheth every particular officer, even from the Capo de squadra, unto the Sergeant Maior: and it would be a matter of great importance, to have exercised, and to have risen up through all these offices, the better how to know, and perfectionate his own: for by knowing this, the Captain, the Sergeant Maior and all the rest, will walk more warily, and pass more punctually in the accomplishing of all their charges and duties, knowing that they have a commander so skilful, which quickly will perceive, either their virtues or vices: persuading them to the one, & dissuading them from the other: the which in actions of war do either greatly help, 
The squadra of the Colonel, band ought to be soldiers of experience and valour and be advantaged in their pays. To consult with his officers, & old soldiers.  or greatly hinder.  
In the squadra which belongeth to himself, out of his own company there ought to be soldiers of great experience and valour, which should be advantaged in their pays, and whom he must esteem and make great account of, consulting often with them, & with his Captains & officers of best carriage, & most experience in his companies: For many times a private soldier of experience and judgement, will give better reasons, counsel and advise, than many other of higher degree: which often hath been proved, and examples extant.  


To procure th●t all military discipline be duly observed.  
The duties of his officers and soldiers one to another.   He ought to procure that all military discipline be duly observed and that his Captains, & the other officers under his charge, do obey, respect, & honour him, sith they are bound thereunto, as unto the person of their proper General, in all things concerning the service of their Prince: and that the soldiers do obey their Captains & officers with great humility, & reknowledgement, and in like sort that the officers do command and govern them with convenient speeches, and good entertainment and courtesy. And it shall also much avail him to know the names of his Captains, 
To know readily the names of his Captains and officers.  Lieutenants, Alferes, Sergeants & Caporals, and of all the particular soldiers, if it were possible; for in the pinches of war, it is to great effect, to call a Captain, officer, or soldier by his proper name.  
The Sergeant Maior is obliged (as I have before declared) to receive his orders & directions from his Colonel, and with his opinion and appointment, to augment or diminish the guards. But this to be understood, when there is no camp-master General in the army, 

The camp-master general▪ with us the Lord high Marshal, his pre-eminence in field.  
In the administration of justice to govern with all equity and right.  
Parts of his office.   whose proper office this is, whom he ought to respect and obey, and to accomplish all orders by him appointed, touching his charge.  
In the administration of justice, he is to govern with great discretion & wisdom, executing it with all equity and right, that his soldiers thereby may both love him & fear him; for it concerneth the Master of the Camp, to apprehend, to discharge, & to punish, & also of life & death, in all delicts & cases deserving such punishments; and in things and matters committed against the commands, laws, and bandoes of the high General of the infantry; and in whose absence he may command orders & make laws, and punish those that go against them, and obey them not; For, for the execution of justice he hath his appointed officers, with their pays for the same; and also he doth judge and determine their civil differences & debates, which shall arise among the officers and soldiers of his regiment. And if any do find themselves aggrieved with his sentences, 
Appellations to be made to the high General.  they may appeal unto the Lord high General or camp-master General, that being unjust, they may revoke them; and if not, then command them to be executed. And in all these matters touching the administration of justice, if the Colonel general, or Lord high Marshal (being there any such) will intermeddle therein, he may; and, as superior and preheminent in office, he may command, ordain, do, and undo; diminish or augment the authority and pre-eminence unto the Colonel. It concerneth him also to have regard to the place of victuals or market, 
His charge over the victuallers or victuals.  that there be no deceit used against the soldiers; & he is to set the price, weight, & measure of all that is sold, & to put good guards to see that the merchants & victuallers may keep their stuff and wares in security and safe; and for the same, do the merchants and victuallers pay every Saturday, for every stall or booth, some six pence a piece or more; all this, being with his regiment alone, where there is no camp-master General; unto whose office this doth properly appertain. He is to be careful and diligent with the Lord high General for his soldiers pays: 
To be careful for the soldiers pays.  and see they be provided of armour, necessaries and needful munitions, and the same to be distributed, as before I have set down: and this he is to do with such earnest diligence and affection, that he may oblige them all to acknowledge and confess him for their true father, and faithful Commander.  
Among the Spanish companies in Italy, 
To be made acquainted with all new soldiers entertained into any ●ande.  it is accustomed that no Captain do entertain any soldier into his band, but that the Maestre de Campo do first see and approve him, especially of a strange nation, being not a particular and well known parsonage; for many inconveniences, that may follow thereon.  Gent. 
But I have heard say, 
The Spaniards will not permit any soldier of a stranger nation to bear office among them.  that the Spaniard permitteth none of a strange nation; though of never so good parts and service, to ascend unto any degree of office among them: which is contrary to us: for our Princes, in time past, have received, esteemed, and advanced, many strangers, being personages of virtue, valour, and desert.  Capt. 
So did the Spaniards in time past, in the times of their kings of Castillia and Arragon, in their sharp wars amongst themselves, and against the Moors, wherein many of our nation did singular themselves, & from whom are descended many of the chief houses of Spain. 
The Spaniards pride & ambition grew principally since the discovery of the Indies.  But since their wonderful discovery of the India's, by Columba an Italian; their marvelous conquests therein; their inestimable treasures, long since brought home, and continually received from thence; their long continuance in wars, being nuzzelled therein by Charles the fift; the brave Provinces of Italy and Flanders by him annexed unto their crown; 
Favours of fortune.  with sundry such favours of fortune, hath inflamed them with such imperious minds, & possessed them with such proud and high conceits, with such jealousy of their honours, as they term it; and invested them with such an habit of scorn and pride, that it is a wonder if they permit any honourable Gentleman of a strange nation, though endued with never so many good parts, and served them never so well; to ascend unto any high degree of command amongst them, their envy is such. 

Their envy to the Prince of Parma.  
God may suffer them for the sins of some nations.   For let us but thoroughly mark & consider the actions of the brave Prince of Parma, done in their service, yet by them envied, obscured, and slandered what they may, and you may easily perceive the verity hereof. But what will be the end of their ambition and pride I know not. It may be that God suffereth them, for the sins of some nations, as by Flaunders and France may appear, and also by their attempts against us. 
A good consideration.  But who can tell, whether the Lord using them for a minister, as the loving father doth the rod, to correct his beloved children; who, after correction or amendment, casteth the rod into the fire. God grant us the spirit of true repentance, the which if we have, we little need to fear the smart of this odious rod. Yet this much I say again for the Spaniard, that any brave Gentleman, serving valiantly amongst them, in place of a private soldier, shall be esteemed, beloved, and favoured of them, so he aspire not to command: a great sign of ingrateful minds: 

Every brave man of war beareth a tatch of ambition.  
Envy and fearful jealousy ever rise in the world.   for who knoweth not, that every brave man of war beareth a tatch of ambition, and of aspiring mind, deeming their virtue valour, and service to deserve degree of charge: a thing not to be misliked, in mine opinion, so it be procured by lawful and honest means. But envy & fearful jealousy, is now over rife in the world, reigning commonly amongst men, not of the best deserts, fearing a companion with them in office.  Gent. 
Me thinks, 
The proud Spaniards Mappa Mundi to be Crossed.  you have showed us the proud Spaniards Mappa Mundi; wherefore it were good for us to crosselyne him what we may.  Capt. 
Proud Spaniard indeed, and ambitious also; his mind never resting like Siziphus rolling stone. But it was not so, two or three hundred years agone: for than were they poor, and contented to live quietly with their neighbours, and glad of their good wills, 

poverty breeds humility; humility breeds credit; credit breeds advancement, advancement brings wealth; wealth breeds pride; pride sprouts ambition; ambition begets envy; envy broacheth wars; wars brings poverty; poverty brings peace.  
A pretty confession of a Biscayn Spaniard.  
The Indian gold the s●●ew of the war.   for poverty made them humble; their humility brought them favour and credit, credit wrought their advancement; advancement heaped by fortune, brought wealth; wealth bred their pride; their pride sprouted ambition; their ambition begat envy; and their envy engendered wars; wars may breed poverty, and poverty breedeth peace. Hereupon will I report you certain speeches passed betwixt myself, and a young Biscain Spaniard, of whom I had the examination, with others his companions, not long since, at Laugharns, a sea coast town in South-Wales. After having answered unto such points and interrogatories, as were unto him propounded in presence of the Lieutenant of that Shire and other Gentlemen, I demanded of him again touching his king's Armadas, and preparation for wars. Captain (saith he) our king hath ships but unwilling mariners, his preparation of the last Summer is now dissolved: his home bound Indies fleet being safely arrived; and his out bound sent away; After this safe arrival of this his Indian fleet, bringing the sinew of his wars, what he will do, I know not, & every spring there is speeches of war; but I perceive small performance and effecting; and but bad success yet, especially against your nation. But how soever the game goeth, we, the poor do smart, and I wish the ill year to his Eggars and setters on; the Pope, his Clergy, and some his war Commanders; who, the wars being ended, should happily live but hardly; 

The Spaniards ambition warreth upon all Christendom.  
The India's failing, the Spaniard soon a beggar.  
A good suspicion.   what nation is there, which our ambition hath not warred on? The Italian, the French, the Fleming, and you the English; of the poor Indians I speak nothing, which feedeth him with wealth, which were they cut from him, or should they rebel, or should his fleets fail him but two or three years together, he were in hazard to be a beggar. He aspireth all, and aimeth a conquest of his neighbour nations: but God knoweth which of them may arise in the end, and be our confusion: for my Genius suspecteth somewhat; and this was the effect of his speeches.  Gent. 
His speeches were to be mused at, if he spoke bona fide.  Capt. 
Bona fide, or not: but such were his speeches. Well now it is time for me to return to our Colonel, from whom I have long been absent, by reason of your demand.  


The Colonel is to carry a great respect to his high General.  
To be a faithful counsellor.  
His proper arming.  
To be most commonly on horse back.   He is greatly to respect and honour his Lord high General, obeying and performing his commands and orders with great care and diligence, procuring to keep himself always in his grace and favour, being a faithful counsellor unto him: and to execute his Commissions (having first thoroughly conceived and understood them) with great, valour, and readiness. His arming is the proper arming of a Captain, but to be always, or most commonly on horseback, providing and ordering all things most necessary and convenient for the good government of his companies. But if his Regiment should sally out to battle, and all his Captains placed in rank, 
To dismount on foot his regiment sallying out to battle.  he shall then dismount, and shall guide his companies on foot, for the honour and estimation of the infantry: as well was showed at the great muster of all the Spanish army before king Philip and his Queen at Vadaioz, at the conquest of Portugal: And for as much, as the other parts which may seem to concern a worthy Colonel, may be considered, when we come to speak of a Captain General touching his office and charge, I will conclude, concerning this officer, with the words of Cicero in his Oration Pro Lege Manilia: 
The parts to be in a great Commander in war.  declaring the parts of a great Commander in war: which is, great experience in martial actions; deep knowledge in histories; a life not spotted with notable crimes; to be magnanimous and valiant; and to be beloved, feared, and followed of his soldiers: and finally to have fortune to friend.    
The end of the fourth Book.   

THE FIFTH BOOK OF WAR DISCOURSES AND MARTIAL DISCIPLINE.  

The first Dialogue:  
Wherein is declared the election and office of a Captain general of the Artillery, or Master of the Ordinance: with certain discourses touching fortifications, as well natural as artificial: and the confines of kingdoms or realms, as well Maritime as Inland: the difficulty of their defences, to bar a strong enemy the entry: with other particular points touching Forts and fortified Towns.  

The General of the Artillery, or Master of the Ordinance, his election and office.  Captain. 
THE place and office of the General of the Artillery, or Master of the Ordinance, 
What parsonage to be chosen to be Master of the Ordinance.  is appointed by the Prince. His function is of great quality and trust, for the reputation had of the same, and for the effects which the same performeth: and therefore is always encommended and bestowed upon personages of great gravity and authority, and of great prudence, valour and experience: for besides the government which he hath of the Artillery of the Army, when the same encampeth: it toucheth him, 
His duty both abroad & at home.  by reason and course of war, to provide for all the sorts & strengths of the realm; and to appoint the orders for their fortification and defence.  Gent. 
These things are no doubt of great consideration, therefore we would willingly hear what courses might be taken for the fortifying and defence of a realm, to withstand the enemy's attempts.  Capt. 
The strength of every King or Prince, consisteth in the quantity and quality of his subjects, and in the good quality of his dominion and country.  Gent. 
I pray show us more particularly hereof.  Capt. 
I say (gentlemen) that those Princes and republics are judged most mighty, which in their kingdoms and states, do maintain, 1 good religion, 2 good laws, 

Those kingdoms most strong, which do maintain good religion, good laws, and good arms.  
All provinces strong by nature, by art, or by both. Strong by nature, how.  
Strong by art, how.   3 and good arms; and who do enjoy wholesome air, 2 fertile ground, and 3 natural strength, with such other desirable commodities; wherefore to explain the matter more, you are to understand, that all kingdoms or provinces are strong either by nature, or by art, or by both.  
They are strong by nature, when they are environed with the seas round about, or part thereof, or backed with lakes, mountains, rivers, or deserts. And those are strong by art, which in their frontiers, and in places most convenient, have towns, castles, and fortresses, fortified by art.  Gent. 
It seemeth by this, that the Captain General of the Artillery ought to be very skilful in artificial fortifications, I pray therefore declare unto us, the considerations to be had in fortifying a place or realm.  Capt. 
All confines are either Mediterraneall, or Maritime, or both the one and the other; 
All confines are either Mediterraniall or Maritime or both. Considerations.  and either they are in mountainous places, or in plain champain, or do participate of the one, and the other. If they be Mediterraneall, it must be viewed and considered on what part the enemy might enter to offend the country, and what passages he might have most commodious to conduct his Army, with his munitions and impediments. And it is to be considered also, on what parts he may most easily make his inroads, and retire again with safety, and whether there be any situation, which being fortified by the enemy, might molest and annoy the country adjoining.  

Maritime Confines.  If the confines of the kingdom be Maritime or sea coast, all the coasts and compases are to be viewed and remarked; and to see and consider, whether there be any gulf, shore, bay, creak, haven, port, or any river mouth, whereinto the enemy entering with his navy, and there landing, might annoy and assail a country. 
Nota.  For sea coasts, although they be in some respects strong, yet are they to be entered by a navy by sea, and do hold the defendant in great suspense and care, not knowing where, or in what part, such navy will arrive; and so is he driven to greater charge, being constrained to keep garrisons in every suspected place.  
And yet it is not enough to keep good strengths in places most necessary, and well provided, for that many times there is found a shore, a bay, a creak, or river mouth, not before esteemed or thought upon, whereunto the enemy arriving and entering with a mighty navy, 
A principal note Example of the Spanish navy, & arms in Portugal.  and there fortifying himself upon some strong and fit situation, doth put the country and kingdom in great peril and danger. As was seen by the Spanish navy and army, at the conquest of the Portugal kingdom, who touched at the head of Caxcais, and landed in a place never thought upon by the Portugal, so they found themselves deceived, thinking that the disembarkment should have been betwixt the city and San Gillian's Castle, where they stood fortified in their trenches, with determination to defend the landing. 
Sundry landings of Sir Francis Drake, in the India's and in the parts of Spain. Sea coasts to be defended with difficulty and cost.  And the sundry brave landings of Sir Francis Drake in the India's, and in many parts of Spain and Portugal (at most of the which I myself have been) do verify the same: whereby it is manifestly to be gathered, that sea coast countries are to be defended with great difficulty, cost, and charge, and with doubtful success, yea although that they have many places strong by nature. And for as much as there be diverse and variable qualities of confines, and no certain rule to be given thereupon, nor what distance there should be from frontier to frontier, it must be presupposed that the confines of a kingdom, 
The confines of a kingdom resembled to the circuit of a city.  doth hold some correspondency with the circuit of a city: in the fortification whereof, the bulwarks are the most important members, the which are set in the place where they may most offend the enemy, and also defend themselves, and the city; regarding therein due distance, in such sort that the one may defend the other, with their Artillery and small shot, and in like manner the Curtines betwixt bulwark and bulwark; with other advertisements therein to be considered. And even so the sorts to be made in the frontiers, 
The forts of confines what proportion to hold.  are to hold the like proportion, and correspondency with the confines of the country, as do the bulwarks with the courtines of a city; the one being placed so near unto the other, that they may assist and secure one another, and in such parts as may most damnify the enemy, and best defend themselves.  
The places most apt to receive offence by the enemy, being found out, and also to offend him, 
Places apt to receive offence by the enemy, are first to be fortified.  it is necessary to fortify the same, as well the sea coasts as the inland, with strong fortifications, castles, and bulwarks taking wonderful advisement, and careful consideration in choosing the situations thereof, whether it be on plains, or hills, or Maritime; or consisting of all three, understanding only the compass or circuit of the fort, with a certain convenient space round about the same.  
Of situations in plains, 
How situations in plains are strong. Holland and Zealand.  those are strong, which are environed with deep lakes, great moors, and high water shores, and banks, and those which may be sunk under water in time of necessity, as in Holland and Zealand, and these which have a Campania raza, or plain Champain, sufficient distant from all things that might over-commaund the same, as is the Castle of Milan and Antwerp, and such like.  
Of situation upon a hill, 
Castles of Milan and Antwerp. Situation upon a hill, how it is strong.  that is strong which standeth in the most highest part thereof, all underlayed with natural rocks round about, not having near it any superior nor equal mount: for in effect all situations which have a difficult access are strong, when they cannot be offended from other adjoining mounts; and much more stronger, if not minable; as is the fort of San Sebastian in Guipuscua, and that of Denia in Valencia, with sundry others the like: for mining is the greatest offence that such forts can receive.  
The Maritime situations are strong, 

Maritime situations, how they are strong.  
Saint Gillian's Castle.  
Pennion of Veles.   when they be compassed with the sea, as is the little fort at Plymouth, or partly compassed with the sea, and the rest divided from the main, by great and deep ditches, as is the Castle of San Gyllians by Lisbona; or built upon some top of a rock, with the above said commodities; as is the Pennion of Veles Malaga within the straights of Gribratar in Spain, 
How all strong places are expugned.  and such others.  
All strong places are expugned either by force or battery and arms, or by treason, or by surprise, or by long besieging, but we are now to treat of no more, but of the manifest expugnation wherewith holds and forts are won, which is, by battery, by assault, by scaling, by undermining, and such like.  
cities are made strong by nature and industry; of that by nature, we have already spoken in the strength of situations.  


Cities made strong by nature and industry.  
Strong by industry, how.  
By matter.  
By form.   Cities by industry are strong, by the form and by the matter.  
Strong by the matter, when they have thick walls, great Terraplenes, and broad and deep ditches.  
By the form they are strong, when it is framed such, that when the most farthest off that may be, and from most parts and quarters, it may offend the enemy with Cannon and fiery shot.  

Circular figure.  Of this sort are those, which do most near approach unto the Circular figure; but with good regard of the due largeness of the Curtines, and the equal distance of bulwark to bulwark.  


Forts of 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10 Angles. The 4 anguled the worst.  
Small places of themselves, but weak.  
Over large not long defensible.   There entereth amongst these all Forts and strong Towns, consisting of five, six, seven, eight or ten Angles; and Curtains, by direct line, and how many more Angles, so much the better, the four Anguled of all others is the worst.  
And it is to be noted, that very small places are of themselves but weak, because they cannot so sufficiently resist any excessive battery, and other offences, as great places may, which have room capable enough to raise defences, and necessary Rampartes against any great force: neither yet ought they to be so large, that the circuit thereof would require a whole army to defend it.  


Fortifications of Cities and Castles is grounded principally against the offence of artillery.  
Artillery is divided into sizes royal and lesser.   The fortifications of Cities and Castles is grounded principally against the offence of artillery, and is also defended with the same.  
And it is to be noted, that the artillery is divided and differenced, into greatness or Sizes royal, and into lesser sizes.  
Of the Size royal, is that piece which shooteth a bullet from seventeen pound weight upward; as is the Culuerine, the quarter Cannon, the demi Cannon, the Cannon and double Cannon; the Pedrera, Basilisco, and such like. And for the lesser size and difference, is to be understood all pieces that shoot bullet of weight from seventeen pound downward, as is the demi Culuerine, the Saker, the Minion, the Falcon, the Falconet, even to the Rabinet, and Harquebus a Croek.  

What artillery most offensive to fortresses and strong places.  The artillery from whence a City, Fortress or Fort, may receive most offence and damage, is that of the greatest size, and greatness: for of the lesser size there is no great doubt to be had, sith that the demi Culuerine can do no great offence nor damage, and from that size downward: and therefore the Bulwarks, Terraplenes, and Parapets, are to be made in such sort and strength, as they may be able to resist and bear of the blow and gulp of the artillery of the greatest size: and mattocks, shovels and spades are fit instruments and tools to the same.  


Strong places to be coupled with their convenient members.  
The members of all strong places are.   Resolution taken of the form of the City, Fortress, or fort, be it either of 5, 6, 7, or 10 Angles, or of how many soever, it is necessary to couple the same with their convenient members, to make it of proportional strength; which are these following.  Bulwarks. 

Bulwarks.  The Bulwarks are made upon the Angles or corners of the form of the City or Fort, and of such size and measure as shall seem due and convenient unto the skilful engyner; and they ought to be made obtuse or blunt, and not sharp: for so they are more strong and capable.  
The parts of a Bulwark are the Travesses or flankers; 
The parts of a Bulwark.  the Orecchion or Pome, or guard, or shoulder; the front or Curtain; the Counter front or Spurs; the Pestiles or Parapets; the place or room for the artillery in the under Trauesse or flanker, & in the upper; the entrances into the one and the other, and into the place above.  
The Bulwarks, as I said, are placed upon the Angles, and from any part (you will) of the Angle is taken 120, 
The placing of Bulwarks and order how.  or 130 foot, for the places of the Artillery both above & beneath, and for his Parapets & place of the same Bulwark, and at the end of this said number is taken the Trauesse unto the right Angle above the Curtain of the said measure; from the head of the which measure, & from the point of the first Trauesse next adjoining, is drawn an indefinitive line; & doing the like from the other part of the Angle and from the other Trauesse, these two strait lines shall come to be cut, in the which cutting shall the Angle of the Bulwark be.  
And it is to be noted, that it shall be better that the Curtines of the Bulwark, do stand in such sort, that they may be touched or beaten from the first Cannonera, 
The Curtain.  from whose flanker or Trauesse it taketh his defence and the point may be taken somewhat more distant from the flanker in a large Curtain; and according as one would make the Bulwark great or little, so the measures must be increased or diminished with conveniency.  
It is necessary to make in the Bulwarks certain issues or sallies, the which are made on the part that looketh toward the flanker or Trauesse: & the Bulwark having an Orecchion, 
Issues, or Sallies.  they are made in the first Trauesse, under the first Cannonera or Cannon room: and at the least it ought to have one, for that they be very necessary for the defence of the ditch, and to put people out thereat. And for the better to give you to understand, I should draw a Plate or figure of the Bulwark, but time now permitteth me not.  
The Tronera or which standeth next unto the Orecchion ought to defend the front of the Bulwark, and part of the ditch, although the first may defend the whole, 
The Tronera, o●  & therefore the point or front of the Orecchion shall always end with two blunt or obtuse Angles, and shall be somewhat more narrow in the said front or end, th' in then beginning near unto the Tronera.  
The Pendent or bending of the Parapet should be somewhat round or slope, to the end that the shot of the artillery, 
The Pendent of the Parapets.  beating thereupon, might glance up, for not to annoy those that stand at the defence, which would if they are made strait upon a right line: & from the said Parapet shall be discovered the covert way a long the edge or border of the ditch. The Counterfortes, and the other appurtenances of the Bulwark have also their measures and proportions; the which I leave to repeat to avoid prolixity; and because they may be more or less, according to the desseigns and Plaits of the perfe Engineers.  

The Cavallero within side, adjoining to the Curtain.  
The Cavalleres within side adjoining to the Curtain, 
Cavalliere.  are builded in the midst of them; and from such Cavalleres are the Curtains or walls of the Bulwark defended, and also the field. And for this cause are the Bulwarks wont to be made more sharp, and less strong, and they are to be more higher than the Curtines, and open toward the field.   


Cavalliere a Cavallio.  Cavallere a Cavallo, called a Platform or bastard.  
The Platforms or Cavallers without the Curtines, are in like sort built about the middle of the wall, and without, as are the bulwarks, and his height is of the highness of the wall. These against a good battery are but weak, for that one of their flankers is easily beaten down, and so the city more easy to be annoyed; and have no more but one Cannonera, with his place high & low, which defendeth the great curitne & the curtin of the bulwark: the angle is made in respect of the two bulwarks. This sort of platforms is made upon necessity, betwixt the two bulwarks, by reason that the walls or curtains are over long, and above due measure: it were better to seek some other remedy, and not to use this sort of flankers; for they be weak and dangerous.   

The Cavalleres within side, and distant from the Curtines.  

Cavallero, or a mount within side distant from the curtain.  The Cavallers aparted from the walls, are built in places which have any high ground without, and opposite, which may discover and annoy the city; and on such part where the enemy may come in covert, even unto the ditch, without being seen or annoyed: they are to be made of such height, as may suffice to see over the seat that it would discover; and are made so broad and large, as may be capable for the artillery, which is pretended to be there planted, and the thickness of the Parapets, as should be sufficient; for they come first to be battered with the enemy's artillery: and are to be builded so far distant from the walls, that the ruins, when they be battered come not to annoy the soldiers, that stand at the defence. These Cavalleres aught in no wise to be made within the bulwarks, for so it would occupy the place that should serve to defend them; but to be built in some place behind them, or on some other part; they have also their Scarphe or Alambor, and are to be open on that part next unto the town, with their entrances good and sure from any offence that might come from without.   

The Tenazas, or  

The Tenaza, or  The Tenazas are made in place of the platforms, being set within the wall; and also are built in hilly situations, upon, or toward the turning of the valley: and are the best manner of flankers, for it is nothing else but a Curtain defended with his bulwarks.   

The Tizeras, Dientes, and Casamats.  

Tizeras, and Casamats, or  The Dientes and Tizeras, and other simple flankers, are to be accommodated in situations or seats strong by nature; for they come evil to purpose on plain grounds, not in place that may be battered: and therefore the curtains which be defended with such manner of Travesses ought to be short; for having but one flanker they are but badly defended. Their measure or sizes are bigger or lesser, according to the quality of the seat where they be set.  
Casamats' were wont to be made in steed and place, where we now plant our Platforms, but so low that they arrived not unto the alture of the ditch. They are unprofitable, for they are soon over covered with the ruin that falls from the battery, and smothered with the smoke of their own ordinance: for they be all close and covered, and do give means unto the enemy to approach near unto the walls, with trenches, or such like aproching.   

The gates of the City, or Fortress.  
The gates or ports are to be placed in parts most commodious for the service of the city, 
The gates.  both in peace and war, convenient to receive in, or put out people, necessary, and most safe and sure from all manner of offences, and so low that the ditch may hide and cover them. The gate must have his drawbridge made of timber, and his rastell or drawer of strong timber or iron; and must also have his Serracenesca or Percluys.  
The way which cometh from without, should not come direct upon the gate, 
The way from without.  to the end it be not easily discovered into the field; but of sufficient wideness, for the passages of carts, veins, and artillery; and of a moderate highness.   

The Terraplene, and place or broad way behind the same; and the spaces of Retreats.  
The Terraplene, 
The Terraplene.  the only remedy against the fury of the artillery, is to be made within, or close behind the wall, and within the bulwark and cavalleroes. It ought to be framed in such manner, that the wall being fallen, the same may remain and stand like a mighty mount against the enemy: and should be made of such fast and massy earth, that it crumble, slip, nor roll not, and so fall down; as did a fortification made at Carthagena in Spain, for being made of running sand. The height and breadth thereof aught to be such as the commodity and seat will require.  
Toward the City on the inner part, it ought to decline and bend down by little and little, for the easy ascending to the defence of the wall; not only for the lose soldiers, 
An open way at the foot of the Terraplene.  but also for a form squadron, and the artillery. There should be within at the very foot of the Terraplene, an open way round about the city, and withal, behind the same, certain convenient spaces and rooms to contain squadrons of soldiers for to secure & relieve those that stand at the defence of the walls, and also to make retraites into, when necessity should constrain.   

The ditch small or great.  
The ditch is made on the out side round about the wall, 
The ditches.  and aught to be made so deep, and cast up so high, that it should cover the wall, at the least unto the Cordone, and no more but to the beginning of the Parapete; for that, for to batter the wall, the enemy would be constrained to mount up: and should be of such wideness, that it might not be well passed over with bridges, ladders, or other engines, and difficult to be filled with any matter. It should have in the midst a little ditch or gutter, which shall serve as well to receive the waters, as to assure them somewhat from the mine; and also to give some hindrance to the enemy, when either perforce, or by surprise, or by treason, they should enter into the ditch. At the end of the ditch there should be made a close way or passage, by the which the soldiers might secretly sally to annoy the enemy; and to defend the ditch; and themselves to be defended from the wall: and round about the ditch there should be another like vault or privy way.   

The Campania raza, or plain Champain, without the town.  

Campania raza.  The Campania or field without the City ought to be razed or plained a thousand paces round about, beginning from the border or ring of the ditch; or at the least of six hundred paces: and there should remain neither ditches, walls, gardens, orchards, nor buildings, nor bounds, nor by-paths, nor hollow ways, nor any thing else that might yield means unto the enemy to approach the City, without being endangered: rasing down in like sort, all other things that might serve for Cavallero or Mount, to advantage the enemy to the battery.  
All these things are the members of a fortification, the which how much more fit, and proportionally they be placed about the body and circuit of a City, so much doth it make the same more strong and beautiful.     

THE SECOND DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is entreated of the refortifying of any old Castles, Towns, or Cities, with the considerations to be had in the same: fit for the safety and defence thereof.  Gentleman. 

Refortifying of old places of strength.  YOu have declared of most things necessary to any new fortifications: but now, because more commonly old Castles and Cities be repaired and refortified, then new forts erected; I pray, what order is there to be taken in such refortifications?  Capt. 

Situations of Cities and fortresses.  All Cities, Towns, Fortresses or Castles, do stand either on a plain or on a hill, or on the sea shore (as before is said) or else participating of all three: now whether it be on maritime confines, or in land bounds, before that one come to raze down the old walls, and to build up new, these matters following are first to be considered, as well for the situation without as within.  

Annotations of the out situations.  

Annotations of the out situations.  It must be remarked and considered if the City or situation without be upon a hill, or on plain, or participating of both; and of what sort is the one and the other, of these qualities: if there run any river along by the City or near it, of what quantity or greatness it is, and toward what part it runneth: & if it have any lake or pool adjoining near unto it, of what greatness it is, or of what store of water; or if there be about it any little hills or banks which might endamage the place: or if there be any valleys, bottoms, or hollow ways, where the enemy might be hidden, and come to annoy the City; of what qualities the mount or hill is, whereupon it is seated, either if of hard stone, or of soft, frangible, and easy. Now if it be in a plain, there must be considered (above the above said) how the ditch standeth, how the field, and how the rivers run.  
It is also to be noted, 
Annotations.  that if in any of these situations there be near adjoining any woods, vineyards, orchards, gardens, tough of trees, houses, Churches, Monasteries, or other edifices, considering whether they be such as may annoy the enemy, or render him any commodity, whereby he may easily harm the City.  
If the seat of the city, fort, or fortress, be maritime, or sea coast, 〈◊〉 must be considered the quality of that sea, and of the haven or port, and of what depth it is, whether it hath any little Isle or rock near unto it, the which the enemy enjoying may offend and annoy you, and whether it hath any shore, bay, receptacle, or place of refuge, or any river-mouth, where the enemies fleet riding easily at an anchor, might hinder & impeach, their succour by sea, and continually molest them: what distance there is from the wall unto the sea, and whether it be such that the enemy may advantage himself therewith: & all the abovesaid considerations touching the situations of sea or land, noting the same with great care, heed, and forecast.   

Annotations of the seat within the City, Fort, or Castle.  
The same care and regard is to be had within the place, 
Annotations within the place.  and to reknowledge every part thereof particularly; beginning with the form, and then the height and thickness of the wall, and the quality thereof: moreover it is to be viewed in what part it is most weak and feeble; what flankers it hath; what Terraplene; how high, and how thick; what space betwixt the same and the habitations and dwellings: what gates, how framed and seated: what ditch; how broad, and how deep: whether dry, or with water: what entries, or sallies: of the waters without the place, City, or Castle, or within; whether by open Canales, or by covered Aquaductes: whether the most habitations of the City be on high above the alture of the walls, or equal with them, or whether the walls do surmount the City: and finally all other considerations, worthy to be noted.  
These considerations duly had, & resolution taken, than a plat must be drawn with convenient rules and measures to reduce the said City, 
A plat to be drawn.  Town, or Fort, to the best form that may be, with as little ruin & defacing of houses or churches as may possible be, placing the bulwarks, the Cavalleroes, & the Tenazas, & other edifices convenient to their seats, sometimes shortening, sometimes enlarging the place; profiting themselves with the old buildings (being good thereunto) taking away the little Turrets which stand betwixt the travesses; reducing the wall unto the due altitude, putting the Terraplene a little distant from the same, for not to bear it down; helping it with faggots, bavens, and such other stuff.  
The ditch should be made with all his appurtenances, and convenient measures.  
And for as much as old Towns, Cities, and Forts, being of diverse forms, some round, some of sharp angles, and some of obtuse angles, or right, with their Curtines either long, or short out of measure, it would be impossible to give any particular rule for every one: therefore it were good and necessary that the skilful Engineer should advantage himself with the already said rules and measures commodious, 
Skilful Engineer.  and with his own good wit and judgement: for so may there be fortified any place upon any manner of seat: only he ought be advised to profit him with the old to spare his masters purse what he may, but yet without overmuch damnifying and weakening the fortification.  

To fortify the feeblest parts first.  Resolution taken upon the design or model of the form and greatness that the City or fortress is to have, he must begin to fortify the feeblest place first, and the aptest to be offended, foreseeing, and providing, that before he overthrow any of the old, that that which he buildeth a new, may stand in defence. There shall be made gates, and sallies, and their streets both within and without: and the space or way behind the terraplene; and round about without shall all things be made plain and disencombred: and with other appertinances, as before is declared.  Gent. 
There be some Cities & towns compassed about with such altures or heights, that the soldiers cannot well stand at the defence thereof, without being endamaged either in front, in flank, or at the back: what remedy is there for that?   

Remedy and defence of a place, annoyed with diverse altitudes.  Capt. 

Places annoyed by diverse altures, the remedies.  The best & most secure remedy shall be to take in the said heights with the walls of the city or place: but when, for good respects it cannot so be done, the wall should be withdrawn inward so far, that the offences coming from such mount, being so far distant, might come to be of little effect or force: and when none of these two things may be done, then being in front it is necessary to fortify in contra such a stepdame, that might be able to resist all rigour offered from the same, placing against it a strong and gallant point of bulwark, 
A point of bulwark.  if the seat will permit it; in such sort that from such a stepdame, the Cannoneras of the flankers, which are to guard this bulwark, may not be embocked or stopped up: for it must be procured, what possible one may, that the  be not offended and annoyed. And if there cannot be placed a good point of a bulwark, then build there a Tenaza, 
Tenaza, what it is.  that is, to wit, one Curtain with two bulwarks, making them well proportioned, and to purpose; and much more higher than accustomed, with a Cavallero, 
Cavallero, or mount.  or mount to the same in place most convenient, which may overtop, or at the least be equal to such an annoying height: Or a Cavallero without, with such Parapets and capacity, as should be convenient unto so great an annoyance. And if the upper parts may be yet endamaged, then raise the walls so high, that they may be shadowed with an archrooffe covered with good earth and turf: and if this yet suffice not to shadow the defendants, although that the Parapets be more high than accustomed, raise them yet so much higher, as might suffice; 
The canoneries.  and make the Cannoneries that they may shoot from above somewhat downward, to the end they may not be annoyed by such a stepdame; and make the Terraplene within full of steps or gresses, for the defendants to pass up to defend, and to descend at need or time to be shadowed.  

Trees to be planted upon the terraplene.  Upon these Terraplenes should trees be planted, if the ground will bear it, and that well and thick; for, besides that they do their part in shadowing, they will help also to fasten the earth; and will serve to make faggots, and other convenient reparations. The ditch should be made somewhat deep then ordinary, with his little ditch or gutter in the midst, and with his wells for the countermines.  
When the defendants might be annoyed on any flank, 
Flankers.  defending any Curtain, then should there be made flankers & Cavalleroes all along such Curtines on the inner side, & of such height as they may cover the said Curtain, with their entrances from the one to the other, which might give commodity to the soldiers to go and pass to the defence. 
Remedy against the back part offences.  Being offended on the back part; the remedy is, to make the like Parapet as is on the fore part of the Curtain: and in any manner or sort, trees be advantageous on every Terraplene, sith they do shadow, that the enemy cannot discover what is done within. And moreover they do help to the use of fortification, as well with faggots, as with other needful timber; and do defend & bear off the inconvenience of blustering storms and winds, from the inhabitants within.  
These, 

Three manner of offendings.  
An over commanding no●●●e is a stepdame to a fortress.   and such others are the remedies to be observed against the abovesaid three manners of offendings. But if all these three might be remedied, by taking the said mount or stepdame that offends & damnifieth the place; or to apart from it as wide as were needful, I suppose that that were the best: for otherwise, the time permitting it, and the quality of these confines, it would be better to choose another seat for a new fortification, lest that by a long and gallant assailling, it fall at last into the enemy's hands.  
It is not only sufficient, that the City, Castle, or Fort, be well fortified in manner as abovesaid, 

A sufficient garrison of defence. What considerations to be had & what provisions to be made.  
Needful implements, at batteries offensive and defensive.   or in any other better, if also it be not sufficiently furnished with a convenient garrison for defence thereof: for so were it like a body without a soul; and besides this, if it have not provision of all sorts of victuals, artillery and munition, and of all other arms offensive and defensive, in good and sufficient quantity: and of shovels, spades, mattocks, pickaxes, hatchets, axes, saws, wedges, hammers, iron-sledges, bars of iron, nails, ropes, etc. and other necessaries to work in earth, or in the walls, or in stone, or in timber, and also in water; mands, baskets, hampiers, and small hand-panniers, hand-barrows, and wheelbarrows to carry earth; barrels, tub, sacks, boards, planks, beams, posts, rafters, stakes, watlings, gabbions, and all other things needful, at batteries, and besieging; without the which it is impossible to rampire, repair, and to retrench against batteries, assaults, and other offences of the enemy. All the which belong unto the office, 
All the which belonging to the office of the master of the Ordinance.  care and duty of the General of the Artillery, to see them provided in every town of garrison and fortress of defence within the Realm, which stands for the defence and safety of the same.  Gent. 
These fortifications you speak of, are very costly, and not to be performed but by a mighty Prince; therefore is there no other mean of fortifying of less charge, than brick, or stone and lime?  Capt. 
Yes truly, 

Fortifications of earth and turf of great strength against the cannon with small charge.  
Objection.   in mine opinion; The which is done only with good earth and turf, without any stone work at all (or little at least) framed in manner and form as these aforesaid: and as I suppose, of as good or better effect, against the Cannon, than the other, by reason of the great ruins that the other maketh, at any forcible battery, and so more easy to be assaulted: although it may be objected, that these fortifications of earth are of less during and small continuance, especially where the same is environed with wet ditches, and those of running water. True; 
Answer.  but the repairing thereof is of little charge, time & labour, in respect of the charge, time and labour of the other; which is not performed (if the place be of any greatness) but with expense of Millions: as may appear by Antwerp & the Citadel thereof, the Castle of Milan, the Citadel of Turine, and the Citadel of Mets in Lorraine, with sundry others the like. On the contrary, let us mark and note a number of other places fortified with earth and turf only, as is the great town of Gaunt, and as was Oudenard, Sluice and Mastricht, and sundry other places in the Low countries, which have endured such gallant batteries & fierce assaults, sufficient to weary a great Prince his power and purse, and sundry other goodly Cities in East Germany, which I have seen fortified in no other sort: and from thence may be gathered (comparing the charge of the one & the other, and the effects in fine to be as one) that the fortifications of earth may serve to good purpose, and of continuance sufficient.    

THE THIRD DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is set down the particular officers belonging to the great Artillery, under the command and charge of the Master of the ordinance: the boats for bridges, and the Artillery, with all the appurtenances to the same, needful to an Army royal.  Gentleman. 
TOuching fortifications of either sort, and of the alterations and refortifying of old towns & Castles, we have understood sufficiently: but when there is any Army levied, what charge hath he therein?  Capt. 

An army levied, the charge of the Master of the Ordinance.  When there is an Army newly levied and framed, the Captain general of the Artillery, or Master of the Ordinance, as we call him, hath under his charge the Artillery thereof, with munitions convenient of all sorts, kinds and qualities; and armour and weapons for the people of war, a swell foot as horse: and under his command they are kept, delivered, ordered and distributed. 
Carriages & people belonging to the Master of the Ordinance.  And to carry the same, he conducteth under pay, horses, oxen, carts, wanes, carters, wainemen, engineers, gunner's, carpenters, smiths, founders, armourers, mariners, calkers, pioneers, labourers, & other people of such service, which both ordinary & extraordinary, are wont, and aught to be under his charge and government, for the service, use and conservation of the Artillery, and of the Armour, 
Bridges built upon boats.  and of all sorts of Munition: and for bridges, barks & boats, and other Addresses and engines, which are used and needful to be framed to pass rivers, and other passages, according as cause and occasion shall be offered. And for the administration and services of all the which rehearsed things, to assist and help him, he hath these officers following, among the Spaniards.  


Officers.  The Officers which do assist the Master of the Ordinance, are these.  

Clerk of the Ordinance.  The Clerk of the Artillery or Ordinance, who keepeth account of the pays, and other charges made in the same, by Libranzas or tickets, from the Master of the Ordinance, and an officer under him.  
The Paymaster of the said Artillery, 
Paymaster. Purueyer general.  and his officer.  
The Comittie, or purveyor general, who hath charge to provide all Bastiments, provision, and other necessary things for the people attending upon the Artillery.  
Four Lieutenants to the said Master of the Ordinance. 
Lieutenants. Maiordomes, and their several charges.   
Four Maiordomes or Stewards; who have the charge of the said Artillery, & of the munition, and things thereunto appertaining, whereof they are to give account: the one taking the charge of the mounted Ordinance, and the shot and powder of the Cannon, etc. The other, of the powder for the small shot, match, lead, pikes, lances, murrions, corselets, muskets, calivers, and of the artificial fires, or fireworks, with their appertenances. And the other two, of all the other things necessary, and otherwise belonging unto the said Artillery; and of all the tools for the pioneers, and of all sorts of ironworkes, and nails of all sorts, with all necessaries that belong unto the carriages of the Ordinance, and carts and wagons for the same: as, wheels, axeltrees, ladles, sponges, rammers, linepinnes, levers, wedges, and all such other implements, as do appertain unto the said Artillery; and wine, and vinegar to cool the Ordinance, soap, candles, cordage of all sorts, with lanterns, crescets, iron chains, and such other things: all the which are to be distributed by order of the Master of the Ordinance. This office of four Maiordomes may be resumed by one, being a very sufficient man, having three officers under him.  
A Furrier Mayor of the Artillery, 

An Harbinger Maior.  
A Chancellor, & other persons attending.   and one other to repart the provisions.  
A chancellor. 30 Gentlemen of the Artillery, which do attend upon the person of the General of the Ordinance. 30 Hargulutiers or harquebus on horseback, attending also upon him: 8 Halberdiers for his guard: two or three Interpreters attending upon his person; 
Other people belonging to the Commander.  a Minister or Preacher, a Physician, a master Chirurgeon and his servant, a Trumpeter, two or three Engineers or more, two or three Refiners of powder, or as need shall require.  
With every piece of Ordinance that is in the camp, 
Gunners & other Officers.  there ought to go two or three Gunners. Besides there must be, Mine masters, Smiths, Cowpers or Carpenters, and Wheelewrights, to make wheels, axeltrees, and coffers, belonging to the Artillery, some fifteen or twenty, according to the number of the Ordinance.   

Boats and Bridges.  
To pass the Army over deep rivers, 

Boats & barges ' whereon to frame bridges.  
Soliman the great Turk.   they use to carry great boats and barges of a yard deep by the board; whereupon they frame Bridges made of strong timber and planks, as did Soliman the great Turk to pass his Army over the river Dravo or Drylo in Dalmatia, when he went to expugn Ciguet, where he died. And had Don Sebastian, that unfortunate king of Portugal, carried such boats, and bridges with him, 
Don Sebastian king of Portugal.  at his unlucky journey into Barbary, to have passed with them over the river Lucus, and marched towards Alarache, and not thrust himself so far into the country as he did, happily he and his Army had not been so foully overthrown as they were. 
God suffering a Prince to run to ruin, bereaves him sense & wits.  But when God will suffer a Prince to fall to his foil, he shall never ascertain nor hit upon any good direction and counsel, but runneth headlong unto his wrack and perdition.  

The Prince of Parma his bridge made over the river Chaldis.  The Prince of Parma made the like bridge over the river of Antwerp, but of more wonder and strength, serving unto two great purposes: the one, to stop the passage that no shipping with victuals might come up to Antwerp, then by him beleaguered, and the other, to pass his camp out of Brabant into Flanders at his pleasure.  

Boats for the bridge how many  They are used to carry for these bridges, some 20, 30, or 40 boats, according to the greatness of the river, to carry and conduct the which, these people & officers ensuing are needful.  

A Captain of the boats, with officers and mariners.  A Captain of the boats, a master workman to join them together, 20 mariners and calkers, or more or less as shall be needful to the number of the boats, six horsemen to conduct them when they pass by land; eight men who have in their charge the iron works, cables, anchors, and grappling, four men to anoint and grease the axletrees of the carriages and carts in going; one smith and his man, a wheele-wright and his man.  
All these people doth the Captain of the barks command and conduct, and see to them that they have their tools necessary, and about them, and to provide them carts, wanes, or wagons to carry them.  
Moreover there ought to be in the camp ten or twelve smiths, as well to make and mend Irons needful, as to show horses, and such like services.  Gent. 
What number and sort of Artillery is used to be carried with an Army Royal?  Capt. 
Such as shall be thought necessary, according to the greatness of the enterprise, and the Prince's pleasure: but such as are used to be carried in such journeys by the French, Italian, and Spaniard, I will as near as I can show you.   

The Artillery more or less, that is used to be conducted with an Army.  

The Artillery used to be conducted with an Army, and the necessaries thereunto belonging.  30 Cannons for battery, that shoot bullet from 44, 50, 60, and some 70 pound weight; from 6, to 10 inches in height.  
20 demi Cannons, from 24 pound bullet, to 30 pound.  
20 Culverins, from 16 pound, to 20 pound bullet.  
15 demi culverins; 20 Falcons: 25 Falconets; and 12 Sakers.  
5000 Quintals or Centenaires of Cannon powder, to remain in the place of garrison of most respect, ox hide to cover the powder in carriage; 600 quintals of harquebus powder, and a number of leather bags or satchels, to carry powder behind men on horseback, and when any battery is set.  
9 or 10 thousand Cannon shot, 7 or 8 thousand demi Cannon shot, 3 or 4 thousand Culuerine shot, 3 thousand demi Culuerine shot, 2 thousand Falcon shot, 2 or 3 thousand bullets of lead for Falconets, 6000 shot of diverse sizes. All these shot and bullets must be carried in coffers, and strong mands made of osiers or mats, 300 Centenaires of lead, 500 Centenaires of match, 2000 iron shovels, 7 or 8 thousand mattocks, 4 or 5 thousand pickaxes, 2000 axes and hatchets to cut wood, 1500 wood hooks, and tools to make faggots: the greatest part of all these iron tools are to have handles, and healues. There must also be tables, planks, & boards, & good store of such other timber for many necessary causes: great store of hand mands, and baskets to carry earth to the bastion, & gabions; sea compases also, and 4000 great iron nails for the carriages of the Artillery, and of other middle and lesser sizes: four great saws, and many small; eight great iron sledges to break rocks and great stones, to make the way plain for the carriages: 20 iron crows, and iron bars as many: 150 quintals of iron: 50 quintals of steel: 20 augers of the great sort, middle, and lesser sort; two talladores or, which are engines to mount and dismount ordinance: and many spare chargers or ladles of brass, and many rammers, sponges, and such like, for double Cannon, Cannon, Culuerine, demi Culuerine, Saker, Minion, Falcon, etc.  
Good store of nails of sundry sorts, as well for the wheels of the Artillery, as for sundry other purposes; many chains of iron to draw the artillery; store of iron clouts for the axletrees, with some iron bands for the wheels; two Romanas which is a certain scale or beam to weigh powder, match, etc. All tools appertaining unto a smith's forge.  
Horse nails and horse shoes of all sizes; good store of Cotton match for the lint stocks; cordage of sundry sorts; small cables for the artillery; certain carriages, or beds for the Artillery; and spare wheels to the same: with axletrees, and such like: certain carts and wheels extraordinary to carry the munition.  
Eight great coffers, whereof 2 to be full of tallow candles, for the Carpenters and other officers to work by night, and 2 with lanterns, and 2 with cere-clothes and the other 2 with torches and wax candles, and such other lights: 150 kinderkins and barrels to carry the small cordage, and small iron ware, and greasing for the axeltrees, 50 kintals of soap, tar, & soft grease to anoint the axletrees of the carriages of the ordinance; 60 bundles of scaling ladders, & 3000 muskets and calivers in store.  
Moreover there must be carried with them to make artificial fires, some quantity of Sal niter, or peter, as we term it, Brimstone, sal guma, camphora, pitch, rozine, turpentine, tar, coal of young hazel, or willow, aqua vitae, liquid vernize, tutia, arsenic, alexandrina non praeparata, linsseede oil, common lamp oil, Cal viva, quicksilver, wax, strong vinegar, and saltpeter three or four times refined: of all these no great quantity, for they be costly, and seldom used.  Gent. 
Truly it is a wonder, to hear and consider what a number of diverse & sundry things do of necessity, 
The charge of great ordinance is wonderful.  appertain unto this great ordinance, and the number of officers and people to govern the same: the horses and oxen to draw them: such store of carts, wanes, and wagons to carry the munition: which must needs be a wonderful charge unto a Prince, which either voluntary or constrained, doth use many of them, as of necessity any Prince maintaining war, either offensive or defensive, must needs do.  Capt. 
Therefore have I made this large relation, 
The Spaniard in continual action. Without the India's the Spanish king soon a beggar.  rather to let you understand the excessive charge that a prince is at in managing of war, them of necessity to be inserted in this place: especially being in continual action, as the Spaniard is: wherefore I say, as did the young Biscaino one of his subjects, being in examination with me as before I told you, that without the Indies, the spanish king were soon a beggar. And much more would you wonder, should I make a particular recital of the charge he is, and hath been at, in the long wars of the Low countries; in his preparation for the conquest of Portugal; in his fleet & action unto Tercera Island; in his proud attempt against us; In his brabbles in britain; besides the incredible number of his pistolets continually flying in (almost) every nation, 
The Spanish gold infecteth good princes subjects.  to infect, corrupt, and pierce the minds, hearts, and souls of good Prince's subjects, to their Prince's annoyance, and their own confusion in fine. Italy, France, and Flanders, too full of his pencionary troops: I pray God, that other nations taste not of his infection.    

THE FOURTH DIALOGUE.  
Declaring the number of beasts to draw each piece of Ordinance: what people, and officers to attend them: the duty of the Maister-gunner, and others under him. Item sundry other parts and duties belonging to the Captain General of the Artillery, as at battery and such like, the quantity of powder, correspondent to every several piece: with other martial annotations.  Gentleman. 
WHat number of oxen and horses are necessary to draw every particular piece of great Ordinance?  Capt. 

Horses to draw a Cannon of the greatest size, etc. Horses to draw a Culuerine.  To draw a Cannon of the greatest size, they use to put 24 horses or oxen in fair weather, and in soul 30. And for a demi Cannon 18 or 20. And to draw a Culuerine in fair weather, 24, & in foul weather accordingly. To draw a Saker 12 or 14 beasts; and for a Falcon 8 beasts, etc.  
A good cart, wain, or waggon, will carry 60 Cannon shot, and of others after that rate, 
Carriage of Cannon shot and other munition.  and are drawn with 6, or 8 horses: and after the same order and weight, go the other carts and carriages with powder, lead, match, iron, iron-tooles, armour, and all other munition. One cart to carry a bridge bark: and all these things considered, the Captain General of the Artillery taketh up all these carts and beasts at the Prince prices, being in their own dominions; and in other countries as he may get them for pay.  Gent. 
Then being in others country, what order is to be observed herein?  Capt. 

Order for beasts and Carriages.  The Master of the ordinance agreeth and bargaineth with some certain persons who do offer themselves to serve in the actions with a thousand horse or two, as did one Andrew Dun, in the service of Charles the fift, in his wars of Gelderland and France.  Gent. 
What people and officers are necessary to attend upon, and to conduct these carts and carriages?  Capt. 

The officers and people for the carriages.  First the principal person over all the said horses, with 2 halberdiers attending upon him, a clerk to take the account and muster of all these carriages, with his halberdier attendant, a Harbinger, and a Mayorall, which goeth with every thousand beasts, a Cill Master, or Lieutenant to the Mayorall, over every 200 horses or beasts; a Provost over the horses which draw the Artillery, two Carpenters, and two ferriers or smiths.  Gent. 
There would need a great number of people and strength to lad and unlade all these carriages; and to help about the Ordinance?  Capt. 

pioneers, under the Master of the ordinance, & to what purposes.  True, and therefore the General of the Artillery hath under his charge, a great number of labourers or pioneers, which of necessity must be had in a camp, and follow an Army, to make trenches, Rampires, Minings, Countermines, ditches, caves; to make plain the ways for the army to march; to accommodate the passages for the Artillery to pass; to raise mounts to plant ordinance upon; to place and fill the gabbions; to dig earth for the same; to undermine walls, and towns, and to raze those of any gained places down; to cut timber to fortify withal; to dig wells for water, and great pits to bury and to cast therein, the garbedge, filthiness, and offals of the camp; and serving to a number of such necessary uses.  
Over the said pioneers there are Captains appointed to govern them, 
Captains over the pioneers.  which should be men very expert in fortifications, trenching, mining, counter mining, and in all sorts of engines concerning a camp, and battery actions: and therefore besides their experience, they ought to be learned and well skilled in all manner of fortifications, both in camp, town, or fortress. These pioneers do go before the camp with a sufficient band of soldiers for their guard, 

The pioneers guarded by soldiers.  
The pioneers tools.   carrying with them mattocks, spades, shovels, pikaxes, crows of iron, barrels, baskets, hampiers, and such other tools; and over every three or four hundred pioneers a Captain.  
The gunner's ought to have over them a Maister-gunner, to rule and command them, 
A master gunner over all the gunner's.  and to see that they do their duties, and to be men sufficient in their art. He ought also to see all things provided and necessary for the Artillery, as carriage, axletrees, wheels, ladles, sponges, rammers, iron crows, levers, shovels, mattocks, 
His office and charge for necessary tools.  gabions, baskets, ropes, chains, coins for the breech of every piece, to coin it up or down: powder both serpentine and corn powder; cotton match, lintstockes, priming irons, their rules or instruments to take the level, Taladros that is, engines to mount and dismount the ordinance; shot of all sorts and sizes, and heights; cartages of all sizes; trunks, arrows and balls of wildfire, and stuff to make the same, with all things necessary to his charge, office, and art; giving still his diligent attendance upon the Master of the ordinance, to know his orders and commands, executing the same with all diligent care and fidelity.  
It behoveth the General of the Artillery to procure and see all these aforesaid matters provided, 
The master of the ordinance his principal care and charge.  and good orders kept in the same, as superior commander thereof; & that there be sufficient provisions of all kind of munitions & arms, as well defensive as offensive, both for the infantry and Cavalry, & that there be wonderful care had in the conserving of the same, giving order and charge thereof, unto the Mayordomes; the which they are to distribute and deliver out by Librazas, or Tickets, from the said General of the Artillery, or else not.  
The Gentlemen of the Artillery attending upon his person, 
Gentlelmen of the Artillery.  aught to be men of great sufficiency to execute any orders by him commanded, being men very discreet and modest; for many inconveniences do follow, being gross headed and disordered persons  
The Captain General of the Artillery, 
Particular parts of the Master of the ordinance.  besides the afore recited parts, aught to be learned, and well read in histories, and stratagems of war; seen in speculation of Geometry & Mathematics, with the practic thereof; to know grounds & distances, weights, measures, qualities and the effects of the Artillery; to judge where is the most convenient part of any place to be battered; 
Sundry good considerations.  how to convey his ordinance thither; the place where to plant them, & the planting of the same, for to take any commodity that might help the defendants: and regard that the enemy may not surprise his Ordinance; fencing them with gabbions, mands, & trenches, and guarded with appointed troops of shot, pikes, and short weapons; having a respect first to dismount the enemy's Artillery, that might in any manner annoy the camp; then to bend his batteries from two or three plantings, upon most places of advantage, as cause shall require, to ruinated their Curtain, and make good breaches: lastly, well regarding, that before any assault be given, to cut off all flankers, and travesses of annoyance.  

Skilful in minings.  He ought also himself to be skilful in mining, and countermining, and in all artificial fire works, and shooting in great Ordinance, not giving overmuch credit unto others, unless they be men well known to be of experience and skill.  Gent. 
Then it seemeth, he should be a Maister-gunner also.  Capt. 

To be skilful in shooting of great ordinance, and their particularities.  It is most requisite that he be well skilled in the art, being master over all; the which may easily be attained, having good speculation therein, annexed with some practice, knowing the names of every particular piece, and their several weights, lengths, bigness, and boars of the cylinder, their true dispart, the height and poise of every their bullet, the quantity of powder serving to every one, their distance at point blank, their best vantage at random, their several ranges, the goodness and difference of powder, the simples and compounds thereof, the ladles, sponges, and rammers befitting every one, the making of all these, with a number of other points belonging to the art.  Gent. 
What powder doth each piece require, according to his shot?  Capt. 
It consisteth much in the goodness or badness of the powder; for the powder being good the less will serve, is sooner fired, doth better execution, & heateth not the piece so much. 
The quantity of powder to several pieces, and their bullets. Cannon, Demi-canon. Culuerine.  The common use is unto every double Cannon, of 58, 64, or 70 pound Bullet, to allow in powder the ⅔ of the weight of the shot: and to every Demi-canon after the same rate: as for example; a Cannon of 64 pound shot, to allow 41⅓ pound of powder for his due charge, and so of the rest: and to every whole Culuerine, and demi Culuerine (being pieces double fortified with metal) to allow them in powder the ⅘ of the weight of the bullet: as for example; a Culuerine of 20 pound weight bullet, to give of good corn powder 16 pound for his charge. And unto the Saker, Minion, and Falcon, somewhat better allowance; 
The Ladles.  as almost to the weight of their bullet. The Ladle twice equally filled, to all these abovesaid pieces, is their due charge in powder. With the artillery and munition there is always a Corpse de guard, both of Infantry & cavalry. The charge of the placing & setting of them belongeth unto the camp-master General, called with us the High Marshal of the field.  

The election of the officers.  The election of all the aforesaid officers, and Gentlemen of the artillery, Engineers, & pioneers belongeth unto this Master of the Ordinance, except the treasurer, and Paymaster; whom either the Prince or the Lord high General doth name & appoint: 
To have wary & careful people about the Ordinance.  but besides this aforesaid guard of foot & horse, it behoveth the Miaster of the Ordinance to set other careful and wary people both to guard them and view them, that the Ordinance be not nailed, nor the munition fired; as did a peasant, issuing out of Verona (being besieged by two great armies, of the Venetians and Francis the French king, and Marc Antonio Colonna defendant within) and set fire to the munitions of the Venetians camp.  
The Captain General of the Artillery doth cause to be paid all the officers, 

The Master of the ordinance his care for payment of his people.  
Their respect to him.   Gentlemen, Engineers, and pioneers, which go under his conduction: and they ought to obey him, reverence and respect him as their superior, punishing their offences as they be committed, as well in peace as in war: and commending and rewarding such as have valiantly and virtuously demeaned themselves; so shall he be beloved, obeyed, and honoured.  Gent. 
Truly this office is of great and honourable charge, and many businesses belonging to the same.  Capt. 
So it is indeed; and therefore encommended and bestowed upon personages of great quality, learning, wisdom and experience in martial affairs: and one who is always of the counsel of war.  

The Captain General of the Cavalry his Election, charge, and office.  

THE FIRST DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is reasoned of the Election, charge, and duty of this officer: the comparison of the Infantry with the cavalry, with examples of both: and of certain pieces of service to be performed with the horse.  Gentleman. 
I Pray now to the Captain General of the horse.  Capt. 
The Captain General of the cavalry, 

Captain General of the horse is elected by the Prince.  
To be a parsonage of honour and title.   is commonly chosen & appointed by the Prince; & for being a charge of so high authority & pre-eminence, it is always encommended & bestowed upon a parsonage of honour & title, or some very honourable Gentleman, who hath had great experience & practise in war: considering the great and weighty occasions that commonly therein are offered to be performed and effected with the cavalry: and so he that is chosen to this charge, aught to have in him, all, or the most of the good parts to be expected in a High Lord General of an Army, the which may be considered when I come to speak of that officer: referring the same until then, except some particular points, which may fall out in questions by the way.  Gent. 
Then shall we gladly hear them, & remark them also; but which think you to be of most utility in the wars, either the cavalry or Infantry?  Capt. 
In mine opinion the Infantry is to be preferred, being well instructed and disciplined in their Arte.  Gent. 
But I have heard the contrary opinion, in approving the horse; saying, that they are the reputation of the Prince and army.  Capt. 
I hold partly the same estimation of them: 
The comparison betwixt ●orse & foot.  but yet I would gladly have mine opinion excused: that they are not comparable to deal with resolute foot, except upon great and manifest advantage, and in place and ground of very great favour for them: 
The footmen preferred.  For a resolute stand of pikes, with their convenient troops of shot, will give them sore stops, and returns with dishonour; as hath plainly appeared by the memorable battles of our famous kings of England, obtained with their foot companies against the proud Chivalry of France, 
Agincourt field.  as at Agincourt field, & at sundry other their honourable battles. Yea & many times it hath been seen, that shot companies, alone, being helped by some advantage, to put them to the foil, as did the Marquis de Pescara, 
Marquis de Pescara.  with 800 shot only, break, foil, and disorder Charles de la Noye, than vice Roy of Naples, with all his cavalry at the battle of Pavia. 
Battle of Pavia. County Carmagnola against the Swissers.  Another example we have of the County Francisco Carmagnolla (being Captain General of Philip Viscount Duke of Milan his army) going with six thousand horse against the Swissers, was by them repulsed by the valour and length of their pikes, who having regathered his disordered troops, considering from whence their disadvantage grew, turned head again upon the enemy; and he himself, and his companies dismounted on foot, and with their Lances in hand framed a foot squadron, and charged the enemy a fresh, and so broke, and overthrew them, in number above fifteen thousand; who by force of horse could not be removed: imitating herein Marcus Valerius corvinus, 
Marcus Valerius corvinus, in the Punic war.  who being Consul, & Captain against the Samnites in the first Punik war, and in their last battle, not able to break on them by reason of their long pikes wherewith they defended themselves, commanded his horsemen to dismount, and on foot armed as they were, with their Lances to fight with the enemy, whereby he overthrew them & put them to flight; with the victory and their baggage remaining in his hands. And again in the battle that Constantine Roxianus, Captain General to Sigismond, king of Polonia, had with Basilius the great Duke of Muscovia, by the river Brisna, who surmounted him much in horse, three thousand footmen only, which he had in his army, won him that day the honour and victory. Many examples more might be recited, both ancient and modern, but I rest with these; remembering that among the ancient Romans, 
Among the ancient Romans the footmen of more estimation than the horsemen.  their foot was always of more estimation than their horse, holding a true opinion, that the infantry well disciplined, is the sinew of the war, the fortress of the Realm, and the walls of the City.  Gent. 
But I have heard say, that in these wars of netherlands, after that the Gran Commandador died, & that the states revolted, with determination to clear their country quite of the Spaniards, 
Don Alonzo de Vargas.  that Don Alonzo de Vargas, who had then the Spanish cavalry in charge, did great exploits therewith, in encounters which he had with the state, foot and horse.  Capt. 

The difference between old experimented soldiers and new raw men.  It is true; But you must consider that those were old and experimented soldiers, resling upon a valiant resolution; the others, Bisonniòs and raw people, raised up upon a sudden conceit: in which actions is marvelously to be marked the difference between men of experience and Bisonnios, the brave carriage of the one, and the bad conduction of the others; as appeared in the re-encounter at Tilmont, 

At Tilmont re-encounter.  
Sack of Antwerp Example.   and at the succouring of Captain Mountsdock, being taken by them of Mastrich: and most notably in the sack of Antwerp, where not to the number of 5000. Spaniards, enclosed within their Citadel, gave the overthrow and foil, unto above 16000 of the Antwerpians, bravely armed, encamped within their own town. In like sort, at the overthrow of Gibleo; where not above 600. horse of Don john de Austria his troops, 
The overthrow of Gibleio.  defeated above 15000. of the states, most strange and wonderful; only for want of good leaders, and good conductors; the enemy espying the advantage of their simple conduction and oversight. But you must understand, that in the most of these actions they were always well backed with brave companies on foot: but had they been matched with equal enemies, these their matters of marvel had never been chronicled.  
Marry I say, 
The cavalry very necessary for many pieces of service.  that the cavalry is precisely very necessary for many pieces of service: as to make incursions, to pursue the flying enemy, as in the battle where the Duke of Saxony's troops were broken, and himself taken near the river Albis. And again, to give a sudden charge upon the enemy's flanks, or rearward; and to espy advantage if the enemy disarray, as before is said in the battle of Gibleio: and again, to scout, to discover, to guard any convoy, or to surprise any convoy; 
Captains Arrio at Pavia.  and to relieve with money any besieged place; as did Captain Arrio those that were besieged in Pavia: to carry victuals or munition for a need and pinch to a distressed Scance: to pass over rivers, and to stop the fury of the currant, to render the passage more easy for the footmen; as was seen in the passing through the river Albis. 
Conradus the Emperor passed the river Meandrus.  And when the Emperor Conradus passed with his army over the river Meandrus, and there defeated a great number of Turks: & also to shock with the enemy's horse, to make Cavalgadas, or great marches, for any sudden surprisal or camisado, each horse carrying, for need, a footman behind: and to gain, with speed, any strait or passage, to scour the coasts, to espy the enemy's designs and courses, to conduct, or to spoil forage; with many other pieces of service accidental in war.   

THE SECOND DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is declared the difference, and armings of the cavalry; with the proper service pertaining to each difference: the parts to be expected in such as serve on horseback.  Gentleman. 
HOw is your cavalry differenced and armed? 

The cavalry differenced into three sorts.  

1. Men at arms.  
2. Demy Lances.  
3. Shot on horseback.     Capt. 
In these our days, the cavalry is most commonly differenced in three sorts: Into men at Arms, or Companies of Ordinance termed by some; but now little in use: Into demi Lances, now called lancers, and into shot on horseback, named Hargulutiers or Hargubuziers, or Carbins, Petranels, and Pistolliers.  
The Man at Arms is armed complete, 
The Man at Arms his arming, weapon and mounture.  with his cuyrasses of prose, his close helmet with a beaver, a gorget, strong pouldrons, vambraces, gauntlets & taisses; a strong Lance well headed with steel, an arming sword; and at his saddle bow, a mace, well mounted upon a strong & courageous horse, having a deep & strong saddle, with the two cuissets of Pistol prose, his horse barded with a sufficient Pectron, crinier & chieffront etc. a strong bridle, double rained, whereof one to be of wire were not amiss against the blow of a sword. 
Men at Arms are commonly men of ●itle and quality.  These Men at Arms were wont to have five or six horses attendant upon each one. In this Company of Ordinance, are few, but men of quality & Gentles of good birth: the charge thereof is great.  
Unto every Company of these doth belong, 
One trumpet, one Ensign, one Guidon, & one Cornet.  one Trumpet, one Ensign, one Guidon, and one Cornet: the Ensign over the Men at Arms, the Cornet over the lancers, and the Guidon over the shot on horseback. Now by reason of their heavy arming, their marches are but slow; and not lightly marching except the camp dislodge: and then to keep an equal place with the foot camp, divided into good squadrons upon either side of the battle, 
Divided into squadron.  with a convenient distance from the same: for being too near, many inconveniences do many times happen, especially having charged or encountered the enemy; and driven to retire, do hazard many times to disarray their own battle. 
Their parts of service.  Their service is commonly, espying advantage to break upon the squadrons of pikes, to encounter the enemy's horse, and to relieve their own light horse, if by hap they be put to a retreat. But a good squadron of pikes, 
The honourable valour of pikes footmen.  of resolute men, well empaled and girdled with musket, doth greatly discredit their ancient reputation now in these our days.  

The arming of the lancers.  The arming of the lancers, is a good pair of cuirats, the fore part of Pistol proof, a strong cask with his open visier, of like proof, two l'ames of his pouldrons, two or three of his taisses of Pistol proof also, the rest, his pouldrons, vambraces, gauntlets, 
His weapons.  taisses and cuissets, as light as may be: a strong Lance well pointed, a good curtelace, and short dagger, and a Pistol at his saddle bow in a case of leather: 
His mounting.  a strong saddle with his two cuissets for the knees; and well mounted upon a strong horse unbarded, and their cassackes of the colour of the Ensign.  


lancers, for many pieces of service far better than men at arms.  
The parts of a a L●u●●i●r.  
Their place of 〈◊〉.  
Their Cornet. Their pales of service.   I suppose these lancers, for most pieces of service, far better than men at arms, especially as our wars are now conducted. They ought to know how to manage well a horse, run a good carrier, break surely a Lance, to be ready with their arming sword and pistol. Their place of march & service is before the men at arms a good distance, in troops or squadrons, with their Cornet in the midst, or within the third rank before. They serve to many purposes, and to most pieces of service, as well to break on a squadron of pikes, first shaken or disarrayed by shot, as to encounter the enemy's horse, to back & secure the Petranels and Hargulutiers being distressed, to conduct their own, and to detrusse the enemy's convoy in company with the Carbines and other shot, to surprise the enemy's troops upon any advantage spied: and in general, good for most pieces of service fit for horse; whereunto the men at arms are both too heavy and unapt.  

The Petranell and Pist●lier his arming.  The Petranell and Pistolier is armed with a good pair of Cuyrats of pistol proof, and open Burganet, as is the lancer, a pair of well arming pouldrons, one gauntlet for the ●ridle hand, no vambraces, but in steed thereof some other easy arming, and lighter mounted than the Lancier is, with a good saddle and bridle according; 
His weapon.  then weaponed with a good short sword and dagger, a Petranell piece, which is with a snap-hance, or, one long pistol, as the French now use them, fastened in a case of leather, at the saddle bow, or else a pair of pistols in one case as do the R●ytters; 
Their service.  their service is (as before of the lancers) in most pieces of nimble service; and are of most annoyance unto the pikes, being not well guarded with shot. 
Their place of march.  Their place of march is next before the lancers and so in their services, by whom they are seconded, marching in troops like sleeves of shot, seconding one another in order. They must be skilful to manage their horse; to learn him to troth, 
The parts of the Pistolier.  to stop well, to wheel readily, for their actions are not upon the spur, as the lancers are, but to skirmish bravely upon the face of the enemy, discharging, & wheeling about, one troop seconding another; and to break in also if occasion be offered. They are very good against foot shot, if they be not friended with hedge, ditch, or some such place of advantage: in their middle troops is the Guidon placed. 

The place of their guidon.  
The shot on horseback, his furniture and weapon.    
Finally the Hargulutiers, Carbines, or Hargubuziers on horseback not armed at all, or else with light arming: and they have a good Harquebus, or a Petranell, or horseman's piece, as some call it, with a good short sword and dagger well girt unto him, 
His mounting.  mounted upon a pretty light horse, such as be our Northern nags, befitted with a saddle, bridle and furniture correspondent, with a necessary flask and touch-boxe for his piece, and a purse at his girdle, with bullets, and his other necessaries. 
Their parts of service.  These and the other shot on horseback do serve principally for great Cavalgadas, they serve to watch, to ward, to discover, to scout, to forage, to skirmish, for ambuscadoes, for gaining of a strait, hills, and ground of advantage, to be put for a forlorn. Sentinel, to discover the enemies proceed, 
They may alight on foot, and do the duty of foot shot.  to spoil forages, and to assail troops at their lodgings, either in villages, straits, or fields; and if occasion serve, they may alight and serve on foot, either to assail a strait, to surprise a barrier, to perform an Ambuscado, and in such points of sudden service, do the duty of foot shot, wherein they may do many good pieces of service to the enemy's annoyance: who, if the enemy bring shot to displace them, they may dislodge, if they find the party unequal, and betake them to their horse. 

In good conductions, always seconded with the Pistoliers, or lancers.  
Their parts incident   And in good conductions they are always seconded with armed Pistols or Lances: for they are not lightly turned out to any piece of service upon armed men, without being accompanied with Lances, or cuyrats on horseback, I mean armed petranels or pistoliers. They ought to be very nimble both to mount on horseback, and to dismount; to manage their horse every manner of way; to be very ready and quick with their piece, discharging on every part, 
To perform 3. acts at one instant.  as cause shall require, enuring their horse both to the crack and fire; and learn to perform three acts at one instant, his bridle hand, his piece, and his spurs: wherein consisteth fine skill, with vivacity of spirit, attained by often use and practise. For they are the forlorn skirmishers on horseback, who having performed their duty do retire behind their lancers and armed pistols. And it is not enough to know how to ride a horse well, 
He ought to be a good horseman and a good shot.  and unpractised in his piece; neither is it enough to be skilful in his piece, and ignorant in his horse: but the one must be coupled with the other to make a perfect Hargulutier. 
The fiery weapon in the unskilful is dangerous to themselves. General parts for horsemen.  For the fiery weapons being in hands of unexpert men, either on horseback or foot, is of all other the most dangerous to themselves; and being in the hands of perfect soldiers, is a weapon of most execution and advantage. To conclude, all these aforesaid mounted people, aught to be seen & have some skill in diseases of horses, and to know remedies for the same: and if need require, to set a shoe also. All their baggage doth pass with the munition and baggage of the camp.  Gent. 
How are these troops sorted?  Capt. 
The discipline now used doth require unto every five hundred Lances and armed Cuyrats, 
The due sortment of horsemen.  one hundred, or one hundred and fifty of these aforesaid light horse.  Gent. 
What course doth this General of the horse take with his troops, in field, camp or garrison?  Capt. 
First he taketh a roll of the bands committed to his charge (even as doth a Colonel of Infantry with his) with the names of their Captains, 
The General of the horsemen, his courses taken in field, camp, or garrison.  viewing well their mounting and arming, to see it be sufficient: and his several sorts of horsemen disposed in several troops, as I said before; in the morning when the trumpet soundeth to make ready the horse, he shall repair to the Lord General's tent, to know his pleasure: the which being known, he bringeth forth the General's Ensign or standard, whereunto his Captains do repair with their companies in a readiness, whom he ranketh in good troops, each sort by themselves, with their Cornets and Guidons in midst of their troops. And as occasion shall be offered, to send them abroad, he shall appoint such as shall watch, scout and discover, and others to relieve them again, committing them to the Scoutmaister.  


When the high Marshal goeth to view the ground.  
When the army entereth into the camp, his duty what to do.   When the camp-master General goeth to view the ground to encamp upon, the General of the horse sendeth sufficient troops to attend upon him.  
When the army entereth into the camp, he shall with all his cavalry, remain mounted in the field, until the Infantry be all encamped, & then to enter orderly with his horse troops, and repair unto their allodgements, using therein indifferency to each band in their kind; giving order unto his Scouts that they come not out of the field, until the trumpets sound to the watch at night, and Corpse de guards set, and Sentinels brought forth of the camp and placed at their posts.  

To guard the foragers.  He must appoint horses to attend on the Foragers, to guard and defend them till they return with their forage.  

To guard convoys.  He must also appoint a convenient convoy of horse to guard the victuallers of the camp, as well from the enemy, as from unruly soldiers.  

In skirmishes & encounters one troop to second another.  In the order of his skirmishes, encounters, and charges, he must give order, one troop to second another, that if the first be repulsed, being well seconded, they may have time to regather themselves into order again, sparing his armed men from such skirmishes, & his lancers what he may, reserving them to encounter with their equals, or break upon the enemy's battle, as occasion is offered: but always having a careful regard, 
A good Caveat.  that his bands charge not too near the front of their own foot squadrons, for fear of inconvenience that might ensue; as it fell out at the overthrow of Gibleio: 
To espy advantages, and to take them.  but rather espying what advantage he may, to charge the enemy in flank or in rearward. For it is a great point of a man of war to find the occasion, and to take it when it comes.  Gent. 
But hath he the chief ordering of the squadrons of horse in battle, in march, and in allodgement?  Capt. 

The chief ordering of the squadrons.  No, not the chief in those points, for that belongeth to the Lord high Marshal, or camp-master General, whose office is herein, as the Sergeant Maior General with foot companies.    

The Campe-maister General or high Marshal, his Election, charge, and office.  

THE FIRST DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is set forth the parts to be expected in a Lord high Marshal: his authority in an Army, and in the administration of justice, both civil, and criminal: what officers attend upon him: with certain Martial orders, and laws, etc.  Captain. 
THe office of the Campe-maister General, or Lord high Marshal, the Prince with great consideration and advise, 
The high Marshal of the field, his parts and duty.  doth encharge upon a parsonage of great prudence and industry, and of great experience and skill in martial causes; for that the administration of justice, both civil and criminal, belongeth unto his charge: and also the encamping of the Army, and the fortifying the same with trenches, Corpse de guards, sentines, & other military appertinances; and doth assure with good guards and scouts all such as bring any manner of victuals unto the camp, setting a rate and price upon all such vendible victual. And in the day of battle he doth precede, 
His superintendency in the day of battle.  and principally assist with all the Sergeant Majors of the Army, to the disposing, ordering, & framing of all the battles, squadrons, & troops, both of horse and foot appointed to fight, ordaining and commanding what therein is to be done and executed: unto whom they and all the Colonels ought to be obedient and to follow.  Gent. 
It seemeth to me by that which you have said, that in the Lord high Marshal consisteth the most importance of all the directions, and government of the camp.  Capt. 
So doth it indeed: and therefore it much behoveth, that he which is to perform this function, 
Skilful in all offices of war.  be a person singularly well skilled in all offices of war, & one who hath passed them through every office himself by degrees, (if such a one might be found) the better to know what toucheth every one in particular.  Gent. 
What authority and power hath he in the administration of justice?  Capt. 
Such (as I told you before) as have the Colonels: to command, to apprehend, to discharge, and to punish both corporally, and with pain of death, all delictes and cases, 
His authority in the administration of justice.  as shall deserve such semblable punishment; and on those that shall commit any thing against the bandoes, orders, and commands of the Lord high General, and other superior officers: and hath the chief hearing and determining of all civil causes and questions arising among the people of war; and of the appellations which are interposed from of the Sentences that were pronounced by the Colonels, as high and supreme justicer of all the Army.  Gent. 
What officers hath the Campe-maister General, or Lord high Marshal for the execution of justice? 
The officers to the high Marshal.   Captain 
Among the Spaniards, he hath an Auditor, with his two Clerks, his Alguazils, his jailor, & executioner, & his Provost Marshal over the whole camp; with 20 or 30 Gentlemen to accompany him, and a Beadle to punish Infraganti the offences committed against the Bandoes, laws, and orders of the Campe.  Gent. 
What orders and laws are these?  Capt. 

Military laws and orders.  The orders are many, and of diverse nations used diversly, made by the high General and his Counsel of war: but I take for military laws all those which do charge, bind, and command the soldier upon pain of life, to live honestly, to annoy no person without the leave of his General or superior Commander; that he observe fidelity unto his Prince, that he use his arms in their due nature and kind; and in sum, that he obey his superior officers, under whose charge he sweareth to serve faithfully, and unto whom he is soldier. The which points and articles are so general, and do comprehend so many within them, that it were needful to recite some part of them particularly; and chief such as condemn unto death: whereof such as I can remember & gather together, I will declare unto you.  

Martial laws.  1 First, whosoever committeth or conspireth any treason against his Prince or General, in what sort soever.  
2 And he that giveth any counsel, succour or aid unto his Prince's enemies.  
3 Item, whosoever useth any conference with the enemy without express licence from his General, or from one of the other two high Commanders.  
4 Item, whosoever revealeth their counsel and secrets unto the enemy; yea, or unto any other of their own, chief if by the discovering thereof, any mischief might ensue.  
5 Item, who so sendeth unto the enemy either letter or message, without licence of the General, or his Lieutenant.  
6 Item, whosoever giveth not present advertisement unto his superior, of what soever he shall understand and know, concerning the honour and benefit of his Prince, or his Prince's hindrance.  
7 Item, whosoever runneth from his own camp, or retireth to the enemy, or is received under their defence and guard.  
8 Item, whosoever being taken by the enemy, and escapeth not, if conveniently he might, except he hath given his faith to be true prisoner, the which he ought to observe and hold.  
9 Item, whosoever rendereth up unto the enemy any town, fort, or fortress committed to his custody, except he be more then constrained thereunto: and having not performed therein the part of a good soldier, and an honest man.  
10 Item, whosoever lifteth up his hand against the person of his superior, or against a Colonel, or other officer, with intent to offend him.  
11 Item, whosoever putteth his hand upon any head member or officer of any regiment, or band whatsoever, especially when the said Commanders, or other officer be in the execution of their office, except that the abovesaid do wonderfully outrage and abuse him, and strike, and beat him without good cause, and that to defend his life, being thereby in manifest peril.  
12 Item whosoever shall kill his soldier upon his own fantasy, without just cause, or kill any other of the Camp, otherwise then in his own defence.  
13 Item, who soever shall raise any mutiny, or disobey the sounds of trumpet or Drum in time of service, especially when they are made upon pain of death.  
14 Item, who soever shall break truce, or peace, not having commission so to do, from him that hath authority for the same.  
15 Item, who soever shall wilfully set fire in any house, or in any Church, or in any other thing, without commandment of his Colonel.  
16 Item, who soever shall ravish any woman or maid perforce.  
17 Item, who soever shall spoil any Church without his General's licence.  
18 Item, who soever shall enrol himself in two bands at once, or pass twice in one Muster, or pass from Band to Band without licence of his chief Officers; for the Captain hath no such authority.  
19 Item, what Captain soever shall entertain any soldier departing from any other Band without leave, or shall entice or procure any soldier so to do.  
20 Item, who soever shall not follow his Ensign wheresoever it passeth; or any other guide being commanded thereunto.  
21 Item, whosoever shall abandon his Ensign, or forsake the place he is to keep, being in battle, without commandment so to do.  
22 Item, whosoever shall not be found in the place where he was appointed and set, but shall abandon the same.  
23 Item, whosoever shall reveal the Watchword unto the enemy, or unto any other, whereby any danger might ensue unto the camp.  
24 Item, whosoever shall be found s●eeping at his post or Sentinel.  
25 Item, whosoever shall abandon the place where he shall be set by his Sergeant or other officer, whether it be in watch, ward, Sentinel, or scout, or in any other part, except he be removed by him which there placed him, or other that he knoweth hath the charge and authority thereof.  
26 Item, whosoever being at Scoute or Sentinel, within or without the camp, and not found in his post, in case the enemy should assail the Camp, and notice not given thereof through his default and negligence.  
27 Item, whosoever is appointed to defend a breach, battery, trench, or strait, and doth quite abandon the same, although constrained by the enemy.  
28 Item, whosoever, at the entry of any City, Town or Fort, taken by force of arms, shall fall to the sack and spoil, and shall not follow his Colours, whither soever it bendeth, without forsaking it at any time, until the victory be fully achieved, and the General commandeth unto the sack by sound of Drum or Trumpet; the which being not proclaimed and licensed, every one ought to withhold their hands, and refrain from falling to the spoil and pillage: upon the like pain.  
29 Item, whosoever shall not do his endeavour and best to regain and recover his Colours, if by hap it fall into the enemy's hands; and when it cannot be recovered, it is needful to use some rigour upon such soldiers, as cowardly suffered the same to be so lost.  
30 Item, whosoever shall fly from the Battle, being there ranked and placed, or march slow or fearfully, being upon point to fight; or show any other base cowardice in what bad sort soever.  
31 Item, whosoever shall feign himself sick upon the point of fight, or slip a side when any action is to be performed.  
32 Item, whosoever shall see his Commander or Superior officer in danger of the enemy, and shall not presently assist & secure him to the best of his power.  
33 Item, whosoever shall rifle or despoil any victualler (except of the enemy) or any which bringeth any munitions or provisions for the camp.  
34 Item, whosoever shall disualedge or spoil any of the Prince's friends, or rob, or steal any thing, especially arms and horses.  
35 Item, whosoever shall ransack, rifle, or ill entreat the people of the country where the war is made, either in goods or person, except it be proclaimed rebel to the Prince.  
36 Item, whosoever is found disgarnished of his Arms, wherewithal he first entered into the roll, chief if he hath lost the same in gaming or by cowardly flying away, and abandoning his weapon: or by any other such base default of his: and the same law is to be understood of any horseman that shall play away his horse or furniture; or lose the same through vilty or negligence, to be constrained to restore the like, or the value, as is accustomed.  
37 Item, whosoever shall straggle, wander, or range from the circuit of his quarter, or regiment above a 100 paces, without licence of one of his Superior officers.  
38 Item, whosoever shall receive any stranger or any other suspected person into his lodging or quarter, without having first presented him before his General or Superior, and shall have licence of his Superior so to do.  
39 Item, whosoever shall raise any question, brabble, or brawl in the watch, or Ambuscado, or in scout, or Sentinel, or in any other effect, where silence, secrecy, and covert is to be required.  
40 Item, whosoever shall be found first to injury any other either in word or deed, for that quarrels do spring from injuries, and from quarrels and brawls, great disorders in a camp.  
41 Item, whosoever shall run to any brawl or fray, furnished with any other arms, more than his sword and dagger, except he be a Captain, or any other officer in the camp.  
42 Item, whosoever shall offer himself to revenge any injury, either presently offered, or of long time before, rather by any other way, then by course of order and reason: yet is it not hereby forbidden, but that the Combat may be demanded, of body to body, if the difference may not otherwise be accommodated: which is a point reserved only to the General.  
43 Item, whosoever shall offer any thrust, or blow, or push against his adversary, with whom he hath debate, either in jest or earnest, or in any other sort, if an other cry Hola, or hold, with intent to departed them, except it be in Combat, where no man shall be so hardy as so to cry or say, were it not the General himself.  
44 Item, whosoever shall take away the money that another hath rightly won in game, or put his hand thereupon without leave of him, who so hath gained it. But it seemeth good unto me, to the end to do well, and to avoid, and withstand many inconveniences growing by game, utterly to forbid the same.  
45 Item whosoever shall use any shifting, or cozenage, or packing, or any manner of false play, or any manner of false dice, whereby any may be defrauded.  
46 Item, whosoever shall put himself to pass on before the battle, whether it be to arrive first at his lodging, or to any other such effect, or shall disband and range from one place to another, whilst the battle or army doth march.  
47 Item, whosoever shall set a tallage, rate, or ransom upon his host where he doth lodge, or other, being no prisoner in due course of war: and being taken prisoner by just course of war, that then such ransom shall not exceed the Capitulation made and agreed upon by the Commanders of the two Armies, if any such be made: and if not, that then it be done with as much favour as may be.  
48 Item, whosoever shall enter into any Camp, castle, or Fort of war, otherwise then by the ordinary ports and issues, or shall pass out, either over, or under the walls, it is a capital offence.  
49 Item, whosoever shall prolong the retreat after that the drum or trumpet hath sounded the same: whether it be at any sallies made out of any city or fortress, or in skirmish, or in any other encounter.  
50 Item, whosoever speaketh loud, or maketh any noise, or rumour, whilst he is in skirmish, battle, or otherwise, where silence is to be used, except they be Commanders and Officers.  
51 Item, whosoever shall pass one whole day, without carrying or using his assigned weapon, some part thereof; except he be otherwise employed in the Prince's service.  
52 Item, whosoever shall do any thing whatsoever, or in whatsoever manner, that might prejudice his Prince's service, or be hurtful to his fellows.  
53 Item, whosoever shall blaspheme the name of the eternal God, by vile oaths, or otherwise.  
Finally many other laws and articles are to be inserted, 
All martial laws to be written in tables, and fixed up for every man to read.  as the General and Commanders shall devise and appoint, according to the causes and occurrants: both the which, and all these, I would wish to be written in some fair table, and fixed fast at the entrance of every Colonels pavilion, for every man to view, read, and understand, 
An army without good orders soon grows to confusion.  besides the open proclaiming of the same. All the which, and many others, are to be commanded to be observed and kept, to the end that good order and reformation be had in the Camp; the which without the same, would soon grow to confusion.  Gent. 
Doubtless (Captain) he which is chosen to be Maester del Campo General, or Lord high Marshal of the field, aught to be a man of great wit, experience, gravity, and knowledge, sith so many things do concern him to direct, govern, and administer: and principally the allodgeing or encamping of the Army; the which seemeth to be a matter of great importance and skill.  Capt. 
No greater matter of charge that I know of, in the war; for besides that it requireth great practice and experience to discern what part is fittest for the cavalry, 
The encamping of an Army, a thing of great importance. Great considerations.  and what place for the Infantry, and in what quarter's the Artillery ought to be planted, & in what parts the Corpse de guard, scouts, & Sentinels: yet without comparison, it behoveth him much more to have the reason, judgement, & skill to discern whether the situation hath the parts and commodities to be required; 
Situation and grounds a principal point.  & whether it be pitched in a place fit & convenient to defend them from the attempts of the enemy: & that the provisions & victuals may safely pass & come unto the camp, with a number of such other points; to effect the which it is very important and necessary, that he be well skilled and practised in the country where he warreth, 
Skilful in the Country. Well seen in Geography. Plaits and Maps.  & that he be very well seen & skilful in the Geography thereof, having the same perfectly drawn in plaits and Maps, with their Cities, Towns, villages, forts, fortresses, farms, and Country houses, and the distance from one to our instructions: for God knoweth what world may fall out yet ere we die.  Capt. 
Well (Gentlemen) sith you do still egg and draw me on, with your curious demands, I will show you (the best I can) the orders observed by the best Italian and Spanish Encampers.  

Brief repetition.  You know that I have showed you before, of the general and particular parts of a soldier, their several offices, even from the Caporall unto his camp-master general: the number of a band, their due sortment & difference of weapons, and their several uses: the orders of training, marching, and embattailling in sundry manners now most in use; the several parts and duty of every officer in degree, with a number of other points which now I remember not. Now lastly to your demand touching the marching and allodgement of a camp, I say: That when an Army marcheth near unto the enemy's Army, it is needful that there be had many and great considerations: 
Many and great considerations in the marching of an Army.  as first when the one Army is not of equal force unto the other, or when one is not disposed to come to the fact of battle, for not to put, by one only battle into the hands of fortune all a man's ability & whole rest in fine, as many misadvised men have done; therefore to prolong time, and to shun the doubtful fact of arms, it were needful to make choice to march (if possible you may) through mountain grounds and hilly, and with such advantage of seat and ground, that the enemy may not with any reason of advantage, assault you: But when this may not be yet eschewed, at the least it is to be procured to be done to the best advantages, and (as it were) with a certain hope of victory; the which may partly be performed when you know how to profit yourself with the advantage that the situation will afford. And in your marching, I would wish you to send some part of your light horse so near unto the enemy, as continually you have notice of all their orders and courses. True it is, that when you are in a country, where this advantage of hills is not to be found, and must of necessity march through plains and champain fields, and have the enemy near at hand, it were then very hard to shun and avoid battle, the which I would rather wish to be done, then otherwise, especially if your Army do surmount your enemy in cavalry, for in such cases the battle is not to be refused, your strength consisting most in horse, the which by good conduction, giveth a great part to the victory.  


To march upon grounds of advantage, as did Fabius Maximus.  
Charles the fift.   This manner of marching upon grounds of advantage, we read antiquity to have used; as did Fabius Maximus, when he encamped a long time with the Roman Army, against the conqueror Hannibal: & in our time, as did Charles the fift in Germany, against the Protestants Army: both the which, by reason of the situations and seats, did many times encamp and lodge with their armies, not distant one from the other, above a Culuerine shot: the which might possible be, by reason of the hills and mountain seats abounding in them places. But this is seldom seen in the plains, 
Considerations to be had, the Army marching in plains & champaigns.  and champain grounds; in the which it is needful for him that shuneth the battle, to march and pass, at the least, eight or ten miles distant from the enemy: and must think to fortify at every allodgement, in such sort and manner, that neither horse nor foot, in any array of battle, may not, but with great difficulty, charge or enter upon you; the which is sufficient with a campall fortification, or running camp, as some term it; and chief because it ought to be done with great speed and diligence, the which encamping, when it shall seem you good to continue, may be reduced into such strength, as might seem sufficient.  
And in the marching which the army shall make through plains and champain fields, 
Points of advantage.  when it cometh to pass to have either any little river, wood, or grove to cover one flank of the camp, all diligence is to be used to gain such said advantage: for it will be a matter of great importance. Always having a regard, that the artillery, munition, and other impediments do always pass on the contrary side from the enemy: and also that the squadrons of men at arms, 
Men at arms & lancers to flank the arrays.  & lancers do flank the arrays and battalions next toward the enemy, in sort and manner convenient. And moreover a laudable custom it is, to divide the camp into three squadrons or battles; 

The marching army divided into vanguard, battle and rearward.  
Their orders.   that is, in vanguard, battle and rearward, and every day to change the point, making the vanguard, battle; and the battle rearward; and the rearward, vanguard: and that every one of these parts may have their due proportions and numbers of cavalry and shot, distinguished in their convenient places; advertising with great diligence and care, that there be not mingled any unprofitable people among the Ordinances and squadrons of the Infantry; 
Unprofitable people to be shifted out of the squadron.  and that every battle be placed in their due appointed places and distances, under their Ensigns and colours; in such sort that all the troops of cavalry be quite cleared of unprofitable horses, and other impediments, wherein the Germans horsemen do keep great order, 
Unprofitable horses and impediments cleared. Part of the light horses to be continually abroad.  care, and diligence; very necessary to be imitated. It is a very good custom besides, that part of the light horse be continually abroad at discovery & scout; and to watch after every action that the enemy's Army doth, that you may be always advertised thereof: so that, if occasion be, you may have time, space, and commodity to prepare to the encounter and battle. Touching the order of marching the camp, there can be no particular rules set down, 
Referring to the third and fourth book.  more than I have before spoken of in the third and fourth book (where I have entreated of the framing of squadrons, marching an Army, and of dividing the same into Maniples, coming unto any strait passage or narrow ways) because it must be accommodated according to the situation and quality of the country wherein you march.  
Let us now therefore pass on to speak of the allodgement of a camp; 

Parts to be considered in the allodgement of a camp.  
The situation, i● plains.  
Considerations.   and of the seats, and the form, and of the greatness, and of the commodities, and of the fortifying the same; and of the orders to be therein observed. And first touching the situation, I say; that being in a plain or champain field, far distant from mounts and hills, it is then necessary to have either rivers, or such quantity of waters, as may commodiously serve the whole camp, both horse & foot: with advisement that there may be had, from the next adjoining woods, timber of all sorts, for the use and needs of the camp: the like consideration is also to be had for forage for the horses, as things not to be carried always after a camp: and to do it (when these commodities may be had) with such sure fortifications, that the enemy may not annoy you.  
The circuit & greatness of the camp, 
The circuit of the camp.  ought not to be such, that might hinder, in any occasion offered, to secure, keep and defend the same, as is convenient and needful; neither yet that it be of such straightness, and narrowness, that the Army cannot have all his commodities, eases, and places necessary to frame their squadrons, and set themselves in battle ray: and common places for victuallers, pioneers, and others following the camp.  

The forms.  And touching the form, it shall be such and in such order, as shall appear by the plaits and draughts; accommodating the same unto the situations and grounds: as moreover shall be seen every quarter with their places and streets to issue forth, and with the place of the General's lodging. And all these things shall be set down in the most plainest and best order that we can.  


Mountain situations.  
Considerations.   And when in like sort it shall happen and occur to encamp upon any mountain situation or hill: or may be variably set, as in a valley, near broken rocks, rivers, woods, or hollow ways, and such like, if the camp-master General be a skilful man of war (as he ought to be) and perfect in encamping an Army, he may advantage himself greatly therewith: and shall with little art, most strongly fortify his camp or allodgement. 

To beware to encamp in place subject to any hill.  
Dangerous.   But above all he must be well advised that he encamp not in any place subject unto any hill or mount, or any alture that may overlook the camp, and so from thence batter the Curtines of the rampires; for being so occupied by the enemy, the General should be forced to dislodge, and happily constrained to fight to his great disadvantage: as it was like to fall out unto Francis the French king, 
Example by Francis the French king at Cambresy.  when he was encamped at Cambresy, upon the borders of Picardy, for leaving a little hill unpossessed, upon the one side of his encampement, the which discovered over all his camp, and lay right over against the Curtines thereof: 
Charles the fift.  and the Emperor Charles, coming thither with his Army, the said place being espied and reknowledged by his Captains, was by them encouraged, that, although the hour were late, and his people much wearied with long marching, yet were it not good to lose, and let slip the occasion to gain so advantageous a seat: But this profitable & prudent advise, was, by some others of great authority, contradicted, saying; that the morning ensuing, the same might be better performed. The which fell not so out; for the king being advised of this error, sent that night his Italian Infantry to take and fortify the same hill: which did frustrate the emperors designs.  
There are many and sundry advertisements to be yet given, touching the marching, and encamping of an Army, but, for not to be tedious, I pass them over; 
The cavalry in their allodgement to be defended by the Infantry.  only advertising that the cavalry, in their quarters and allodgement, would be defended and shadowed by the Infantry, as much as reasonably might be; for that, upon any sudden alarm given, the horse are far more unready than the foot, and do require a longer time in arming, and ordering; and of the footmen, the shot to be sooner ready than the pikes, and therefore in the encamping, the due consideration of each of these is to be had: as I have in my plat of encamping, in fol. 157. set down.   

THE FOURTH DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is set down the form, order, and Arithmetical rules, for an encampement, both horse and foot, with the quantity of ground for every man and horse, his room and station, and the plaits to the same, etc.  Captain. 
NOw for the better declaration of these allodgements and encamping, we will give an example with his figure. To encamp therefore an Army in Campania, with his due measures, well proportioned, according unto the seat and place, it is necessary to know the superficies or face of the quarters of the cavalry and Infantry, with their due places and streets, and other things necessary to the service of the camp.  
And for example; 
An encampement of 36000. fight men.  Let us suppose to make an encampement of 36000 fight men: that is to say; 1000 men at arms; 3000 lancers, and 2000 light horse and Hargulutiers: and of footmen 15000 shot, 12000 pikes, and 3000 short weapons. 

8. allodgements to a man at arms.  
4. allodgement to a Lancier.  
Every allodgement, 50 superficial foot, is 10 in length, 5 breadth.   Unto every man at Arms, we will allow 8 lodgings, and unto every Lancier and Hargulutier we will allow 4 lodgings: and unto every room or lodging, as well of lancers and light horse, as men at Arms, we will give 50 superficial foot of ground, which shallbe 5 foot in breadth, and 10 foot in length, as in this figure may appear.  
And unto every foot soldier, 
Every foot man's allodgement 64 superficial foot.  with his furniture, we will allow 64 superficial foot of ground for his lodging: which shall be 8 foot in length, and 8 foot in breadth, as appeareth by this figure.  
This being known, you shall then in the most commodious place about the midst of the ground where you mean to encamp, 
The generals standard.  set up the General's standard, and about the same, stake out a square plat of ground of fifty or threescore paces square, for the General's pavilion and place. Then shall be lined out two strait streets, which shall come to cut or cross one another at right angles in the midst of the General's place; 
The principal streets.  the which are called the principal streets, or Captain ways, extending East and West, and North and South, or as the seat and region will permit. At the head of every one of the which, shall be a guard and watch toward the enemy, 
At every streets end, a guard.  and an issuing out of the Campe. The which two long streets, crossed at right angles, as is aforesaid, cometh to quarter your encamping ground into four equal parts, the centre whereof shall be the General's pavilion and place, and the other allodgements and quarters to be distinguished as in the Plate following shall at large and particularly appear. 
The General's pavilion.   

The first plat of encampment.  
An encampment of 30000 footmen, and 6000 horsemen, allodged and fortified in an open Campania: having a river running on the one side.  

Sorted 15000 shot.  
Sorted 12000 pikes.  
Sorted 03000 short weapons.  
sum 30000 footmen.   

Sorted 1000 men at arms.  
Sorted 3000 Launciers.  
Sorted 2000 Light horse shot.  
sum 6000 horsemen.   
 
In this first figured plat of encampement of 30000 footmen and 6000 horsemen, distinguished and quartered as particularly above appeareth, I have seated the General with some other chief Commanders, in the centre of all the men of war, as by their several descriptions may be seen. I have moreover distinguished the said camp into the usual names of Vauward, battle, & Rearward, the pikes and shot, marked with the letter A, do belong to the Vauward, unto whom do answer the Launciers, marked with the said letter A. And those marked with the letter B; do betoken the battle; unto them do answer the men at arms, marked with B, also. And those marked with the letter C, are for the rearguard, unto whom do answer the light horse or Carbins, signed with the like letter C. The farther declaration, practic rule, and order of the said encampement, shall on the next side following be at large declared and shown.   

The second figure of encampment.  
This figure denoteth an encamping in a valley betwixt 2 hills, with a small river running in the midst: the one of the said hills being near unto the camp, is to be fortified as appeareth: and the other being a sufficient distance off; not.  
You are to understand that in this figured incampement, the letter A doth signify the places of arms of the quarters of the Cavalry and Infantry, with the General his place in the midst; and also the place of Arms general: and all the streets and spaces betwixt the trenches and the lodgings or quarters. The letter B doth signify the quarters of the Launciers, and light horse: the letter C, the quarters of the men at Arms: the letter D denoteth the quarter of the Infantry, pikes, and shot: the letter E, the place of munition of the Artillery: the letter F, the allodgements of the chief officers, and Noblemen: the letter G, the marketplace; the place of munition of victuals: the letter I doth signify the rooms for the pinoners, artificers, and the cattle that is to be slaughtered for the use of the camp (with this proviso, that there be none slaughtered within the trenches, nor any garbage, nor other filth there to be suffered.) Finally the letter K denoteth the fort upon the hill, or little mount.   Capt. 
In the first of these two figured plaits of encampement of 30000 footmen, and 6000 horsemen, 

A declaration of the former encampement. The General's place. The Lord Marshals allodgement.  
The Treasurer's allodgement.  
The place of munition.  
The place of market.   distinguished as there appeareth; I have dissigned for the General's pavilion and place, 80 paces square, comprehending therein the breadth of the two main streets, of 20 paces each in breadth. Upon one quarter of the General's place, is lodged the Lord Martial and his retinue; upon another quarter is lodged the Treasurer, with extraordinary Gentlemen and Ambassadors: upon another quarter is the munition of victuals; and upon the last quarter, is made the place of market: every of these 4 quarters, and places containing their narrow front, butting upon the main street South & North, & East & West, 45 paces and in length 63 paces, fronting along the small cross streets. Round about three of the said quarters, is drawn a small street, of 10 paces broad, and on the other part is a street running, of 15 paces broad: without the which streets, upon the one side of the General's place, and the other two places of the Lord Martial, and munition of victuals, 
The 1000 men at arms quarter  I have quartered the 1000 men at arms in 4 little quarterets containing in every quarteret 250 men at arms: allowing for every man at arms 6 allodgements, and 2 allodgements for his place of arms, which are 8 allodgements; containing every allodgement 50 superficial foot of ground, 
The rule to work it.  that is, 10 foot in length, and 5 for breadth. Now, the working thereof is thus: multiply the 1000 men at arms by 8 allodgements, it maketh 8000 allodgements, the which 8000 multiply again by 50 foot superficial, which is allowed for every allodgement, and it maketh 400000 superficial foot; the which 400000, 
25 foot do make a superficial pace of 5 foot.  divide by 25, it cometh out to be 16000 paces superficial, for 25 superficial foot, do make a superficial pace. So the 1000 men at arms do require, 16000 paces superficial for their quarters, and place of arms. Now to divide these 1000 men at arms into 4 little quarterets, each quarteret containing 250 men at arms, divide the 16000 paces superficial by 4, and the product will be 4000 superficial paces for every quarteret, whose square root is 63, for the square of each quarteret, being quartered one way, with the great main street of 20 paces broad, 
Their place of arms. The light horsemen's quarter.  and the other way with a lesser street of 10 paces broad. Now to know the square side of all these 4 quarterets, extract the quadrat root of the 16000 superficial paces, being 126 paces, and that is the due square of every side. Finally to know what square of ground, the place of arms for these thousand men at arms shall contain, multiply the 1000 men at arms by two allodgements of every man, and it amounteth 2000 allodgements: then again multiply these 2000 by 50 foot superficial for each allodgement, and it maketh 100000 superficial foot, this 100000 superficial foot, divide by 25, to bring them into superficial paces, and it produceth 4000 paces superficial; of this 4000 paces superficial take the quadrat root, which cometh out to be 63 paces square, little more.  
Thus the place of arms of these 4 little quarterets, containing in them all 1000 men at arms, doth contain 63 paces square, besides the breadth of the two streets, which cross the quarters, not comprehended therein. Upon the other side of the General's place, and also without the two other places of market, and noblemen's lodgings, Southward, I have dissigned the 2000 light horse, or Carbins, divided from the same by a street of 10 paces broad: unto every light horse I have allowed 3 allodgements, and one allodgement for his place of arms, which do make 4 allodgements for every lighthorse. Now to multiply the 2000 light horse by 4, and it produceth 8000 allodgements: then I multiply again the 8000 by 50 foot, and it amounteth unto 40000 foot superficial; then to bring them into superficial paces, I divide the 4000000 foot by 25 (for 25 superficial foot, do make a superficial pace) and the product will be 16000 superficial paces, 
 for their quarters and places of arms. Now, to repart these 2000 light-horse into 4 little quarterets, each quarteret containing 500 light-horse, I divide the 16000 paces superficial by 4, and the product is 4000 superficial paces, for every quarteret, the square root whereof is 63, being quartered one way with the great main street of 20 paces broad, running North and South, and the other way with a lesser street of 10 paces broad, running East and West. Now again, to know the square side of all these 4 quarterets; take the quadrat root of the 16000 superficial paces, which is 126 and little more, and that is the due square of every side of all the 4 quarterets, not comprehending the breadth of the 2 streets which cross the same therein; and the ½ of 126, which is 63, is the just square side of every one of the 4 little quarterets. And now lastly to know what quantity of ground the place of arms for these 2000 light horse will require, 
Their place of arms.  I multiply the 2000 light horse by 1 allodgement, which is 50 superficial foot, and it maketh 100000 superficial foot, the which 100000 I divide by 25, so it cometh out to be 4000 superficial paces, the quadrat root whereof is 63 and a little more, and so much containeth their place of arms, besides the breadth of the aforesaid two cross streets, the which do enlarge their place of arms by so much. Thus are the men at arms lodged upon one side of the General's place, and the light horse upon the other side, as in the plat plainly appeareth.  
Next, upon the West part of the General's place, and without the two quarters or lodgings of the Marshal and Treasurer, with a street of 10 paces broad betwixt, I have lodged the 3000 lancers in 6 little quarterets, 
The 3000 lancers quartered into 6 quarterts.  containing each 500 lancers; unto every launcier I have given 3 allodgements of 50 superficial foot per allodgement, and 1 allodgement for his place of arms; the which are in all 4 allodgements to every lancer. Now, I multiply the 3000 lancers by 4 allodgements, & it amounteth 12000 allodgements, the which 12000 I multiply again by 50 foot superficial, and it maketh 600000 superficial foot, the which 600000 superficial foot to bring them into paces, I repart by 25, and it produceth 24000 superficial paces. Now this 24000 superficial paces, I divide again by 6 (for that I allodge the 3000 lancers in 6 quarterets) and the product will be 4000 superficial paces for every quarteret, the quadrat root whereof being 63 little more, is the due square of paces every way, of every one of these 6 quarterets: 
Their place of arms.  then again I repart the 6000 lancers by 6, and there cometh forth 500 lancers to be allodged in every quarteret. Now to give unto these 3000 lancers their convenient places of arms, I allow unto every 1000 lancers their place of arms contained betwixt two quarterets, allowing for the same unto every lancer one allodgement of 50 superficial foot; to do the which, I multiply the 1000 lancers (which are contained within each two quarterets) by 50 foot superficial, being the content of one allodgement, and it amounteth 50000 superficial foot, the which 50000 superficial foot, to bring them into paces, I divide by 25, and it produceth 2000 superficial paces; the quadrat root whereof being 45 paces little less, is the due square of the place of arms allowed for 1000 lancers, allodged within two quarterets (as in the plat appeareth) besides the breadth of the streets which do divide the same, by so much enlarging every place of arms. Thus the 3000 lancers are divided and allodged into 6 quarterets & unto every two quarterets is appointed their place of arms, as in the first plat of encampment may appear.  
Next upon the out sides of these 6 quarterets of lancers, 
A street of 15 paces broad.  and about the men at arms, and the place of victuals and market place, and lastly about the Carbines or lighthorse, have I drawn and staked out a street of 15 paces broad, to separate the horse companies from the foot, as by a red line there drawn will appear. Then round about this said street, 
The 3000 footmen's allodgement. The rule.  have I quartered & allodged the 30000 footmen into 30 quarterets, distinguished by streets of 10 paces broad, containing in each 1000 footmen, and unto every two quarterets their place of arms. Now to do the which, I have given unto every footman for his allodgement 64 superficial foot of ground, and unto every one 32 superficial foot of ground for his place of arms, both the which sums do make 96 superficial foot of ground for every foot soldier with the place of arms. This being done, I multiply the 30000 footmen by 96 superficial foot, and it cometh unto 2880000 superficial foot of ground for the quarters of these 30000 footmen, the which 2880000 superficial foot, I divide by 25 to bring them into superficial paces (for 25 superficial foot do make a superficial pace) and it produceth 115200 superficial paces. Now, for as much as I do bestow and place these 30000 footmen, round about the General's Pavilion and place, and without the ring of the horsemen's quarters (for the more surer guard of the General, and better defence of the horsemen, who are longer time in arming then are the footmen, if the enemy should offer any sudden attempt) and for that I think good to divide them into 30 quarterets; 
Reparted into 30 quarterets.  I do repart the said 115200 superficial paces by 30, and the product will be 3840 superficial paces for every quarteret; the square root whereof being 62 paces (little less) is every quarteret of 1000 footmen, square by every side.  
Now to give unto every two quarterets their place of arms, containing each quarteret 1000 footmen, 
Their places of Arms.  is in both 2000 men, allowing to every foot soldier 32 superficial foot for his place of arms, I do multiply the 2000 men by 32, and it amounteth unto 64000 superficial foot; then to bring them into paces, I divide the 64000 paces by 25, and there cometh out 2560 superficial paces, whose quadrat root is 50 and little more, the which 50 paces is the due square of every side of the place of arms belonging unto 2 quarterets, besides the breadth of the street which divideth the said two quarterets; for by so much the more is the place of arms enlarged. Thus are the 30000 footmen lodged, and divided into 30 quarterets, containing each quarteret 1000 men; and every square side of the said quarteret, doth contain 62 paces; and unto every 2 quarterets, is given their place of arms, extending each way 50 paces, besides the breadth of the streets that cutteth the same in the midst, whereby the places of arms be so much enlarged.  
And because that the shot are more ready than the pikes, I have placed almost all the shot in the ring of almost all the outmost quarterets, 
The placing of the shot.  to be ready to skirmish with the enemy (if he should attempt any thing) whilst the other foot and horse do arm themselves: the which shot being in all 15000, I have distributed thus. In the 4 quarterets which are upon the 4 angles of the allodgements, I have placed 750 shot, & into every one of the other outermost quarters there is set 500 shot, being 20 outmost quarters, besides the 4 angles; so there is bestowed about the ring of the allodgements 10000 shot: more in the 4 corner quarterets 3000 shot; and the other 2000 shot are placed in the 4 other inmost quarterets, amongst the halberds and short weapons: finally, all the pikes are placed in the quarterets within the shot; as in the first plat of an encampement doth particularly appear.  

Munition of the Artillery.  Moreover, upon the North east angle of the encampement, I have desseigned the place of munition of the Artillery, of 160 paces square; and on the South east corner of the encampement, 
Places for victuallers.  is there left 2 other smalller places of 65 paces broad, and 160 paces long, serving for victuallers, butchers, cooks, bakers, and such like: and without them again, is there another long place for horses, oxen, and cattle serving the camp: and upon the South side of the encampement are lodged, the wagoners, carters, labourers, & some pioneers: & again upon the North side of the encampement, 
Places of the wagoners. Place for the gunner's and artificers, and pioneers Place of arms general.  and by the place of munition of the Artillery, is placed first, the gunner's, and some officers of the Ordinance, and then the carpenters, wheel-wrights, smiths, labourers, and some pioneers, as there severally appeareth. And betwixt the place of munition of the Ordinance, & the victuallers place in the middle front of the encampement, due east is placed the place of Arms general, containing in breadth 280 paces, and 160 paces in length, East and West, and upon the after front of this place of Arms general is placed, armourers, cutlers, and such like, and at the one front of the 2 places of the victuallers, cooks, and bakers, are placed tailors, 
Division of the encampement. The artillery placed.  shoemakers, and such like. Moreover the encampement is divided East, and West with 9 streets, and it is divided North and South, with 6 streets, of which, the 2 main streets do contain in breadth 20 paces, and the 4 others (lined with red, East, & West, North, and South) 15 paces broad a piece, and the rest (being small streets) of 10 paces broad every one. Finally, the ordinance is placed, about 60 paces distant from the ring of the encampement, with a good vaumure cast up before them; and the Artillery planted upon the same. Last of all, is there a running trench cast round about the Camp, 
A running trench.  about 80, or 100 paces distant without the vaumure of the Ordinance. All the which matters do particularly appear in the aforesaid plat of encampement: but if this Camp were to continue any long time upon some seat or place, then must it be more stronger fortified, with deeper ditches, stronger bulwarks, and scances, thicker terraplenes, higher cavalleroes and mounts, to scour with the Ordinance round about the Camp, or otherwise fortified in such strong sort, as the prudent camp-master, with his skilful engineers shall think good and devise. The lodgings and tents of the Chief Commanders both of horse and foot, 
Lodging of the commanders.  may be seated on the front of every their places of arms. To conclude I give advertisement of one thing worthy noting: that there be no slaughter house kept within the Ring of the Camp, 
No slaughter house kept within the ring of the camp. Good considerations.  or any garbage left; or any other thing of annoyance or stink, and also that you encamp in no infectious place, lest the corrupted air do infect your people; as it did the French Kings camp before Naples.  
This aforesaid calculation, 
By these rules well conceived, may any encampement be made, and assigned.  method, and rule of encamping, will serve for example for another sort of encamping upon any situation, of what number of men soever. But it must be thoroughly conceived, practised often, and the due measures well considered: and having all the aforesaid points perfectly in sense and memory, there may be made any encamping very readily; with the due proportion and measures of the quarters, places, streets, and all other parts necessary to the same encampement, upon what situation soever it be: as by the aforesaid writings, rules, method, and designs, may be understood and learned,   

THE FIFT DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is discoursed touching the removing of a Camp; and of the care and diligence to be had therein.  Gentleman. 
TRuly (Captain) you have made a long discourse of the encamping of an Army: and I never thought it had been a matter of such skill and readiness, whereby I perceive, it is not the least point of your Martial matters.  Capt. 
No truly, but rather one of the greatest, and a point of great consideration, 
The encamp●ment is a point of great consideration.  care, and skill, and it importeth much for a Campe-maister General to be most expert therein: for by bad regard, and little skill, the whole camp may come to be in hazard.  Gent. 
But I pray you what order is observed in removing of a camp, & withdrawing from the enemy? 
The removing of a camp.   Capt. 
The marching and the encamping of an army being a continuate thing, the dislodging or removing of a Camp must needs be a consequence. Therefore I will with as much brevity, as I may conveniently, declare unto you what I conceive thereof; and that which hath been seen in our time touching the same. Presupposing therefore, that there be two enemy Armies, encamped within sight one of another, or at the least not far distant asunder, and because it is a most important matter, to know how many and sundry operations a brave man of war or good chief may do, yet herein there is many considerations to be had. For although to retire by night, 
Removing by night.  and to remove away from the enemy, doth seem to be the surest remedy that can be found, me thinks, notwithstanding that the same is not sufficient enough to attain an intention with security, if the said retirer be not befriended, either with the situation, or with some other parts and conditions of the country whether he meaneth to retire. And coming unto the particulars, I say; that when a camp removeth and dislodgeth by night, it is needful to use all possible silence and diligence, 
Silence and diligence.  the which if it be not assisted with the seat, and qualities of the country, it is not yet enough; as he which is to march through a plain and champain country, & in open places, and not having (upon any occasion offered by the enemy) some woods, valley, river, rocks, or such like, through the which men may hardly pass; but being so (as I say) it may then suffice to hold skirmish: for that the enemy's horse approaching may be thereby hindered and kept back; but otherwise one should be constrained to fight against ones will, with great disorder, especially carrying along the Artillery and other impediments of the camp, 
To observe good array.  the which with reason is not to be left in prey to the enemy. And in like sort it is not convenient to march the Army out of his ordinary pace, for if a man be over solicitous and hasty therein, it would easily conjoin an evil opinion unto the soldiers former conceit, grown by such dislodging and retiring: a matter truly of great danger to cause an unremediable disorder to ensue, as many times it hath been seen come to pass, whereas the army that pursueth the enemy, 
The pursuer.  hath not those impediments and difficulties: for they may leave all impediments behind. And if the pursuer do march with speed, it is done with more desire and courage; the chieftains using brave and honourable words, as in such cases be convenient, and therefore (in mine opinion) the dislodging by night is not very secure, 
Aided by advantage. Example.  unless it be (as I said) befriended and aided with some seat of advantage: as it chanced unto the aforesaid Francis the French King, when at Cambresy, he retired from the Emperor by night, that by the benefit of a great wood he might save his Army: and having passed through the same, when the enemy's horse overtook him, where he made a stand; and where as well by reason of the advantage of that wood, as by the commodity of the seat where he stood, he might well and boldly fight with the enemy, as by experience of them of the emperors part was seen: who over greedily pursuing the enemy, issued out of the wood, even upon his troops, where the most part of them were slain, or taken prisoners.  

Example.  The very same case happened also unto the protestants Army in Germany, when they would remove and withdraw themselves from the emperors camp, being both the Camps near encamped together, that dislodging by night, they had not far to march, to enter into a very strong valley, where they could not, but with the enemies great disadvantage, be charged and set upon: and for that there was in the same valley a little hill, the same was presently possessed by the protestants, and planted with good store of field ordinance, and with strong troops of foot and horse, and in such sort occupied, that what with this preparation, and with that which they made in a near adjoining wood, planting the same full of small shot; the emperors power could not pursue them, as they had pretended. For as soon as they were approached near unto them, they saw that they were retired unto a place both by art and nature most strong: and therefore were let pass without any more annoyance. Wherefore I say, that with the favour of the seat, and quality of the country, the dislodgement may be thus assured; as by the above recited examples may appear. 
Better to dislodge by night then by day.  And always it is far better to dislodge by night then by day, for to gain at the least, the distance of ground, to conduct the Camp to place of security and strength: 
Considerations.  for the removing by day, without the great help and security of the seat, most commonly is very dangerous; except the Remover should far abound in Cavalry; and therefore the Camp, which is inferior in horse, aught to distant himself, as far as he can, from the enemy; for not, by such accidents, to be constrained either to fight upon disadvantage, or commit some other foul disorder.  

Conclusion.  Thus have I at large (and more large than I meant) declared unto you, the office and parts of a Campe-maister General, with the orders to be observed in marching, in encamping, and in removing of a Camp, with rules and instructions to effect the same: the which being well conceived, considered, and regarded, may serve in time of service, to great good and importance.  Gent. 
Truly (Captain) you have taken pains herein, and have touched many good points worthy noting; especially should wars fall upon us: from the which God defend us. But have you yet any other officer to treat of, until you come to the Lord high General?    

The Election, office, charge and duty of the High treasurer of an Army.  Captain. 
THe High Treasurer of the Army, 
Treasurer of the Army.  is commonly chosen and appointed by the Prince; and is in the number of the principal officers that are in the camp, and always one of the Council of war, by reason of the great affairs committed to his charge & handling, 
Money, the sinew of war.  which is, the king's moneys and Treasure, being the sinews of the war: and without the same it were impossible for an Army long to hold and continue, 
The parts of his office.  having to deal with a strong and obstinate enemy. This high Treasurer hath the bestowing of the king's money, in diverse and sundry uses; and all to conduct the war to a good end. Moreover, he is to receive the tributes, taxes, and tailliages of the Cities, Towns, or Countries, where the conquest is made (if there be any such) and also doth receive the money which the Collegates do contribute, being any such ligue, and if they contribute money, and not people of war.  
He hath in like sort the superintendency of the victualling of the camp: and is to have a great care to give content (to the uttermost of his power) as well to the small, as to the great, & to see that as well the poor Pioneer, as the commanding Colonel be satisfied and paid their pays & duties, at due & convenient terms, if he will that his Prince be well served, and the soldiers to obey their Commanders and Captains: and to live in honest and commendable sort, as disciplined people of war ought to do: 
An Army without pay cannot long subsist.  otherwise, if the pay be wanting and not performed, I cannot see how a camp can long stand on firm foot; or the soldier pass and live without robbing, rifling, and spoiling, and to commit a thousand excesses: neither can I perceive how any good order may be observed, if necessity constrain men to commit these faults. Yet I will not hereby infer, but that in times of these wants and necessities, 
Patience a rare virtue.  men ought, with all possibility, to have patience, for it is a wonderful virtue in a soldier, at such an instant pinch: and to abstain from committing these excesses, although their pay be long on coming. For I know very well, that moneys cannot always be provided, and come at the due time appointed, by reason of sundry impediments that may hinder the same: 
Nothing more unjust then to make men live by windy words and air.  & then ought the honest soldier to have patience. But if the pay stay over long, there is nothing more unjust then to make men to live by windy words & air: therefore in such mean while they ought, either to distribute lend or a certain quantity of victuals daily, & also something to clothe men, & other necessaries, expecting until the pay do come: or else they must be suffered to live at their own discretion; that is, to take where and what they may find: which is a thing not to be permitted, but in cases of great extremity, and in cases, where all other remedies be passed: 
Dangerous liberty breedeth insolency, a vice not easily revoked.  for this dangerous liberty is occasion that soldiers will fall into such an insolency, that it would be almost impossible to reduce them again into their first esse, or being, the which is of lesser loss and danger then to suffer them to die with famine, or to see the camp dissolved: one of the which would of necessity ensue, were there not present remedy employed: and then the fault is not to be imputed to the Commanders and Captains. 
An objection.  Some man happily will say that the Chieftains may with sweet words and persuasions entertain, and qualify the soldiers. I confess the same: but that is but for a small time: and that too, no longer than that the soldiers do give credit unto their persuasions: But when that they shall once perceive that they are led forth with words, 
The answer.  and fed with wind from day to day, then is there no remedy to detain them long, but that they will murmur and grudge in diverse and sundry sorts; and happily run into riot, seeing themselves deceived by their Commanders, unto whom, from thence ever after they will give but slender credit and belief: and may happily be an occasion, that they will another time distrust them, yea, although that they tell them the truth; or at such time of importance as should be greatly needful to perform any honourable action: therefore, one of the principallest things that a Commander ought to have in recommendation, 
A great Commander not to use many false speeches unto his soldiers.  is not to use false speeches to his soldiers, if the falsity may afterwards be discovered. And although that herein there ought to be had great consideration and regard, yet now a days, some will (forsooth) that fables do pass for currant pays; and Captains words, 
A bad opinion.  to serve soldiers food; whereby the credit of Commanders is greatly diminished amongst men of war: and in conclusion, this is a willing to cover officers faults, who happily have spent and employed the money in some their other private commodity.  Gent. 

Soldiers sent into Ireland. Soldiers returning out of Ireland.  Doubtless there be many amisses that do pass in the world: for we have of late sent soldiers over into Ireland at sundry times, and as often as we send, we find others to return again from thence as fast, being able, sound and sufficient men, yea more likely men than those that we sent thither: and in conference with them, we hear but hard speeches, and truly were they true, a thing to be pitied, 
A matter to be ●ooked unto, and to be redressed.  and to be more narrowly looked unto, by such as have authority for the same: we are daily at charge, and often sending forth aids, the which doubtless, I think to be most necessary, yea were it much more, than it is, considering the great occasions and daily occurrants: but yet me thinks it very strange, that strong and sufficient men should so flock from thence, ere the action were performed, and new Bisognios sent in their rooms; which seemeth that there is some mystery therein.  Capt. 
No doubt, but there be some faults in all parts of the world, and happily among officers, who, although they see, yet will they wink, and bear one with another: but greatly to be wished, where amisses be, reformation to be had.  Gent. 

Some Lawyer's opinion touching Captains and soldiers.  Truly I have heard some learned men, and good Lawyers say: that the most of you Captains are but hungry fellows, which breedeth many inconveniences: and therefore (say they) it were far more necessary that the Gentlemen of every country or shire should have the conduction and leading of their own countrymen and neighbours, where by great amity and good orders would grow, and more willingly fight under their such country Captains, then under a stranger whom they know not.  Capt. 
Those speeches and wished order in some respects were very good: 
An answer.  but where have we in every shire such Gentlemen of experience & skill, fit to conduct & lead men, especially against a brave & politic enemy: for few we have that have seen service, especially Country gentlemen which never went from home: & how dangerous it is for an ignorant man to perform the parts of a perfect Captain, I have at large in our first book discoursed. Indeed were it in a royal camp, well furnished with a number of good and brave Commanders, and skilful officers, such country Captains were more tolerable: but in other pieces of service, where many times, a private Captain with a band or two of men, must perform the good parts of a Colonel, or other great Commander, than I say, such your named Captains were dangerous. Reasons I might show sufficient, but we should then prolong time over much.  Gent. 
But they say, 
An objection.  that many of your Captains, are as skilless as a raw country Gentleman: and therefore of the two evils it were better to choose the least.  Capt. 
This point hath already been discoursed upon in our first book, 
The answer.  & in mine opinion, the causes thereof shown: But let me tell your greedy master Lawyers one thing, in favour of poor soldiers: that it is not so light a matter to skirmish among the musket bullet, as it is to brawl at Westminster bar: nor so easy to come to the push of the pike, as to pen out a Lawing plea: nor so pleasant to pass amid the hizzing bullets as to walk in Westminster Hall with hands full of gold: nor so jocande to hear the bouncing of the Cannon; as to hearken to the cry of the crouching Clients: nor so delicate to lie in open Campania; as to wallow at home in a bed of down: neither yet were the glittering of armour so gladsome an object to their eyes, as the gobbes of gold by heaps in their studies; with many other points of war not so toothsome as they suppose: I do not hereby infer against Law, nor Lawyers, for I wots well, a common wealth cannot stand without order and justice: but giving such to understand, as hold to hard a conceit of soldiers, that the conduction of war is not of so small weight, as they suppose: and happily should they ever come into any hot piece of service, at their return home they would sing another song.  
But let us return to the particular parts of our Treasurer of war. 
Particular part● of a Treasurer of war.  I say, that this officer is of great reputation; and the payment of Colonels, Captains and other officers of war, are committed to his charge. First he ought at the beginning of the actions to receive from the Lord General the true number both of horsemen and footmen contained within the Army: and to have a book made by perfect computation, how much is due every month to every Colonel, Captain and all other officers, as well for them, as for their Companies.  
His proportion of pay he ought to make it well known to the General: whereby the General might, in due time, procure provision of money from the Prince, both for the soldiers pays, and other necessaries.  
He must confer also with the Master of the victuals to know how the store is furnished, that convenient provision may be made in time. The like care must he have with the Master of the Ordinance for the supplying his store of munition, as occasions and services of importance shall require.  
He must know also of the Muster-maister, how the bands be furnished; what soldiers be dead or slain; when, and how many; and how, and when supplied: delivering pay to every Colonel and Captain accordingly, keeping the warrants or notes of their hands for his discharge, and to advise well the Muster-maister to have a good regard to the false Musters that many times be made, to the hindrance of the action, and abusing of the Prince: a fault over much used, and little regarded.  
He is moreover to confer with the Captain General of the Artillery, which is our Master of the Ordinance, to know whether he hath any bills from the Colonels and Captains for powder and other munition received; that the same may be deducted at the day of pay.  Gent. 
What officers do assist or belong unto him?  Capt. 
There be sundry other officers, which are as it were appendent unto him; as the Purveyor General, the Master of the victual, and the Paymaster, with their Clerks and Officers; of whom I leave to discourse, for that their offices are well known and more desired: 
Officers commonly grow rich.  for that in our days they are very bad cooks that know not how to lick their own fingers, and once an officer, and by consequence, a rich man. To conclude, not only unto this officer, but unto all others almost, is Arithmetic a great ease and help, not only to digest their accounts in good order, but also a ready performance of the same.   

The Office and parts of the Lord High General of the Army.  

THE FIRST DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is set forth the parts to be expected in so high a Commander: the four principal qualities which the Romans considered in the Commanders of their armies; how needful it is to have grave and experimented officers in the Campe.  Captain. 

The Lord high General.  THe General, the Prince with the advise of his prudent Council, doth elect, choose, and appoint: and being an office of highest degree and greatest charge in the field, it ought to be encommended unto a parsonage endued with parts befitting the function. Therefore, as he is the Officer highest in degree, so ought he, not only to know perfectly the parts of every other officer, 
General parts.  but also to excel them all, in religion, wisdom, experience, policy, gravity, secrecy, counsel, modesty, temperance, valour, magnanimity, vigilancy, care, constancy, liberality, and resolution; with all other good parts incident to a perfect man of war: and how much all these good parts (and many more) ought to be in the parsonage elected to this high and careful dignity, by our former discourses you may easily conceive and gather; to the end that he, being their Chieftain and head, may not only know how to govern them both in general and in particular, in all Martial actions: 

A lantern of virtue, for the Army to imitate.  
A good chief will choose good Captains and officers: good Captains will breed good soldiers. It is hard for one man to have all good parts.   but also in his virtuous life and carriage, be a pattern, light, & lantern unto the whole Army, to imitate: for in our old proverb we say: such hunt, such hound, such master, such man: and so by consequence, such Chief, such followers. For most commonly a wise, valiant and virtuous General, will choose wise, valiant, & virtuous Captains, and officers: good & virtuous Captains, will, as near as they can, choose honest, sober, and virtuous soldiers, or at the least, reform their faults, and do their best to bring them to the due form of Military discipline. And as it is very hard for every Commander to have all the good parts incident to his function, yet such as are endued with many, or the most of these parts, are best to be esteemed; and so consequently the rest. For the accidents of war are so diverse and manifold, 
The accidents of war are diverse; sometimes altering men's humours.  that it altereth many times the humours of men: except being endued with constancy and magnanimity; which singular virtues few men possess: but greatly to be wished in all high Commanders.  
Now to discourse and reason in particular upon the parts due to a General, our discourses would be over long; wherefore I will name the four principal, which the ancient Greeks and Romans did consider in such personages as they elected to be conductors of their Armies: 
The four principal virtues considered by the Romans. 1 2 3 4  which were, 1 to be very expert and skilful in the Art of war, 2 to be valiant and magnanimous, 3 to be of great gravity and authority; and 4 to be fortunate in their successes: the which parts me thinks, a Prince ought to regard & consider, in the election of his General.  Gent. 
These parts and qualities do seem to be very good indeed; but yet, I pray, declare more particularly thereof, that we may the better understand the same.  Capt. 
I say (Gentlemen) that those republics would have their captains General to have great experience in Martial actions, 
1 Experience aught to be in Martial men.  whereby they might prudently command and govern therein; and therefore did they always elect and choose personages of great experience and practise, and of ripe years and judgement unto this office: yea with such consideration & care, that of the Romans, after that the two Scipios were slain, 
The 2. Scipio's. Asdrubal.  and their Armies overthrown, by Asdrubal the Carthaginian in Spain; none of their best experimented durst take upon him the former charge, 
Scipio Africanus.  but only young Scipio, called afterward Africanus, being son to one of the slain Consuls, although contradicted by sundry Senators, and chief by Quintus Fabius Maximus, 
Quintus Fabius Maximus.  alleging his young years, who only offered himself, and resolutely took upon him the determination to go to that Province, and accepted the defence of the same: showing himself therein the most valiant and noblest Gentleman than left in the Roman Republic, and one that had been nuzzled up in war even from a child; but not above 28. years of age; which caused the Senators (as I said) to misdoubt, that by reason of his young years, he should want the due skill, experience, and prudence, convenient for the government of the Roman Army.  Gent. 
But yet there have been many Princes in the world, who being of young age began to govern, 
Alexander Magnus commanded being young.  and conduct their Armies: as Alexander being but a very youth, conquered all Asia, and put all the whole world in a maze.  Capt. 
It is true, that many times for precise and forcible causes, it is necessary that Kings and Princes should be present with their own Armies in person, although their age & experience be not great. 
Young Princes in wars ought to have grave & experimented Captains. Examples.  But when this cometh to pass, they commonly carry with them, most ancient, grave and experimented Captains: as did Alexander, of the best and of most authority, which Philip, his father had for his conductors and counsellors of war: and many other of all nations have done the like, as in our time did king Philip of Spain, when he made Don john de Austria his Captain General, 
Don john de Austria.  he chose and appointed for his assister, Counsellor, and Lieutenant, Don Luis de Zuniga the grand Commendador of Castille: and many of our English kings have done the like; as did the famous conqueror Edward the third, 

Edward the 3. the Prince of Wales.  
The battle of Poitiers.  
john king of France and Philip his son.  
Don Sebastian king of Portugal.   who sent with his eldest son the brave Prince of Wales, for Coadjutors, counsellors, and Captains, the valiant Earls of Warwick, Suffolk, Salisbury and Oxenford; at their honourable journey into France, where at the battle of Poitiers they overthrew the whole power of France, and took their king john with his son Philip, and a great number of the French nobility prisoners.  Gent. 
Then how fortuned it that Don Sebastian king of Portugal, carried not such experienced personages about him, at his disastered journey made into Barbary, being himself so young, and without experience of war?  Capt. 

Insufferable nature of man.  You must note therein the proud and insufferable nature of man's mind; especially of them two Provinces, Spain and Portugal, which will not willingly endure any stranger to carry any office and dignity amongst them: 
The spaniards will not endure any stranger to be a Commander among them.  and men of experience and conduction he had none in his own Realm, by reason of his long continued peace.  Gent. 
Yet me thinks, that his determination was great and honourable.  Capt. 
It was so great, as was well seen by the success he had: and truly none can deny but that he carried a brave mind, 
The rashness of youth and want of skill.  and an high conceit: but yet by reason of his young age, and less skill, he wanted convenient prudence to the conduction of so honourable an action: for his presumption and boldness abounded, to his own, and his people's overthrow, which hath grown to a by word among the Spaniards, to the Portugals reproach; saying; Pocos, y locos, y mal auenturados. But I trust in God, that if it please him to bless us no worse than hither unto he hath done, 
The Spaniards ambition.  and to give us minds and prudence to prevent their mischiefs in time, we shall one day yet say by them, Muchos, presuntuosos, y mal disgraciados: for surely their pretences and designs are most ambitious and cruel against all Christian Princes and Countries, especially against us, upon whom they watch but time and opportunity to pour out their whole pots of poison: wherefore it standeth us upon, 
It standeth us upon to have an eye thereunto.  all true and valiant English hearts, to arm ourselves first with the fear, and honour of God; then with prudence, magnanimity, courage & valorous resolution against this proud nation, the Pope's minions; Spaniards I mean. But indeed, had Don Sebastian been of such Martial prudence, and valour in the same, 
Charles the fift. Henry the fift. Edward the 3. Henry the 3 king of France. Prince of Orange.  as was his grand father Charles the fift: or was Henry the fift, Edward the third: and other noble kings of England and France, or as Henry the third now king of France and Navarre, and as was George Scanderbag, and the last Prince of Orange, with sundry such others, he would have imitated them: who, in all their actions did annex and couple unto them, ancient and experimented Captains, although they were most brave men themselves: as did Charles the fift choose for his General at his enterprise upon Tunez, Alonzo de Aualos, 
Alonso de Aualos. Ferdinando de Toledo.  Marquis de Guasto; and in Germany he chose Ferdinando de Toledo, Duke of Alva: and so did sundry of the other above named Princes, the like.   

THE SECOND DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is discoursed of military valour: and the sundry parts thereof: as military prudence, with sundry stratagems of war: with many other martial points.  Gentleman. 
WEll now, sith you have declared unto us the first point, and quality of a General (which is experience) I pray proceed to the rest.  Capt. 
The second I spoke of, was to have military valour and prudence.  Gent. 
How is this military valour to be understood?  Capt. 
Military valour, 
Military valour, what it is.  is to be understood with us, as true Magnanimity with the Latinists: which is, besides his care in the actions of war; he is to have industry to practise them, and readiness to effect them, and constancy and true fortitude of mind in all perilous and dangerous successes, 

Parts of magnanimity.  
Battle of Cress●●. Agincourt field▪ Henry king of France and Navarre against the Duke de Maine.   as had Edward the third at the battle of Cressy, and his son, the brave Prince of Wales, at the battle of Poitiers; and as had our noble Henry the fift at Agincourt field: and as had of late, this present king of France and Navarre, in his honourable battle, against his rebel, the Duke de Maine, with all his brave assistants, upon an Ash-wednesday, being the fourth of March in Anno. 1590. By whose magnanimity and martial valour (next under God) was the victory most honourably achieved, even at such time of extremity, as his troops were disarrayed and ready to fly; who most magnanimously, in the very pinch and point of that disarray, rushed boldly amongst them, saying; C'est moy, mes enfants, Voyez, icy vostre Roy. It is I my children, lo here your King: whereby they were so comforted, and encouraged, that they regathered themselves, made a fresh head, and conquered in fine their conquering enemies.  
This fortitude, moreover doth wonderfully aid and help to the overthrowing and quenching of all disordinate appetites: 
Fortitude of mind.  and to the end you may the better understand me, I will declare the parts more particularly. To little purpose were it for a Captain General to be experienced, 
Experience manifested by valiant actions.  as before I have said, if his experience and skill did not manifest the same with his valiant actions: and to put the same in execution, it is necessary that he be careful, vigilant, and diligent in all the matters which he is to attempt, and put in practice, and moreover to have a natural instinct and humour befitting the same: 
A natural instinct to know the qualities of the enemy.  as particularly to know the qualities of the enemy's Commander; whether he be over bold, rash, and inconsiderate, or timorous, sober, and reposed in his actions: and whether he be subtle, 
Great points to be considered.  politic, and diligent, or blunt, base minded, and sluggish: whether he be a man desirous to come to fact of arms, or a man of delay, avoiding the same: also to know what counsellors, conductors, and officers he hath, and in fine of what determinations: whether his enemy's Army be of new reared people and Bisognios, or of practised, skilful, and ancient bands, and of what nation they be: what designs and intents they hold, and unto what end they aspire: and also to consider and paralleill his own forces with the strength and powers of the adversary: helping himself in most of these matters, with good and trusty espials, and those to be well rewarded and paid, 
Good and trusty espials.  the which many times are as sovereign Antidotes against the poisonous practices of the enemy: as the most bravest and skilfullest Commanders of the world have used: as did Lewes the eleventh, king of ●raunce, 

Lewes the 11 king of France Philip Duke of Burgundy.  
Philip king of Spain.   against Philip, Duke of Burgundy, and as did Charles the fift, against the Protestants in Germany: and as now doth king Philip of Spain, too too much in all nations; and (no doubt) other Princes do practise the same: whereby many designs be often discovered, and thereby prevented without fact of arms, only with military prudence: the which may be effected and done with continual diligence, 
Military prudence.  and ceaseless care. For a brave mind and of high conceit, ought never to be tired in toiling after virtue, and to attain with cost of travel the glorious issues of his deep designs: as did our famous King, Henry the eight, and others his predecessors, in their honourable attempts and achievements in France: and as did Charles the fift in his actions in Germany and Italy: & as did Alexander, julius Caesar, Hannibal, and Scipio, with many others more in their honourable enterprises and conquests.  
And for as much, as from such military care and diligence, there is to be expected good success, 
From military care and diligence do spring good successes. Examples.  it is convenient that the Captain General be very industrious, to know how to invent new occasions of war, to entertain the enemy with long delay, if the case so require it; imitating Quintus Fabius Maximus, when he warred against Hannibal. And many times to corrupt with money; as did Lewes the second king of France often practise; and as did monsieur dela Tresmoille, Monsieur de Levy and Triwltio, Generals to Lewes the twelfth King of France, when he corrupted with money the Swissers which served under the pay of Lodowik Sforza, Duke of Milan, upon whom they laid hands, and vilely delivered him to his enemies, the French: and as did the Prince of Parma, with the traitors, York, and Stanley, and the betraying and delivery of Sutphen unto the Spaniards. And as principally doth King Philip of Spain corrupt with his golden Pistolets the most parts of Europe; 
Phillip's golden pistolets corrupt most parts of Christendom. Gonzalo Fernades.  according to their grand Captain, Gonsalo Fernandes, saying: that Princes, Generals, and great Commanders, aught by one means, or other seek to overcome, and gain their purposes: be it by right or by wrong, a Spanish principle.  
Moreover he may by cunning means, and feigned letters, cause the enemy's Captains to be suspected, 
Stratagems by feigned letters. Bourbon ●ria●ultio.  and blemished; as did Bourbon and Trywltio, the King of France his Generals, being besieged, and very hardly distressed within Myllau, by the Emperor Maximilian, who sent of politic purpose, a servant of Triwltios' (who spoke the Swisser tongue perfectly well) with feigned letters unto the Captains of that nation, then serving in Maximilians Camp, thereby to cause them to be suspected and doubted, 
Maximilian.  the which feigning messenger being taken by the Sentinels and watches, cunningly (like Sinon at Troy) humbly beseeched them his life and pardon, and that he would deliver them certain things which he had to deliver unto the Colonels and Captains of the Swissers: the which being granted him, 
The Swissers.  he drew out of his shoe the devised letter, which he carried to cause a suspicion to grow upon these Captains: the which being seen and read by the Emperor, holding for certain their contents to be true, and mistrusting some treason, 
L●dowike Sforza.  as they had before used unto Lodowik Sforza, raised presently his camp, and withdrew himself, with less constancy and credit, then to his honour and reputation was convenient.  
Also he ought to have great industry and skill to know how to encamp his Army, 
Industry and skill to encamp, and to dislodge the enemy.  and to dislodge the enemy, cutting him from victuals and other commodities; with blocking up of all passages and straits about the besieged place, and to reknowledge and consider all the places of most strength and commodity: wherefore it is needful that he be both learned and skilled in Geographie, as well of the country & province where he warreth, as of all other parts in general; well informing himself of the situations and dispositions of the same, 
To have good intelligence.  of what temperature they be, of what firtilite they are, of what things they abound, and of what things they want, what manner of people do inhabit them, & those of what conditions & manner of life; what religion they hold, with what laws they be governed, what Princes do rule them, and what power and valour they are of. All the which considerations, and many more stratagems are to be attained with learning, & often reading of histories; as by all brave Commanders which ever were yet, may well be understood, and therefore let no man think, but that a soldier ought to be learned and read, 
Learning joined with experience maketh a perfect man of war.  the which conjoined with experience, makes him a perfect man of war: and without this learning and reading a soldier may haunt many years the wars, and never attain to the deep points of soldiery, the which by much reading and fewer years of experience, may be far better perfected: 
Lucullus the Roman.  as was seen by Lucullus the Roman commander, and many others of other nations.  
And also to have the more particular skill and knowledge herein, 
Drawn plaits, and maps, with descriptions.  it importeth much to have drawn plaits, maps, and models of every several province, country, and region, with the descriptions of their mountains, valleys, hills, champain fields, forests, woods, rivers, brooks, fens, lakes, pastures, and arable grounds, and whether their fields be open or enclosed, narrow or large; what straits and passages difficult to pass, what strong places and castles, what towns, cities, and boroughs, what Noble men's places, and houses of pleasure, and what distance there is betwixt place, & place; whereby to give assured directions and traces unto every action they pretend and attempt; as did many of our famous Commanders in their honourable wars in France and Scotland, and as did the Marquis de Pescara and Antonio de Leyva, 

The Marquis de Pescara and Antonio de Leyva.  
Industry, policy, and courage.   and other imperial Captains in their wars with the French, in the provinces of Naples, Lombardy, and Piedmont, who with a far lesser number, badly paid, and worse preparations of war, with only industry, courage, policy, & boldness, came to achieve many enterprises, and to great encounters, laid many Ambuscadoes, and gave many surprises and camisadoes to the enemy, thereby gaining both honour and victory: as was seen in the battle of Pavia, 
The battle of Pavia.  where Francis the French King was taken prisoner, and his Army quite overthrown, with the states that he held in Italy. The like did many of our brave English Kings in France, Scotland and other places, namely at the battle of Poitiers, Agincourt field, and else where, where with a small number of English soldiers, the whole strength and chivalry of France was overthrown, slain, and taken prisoners, only by valour and martial industry. All the which was performed with wonderful diligence, speed, secrecy, and resolution, which be matters of great importance in the conduction of war.  Gent. 

Few numbers experienced bravely conducted, do achieve great enterprises.  How say you, that it is a very important thing to execute the effect of war with great speed and diligence, sith you said but even now, that it was a great point to know how to entertain the enemy with delays, as did Quintus Fabius with Hannyball?  Capt. 


Policy preferred before rigour of war.  
Battles subject to a thousand hazards.   It is true, that in good martial discipline, that General is more to be accounted of, and esteemed, which knoweth how to overcome with policy, wisdom, stratagems, and prudence, then with dint of sword and rigour of weapons. For battles are subject unto a thousand hazards, and perils, as to the temerity and rashness of heady Captains and soldiers, and unto the cowardice sometimes of some particulars; with a number of such accidental fortunes: and therefore in effect, prudence and patience, and not pride and rashness, do produce good and happy events in war: 
Octavius Augustus.  and therefore the Emperor Octavius Augustus did more esteem the kingdom of Mauritania, than all the other provinces which he possessed, for that he had gained the same without blood, and the king of Naples Don Alonso, 

Don Alonso king of Naples.  
The Duke de Anjou.  
A wise saying.   being challenged by his Competitor and enemy, the Duke of Anjou to come to battle, he refused the same, saying; that it was the part of a good Captain to know how to gain, and not to come to battle at the enemy's appetite.  
But this is principally to be understood, when a Prince is set upon and distressed in his own country, as was then the said king Don Alonso, & the case being such, let no Prince nor General use the temerity and rashness, as did Lewes the King of Hungaria, 
Rashness of Lewes king of Hungaria.  who joined in battle unadvisedly with Solyman the great Turk, being badly counseled thereunto by the Archbishop Tomeres, being far inferior to his enemy in numbers: yea, although he were equal, yet were it better to weary him with delays, and cause him by such linger to be weary of the action; and so retire in fine. And therefore to this end the Signory of Venice will have their Generals to be rather wary and long delayers, 

To weary with delays, rather than to be rash and furious. The Venetians order.  
Successes of battles are doubtful. julius Caesar's saying.  
A good note.   then rash and furious warriors, not sparing any cost to prolong the same, always avoiding the doubtful and uncertain successes of battle, yea although they hold for certain to gain; if it be thought to cost much blood, yet better to be refused: as julius Caesar declared very well, saying: that he ought to be accounted an unjust Captain if he did not more esteem the safety of his Army, and the life of his soldiers, than his own proper commodity and life. For those which do measure the hope of the victory, without the due consideration of the profit or loss, that succeeds the same, do desire vain and disordinate things, and do find many times the events and issues contrary to their thoughts: as it chanced unto the French at the battle of Poitiers, 
Examples.  where although they were in full hope of victory, yet they lost therein a number of their nobility, with their King and his son taken prisoners: and again, as it befell the said French at the battle of Ravenna, where although they remained victors, 
Battle at Ravenna. Monsieur defoyx.  yet they lost Monsieur de Foyx their General, and many of his brave Captains, whereby those which remained were constrained to retire, and pass over the Alpes, with more than good speed. Therefore to entertain the enemy with long delays, without bringing one's self into the danger of fact of arms, and to be at choice to accept or refuse the battle, if it be presented, 

Many policies to be used to delay the fact of battle.  
Speed and diligence in many pieces of service. Ambuscadoes, Camisadas, Incursions, skirmishes.   there is to be used many policies, devices, and stratagems, and to attempt the venturous effects (of necessity) speed, and diligence is to be required; as in lodging ambuscadoes, to give camisadoes, to sally in skirmish, and to make incursions and great Cavalgadoes to surprise victuals and convoys, to prevent their allodgements, to possess straits and passages, to cut them from victuals, and such like pieces of service: and especially if there be two of the enemy's powers separated the one from the other, and being necessary to fight with them before they come to join; then I say, is wonderful dispatch, speed and secret conduction to be required: 

Claudius' Nero defeated Asdrubal Barquinus. The Duke of Bavier.  
Frederick the Emperor.   as did Claudius Nero a Roman Captain, when he defeated and slew Asdrubal Barquinus, who was come out of Spain into Italy to join with his brother Hannyball. The like did the Duke of Bavier, before that fresh aids were come to join with his enemy, the Emperor Frederik. And as did the Duke of Alva, holding Grave Lodwick besieged within Monts in Hennault, who understanding, and seeing his brother the Prince of Orange, coming with a strong power to relieve him, the very same night that he approached near, gave him a most furious Camisado, and slew many of his people, whereby he was enforced the next day to return without effecting his intent. 

Celerity and quick dispatch in conquest of a country.  
Portugal wars.   And in the conquest of any country, city, or province, there is also great celerity and quick dispatch to be used by the Captains, and Generals; as was performed by the Duke de Alva, and the Marquis Sancta Cruz in their Portugal wars, preventing by their martial prudence, many difficulties, not otherwise easy to be dispatched, if the Portugals had had more wit, valour, and counsel, than they had. And how much this celerity in some cases doth avail, may well be seen by the brave exploits of Sir Francis Drake, 
Sir Francis Drake and Captain Carliel in the India's.  and Captain Caerleil, at Saint Domingo, Carthagena, and Nombre de Dios, with other parts of the Indies. Sundry other examples might be recited of actions performed with celerity, and secrecy: and for not applying quickness & celerity in the execution, many times actions have been greatly hindered, and great inconveniences have ensued: as it happened unto Hannibal; who having the victory and conquest of all Italy in his hands after the battle of Cannae, 
Hannibal at the battle of Cannae.  lost all those advantages, only for not pursuing the aforesaid victory. But yet in all these occurrants and occasions, 

Great care to be had to conserve the Army.  
Desperate assault, the spoiling of brave men.   there is great care and consideration to be had, to conserve the Army what possible may be, and not to hazard the soldiers with dangerous assaults; for commonly in such attempts the bravest men go to wrack, as was well to be seen among the Spaniards in the expugnation of Haerlem, Mastricht, Sluice, and other forts of the low countries. And therefore Scipio the younger, when being persuaded by some of his Captains to take Numantia by battery and assault, he answered them, saying: that he esteemed more the saving of one Romans' life, than the kill of all those within Numantia; considering that the best men are commonly lost in such attempts.  

Constant in perils.  A General ought also to be very constant in hazards and perils; for many times it happeneth, that the determinations which men do take in pleasant motions, and with great vigour of mind, before the very danger; but the peril being once presented, and when it is most need to put the business in execution, then being amazed and stricken with chilly fear, do they leave off the attempts, and dishonourably retire; and will by no means be reencouraged thereunto: as did  

To contemn any danger for to conserve our honour.  And he is to be accounted an excellent General, which contemneth and despiseth all imminent dangers, in respect to conserve his reputation and honour: as many of our famous kings of England have done, in their own persons, and as many times Henry, 
Examples of brave men.  now present king of France and Navarre, hath done in many encounters which he hath had: and as did the County Lodron, when Castraneo the Emperor Ferdinando his General forsook the Army under his charge in Hungaria, and fled away with the most part of the horsemen, for fear of the Turks; the said County Lodron being with those footmen which remained, was by them most humbly entreated to be their Conductor and General in that disastered success, seeing that he, which was their General and Commander had so shamefully forsaken them: the which the said County accepted with great modesty, using unto them many grave speeches, and honourable words, with abhorring the fowl flying away of his companion, and encouraging them bravely to defend themselves, with their manful resisting of their enemies, without imagining or thinking upon any thing else, then valiantly to fight, and courageously to overcome. Then an ancient Almain soldier, seeing this County so full of spirit, and constant, said in gracious manner thus unto him; My Lord, let it not seem unto you so great a wonder the flying away of our General, seeing that he was mounted upon so gallant a courser, as he was; which seemed that he expected to see how his horse would run. Now, the County understanding the crafty meaning of this old soldier, dismounted with all dexterity from his horse, and drawing out his curtilax, cut off his horse legs, saying unto them with a cheerful countenance; 
Honourable words.  My good companions, and dear countrymen, this day will I be both Captain and soldier, and will fight on foot even as you do; Perform you the parts of valiant men, for not to deceive mine opinion of you; & gain ye the victory, or die most honourably with revenging your deaths; and finishing this war with your end and mine.  

Not to be overcome with disordinate lusts.  Now to conclude with this military virtue: Great Commanders and Captains Generals, should not suffer themselves to be overruled with disordinate lusts, 
One foul vice may obscure many virtues.  and appetites: for in a noble parsonage one only vice is enough to obscure and blemish a number of good virtues, as was seen by Alexander, and Philip his father, by the fowl excess of wine drinking; and by many others stained with such other vices. 
Virtue exalteth the possessors thereof.  And per contra, one singular virtue did wonderfully grace and exalt the possessors thereof: and if it find foundation of Nobility and Illustrious Blood, it frameth thereupon the fabrica and building of a most excellent parsonage: and if it find no such foundation, yet it layeth sufficient foundation of itself: which hath been seen in many Captains, who from base degree and state, have ascended to be great Commanders and Princes, by their wise and virtuous carriage, and by their modesty in manners, and by their singular abstinence; whereof we have many and singular examples of sundry virtuous men: as of Francis Sforza, 
Francis Sforza.  Duke of Milan, who imitating Scipio Aphricanus, would not once touch or abuse a most beautiful young maiden, which was taken by his soldiers in the Castle of Casa nova, and presented unto him, whom he received into his pavilion; being a matter of more importance to suppress the vices insulting in the mind, 
The good life of the General a pattern to reform their Campe.  then to encounter a mighty enemy. And by this example of himself, might this General, and many other such, which have been in the world, reform their Camps; not permitting their soldiers and people of war, to grow licentious, and to soil themselves in vices, sith that nothing doth make them more effeminate, 
Vicious sensuality effeminates the mind.  and more unprofitable for war then the same: as well appeared in the expugnation and sack of Numantia, being there overthrown so many Conductors and Consuls, 
Example at Numantia. Scipio Aemilianus reform his Campe.  without performing any thing: for being the Roman Army so corrupted with vices, until Scipio Aemilianus came to command; who reform the same, and banished all light women and bad housewives out of his camp, and caused his soldiers to forsake and shake off all kind of curiosity and daintiness, compelling them to eat their meat standing, and continually to practise their weapons: the which reformations were of such importancy and effect, that within a short time after, those of Numantiae sallying forth to skirmish, with their accustomed confidence and courage, they were constrained to retire, and turn their heels: whom, at their return into the City, being reprehended & blamed by their General, for so flying from the Romans, whom they had so often before time beaten, they answered him, saying; that the Roman soldiers were the very same, 
How much importeth a good Commander.  but that their Commander was another, and a man of more valour and better government than those before passed.   

THE THIRD DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is discoursed of the other two virtues, Authority, and Fortune; and their due significations: and in fine, what counsellors are to be chosen, and coupled unto the Lord high General of an Army Royal: with other points.  Gentleman. 
NOw, sith you have at large declared unto us the parts, appertaining unto Military valour, and virtue; I pray proceed unto the other qualities of a General.  Capt. 
The two remaining be, 
Authority and fortune do follow military valour and virtue.  Authority, & Fortune; the which do imitate and follow the others, as the shadow doth the body. For a virtue (as I have before declared) doth put in execution and practise the Military precepts: and the wise Captain General doth thereof make an habit; whereby ariseth and springeth (of necessity) the fame of his valour and honourable acts; the which doth accredite him, and increase to him authority.  Gent. 
I understood that the authority in a Captain General, was, to be nobly borne, and descended of illustrious blood.  Capt. 
It importeth him much to be such; the better to be respected and followed of those noble men and gentlemen, 
It importeth much in wars to be borne of illustrious blood  which do follow the wars: for peradventure they would not so incline unto him, nor obey him with such subjection, if he were not such: therefore how much nobler the parsonage of a General is, so much the more is he obliged to adorn and furnish himself with the good parts and virtues which before I have spoken of: for high title and favour maketh not a man wise, prudent, and virtuous, if he be not such of himself. For by these virtues; 
Severity and liberality, two firm pillars of a General.  & by his severe punishing of the bad, & by his liberal rewarding of the good, which be two of the firmest pillars that a General can hold, he shall ascend unto the top of true perfection.  Gent. 
Do you say, that a General is to punish with severity: and always I have understood, that it is more security for Princes, to be beloved for their clemency, then to be feared for their rigour?  Capt. 

Clemency toward the enemy, humbly yielded.  I understand that in Martial causes, clemency is to be used towards the enemy humbly yielded: For, for to conquer it is a human thing, but to pardon and forgive, is a thing divine. And in truth, none can be termed a true victory, if the same be not accompanied with some clemency: and therefore Francis the French king, 
Francis the French king.  after the battle of Pavia, was wont to say, That kingdoms might be conquered by force, and gained and conserved by riches, but the good fortune thereof, when it seemed most prosperous, turned her tail at pleasure (and in one moment in a manner) turned topsy-turvy all that she had exalted in many years space. But the preparations, occasions, and means how to use this clemency, and mercy, and thereby to advance men's noble fames, is not a thing which every Prince attaineth, and he may be accounted in every point happy who hath the same, and knoweth rightly how to use it, 
Example of clemency and pity.  as did our famous king Edward the third, and his victorious son Edward Prince of Wales, unto king john of France, and Philip his son, after the memorable battle of Poitiers; and as did Philip Duke of Milan, unto Don Alonso of Naples; and the Sultan Saladine, unto the Christian women in Jerusalem. For although the generous and haughty minds do rejoice in victories, they do yet nevertheless grieve at others calamities: and therefore Alexander wept for Darius: and julius Caesar for Pompeius: and Marcellus for Syracuse: and Scipio for Numantia.  

The rigour of justice on whom, and where to be used. A General to be both beloved and feared. Hannibal  But the rigour of justice ought to be exercised upon the own soldiers of the camp, and people of war, their offences deserving it: for in true discipline of war, one is not to offend twice. And it importeth much for a Captain General to be both beloved and feared; as was Hannibal, who being but a particular Gentleman of Carthage, without any other Signiories or state, & had for his great enemies, the most principal Senators of the same Republic, and the Army under his charge being of sundry nations, yet is it not in writing that ever there was seen any mutiny amongst his soldiers, nor any disagreeing in so many years as he warred in Spain, France, and Italy; by reason that he chastened with rigour the delictes and offences committed by his people of war, and rewarded their noble acts with great liberality and kindness; and paid them their due pays always in good time.  Gent. 
Without doubt Hannibal must needs be well served and obeyed, if he paid his soldiers so royally and well.  Capt. 
I find no foundation more sure and firm then to do the same, to the end to have an Army well conducted and governed. 
soldiers well paid, a sure foundation to good conduction.  For, if the soldiers be not paid, of necessity they must be suffered to rob, spoil, range, and ransack, whereby to sustain themselves, as too too much hath been seen in these civil wars of France and Flanders: 
Want of pay breeds many inconveniences.  the which, if they were well and duly paid, than all these inconveniences should cease; and would serve with more wariness and care, as men bound thereunto, and would fear punishment, if they should by hap offend.  
Now, 
Good fortune proceeds, from experience, fortitude, and from authority.  felicity and good fortune, proceeds from knowledge, from fortitude, and from authority. For the General which knoweth what he hath to do, by skill and experience, and hath Military valour, to enterprise, and to execute with consideration and authority, that thereby his soldiers may both believe him, and follow him; such a one, without question, shall have good success: which is the very true felicity and good fortune itself.  Gent. 
I never understood, till now, that felicity and good fortune did consist in science and knowledge: for I have always heard say; that fortune did most favour men of least wisdom, and in fine, fools.  Capt. 
Such was the opinion amongst the Stoic Philosophers; conceiving that as there was one Prima causa, 
The Stoics opinion of fortune.  eternal, omnipotent, and of infinite wisdom, known and discerned by the order and harmony of his works: so in like sort, was there another causa, imprudent, foolish, and inconsiderate; whose operations were without order, or reason, or any wisdom at all; for that, with an irrational affection, it both gave, and deprived men, of riches, dignity and honour: the which they termed and entitled by the name of fortune; seeing her to be a friend of men which did their matters, 
There is no other fortune, but the providence of God.  fortè; which is to say, a casu, by chance, without conduction either of reason or prudence. But in very truth there is none other fortune but the providence of God, and the valour and ability of man: neither any other thing that maketh men disastered, & that things succeed them not, according to their desires, but only the want of skill to practise their actions in due times; and with such convenient means as the cases would require.  Gent. 
Truly, me thinks, that if a General should observe the rules by you declared of these four principal parts and qualities: he should not fail of good success in the most of his actions.  Capt. 
So think I also: 
The General ought to be skilful in all the offices of war.  presupposing therewithal that he ought to know, and understand all that which I have spoken of the other officers of war (and of much more yet unspoken of) sith that they are his inferiors; to the end that he may perfectly know, how to command and govern them: for unworthily shall he command and govern in wars, which is ignorant and unskilful in the precepts and rules thereof.  Gent. 
What more yet concerneth his office?  Capt. 
Marry, 
To choose good Counsellors and men of experience.  to choose unto himself good counsellors to assist him in his good government: for much more needful are the Counsels of men, wise and experimented in Martial causes, than armour and weapons: for the greater matters are better effected with the intendment, then achieved with the sword, many times.  Gent. 
But are not the personages known, who are to be of the Counsel of war, by reason of their offices.  Capt. 

The counsellors in war ordinarily known.  Yea sir: for ordinarily these following, be of the same: First the Captain General of the men at arms, lances, and light horse; 2 the Captain General of the artillery, or Master of the Ordinance: 3 the camp-master General, or Lord high Marshal. 4 the Colonels of the Infantry; and 5 also the Treasurer of war. 
Respect to be had to grave and ancient soldiers.  But there is (moreover) respect to be had unto other grave personages; and in the election of those, the General ought to have great consideration, and insight: for deep, dangerous, and difficult matters, are to be consulted, disputed, and reasoned with perfect intendments, & clear judgements. And therefore there is not to be admitted unto the same, 
Men of mean judgement and common sense, not to be permitted to be counsellors. A particular care.  men of mean judgements and of common sense: for those that are the counsellors to a Prince, aught to be personages of great minds, high conceits, & of equal intendment with the Prince. And that which he is particularly to consider of them, is, to see that they be perfect soldiers, and of great experience, and men of valorous determinations: but not rash, heady, and harebrained: for those Counsels are sufficient honourable, which render security unto doubtful affairs. And on the contrary, those are most affrontous, & miserable; when being enterprised with temerity, only to show a vain presumption, and rigorous boldness of mind, they are wont to disturb the good courses of the honourable enterprises, and of the victories whereof great hope is to be had. And because it is a most ordinary thing amongst Counsellors to contradict one another, and to diminish one another's authority, he must be very careful to foresee and procure, 
To procure a general love amongst them. Hatred & fear, are two bad Counsellors in war.  that they be all loving friends together: for that, the most part of the security of the camp consists in their unity, concord, and love: and that they all may love him with entire affection: for hatred and fear be two bad Counsellors in war.  
This (Gentlemen) is all that I am able to say touching the officers and high Commanders in wars: what other stratagems and policies of war are, the General, and other high Conductors of enterprises, may by their own Martial prudence, and natural instinct, invent and put in practice, according to the occurrants and accidents of war: for daily new courses and inventions are found out: to answer the which new stratagems are devised, & sic vicissitudo rerum.     
The end of the fift Book.   

THE sixth BOOK OF WAR DISCOURSES AND MARTIAL DISCIPLINE.  

The first Dialogue:  
Wherein is briefly touched of the orders of our now used fights: the great commodity of due and skilful training: the tables for the embattling of men in grand square of men: and into battalions of the same kind: with proportioned figures to the same: and arithmetical rules to the working thereof: and a declaration of every the said tables.  Gentleman. 
WEll (Captain) sith you have in your former five books at large discoursed touching most martial points; as well of soldiers, offices, officers, and Commanders, as also of most sorts of embattling of men, now most in use; wherein you have satisfied us wonderful well: yet, I pray (according to your promise) will you now describe unto us their several tables, 
A farther request for figures and tables of battles.  and figures to the same: whereby we (which are not skilled) may reap some knowledge from thence: and so shall have good cause to yield you thanks for your great pains.  Capt. 
Although that I have in our former discourses, declared (at large) of most sorts of embattling, both ancient and modern; yet for better declaration and understanding of the tables following, I must of necessity repeat a great part thereof again. 
Errors found in battle.  Touching errors found in battles (according to mine opinion) by reason of sundry compound weapons within the body of the same, I have spoken already. 
What kind of battles may be held for good and firm.  Wherefore now let us consider, and declare, what kind of battles (by reason) may be held for good and firm, considering our now used fights, and the weapons most befitting the same, & suited in so good sort as may become able to abide or perform a victory, whereunto they are appointed. Principally therefore if you will rest upon one sole and entire battle, whether the same be square of men, or square of ground, 
To frame the squadron of pikes only. To impale with shot. Shot divided into small troops.  or any other proportion, or form, as hearst, cross battle, or triangle: the which two first (as I have erst before said) do at this present day remain chief in use among us: or divide your army into many battalions of that kind, which your grand battle shall be form of: then set your squadron of battle or battalions round about under the guard of the pikes, with such number of shot, as shall be best fitting unto the proportion of the same, according to the Sergeant Maior his appointment; either by 3, 5, or 7 shot in a rank: and the rest to be reparted into many small troops, of 30, 40, or 50 in a troop; trooping round about the battle, with a reasonable distance from the same, to maintain skirmish, which way soever the enemy approacheth. Providing that the same troops be still maintained, one to second another, that the battle may be by them shadowed, to the end that the enemy's troops or skirmishers may not have that advantage to discharge upon the body of your battle.  

The short weapon to be mingled with the troops of shot.  Now among these your troops of shot, it shall be very behoveful to mingle some of your short weapons, as halberds, bills, swords and targets, half pikes, and such like: for there shall your short weapon do best service, mixed with your naked shot, to back them, if they should happen to be distressed by the enemy.  
Your battle thus framed, girdled, and environed with shot in troops, the which troops, 
Troops of shot one to second an other.  seconding one another, shall still keep your battle shadowed, as in the figures of all their kinds, set down before their several tables, shall plainly appear: always regarding that your girdling shot do never discharge until the enemy cometh within 20, 
The girdling shot when to discharge  or 30, paces of them at the least; and then to discharge roundly upon the face and body of the enemy. The which being performed, if they be encountered with foot, they are speedily to retire unto either flank of the battle, or sleeved in betwixt the pikes, or if encountered with horse, to bend down upon one knee, under the guard and secure of the pike.  

The rare victories of the Romans'.  Now having deeply considered the rare victories and great conquests of the ancient Romans', achieved (in mine opinion) by their due observing of true martial discipline, and great readiness in their politic and sudden alterations of their proportions, wherewith to encounter their enemies, I find therein a most notable pattern of a right excellent Chieftain. The very circumspection of whom, by a most wonderful regard, was cause unto them, of so many, and such honourable victories: 
The readiness of soldiers to be transported into any form.  wherein the continual readiness of their soldiers and people of war, to be transported (with all facility) into every form, upon any occasion: and the skilful direction of their Captains was such therein, as to so victorious a people seemed to be most correspondent and convenient. The which true discipline, obedience, skill, and readiness, were it used (and more than it is) in this our age, I think wars would carry a far better conduction than they now do.  

The profit of true training.  This kind of readiness in soldiers, and the endeavour of a continual use unto them in the same, especially in the time of their trainings (the which I could wish to be put in practice with us by skilful trainers) upon what chance soever should happen, hath no doubt, seemed unto many, to be of no small importance and force; and the rather do I so judge, for that having sounded the depth and commodity thereof, I find the contrary negligence to bear with it a note of most great imperfection. The disposition whereof, leaving unto the knowledge and regard of every good and expert Captain, 
Out of the grand square of men all battles to be reduced.  and for that I have at large discoursed thereof already in my third book of these military discourses, I will at this present content myself, to show unto you the several tables and figures of all these battles and battalions, with the arithmetical rules to frame the same; and how that out of the grand square of men, may all these battalions and battles be reduced, and that without any great confusion. The practic rules whereof I have, as I said, at large set down in these our former discourses, as in the third book may appear: 
In the third book.  moreover I have in sundry other places particularly declared and the orders of the embattling of men now most in use, with their order of impaling with armed pikes, their divisions into Maniples, and the ready reframing of them again into their grand square, as at large in the said third book appeareth in many and diverse places.  
Finally in the aforesaid third book, in folio 89, and 90, and in the fourth book in folio 99, I have described the order to draw your army through straits, and difficult passages, by quartering the same into such proportions as the straits will permit: especially if the enemy do constrain you to fight in the same, as most commonly it falleth out: 
In the fift book.  also in the fift book, in folio 157 is designed a plat of encampement, with the arithmetical rules of the same: in the consideration of all which, the value, and weight of this readiness, may unto the diligent regarders (perchance) in their several descriptions, give some manifest appearance.  

A declaration of the tables of battles and battalions with the arithmetical rules to work the same.  
In these tables following, 
The tables to 10000 armed pikes.  I have begun with the number of 10000 armed pikes; besides the shot and short weapons, correspondent to these proportions, whereof I have before sufficiently spoken in many places: for the division of which number of armed pikes, 
The rules for the divisions of the numbers.  with all numbers down ward, I have reduced into certain tables the proportions of diverse battles, beginning with the square of men from the said number of 10000 pikes downward, and the same not decreasing, by 50 or 100 but by root, as first beginning with the square root of 10000, which is 100 The which multiplied into itself, maketh the said 10000: and so from the root 100 unto 099, and then 098, next 097, and so from root to root orderly, unto the last square root, which is 1.  
In which tables I have directed the order of marching of an army, as the passage or way will permit: 
The order in marching.  whether you shall march 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17 in a rank, and how many ranks they shall be. To do the which, work thus. Divide the whole number of men by so many in rank, 
The rules to the same.  as you will have them to march in; as by 3, 5, 7, etc. The number here I have supposed to be 10000 men, the which 10000 to have them to march at 3 men per rank, I do divide 3, and it produceth 3333 ranks, and 1 man remaining, as in the margin appeareth. And if you would have them to march by 5, 7, 9, 
 or any other number, per rank, work as you have done with the number 3.  
Then how to divide the battle into Maniples or parts, 
To divide it into Maniples.  and so to march them upon the way as strongly as the passage will permit; and how the Maniples coming up shoulder to shoulder, each weapon joineth with his like, making again the former square battle of men, 
The rule to do it.  with the remains that make not up a just Maniple or part: and also how to march those said remains that they may come up shoulder to shoulder, with the rest of the Maniples, to make up a just square. To do the which, 
 work thus: divide the root of your grand number of men by so many as you would have them to march in a Maniple, and the product will be the number of Maniples, with the remains (if any such there be) as for example, the square root of 10000, is 100, the which 100 men, I do divide by 3 and it produceth 33 Maniples, and one rank remaining, the which 1 rank is 100 men, the which 100 men, marching up by 1 in a rank, coming up shoulder to shoulder with the grand square, maketh just the same proportion of the grand square; as in the Tables plainly may appear: So may you work by 5, 7, 9, 11, or any other number, to bring them into Maniples with their remains. But here you shall note, 
A Maniple what it signifieth.  that a Maniple, doth signify so many men in rank quite through your grand square or battle, as you are disposed, or be constrained to divide the said grand square into, whereby to pass through any strait or passage, & then coming up shoulder to shoulder, do make your former square of men again.  
Finally in the first table of the said square of men, in proportion of equality, there is set down readily how many shot will girdle or empale the battle of pikes, 
Shot to girdle the battle.  in what form soever you dispose the same, whether it be by 3, 5, 7, or 9 shot in a rank, which is as many as you shall need to girdle withal, in mine opinion: and if you are to encounter or be charged with horse, I suppose 3 to be sufficient. To do the which, 
The rule to the same.  work you thus: First multiply your quadrate root, or square of men, by so many as you mean or be disposed to girdle the same withal, the product whereof will amount to the girdling shot for the one side or quarter; then again multiply the said product by 4, for the 4 squares of the battle, and the product thereof serveth for the girdling of the said 4 square sides. Now there will want to fill the 4 angles or corners, the which you must consider whether you do empale by 3, 5, 7 or 9: then to multiply every angle by so many per rank, 
 as you do empale by: as for example: the square root of 10000 is 100; the said 100 I do multiply by 3, (for so many do I set to empale by) and it maketh 300 for the one square side of the battle; the which 300 I do again multiply by 4, for all the 4 square sides of the battle, and it amounteth unto 1200 shot: then for the four corners or angles (considering that I do empale by 3) first I multiply the said three by itself, and it maketh 9 for one angle: and then quadruple the said 9, it maketh 36, the which 36 being added unto the aforesaid 1200, and it amounteth in all unto 1236 shot for the full impalement of your squadron of 100 square root of men. And so may you do with any other number, as in the tables will appear more at large.  
Likewise on the left side of every leaf of the said tables, having first turned the same over, you shall have opposite or against the number or battle, which standeth evermore on the right side of the said leaf, the same battle divided into 3, 
To divide the grand square into battalions. The order to find in the tables how the battalions be set.  5, or 7 battalions; the number of which battalions in each of them contained, you shall find by drawing your finger evermore on the first Column of every leaf on the right side, & where you find the number of the said battalions, there shall you see in that distinction betwixt two long rules, how every battalion shall be set, which two long rules are the second Column of the tables: As for example: the grand battle of 10000 pikes, placed on the right side of the leaf in the first Table, as in folio 16 may be seen, the said grand battle you shall find divided into 3, 5 or 7 battalions, by turning over the leaf looking upon the left side thereof, in the same folio 190. Now to know the square root of every of these battalions, draw your finger continually down the first Column of every right side of the leaf, until you come to find the due number of the said battalions, which is, first 348, etc. the which number being found in the first Column in folio 191, even there in the second Column you shall see the square root thereof to be 59, and so must you do by the rest of the battalions.  

The order observed in the tables following.  In the first Column of the left side of every leaf, is placed the grand square or battle of men: in the second Column is set the same battle divided into 3. battalions: in the third Column is the number of every of their several battalions, and in the fourth Column is the remains of the said battalions, which is, how much they are less than the grand square of men: and also in the said fourth Column, if they do abound the number of the grand square, it shall be there set down, always marked with this word (over) adjoining unto it, which word when you do find, then suppose that the battalions are more than the grand battle, by so many as that number containeth. The like order is to be observed in the division of them into five battalions, or into seven battalions.  
As for the reducing or inducing of all battles and battalions out of, 
Of reducing or inducing battles or battalions out of, or into the grand square of men.  or into the grand square of men, I have before in folio 77, 78, 79, and so forth, at large declared; as of the battle in Diamant proportion, of the Triangle, of the Shears battle and Saw battle, & of the Cross battle, & battle compounded of many battalions, unto the which I refer me: only hereafter will I set down the figure & Tables of all, or the most of these, & the order to be observed in the same: as I will at the beginning of every Table declare: but first I will show you the declaration of every Column of the Tables, as here is described.  

A declaration of the use of the Columns, and numbers expressed in the Tables following.  
1 The number of 1 in the first column, containeth therein the number of the armed pikes of the grand battle of men.  
2 The number of 2 over the second column, containeth in that part, the due number of the square root of the battle.  
3 The number of 3 in the third column, hath in it, the order of marching, as the ground will permit, be it by 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17, in rank.  
4 The number of 4 containeth in that column, the number of ranks, either by 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17 men in a rank.  
5 The number of 5 hath in that column, the remainders of that which maketh not up a just number of ranks.  
6 The number of 6 showeth in that column, the number of the Maniples or parts of each battle: whether they march by 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, or 17, in a rank, the which marching up shoulder to shoulder, do make the square battle of men, with the ensigns in the middle Maniple or part.  
7 The number of 7 in the seventh column, signifieth the surplusage of armed pikes, that maketh not a just Maniple.  
8 The number of 8 in the eight column, denoteth the whole overplus of the armed pikes that make not up a full Maniple.  
9 The number of 9 in that column, showeth how many shall march in a rank of the over plus, that made not up a just Maniple or part, which so marching up shoulder to shoulder with the rest of the Maniples or parts, maketh up the just square of men.  
10 The number of 10 in that column, showeth how to girdle or empale your battle with shot, whether it be by 3, 5, 7, or 9 which is sufficient to girdle any battle.  
11 The number of 11 carrieth in that column, what number of shot every kind of embattling or girdling will occupy in each several battle, whether the same be by 3, 5, 7, or 9 in rank of shot.   

A declaration of the Tables of the battalions.  
1 The number of 1 in the first column, signifieth the whole number of the grand battle.  
2 The number of 2 hath in that column the division, be it by 3, 5, or 7.  
3 The number of 3 hath in that column, the number contained in every several battalion.  
4 The number of 4 hath in that column the remains or overplus.   
The figure of the square battle of men.  
In this figure of a square battle of men, there is contained 10000 armed Pikes, at 100 ranks, and 100 men by rank: girdled round about with seven ranks of shot. The rest of the shot and short weapon, are bestowed in 165 small troops, containing 50 in every troop, trooping round about the battle, so shadowing the same, and ready for skirmish, on what part soever the enemy should offer fight: the rest of the shot and short weapon with some pikes, are for the guard of the Artillery and Munition.  
The figure of the grand square of 10000 Pikes, divided into 3 battalions.  
The figure of the grand square reduced into 5 battalions.  
The figure of the 7 battalions reduced out of the grand square of men.  

The Tables of Battles in proportion of equality as, is 1, to 1.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10000 100 3 3333 1 33 1 100 1 3 1236 5 2000 0 20 0 0 0 5 2100 7 1428 4 14 2 200 2 7 2996 9 1111 1 11 1 100 1 9 3924 100 11 909 1 9 1 100 1   13 768 1 7 9 900 9   15 666 10 6 10 1000 10   17 588 1 5 15 1500 5   9801 99 3 3267 0 33 0 0 0 3 1224 5 1960 4 19 4 396 4 5 20●0 7 1400 1 14 1 99 1 7 2968 9 1089 0 19 0 0 0 9 3888 99 11 891 0 9 0 0 0   13 752 12 7 8 792 8   15 653 6 6 9 891 9   17 576 9 5 14 1384 14   9604 98 3 3201 1 32 2 196 2 3 1212 5 1920 4 19 3 294 3 5 2060 7 1372 0 14 0 0 0 7 2940 9 1063 1 10 8 784 8 9 3852 98 11 873 1 8 10 986 10   13 738 10 7 7 866 7   15 640 4 6 8 784 8   17 564 0 5 13 1274 13   9409 97 3 3136 1 32 1 97 1 3 1200 5 1881 4 19 2 194 2 5 2040 7 1344 1 13 6 582 6 7 2912 9 1045 4 10 7 679 7 9 3816 97 11 855 4 8 9 873 9   13 723 10 7 6 502 6   15 627 4 6 7 699 7   17 553 8 5 12 1164 12   9216 96 3 3072 0 32 0 0 0 3 1180 5 1843 1 19 1 96 1 5 2020 7 1316 4 13 5 480 5 7 2884 9 1024 0 10 6 576 6 9 2780 96 11 837 9 8 8 768 8   13 708 12 7 5 580 5   15 614 6 6 6 576 6   17 542 2 5 11 1057 11   9025 95 3 3008 1 31 2 190 2 3 1176 5 1801 0 19 0 0 0 5 2000 7 1289 2 13 4 3●0 4 7 2756 9 1002 7 10 5 475 5 9 3744 95 11 824 5 8 7 665 7   13 694 3 7 4 380 4   15 601 10 6 5 475 5   17 530 15 5 10 950 10   Number of pikes to be imbattailled. The quadrate root. To march in rank. Ranks how many. Remainder of men. Maniples of pikes. Ranks of remainder. The whole overplus of pikes, after the Manip. How many pikes in rank to march up. Number of shot to empale. The whole number of shot that do empale.  

The Table of battalions of the grand square of men.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 10000 3 3481 3249 3299 21 5 2340 2025 1936 1936 1764 35 7 1444 1444 1444 1444 1444 1369 1369 0 9801 3 3600 3600 2601 0 5 2500 2500 1600 1600 1600 1 7 2025 2025 1296 1296 1296 961 900 2 9604 3 3249 3136 3136 83 5 2025 2025 1849 1849 1849 7 7 1369 1369 1369 1369 1369 1369 1369 17 9409 3 3136 3136 3136 1 5 1936 1936 1849 1849 1849  7 1369 1369 1369 1369 1296 1296 1296 45 9216 3 3249 3249 2704 14 5 2116 2116 2116 1444 1444 10 7 1369 1369 1369 1296 1296 1296 1296 25 9025 3 3025 3025 2916  5 1764 1764 1764 1849 1849  7 1369 1369 1369 1225 1225 1225 1225   

The Table of Battles in proportions of equality.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 8836 94 3 2945 1 31 1 94 1 3 1164 5 1767 1 18 4 376 4 5 1980 7 1262 2 13 3 242 3 7 2828 9 981 7 10 4 376 4 9 3708 94 11 803 3 8 6 564 6   13 679 9 7 3 282 3   15 589 1 6 4 376 4   17 519 13 5 9 846 9   8649 93 3 2883 0 31 0 0 0 3 1151 5 1729 4 18 3 279 3 5 1960 7 1235 4 13 2 186 2 7 2800 9 961 0 10 3 279 3 9 3627 93 11 786 3 8 5 465 5 11  13 665 4 7 2 186 2   15 576 9 6 3 279 3   17 508 13 5 8 744 8   8464 92 3 2821 1 30 2 184 2 3 1140 5 1672 4 18 2 184 2 5 1940 7 1209 1 13 1 92 1 7 2772 9 940 4 10 2 184 2 9 3636 92 11 769 5 ●8 4 368 4   13 651 1 ●7 1 92 1   15 564 4 6 2 184 2   17 486 2 5 7 644 7   8281 91 3 2760 1 30 1 91 1 3 1128 5 1656 1 18 1 91 1 5 1920 7 1187 0 13 0 0 0 7 2744 9 920 1 10 1 91 1 9 3600 91 11 752 9 8 3 273 3   13 637 0 7 0 0 0   15 552 1 6 1 91 1   17 487 2 5 6 546 6   8100 90 3 2780 0 30 0 0 0 3 1116 5 1420 0 18 0 0 0 5 1900 7 1157 1 12 6 540 6 7 2716 9 900 0 10 0 0 0 9 3564 90 11 736 4 8 2 180 2   13 623 1 6 12 1080 12   15 540 00 6 0 000 0   17 499 13 5 5 450 5   7921 89 3 2640 1 29 2 178 2 3 1104 5 1584. 1 17 4 356 4 5 1880 7 1131 4 12 5 445 5 7 2688 9 880 1 9 8 712 8 9 3528 89 11 720 1 8 1 89 8   13 609 4 6 11 979 11   15 529 13 5 14 1246 14   17 465 16 5 4 356 4    

The Table of battalion to the grand square of men.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 8836 3 3025 3025 2704  5 1764 1764 1764 1764 1764 62 7 1296 1296 1296 1225 1225 1225 1225 48 8649 3 2916 2916 2809 8 5 1764 1764 1764 1681 1681 5 7 1296 1296 1296 1296 1156 1156 1156 7 8464 3 2809 2809 2809 37 5 1849 1849 1849 1444 1444 29 7 1296 1296 1296 1296 1089 1089 1089 13 8281 3 3249 2500 2500 32 5 1681 1681 1681 1600 1600 38 7 1296 1296 1296 1024 1024 1024 1296  8100 3 2704 2704 2704 12 5 1936 1936 1936 1156 1156  7 1156 1156 1156 1156 1156 1156 1156 8 7921 3 2809 2809 2304  5 1600 1600 1600 1600 1520  7 1156 1156 1156 1156 1089 1089 1089 27  

The Tables of Battles in proportion of equality.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 7744 88 3 2581 1 29 1 88 1 3 1092 5 1548 4 17 3 264 3 5 1860 7 1106 2 12 4 352 4 7 2260 9 860 4 9 7 616 7 9 3492 88 11 704 0 8 0 0 0   13 595 9 6 10 8●0 10   15 516 4 5 13 1144 13   17 455 9 5 3 264 3   7569 87 3 2523 0 29 0 0 0 3 1080 5 1513 4 27 2 174 2 5 1840 7 1081 2 12 3 261 3 7 2632 9 841 0 9 6 522 6 9 3456 87 11 688 1 7 10 870 10   13 582 3 6 9 783 9   15 501 14 5 12 1044 12   17 445 4 5 2 174 2   7396 86 3 2465 1 28 2 172 2 3 1068 5 1479 1 17 1 86 1 5 1820 7 1056 2 12 2 172 2 7 2604 9 821 7 9 5 430 5 9 3420 86 11 672 4 7 9 774 9   13 568 12 6 8 688 8   15 493 1 5 11 946 11   17 431 9 5 1 86 1   7225 85 3 2408 1 28 1 85 1 3 1056 5 1445 0 17 0 0 0 5 1800 7 1032 1 12 1 85 1 7 2576 9 802 7 9 4 420 4 9 3384 85 11 656 9 7 8 680 8   13 555 10 6 7 585 7   15 481 10 5 10 850 10   17 425 0 5 0 0 0   7056 84 3 2352 0 28 0 0 0 3 1044 5 1411 1 16 4 336 4 5 1780 7 1008 0 12 0 0 0 7 2548 9 784 0 9 3 552 3 9 3348 84 11 641 5 7 7 595 7 11  13 542 10 6 6 504 6   15 470 6 5 9 756 9   17 415 1 4 16 1244 16   6889 83 3 2292 1 27 2 166 2 3 1032 5 1377 4 16 3 244 3 5 1760 7 984 1 11 6 498 6 7 2520 9 765 4 9 2 166 2 9 3312 83 11 626 3 7 6 504 6   13 529 12 6 5 415 5   15 459 4 5 8 664 8   17 405 4 4 15 1245 15    

The Table of battalions of the battles of equal proportion.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 7744 3 2401 2401 2916 26 5 1530 1530 1530 1530 1601 23 7 1156 1156 1089 1089 1089 1089 1089 13 7569 3 2704 2704 2116 45 5 1601 1601 1601 1369 1369 18 7 1089 1089 1089 1089 1089 1089 1024 11 7396 3 2500 2500 2401 5 5 1444 1444 1444 1530 1530 4 7 1089 1089 1089 1024 1024 1024 1024 33 7225 3 2681 2681 1936 7 5 1444 1444 1444 1444 1444 5 7 1089 1089 1089 1089 961 961 961 14 7056 3 2916 2916 1089 35 5 1444 1444 1369 1369 1369 61 7 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 900 12 6889 3 2916 2916 1024 33 5 1369 1369 1369 1369 1369 1369 44 7 1024 1024 1024 961 900 900 1024 32  

The Table of Battles in proportion of equality.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 6724 82 3 2241 1 27 1 82 1 3 1020 5 1344 4 16 2 164 2 5 1740 7 960 4 11 5 410 5 7 2492 9 747 1 9 1 82 1 9 3276 82 11 611 3 7 5 410 5   13 517 3 6 4 328 4   15 448 4 5 7 574 7   17 395 9 4 14 1148 14   6561 81 3 2187 0 27 0 0 0 3 1008 5 1312 1 16 1 81 1 5 1728 7 937 2 11 4 324 4 7 2464 9 729 0 9 0 0 0 9 3240 81 11 596 5 7 4 324 4   13 504 9 6 3 243 3   15 437 6 5 6 486 6   17 385 16 4 13 1053 13   6400 80 3 2133 1 26 2 160 2 3 996 5 1280 0 16 0 0 0 5 1700  914 2 11 3 240 3 7 2436 9 711 1 8 8 640 8 9 3204 80 11 581 9 7 3 240 3   13 492 4 6 2 160 2   15 428 4 5 5 400 5   17 376 8 4 12 960 12   6241 79 3 2080 1 26 1 79 1 3 984 5 1248 1 15 4 316 4 5 1680 7 891 4 11 2 158 2 7 2408 9 693 4 8 7 553 7 9 316● 79 11 567 4 7 2 158 2   13 480 1 6 1 79 1   15 416 1 5 4 316 4   17 367 2 4 11 869 11   6084 78 3 2028 0 26 0 0 0 3 972 5 1216 4 15 3 234 3 5 1660 7 869 1 11 1 78 1 7 2380 9 676 0 8 6 468 6 9 3132 78 11 553 1 7 1 78 1   13 468 0 6 0 0 0   15 405 9 5 3 234 3   17 322 10 4 10 780 10   5929 77 3 1976 1 25 2 154 2 3 960 5 1185 4 15 2 154 2 5 1640 7 847 0 11 0 0 0 7 2332 9 658 7 8 5 385 5 9 3096 77 11 539 0 7 0 0 0   13 456 1 5 12 924 12   15 395 4 5 2 154 2   17 348 13 4 9 693 9    

The Table of battalions of the battles of equal proportion.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 6724 3 2209 2209 2304 24 5 1369 1369 1369 1296 1296 25 7 961 961 961 961 961 961 961 3 6561 3 2401 2401 1764 5 5 1369 1369 1369 1225 1225 4 7 961 961 961 961 900 900 900 17 6400 3 2116 2116 2116 12 5 1296 1296 1296 1296 1225 9 7 900 900 900 900 900 900 961 19 6241 3 2116 2116 2025  5 1296 1296 1296 1156 1156 41 7 900 900 900 900 900 900 841  6084 3 2025 2025 2025 9 5 1025 1025 1025 1025 1156 28 7 900 900 900 900 900 784 784 20 5929 3 2304 2304 1296 25 5 1156 1156 1156 1225 1225 11 7 900 900 900 900 784 784 729 32  

The Table of Battles in proportion of equality.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5776 76 3 1295 1 25 1 76 1 3 948 5 1155 1 15 1 76 1 5 1620 7 825 1 10 6 456 6 7 2324 9 641 7 9 4 304 4 9 3060 76 11 525 1 6 10 760 10   13 444 4 5 11 830 11   15 384 8 5 1 76 1   17 339 13 4 8 608 8   5625 75 3 1875 0 25 0 0 0 3 936 5 1125 0 15 0 0 0 5 1600 7 803 4 10 5 375 5 7 2276 9 625 0 8 3 225 3 9 3024 75 11 511 4 6 9 675 9   13 432 9 5 10 750 10   15 375 0 5 0 0 0   17 ●30 15 4 7 525 7   5476 74 3 1825 1 24 2 148 2 3 924 5 1095 1 14 4 296 4 5 1580 7 753 5 10 4 296 4 7 2248 9 608 4 8 2 148 2 9 2988 74 11 497 9 6 8 592 8   13 421 3 5 9 666 9   15 365 1 4 14 1036 14   17 322 2 4 6 456 6   5329 73 3 1776 1 24 1 73 1 3 912 5 1065 4 14 3 219 3 5 1560 7 761 2 10 3 219 3 7 2240 9 592 1 8 1 73 1 9 2952 73 11 484 8 6 7 511 7   13 409 12 5 8 584 8   15 355 4 4 13 949 13   17 313 8 4 5 365    5184 72 3 1728 0 24 0 0 0 3 900 5 1036 4 14 2 144 2 5 1540 7 740 4 10 2 144 2 7 2192 9 567 0 8 0 0 0 9 2910 72 11 471 3 6 6 432 6   13 398 10 5 7 504 7   15 345 9 4 12 864 12   17 304 16 4 4 288 4   5041 71 3 1680 1 22 2 142 2 3 888 5 1008 1 14 1 71 1 5 1520 7 720 1 10 1 71 1 7 2184 9 560 1 7 8 568 8 9 2888 71 11 458 3 6 5 355 5   13 387 10 5 6 426 6   15 336 1 4 11 781 11   17 296 9 4 3 213 3    

The Table of battalions of the battles of equal proportion.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 5776 3 2304 2304 1156 12 5 1156 1156 1155 1156 1156 4 7 841 841 841 841 841 784 784 3 5625 3 2304 2304 1024 over 7 5 1089 1089 1089 1156 1156 46 7 784 784 784 784 784 841 841 23 5476 3 1764 1764 1936 12 5 1089 1089 1089 1089 1089 33 7 784 784 784 784 784 784 784 12 5329 3 1764 1764 1764 33 5 1089 1089 1089 1024 1024  7 784 784 784 784 729 729 729 2 5184 3 1936 1600 1600 48 5 1024 1024 1024 1024 1089 1 7 784 729 729 729 729 729 729 26 5041 3 1681 1681 1681 2 5 1024 1024 1024 961 961 47 7 729 729 729 729 729 729 676 9  

The Table of Battles of proportion of equality.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4900 70 3 1633 1 23 1 70 1 3 876 5 980 0 14 0 0 0 5 1500 7 700 0 10 0 0 0 7 2136 9 544 4 7 7 490 7 9 2844 70 11 445 5 6 4 280 4   13 376 12 5 5 350 5   15 326 10 4 10 700 10   17 288 4 4 2 140 2   4761 69 3 1587. 0 23 0 0 0 3 864 5 952 1 13 4 276 4 5 1480 7 680 1 9 6 414 6 7 2118 9 551 2 7 6 414 6 9 2808 69 11 432 9 6 3 207 3   13 366 3 5 4 276 4   15 316 6 4 9 621 9   17 280 1 4 1 69 1   46●4 68 3 2541 1 22 2 136 2 3 ●52 5 924 4 13 3 204 3 5 1480 7 632 0 9 5 340 5 7 2090 9 513 7 7 5 340 5 9 2772 68 11 420 4 6 2 136 2   13 355 9 5 3 204 3   15 308 4 4 8 544 8   17 272 0 4 0 0 0   4489 67 3 1496 1 22 1 67 1 3 840 5 897 4 13 2 134 2 5 1440 7 641 2 9 4 268 4 7 2062 9 498 7 7 4 268 4 9 2736 67 11 408 1 6 1 67 1   13 345 4 5 2 134 2   15 299 4 4 7 469 7   17 264 1 3 16 1072 16   4356 66 3 1452 0 22 0 0 0 3 820 5 871 1 13 1 66 1 5 1420 7 622 2 9 3 198 3 7 2034 9 472 8 7 3 198 3 9 2700 66 11 396 0 6 0 0 0   13 355 1 5 1 66 1   15 290 6 4 6 396 6   17 256 4 3 15 990 15   4225 65 3 1408 1 21 2 130 2 3 816 5 845 0 13 0 0 0 5 1400 7 603 4 9 2 130 2 7 2006 9 469 4 7 2 130 2 9 2664 65 11 384 1 5 10 650 10   13 325 0 5 0 0 0   15 281 10 4 5 325 5   17 248 9 3 14 910 14    

The Table of battalions of the battles of even square.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 4900 3 1600 1600 1681 19 5 1024 1024 1024 900 900 28 7 729 729 729 729 676 625 7 4761 3 1520 1520 1520 20 5 961 961 961 961 900 28 7 676 676 676 676 676 676 676 29 4624 3 1521 1521 1521 34 5 961 961 900 900 900 2 7 676 676 676 676 676 625 625  4489 3 1444 1444 1600 1 5 900 900 900 900 841 48 7 676 676 625 625 625 625 625 12 4356 3 1444 1444 1444 24 5 961 961 961 739 739 5 7 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 19 4252 3 1369 1369 1369 43 5 841 841 841 841 841 20 7 625 625 625 625 625 676 676 3  

The Table of Battles in proportion of equality.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4096 64 3 1365 1 21 1 64 1 3 804 5 819 1 12 4 256 4 5 1380 7 585 1 9 1 64 1 7 1976 9 455 1 7 1 64 1 9 2628 64 11 372 4 5 9 576 9   13 315 1 4 12 768 12   15 273 1 4 4 256 4   17 240 16 3 13 832 13   3969 63 3 1323 0 21 0 0 0 3 792 5 0791 4 12 3 189 3 5 1360 7 567 0 9 0 0 0 7 1946 9 441 2 7 0 0 0 9 2592 63 11 360 9 5 8 504 8   13 305 4 4 11 693 11   15 264 9 4 3 189 3   17 223 8 3 12 756 12   3844 62 3 1281 1 20 2 124 2 3 780 5 768 4 12 2 124 2 5 1340 7 549 1 8 6 372 6 7 1918 9 427 1 6 8 496 8 9 2556 62 11 349 5 5 7 434 7   13 295 9 4 10 620 10   15 256 4 4 2 124 2   17 226 2 3 11 682 11   3721 61 3 1240 1 20 1 61 1 3 768 5 744 1 12 1 61 1 5 1320 7 531 4 8 5 305 5 7 1904 9 413 4 6 7 427 7 9 2520 61 11 338 3 5 6 366 6   13 286 3 4 9 549 9   15 248 1 4 1 61 1   17 218 3 3 10 610 10   3600 60 3 1200 0 20 0 0 0 3 756 5 720 0 12 0 0 0 5 1300 7 514 2 8 4 240 4 7 1862 60 9 400 0 6 6 360 6   11 327 3 5 5 300 5   3481 59 3 1160 1 19 2 118 2 3 744 5 696 1 11 4 236 4 5 1280 7 497 2 8 3 177 3 7 1834 59 9 386 7 6 4 296 4   11 316 5 5 4 236 5   3369 58 3 1121 1 19 1 58 1 3 732 5 672 4 11 3 174 3 5 1260 7 480 4 8 2 116 2 7 1806 58 9 373 7 6 4 232 4   11 305 9 5 3 174 3   3249 57 3 ●083 0 19 0 0 0 3 720 5 649 4 11 2 114 2 5 1240 7 401 1 8 1 57 1 7 1778 57 9 378 3 6 3 171 3   11 295 4 5 2 114 2    

The Tables of battalions to the battles of even squares.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 4096 3 1369 1369 1369 11 5 784 841 841 841 784 5 7 576 576 576 576 576 576 625 15 3969 3 1225 1369 1369 6 5 784 784 784 784 841 8 7 576 576 576 576 576 529 529 31 3844 3 1296 1296 1225 27 5 784 784 784 739 739 14 7 576 576 576 529 529 529 529  3721 3 1225 1225 1225 46 5 739 739 739 739 739 26 7 529 529 529 529 529 529 529 18 3600 3 1225 1225 1156 6 5 739 739 739 676 676 31 7 529 529 529 529 529 484 484 13 3481 3 1156 1156 1156 13 5 676 676 676 676 739 35    3364 3 1089 1089 1156 9 5 676 676 625 625 625 35    3249 3 1089 1089 1089 1 5 676 676 625 625 625 11     

The Table of Battles in proportion of equality.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3136 56 3 1045 1 18 2 112 2 3 708 5 627 1 11 1 56 1 5 1240 56 7 448 0 8 0 0 0 7 1750 9 344 4 6 2 112 2   11 285 1 5 1 56 1   3925 55 3 1008 1 18 1 55 1 3 696 5 605 0 11 0 0 0 5 1220 55 7 432 1 7 6 330 6 7 1722 9 336 1 6 1 55 1   11 275 0 5 0 0 0   2916 54 3 972 0 18 0 0 0 3 684 5 583 1 10 4 216 4 5 1200 54 7 416 4 7 5 270 5 7 1694 9 334 0 6 0 0 0   11 265 1 4 10 540 10   2809 53 3 936 1 17 2 106 2 3 672 5 561 4 10 3 159 3 5 1180 53 7 401 2 7 4 212 4 7 1666 9 312 1 5 8 424 8   11 255 4 4 9 477 9   2704 52 3 901 1 17 1 52 1 3 660 5 540 4 10 2 104 2 5 1160 52 7 386 2 7 3 156 3 7 1638 9 300 4 5 7 364 7 9 2164 11 245 9 4 8 416 8   2601 51 3 867 0 17 0 0 0 3 648 5 520 1 10 1 51 1 5 1140 51 7 371 4 7 2 102 2 7 1610 9 289 0 5 6 306 6   11 236 5 4 7 357 7   2500 50 3 833 1 16 2 100 2 3 636 5 500 0 10 0 0 0 5 1120 50 7 359 1 7 1 50 1 7 1582 9 277 7 5 5 250 5   11 227 3 4 6 300 6   2401 49 3 800 1 16 1 49 1 3 624 5 480 1 9 4 196 4 5 1100 49 7 343 0 7 0 0 0 7 2554 9 266 7 5 4 196 4   11 218 3 4 5 245 5   2304 48 3 786 0 16 0 0 0 3 612 5 460 4 9 3 144 3 5 1080 48 7 329 1 6 6 288 6 7 1526 2209 47 3 736 1 15 2 94 2 3 600 5 441 4 9 2 94 2 5 1060 47 7 315 4 6 5 235 5 7 1498 2116 46 3 705 1 15 1 46 1 3 588 46 5 425 1 9 1 46 1 5 1040 7 302 2 6 4 184 4 7 1470  

The Tables of battalions of the battles of even squares of men.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 3136 3 1024 1024 1089  5 625 625 625 625 625 625  3025 3 1024 1024 961  5 625 625 625 576 576  2916 3 1024 961 900 14 5 576 576 576 576 576  2809 3 961 961 900 13 5 576 576 576 529 529  2704 3 900 900 900 4 5 529 529 529 529 576  2601 3 900 841 841 19 5 529 529 529 529 484  2500 3 841 841 784 34 5 529 529 529 441 441 31 2401 3 841 784 784 8 5 484 484 484 484 441 24 2304 3 784 784 739 3 5   2209 3 739 739 739 8    2116 3 739 739 625 13     

The Table of Battles in proportion of equalities.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2025 45 3 675 0 15 0 0 0 3 576 5 405 0 9 0 0 0 5 1000 45 7 289 2 6 3 135 3   1936 44 3 646 1 1 2 88 2 3 564 5 387 1 8 4 176 4 5 980 44 7 276 4 6 2 88 2   1849 43 3 516 1 14 1 43 1 3 555 5 369 4 8 3 129 3 5 980 43 7 264 1 6 1 43 1   1764 42 3 588 0 14 0 0 0 3 540 5 352 4 8 2 84 2 5 940 42 7 252 0 6 0 0 0   1681 41 3 560 1 13 2 82 2 3 528 5 356 1 8 1 41 1 5 940 41 7 240 1 5 6 246 6   1600 40 3 53● 1 13 1 40 1 3 510 5 320 0 ● 0 0● 0 5 900 40 7 228 4 5 5 200 5 0 4 1521 39 3 316 0 13 0 006 0 3 504 5 306 0 7 4 156 4 5 880 39 7 218 4 5 4 156 4 7  1444 38 3 481 1 12 2 76 2 3 492 5 288 4 7 3 114 3 5 860 38 7 206 2 5 3 114 3   1369 37 3 456 1 12 1 37 1 3 480 5 273 4 7 2 74 2 5 840 37 7 194 3 5 2 74 2   1296 36 3 432 0 12 0 0 0 3 468 5 259 1 7 1 36 1 5 820 56 7 185 1 5 1 36 1   1225 35 3 408 1 1 2 70 2 3 456 5 245 0 7 0 0 0 5 800 35 7 175 0 5 0 0 0 0  1156 34 3 385 1 11 1 34 1 3 444 5 231 1 6 4 136 4 5 780 34 7 163 5 4 6 204 6   1089 33 3 363 0 11 0 0 0 3 432 5 217 4 6 3 99 3 5 760 33 7 155 4 4 5 165 5   1024 32 3 341 1 10 2 64 2 3 420 5 204 4 6 2 64 2 5 740 32 7 146 2 4 4 128 4 7  961 31 3 320 1 10 1 31 1 3 408  192 1 6 1 31 1 5 720 31 7 137 2 4 3 93 3   900 30 ● 300 0 10 0 0 0 3 396  180 0 6 0 0 0 5 700 30 7 128 4 4 2 60 2    

The Tables of battalions to the battles of even squares of men.  1 2 3 4 2025 3 676 676 676 3 1936 3 625 625 676 10 1849 3 625 625 676 23 1764 3 576 576 576 38 1681 3 576 576 529  1600 3 529 529 529 13 1521 3 529 529 441 23 1444 3 484 484 484 81 1369 3 441 441 484 65 1296 3 441 441 400 14 1225 3 441 400 361 23 1156 3 400 400 324 32 1089 3 361 361 361 6 1024 3 361 324 324 16 961 3 324 324 289 24 900 3 324 289 289 2  

The Table of Battles in proportion of equality.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 841 29 3 280 1 9 2 58 2 3 384 29 5 168 1 5 4 116 4 5 680 7 120 1 4 1 29 1   784 28 3 261 1 9 1 28 1 3 372 5 156 4 5 3 84 3 5 660 28 7 112 0 4 0 0 0 0  729 27 3 243 0 9 0 0 0 3 360 27 5 145 4 5 2 54 2 5 640 676 26 3 225 1 8 2 52 2 3 348 26 5 135 1 5 1 26 1 5 620 625 25 3 208 1 8 1 25 1 3 336 25 5 125 0 5 0 0 0 5 600 576 24 3 192 0 8 0 0 0 3 324 24 5 115 1 4 4 96 4 5 580 529 23 3 176 1 7 2 46 2 3 312 23 5 105 4 4 3 69 4 5  484 22 3 161 1 7 1 22 1 3 300 22 5 96 3 4 2 44 2   441 21 3 147 0 7 0 0 0 3 288 21 5 88 1 4 1 21 1   400 20 3 133 1 6 2 40 2 3 276 20 5 80 0 4 0 0 0   361 19 3 120 1 6 1 19 1 3 264 19 5 72 1 3 4 76 4 0  324 18 3 108 0 6 0 0 0 3 252 18 5 64 4 3 3 54 3   289 17 3 96 1 5 2 34 2 3 240 17 5 57 4 3 2 34 2   256 16 3 85 1 5 1 16 1 3 228 16 5 51 1 3 1 16 1   225 15 3 75 0 5 0 0 0 3 216 15 5 45 0 3 0 0 0   196 14 3 65 1 4 2 28 2 3 204 14 5 39 1 2 4 56 4   169 13 3 56 1 4 1 13 1 3 192 13 5 33 4 2 3 39 3   144 12 3 48 0 4 0 0 0 3 180 12 5 28 4 2 2 24 2   141 11 3 40 1 3 2 22 2 3 168 11 5 24 1 2 1 11 1   100 10 3 33 1 3 1 10 1 3 156 10 5 20 0 2 0 0 0 0  81 9 3 27 0 3 0 0 0 3 144 9 5 16 1 1 4 36 4   64 8 3 21 1 2 2 16 2   8 5 12 4 1 3 24 3   49 7 3 16 1 2 1 7 1   7 5 9 4 1 2 14 2    

The Table of battalions, reduced out of the grand square of men.  1 2 3 4 841 3 289 289 256 7 784 3 256 256 256 16 729 3 256 256 225 8 676 3 225 225 225 1 625 3 225 196 196 8 576 3 196 196 196 15 529 3 196 169 169 5 484 3 169 144 144 17 441 3 144 144 144 9 400 3 144 144 121 9 361 3 121 121 121 2 324 3 121 100 100 3 289 3 100 100 81 8 256 3 81 81 81 13 225 3 81 81 64 1 196 3 64 64 64 4 169 3 64 64 49 8 144 3 49 49 49 3 121 3 49 36 36 6 100 3 36 36 25 3 
The end of the Table of battalions reduced out of the battles of g. and squares of men: upon the right side of every leaf.   

The Table of Battles in proportion of equality.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 36 6 3 12 0 2 0 0 0   6 5 7 1 1 1 6 1   25 5 3 8 1 1      5 5 5 0 0      16 4 3 5 1 0      4 5 3 1 1 1 4 1   9 3 3 3 0       3 5 1 4 36 4     4 2 3 1 1       2 5 0 0       2 1 0         1 0         The whole number of armed pikes. The quadrate, or square root. Per rank to march by: Ranks how many. Remains of ranks. Maniples, or parts. Remains of pikes by rank. The whole over plum of remains. How many to march in ranks of remain. The ranks to empale by. The number of shot that empale. 
Here endeth the Tables of Battles in proportion of equality, or the Battles of due square of men: that is, how many ranks, so many men by rank; or how many ranks, so many files.   

Hereafter ensueth the Tables and figures of two fold Battles; called broad squares or hearst Battles: with the battalions of that kind.  
IN these Tables ensuing, I have set down the order and setting of sundry Battles in proportion of inequality, as 2, unto 1, that is, twice so many men in front as in flank, the which sort of Battles do come to contain near a just square or quadrate of ground, which the battles of proportion of equality (that is so many men in flank as in front) do not: for they contain in ground, twice and more the quantity of ground, in flank or length that they do in front or breadth; the reason and order thereof I have in my 3. book, in fol. 45, 46 etc. & 50 at large declared, & so continuing, showing therein, rules Arithmetical to set all such sorts of Battles, & their impalement with armed pikes; and divisions into Maniples: here only contenting myself with setting forth the figures and Tables of the said Battles in proportion of inequality; and how they are to be ordered into ranks for marching, & into Maniples, and girdling with shot, as before in the Tables of squares of men, or Battles in proportion of equality, is at large set down and declared. And also on the left side of every leaf is set down the said Battles or broad squares, divided into sundry battalions of that kind, as into 3 or 5 battalions: the number of which battalions in each of them contained, you shall find evermore in the first Column of every leaf on the right side; & where you find the number of your battalions, there shall you see, betwixt two long rules in that distinction (placed in the 2 Column) how every battalion shall be set in front & flank, which is the just square root of every battalion. Finally, I have here before you set down first, the figure of the said broad square of men, or Battle in proportion of inequality, as 2 unto 1, which cometh to contain, near the just quadrat of ground, girdled round about with 7 ranks of shot; and the rest of the shot, and short weapon due to this number and proportion of pikes, are divided into sundry troops of 50, in every troop, trooping round about the main Battle; as I have done before in the figure of the just square of men. I have here also desseigned in figure the said broad square or hearst Battle, divided into sundry battalions of that kind, as first into 3 battalions, then into 5 battalions, as in page 212 may appear: each battalion is girdled with 3 ranks of shot; the rest of the shot and short weapon belonging unto the said numbers, may be placed in sundry small troops, as is in the broad square, trooping round about the same: or as the Sergeant Maior shall otherwise think good: or as the ground will permit, or occasions offered to fight.  
The figure of a Broad square Battle, trooped round about with shot.  
The figure of 3 battalions, reduced out of the Broad square.  
The figure of five battalions, reduced out of the Broad square.  

The Table of Broad square, or twofold Battles.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10082 71 3 3360 2 47 1 71 1 3 1314 5 2016 3 28 2 142 2 5 2230 142 7 1440 3 20 2 142 2 7 3178 9 1120 3 15 7 497 7 9 4158 11 916 7 12 10 710 10   9800 70 3 3266 2 46 2 140 2 3 1296 5 1980 0 28 0 0 0 5 2200 140 7 1400 0 20 0 0 0 7 3136 9 1088 8 15 5 350 5 9 4104 11 890 10 12 8 560 12   9522 69 3 3174 0 46 0 0 0 3 1278 5 1904 2 27 3 207 3 5 2170 138 7 1360 2 19 5 345 5 7 3094 9 1058 0 15 3 207 3 9 4050 11 865 7 12 6 414 6 11 5038 9248 68 3 3082 2 45 1 68 1 3 12●0 5 1849 3 27 1 68 1 5 2140 136 7 1321 1 19 3 204 3 7 3052 9 1027 0 15 1 68 1 9 3996 11 840 8 12 4 272 4   8978 67 3 2992 2 44 2 134 2 3 1242 5 1795 3 26 4 268 4 5 2110 134 7 1282 4 19 1 67 1 7 3010 9 977 5 14 8 546 8 9 3942 11 816 2 12 2 134 2   8712 66 3 2904 0 44 0 0 0 3 1224 5 1742 2 26 2 132 2 5 2080 132 7 1230 2 1● 6 396 6 7 2968 9 968 0 14 6 396 6 9 3088 11 792 0 12 0 0 0   8450 65 3 2815 2 43 1 65 1 3 1206 5 1690 0 26 0 0 0 5 2050 130 7 1207 1 18 4 260 4 7 2926 9 938 8 14 4 260 4 9 3834 11 768 2 11 9 585 9   8192 64 3 2730 2 42 2 128 2 3 1188 5 1638 2 25 3 192 3 5 2020 128 7 1170 2 18 2 128 2 7 2884 9 910 2 14 2 128 2 9 3780 11 744 8 11 7 449 7   7938 63 3 2646 0 42 0 0 0 3 1170 5 1580 3 25 1 63 1 5 1990 126 7 1134 0 18 0 0 0 7 2842 9 882 0 14 0 0 0 9 2726 11 721 7 11 5 315 5   7688 62 3 2562 2 41 1 62 1 3 1152 5 1537 3 24 4 248 4 5 1960 124 7 1098 2 17 5 310 5 7 2800 9 854 2 13 7 434 7 9 3670 11 698 10 11 3 186 3    

The Tables of battalions reduced out of the Broad squares.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 10082 3 3362 3362 3362 3 5 1922 1922 1922 1922 2312 83 9800 3 3200 3200 3362 38 5 2048 2048 2048 1800 1800 56 9522 3 3200 3200 3042 78 5 1922 1922 1922 1922 1800 34 9248 3 3042 3042 3200 36 5 1800 1800 1800 1922 1922 4 8978 3 3042 3042 2888 6 5 1922 1922 1922 1922 1250 40 8712 3 2888 2888 2888 48 5 1800 1800 1800 1800 1458 54 8450 3 2888 2738 2738 86 5 1682 1682 1682 1682 1682 40 8192 3 2738 2738 2738 over 22 5 1682 1682 1682 1568 1568 10 7938 3 2738 2592 2592 16 5 1568 1568 1568 1568 1568 16 7688 3 2592 2592 2450 64 5 1568 1568 1568 1568 1352 69  

The Table of Broad square of men, or twofold Battles.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 7442 61 3 2480 2 40 2 122 2 3 1134 5 1488 2 24 2 122 2 5 1930 122 7 1063 1 17 3 183 3 7 2758 9 826 8 13 5 305 5 9 3616 11 676 6 11 1 61 1   7200 60 3 2400 0 40 0 0 0 3 1116 5 1440 0 24 0 0 0 5 1900 120 7 1028 4 17 1 60 1 7 2716 9 800 0 13 3 180 3 9 3562 11 654 6 10 10 600 10   6962 59 3 2320 2 39 1 59 1 3 1098 5 1392 2 2● 3 177 3 5 1870 118 7 994 4 16 6 354 6 7 2674 9 773 5 13 1 59 1 9 3508 11 632 10 10 8 472 8   6728 58 3 2242 2 38 2 116 2 3 1080 5 1345 3 23 1 58 1 5 1840 116 7 961 1 16 4 232 4 7 2632 9 742 5 12 8 464 8 9 3454 11 611 7 10 6 348 6   6498 57 3 2166 0 38 0 0 0 3 1062 5 1299 3 22 4 228 4 5 1810 114 7 928 2 16 2 114 2 7 2590 9 722 0 12 6 342 6 9 3400 11 590 8 10 4 228 4   6272 56 3 2090 2 37 1 56 1 3 1044 5 1254 2 22 2 112 2 5 1780 112 7 896 0 16 0 0 0 7 2548 9 696 8 12 4 224 4 9 3346 11 570 2 10 2 112 2   6050 55 3 2016 2 36 2 110 2 3 1026 5 1210 0 22 0 0 0 5 1750 110 7 864 2 15 5 275 5 7 2506 9 672 2 12 2 110 2 9 3292 11 550 0 10 0 0 0   5832 54 3 1944 0 36 0 0 0 3 1008 5 1166 2 21 3 162 3 5 1720 108 7 833 1 15 3 162 3 7 2464 9 648 0 12 0 0 0 9 3238 11 530 2 9 9 486 9 11  5618 53 3 1872 2 35 1 53 1 3 990 5 1123 3 21 1 53 1 5 1690 106 7 802 4 15 1 53 1 7 2422 9 624 2 11 7 371 7 9 3184 11 510 8 9 7 371 7   5408 52 3 1802 2 34 2 104 2 3 972 5 1081 3 20 4 208 4 5 1660 104 7 727 4 14 6 312 6 7 2380 9 600 8 11 5 260 5 9 3130 11 491 7 9 5 260 5    

The Table of battalions reduced out of Broad squares or hearsts.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 7442 3 2738 2592 2048 64 5 1458 1458 1458 1458 1568  7200 3 2450 2450 2312 12 5 1458 1458 1458 1458 1352 16 6962 3 2312 2312 2312 26 5 1352 1352 1352 1458 1458 10 6728 3 2312 2312 2178 60 5 1352 1352 1352 1352 1250 70 6498 3 2450 2450 1568 30 5 1352 1352 1250 1250 1250 49 6272 3 2178 2048 2048 2 5 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 22 6050 3 2048 2048 1920 42 5 1250 1250 1250 1152 1152 4 5832 3 2048 2048 1682 54 5 1152 1152 1152 1152 1152 72 5618 3 2048 2048 1458 64 5 1152 1152 1152 1058 1058 46 5408 3 1800 1800 1800 8 5 1058 1058 1058 1058 1152 27  

The Table of Broad squares, or twofold Battles.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5202 51 3 1734 0 34 0 0 0 3 954 5 1040 2 20 2 102 2 5 1630 102 7 743 1 14 4 204 4 7 2338 9 578 0 11 3 153 3 9 3076 11 472 10 9 3 153 3   5000 50 3 1666 2 33 1 50 1 3 936 5 1000 0 20 0 0 0 5 1600 100 7 714 2 14 2 100 2 7 2296 9 555 5 11 1 50 1 9 3022 11 490 10 9 1 50 1   4812 49 3 1604 0 32 2 98 2 3 918 5 962 2 19 3 147 3 5 1570 98 7 687 3 14 0 0 0 7 2254 9 534 6 10 8 292 8 9 2964 11 437 5 8 10 390 10   4508 48 3 1502 2 32 0 0 0 3 900 5 901 3 19 1 48 1 5 1540 96 7 644 0 13 5 240 5 7 2212 9 500 8 10 6 288 6 9 2914 11 409 9 8 8 384 8   4418 47 3 1472 2 31 1 47 1 3 882 5 888 3 18 4 188 4 5 1510 94 7 631 1 13 3 141 3 7 2170 9 490 8 10 4 188 4 9 2860 11 401 7 8 6 288 6   4232 46 3 1410 2 30 2 92 2 3 864 5 846 2 18 2 92 2 5 1480 92 7 604 4 13 1 46 1 7 2128 9 470 2 10 2 92 2 9 2806 11 384 8● 8 4 184 4   4050 45 3 1350 0 30 0 0 0 3 846 5 810 0 18 0 0 0 5 1450 90 7 578 4 12 6 150 6 7 2086 9 450 0 10 0 0 0 9 2752 11 368 2 8 2 90 2   3872 44 3 1290 2 29 1 44 1 3 828 5 774 2 17 3 152 3 5 1420 88 7 553 1 12 4 176 4 7 2044 9 430 2 9 7 298 7 9 2698 11 352 0 8 0 0 0   3698 43 3 1232 2 28 2 86 2 3 810 5 739 3 17 1 43 1 5 1390 86 7 528 2 12 2 86 2 7 2002 9 410 8 9 5 215 5 9 2644 11 336 2 7 9 387 9   3528 42 3 1176 0 28 0 0 0 3 792 5 705 3 16 4 168 4 5 1360 84 7 504 0 12 0 0 0 7 1960 9 393 0 9 3 126 3 9 2590 11 320 8 7 7 294 7    

The Table of battalions reduced out of Broad squares.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5202 3 1682 1682 1800 38 5 1058 1058 1058 1058 968 2 5000 3 1800 1800 1352 24 5 1058 968 968 968 968 70 4812 3 1568 1568 1682 6 5 968 968 968 968 882 58 4508 3 1568 1568 1352 20 5 882 882 882 882 968 12 4418 3 1458 1458 1458 18 5 882 882 882 882 882 8 4232 3 1458 1458 1250 66 5 800 800 800 882 882 68 4050 3 1250 1250 1568 18 5 800 800 800 800 800 50 3872 3 1250 1250 1352 20 5 800 800 800 722 722 28 3698 3 1352 1352 968 26 5 722 722 722 720 800 10 3528 3 1250 1250 968 60 5 722 722 722 722 648 8 
The Table of Broad squares, or Hearst Battles.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3362 41 3 1120 2 27 1 41 1 3 774 5 672 2 16 2 82 2 5 1330 82 7 480 2 11 5 205 5 7 1918 9 372 5 9 1 41 1 9 2536 11 305 7 7 5 205 5   3200 40 3 1066 2 26 2 80 2 3 756 5 640 0 16 0 0 0 5 1300 80 7 457 1 11 3 120 3 7 1876 9 355 5 8 8 320 8 9 2482 11 290 10 7 3 120 3   3042 39 3 1014 0 26 0 0 0 3 738 5 608 2 15 3 117 3 5 1270 78 7 434 4 11 1 39 1 7 1830 9 338 0 8 6 234 6 9 2428 11 276 6 7 1 39 1   2888 38 3 962 2 25 1 38 1 3 720 5 577 3 15 1 38 1 5 1240 76 7 412 4 10 6 468 6 7 1792 9 320 8 8 4 312 4 9 2374 11 262 6 6 10 380 10   2738 37 3 912 2 24 2 74 2 3 702 5 547 3 14 4 148 4 5 1212 74 7 390 8 10 4 148 4 7 1750 ● 304 2 8 2 74 2 9 2320 11 248 10 6 8 296 8   2592 36 3 864 0 24 0 0 0 3 684 5 518 2 14 2 72 2 5 1180 72 7 372 2 10 2 72 2 7 1708 9 288 0 8 0 0 0 9 2266 11 235 7 6 6 216 6   2450 35 3 810 2 23 1 35 1 3 666 5 490 0 14 0 0 0 5 1150 70 7 350 0 10 0 0 0 7 1666 9 272 2 7 7 245 7 9 2212 11 222 8 6 4 140 4   2312 34 3 770 2 22 2 68 2 3 642 5 462 2 13 3 102 3 5 1120 68 7 330 2 9 5 170 5 7 1624. 9 256 8 7 5 170 5 9 2158 11 210 2 6 2 68 2   2178 33 3 726 0 22 0 0 0 3 624 5 437 3 1● 1 33 1 5 1090 66 7 311 1 9 3 99 3 7 1572 9 248 0 7 3 99 3 9 2104 11 198 0 6 0 0 0   2048 32 3 682 2 21 1 3● ● 3 606 5 409 3 12 4 128 4 5 1060 64 7 292 4 9 1 32 1 7 1530 9 227 5 7 1 32 1 9 2050 11 186 2 6 9 288 9    

The Table of battalions reduced out of the Broad squares.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 3362 3 1058 1058 1250 4 5 722 648 648 648 648 48 3200 3 1058 1058 1058 26 5 648 648 648 648 578 30 3042 3 1058 968 968 42 5 648 648 578 578 578 12 2888 3 968 968 968 16 5 578 578 578 578 578 2 2738 3 968 882 882 6 5 578 578 512 512 512 16 2592 3 968 800 800 24 5 512 512 512 512 512 32 2450 3 800 800 800 50 5 512 512 512 450 450 14 2312 3 800 800 722 over 10 5 450 450 450 400 592  2178 3 722 722 722 12 5 450 450 450 392 392 44 2048 3 722 648 648 30 5 392 392 392 392 450 30  

The Table of Broad squares, or Hearst Battles.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1922 31 3 640 2 20 2 62 2 3 588 5 384 2 12 2 62 2 5 1030 7 274 4 8 6 186 6 7 1488 62 9 214 4 6 8 248 8 9 1996 11 174 8 5 7 217 7   1800 30 3 600 0 20 0 0 0 3 570 5 360 0 12 0 0 0 5 1000 7 257 1 8 4 120 4 7 1446 60 9 200 0 6 6 180 6 9 1942 11 163 7 5 5 150 5   1682 29 3 527 1 19 1 29 1 3 552  5 316 2 11 3 87 3 5 970 58 7 226 0 8 2 58 2 7 1404 1568 2● 3 522 2 18 2 56 2 3 534  5 313 5 11 1 28 1 5 490 56 7 244 0 8 0 0 0 7 1362 1458 27 3 486 0 18 0 0 0 3 516  5 291 3 10 4 108 4 5 910 54 7 208 2 7 5 135 5 7 1320 1352 26 3 450 2 17 1 26 1 3 498  5 270 2 10 2 52 2 5 880 52 7 193 1 7 3 78 3 7 1278 1250 25 3 416 2 16 2 50 2 3 480  5 250 0 10 0 0 0 5 850 50 7 178 4 7 1 25 1 7 1236 1152 24 3 384 0 16 0 0 0 3 462  5 230 2 9 3 72 3 5 820 48 7 168 4 6 6 144 6 7 1194 1058 23 3 352 2 15 1 23 1 3 444  5 211 3 9 1 23 1 5 790 46 7 151 1 6 4 92 4 7 1152 968 22 3 322 2 14 2 44 2 3 426  5 193 3 8 4 88 4 5 760 44 7 138 2 6 2 44 2   882 21 3 294 0 14 0 0 0 3 408  5 176 2 8 2 42 2 5 730 42 7 126 0 6 0 0 0   800 20 3 266 2 13 1 20 1 3 390  5 160 0 8 0 0 0 5 700 40 7 114 2 ● 5 100 5   722 19 3 240 2 12 2 38 2 3 372  5 144 2 7 3 57 3 5 670 38 7 103 1 5 3 57 3   648 18 3 212 2 12 0 0 0 3 354  5 192 3 7 1 18 1 5 640 36 7 92 4 5 1 18 1   578 17 3 192 2 11 1 17 1 3 336  5 115 3 6 4 68 4 5 620 34 7 82 4 4 6 102 6    

The Table of battalions reduced out of the Broad squares.  1 2 3 4 2 3 4 1922 3 648 648 578 48 5 392 392 392 392 338 16 1800 3 578 578 648 4 5 392 392 338 338 338 2 1682 3 578 578 512 14    1568 3 512 512 512 32    1458 3 512 450 450 46    1352 3 450 450 450 2    1250 3 450 450 338 12    1152 3 392 392 338 30    1058 3 392 338 338 10    968 3 338 338 288 4    882 3 338 338 200 6    800 3 288 288 200 24    722 3 242 242 242 4    648 3 200 200 242 6    587 3 200 162 200 10    512 3 144 200 162 6    450 3 162 162 98 18    392 3 162 162 72 4     

The Table of Broad squares, or two fold battles.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 512 16 3 170 2 10 2 32 2 3 318  5 102 2 6 2 32 2   22 7 73 1 4 4 64 4   450 15 3 150 0 10 0 0 0 3 300  5 90 0 6 0 0 0   30 7 64 2 4 2 30 2   392 14 3 130 2 9 1 14 1 3 280  5 78 2 5 3 42 5 5 520 28 7 56 0 4 0 0 0   338 13 3 112 2 8 2 26 2 3 264  5 67 3 5 1 13 1 0 490 26 7 48 2 3 5 65 5   288 12 3 9● 2 8 0 0 0 3 246  5 57 3 4 4 48 4   24 7 41 1 3 3 36 3   242 11 3 80 2 7 1 11 1 3 228  5 48 2 4 2 22 2   22 7 34 4 3 1 11 1   200 10 3 66 2 6 2 20 2 3 210  5 40 0 4 0 0 0   20 7 28 4 2 6 60 6   162 9 3 54 0 6 0 0 0 3 192  5 32 2 3 3 27 3   18 7 23 1 2 4 36 4   128 8 3 48 0 5 1 8 1 3 174  5 28 4 3 1 8 1   16 7 20 4 2 2 16 2   98 7 3 36 0 4 2 14 2 3 156  5 21 3 2 4 28 4   14 7 15 3 2 0 0 0   72 6 3 24 0 4 0 0 0    5 14 2 2 2 12 2   12 7 10 2 1 5 30 5   50 5 3 16 2 3 1 5 1    5 10 0 2 0 0 0   10 7 7 1 1 3 15 3   32 4 3 10 2 2 2 8 2    5 6 2 1 3 12 3   8 7 4 4 1 1 4 1   18 3 3 6 0 2 0 0 6    5 3 1 1 3 1    6 7 2 4 0 0 0    8 2 3 2 2 1 2 4 2    5 1 3 0 0 0    4 7 1 0 0 0 0    The number of pikes to be imbattailed. The number of men in flank & front. How many men to march in rank. The number of ranks, how many. The remains of men out of rank. The Maniples or parts. The remains of maniples or parts. The whole number of remains of Maniples. The marching of remains of Maniples. The number to empale or girdle by. The whole number contained in the girdling shot.    

Hereafter shall follow the figures and tables of sundry even battalions, to sundry uses, etc.  
HEre next will I set down the Tables and figures of sundry even battalions, as by 3, 5, or 7. even battalions: the which are very strong of themselves; yet nevertheless may you choose whether you will fight in the same order of battalions, or, by marching them up shoulder to shoulder, bring them into a two, or threefold battle, at your own discretion, or as occasion shall best serve. The number of which several battalions you shall find (as I said before) placed in the Tables of squares of men, or battles in proportions of equality, on the right side of every leaf, by drawing your finger down the first column of the same, and then considering what number of pikes you have whereof to divide your battalions, you shall find in the 4 column of your even battalions, the same number set down, or a number under the same, which (I think good) you rather choose then the just number, because you may then cast out some remains to employ otherwise; for better it is to leave then to lack. As for example; here in these Tables of even battalions, first there is set down 3 even battalions containing in each 49 pikes, which being summed together do make 174 as appeareth in page. 225. Now turn unto the first table of battles in proportion of equality, or even squares of men, & looking in the first column of the right side thereof, there shall you find in page 207 the said number of 49, whose square root is 7: for 7 multiplied in itself is 49: & 7 men & 7 ranks is the square of every of the said 3 battalions. And in this sort shall you find the order & setting of all the other battalions, and of all the other numbers: as in these figures next ensuing of 3 battalions, containing in each 3364 men, whose square root is 58, so is each battalion of 58 ranks, & 58 men per rank: and the whole sum of all these 3 battalions do amount 10092 pikes, as appeareth in these Tables following in page. 225.  
The figure of three battalions.  

The Table of three even battalions.  1 2 3 4 5 7/7 49 3 49 49 49 174 8/8 64 3 64 64 64 192 9/9 81 3 81 81 81 143 10/10 100 3 100 100 100 300 11/11 121 3 121 121 121 363 12/12 144 3 144 144 144 432 13/13 169 3 169 169 169 507 14/14 196 3 196 196 196 588 15/15 225 3 225 225 225 675 16/16 256 3 256 256 256 768 17/17 289 3 289 289 289 867 18/18 324 3 324 324 324 972 19/19 361 3 361 361 361 1083 20/20 400 3 400 400 400 1200 21/21 441 3 441 441 441 1323 22/22 484 3 484 484 484 1442 23/23 529 3 529 529 529 1587. 24/24 576 3 576 576 576 1728 25/25 625 3 625 625 625 1875 1 2 3 4 5 26/26 676 3 676 676 676 2028 27/27 739 3 739 739 739 2217 28/28 784 3 784 784 784 2352 29/29 841 3 841 841 841 2523 30/30 900 3 900 900 900 2700 31/31 961 3 961 961 961 2823 32/32 1024 3 1024 1024 1024 3072 33/33 1089 3 1089 1089 1089 3267 34/34 1156 3 1156 1156 1156 3468 35/35 1225 3 1225 1225 1225 3676 36/36 1296 3 1296 1296 1296 3888 37/37 1369 3 1369 1369 1369 4107 38/38 1444 3 1444 1444 1444 4332 39/39 1521 3 1521 1521 1521 4563 40/40 1600 3 1600 1600 1600 4800 41/41 1681 3 1681 1681 1681 5043 42/42 1764 3 1764 1764 1764 5292 43/43 1849 3 1849 1849 1849 5547 44/44 1936 3 1936 1936 1936 5808  

The Table of three even battalions.  1 2 3 4 5 45/45 2025 3 2025 2025 2025 6075 46/46 2116 3 2116 2116 2116 6348 47/47 2209 3 2209 2209 2209 6627 48/48 2304 3 2304 2304 2304 6912 49/49 2401 3 2401 2401 2401 7203 50/50 2500 3 2500 2500 2500 7500 51/51 2601 3 2601 2601 2601 7803 1 2 3 4 5 52/52 2704 3 2704 2704 2704 8112 53/53 2809 3 2809 2809 2809 8427 54/54 2916 3 2916 2916 2916 8748 55/55 3025 3 3025 3025 3025 9075 56/56 3136 3 3136 3136 3136 9408 57/57 3249 3 3249 3249 3249 9747 58/58 3364 3 3364 3364 3364 10092  
Here after do ensue the figures and Tables of 5 even battalions; beginning at the root of 100, which is 10, and so continuing.  
The figure of five battalions.  

The Table of five battalions.  1 2 3 4 5 10/10 100 5 100 100 100 100 100 500 11/11 121 5 121 121 121 121 121 605 12/12 144 5 144 144 144 144 144 720 13/13 169 5 169 169 169 169 169 845 14/14 196 5 196 196 196 196 196 980 15/15 225 5 225 225 225 225 225 1125 16/16 256 5 256 256 256 256 256 1280 17/17 289 5 289 289 289 289 289 1445 18/18 324  324 324 324 324 324 1620 19/19 361 5 361 361 361 361 361 1805 20/20 400 5 400 400 400 400 400 2000 21/21 441 5 441 441 441 441 441 2205 1 2 3 4 5 22/22 484 5 484 484 484 484 484 2420 23/23 529 5 529 529 529 529 529 2643 24/24 576 5 576 576 576 576 576 2880 25/25 625 5 625 625 625 625 625 3125 26/26 676 5 676 676 676 676 676 3380 27/27 739 5 739 739 739 739 739 3685 28/28 784 5 784 784 784 784 784 3920 29/29 841 5 841 841 841 841 841 4205 30/30 900 5 900 900 900 900 900 4500 31/31 961 5 961 961 961 961 961 4805 32/32 1024 5 1024 1024 1024 1024 1024 5120 33/33 1089 5 1089 1089 1089 1089 1089 5445  

The Table of five battalions.  1 2 3 4 5 34/34 1156 5 1156 1156 1156 1156 1156 5780 35/35 1225 5 1225 1225 1225 1225 1225 6125 36/36 1296 5 1296 1296 1296 1296 1296 6450 37/37 1369 5 1369 1369 1369 1369 1369 6845 38/38 1444 5 1444 1444 1444 1444 1444 7220 39/39 1521 5 1521 1521 1521 1521 1521 7605 1 2 3 4 5 40/40 1600 5 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 8000 41/41 1681 5 1681 1681 1681 1681 1681 8405 42/42 1764 5 1764 1764 1764 1764 1764 8820 43/43 1849 5 1849 1849 1849 1849 1849 7245 44/44 1936 5 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 9680 45/45 2025 5 2025 2025 2025 2025 2025 10125  
Next after do follow the Tables and figures of 7 even battalions, beginning at the root of 100, which is 10, and so continuing unto 10108.  
The figures of seven even battalions.  
As for the shot proportionable unto every several battalion, you may bestow them in small troops round about every of them, or otherwise as the ground & occasions shall yield best advantage: the one always to second an other: as also may the several battalions by good conduction do the like.  

The Table of seven even battalions.  1 2 3 4 10/10 100 7 700 11/11 121 7 847 12/12 144 7 1008 13/13 169 7 1183 14/14 196 7 1373 15/15 225 7 1575. 16/16 256 7 1792 17/17 289 7 1923 18/18 324 7 2268 19/19 361 7 2527 20/20 400  2800 21/21 441 7 3087 22/22 484 7 3388 23/23 529 7 3703 24/24 576 7 4032 The quadrat root. The number of every several battalion. B●t●●llions how many. The whole number of the seven battalions. 1 2 3 4 25/25 625 7 4375 26/26 676 7 4732 27/27 739 7 5173 28/28 784 7 5488 29/29 841 7 5887 30/30 900 7 6300 31/31 961 7 6727 32/32 1024 7 7168 33/33 1089 7 7623 34/34 1156 7 8092 35/35 1225 7 8575 36/36 1296 7 9072 37/37 1369 7 9583 38/38 1444 7 10108     The quadrat root. The number of each battalion. battalions how many. The whole number of the battalions.  
In these Tables of 7 even battalions, I have not set down the 7 battalions severally, as I have done in the Tables of 5 and 3 battalions: for it were superfluous; seeing that the several number of every one of them is to be seen in the 2 Column.   

The figures and tables of sundry battalions for Cross battles.  
I Have here ensuing figured & laid down diverse even battalions, by 4, 8, 12, or 16, to make a Cross battle without filling the centre, so as every 4 battalions do make a Cross battle with centre unfilled: 8 maketh 2 Cross battles; 12 maketh 3, and 16 maketh 4, without filling the centre of either of them. Also there is for 5 battalions, to make a Cross battle with the centre filled, 10 to make 2, and 15 to make 3, and 20 to make 4, even from the root of 5, which multiplied in itself maketh 25; and so upwards unto 1000, as by these figures & tables following may appear. Where in the first column is set down the square root of every several battalion: in the 2 column, the number contained in every-severall battalion: in the 3 column, whether they be set by 4 battalions, with the centre unfilled; or by 5 battalions with the centre filled: and in the 4 column, the whole number contained in the whole Cross battle. In the 5 column, there is 8 to make 2 Cross battles, with the centre unfilled; and 10 make 2 Cross battles, with the centre filled. In the 6 column, the number contained in the said cross battles. In the 7 column is 12 to make 3, with centre unfilled; and 15 to make 3 with the centre filled. In the 8 column, the number contained in each. And in the 9 column is set down 16 to make 4 Cross battles with centre unfilled; and 20 to make 4 Cross battles with centre filled. The 10 column signifieth the number of each of them cross battles. Note, that in the said void spaces of the 4 angles of each of these Cross battles, is to be placed the shot belonging to the said Cross battles, as in the two other small figures may appear.  
The figures of Cross battles, with centre unfilled and filled.  

The Table of battalions for Cross Battles.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 25 4 100 8 200 12 300 16 400 5 5 125 10 250 15 375 20 500 6 36 4 144 8 288 12 432 16 576 6 5 180 10 360 15 540 20 720 7 49 4 196 8 392 12 588 16 784 7 5 245 10 490 15 735 20 ●980 8 64 4 256 8 512 12 768 16 1024 8 5 320 10 640 15 960 20 1280 9 81 4 324 8 648 12 972 16 1296 9 5 405 10 810 15 1215 20 1610 10 100 4 400 8 800 12 1200 16 1600 10 5 500 10 1000 15 1500 20 2000 11 121 4 484 8 968 12 1452 16 1936 11 5 605 10 1210 15 1715 20 2420 12 144 4 576 8 1142 12 1618. 16 2304 12 5 720 10 1440 15 2160 20 2880 13 169 4 676 8 1352 12 2308 16 2704 13 5 845 10 1690 15 2535 20 3380 14 196 4 784 8 1568 12 2352 16 3136 14 5 980 10 1960 15 2940 20 3920 15 225 4 900 8 1800 12 2700 16 3600 15 5 1125 10 2250 15 3375 20 4500 16 256 4 1284 8 2048 12 3072 16 4096 16 5 1280 10 2560 15 3840 20 5120 17 289 4 1156 8 2312 12 3468 16 4624 17 5 1445 10 2890 15 4335 20 5780 18 324 4 1296 8 2592 12 3888 16 5184 18 5 1620 10 3240 15 4860 20 6480 19 361 4 1444 8 2888 12 4332 16 5776 19 5 1804 10 3610 15 5415 20 7220 20 400 4 1600 8 3200 12 4800   20 5 2000 10 4000 15 6000   21 441 4 1764 8 3528 12 5292   21 5 2205 10 4410 15 6615   22 484 4 1936 8 3872 12 5808   22 5 2420 10 4840 15 7260   23 529 4 2116 8 4232 12 6340   23 5 2645 10 5290 15 7935   24 576 4 2304 8 4608 12 6912   24 5 2880 10 5760 15 8640   25 625 4 2500 8 5000 12 7500   25 5 3125 10 6250 15 9375   26 676 4 2704 8 5408 12 8112   26 5 3380 10 6760 15 10140   27 739 4 2956 8 5912 12 8864   27 5 3695 10 7390 15 10185   28 784 4 3136 8 6272 12 9408   28 5 3920 10 7840 15 11760    

The Table of battalions for Cross Battles.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 29 841 4 3364 8 6728 12 10092   29 5 4205 10 8410 15    30 900 4 3600 8 7200     30 5 4500 10 9000     31 961 4 3844 8 7688     31 5 4805 10 9610     32 1024 4 4096 8 8192     32 5 5120 10 10240     33 1089 4 4356 8 8712     33 5 5445 10      34 1156 4 4624 8 9248     34 5 5780       35 1225 4 4900 8 9800     35 5 6125       36 1296 4 5184 8 10368     36 5 6480       37 1369 4 5476       37 5 6845       38 1444 4 5776       38 5 7220       39 1521 4 6084       39 5 7605       40 1600 4 6400       40 5 8000       41 1681 4 6724       41 5 8405       42 1764 4 7056       42 5 8820       43 1849 4 7396       43 5 9245       44 1936 4 7744       44 5 9680       45 2025 4 8100       45 5 10125       46 2116 4 8464       46 5        47 2209 4 8836       47 5        48 2304 4 9216       48 2401 5        49 4 9604       49 2500 5        50 4 10000       50  5           

THE SECOND DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is set forth the order and rules by going paces, to know any seat or piece of ground: and how to embattle men thereupon, either horse or foot, according to the proportion of the same: with the Arithmetical rules to the working thereof: with sundry other martial points.  Captain. 
NOw have I (Gentlemen) finished the figures and tables of most sorts of battles and battalions treated of in these our discourses: wherein, 
No man but erreth, some more, some less.  if I have erred (for no man but erreth, some more, some less, in most of our opinions and actions) I submit my labour to the courteous censure and reformation of all martial men better experimented then myself, craving of all others an indifferent judgement; considering my intent and purpose herein, is not to instruct the experimented soldier; but to show unto the unskilled and willing minded Gentlemen, the most points used (or well wished to be used) and observed, in these our modern wars; penned like a soldier, and not like a scholar: and so I pray you accept it.  Gent. 
Truly (Captain) we are to give you thanks for your great care and pains taken herein, especially sith you have, at our entreaty, and for our instruction done the same. And surely in mine opinion, these figures and tables may give a wondered instruction & perceiverance unto such, as are not thoroughly experimented in most of your martial actions: & may also greatly aid & help all such martial officers as be not perfectly skilled inthe art of arithmetic; which art I perceive to be more important for a soldier, than many men would judge or deem. And although you have been a long time busied in these discourses, at our request, yet let us entreat you to answer some more questions and demands, which yet we have in mind to propound, 
Our age inclineth to war.  for that we would willingly be instructed, in as much as should seem needful to a soldier; for we gather by your discourses, that this our age would so require it.  
First, therefore we would gladly know the order to be observed to measure, only with going paces, a plat or piece of ground to martial your men to fight, or set a battle thereupon.  Capt. 
Your demand is good and necessary. 

To accustom the going pace to the geometrical pace of 5 foot to the pace.  
The foot divided into twelve inches.   Therefore whosoever would with going paces measure a piece of ground to embattle upon, it is needful that the skilful soldier do acquaint himself very well with pasing the measure, which is called a geometrical pace: the which measure is divided into 5 foot of length, and every foot divided into 12 inches, as here is to be seen designed the fourth part of a foot; which is 3 inches (the foot being of 12 inches) as here under appeareth.  
This being done, 
To practise the geometrical going paces.  the good soldier is to put often such measure in practice, with his ordinary going paces: for that he may thereby readily know, how many of this paces will make the length of this pace, after the rate of 5 foot to the pace: and so shall he easily know, if upon such seat or ground there might be embattled such a number of men, or such a number of horse, in squadron; knowing the length and breadth which is to be allowed to the said men and horse. And I will suppose to give to every pikeman, 
Every pikeman in array to fight, will require 3 foot of ground in breadth, and 7 foot for length. Every horseman 5 foot in breadth, and ten foot in length. The profit to practise the going paces geometrical.  standing in battle array, three foot of ground (at the least) for breadth, and 7 foot of ground for length: and unto every horse, 5 foot in breadth, and 10 foot in length, or more or less, so much as shall seem good to the skilful soldier. And this practice of going paces shall not only be available to the good soldier or Sergeant Maior, for the knowledge of any seat or piece of ground to embattle any number of men upon; but also to know how to march through any straits or passages, and also to encamp an Army: giving unto every regiment of horse and foot their due quarter, with their proportional places: and to know moreover, the whole compass or circumference of such encamping; as in our fift book, folio 155 etc. is at large described. Now therefore, let us set down, to arm a piece of ground, or to know what number of men may stand upon the same in battle array, having first made familiar, and been well practised with his going paces to the proportion of the pace of 5 foot of measure; and so that two of his going paces may make one pace of measure of 5 foot: 
Two going paces to make a geometrical pace.  and let us suppose, that such a piece of ground doth contain in length 100 going paces; which, after two going paces to one pace of measure, do make 50 paces of measure: and is in breadth 80 going paces, which are paces of measure 40, as here in this figure shall appear.  
And now to arm and embattle the said seat or piece of ground, with pikes armed, and unarmed. To do this you must first consider how many pikes, armed, and unarmed, 
To embattle the said piece of ground.  will serve to arm or embattle upon the said piece of ground, in this sort: multiply the 50 paces of length, and the 40 paces of breadth, by 5 foot, (the length of the propounded measure) and there will come forth 250 foot for the length, 
The rule arithmetical.  and 200 for the breadth. And now willing to make the head or front of the battle, 
 upon the length of the said seat, or piece of ground, divide the 250 by 3 foot, which is supposed to allow to every pikeman for his station in breadth, and it produceth 83 men in rank for breadth, and 1 foot of ground remaining, the which we make no account of. And of the 200 foot of breadth of ground will we make the ranks in length, by dividing the said 200 by 7 foot, as is set down, to give unto every pikeman of the breadth for his station of ground, and it produceth 28 ranks of men. So to arm or embattle the said seat or ground, it will require 28 ranks, at 83 men by rank, betwixt pikes armed and unarmed, if you have not all armed pikes (the which were far better if it might so be) as in this figure here following shall appear.  
And now to know how many pikes, 
The arithmetical rules.  will serve for this piece of ground or how many it will contain in all, you must multiply the 28 ranks by 83 men, and it amounteth unto 2324 pikes, armed and unarmed: the which number of pikes will serve to embattle upon the said seat or piece of ground. And in this sort may you work with any other seat or piece of ground, and number of men.  
And now again (not having all your number of pikes with armed corselets) if you would arm the said seat with an equal proportion of armed pikes, 

To impale the battle with armed pikes.  
The arithmetical rule.   in front, flanks, and rearward: and suppose that in the said number of 2324 pikes, there be 1200 armed pikes: and to arm the front, flanks, and train proportionally with the said armed pikes, you shall work in this order: sum together the length and breadth of the said battle, that is, 28 with 83, and it amounteth 111. Now set down your rule in this sort:— if 1/111— 2/28— 3/1200. And then multiplying the 28 second with 1200 third, and it cometh to 33600, and this 33600, shall be divided by 111, prima, and it produceth 302 and 78 remaining whereof 100 make no account. Now this 302 shall be deducted out of 1200, and there will remain 898 armed pikes; and these 898 shall arm the front and train of your battle: and the 302 shall serve to arm the two flanks of the said battle; and then dividing the 302 by 28, the length or flanks of your battle, and it produceth 10 men per rank of armed pikes to arm the two sides or flanks: of the which 10 there shall be 5 ranks placed on the one flank, and 5 ranks on the other flank: as in the figure in the next page appeareth.  
And there remaineth 22 armed pikes, the which 22 shall be added unto 898, and it maketh 920 armed pikes: and with these 920 armed pikes, you shall arm the front and train of the said battle, by dividing the 920 by the breadth: but you must first deduct the 10 men per rank, which served to arm the two flanks, out of 83 the breadth, and there will remain 73 men per rank for the inner breadth or front of the battle: now divide the 920 armed pikes by 73, and it will come to be 12 ranks of armed pikes, 
The rule.  and 44 remaining: and of these 12 ranks, there shall be set 6 ranks in the front of the battle, and 6 ranks in the rearward of the battle; as in this figure you may perceive.  
And again, if with these 1200 armed pikes, you would arm the one, or two parts of the battle more strong than the rest, and where you do most suspect the enemy; and that the other part or parts shall be secure and fenced with the nature of the seat or ground; 
The rule.  then the 10 men per rank, which armed the two flanks, shall be placed on the one side or flank only, where you shall see most occasion: and the like shall be done with the 12 ranks of armed men, which armed the front and train, placing them either all in front, or all in train, as shall be found most needful, where the enemy is most to be suspected, as in the figure following shall appear.  
And moreover, if with the said 1200 armed pikes, you would arm the front of your battle only, 
The rule.  then divide the 1200 pikes by 83, the number of men in front, and there will come forth to be 14 ranks of armed pikes for the front, or head of the battle only, as in this figure following may be seen.  
And there remaineth 38 armed pikes, the which shall be placed, where the Sergeant Maior shall think most convenient, within the body of the battle.  Gent. 
We have sufficiently understood the order how to arm or embattle a piece of ground with pikes only: wherefore I pray, show us now how to embattle the same seat or ground with shot or horsemen.  Capt. 
Sir, to arm or embattle a seat or piece of ground with shot, or horse, you must multiply the length of the said seat, 
To arm the said piece of ground with shot or horsemen.  and also the breadth of the same by 5 foot: putting down (as is aforesaid) for the length, 50 paces, and for the breadth 40 paces: & it produceth for the length 250 foot, & for the breadth, 200 foot. 
The rule.  And now to know how many ranks, and how many shot per rank will serve for this ground, you shall divide the 250, and also the 200 foot by 4 foot, as before is said, 
4 foot for length, and 4 foot for breadth to every shot f●r his station of ground.  to allow for every hargubuzier his station of ground, 4 foot for length, and 4 foot for breadth. Then reparting 250 foot by 4, it produceth 50, not reckoning the overplus: and willing to make the head of front or your battle upon the longest breadth or part of the seat of ground, your front will come to contain 62 shot in front, and 50 ranks in flank, as here in the figure following may appear.  

The number of shot contained.  And now to know how many shot this piece of ground shall contain in this sort, multiply the 50 ranks by 62 shot, and it maketh 3100 shot, which 100 shot, 
To embattle the same with troops of horsemen.  serveth to arm the said piece of ground, as appeareth. And again the like is to be done if you would embattle the said seat or ground with troops of horsemen: having first reduced the length and breadth of the said seat or ground into feet, as before I have declared, and this aforesaid seat containeth 250 foot in length, 
The rule.  and 200 foot in breadth. And now if you will set the front of your horse battle upon the length of the said ground, which is 250 foot, then divide the 250 by 5 foot of breadth (as before is said to allow for every horse his station in breadth of ground 5 foot) and it produceth 50 horses in rank; and then to know how many ranks they will be, divide the 20 foot, by 10 foot (as above is allowed for the length in ground of every horse his station, or room) and it produceth 20 ranks, at 50 horsemen per rank, as in the figure following shall appear.  
And finally to know how many horsemen (after the former calculation) will serve to embattle upon the said seat of ground, you shall multiply the 50 horse by 20 ranks, 
The number of horsemen.  they will make 1000 horse and the said 1000 horse will arrive or imbattel the said plat or piece of ground, at 20 ranks and 50 horse per rank. And in the like sort may any other piece of ground be (after this manner) embattled or armed, with either pikes, shot, or horse. And to conclude, having these rules perfectly in memory, and being well practised with your going paces, you may embattle any number of men according to the seat or ground, with either foot, or horse; or with both, as occasion shall serve, and the quality of fight require. And thus I think, I have satisfied your requests, and answered your demands.  Gent. 
Truly so you have; to our great contentation, and good instructions; and to your great travel and pains: for the which we rest greatly beholding and much bound unto you: but (if I remember myself well) you have over passed some orders of imbattailing; whereof you made some mention before: as the Diamant, the Wedge, the Shears, and Saw battles: and also of the Snail form, the S, D, or G, battles.  Capt. 
I have abstained to speak much of these sorts of battles, because I suppose them to be battles of small force for any main fight, especially as our wars are now conducted. And for the Diamant, the Wedge, the Shears, and Saw battles, I have said sufficiently of them already in my third book, folio 77, 78, 79, and so continuing: supposing these before set down sufficient. And if occasion fall out for the use of the others, the very Novices in military profession do know, that without any difficulty at all, they may easily be framed, and that suddenly out of the very order of marching. 
The benefit of practice and readiness.  But in the others you may behold how with skilful and orderly practice, the benefit of this readiness shall quickly distinguish and manifest unto us, the parts incident unto a right perfect soldier: which for 3 principal reasons I have the rather deemed to be amongst us most necessarily required. 
The parts incident to a perfect soldier, to be most necessary for 3 reasons.  The one is, for that the often exercise thereof inureth a soldier to such perfection as is required; another is, for that it is not meet the enemy should at any time stand assured, in what order we will fight, to the end that he should not reap such advantage from us, as to frame a battle correspondent to any of our certain proportions: and the third is, that according to the ground, straits, or passages, we may reduce our battle or battalions to the convenient proportion thereof.  Gent. 
These (in mine opinion) are good considerations and reasons; but yet (good Captain) ere you conclude all, let us understand of you what orders are observed in Cytadels, Castles, and Forts of defence, having garrisons in the same.  Capt. 
What I have seen observed in places of strength in other countries, I will show you in our next Dialogue following.  

The Election, charge, office and duty of a Castellano, or Captain of a Citadel, Castle, n, or fortified town, or any other such place of defence.  

THE THIRD DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is set forth the parts to be required in a Captain of a Castle: his loyalty, duty, and charge: his care in time convenient, for all necessaries and munitions: the duty of the soldiers in the defence thereof: the order in setting the watch, and placing the Sentinels; with relieving of the same: with the shutting in of the gates, and their opening again.  Captain. 
THe guard and keeping of Citadels, Castles, Fortresses, strong Towns and Forts, are (or aught to be) bestowed upon such personages, whose virtue, 
Upon whom the guard of Castles ought to be bestowed  valour, experience, wisdom, constancy, and (above all) loyalty, shall merit and best befit the same. And therefore (in mine opinion) the guard and custody of such places, aught to be bestowed and incommended upon such Captains and old servitors, as have in martial affairs and actions, spent the greatest part of their time: and whose virtue, valour, magnanimity, resolution, and (as I said) above all, loyalty, hath in all the courses of their military life been well proved, showed, and made manifest to the world.  Gent. 

favour and affecttion in our age carrieth all.  Truly (in mine opinion) it should be so indeed, but yet we see that in our age such choices are not so made, but rather favour and affection commonly carrieth all: to the prejudice (no doubt) of many approved old soldiers, and men best befitting the place.  Capt. 
Well, how they are bestowed and incommended, I have not now to speak; but how (in mine opinion) they should be, and upon what sort of men, I have already said: which would be no small encouragement unto all brave minded men, 
Reward for service a great encouragement to soldiers.  which follow wars, to singular themselves therein; seeing and knowing that their virtues, valour, and good carriage in service, should in the end be regarded, commended, and rewarded.  Gent. 
But I pray what particular parts would you wish to be in one chosen to this charge and office?  Capt. 
First, I could wish that such should be personages issuing from Gentle and Noble blood; 
Parts to be desired in a Captain of a Castle or fortress.  or men whose noble actions, and virtues have ennobled themselves: of both the which sorts, there might be many examples recited, but time permitteth me not. And besides the former nobility, the Captain of such a Castle or Fort, aught to be loyal, valiant, vigilant, ready, resolute, and experimented in all occurrants of war; whereby he might both foresee the enemy's designs, prevent their pretences, and resolutely resist their attempts, and to be most valiant, resolute, and constant in the very points and pinches of furious batteries, fierce assaults, and dangerous mineworkes: whereby the soldiers imitating their Captain, 
The soldiers to imitate the Captain.  shall show themselves the like: by the which valour, constancy, and virtue, both of Captain and soldiers, many places of defence, having been made open by battery, 
The honour of brave men.  and attempted by fierce assaults, have nevertheless been wonderfully and valiantly defended and kept, to their immortal praise, and their Prince's profit and honour. And on the contrary, if the Captain be careless, 
The shame of ●owards.  cowardly, insolent, disloyal, and traitorous, the end of his actions are dishonour, shame, and confusion unto himself, and great loss and hindrance unto his Prince; of both which sorts many examples might be produced, to the praise and honour of the first, and to the dishonour and shame of the last.  Gent. 
But if the Captain should be disloyal, and practise any secret treason with the enemy, are the soldiers to obey his orders and commands, perceiving and suspecting the same.  Capt. 
No, 
How far the soldier is bound to obey the Captain.  in no manner or sort, for although the soldier be bound to obey his Captain in all military courses and commands (as Lieutenant then to his Prince) so long as he remaineth in the fidelity and true loyalty unto his Prince; yet having once falsified his faith, and lost his loyalty; and thereby turned from a true subject, 
The traitor is become soldier to the enemy, and enemy to the Prince's soldiers  a traitor to his Prince & country; they are in no respect, to follow or obey him: for at the very point of his first conceit of treason, he is no more the King's liege officer, nor the true Captain or Commander of his soldiers, but is become a soldier to the enemy, and an enemy to the Prince's soldiers.  Gent. 
But what are they to do, when they shall see their ensign to march out before them by their captains order and command, to surrender up the place.  Capt. 
As they are not bound to any Captain except they see his authority and warrant from their Prince or General; 
The Captain being disloyal what the soldiers are to do.  so being in garrison in any Castle or place of defence, and their Captain commanding them to issue out, and so to forsake the place, they are not to obey him therein, without seeing an express order from their Prince or General to that effect: for it is no sufficient excuse for them to say, that they were deceived by him, unto whom they were bound to follow and obey, seeing the place to be forsaken, without dismantelling and razing down the same; and the enemy attending his entrance thereinto; then and in such cases should the honest soldier refuse the same, electing and choosing another chief to govern and rule them until they have given advise thereof unto their Prince or General; valiantly resisting all attempts offered by the enemy.  Gent. 
If by chance upon any battery or assault given, 
The Captain ● coward, what the soldier is to do.  their Captain through pusillanimity and cowardice, should command the soldiers to retire, willing them that they should reserve themselves to serve their Prince in other actions, giving order to withdraw them within the Citadel, Fort, or Keep, or unto any other place, where they might think to save their lives without fight or blows; and so yielding in fine to the enemy: what are they in such case to do?  Capt. 

When soldiers are to retire.  If the Captain do certainly perceive & see that they stand over any dangerous mines, or in place over open to the fury of the battering Artillery; and upon these occasions should command and constrain them to retire and withdraw themselves, they ought herein to believe, to follow, and to obey him: but if they should perfectly know and perceive, that, only for cowardice and baseness of mind, 
When not to retire.  and not constrained thereunto by force of the enemy's weapon, he should command them to such retiring, in such a case, they ought not only, not to obey him, but to turn their weapons upon him, as against a bad officer, and an evil servant of their Prince, and to expect and hope (by valiantly defending the place or breach, like brave men of war) for better fortune, than they should find within the Keep of the Castle or such other place of retreat: and doing otherwise, they are sure to be esteemed infamous, and not worthy to carry arms. For many times it hath been seen, that many batteries, and forts and many ships and galleons of war, have been lost and taken by the enemies, through only the cold, and fearful fight of the defendants: and many again have been as valiantly defended and kept, by a few brave and resolute defendants; that the enemy hath been constrained to retire, with dishonour, loss, and shame.  Gent. 

Good Captains and soldiers ought to be esteemed and honoured.  Such Captains and soldiers as have thus behaved themselves valiant and resolute, no doubt but the Prince doth, or aught to esteem of them, to honour them, and to reward them: but the timorous and cowardly Captains, and fainting defendants, how is the Prince or General to deal with them?  Capt. 
Marry to dispose of them according to the quality of their offence, at the least to depose them from their charge and place; 
How the bad to be dealt withal.  commanding them to serve as common soldiers, until they attain unto more valour and skill, fit for a valiant Captain, 
Examples.  as did the Dictator Lucius Quintius Cincinatus, depose from the Consulship, Lucius Minutius, for his cold and cowardly carriage against Clodius Gracchus, Captain of the Egues and Vulcies (a people bordering upon Rome.) For a valiant & resolute Captain ought never to surrender the place committed unto his defence and charge, 

A valiant Captain ought never to yield except all remedies be past.  
Upon honourable conditions.  
Sir Roger William's Sir Thomas Baskervile.   though thereunto constrained by wounds, wants, or such like cross accidents of war, except all hope of relief be past, and extremities do abound: no, nor then neither but with honourable conditions, as did Sir Roger William's, and Sir Thomas Baskervile, with other brave English soldiers and Captains, at the besieging of Sluys, by the great power of the Prince of Parma.  
And it importeth much, that the soldiers also, which are to be chosen and appointed for the guard and defence of any fortress, 
Soldiers for defence of a Castle to be men of experience. Disloyal soldiers the loss of many places.  town, or Castle, should be men of good experience in wars, wise, sober, valiant; and above all, to have no sign nor tatch of disloyalty or treason. For many times disloyal soldiers have been cause of the loss and ruin of many strong places, yea in despite of their Commanders and Captains teeth.  
And to the end that his soldiers commit no such foul disloyalties, or any disordered mutinies, 
The Captain to entreat his soldiers kindly.  it behoveth the Captain to entreat them well, and with all humanity and kindness; thereby binding them rather to lose their lives in defence of his reputation and honour, then to commit any vilety or treason, as many times hath been seen.  
Also the Captain of a Castle or Fortress, 
To be careful for all necessary provisions.  aught to provide and procure all things necessary and fit for defence of the place, as well for the munition & artillery, as for all provision of victuals convenient for their maintenance and food: always soliciting his Prince for the same; & that in good & convenient times, that nothing be found wanting in time of need & service: 
Wants in time of need do hinder great actions.  through which negligence, many times sundry strong Forts have been lost, & many brave actions overthrown; whereof we have too many examples extant before our eyes.  
Moreover it behoveth the Captain not to be over credulous: 
Not to be over credulous. Captain Sansier deceived.  for many have been deceived by sergeant letters & false messages, as was Captain Sansier, who being at the guard & defence of San Desire for Francis the French king, & being beleaguered by the Emperor Charles the fift, by means of counterfeit letters, surrendered up the place, to the damage of his king, and to his own reproach & dishonour. 
Marquis de Guasto, to Carolus Drusio at Mondevy.  The like stratagem was practised by the Marquis de Guasto unto Carolus Drusio, Captain of Mondevy in Piedmont; surrendering thereby the place committed to his charge.  Gent. 
If the Captain do chance to die, or be slain in the defence of this castle, what orders are the soldiers to observe in their government thereof, until their Prince do give other order and command?  Capt. 
The soldiers in garrison within such Fortress or place of defence, are to elect & choose the most sufficient & principallest man amongst them (except there be any Lieutenant, 
The Captain slain or die, the soldiers what to do.  son, or other kinsman of the said Captain, unto whom by right the same doth appertain) & such one preferred before the rest, him to swear, according to the custom, to be loyal & true, & to do his best to defend the same from the enemies: & also to render the same again unto the Prince or Lord thereof, whensoever it shall be demanded. The like order is to be taken by the Captain of the castle, town, or Fortress, with his Lieutenant, if at any time, upon occasion, he is to departed out of his place of charge.  Gent. 
And if it fortune that the Captain be taken by the enemy at any sallying forth; & the enemy would constrain him to deliver up the said place, is the Lieutenant and soldiers bound to obey him, if he require the same?  Capt. 
No truly, although they should see the enemies to kill & murder him for the same: 
The Captain being taken, the soldiers what to do●.  ●or their fidelity & allegiance is no more due unto him, being taken, & held prisoner, as it was whilst he was free, but unto their Prince, who oweth the Castle.   

THE FOURTH DIALOGUE.  
Wherein is declared and recited the orders observed by the Spaniards, in the Citadels of Milan and Antwerp: their order of watches, guards and Sentinels: their sundry visit and revisiting; and relievings at sundry times: the parts and duties of the officers therein: their singular care in the good guarding thereof, with sundry other Martial points, necessary to be noted.  Gentleman. 
WHat orders are observed in the guards and keeping of such Castles Forts, and places of defence?  Capt. 
They are not alike in every Fort or place; neither is there the like garrison and places of guard in one, as is in another: therefore I cannot precisely satisfy you herein: for I have seen very little in any of our English towns of strength and Fortresses, for that we have very few (Berwick only excepted: 
Barwike. ) but to give you some content, I will declare unto you the orders observed by the Spaniards in the Castle of Milan, which is one of the principallest Forts in Europe. 
The Castle of Milan.   

The guards and order of watches observed in the Castle of Milan.  

30 posts, and their orders.  There is ordinarily in the Castle of Milan 30 posts, or places of guard, whereof the first 15 from 4 to 4 soldiers in each, are in the three Ravellins, and in the Tenaza or Keep, which stands without the body of the Castle; for being places of most importance and travails: and the other 15 are within; from 3 to 3 soldiers, every night dividing every of them into three quarters, and every day, as hereafter followeth.  

One soldier at Sentinel. Their order at night.  In these 30 posts doth every day remain one soldier at the Sentinel; and those that do remain over, are reparted and placed into the 3 Corpse de guards of the gates: every night there entereth four Caporals into the watch: the one goeth into the Tenaza, with the soldiers which are to enter into the same; and there doth continue and assist until the next morning, having first the order given him, what he is to do, if the Alarm be given or stricken.  
The other three do remain within the body or place of the Castle, and are divided into their quarters. The first, in the time of winter maketh his Rounds & counter Rounds for six hours, 
The Rounds and counter Rounds.  with 4 soldiers in Round and contra Round. The second roundeth the Modorra, or second watch, for five hours; with other 4 soldiers in Round and counter Round. And the third doth Round from that expired time, until day light or dawning, with other four soldiers in like sort, in Round and contra Round: in such manner and sort, that the Sentinels, as well within, as without, are visited at the least, ten or twelve times every hour a piece.  

4 Gunners in the Ravellines.  There entereth into the Ravellynes 4 Gunners for watch; the rest do remain within the body of the Castle. 
Watch upon the wall.  One of the chief officers doth keep his watch every night upon the walls, and there are the Castellane, his Lieutenant, Captain, Alferez and Sergeant. And nevertheless that which toucheth them by duty, they do every one give a turn upon the walls once every night, in such sort, that of all these the Sentinels are visited ordinarily every night. Two hours before the shutting in of the evening, 
Setting of watch.  doth the Sergeant set the watch; and until the gates be shut fast, doth no soldier within the Castle know where he is to be placed, or his post; and in setting the same, he goeth with those that are to remain in the Tenaza and Ravelines: and with these there goeth sixteen other soldiers with two Caporals, 
Locking of the gates.  accompanying and attending upon the keys wherewith the porter doth lock the gates, and draw-bridges, and the Sergeant doth taste and prove with his hand, every lock so locked and shut.  
The principal gates and draw-bridges of the Castle, 
The principal gates and draw-bridges shut.  are drawn up, and shut in at the edge of the evening; and the Alferez doth feel and prove them, and the Lieutenant, and Captain standeth present to see the same so done: and having locked and shut all fast and sure, all these three officers, with the Sergeant and twenty soldiers do go carry the keys unto the castellan lodging, 
The keys.  or unto the Lieutenant's lodging, if the Castellane himself be not within the Castle. The Sergeant receiveth and taketh the word from the Castellane or his Lieutenant, 
The watch word.  and giveth the same unto the other officers and Caporals which are of the watch, and then presently unto all the other Sentinels, which are first upon the walls within the body of the Castle: 
To those in the Ravellins the word not given at all.  and unto those which watch without in the Ravelines and Tenaza, the word is not given at all. After that the gates of the castle be shut in, there goeth a Cabo de squadra or Caporal, with two other soldiers round about to view and reknowledge the same; and to know and see what strangers there remain within; 
The gates being shut in, to reknowledge the place.  as in the taverns and victualling houses, in the butchery, in the bakery, & among the Gunmakers, the Gun-powder-makers, & Armourers and such like. And of all such as he findeth there, he giveth account and notice unto the Captain, or Alferez, or Sergeant; and these again do advertise the Castellane, and in his absence the Lieutenant. And in the day time a Gunner with an other officer, goeth to reknowledge and view all the Artillery of the Castle, as well those within, as those without in the Ravelines.  
In the morning after that the drum hath stricken the Alvarado, or breaking up or discharging of the watch, 
The discharging of the watch in the morning.  the Alferes, with twenty soldiers and four Caporals goeth unto the lodging of the Castellane to receive the keys, and then goeth to open the Tenaza, and Ravelines: and then cometh the Corpse de guard of the principal gate, and ring a little bell to call together and assemble those that are at the watch: and after being together, they do open the Castle gates, with all the watch and other officers present in this manner.  
The Castellanes Lieutenant remaineth at the first gate, in the inner part thereof, with one troop or part of the soldiers, and the rest of the guard being issued out, they shut the same again, and go to open the second gate, where a Captain and Sergeant with another troop of soldiers do stay and remain, and then the guard of the third gate being issued out with the Alferez, they shut also the second; and do open none of these, neither do the soldiers disarm themselves, until the place of the Castle be very well reknowledged and thoroughly viewed.  

Orders observed in the day time at first gate the.  In the first gate of the principal bridge, there remains in the day time 50 soldiers at the ward, with a Caporall, who taketh account and charge of the opening and shutting thereof; and there is jointly with them the Alferez, who keepeth account and reckoning with those which enter in from abroad: and if it be any stranger that cometh for some affairs or business into the castle, there goeth with every such, one soldier of the guard, notwithstanding that they have passed through the hands of the Lieutenant, or in his absence through the hands of the Captain of Infantry.  

At the middle gate.  At the middle gate there is another Corpse de guard, containing other 30 soldiers, with two Caporals, and with these doth continually assist the Lieutenant of the Castle, a Captain of infantry, and a Sergeant. And there is the assembly and concourse of all the soldiers; so that besides those which be of the watch, there is continually 70 or 80 other soldiers, or more.  

At the inneo gate.  At the gate within the Castle there is 16 soldiers, and with them one Capoporall.  
Betwixt ten and eleven of the clock in the day time they shut the gates, to go unto their dinner, 
Their dinner time.  and then there goeth upon the walls, eight soldiers with an officer, which do go the Round and Contra Round, whilst the rest be at dinner.  
The soldiers do remain at their dinner time one hour, and in opening the Castle gates again, 
Changing their wards.  they change the posts or wards until three of the clock; and at that hour again they go and change them a fresh, until it be night.  
And in the opening of the gates after dinner, they observe the same order as they did in the morning. They have a consideration and regard, if the day do increase or diminish, 
Order after dinner.  as concerning the dividing of the hours, and in opening and shutting the gates, according to the same order.  
There hangeth at every post or watch turret upon the walls, a little bell at each, 
A little bell at every watch turret.  of several sounds, wherewith the Sentinels do answer one another every quarter or half hour.  
All the day there goeth continually two soldiers the Round and Contra ●ound; 

The order of Round and contra Round in th● day.  
A regard to the Artillery.   the which do change, and are relieved by their quarters (as are in like sort the Sentinels upon the walls) having a care and regard unto the Artillery, and to see if any persons not belonging to the Castle, doth come up upon the same, without licence of the Castellane, or his Lieutenant: and finding any such person in such manner, they give knowledge thereof unto the Castellane or unto his officers, to the end that the cause might be known why any such doth mount up unto the walls.  
Every one of the Caporals that are within the Castle, hath his quarter assigned him with his squadra, 
Quarters assigned.  and every night doth visit the soldiers in the same; and see whether they have their bullets, powder, match, and all other arms in a readiness; and whether any soldier do lodge or sleep without the Castle by night, without leave and licence of his superior officer.  
And every morning before the opening of the gates, 
Before the opening of the gate, the Caporals duty.  the said Caporals do give an account particularly unto the Captain of all the faults in this sort committed the which are punished according to the orders that be provided and made for every matter concerning the said Castle.  
Also the higher officers and Caporals have their quarters divided & appointed, 
Their order if the Alarm be given.  where every one doth know whither to repair with the soldiers of his charge, if the Alarm be given.  
Every Saturday doth an officer with six soldiers go and visit and reknowledge all the Contra Mines. 

To reknowledge the Contra mines.  
The Castellane, one key, the Lieutenant another▪    
The Castellane hath one key of the chest, where all the keys are locked, and the Lieutenant keepeth another, to the end that if any sudden occasion be offered, repair might be made unto him which is next at hand: these keys are not the ordinary keys.  
And thus, all these things being known and well considered, any Castellane, or Captain of any Fortress or place of defence, may alter, add, or diminish that which unto him shall seem good, for the good government and defence of his place of charge.     

The Conclusion.  
Thus having finished in fine these Military discourses, wherein I have marched farther than I meant at the first, drawn on (Gentlemen) by your diverse and curious demands, and what reformations I have herein desired, or what amisses & errors I have herein committed, I yield the same to be considered and reform, by the wisdom of those whose experience, authority, and good endeavour▪ may be answerable to the performance thereof: desiring that the same may be deemed as proceeding from a soldier, who more of zeal then of any desire to offend, hath penned these rough discourses: wishing that himself, and all others, may take occasion thereby to amend what is in every of us amiss. Beseeching our heavenly Chieftain, 
jehovah, our heavenly Chieftain.  jehovah, thas as herein, so in all other inconveniences, any way hindering the flourishing state of our Noble Commonweal, the necessity of this, & every other action may take such root in the beholders thereof, as that, with such convenient regard as they ought, they will endeavour, every man in his degree, the redress and wished reformation of the same; with the due regard of our dangerous times: each honest man (of what degree soever) investing himself with the honourable habit of the true fear of God, unfeigned loyalty to our good Queen and Prince, perfect fidelity to our country, and sincere love and affection to our wives, children, and friends: and finally respecting the general reputation and honour of our Realm and nation.    
The end of the sixth and last book.   

A Table, showing the signification of sundry foreign words, used in these discourses.  
GEntle Reader, for as much as in these Military discourses, I have used some words and terms, somewhat strange unto such as have not frequented foreign wars, nor have any great insight in foreign languages, I have therefore thought good both to declare the signification of such words, and also to show my reasons for using the same.  
First you are to understand that most of our terms now used in wars are derived from strangers; as the French, the Italian, the Spaniard and the Dutch; wherein every one almost have their several pronunciation; therefore I hold it good, to use such war terms and words, as we do borrow from strangers (as most languages do borrow some, more or less, one of another) near after the same nature, orthography & accent, as those nations do, from whom they are derived: and not to pronounce and use them over corruptly, as we commonly do. As for example. The word Caporall, which is a mere Italian, and also used by the French, we corruptly do both write and pronounce Corporal: for Caporall doth signify the head and chief of a squadra, or small company of soldiers: and is an officer ensigning and governing (in his degree) the said company: and is in Spanish more aptly called Cabo de esquadra which is the head of a small squadra of 20 or 25 soldiers. And again, we use both to pronounce and write, Core de guard; which by the French is written Corpse de guard, and by the Italian and Spaniard, Corpo de guardia; which signifieth the body of a watch: the which French or Italian word I have rather used in my writing, than our corrupt English term. Moreover we both pronounce and write the word Canuasada, the which (in truth) ought to be written and pronounced Camisada, being a Spanish term; and doth signify the investing a shirt over the soldiers apparel or armour; the which is used in the night time when any sudden exploit or piece of service is to be put in practice upon the enemy, unexpected or unseen: to the end, that in the darkness of the night, the attempters may thereby the better one know and discern another. These few words and terms, I suppose sufficient for my reasons. And for the signification of all other strange and foreign words by me used, I will here following particularly set down, in order of alphabet, as I shall call them to memory.  


A  
Abanderado, is a soldier which carrieth the Ensign in steed of the ensign-baerer sometimes.  
Al'arma, is a word used among men of war, at times of the enemies sudden approaching, and at their discovery, and doth signify, to arms or weapons.  
Alferez, is a Spanish word, and signifieth the Ensign bearer.  
Alguazil, a Spanish word, is an officer attendant on the Campe-maister General, to apprehend offenders, and to see execution done.  
Alerta, an Italian word▪ used unto the soldiers, when there is any suspicion of the enemy; and signifieth to be watchful, careful and ready  
Alvarado, a Spanish word, and is the discharging of the morning watch, by the sound of the drum.  
Ambuscado, a Spanish word, and signifieth any troop or company of soldiers either foot or horse, lodged secretly in some covert, as in woods, hollow ways, behind banks, or such like; to entrap the enemy secretly attending his coming.  
Aquaducts, are conduits to carry or convey water into any City, Castle, or Citadel.  
Armada, a Spanish word, is a Navy of ships for war, or one great ship of war.  
Artillaria, a foreign word, and is that which we call the great Ordinance.    


B  
Bando, a Spanish word, and signifieth, an act, or law made by the General and Counsel of war, in the Camp, and published by sound of the drum or trumpet unto the soldiers.  
Bisognio or Bisonnio, a Spanish or Italian word, and is, as we term it, a raw soldier, unexpert in his weapon, and other Military points.  
Burgonet, a French word, is a certain kind of headpiece, either for foot or horsemen, covering the head, and part of the face and cherke.    


C  
Cabo de esquadra or Caporall, a Spanish word, is the head or chief under the Captain of a small number of soldiers, in number 20 or 25, or more or less, according as the company is divided into.  
Caporal, the Italian word, is as Cabo de esquadra in Spanish.  
Cabo de Camara, a Spanish word, is a soldier under the Caporall, and is the chief over every 10 or 12 soldiers.  
Camarada, a Spanish word, is a small number of 11 or 12 soldiers, and is the one half of a squadra, being united together in their lodging, and diet, and friendship, the chief man of whom is the Cabo de Camara.  
Camisada, a Spanish word, and doth signify the investing or putting on of a shirt over the soldiers apparel or armour; the which is used in the night time, when any sudden exploit or piece of service is to be put in practice upon the enemy, unexpected or unseen, to the end that the attempters may thereby the better one know and discern another.  
Campania, an Italian word, and is a field.  
Campania Raza, an open field without hedge, ditch, or other encumbrance, razed plain.  
Campe-maister, in Spanish Maestro del Campo, is a Colonel: being the chief Commander or officer over one Regiment or Tertio.  
Camp master General, in Spanish, Maestre del Campo General, is a great Commander, and is with us the high Marshal of the field.  
Castellano, is the Captain or Commander of a Citadel, or castle, as in Milan, Antwerp, Metz, and such other places.  
Cannonera, a Spanish word, and is the place or room where the Cannon is placed in a bulwark.  
Casamatta, a Spanish word, and doth signify a slaughter-house, and is a place built low under the wall or bulwark, not arriving unto the height of the ditch, serving to scour the ditch, annoying the enemy when he entereth into the ditch to scale the wall.  
Cavagleria, an Italian word, and is the Companies of soldiers serving on horseback, of what sort soever.  
Cavaglere, an Italian word, and signifieth a Gentleman serving on horseback, but in fortifications, a Cavalier is a mount or platform of earth, built and raised high, either within or without the wall for to plant great Ordinance upon.  
Cavalliere à Cavallio, is a high mount or platform of earth raised very high, so that the Artillery upon the same, may shoot over the walls and bulwarks, to scour and clear the fields all about.  
Centre, a French word, is the middle of a battle, or other things.  
Sentinel, a Spanish word, and signifieth the soldier which is set to watch at a station or post, a certain distance from the Corpse de guard, or in a certain little garret or watch house upon the walls, or at certain places in the field without the ring of the Campe.  
Centuria, was amongst the Romans', a company of Soldiers to the number of 100: whose Captain was called Centurio.  
Cohort, was, amongst the Romans', the 10 part of a Legion.  
Chieffront, a French word, is the arming for the forehead of the horse.  
Conuoye, a French word, is a certain guard of soldiers, sent to conduct and guard, victual, victuallers, merchants, munition, and such like, from one place unto another.  
Contra Round, an Italian word, is a certain number of commanders and officers going, visiting the Corpse de guard, watches, Sentinels, and also the Rounds, to see if they perform their duties and be vigilant and careful.  
Colonel or Colonel, a french word, is the commander of a regiment of certain companies of soldiers, called with the Spaniards Maestre del Campo.  
Contrafront, or spur, is the inner part of the brickwall of a bulwark.  
Citadella, an Italian word, is a Castle or spacious fort, built, not only to defend the City, but also to keep the same in awe and subjection, as that at Antwerp, Milan, and Naples, etc.  
Cornet, a French word, is the ensign which is carried by the Launciers.  
Corpse de guard, a French word, is the body of a watch, of a certain number of soldiers set for such purposes.  
corselet, a French word, is the armour of a foot soldier, complete.  
Criniere, a French word, is the armings of the horse mane or neck.  
Cuisset, is the armings of a horseman, for his thigh unto the knees.  
Cuyratz, a French word, is the arming of the body, the breast part and back part only, either of horseman or footman.  
Colours, a word used by us, for the Ensign, being of variable colours.  
Curtain, a French word, is the long brickwall running level from bulwark to bulwark.    


D E  
Enginero, a Spanish word, is one skilful in fortifications, and other machine's and stratagems for war.  
Escalada, a Spanish vocable, and is the scaling of a wall or fort with ladders.  
Esquadra, a Spanish word, is a certain part of a company of soldiers of some 20 or 25 soldiers whose chief is i Caporall.    


F  
Fila, an Italian word, is the order, row, or line of all such soldiers as do stand or march consequently on after another, in ordinance or array of battle, extending from the front unto the train of the battle.  
Flancque, a French word, is the side of any squadron of men.  
Front, a French word, is the face or forepart of a squadron or battle.  
Front, is also the forepart of a brickwall or bulwark.  
Forlorn Sentinel, a compound word of Dutch and French: and is a soldier either horseman or footman, set to watch and espy the enemy's designs, near unto the enemy, and without the word: for sundry considerations.    


G  
Garrita, a Spanish word, is a little watch house or tower, for the soldier to stand in at Sentinel, seated upon the walls.  
Grueves, a French word, is the arming for the legs, from the knees downward.  
Guantlet, a French vocable, is the arming or glove to the hand.  
Guidon, a French word, is the ensign which is borne with the shot on hosebacke.    


H  
Hargubuzier a French word, and is the soldier, carrying and using a piece called a caliver or Hargubuz.  
Harguluttier, an Italian and French word, and is the soldier serving on horseback, unarmed, using a caliver with a snap hance.    


I  
Infanteria, an Italian word, is all sort of foot soldiers.    


K L  
Launcier, a French word, is a soldier on horseback, armed and using a Lance for his chief weapon, but not so heavily armed, as is the man at arms, and therefore of some called a Demi-lance.  
Legion, amongst the ancient Romans', was certain companies of their people of war: consisting of 5 or 6000 footmen, and 300 horsemen.    


M  
Maniple, is a part of so many ranks and files of soldiers throughout a battle or squadron of pikes, drawn forth to march through any strait or narrow passage.  
Maestre del Campo, with the Spaniards, is as our Colonel with us.  
Mayordome, is with the Italian and Spaniard, the steward of a house; but in war he is the steward and Guardian of the munition for war.  
Modern war, is the new order of war used in our age,  
Miditerraneall, is Inland country, or countries distant from the sea.  
Maritime, is sea coast country, or countries adjoining unto the sea.    


N O  
Orecch one, an Italian vocable, is the part of a bulwark which is called by some, the pome, guard, or shoulder.    


P  
Parapet, an Italian word, is the upper part of the brickwall, which shadoweth the soldiers from the sight and annoyances of the enemy.  
Pendent, is the bending or slopeness of the Parapet outward.  
Pelmell, a French word, and signifieth the mingling of men together, buckling by the bosom one with another.  
Percluis, a French word, is the grate, either of iron or wood, framed within a gate or port of a city or Castle, to be let fall or slipped down, to bar the enemy's entrance.  
Pectron, a French word: is the arming of the breast of the horse.  
Place of arms general: is the place of assembly, where the people of war are ranged in order of battle.  
Phalanx, a Greek word: an order of embattling of men in one grand square, used by the Grecians.  
Pietranelli, an Italian word, and is the soldiers serving on horseback, well armed with a pair of Cuyrasses, and weaponed with a firelocke piece or snap-hance.  
Pistollier, a French word; and is the soldier on horse back, armed as the Pietranell, weaponed with a pistol.  
Pouldron, a French word, and is the shoulder arming.  
Posta, a Spanish word, and is the place or station where the Sentinel soldier is set to stand at guard and watch.    


Q  
Quarter, is the part of a Camp, whereon any companies, or numbers of horsemen or footmen be quartered and lodged.  
Quarteret, is the diminutive of quarter.    


R  
rank, is the row, order or array of soldiers standing shoulder by shoulder, extending from flank to flank throughout the battle or ordinance.  
Ravelline, or Tenaza, a Spanish word: and is the uttermost bounds of the walls of the Castle or skances without the walls.  
Rampire, a French word, and is a fortification or wall of earth.  
Regiment, a Dutch word, is a number of sundry companies under the charge of a Colonel.  
Recoia, a Spanish word: and signifieth the call or assembling of the soldiers together into the place of arms, by the sound of the drum.  
Ronda, an Italian and Spanish word: and is a company of certain soldiers and officers, which do go visiting the Corpse de guards, sentines and watches at sundry hours in the night, to cause them observe order: and to see whether they be vigilant and ready.  
Roupt, a French word; and signifieth the breaking of a squadron, troop, or battle, and turning to flight.    


S  
sally, a French word: and is an issuing forth of men to skirmish or fight: and is also a secret issue for the soldiers to pass out of a wall, bulwark, or fort.  
Srerée, a French word: and is when the soldiers in squadron do join and lock close together, thereby to become the more strong.  
Serracenesca, a Spanish word: and is the percluis or grate of a gate.  
Skance, a Dutch word: and is a small fortress built of turf and earth, commonly used in the low countries.  
Scalada, a Spanish word, is a scaling of a wall with ladders.  
Spontone, an Italian word: is a small long instrument of iron, sharp at the end, to thrust through any load of hay, straw, or such like, to prove if any soldiers lie hidden within the same.  
Squadra, a Spanish word: and is a certain part of a company of some 20, or 25 soldiers, whose chief is the Caporall.  
Squadron, a Spanish word, and is a great number of soldiers pikemen reduced in arrays to march and also is a certain company of musketeers framed in order to march of fight, and is also a certain number of men, arranged in order to march, or charge.    


T  
Taladro, a Spanish word, and is an instrument or engine to mount any piece of ordinance up into Carriage.  
Taisses, a French word, and is the arming of the thighs, annexed unto the forepart of the corselet.  
Terraplene, an Italian word, and is the earth that is rampired and filled up unto the inside of any brickwall or bulwark.  
Tertio, a Spanish word, and is a Regiment of soldiers.  
Tertiare, a Spanish word, and is to third the pike, either to bear the same upon his shoulder, or to charge the same ever hand.  
Travessa, a Spanish word, and is a flanker of a wall.  
Tragon, is the rearward of the squadron, or battle.  
Trench, a French word, is the ditch about the brickwall.  
Tenaza, a Spanish word, is a little hold or Keep made of one Curtain or Bulwark.    


V  
Vanbraces, a French word, and is the armings for the arm from the pouldrons downward to the hand wrist,  
Vanguard, a French word, and signifieth the forepart of the battle.  
Volley, a French word, and is when any kind of shot do discharge altogether.    


W  
The Word, which we call the watch Word, and is by the French called Mot de guet, and by the Spaniard En number: which is a word or name delivered by the General or other high Commander, to be given unto other officers and soldiers, standing Sentinel at their posts, whereby their watches are nightly governed, etc.    
Toute Puissance, honneur, glory & lovange, so it à nostre bon Dieu eternel.  
FINIS.   


BARRET  
Nella φ. δ. φ. ν. ρ. la ζ.  
Nella fidelta finiro la vita.