coat of arms of the Honourable Artillery Company ARMA PACIS FULCRA VERA EFFIGIES GULEIELMI BARRIFF AETATIS SVAE 35. portrait of William Barriffe Though this Effigies here does Represent and Portray forth his faces Liniament Yet Read his Book, and you therein will find that he hath Pictured there a Soldiers mind. G Glover fecit. MILITARY DISCIPLINE: OR, THE YOUNG ARTILLERY MAN. Wherein is discoursed and shown the Postures both of Musket and Pike: the exactest way, etc. Together with the Motions which are to be used, in the exercising of a Foot-company. With diverse and several forms and figures of Battle; with their reducements; very necessary for all such as are studious in the Art Military. By WILLIAM BARRIFF. PSAL. 144. 1. Blessed be the Lord my strength which teacheth my hands to war, and my fingers to fight. LONDON, Printed by Thomas Harper, for Ralph Mab, 1635. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE Algernonne, Earl of Northumberland, Lord of the Honours of Cockermouth and Petworth: Lord Percy, Lucy, Poynings, Fitz-pain, Bryan and Lattimer: Lord Lieutenant of his MAJESTY'S Forces in the Counties of Northumberland and Cumberland; and Knight of the most Noble Order of the Garter. Right Honourable: THe Glory of the Meridian Sun, is the more resplendently set off; by the foil and darkness of a Shadow: which is a perpetual follower of his Light; as my ambition in all humble service is, to be unto your Lordship: The memory of so many Heroical Ancestors, as (in all ages) have ennoblized your potent Family; together with their Marshal and Renowned Achievements: do for ever stand recorded, in the Book of Honour and of Fame. And that (were occasion fairly offered) your Honour hath Spirit and Bravery enough, in a Military emulation, to arrive up to the height of their Glory: your constant and Noble Deportment (as well in your private carriage; as of late days in your public Triumph, when you were installed into that most Noble Order of the Garter) do most evidently presage of you. This as it hath attracted all eyes and expectations: So hath it encouraged my low ambition (among the rest) to esteem your Honour a fit Patron for a Book of this Nature, your innate and inbred virtues; together with that Courtesy, Nobleness, and Affability, (the inseparable Companions of anciently descended Honour) speak you so easy, of access; that my YOUNG ARTILLERY-MAN despaireth not of acceptance & admission, to kiss the hands of your great Lordship. The first-fruits, it is, of my weak endeavours: and a Collection, merely of my private observations. Such as it is, my humble request unto your good Lordship is, that out of the accustomed freedom and goodness of your nature; you would be pleased to deign acceptance of it. And I withal beseech your Honour, to give pardon unto that presumption, which hath proceeded from devotion. I confess it an ambition in me, to soar so loftily in my Dedication. But as Alexander (sometimes) refused not a mean Present of fruit, from the hands of a simple Gardener: so my hope is, your Honour will hold me excused for offering so worthless and mean a Mite to so great and honourable a Personage. But considering that the subject of my Discourse is intended for the bettering of the Soldier's knowledge of the trained Bands; and that your Lordship is one of his Majesty's Lieutenants: it may prove a good inducement to your Honours liking (who are known to be so great a lover of your Country) to vouchsafe the protection and patronage of these my first endeavours, whereby I shall for ever stand obliged in all humility, and remain, Your Honour's most humble and devoted servant, WILLIAM BARRIFF. TO THE RIGHT Worshipful, Sir Ralph Bosvile, Knight, Captain of a Select Company of Foot in the County of Kent. YOu may be pleased to remember (Noble Sir) how often you have Importuned me to write something (by way of instruction) for the bettering of the judgements of such young Gentlemen and Soldiers whose minds stand this way affected. And although (for my own part) I can better manage the Pike than the Pen; yet that I might not be wanting in all acknowledgement, I have taken upon me to satisfy your request; which shall ever carry the authority of a Command with it. Expect not (I beseech you Sir) to find my Book set forth with fine phrases, nor to be decked with historical discourses, of foreign fought Battles: this being the only thing by me intended in it; to set forth the exact grounds of this our modern discipline, for the exercising of a foot Company. Nor is it to be esteemed a small advancement to the knowledge of the art Military; even to have Taught this little, seeing it must be confessed to have been one of the chiefest means to make Philip from a poor Prince, to become a powerful Monarch; and his Son Alexander amighty Conqueror. I mean his exact observance of the true grounds of military Discipline, which beginneth with the instruction of a private Company. Add hereunto (which I have also touched upon) his frequent practice and inuring of his Soldiers to the use of Arms: together with his well ordering and contriving the several forms and figures of his Battles. Always (by the way) observing how to make his advantage, either from the time, the number, or the place, or some other such like opportunity. But not to cloy your quainter ears with impertinent discourses: who are not only a Master of Arms, but of Arts; also a Gentleman that hath been Captain either over horse or foot; for the space of these last forty years: and from your very infancy brought up in the very bosom of the Muses. So that you are now become a Nestor for Counsel, an Apollo for Music, and a Mars for the Field. But lest by acknowledging your worthy parts, (your native modesty being such, that you never love to hear your own due deserved praises) I purchase a frown for a recompense: I forbear. My humble desire now is, that your Worship will be pleased to accept of my well meaning: and although I be wanting in artful expressions, yet to rest assured, that I am yours in all humble and hearty affection, and shall still continue Your, though unworthy, yet obedient Lieutenant, WILLIAM BARRIFF. TO THE WORTHY CAPTAINS, CAPTAIN EDWARD DICHFIELD, and Captain HENRY SANDERS, and to all the Gentlemen of the private and loving Society of Cripplegate meeting. W. B. wisheth all health and long continuance. Right Worthy▪ Captains, it is now something morethen seven years, since the beginning of that private and commendable exercise of Arms by your two Companies together; how much experience it hath begot in your Soldiers, yourselves be the judges. This must be confessed, that it is so orderly contrived, as to become no hindrance to men's more necessary callings. Yea it rather calls them the earlier unto it: for that the Exercise continueth only one hour the Thursday of every week; and in the Summer time, ending at seven of the clock in the Morning. Some there have been notwithstanding, that have held a prejudicated opinion of this meeting: conceiving that it would prove an hindrance to the Artillery ground. Nevertheless the proof hath reported the quite contrary: for that it hath become a great means towards the advancement thereof. And that by sending diverse Gentlemen thither to enter themselves therein, who before had not the least conceit or purpose that way. As for the Soldiers of that meeting, they neither beat Drum, display Ensign, nor discharge Musket: But only exercise their Postures, Motions, and forms of Battle, with false fire in their pans. Which is the cause, that the Soldiers having attained some little skill in the handling of their Arms: presently desire, to exercise with more liberty; and so enter upon the Artillery Garden. Wherefore (most worthy Captains) you shall do well to cherish your diligent and industrious Soldiers: that so they may be heartened to persist, in so honourable and commendable an entendment. It being such an exercise whereby God may gain glory, the King and Kingdom, honour; your selves, credit; and your Soldiers, skill: For my own part, I profess and acknowledge my self to be one of the first beginners of it: and do still continue a member of the same. And this maketh me the more silent, though still I wish in heart the continuance of so friendly a society. And therefore (fellow Soldiers) I pray you accept of my good will for the deed: for were I as able as I am willing; I then, with the Poet, Would consecrate your Memories to time, That yours might Live, when I am turned to slime. Yours in all service, WILLIAM BARRIFF. To all worthy Commanders, and brave Soldiers. GAllant brave Sons of Mars you must not look That here's aught worth your reading in this Book, Since I intent not further for to go Then to the Letters of our Christ-crosse-row: To show the Vowels, or to learn to spell In Disciplines high strains I will not mell. But if, perhaps, you have a mind to scan Or spy faults in the Young Artillery-man, I pray you for your credits as mine own You'll pick no fault till you be sure 'tis one And then (perhaps) when Reason taking place, Opinion must retreit with foul disgrace. Yet if you truly shall an Error spy Tell me my fault, I'll not in Error die. Then worthy Followers in great Mars his train, That to peruse my worthless work will deign, judge but the best, and you, perhaps, shall see The next I write shall a far better be In the, mean time, this is the best I have Prove and approve. And more I will not crave. W. B. To Captain Walter Neale, now Captain of the Artillery Garden: and to all the rest of the Worthy Captains, Lieutenants, Ensigns, Sergeants, and other Gentlemen of that noble Society: W. B. wisheth all increase of knowledge and continuance of Love and Unity. RIght worthy Soldiers of th' Artillery, Me thinks I see some of you look awry, Telling me I've done our Garden wrong And that in Soldiership I am too young: That the worst Soldier of three hundred men Should dare in Discipline to use his Pen, And he that th' other day scarce knew a Rank To write a Book should now be grown so crank: But spare your Anger for this Book you see Can neither bring reproach to you nor me: If for mean matter I shall be detected From a young Soldier much is not expected: If any say I have done pretty well They needs must think should you write 'twould excel, Like Lads at Wasters I but lead the way That better Gamesters may come in to play. Therefore be pleased if any fault be found No shame at all can unto you redound. If ought be good ' i'th' Garden 'twas me shown If ought be ill the Error is mine own. Then as I from amongst you learned my skill, So grant me love your favour and good will. Yours ever William Barriff. Faults escaped in the Printing. PAge 17. line 5. for and, read ad, p. 25 l. the last, for between before, p. 34. first line of the ●1. Chap. for off, r. 10, p. 36. in the margens, for particular, r. particle, p 64 l. 13 for arms, r. armies, p, 74. l. 9 for also, r. all, p. 78 l. 8. for left, r. lest, p. 86. l. 6. instead of for, r. or, p. 86. l. 19 for into, r. to, p. 87 l. 8. for with, r. without, p. 87. l 23. for drawn figure, r. drawn a figure p 89. l 6. for e●ft, r. left, p. 89. l. 17. for likewise, r. file wise, p. 97. l the last, for gratify, r. satisfy, p. 106. l. 3. for ne, r. one, p. 108. l. 9 instead of for, r. in, p. 112 l. 4. for beh●nde, r. before, p. 117. l. 4. r. fileleaders, p. 11 ●. l. 19 & 20. instead of, or with the Chorean it holds affinity, r. and with the Chorean it holds no affinity, p. 124. the last line, r. be as at first. p. 127. the 2 m s which stand for the outmost fileleaders to the right, stand quite contrary. p. 137. l. 5 for in, r. to p. 140. the figure set wrong. pa 1●2 l. 8. or in, r. too p. 166. l. 11. for flank, r. flanks. p. 173. l. 13. for innermost, r. outermost. p. 176. l. 32. for figures, r. figures. p. 307. l 14 for command, r. commanded. p. 217. l 4. for to, r. up. p. 290. l. 8 for figure, r firing. p. 269. l. 18. for tm, r. them. p. 271. l. 1●. for arm, r. arms. p 2●●. l. 13. for flank, r. flanks p. 393. the title of the figure, for polium, r. Plesium. p. 296. l. 6. for their several, r. to their several, etc. p. 297. the marginal note opposite to the ●● line, r. instead of one file and close. One file of Musketeers to give fire, and close, p. 302 l. the 9 for ho●swise, r herswise, p. 306. l. 27. for Leader, r. Leaders, p 311. l. 17 for overhead, r. overhand. To the Reader. COurteous Reader, although I have set forth this small Treatise, principally aiming at the benefit of my Country, yet I know that some will not be wanting, to disparage both the workman and the work, the matter and the manner. For such is the misery of the times, and the malice of men; that the frothy Depraver, shall found (in some men) an opinion of his worth, by detracting and undervaluing other men's merits: For mine own part, I ingenuously confess, that amongst many in our own Ground, I was the meanest both for skill and scholarship, to have undertaken a work of this nature; but being continually pressed by my acquaintance: some for the Postures, others for the Motions, and by some again for Figures, I being always willing to further men this way affected; granted and gave to some men Copies, and suffered others to peruse my Notes, which I had placed in an old waste Paper-booke. But at length, time and men's tongues together, had begot an opinion, that I had writ a book. Which was so freely divulged, that I was requested by some, to know when it would come forth of the Press; when as yet I had not the least conceit, to put pen to paper tending to this purpose. So that being engaged something in my credit, and withal requested by a right worthy Knight, my Captain, who had power to command: And lastly, being thrust on by the importunity of some of my familiar friends: I have put my Card amongst the rest into the Bunch to be shuffled: not much caring where it be dealt, so it be not mixed with the— If any carp at the plainness of the style, I conceive that it fits best with the subject: works of this nature, chiefly requiring it. If such, whom opinion hath made proud, and custom, captious; shall happen to be my Supervisors, to them I say, that it is easier to find faults, then mend them; and to mend Books, then to make them. But to the Courteous and skilful, whose better parts will yield better fruits, I shall request their favourable censure, and that with their judgements, they will mend what by oversight I have missed. For which their loves, I shall ever stand engaged: and remain Their thankful friend and Servant, WILLIAM BARRIFF To my loving Friend, The Author. HOmer eternised is for writing what Achilles and his Myrmidons did at The Siege of Troy. I envy not his fame, But needs must future Ages greatly blame, If they forget to Memorise thee too, That showest not what was done, but how to do. Rowland Gwyn. To his much esteemed Friend, and fellow Soldier, the Author. Critic, observe thy distance, censure not, Nor spend thy judgement like an Idiot That nothing knows; If knowing, know thou then, Thou must be ranked amongst the Envious men. If once thou dost attempt to contradict The matter that this Book contains in it: The Method's plain; not decked with compliments, Those frivolous, idle, needless supplements. The substance ponderous is; no fond conceit Affronts thee, friend. With shame they shall retreit; And so retrit, as not to charge again In Front, in Rear, or Flanks. Thou shalt disdain All Formalists, that fain would Soldiers seem; Who much expressive are, in judgement green. Andrew Wheatley. Ex Hospitio Grace. In Amicum Willielmum Barriff. YOung, and so old in Martial Discipline? Distrust will say, This work is none of thine. But I, that know it, will aver the same To be thine own, and not another's fame. A noble Soldier scorns to be so base By others Worth to purchase his own Grace. And such is BARRIFF. What his Book doth speak, It is his own: Let Envy swell and break. Amicus H. P. THe Art Military (how e'er supposed) Is hard like other Arts; yet here discloed, In such a manner that who e'er he be That hath in it but learned his A B C. Without difficulty, with little pain, Such knowledge in this noblest Art may gain: That he may say, and do as much as some, That for this Art, have travelled Christendom. All by the learned help of BARRIFFS' skill, Learned, I say, say others what they will. But if they speak 'gainst this he hath put forth, They will betray in them there's no such worth: For this in him there is no fault at all. Except in this, to teach this Art to all. Persist then noble Friend, to th' world descry What worth lies hid in our Artillery. And we that long to learn this Art shall say, Thanks be to BARRIFF, he hath shown the way. Rich. Clement. On his much esteemed friend, the Author. AS London, England's far famed Empery, In her brave Garden of Artillery, With Reason glory may: because therein Is exercised exacter Discipline, By motions and apt firings; than is done In any other Place of Christendom. So maythat Garden as deservedly, (Accomplished Barriff) joy and boast in thee: Who stillest thyself The young Artillery-Man, Of thy abounding modesty. Yet can Thy known experience thereby vailed be No more than Sunbeams by a Tyffanie: Why young? Is't cause chou'lt still a Learner be? " Even so must all that aim at Excellency. New Accidents, and expert men's direction, Brings th'art of War still nearer to perfection. 'Tis said, great Alexander wept, for that He no more worlds could find to subjugate. And yet if He before Ostend had been, He might have easier wept, than gotten in. Thy practice part of Drilling: I approve, As meriting thy Country's thanks and love. The rather, that I oft have seen thee do A Captain's Office, and a Soldiers too. With such exact dexterity, as none Could say thou cam'st short in perfection, To foreign Discipliners (near or far,) Though daily trained up in the School of War. Yet as in thy assumed Title: so, thouart modest in thy fair expressions too. For thou adorn'st not thy book's Frontispiece, With glorious Titles, to endear its Price. As thouart of War: or Soldier's Academy. But thee confin'st within a Company, Or Squadrons exercise. And yet a way To set a greater Body in Array; Thereby discover'st. Onwards then, and stead, Thy Nation for supplying at her need. Thy Country with large Troops well-disciplined, For which, occasion will hereafter find, A mean to crown thy merit. Whilst thy friends Wish thy Designs, acquire their hoped for ends. ja. Hayward ex Hospitio Graiensijs. CHAP. I. Concerning Postures and handling Arms. THe first rudiments for the Discipline of Infantry ought to be an Instruction, for the well managing of their Arms; whereby they may be brought, to use them with ease and delight: whereas to the contrary (without exercise) both sorts of Arms, will become a troublesome burden, unto the unskilful Bearers. No man is borne a Soldier, neither can any attain, to be kilfull in the Art Military without practice. But by practice is gained knowledge, knowledge begets courage and confidence; few or none being fearful to execute what by frequent practice they have throughly learned. Wherefore it is necessary for every one that intends any proficiency in this part of the Art military, to be instructed in the Postures and well handling of their Arms; a thing much to be desired in our Trained Bands, though small hope of amendment. Seeing the Soldiers are scarce called forth to exercise either Posture, or Motion once in four or five years. Whose the fault is I know not, only I pray God that it may be amended, lest shame and infamy be the least of evils which our careless security may bring upon us: Yet pardon this digression, for my zeal to my Country's good had almost transported me beyond the bounds of my intent, but of this no more. I will now come to the postures of the Musket and Pike: which, I conceive, are fittest to begin from the taking up of their Arms, and arming the Soldiers concluding them with the laying down of their Arms, or disarming them. But before I begin the Postures: Me thinks I hear some already enquiring what is a Posture. Wherefore that I may satisfy them, and not be troublesome to others. In brief thus. Posture in a Soldier is the garb or figure, that he useth in the handling of his Arms, consisting of several Motions for achieving of each Posture. The Motion being the working part, the Posture the alteration or act, either in circumstance or matter. As to rest your Musket being one Posture, to shoulder your Musket another, so likewise for the rest, howbeit some perchance will object, (as formerly hath been to one of Athens, making a long Oration in the praise of Hercules his valour) who ever doubted of it. So to me who ever questioned these for Postures: yet I have known them not only questioned, but written against, peremptorily concluding that there are but three Postures to be used for the Musket, whose errors I shall easily confute. But more of this after the Postures of the Musket. Wherefore for the more orderly proceeding conceive their Arms to lie before them on the ground, and then the first command will be, to stand to their Arms. The Postures of the Musket. TAke up your Bandeliers. Put on your Bandeliers. Take up your Match. Place your Match. Take up your Musket and Rest. Rest your Musket. Now if you please you may perform your saluting Posture. Poise your Musket. Shoulder your Musket. Take your Rest into your right hand, and you are armed ready to March. Now to begin to make ready, which may be done either standing or marching. Take your Match between the fingers of your right hand. Put your Rest string about your left Wrist, and carry your Rest in your left hand. Return your Match between the fingers of your left hand. Unshoulder your Musket and Poise. join your Rest to the outside of your Musket. Open your Pan. Clear Prime Shut Cast off your loose Corns. Blow off your loose Corns, and bring about your Musket to the left side. Treile your Rest, & balance your Musket in your left hand. Charge with Powder. Bullet. Draw forth your Scouring stick. Shorten Put your scouring stick into your Musket. Ram home your Charge. Withdraw your scouring stick. Shorten Return Bring forward your Musket and Rest. Poise your Musket and recover your Rest. join your Rest to the outside of your Musket. Draw forth your Match. Blow your Coal. Cock your Match. Fit Guard your Pan. Blow the Ash from your Coal. Open your Pan. Present upon your Rest. Give fire breast high. Dismount your Musket, joining your Rest to the outside of your Musket. Uncock and return your Match. Clear your Pan Shut Poise your Musket. Shoulder Take your Match between the fingers of the right hand. Take your Rest into your right hand, clearing your string from your wrist. Return your Rest into the left hand, the string lose. Return your Match into your left hand. Unshoulder your Musket and Poise. Rest your Musket. Set the Butt-end of your Musket on the ground. Lay down your Musket and Rest. Match. Take off your Bandeliers. Lay down March from your Arms. There is likewise the Sentinel Posture, which is, The Muskettier having his Musket charged with Bullet, his Match cocked, his Pan guarded, stands with his Musket rested to perform such duty as shall be commanded or given him in charge. Some have likewise taught to make ready on, or from the Sentinel Posture: But note that as none comes to stand Sentinel but comes ready charged: So if any occasion happen that he must give fire in the time of his standing Sentinel, it causeth a general Alarm. So that he will have no fit time to make ready upon his Rest: Wherefore, I conceive it superfluous; but will ever conform to better judgement. We have also the Funeral Posture, which from the Rest is to be performed at 3. Motions, which cannot so well be expressed in writing, as it will express itself in Action. Wherefore seeing that it is rather an Ornament to Obsequies, than truly necessary for Armies I will not spend more time about it, but come to the Postures of the Pike. Yet before I pass upon them, give me leave to answer some, which out of a Critical humour will always be carping at others, condemning these Postures, saying, There are more by half, then are either good or useful; and that there are no more Postures to be used, but Make ready, Present, Give fire. The which we will not deny that in Service there are any other useful: notwithstanding I would have them to know, that Make ready is no Posture, but a word of Command, including all Postures, from the first Arming of the Soldier to the present: or if the Muskettier be charged, shouldered or both, than the word (Make ready) commands the prosecution of the rest of your Postures which are between the Posture you then immediately are at, when the word is given, and the other Posture, Present for which reason when we teach Musketeers at first it is most necessary to instruct them punctually, from Posture to Posture: Which being once attained, he manageth his Arms more surely more comely, with more celerity, and with better execution: and at the first may as easily be taught the best way. But if he have got an habit of doing ill there will be as much or more pains spent in reclaiming his errors, as at first to teach him the best, safest, and readiest way. CHAP. II. Of the Postures of the Pike. THat which followeth next of course is the Posture of the Pike. Wherefore that we may observe order in our proceeding; we will likewise conceive their Pikes to lie in like manner before them on the ground▪ And then, as before, the first Command will be, To stand to their Arms. Handle your Pikes. Order To your open Order. close Charge with the Butt-end of your Pike at the inside of your right Foot, your Pike in the left hand, drawing your Sword over the left Arme. Charge to the Right, Left, Rear. Order your Pikes, and put up your Swords. Note that these Charges at the Foot are to receive a desperate Enemy on Horse, upon a stand in some strait, or other place of advantage▪ the Musketeers to give fire over the Pikemens' heads, or elsewhere, at the discretion of the Commander. Port your Pikes. Comport Cheek Treile Order Charge to the Rear is to be understood always to the left about, because it is 3. times a nearer way then charging to the right about▪ Charge to the Front Order as you were. Right Left Rear Shoulder your Pikes Advance your Pikes. Port Comport Cheek Treile your Pikes Advance as you were. Charge to the Front Right Left Rear Shoulder your Pikes. Port Comport Cheek Treile Shoulder your Pikes Shoulder as you were. Charge to the Front Right Left Rear From Comport, Cheek, or Treile, the Pikeman may at the discretion of the Commander charge either to the Front, Rear, or both Flanks, as shall be necessary or thought expedient. Wherefore we shall not need to do it but once over, for the Charges will be all alike, whether you Comport from Order, from Advance, or Shoulder. And so likewise for Cheek and Treile, etc. From Comport Charge to the Front Comport as you were. Right Left Rear Cheek your Pikes. From the Cheek Charge to the Front Cheek as you were. Right Left Rear Treile your Pikes. From the Treile Charge to the Front Treile as you were. Right Left Rear Order your Pikes. Lay down I shall undergo the censure of some, for that they will find more Postures of the Pike here then formerly they knew of, and so by their conclusion more than there is any need of; for nowadays there are such that will limit discipline, to the verge of their own knowledge, and whatsoever else they shall see either acted or written by others that is without the lists of their kenning, they will peremptorily conclude for superfluous and improper, howsoever I shall always refer myself to the judgement of the more judicious. The charges of the Pike are twofold either for defence or offence. Charges underhand or over-hand▪ but diverse and different they are from their several ways and Postures from which they are or may be done, although they are not all always useful, yet at sometimes they may be useful, and therefore very requisite to be known to all such as either are, or at lest would be accounted for good Soldiers. As I have set down the Postures themselves both of Musket and Pike, so it were not much amiss, if that the Motions of Posture were likewise here expressed. But because they will take up too much time, & fill too much paper, and the Subject itself not pleasing unto many; I will spare my labour, and my book the lines, rather suffering the censure of curtailed brevity, then tedious prolixity. CHAP. III. Of the Drum. Our Soldiers being sufficiently instructed in the Postures of such Arms as they carry, or are appointed to use: the next thing they are to learn, is the knowledge of the several beats of the Drum, which is as requisite to be learned of the Soldier, as any thing else in this way. For the Drum is the voice of the Commander, the spur of the valiant, the heart of the coward, and by it they must receive their directions when the roaring Canon, the clashing of arms, the neighing of horses, and other confused noise causeth, that neither Captain nor other Officer can be heard. Wherefore it will be most necessary for him to learn these six several Beats, viz. 1 A Call. 2 A Troop. 3 A March. 4 A Preparative. 5 A Battle. 6 A Retreit. 1 By a Call, you must understand to prepare to heare-present Proclamation, or else to repair to your Ensign. 2 By a Troop understand to shoulder your Muskets, to advance your Pikes, to close your Ranks and Files to their order, and to troop along with (or follow) your Officer to the place of Randesvous or elsewhere. 3 By a March you are to understand to take your open order in rank, to shoulder both Muskets and Pikes, and to direct your March either quicker or slower, according to the beat of the Drum. 4 By a Preparative you are to understand to close to your due distance, for skirmish both for rank and file, and to make ready, that so you may execute upon the first command. 5 By the Battle or charge, understand the continuation or pressing forward in order of battle without lagging behind, rather boldly stepping forward into the place of him that falls dead, or wounded before thee. 6 By a Retreit understand an orderly retiring backward, either for relief, for advantage of ground, or for some other political end, as to draw the enemy into some ambushment, or such like. Much more might be written concerning the Drum, but this may suffice for the present. CHAP. IU. Of Ranks and Files, their places and dignities. NOw that our Soldiers are somewhat skilful in managing of their arms, and no less capable of the several beats of the Drum, it is high time for them to know the difference between a Rank, and a File. Wherefore What is a Rank. know that a Rank is a row of men, sometimes more, sometimes fewer, standing, moving, or marching even a breast, or (as some write) pouldron to pouldron, or shoulder to shoulder. A File What is a File. is a sequence of men, standing one behind another, back to belly in a strait line from Front to Rear, consisting sometimes of 6. 8. or 10. men. on some occasions the Spaniards make them 12. deep. But when any one would show much variety of exercise, than 8. will be the more pliant and dividual number, yet for service in the field, where men are not altogether so expert (as I could wish our Countrymen were) 10. men is the fittest number, not only for the cause aforesaid, but also because that 10. is the square root of a 100 and is a better number to draw Companies into grosser bodies. And now I think it would not be much amiss if I should here insert the several places of digninity and precedency in Rank, as also in File. Wherefore because that Files are first to be drawn forth, and that by adding or joining of Files together, Ranks are made; we will begin first with Files. Wherefore conceive their honour according to the figures or numbers hereunder placed, first in File, then of Rank, lastly of both conjoyned. It will not be of itself sufficient that I have both marked and figured the places and dignities to each particular man in his File and Ranke, but it will be looked for of some, that I should backe my opinions either with sound and good reasons of mine own, or at the least with the opinions of some others: as for such as have employed themselves upon this subject, they have been as diverse in their judgements, as their number, each man having a fancy to his own way. And if it were much material, I might have here demonstrated unto you the several opinions of Leo, Robertellus, Count Mansfield, Sir Thomas Kellie, and many others: whose works being extant, I will spare the labour. But above all the rest that ever I read, Captain john Bingham hath in my judgement best delivered himself in this particular: which although he have expressed by way of Tetarchies and Mirrarchies, yet the same may be understood as well by Ranks and Files. His words are these: * In the Tactics of Ae●an lib. 1. the Notes of the 10. Chapter. Every Tetarch is over four Files, in all which the Commander that hath the right, hath the first place; he that hath the point of the left, the second place; he that standeth on the right hand next to him, the third place. The last place is his that standeth next to the Commander of the right point on the left hand: He demonstrates it by way of figure thus. CHAP. V. Reasons for precedency of dignity in Ranks and Files. I Shall now endeavour to give some reasons for these several places of dignity in Rank and File. And first for that Geometrical proportion gives both life and being to orderly discipline, consider that all parts of the body ought to be answerable. Wherefore seeing that the joining of Files and Ranks produceth greater Bodies; it is necessary that a true proportion should be kept from the beginning: and that in drawing forth of Files they observe to make the Rear half files answerable in skill and worth to the Front half file. And that the fileleaders, and halfe-rankes of the left flank, should be equivalent in worth, skill, and valour to the right flank, that the Rear division hold like proportion with the Front division, and that all parts of the body depiction of 'ranks and files' be balanced with true proportion, so near as the knowledge of the Soldiers, and the number of the men will give you leave; and that there may be correspondency in their worth, place, and dignity▪ you may observe by adding the figures of number together, which are in the Margin, where you shall find that the dignity being added together of the Front half file, makes the number of 18. And the worth of the Rear division being in like manner added, makes the like number. So likewise shall you find the dignity and worth of the File leaders of the left flank, to parallel the worth of those on the right flank by the same rule. If you will have it yet more clear, observe that the file leader is the chief in his File, the bringer up the second, the half File leader the third, the last man of the front half file the fourth. Now note that as the worth of the first precedes the second, so the worth of the third exceeds the fourth. Now add the first worth to the fourth worth, and that makes five. And the second worth to the third, and it makes the same number; so that there is equality throughout the Battle both in Front, Rear, and Flanks: for it were unreasonable, that all the chief men should be on the right Flank, and all the worst on the left. For the left must be opposed to the enemies right. The File leader ought to be worthiest, because he hath the command of his File, and marcheth the first against his enemy. The bringer up aught to be the second, because his place of march is in the Rear, and is in most danger, should the enemy charge on that part. The half file leader is the third in honour, because that when the half file is taken off upon any occasion, he is the leader (unless they be commanded to face about) the last man of the front half file is the fourth man in dignity, for when the Rear division is taken off, than he is the Bringer up. The next man to the file-leader hath the fifth place of honour, for that one doubling brings him into the front. The next man before the Bringer-up hath the sixth place of honour, for that if the body be faced about, one doubling brings him into the Front accidental, or keeping the proper front by once doubling of ranks, he becomes Bringer-up to his File-leader. The seventh place of honour is his that marcheth next after the halfe-file leader, for that when the half files double the Front, or marcheth forth, than one doubling, ranks him even with the Front. The eight and last place of honour, is his that is the third from the Front, the File being but 8. deep, which may also be made a File-leader, though with more trouble than the rest: for by counter-marching Front and Rear into the midst, and then facing to the former front, & after doubling of ranks, makes him likewise a file-leader. Now as every man's dignity is more or less in his File, so is all his rank with him. Wherefore this that hath already been said, may suffice to demonstrate unto those which as yet are ignorant of the several places of dignity, both in Rank and File. I might have enforced many other reasons concerning the dignity of number and place: but I have insisted longer upon this subject, then at first I intended, which makes me the more willing, though somewhat abruptly to break from it, and come to show the manner of joining or drawing up of Files into form of battle. And therefore this may serve for all, the Sergeant that hath order to place them, is to lead them up according to their worth and honour. As first the right hand file; then the left hand file; and so the other files successively within them according to their several worths and places. As by the following figure you may more plainly perceive. If there be any that shall say these are niceties, and of no repute amongst Soldiers, I dare say they have been well reputed of by good Soldiers, no disparagement unto the faultfinders (if there happen to be any such.) As for the noble, worthy, and well-knowing Soldiers, I am almost confident that out of their true-speaking judgements, they will either conclude that it is so used, or at the least that it ought so to be; but if this can work no effect with the— I leave every man freely to his own judgement, desiring the judicious, always to hold a favourable opinion of my wellmeaning. CHAP. VI Of the several distances. NOw that our Soldiers have attained some small knowledge in the use of their Arms (me thinks like some of our little-knowing soldiers of the trained Bands) they already begin to be ambitious of Fileleaders places; therefore that their own weaknesses may light them to read their own follies, we will see how they will behave themselves in exercise amongst the Company. Wherein the first thing we are to instruct them in, is their distances. But because it is held by some a matter disputable, whether distance be one of the motions or no: We will first declare what is distance. To which I answer, that indeed Distance itself is no motion, but there is motion in producing such distance; for Distance is the space of ground between man and man, either in File or Ranke, having relation only to the place between each party. All the rest of the motions having not only relation to the one, but the other. Wherefore not to spend more time in a matter so apparent, we will say that the discipline of a foot-companie consists chiefly in distance and motion. And therefore seeing that distance is the ground of motion, and that no motion can be performed without distance, we will leave to discourse it, and fall to the matter itself, and show how many sorts of Distance is ordinarily used in our modern discipline, which are these four here under named, viz. Close Order, which is One foot and a half. Order, both in Three foot. Open Order, Rank & Six foot. Double distance, File Twelve foot. It hath been the opinion of some ancient Commanders, that the distance of Rank, was always double the distance of File, although they went both under one and the same denomination. As that order in File was three foot, order in Rank six foot, open order in file six foot, open order in rank twelve foot, and so of other distances. But the best received opinions hold them to be alike both in rank and file. There is to be considered in distance these three especially, that is, Distance For March. For Motion. For Skirmish. You are to observe, thatyour distance for march is to be three foot between file and file, and six foot between rank and rank; distance for motion six foot both in rank and file, distance for wheelings and skirmish three foot in rank and file. Only if you were to receive a charge from the horse, it is necessary for your files of Pite-men to be at close order. Wherefore we will rehearse all the ordinary ways for the opening, and closing both of files and ranks. But in the first place command them to even their Ranks, and straighten their Files, to be silent & attend to their words of command and direction, etc. In motion of Files you are to observe your Leader. Ranks and files to your close order. Files open to the right to your order. Ranks open forward Files open to the right to your open order. Ranks open forward In motion of Ranks you are to observe your right hand man. Files open to the right to your double distance. Ranks open forward Files close to the right to your open order. Ranks close forward Files close to the right to your order. Ranks close forward Files close to the right to your close order. Ranks close forward Files open to the left to your order. Ranks open backward Files open to the left to your open order. Ranks open backward Files open to the left to your double distance. Ranks open backwards Files close to the left to your open order. Ranks close backward Files close to the left to your order. Ranks close backward Files close to the left to your close order. Ranks close backward Files open right and left to your order. Ranks to the front & rear Files open right and left to your open order. Ranks to the front and rear Files open right and left to your double distance. Ranks to the front and rear Files close right and left inward to your open order. Ranks to the midst— Note that when Files open to the right, the lefthand file must stand fast, every file taking his distance from the file next his left hand: And when they open to the left, than the right hand file stands, every file taking his distance from the file next his right hand. Observe also that when Ranks open forwards, than the last rank stands, every Rank taking his distance from the Rank next behind him: And when they open backwards, than the first Rank is to stand, every Rank to take his distance from the Rank next before him. You are likewise to take notice in the action, that you are either to face to the right, or to the right about. Note also that in closing of Files, if it be to the Right, then contrary to the opening, the right hand file stands; the rest closing to the Right, taking their distance from their next right hand file. If you close to the left, than the left hand file stands; the rest of the files closing to the left, taking their distance in like manner. When Files close to the right and left, than they close inward, taking their distance from the files within them, nearer to the midst of the body. Also note, that when Files are commanded to open to the right and left (or by division) it must be outward. If Ranks close to Front and Rear, than the first and last Rank stand; the others taking their distances from them. If they close Ranks towards the centre or midst, than they close towards their two middlemost Ranks. It is not required that every Captain or other Officer that shall exercise a Company, shall use all these several openings, and closings which are here expressed, but rather that he shall make use of so many of them, as he shall think fit for his present occasion or exercise. Although they all may be useful at some time or other. I may spare examples, for it must needs be apparent to the meanest capacities. CHAP. VII. Of marching the Company in Divisions at length, the order and places of the Officers, and again drawing them into form of Battle. NOw that our Soldiers are somewhat expert in their distances, we will next draw them forth into a long March. Wherefore note, that our files must be at order, and our Ranks at open order: The Musketeers of the right flank, are to make the Van, and to march next after the Captain: The Pikes are to make the battle, and to march after the Ensign, either in one or two divisions, according to their number. The Musketeers of the left flank (sometimes called the second division of Muskets) make the Rear Guard, which is led commonly by the second Sergeant. How beit if there be but one division of Pikes, than the eldest (or chiefest) Sergeant leads the second division of Musketeers. If the Company be but small, than it is best to make but two Divisions, one of the Musketeers, another of the Pikes; For the placing of the rest of the Officers, you may perceive by the figure in the margin▪ Wherefore note that M. stands for Muskets, p. for Pikes, D. for Drums, S. for Sergeants, E. for Ensign, L. for Lieutenant, and C. for Captain. Note, if you have but three Drums, then let the Drum in the second division of Pikes be wanting: If only two, then upon a March, the first between the third and fourth rank of the front division of Musketeers. The second between the third and fourth rank of the second division of Pikes. Note that between each Division in March, there ought to be 12. foot distance; 6. foot between the Officer, and 6. foot behind him. CHAP. VIII. Of drawing the divisions up into a square. WHen you would bring your body again into Battalia, command your front division to make Alt or Stand; then give order to your Ensign either by a Sergeant, or by some sign to lead up the first division of pikes on the left of the first division of Musketeers, with his colours flying, and the Pikes to continue shouldered, so long as the Drum beats a March. But if it beat a Troop, than the Pikes are to advance, and close their Ranks forward to their order, and so the Ensign to troop them up with his colours fierld. The eldest Sergeant is to leadeup the second division of Pikes; The second Sergeant in like manner is to lead up the second or rear Division of Musketeers; each division still marching up to the left of that division next before it. The manner you may plainly see in the figure; where the front division is marked in the Rear with the letter A. The first Division of Pikes with the letter B. The second Division of pikes with C. The second Division of Musketeers hath in the Rear the letter D. The other figure on the other leaf in form of a square shows their standing, after the Divisions are led up. All the fileleaders standing even in front together making one Rank. The discipline of the Art Military may rightly be divided into these five general heads, (viz.) Distance, Face, Doubling, Countermarches, and Wheelings, which have been not unaptly compared to the five vowels: For as without one or more of the vowels, no word can be spelled, so without one or more of these, neither form, nor action can be performed. CHAP. IX. What is Facing, and the use of the word, whether to be used or refused. BEfore we come to show the variety of Face in the action, I think it will not be amiss to speak a word or two in the way of definition: and therefore what is Facing▪ To which I answer, That Facing is a particular turning of the Aspect from one part to another, whereby the Front proper becomes a Front accidental: And a Front accidental, may be reduced to his proper Front. There are some likewise that by no means will allow of the word Face: Concluding it altogether unnecessary; And no other word must be given, but, To the Right, To the left, etc. Yet I wonder that men will stumble at so small a straw, which cannot choose but be better used than refused. For the word Face is but one syllable, and quickly pronounced, and gives so clear an expression of the intent of the Commander that it concludes it necessary. As for example, Should you command a Company to double Ranks to the Right, and then command them as they were, and then say, To the Left, it might puzzle a good Soldier at the first, to discern whether he should face or double: The like mistake might be among Countermarches: Wherefore I conceive that none can justly tax it for superfluous, seeing the easiest expression hath always been accounted for the best. Yet spare me, for my intent is not to oversway any man in his opinion, but rather to deliver mine; leaving all men freely to their own like. If my intent were to make a great book with a little matter, I might then here insert figures for every particular Facing, and their Reducements to their first Posture, which would take up diverse sheets of paper, and to little purpose. For I suppose that every man that knows any thing, may easily conceive the Idea of any ordinary Facing in his mind. Wherefore I will but show one or two of the hardest. You are to note that in the Motion of Face every man turns on the Centre, or Ball of the left foot, moving only the right, the other being the keeper both of rank and file. In the exercise of the motion of face, you are to be at open order in Rank and File. Face to the Right As you were. Left Right and left Right about Left about Right and left inward When you face to any hand in the Reducement, you are to return by the contrary. Right angle Left Four Angles The front half files standing, it will be requisite for the half files to the rear, to do as much by themselves: whereby, they will the more aptly perceive, how that the subdivision goeth under the denomination of the half files, etc. Half files face to the Right. As you were. Left. Right and left. Right about. Left Right and left inward There is another word which is ordinarily used and proper, for reducements of Face, which is, To your Leader. There is another Facing sometimes used, which is, Face to the centre, and is when the body stands in some circular form, or else in an hollow square. There is also a Facing, which causeth the Body to face to the front, rear, and flanks, which some call, Facing square. CHAP. X. Of Facing square, and how to perform it, the usefulness of face, and the several parts thereof. WHen we instruct our Soldiers how to face square (if the Body be but 8. deep) command, the two first ranks stand fast, the two last Ranks face about, the rest of the Body face to the right and left. If the Body be deeper we command more Ranks to the Front, and so likewise to the Rear. It is very necessary for young Soldiers to move 10. or 12. paces upon every motion of face, whether they are entire, or divisionall. Now I will prick two several figures of facing, which will be sufficient to demonstrate all the rest. When your Soldiers begin any motion, let them advance their Arms. When they come to a stand, and have performed their motion, let them order their Arms. The words of Command, commonly used to produce this figure, are these as followeth. The two first ranks stand. The two last ranks face about. The rest of the body face to the right and left, (then) march all. To reduce them to their first order▪ Face all about to the right, march and close your divisions. Face all to your Leader (who then stands at his front proper.) Facing square another way, & marching upon it. The words of command customarily used to produce this figure are these as followeth, Musketeers face to the right and left. Half files of Pikes face about to the right (then) march all. To reduce them to their former order, Face all about to the right, march and close your divisions. Face all to your Leader. Face are so useful and necessary, that you may as well dispense with any one of the grounds of Discipline, as with them; for they are useful almost upon all occasions, and not only sooner executed than any other of the motions, but may be needful when Wheelings and Countermarches cannot be used, as in a strait. There are no more than four face entire, besides Angular; as for Divisionall, there be diverse, and indeed very necessary many of them be, as occasion may offer itself for their several uses; howsoever peremptorily to say, there be so many and no more, I conceive, hath been concluded by none; but it still rests at the discretion of the Commander, to exercise more or fewer of them, as he best liketh, and the necessity requireth either for action or exercise. Entire. Entire face are so called when the aspect of the whole Company are directed one way. Divisionall. Divisionall face are so called, when the aspect of the Soldiers is at one & the same time directed diverse and several ways: as to the front and rear, the right and left, or to all four at once, etc. Angular. Angular Face are so called, when the aspect of the Company is directed to the right corner man, which is the right Angle, or to the left corner man, which is the left Angle; or to the four corner men, which are the four Angles. Angular face were of great use among the ancients, for their figures called the Diamond, the wedge, the Shears, the Saw, and such like, when they made use of such forms of battle. But for the use of them in our modern Discipline, I conceive there is little or none, only thus, we honour the memory of the Ancients in their use. And some say they are very fit for exercise; for that by their use the soldier is made more apt and perfect in the other. Therefore let this suffice to be spoken concerning face, and now be pleased to turn your aspect, and take a view how our young soldiers will behave themselves, in the performance of the doublings. CHAP. XI. Of Doubling, their use and parts. Doubling are of most excellent and singular good use for the strengthening of any part of the battle, according to the occasion or discretion of the Commander, and consists of these two generals, Doubling of length, and Doubling of depth, all times in quantity of number, sometimes both in number and place, both sorts having this restriction, to be doublings of ranks or flanks; every particular doublings pointing at one of these, although there be sundry and diverse ways for the doing of them, each of them being to very good purpose, for some consideration or other. Doubling of Ranks, from what form soever it be done, doth make the number double so much as was before, and sometimes doth extend the length of the battle to double the proportion of ground, as well as well as number. Doubling of files (or flanks) do also double the number in depth, and sometimes becomes a doubling both of number and place. Wherefore for the better understanding of the doublings, observe with me these six usual ways following. The several parts or branches of Doubling. Doubling of 1 Ranks. 2 Halfe-files. 3 Bringers-up. 4 The Rear. 5 Files. 6 Halfe-rankes. The first is the doubling of ranks, and is when every even rank doubleth into the odd; the second is, when the halfe-files double their ranks forwards into the Front: the third, when the Bringers-up double their ranks forwards into the Front. The fourth when the Front-halfe files doubleth the Rear. These first four being doublings of ranks, the length of the battle being by them extended either simply in number, or both in number and place. The next two are doublings of flanks: the first whereof is the ordinary doublings of files, every one of the even files being inserted into the odd files, accounting from the hand named. The next is the doubling of halfe-rankes, which is to be understood when one flank doubleth the other, either by passing through, countermarch, doubling entire, or divisionall. You are to note in this motion of doubling, that as there is one part of the body stands, so the other part moves: the standing part is to be doubled, The distance for particular and divisionall doublings, is open order in Rank and File. Note that the ordinary doublings of Ranks and Files, is or aught to be performed by three steps, first stepping forth with that foot which is next unto the place named, and in the reducement, to return by the contrary hand. the part moving, are those that double, as you may perceive by the figures, which show the manner of each doubling. That which next follows are the words of command, and direction for doublings with their several reducements following next after them. The words of command for Doubling. Ranks to the right double. left Ranks as you were. Files to the right double. left Files as you were. Bringers up double your ranks forward to the right. Bringers up face about to the left, march forth into your places. Bringers up double your ranks forward to the left. Bringers up face about to the right, march forth into your places. Files to the right and left double outward, Files as you were. Note that in these doublings of ranks and files, if you double ranks to either hand, doubling of files to the contrary, reduceth them. Or in doubling of files to any hand, doubling of ranks to the contrary will reduce them. inward, Half files double your ranks forward to the right. Half files face about to the left, march forth into your places. Half files double your ranks forward to the left. Half files face about to the right, march forth into your places. Front half files face about to the left and double the rear to the right, march forth into your places. Front half files face about to the right and double the rear to the left, march forth into your places. Front halfe-files double the rear to the right by countermarch. Front halfe-files face about to the left, march forth into your places. Front halfe-files double the rear to the left by countermarch. Front halfe-files face about to the right, march forth into your places. Halfe-rankes to the right by countermarch, double your left flank. Halfe-rankes that doubled face to the right, march forth into your places. Halfe-rankes to the left by countermarch, double your right flank. Half▪ ranks that doubled face to the left, march forth into your places. Halfe-ranks of the right, double your left flank. Halfe-ranks that doubled, face to the right, march forth into your places. Halfe-ranks of the left, double your right flank. Halfe-ranks that doubled face to the left, march forth into your right places. Note that upon all motions of doublings, that they that are to double before they move from their places, are to advance their Arms. When they have performed their doubling, they are to conform to the Posture of those whom they double, whether it be Order, Advance, or Shoulder. Halfe-files double your front to the right entire. Halfe-files face about to the left, march forth into your places. Halfe-files double your front to the left entire. Halfe-files face about to the right, march forth into your places. Halfe-files double your front inward entire. Halfe-files face about to the right, march forth into your places. Halfe-files double your front by division. Halfe-files face about to the right and left, march forth into your places. Front halfe-files double your rear by division. Front halfe-files face about to the right and left inward, march forth into your places. Front halfe-files double your rear to the right entire. Front halfe-files face about to the left, march forth into your places. Front halfe-files double your rear to the left entire. Front halfe-files face about to the right, march forth into your places. Halfe-ranks of the right, double your left flank entire to the right. Halfe-rankes that doubled, face about to the left, march forth into your places. Halfe-ranks of the left, double your right flank entire to the left. Halfe-ranks that doubled, face about to the right, march into your places. Halfe-ranks of the right, double your left flank by division. Halfe-rankes that doubled, face about the right and left inward, march forth into your places. Note that all entire doublings, are to be performed at Order both in Rank and File. Double your ranks to the right entire. Ranks that doubled face to the left, march forth into your places. Double your ranks to the left entire. Ranks that doubled face to the right, march forth into your places. Double your ranks by division. Ranks that doubled, face to the right and left inward, march forth into your places. Double your files to the right entire, advancing. Files that doubled, face about to the left, march forth into your places. Double your files to the left entire, advancing. Files that doubled, face about to the right, march forth into your places. Files double your depth entire to the right files that doubled, as you were. left Files double your depth to the right, every man falling behind his bringer-up. Files that doubled, as you were. CHAP. XII. Of inversion and conversion, and of doubling Ranks. THere is yet another doubling of the depth, which is called Inversion. But because some out of their ignorance make little or no difference betwixt Inversion and conversion. Give me leave for the clearing of the doubt, to place Conversion and Inversion together, that by their contrary effects, the difference may be the more perspicuous to such as shall be desirous to know it. Yet before I either enter upon figure, or command for Inversion or Conversion, I hold it necessary to show some of the figures of those doublings, for which I have already given the words of command and reducements. And then next after them, I will place both the words of Command, and the figures belonging to Inversion and Conversion. This figure next following, is a doubling of ranks to the right, where you may perceive how the even ranks are inserted into the odd ranks: the pricks denotating the places they stood in, before the doubling began, the little line or stroke drawn from the pricks, showing the manner of the doubling: I think it would be needless to Note that in the doubling of Ranks, the even Ranks are to double into the odd, beginning always to reckon from the first Rank. make another figure, to show the doubling of ranks to the left; for the meanest judgement may by this figure easily apprehend what the other would be. CHAP. XIII. Of doublings of Files. IN this doubling of Files, you may perceive, that each of the even files doubleth into the odd files, beginning from the hand named: as in this doubling of files to the left; the left hand file stands fast, the second file doubleth into it, the fourth file into the third, and so for the rest. If your command be to double your files to the right, then chose the right hand file stands fast, the rest of the even files doubling into the odd, accounting from the right, as before from the left. Thus much may suffice for the doubling of files, only take this by way of admonition; that as in doubling of ranks any way, you are to observe your right hand leader: so in doubling of files, you are to observe your file-leader; so that as near as possibly may be, you may either In doubling of Files, note if the doubling be to the left, as in this Figure, than every man of the even Files, steps behind his left hand in rank or file, be altogether in one motion. If you please further to observe with me, that this doubling is a doubling of number, and not of place, the depth of the battle not being thereby extended, for further satisfaction observe this figure. man at three steps, every even File doubling into the odd files beginning your account with the outmost File to the hand named, as I have formerly said. Files to the left, double. * In this doubling of Ranks by Bringers▪ up, as likewise in all other of like nature, they that are to move, are to adxance their Arms. But if the Commander please, it will be best for the ease of the Musettiers, to be shouldered. And upon all doubling of Ranks whatsoever, lot them be sure to observe their right hand men. Files as you were. CHAP. XIV. Of doublings by bringers-up. THis doubling which next followeth, shall be a doubling by Bringers-up, of which sort, one figure will be sufficient, which I hold most necessary to demonstrate in manner of motion▪ The figure followeth. This doubling of Ranks by Bringers up, differeth from the other doubling of ranks, first done, both in quantity and quality. In quantity it differeth, in regard the other leaves a large distance between Rank and Ranke, being double the distance they formerly stood at: this chose continuing and preserving the same distance they formerly stood at between each Rank. In quality it also differeth, in regard that it brings the best and second sort of Soldiers, together into the Front. The manner of this doubling you may plainly perceive by the figure, where it is performed as followeth. The eight or last rank, which are the bringers up, pass forwards even in rank, through or between the intervales, to the right of them that stand before them, until they come even in rank with the Front; The seventh rank following those which marched from behind them, placing themselves in the second Rank, the sixth in the third, the fifth rank or half file in the fourth or rear of the front half file. This doubling maketh a very able Front, in bringing all the best Soldiers together. And although it hath diminished the number, in regard of the depth, yet it hath doubled the number in the length. This doubling is in quantity of number, not of ground. When you march into your places, remember this, that the Rank which last took his place in the execution of this motion, must first march into his place in the way of reducement. For as they are led forth by their Bringers up, chose they are led off by their half file leaders. In the doubling of the Front to the left by Bringers up, it is the same, only differing in this, that whereas before it was to the Right, this is to the Left. Wherefore let this suffice for doublings, by Bringers up. CHAP. XV. Doubling of Files outward and inward. THe next doubling, is a doubling of Files outward, which works the same effect; as to double Files to the right and left. For the right flank is to double to the right, the left flank to the left. As you may plainly perceive by the following Figure. This doubling of Files to the right and left outward, strengtheneth both the Flanks at once; by doubling their numbers in depth: But it weakeneth the Inward part, where it taketh two Files clean away, leaving a large Interuale in the midst. Some say it is good when a Commander will grace any, to bring them through the centre or midst of the Battalia. But you must note, if you have an odd File you cannot so punctually perform it, as when the number of your Files be even. The manner of the doubling, you may perceive by the Figure; The motion, by the little lines drawn from the Pricks. The performance is as followeth. The outmost File of each Flank stands; The second Files double into them; The third File from each Flank stands; The fourth File double into the third; The sixth into the fifth, and so likewise for the rest. If you would double Files to the right and left inward, it is to be done the contrary way: For whereas in this Figure of doubling last performed; the outmost Files stand, the other doubling outward into them: Contrariwise the two inmost Files should stand, the rest doubling to them inward. And whereas in this there is a larger distance in the midst, then is in any other part; The other part Contra would be closest in that part. Some men do not approve of either of these doublings. I leave every man to his own choice. The practice of it makes perfection, and he that can do much may do less when he lifts. CHAP. XVI. Of doubling by Halfe-files. THe next doubling is a doubling by Halfe-files, whereby the length of the Battle is extended to double the former proportion of number, the depth being extenuated both in number and place. This Figure will demonstrate unto you the manner of the motion, which is as followeth. This doubling our Ranks forward by our Halfe-files, is a Morion generally approved of by all for serviceable, if it be done with conveniency. It differeth from the other doubling by Bringers up, in quality, not in quantity, (for therein they keep one proportion:) In quality it differeth thus: The doubling by Bringers up brought the best and second sort of soldiers together into the Front; The fourth and third sort into the Rear: So that the Rear was 4/7 worse than the Front: This doubling by Halfe-files brings the best and the third together into the Front, and leaves the second and fourth in the Rear: So that the Front is made more able, than the Rear, by ⅓. It differeth likewise in Motion thus; For whereas in the other doubling, by Bringers up, the Motion was begun, by the last Rank▪ every Rank following the Rank which came from behind him: This contrariwise is directly led forth by the fifth Rank from the Front, (if they be but eight deep) and so is executed more surely and suddenly; the fifth Rank passing into the first; the sixth Rank into the second; the seventh into the third, and so for the rest. For the reducement, when they are commanded to face about to the left, and march forth into their places; Then as the Motion was led on by the Halfe-file-leaders, so in the reducement, they are led off by the Bringers up: Doubling of halfe-files to the left produceth the same effect; only the contrary hand. CHAP. XVII. Of doubling the Rear by Front Halfe-files. THe doubling of the Rear by Front halfe-files, is differing from the doubling last shown, more in manner then matter; Both concurring in substance, although differing in circumstance. To say more of it, were more than needed; only peruse the Figure which presents itself unto you (as it is in motion) as followeth. This doubling of the Rear, by the Front halfe-files, is to be performed after this manner. The command being first given, the Front halfe-files face about to the left, (the Pikes being all advanced, the Muskets all either poised or shouldered) and so being led by the Halfe-file-leaders to the Rear, which are those that hold the fourth place of honour, they march directly forwards to the Right of the other part of the Body, which stood faced in opposition; until the leaders of the doubling have ranked, even in Rank with the Bringers up, the rest ranking even with the other standing Ranks, according to their places: If it be for service that this doubling is used, than the whole body is to face about to the Rear, being the part to be doubled: If only for exercise, than the Commander may (if he please) keep his place, and the doubling being performed, and the whole Body faced to the Leader, command for the reducement; Files to the Right, double entire advancing; every man falling before his leader; which reduceth each man to his first place. CHAP. XVIII. Of doubling the Rear by Countermarch. THere is another manner, of doubling of the Rear, by the Front halfe-files, contrary to that shown in the precedent Chapter, which is done by the way of the Lacedaemon Countermarch; which some would rank amongst the Countermarches. Because (say they) the Motion is a Countermarch. But the act intended, or thing wrought, is a doubling; and if it were, to have the denomination of a Countermarch, than it ought not to mix with any other part of the Body, only to Countermarch the Front into the midst, and there to stand, without passing forwards to the Rear; (which makes it a doubling) and then it might be accounted A part Countermarch is when one Moiety, or part of the Body countermarcheth, thereby, not altering the number of the length, or depth of the Figure; but only transferring one part into another. Note that if the Rear be doubled to the Right, the Countermarch must be to the Left: if the doubling be to the Left, the Countermarch must be to the Right. It is at the discretion of the Commander, to face the Company, which way he pleaseth, either for Motion, or Reducement of any Motion formerly performed. for a part-Countermarch. But as it is here commanded, and performed, it is a doubling. Observe the Figure following. This Figure of doubling the Rear by Countermarch, produceth the same effect to the Rear, as doubling the Front by Bringers up doth unto the Front. The Countermarch by which it is performed, is a Countermarch of loss of ground, We will speak more of it amongst the Countermarches. The command to reduce it is (if the Commander stand, at the head of that part that is doubled.) Front halfe-files, face about to the Right, march forth into your places: If he keep his first stand, having faced them to him; Then, Front halfe-files, march forth into your places. To double the Rear to the Left, by Countermarch, is the same, differing only in the hand. I will next show a doubling of the left Flank, by way of Countermarch. CHAP. XIX. Of Doubling Flanks by way of Countermarch. HAlfe-rankes (or flanks) are then said to be doubled, when the depth of your Battalia, is increased to double, their former proportion; of Number, or Place, or both: which may be done diverse ways. But this Chàpter, and Figure, is only to demonstrate unto you, the doubling of the left Flank, by way of Countermarch. The Figure followeth: and stands as the doubling is in Motion. This doubling of Halfe-rankes by Countermarch, is a doubling of Number, not of Place: for the depth still retains, the same proportion; only augmented by one man, the length of your Battalia, being diminished, both in Number and Place; The right Flank being wholly inserted, into the left Flank, as you may perceive by the Figure; The Motion is to be performed on this manner: The halfe-rankes of the Right, Face to the Right, and then Even in rank together, Countermarch between the Intervales, until the outmost file to the Right, which is marked with the figure 1, be come into the outmost File of the left Flank, which is marked with the number 16: The second into the fifteenth; the third into the foureteenth; The fourth into the thirteenth: and the rest in like manner. The use of this doubling is, to strengthen one of the Flanks, by bringing more hands, to do present execution; the other Flank being in more surety. The way for the Reducement of this Motion is, after this manner; The halfe-ranks last doubled, being faced to the Right, than they which were the last, which took their places in the Motion, now are the first, which take their places in the Reducement; orderly marching in Ranke together, until they come to their places: Then facing to their Leader, they become Files again. The left flank may in like manner, double the Right by Countermarch; The difference is this: The right Flank stands, the left Flank is inserted into the Right, as before the Right was into the Left. To show another Figure for it, would be altogether needless. CHAP. XX. Doubling half files to the right entire to accommodate the doubling of half Ranks. I Should now come to show another manner of doubling of flanks, by inserting the one flank into the other, a different way from that last shown. But if I should perform it, as the body stands, in the ordinary square, flanked with Musketeers: than it would produce a mixture of Arms. To avoid which, before you enter upon this doubling, of passing in, through or between your half ranks; Cause your half files to double the Front to the right entire, which being performed, you may then proceed to the doubling of your flanks, any way without mixture of Arms. If I should have shown this motion with Pikes or Musketeers alone, this first doubling of half files entire, might have been spared: but I desire not to leave any thing obscure or difficult, but to render it as easy and apparent as I may, to the capacity of the meanest reader: and if any place in this small Treatise of mine shall seem ambiguous, I shall entreat the courteous to impute it to my lack of language to express myself, rather than any will in me to conceal, or obnubilate the sense, whereby to deprive them of the true meaning of any thing in this Book contained. But left by doubling of words, I prove tardy in my work; I will forbear further circumstance, and come to the prosecution of the matter: which in the first place, will be a doubling of half files to the right entire, whereby the next doubling may be the more commodiously accomplished. The figure followeth. This doubling of half files to the right entire, I have fully expressed in the figure, as the body stands, the motion being ended: because we are to add another doubling, before we reduce them. This figure next following, will be best shown in the motion or action, not fully performed: that thereby the manner may be the more easily discerned. But by the way observe, that this doubling of half files, is a doubling both of number and place; for the length of the Battalia is not only double so many a breast as they were before, but they also have extended their length to double their proportion of ground, which formerly they did occupy. I forbear to speak more of this doubling, until we come to show it in motion: and now proceed to the next doubling upon this. The command is as followeth. This doubling of half ranks is a more speedy and sure doubling, than the doubling of half ranks by countermarch, but is most commonly used when the body consists but of one sort of Arms, being either all Musketeers, or all Pikes. But because in my figures I have as well Musketeers as Pikes, I have made use of a Doubling entire, and from that have doubled my left flank, to prevent the mixture of Arms: However mixture of Arms upon some occasion may be necessary. The manner to perform the motion, is this. The left flank stands, the half ranks of the right, face to the left; and then the inmost file of the right flank, (all the files of the right flank, being by this facing become ranks) is the leader of this motion, marching forth right to their left hands, between the intervales of the ranks of the left flank, until that the sixteenth file which now is become a rank, have placed themselves orderly in the two and thirtieth file, (which is the outmost file of the left flank.) The fifteenth in the one and thirtieth, the fourteenth in the thirtieth: the thirteenth in the nine and twentieth; and so likewise of all the rest. The places may be perceived by the figure. The doubling is of number, and not of place. For reducement to both these doublings, first cause the half ranks which last doubled, to face to the right, and so to march into their places. They that last took their places in the motion, are the first that take their places in the reducement. The doubling of half ranks being thus reduced, next for the reducing of the half files, (which were doubled before, for the accommodating Order in Ranke and File. The distance required for entire Doubling. of the doubling of halfe-ranks) command the half files to face about to the left, and to march forth into their places: Wherewith I will conclude these sort of doublings, which require open order in Rank and File, and come next to show entire doublings, which claim a closer distance for their true performance. And therefore conceive them closed to their order, both in Rank and File. CHAP. XXI. The difference between entire and divisionall doublings, and of doubling halfe-files entire. HAving closed our Soldiers to their due distance, I will next proceed, to show doublings entire. But me thinks, I hear some already enquiring, what is meant, by entire doublings; and therefore without offence to the curious, give me leave to be so courteous (to the Ignorant) to tell them, that all Doubling, are either entire or divisionall. Entire Doubling being these, What entire Doublingsare. or such like, as when the files or halfe-files, ranks, or halfe-rankes, (according as the command may be) do march forth jointly together, without division or dissipation, to double the part commanded. What is meant by Particle, and dividuall Doubling. Particle and divisionall Doubling being such, as I have formerly shown; as when the files or halfe-files, ranks or halfe-rankes, are disranked and divided into more parts or places than one. This may serve for way of distinction: I will now show entire doublings, as they are in action: and first begin with doubling halfe-files. The Figure followeth. This doubling of halfe-files entire, hath been held a better doubling; then either the ordinary doubling of Ranks, or the usual way of doubling by halfe-files or Bringers up: some of the causes are these. First it makes no disturbance to the other part of the Battalia; but that it may either be executed in time of motion, exercise, or skirmish. Secondly, it appears another solid body, to the great disheartening of any enemy. Thirdly, it is very apt for over-fronting; being a doubling both of number and place. The way to perform the motion, is this. The halfe-files face to the left, and march till they are quite clear of that part of the body, which stands; then they face to their Leader, and so march up, until they are become even in rank with those which stand upon the right flank: and then the Figure will be perfect. For the reducement; the word of command is, Half Files face about to the right, march forth into your places: having faced about, they march strait forth, until they be clear of the front halfe-files; then they face to the left, and march strait forth, until every man hath his right place, and then face right after their Leaders. The doubling of halfe-files to the right entire, is performed after the same manner, only differing in the hand. CHAP. XXII. Of doubling the Front inward entire. DOubling of the Front inward entire, hath been a doubling as useful, as ancient: notwithstanding, most commonly used by greater bodies, as when one Regiment, Division, or Maniple, moveth forward, between two others, thereby seconding or relieving them: whereby the Front of all the three divisions become ranged in an even line; but I have only taken upon me, to show the motion, in a private Company. The Figure whereof followeth, as it is in the execution. It hath been the custom amongst ancient Soldiers and great Commanders, that in the matter of Exercise, they show some things which are most apt for a private Company; some for a Regiment; other some most useful for complete arms; so in like manner, it must be the discretion of every Reader, (whether hereade for apprehension or reprehension) to suit and fit each motion to his true end & purpose, & with the wise man, rather read twice, than judge once: and then perhaps, when the intent of the Author is perceived, his opinions may be received; yet what need I, or any other apologise aught, in the behalf of this Figure, or any other such like: sith they are but the expressions of the various figures which proceed of the words of command, used almost by every ordinary Exerciser of a foot Company? Nevertheless if Aesop's long eared beast passing by, should peep into this Druggist's shop, and quarrel with the Compounds, I shall not study for a further answer, then That the excellent and skilful Physician, can convert that into an Antidote, which the unlearned fool will make his poison. But lest I be taxed for digression, the motion of this doubling is thus performed. The half files of the Front, faceth to the right and left; and march till they have left a distance between them sufficient to receive the half files of the Rear, and then stand and face to their Leader. Then the half files march up, and even their Front. For the reducement of this Figure, there are (as there are for all the rest) diverse ways. But because that it is necessary to show one, let the half files face about to the Rear, and march until they are clear of the Front half files, then stand and face to their Leader; then the other half files of the Front, close their division, and they are reduced. CHAP. XXIII. Of hale-files, doubling the Front by division. THis doubling hath been very well approved of by Count Mansfield, Sir Thomas Kelly, Captain Bingham, and diverse other soldiers of good esteem, who prefer these sorts of doublings before any other: because these doublings may be used in time of fight, without disturbance to the other part of the Battle. The Figure stands as it is in motion. The way to perform this motion, is as followeth: the halfe-files are to face to the right and left, and to march, until rhey are clear of the Rear part of the Front division; then they face to their Leader, and march up, until they be come even in rank, with the Front, and so stand: which perfects this doubling. The way to reduce them is, as followeth. The halfe-files are to face about to the Rear, and to march forthright until they are clear of the Front halfe-files; and then they are to face to the right and left inward; and so to march and close their division; Then being faced to their Leader, they are reduced, as at first. CHAP. XXIV. Of doubling the Rear, by Division. THis next doubling, shall be a doubling of the Rear by the Front halfe-files, which will work the same effect to the Rear, as the last doubling, by division, did to the Front. It may be useful in the passing of a River, when the enemy chargeth or pursueth in the rear. The Front-division either opening, as you may perceive by the Figure (next following) and suffering the Rear halfe-files to pass through them, they maintaining the Skirmish, until the other have attained the further bank of the River; Or else the Front-halfe-files, being opened to the Right and Left, and Faced upon the Enemy; March gallantly Up, and receive the Charge, whilst the others provide for themselves. This Motion may also be useful, when you have gained some place of advantage, For then by this Doubling of the Rear, your Battle will be both Lengthened and Strengthened; And so by the sudden bringing of these Supplies into the Rear you may not only relieve your own, but happily overfront your Enemy. The Figure followeth▪ For the manner or way of this Motion, it may be thus performed: The Front halfe-files Face to the Right, and Left, and march until they are clear of the other halfe-files of the Rear; Then they Face to the Rear, and March on, until they have attained to be Even in Rank with them, whom they had Command to Double; which perfects the Doubling. The way to Reduce them, is as followeth: If you keep your place of the first Front, Then let your Halfe-files▪ Face about, (according to former directions,) and March until they are clear of the Rear Halfe-files, which stand; Then Face to the Right and Left inward, and close their Divisions; And being Eaced all to their Leader, they are Reduced. Sundry, and diverse ways there are, for Reducement both of this and most other Figures. Nevertheless I conceive, if I give one Reducement to each Figure, it may suffice to those that know little; As for such which know better, they know more ways to the Wood than one: And surely, should I enlarge myself, but half so much as I might, (and indeed in some things, no more than were needful) I should then bring my Volume into too great a Bulk, and by the price, hinder some of the profit: But I am willingly silent in some things, whereby others may be the better encouraged by my weaknesses, to take notice of their own worths, which may induce them to put Pen to paper, and thereby produce some worthy work, which may tend to their Credits, and their Country's good. CHAP. XXV. Of Doubling the Rear entire, by the Front-halfe-files. THis next doubling, shall be a doubling of the Rear to the Right entire, by the Eront halfe-files; which I intent not fully to express: But to deliver the Figure as the Body stands in Motion. For I conceive it better to show some Figures in the manner of the Motion, then to show them as they would appear. The Motion being perfected for the way of the working, gives a great deal more light to the Learner, then to show the thing absolutely wrought. Neither would I have any think, although I show these varieties of Doubling, and acknowledge them to be of singular good use for the extension of the Length or Depth of any Battle; but that the wise conduct and skill of the Commander must so order them, that the extending of the Length, do not too much weaken the Depth; nor that the strengthening of the Depth, be not too great a weakening to the Front or Length of your Battle. I might give examples how diverse great Commanders, either by good foresight, or ill oversight, have gained to themselves and their Countries, Honour and Victory, or loss and slavery. But others have been very plentiful in examples of this nature, which makes me the more sparing: For my intent is not to write a History of the actions of others; but rather to show to such as are not so skilful, The Bostures, Motions, and some few Forms or Figures of Battle, with their several Reducements. The Figure of this present Doubling followeth. The manner of this motion (or doubling) is thus to be performed. The Front-halfe-files, Face to the Left, and March until they are clear of the Reere-halfe-files: Then Face again to the Left (which is the Rear) and March outright, until they Rank even with the last rank of the Reere-division; which gives conclusion to the Doubling. For the reducement. Let your Front-halfe-files, Face about to the Left, and March right forth until they 〈…〉 clear of the Reere-halfe-files: Then Face them to the Right, and let them March into their places. Then if the Commander go to his first Front, and Face them all to him; they are reduced as at first. To double the Rear to the Left entire, may be done after the same manner: only differing in the hand. CHAP. XXVI. Of doublings by Halfe-rankes entire. HAving showed the Particle doublings and the Doubling of Front and Rear entire, and by division▪ I will next show the doublings of Flanks after the same manner, and will first begin with a doubling of the left Flank, by advancing the right Flank, and placing it before the Leaders of the left Flank▪ which is a doubling both of Number and Place, and may serve to singular good use for the strengthening of any flank, where it may be needful: For it makes the Battle defensible on every part. The Figure, as it is in Motion followeth. If you would have 〈…〉 Musketeers, to double even with the Musketeers of the contrary Flank. Then it is no more but thus; cause the half Ranks of the right Flank, to march forthright (as you may perceive by the Figure) until the Rear Ranke of the right Flank be advanced about three foot before the Front of the left Flank, and then cause that Flank so advanced, to Countermarch their Ranks to the right. And then also your Musketeers will be together, and the Pikes likewise by themselves. The Reducement will be after the same manner. But for instruction for the Motion, by this figure intended according to the command formerly given. The left Flank, stands; the right Flank marcheth forth right, until the Rear of the right Flank be advanced before the Front of the left Flank▪ as a foresaid▪ Then face them to the left; and cause them to march, until the Pikes are even in Rank with the Musketeers, which perfects the doubling. For the Reducement: let the half Ranks that doubled, face about to the left▪ and march, until they are clear of the left Flank (or standing part of the Battle) then cause them to face to the right; and to march straight down into their places. Then the Leader being at his first From faceth them all to him, which reduceth them as at first. The right Flank may also double the left Flank▪ to the left entire: And then as the right Flank in this doubling, came cross the Front of the left▪ chose they will come cross the Rear. The left Flank may double the right Flank entire; to gether hand in like manner. But by this that hath already been shown▪ the others may be understood. Wherefore I spare the Figures. CHAP. XXVII. Of doubling of Flanks, by Division. THis next doubling, is a doubling of flanks by division, and without question, a serviceable doubling, and very useful, for some occasions: For if you note the figure; and conceive rightly; what it will produce▪ (the motion being ended) it makes a strong form of battle, to give fire three several ways at once. The figure followeth. The motion of this doubling, is thus to, be performed. The Reere-half-files of the left Flank, face about to the right: and then both the front, half-files, and Reere-half-files, march forthright; until they are clear of that part of the body, that stands: Then each division, faceth that way, which they are to double, (which the Front half-files must do to the right, the Rear half-files, to the left.) And so march forthright, until the doubling be performed. For the Reducement; you are to conceive, it may be diversely performed: If the Leader, be at the right flank, (which is the part that was doubled.) Then, the Reducement is, as followeth: The half-rankes that doubled, face about, inward; and march forthright until they are clear of the right flank, which stands; Then, the Front half-files, face to the left: the Reere-half-files to the right, and then close their division. The Leader going to his first front, and facing the whole body to him, they are reduced as at first▪ If that the right flank, would double the left Flank, by division; The matter is the same: differing only in the hand. CHAP. XXVIII. Of doubling Ranks entire. DOubling of ranks to the right entire, is a doubling, both of number, and place: and in some sort, worketh the same effect; as the doubling of half-●les to the right entire. But differeth first in regard of the partias; which are the doublers, and secondly, in the distance, left after the doubling. For the first, (which is matter of dignity.) The fifth and first in honour, are ranked together in the front; the second, and sixth in dignity, make the last rank in the Rear: So that the Front, precedes. the Rear, ¼ in worth: whereas, in the doubling by half-files, the Front exceeded the Rear, by ⅓: Secondly, it differeth for the distance; by leaving open order, at the left, between all the ranks. For further satisfaction, observe this figure following. The motion of this doubling, aught to be performed, as followeth, namely, if the doubling be to the right, as is above expressed by this figure: Every even rank, faceth to the right. The right hand man of each rank, becoming the leader of his rank file-wise: leading them forth, and in their march or moving forwards, a little bending to the left: that when the left hand man of each rank, (which are the bringers-up of the motion) are clear of the standing part of the body, by only facing to the front, they may stand even in rank, with the rest of the company. Note, that the lefthand men are the Leaders of the motion, in the reducement. For reducement of this doubling: it may be as followeth. Command the ranks that doubled, to face to the left; and march forthright into their places. Or for variety, command halfe-ranks of the right, to face to the left, and double the left flank. Both which, as the company now stand, work one and the same effect. The left hand men of each rank, being the leaders of the motion, in the reducement. To double ranks to the left entire; is to be done after the same manner; only observing the difference of the hand. This doubling, may also be done by division. But I spare the figures. CHAP. XXIX. Of doubling Files entire, advancing. DOubling of files to the right entire, advancing, is (also) a doubling both of number and place: for it increaseth the depth, to double their former proportion: of number, as from eight, to sixteen; from ten to twenty, etc. It also gaineth so much more ground before the front, as formerly the Battle did contain: by transferring the even files of the body, into the ground, before the front of the odd files: but this doubling, diminisheth the number of the length of your battle, although it preserves their place. I spare to speak further of it, only thus. Let the antiquity of this doubling, plead for its excellency, and if that may hold for a rule, than this may be ranked amongst the best. For further directions, observe the following Figure. The motion of this doubling, aught to be performed after this manner. The odd files are to stand, beginning your account from the outmost sile, to the hand named. The Musketticrs, and Pikes, of the even files, are to advance their Arms, and follow their fileleaders; every file-leader leading his file forth right; before his next file to the right, until the bringers up of the even files are orderly placed, before the leaders of the odd files: as you may perceive by the Figure. For reducement: let the files that doubled, face about to the left: the bringers up of each file leading them forth, right down the Intervales, which are on the left hand; until they are come even, with the Rear: and then stand, and face to their leader, and they are reduced, as at first. The doubling of files to the left entire, advancing; is after the same manner: It only▪ differeth in the hand: wherefore I spare the figure. They that love to be curious, may likewise double files, by division, advancing. CHAP. XXX. Of Files, doubling their depth. THis next doubling, is a doubling of the depth, to the right entire: and is likewise, a doubling of files, as the other last, shown in the precedent Chapter. Being alike, both for number and place: notwithstanding, it differeth from the other, both in manner of executing, and in some sort of the matter executed. For whereas the other doubling, by advancing of files, did transfer all the even-files into the ground before the Front. chose, this doubling doth transfer them into the ground next behind the Rear. And as in the other doubling, you may perceive half the fileleaders, to remain in the Front; the other half to be halfe-file leaders. This doubling, hath half the fileleaders in the front: the other half being the last rank, of the Rear. Those which were the former Bringers up, being become the two innermost, or middlemost ranks. The figure followeth, being demonstrated as the body stands; the motion being ended. depiction of 'files doubling their depth' The manner of the motion for this doubling; is as followeth. The command being given; files, double your depth to the right entire: every man falling behind his bringer up: then the even files (accounting from the hand named immediately face about to the right, and the bringers up of each of the even files, turn behind the Bringers up of the odd files, that stand. And so every man, as he cometh down to the Rear, turneth to the left behind him, that marcheth down the next before him; until those that were the leaders of the even files, are become the bringers up to those which were the odd files. The reducement is as followeth. Bringers up that now are, double your ranks forward to the left. Which being performed, they are, as at the first. If you would be instructed in the manner, turn back and see it: where the bringers up double their ranks forward, into the front. It is the fourteenth Chapter. I have willingly passed over another doubling of the depth, because it is much after the manner of that, which is done by advancing file upon file; which is the doubling of the last Chapter. It differeth only thus. In the last figure, the even files marched forth; placing themselves before the odd files. And in this which I have omitted, the even files are to face about, and march forth right towards the rear; until the fileleaders of the even files, have placed themselves, just behind the bringers up of the odd files: and then every man to face to his leader. Some have a doubling of the depth by countermarch. Which I conceive scarce worth penning, yet willing to leave every man to his own liking; & as I do nothing in it, so I'll say nothing of it. There are others that have written concerning doublings of place, nevertheless because they are nothing, but the opening of ranks & files, whereby length or depth of your battle is extended, and so doubled in place, and not in number. I forbear to write further of them, desiring not to treat of such things, which are more curious than necessary. CHAP. XXXI. Of Conversion and Inversion, with their words of Command, and Reducements. ACcording to my promise, I will next show the difference, between Inversion and Conversion: the very names whereof is such a puzzling unto many, that they are more troubled with the words, than the work. Some are of opinion, that they are both one; differing in letter not in matter. Others would have a difference, if they could tell how, or where. But generally, they are so chopped and changed, one for the other; that the Soldier cannot in truth tell which is either. But that you may not be deceived, take this for a rule: that Inversion doth always produce, file, or files; and Conversion, rank, or ranks. Inversion consists of the files filing, or of ranks filing. Conversion of ranks ranking, to the right or left. Or by increase of files, ranking by even, or uneven parts: and of ranks wheeling, to the right or left. I shall speak further of them in their several places. But by the way, you are to observe, that Inversion and Conversion, require larger distances of Ground, than any other Motions; which must be, the Officers care, to open the ranks, or files, to such distance as shall be necessary, to contain the ranks or files, so to be Inverted or Converted, whether it be double-distance, or twice double-distance for any other lesser, or larger quantity of ground. The words of Command, with their several Reducements, are as followeth. Inversion. Files, file one, to the Right, Fileleaders, lead up your files as you were, Left, Files, file to the right and left by division. Ranks, file to the Right, Files, rank as you were. Left, Right & left. Conversion. Ranks, rank 3, 5, 7, or 9, to the right Ranks, rank as you were. 4, 6, 8, or 10, to the left by increase 2. 4. 6. 8. etc. to the right by increase 1. 3. 5. 7. etc. to the left entire to the right into the front entire into the left into the front by division into the front Ranks, wheel to the Right Left Right and Left Files, rank 3, 5, 7, or 9 to the right Ranks, file as you were. 4, 6, 8, or 10. to the left by increase to the right, 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. by increase to the left, 2, 4, 6, 8, etc. to the right into the front. to the left To avoid the words of Inversion, and Conversion, I have delivered the directions, with once naming either of them. Only I have expressed the six first words of Command, to be Inversion, and these last sixteen, to be Conversion. For I conceive it; not to be so necessary, to add to every word of Command, Inversion, or Conversion. For by so doing, the unlearned, and ignorant Soldier will be so transported, with the strangeness of the word; that he will scarce, by any means be made, capable of the matter: For my own part, I have ever held this opinion: that the easiest expressions, are ever to be preferred in the way of instruction, to young Soldiers. I might have much enlarged myself, in the words of direction, concerning this subject: but these being perfectly attained; others by practice, will be gained. I at the first intended, to have drawn figure, for every one of these words, of Command: but I have better considered, that some of them will require, so much room: and again are so easy to be understood without their figures; that I conceive, I may both spare the pains, and cost; and only deliver the figures of some few of them, which will be the most necessary. And for the others I will express in words, what they will produce, in figure. CHAP. XXXII. Of Files, filing in sequence. The Command is, Files, file on to the right. Inversion. TO perform this word of Command, or Direction. The right hand file, marcheth away single; The second file from the right, falleth into the Rear of the first. The third, behind the second; The fourth, behind the third. And so consequently, all the rest of the files; fall into the Rear of their next right-hand-files, until all the whole Company, become one file. It may be useful, to pass some narrow bridge, or thicket, or elsewhere; where but one, at once can pass: the Commander being willing, to preserve his files, entire▪ and whole. The way for the Reducement, may be after this manner. The place being convenient, every file-leader, is to lead up his file, to the left of him, that marcheth before him; until all the fileleaders, are even in rank together: their files orderly following them. The word for the Reducement; is, Fileleaders, Led up your files as you were: For files, to file on in sequence, to the left; may be performed, after the same manner: but differeth in the hand. Yet works the same effect; only, the right-hand-file-leader, led the other: and the elft-hand-file, fell last of all into the Rear. This, chose chose, is led forth by the left-hand-file: and the right-hand-file, is the last, that taketh place, in the Rear of the extended file. Files, file to the Right and Left by Division. This files filing by division; is wrought after the same manner: but differeth in this; That the right-hand-file of the Company, and the left-hand-file of the same, begin to lead forth at one, and the same time in their several places. The files of the right flank falling likewise, behind the Right-hand-file: the files of the left flank, falling in like manner, behind the left-hand-file. So, that if the body be flankt with Musketeers; then this filing by division, bringeth all the Musketeers into the front-division: and the Pikes in the Rear of them. If there be an odd file, it most commonly falleth to the right. The word for Reducement is; Fileleaders lead up your files as you were. This sort of Inversion, is called filing in sequence. I will now show another sort of Inversion, which is by Ranks filing. The which I will demonstrate unto you, by two figures, which will be sufficient, to instruct the desirous. CHAP. XXXIII. Of inverting Ranks; or Ranks filing. THis following figure of Inversion, is of Ranks, filing to the right; where all the Ranks are to be inverted, into the out-most-file to the right; For the doing whereof, let all your files, be closed to their order, or close order; as shall be thought most necessary: the ranks opened, either forward, or backward, to double-distance, or twice double-distance, (more or less) as the Commander shall see most convenient, according to his number. Having closed your files, and opened your ranks, unto their due distance; then, let every rank, move after his right-hand-man, until every rank stand right in file, after the right-hand-leader of his rank. In this figure, I have only opened the four first ranks to their distance, and inverted but two of the four. By which it may easily be perceived, both the manner of the work, and the matter which is to be wrought. But if the Commander will perform it upon a March; then they shall not need to open to any distance, but to take their distance, in the executions which is the easiest way, and will be thus performed. The right-hand-man of the first rank, marcheth forth right; all his rank facing to the right, and marching file-wise after him. The right-hand-man, of the Second rank, falling immediately after the left hand-man of the First rank, all his rank in like manner following of him. The right-hand-man of the Third rank, after the left-hand-man of the Second; his rank likewise following of him. And so for all the rest, until they are all become one file. Place this Figure in Chapter 33. between folio 90, and 91. This Ranks fileing, is sooner performed, and reduced; then Files fileing: and in the Reducement will presently be ready to make resistance, against any opposition in the Front. Whereas if Files, file; it will be a great while before the Fileleaders will be able to make good the Front: The manner of the Reducement of this figure, is as followeth. If they were Eight men, before in rank, than the first Eight men, rank to the Left, into the front. The next Eight men, rank next after them, which makes the second rank. The third Eight men, ranking to the left, make the third rank. And so forward for the rest, until they are reduced, as at the first. But it may be, that some will object; That in this figure, there is mixture of Arms; which if they will avoid, they may either March forwards their Musketeers of each division, and close them before the Pikes; and invert them first. Or they may March forwards their Pikes first, and leave their Musketeers to come in the Rear. Or if they please, they may upon a long March, first invert the front-division of Musketeers: then their Pikes, and last the Reere-division of Musketeers; which way so ever it be done. The Word for the reducement will be, Files, rank as you were. Ranks, file to the Left, is performed after the same manner. It differeth from this last done, but only in the hand. And whereas the Right-hand-file-Leader, was the Leader of the last, this would be led by the left-hand-file-Leader: The left-hand-Leader of each rank, leading forth his rank file-wise, as before it was performed; but to the contrary hand. I spare the figure, CHAP. XXXIIII. Of Ranks filing by division: and how useful. THis next figure of Inversion, is Ranks filing by division is a doubling of the depth, by unequal proportion. For whereas in most of all other doublings, the Number of the Length, or Depth is augmented, but to double their former proportion of Number: this doubling of Inversion, makes their Depth so many times more in number, as there are files to double. Or half so many times, if it be done by Division, as in the next following figure. It hath been, of ancient use, amongst the old Grecians: and in these our latter times, it hath been held of special use, to avoid the shot of the great Ordnance, when of necessity we are to march against any Battery. It hath also been held good, to prevent the eminent danger of some great shower of small shot, likely to be poured out upon the Front of your Battalia. It may also serve for an Honourable passage, large interualle, street, or gallery, (as some call it) for any great Personage, or Commander to pass through. It is also of common use, for the lodging of the Colours, or Ensign. And many other such like. Place this Figure in Chapter 34. between folio 92, and 93. For instruction how to perform this Motion, It is the same with the last figure; differing only in this; That as in the other figure, all the whole ranks turned to the right, behind their right-hand-men: In this Motion, the left-flanke, (or halfe-rankes to the left) fall into the outmost file to the left: The halfe-rankes to the right, behind their several right-hand-men: as you may perceive in part by the figure. I have shown the figure, in the manner of the action, not fully performed: The pricks ranke-wise, denoting the places, from whence they came: The Quarter-circles, showing the way of the Motion: The pricks file-wise, directing, or showing their Places they are going too. For reducement to the figure: it is no more than this. The Ranks which before inverted into files, now again convert into ranks, as they were. The word of Command for it, is, Files, rank to the right and left inward, as you were. I hope, this that hath already been shown, will be sufficient, (at least in some small measure) to give satisfaction to those, which as yet have not known what is meant by Inversion. Yet I could wish, that such as exercise the Companies of the Trained-Bands of this Kingdom; would rather make use of the plainer word of demonstration; which is, Ranks, file, or Files, file: and leave out the word Inversion, as a word not suitable with the Capacity of diverse of our Soldiers of the Trained-Bands. Especially of this City, where Porters, Collier's, Water-bearers, and Broom-men, are thrust into the rooms of men, of better quality, as though they themselves were too good, to do the King and Country service. CHAP. XXXV. Of the several parts of Conversion: and how theyare to be understood. THe next branch of Discipline which I offer to your view, shall be of Conversion: and of its several parts: wherein if there be any that think me tedious; let them turn it over, and settle on some other part, which may be to them more delectable: whilst I, in the mean time, shall endeavour to give content to all, neither stuffing out my book with needless discourses; nor yet too much abbreviating the matter, whereby to render it too obscure unto the commonest capacity. Wherefore take their parts as they hereafter follow. Conversion consists of these parts, viz. Of Ranks ranking in equal parts 1 in unequal parts 2 entire into the Front 3 by division into the Front 4 by wheeling to the Flanks 5 Files ranking by equal parts 6 by unequal parts 7 entire into the Front. 8 First of ranks ranking, in even or equal parts. Which is to be understood, when there are twelve, or twenty, (more or less) marching abreast, and the Commander (either for the narrownesle of a passage, or for some other intent) causeth his ranks to rank three or six abreast, or five, ten, or any other number, either according to the place, or occasion; every rank holding equality of number. Secondly, ranks than rank by unequal parts: when they rank by increase or decrease. As when the first rank shall be three, the next five, then seven, nine, etc. which is commonly used, for the making of Diamond, and Triangular figures. Thirdly, ranks than rank entire, into the front: when the first rank stands: the second rank placeth itself on the right or left of the first: the third by the second, the fourth by the third, and so forward for all the rest, until all the ranks, (either to the right or left) according to direction are become one rank in the front. Fourthly, ranks than rank by division into the front, when the second rank, and all the rest of the ranks behind, open to the right and left: the one part going to the right, the other to the left; ranking even with the first, as before, and all together making one rank. Fiftly, Ranks, than rank to the flank or flanks; when either the right hand man of each rank, or the left hand man (or both together) are as it were the Hinge of the motion, the rest of each rank wheeling about them, to the right or left, or each hand by division▪ until that every rank be brought into the distance which was before the rank; between the right hand-man, of the rank next before, and the right hand-man of the same rank you stand in. If it be to the left, than they wheel into the distance between the left-hand-leaders of each rank. If it be by division, then half the rank wheeleth to the right: the other half to the left, and produceth two ranks. Sixthly, Files, than ranks by equal parts: when they rank three, four, or five, abrest (more or less) still keeping the number of men in rank, of due proportion. If you rank three abrest (either to the right or left) and your files be but eight deep; then the first six men make two ranks, the third rank must be made up by the leader of the second file. And so for all the rest. If you rank four, and the files be eight deep, than every file makes two ranks. If you rank five, the files being 8 deep, than the first five men make a rank: and the first two men of the second file from the hand named, make up the second rank. Five of the other six, make up the third rank. And so forward for the rest. If the depth of the file were ten men, than it would make two even ranks. Seventhly, Files than rank by unequal parts: when they either rank by progressionall increase, or by decrease. As when every rank exceeds the rank before it, by two▪ three, or four, be it more or less. Or else that each rank decreaseth, after the same manner. Eightly, Files than rank entire into the front; when there is so much distance between file and file, as will contain each file, ranke-wise: every man in the file marching forwards to the right or left, as shall be commanded, until he stand even in rank, with the leader of his file, which brings the body into one rank. CHAP. XXXVI. Of Ranks wheeling by Conversion. IF I would strive to be curious, I should need no other subject to lengthen my discourse, but only this, of Inversion and Conversion, which of itself would yield matter sufficient to make a Book of. But I have taken a large task. And therefore like the Artists in Geography, who sometimes by a spot, present a Town, and by a wrinkled line, a large River: so must I crave of the favourable Reader, that in this small Treatise of Discipline, he will not expect that I should enlarge myself so amply, as I might, upon every part. For than my book would grow beyond his bounds, and I beyond my promise; but lest I be taxed for digression, this that hath already been shown, may suffice for Conversion. But because it may be expected, that I should show Conversion in Figure, as well as the other Motions, therefore to gratify such, I shall demonstrate two Figures unto them: which may serve for all the rest. The one shall be of ranks wheeling, by Conversion: the other of files ranking, four to the left. The word of command for the first, stands placed right over the figure. This foregoing figure of Conversion, is of Ranks, wheeling to the right and left, or ranks ranking to each flank by wheeling. It differeth from ranks filing, both in manner and matter. In the manner thus, Whereas in ranks filing to the right and left; the right and lefthand fileleaders, preserve and continue their places; and with that, their honours. In this wheeling by Conversion to the right and left, chose: the innermost fileleaders, become the outmost men in that pure where the front stood; the other fileleaders ranking even within them. Some men have called this, Ranks, filing by Conversion, to the right and left, but corruptly. For conversion always produceth ranks, as I formerly said: and inversion, files. But their mistake groweth from this, that when ranks wheel to the right, or right and left, than (say they) they by wheeling, become file, or files, which is a palpable mistake. For when we have any command for wheeling, it is a maxim for us, to wheel our aspects unto the hand or part named. By which doing, we either become rank, or ranks: and not files, as some have sought formerly to maintain. One use, among many, for this motion is. It is the speediest way for a great body (if they have their due distance) to give fire to one, or both flanks, that as yet I know of. The way to perform this motion, is as followeth. The right and left-hand-men, of every rank, became the Hinges of the motion: the rest of each rank, wheeling by equal division, to the right and left about, and above their right and lefthand Leaders, until they become ranks to the flanks. As you may perceive by the Figure, where the pricks denote unto you, the places they stood in before the motion: the quarter circles, showing the way of their motion: themselves being converted into two ranks, showeth the motion executed. I have only converted three of the ranks; for it would have taken too much room, to have wheeled all the ranks. And it is easy by this that is shown, to conceive the rest. If you would avoid mixture of Arms, then place all your Musketeers, either in Front, or Rear: or else wheel only your Musketeers, and leave your Pikes, standing. Or else it may be done; the body marching at length: the Musketeers being in the front, and rear Divisions. The word for the reducement is; ranks, rank as you were. The easiest way for the reducement, will be first for to face to the rear, and then to wheel back into their places. Then, face to their leader; and they will be reduced as at first. Now we will come to show the next figure of Conversion, which is of files converted into ranks by equal proportion. CHAP. XXXVII. Of Files ranking in equal parts. IN this Chapter, I intent to show the manner, of files ranking by Conversion, in equal parts; which Motion, I have seen used by some Commanders, at such times as their Companies have been but small, having not had above two or three files of Musketeers, upon a flank; and being willing, to march forth their Companies in divisions: And this, because, that two a breast would be somewhat improper (unless it were upon necessity, in some narrow passage) and that three a breast, is also somewhat with the thinnest. Therefore to augment the front of their march, they have shartned somewhat of their depths, in each division: by causing their files, to rank four, or five, according as their depth may be, when the Command shall be given. This Motion of Conversion, may also be useful for larger bodies. For if upon a March, you are to pass through some straight, where not above four or five, can march a breast; and that being passed through, you are to direct your course, to the right, or left: If your way be to the right, then cause your files to rank to the left: If to the left, then let the files rank to the contrary hand. For by so doing; having past the straight, and faced your body that way, which you intent your March, by commanding the Fileleaders to march; and the half-files to stand, and take their places: your body will be led again by their proper fileleaders, all a breast; the Musketeers becoming again the Flankers, which in the passage of the straight, were in the Front and Rear. For the better understanding the manner of the Motion, observe the following figure. The way to perform this Motion, is as followeth. The Command being first given (as abovesaid) the right-hand-file-leader, leadeth forth his file: & the three next men behind him, move forwards to the left of each other; until they rank even a breast with their file-leader. The next four, in like manner ranking to the left, make the second rank. The file-leader of the second file, placeth himself, next after him, that was the half-file-leader of the first, which now is become the right-hand-man of the second rank; the three next men behind him, making up of his rank, in like manner. And so forward for all the rest, until the Motion be fully perfected. This converts each file, into two ranks; and brings all the proper fileleaders, and half-file-leaders, to make the outmost file to the right: the Bringers-up, both of the Front, and Reere-half-files; make the outermost file to the left. The figures of Number, which are on the left flank of the figure, in which, the word file added to each of them, demonstrate places of the first, second, third, and fourth file, and so consequently for all the rest; according to their former standing, and the places they now occupy, being converted into ranks. The letters f, and h, which are placed on the right flank; shows the places of those, which were the fileleaders, and half-file-leaders: each of the propex fileleaders, having now his half-file-leader, next after him▪ I have shown this figure partly performed partly performing, and partly standing, as before the Motion began. For reducement, of this Motion of files ranking, four to the left: One way is, to cause your ranks to file, (or invert) to the right, which being done, Command every File-leader, to lead up his file to the left: and so every man will have his place: For another way, Face the whole body to the right, and command the Fileleaders to march, and half-files to stand, and take their places: and then they are all reduced, only the fileleaders of the right-flanke, are on the left; and the fileleaders of the left-flanke, are on the right: which is reduced, by any entire Countermarch, of rank, or file. CHAP. XXXVIII. The conclusion of doublings. THere are yet another sort of Doubling, both of length and depth, which are performed by divisionall wheelings. Which because they have ever been accounted for wheelings, I will not displace them; but still rank them in their former places: although in truth they are doublings. The working part indeed is wheeling; but the intent, or thing wrought, is Doubling. I will speak further of them, when I come to show them, in their several places. And here I mean to set a Period to our Doubling. Concluding, that those Soldiers, who can put every one of these to his right use; as also give to each his right reducement, must needs be skilful, and expert, in this part, of the Art Military. And chose, they that are ignorant in these Doubling; can never truly attain, to the right managing of a Foot-company, either for exercise, or service. For doublings, indeed, are the only Motions, for varicty and alteration of figures, or forms of battle: No other Motions doing the like. And therefore Doubling, must needs be accounted the most excellent amongst all the Motions. You that have eyes to read, and skill to judge; And have perused these doublings I have done: Though I have tedious been, yet do not grudge: For you know well, I have skipped over some. But marvel not: the cause I do not show them, It is not much material for to know them. Those that are Skilful in the Art of War, And take delight to exercise their men: Shall find more pleasure in these doublings far, If that they intermix them now and then. And so contrive their doublings in these cases, That lastly one word brings them to their places. Why in our Country do we Captains choose, That have no skill nor artful inclination? They do themselves and Country much abuse: Thus to deceive them in their expectation. I think the Cause of this fault in our Nation Is, that our Gentry holds it not in fashion. But some, perhaps, will say, I am too bold; There's no such need for Captains to have skill. The Muster-masters have enough (some hold) The Captains and the Counties for to fill. So whilst the Muster-master doth the labour. The Officers may play upon a Tabour. But stay! me thinks, one pulls me by the sleeve: And tells me that I have myself forgot. Wherefore of doublings, here I take my leave: Entreating those that read, mistake me not. Let Muster-masters take their money, then; But let the Captains exercise their men. CHAP. XXXIX. Of Countermarches. Their Antiquity, and words of direction. THe next branch of Discipline which offers itself to your perusal, are Countermarches: which are of three kinds. To wit, Chorean, Lacedamonian, Macedonian: which is, Maintaining, Losing, and Gaining. Each of them are to be performed two manner of ways. One by File: the other by Rank. There are also Countermarches, Entire and Divisionall. But diverse men, are diverse for their opinions concerning the Macedonian and Lacedamonian Countermarches. Some will have the Macedonian, A Countermarch of gaining of ground; because that it transfers the Battalia, into the ground before the Front. Others will have it, A Countermarch of loss of ground; because (say they) the Enemy being in the Rear, it makes a semblance of flying. Some will have the Lacedamonian, A Countermarch of gaining of ground: because the Enemy appearing in the Rear, it makes a semblance of Charging or falling on. Others call it, A Countermarch of loss of ground: because it looseth all that ground the Battalia stood upon; taking in stead thereof, the ground behind the Rear. There are others of opinion, That there are Countermarches of loss and gain, in either of them. All these are furnished with reasons, to back their opinions. But if I should stand to show their many and several reasons, I might well be thought to be without reason myself. My opinion is; That taking the ground before the Front, is gaining ground: and that to leave the ground we stood on, to take the ground next behind the Rear, is loss of ground: And yet to take either, whereby there is advantage gotten, must needs be gaining. But where the matter itself is so indifferent, it were fondness to spend longer time about it. Wherefore note, That Countermarches were of ancient use amongst the greeks many hundred of years since, & from them learned and practised, by many other Nations; and so still continued unto this day. But as the Snowball by much rolling, becomes the greater: So, in like manner, these Countermarches have received addition in all ages. So that the three original ones are now become more than thirty accounting those divisionall. And yet are all of them fathered upon one or other, of the three kinds. Though some of them will scarcely be owned or acknowledged; as you shall perceive, when I come to show them in their several places. But amongst all the Motions, this might be the best spared: as being least beneficial, to this our modern Discipline. But because that knowledge is no burden; and that at some times they may be useful: Therefore first take the words of command or direction, which are as followeth. Entire Countermarches, by file. Chorean. Files to the right left hand countermarch. Lacedaemon. Files to the light left countermarch, every man turning on the ground he stands. Macedon. Fileleaders, face about to the right left the rest pass through to the right, left, and place yourselves behind your Leaders. Bastard Countermarch. Fileleaders stand; the rest pass through to the your Leaders. right left placing yourselves before Bast. Count. Fileleaders stand, the rest pass through to the right left placing yourselves before your Leaders; following your Bringers up. Lacedaemon. Bringers up, face about to the right: left: the rest pass through to the right left and place yourselves before your bringers up. Lacedaemon. Bringers up, stand: the rest of the Body pass through to the right left placing yourselves behind your bringers up. Entire Countermarches by Ranks. Cretan or Chorean Lacedaemonian Ranks to the right left Countermarch. Ranks to the right left countermarch, every man turning on the ground he stands. This right hand file, face to the left: the rest pass Macedonian. through to the right: placing yourselves behind your right hand men. This left hand file may face to the right, and do as much. This light left hand file stand; the rest pass through to the right, B. A Countermarch. left, placing yourselves on the our side of your right left hand men. This right left hand file face to the right, left, the rest pass Lacedemonia through to the right, left, placing yourselves before your right left hand men. Divisionall Countermarches, by Files. Cretan or Chorean Bast. Countermarch. Countermarch front and ●e cre into the midst. Fileleaders, and halfe-file-leaders, stand; the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves before your Leaders. Lacedemonia, Fileleaders, and Bringers up, stand; the rest pass through to the right: and place yourselves before your Leaders and Bringers up. Macedonian. Fileleaders, face about; Bringers up, stand; the rest pass through to the Right; and place yourselves behind your Leaders and Bringers up. Bast. Count. Front-halfe-files, interchange ground with the Rear. Divisionall Countermarches by ranks. Chorean or Cretan. Countermarch your (wings or) Flanks into the midst (or Centre). Lacedemoniam. The out-most-file of each Flank, face outward▪ the rest pass through to the right and left; placing yourselves behind your outside men. Macedonian. The out-most file of each Flank, face inward: the rest pass through to the right and left; placing yourselves behind your outside men. Bast. Counter. The out-most file of each flank, stand: the rest pass through to the right and left, and place yourselves on the outside of your outside men. Interchange your Flanks. Note, what is done by the out most files, may be reduced by converting the command to the innermost files; but must be done before they have closed their divisions, etc. CHAP. XL. Of the Chorean Countermarch: and the way to perform it. I Could willingly have pricked a Figure, for each of these several countermarches, The distance for Counter march is, six foot, or open order in rank and file. but that they will take up too much room. And therefore I will only prick some few of the hardest of them; and for the rest, I will endeavour by words to make them as facile as I may: that so they may be apprehended by the meanest capacity. And first I will begin with the (Persian, Cretan, or) Chorean Countermarch. The word of Command or Direction is, Files to the Right hand, Countermarch. Note, that when there is a Countermarch commanded without any other addition; than it is always intended, a Chorean countermarch. This Chorean Countermarch, is by some called the Modern Countermarch. I conceive their reason to be, because that it is more in use than any of the other: Or else, for antiquity, it might claim many ages. It is a Countermarch for maintaining of ground: for it worketh its effect, on the same ground it stands; neither losing nor gaining. But it transfers the fileleaders, into the place of the bringers up: and the bringers up, into the place of the fileleaders: withal turning the aspect of the body or battalia, to the Rear. The way to perform this motion, is as followeth. Assoon as the word of command is given, if it be to the right, than all the fileleaders step forwards with their right legs, and face about to the right: every file-leader with his file following him, passing down towards the Rear, through the interval on his right hand, still observing, to keep even in rank with his right hand man. But by the way, note that no man must turn, until he come to the ground where at first his file-leader began the Countermarch. This motion is then performed, when the bringers up, have attained unto the place where before their fileleaders stood: being faced right after them; Files, countermarch to the left. To countermarch to the left, worketh the same effect; and is done after the same manner: only differing in the hand. For reducement, if you countermarch to the right; do as much to the left: and they will be as they were. For any entire countermarch of files, will be reduced (of what kind soever) by making another entire countermarch, to what hand soever. CHAP. XLI. Of Countermarching to loose Ground. The Command is. Files to the Right, Countermarch: every man turning after his Leader, on the Ground he stands. Lacedemoniam. THis Lacedaemonian countermarch, is a Countermarch of loss of ground; for that it leaves all the ground the Battalia formerly did contain, and in lieu or place thereof taketh the ground behind the Rear. This Countermarch is to be performed, when the Body is upon a stand. And as the Chorean, turns the Aspect towards the Rear. The greeks were wont with this Countermarch, to bring their fileleaders to oppose any enemy, appearing in the Rear: thereby gallantly bearding their enemies in the teeth: neither politicly making show of flight, whereby to bring the enemy into disarray; nor over providently careful, of the advantage of ground. The motion of this Countermarch, is to be performed as followeth. The fileleaders of each file, are to step side ways to the right, and therewithal to face about to the rear; and so march even in rank together down between the * An Interval is the space of ground between fills & file, or rank and rank; but in this place, is intended the space of ground between the files. intervals, no man advancing a foot forwards, but turning in like manner after their leaders, when they are passed by them; still observing to keep their due distance. And so a whole rank together, still turning off to the right, each Rank successively doing the like, until the Countermarch be fully performed. Any entire countermarch of files, will reduce this. But for order sake, take one of the same sort to the contrary hand, which is. Files to the left, Countermarch: every man turning after his Leader, on the ground he stands. I shall not need to speak further, concerning this Countermarch of loss of ground to the left; seeing that it differs from the other only in the alteration of the hand. The substance and effect of both, being one and the same: only I will now speak to a second fort of Countermarch, which is of the same kind. The Command is. Bringers up, face about to the Right, the rest pass through to the Rear, and place yourselves before your Bringers up. Lacedemoniam. This Lacedaemonian Countermarch doth also loose the ground, whereon it formerly stood, and takes the ground behind the Rear, the manner of the motion is as followeth: The last rank or Bringers up face to the Rear, and stand: the rest of the Body facing about in like manner, and passing through or between their bringers up, and placing themselves even in rank before them. The motion is begun, by the rank, next the bringers up, and so continued; successively by the rest, until the Countermarch be ended. It may be reduced, by doing the same to the contrary hand. Nevertheless for brevity sake, I will make use of a sprig, from the same bough, and reduce this Lacedaemon countermarch, by another of the same kind. The Command is, Bringers up, stand, the rest pass through to the Right, and place yourselves behind your Bringers up. Lacedaemonian. This Lacedaemonian countermarch, is thus to be performed; the last rank (or bringers up) are to stand; and the rest of the body, to face to the Rear, and pass through to the Right, and place themselves behind their bringers up, contrary to the countermarch last shown, where they placed themselves before. The motion is also begun, by the second rank from the rear, the rest following successively, until the fileleaders are become the Bringers up: Then face them about after their proper fileleaders, and they are reduced. CHAP. XLII. Of Countermarches to gain ground, or the Macedonian Countermarch. The Command is, File-leader face about to the right, the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves behind your Leaders. Macedonian. THis Macedonian Countermarch, is for gaining ground, for that it leaves the ground, the Battalia formerly stood upon, taking in lieu thereof, the ground next before the front. It also turns the aspect towards the rear. The motion of this Countermarch is from the rear to the front, contrary to the Lacedaemon, whose motion is from the front to the rear: This Macedonian Countermarch, makes semblance in the rear of flight, but presently produceth an orderly settled front, when perhaps the enemy, with a too early pursuit, hath broken the order of their array. The way to perform this Countermarch▪ according to the directions formerly given, is as followeth: The fileleaders or first rank, face about to the right: the rest of the body pass through, between the Intervalles, (or distance of files) to the left: and place themselves behind their leaders; every rank (beginning with that next the file leaders) passing through successively, and taking their places, until the Countermarch be fully executed. It may be reduced as the rest, by doing the same to the contrary hand, or as I have formerly said, by any entire countermarch of file; and therefore I will reduce it by another Macedonian countermarch. The command is, as followeth. Fileleaders face to the Rear, the rest of the body pass through to the left, following your bringers up, placing yourselves behind your leaders. Macedonian. This Macedonian countermarch is rather remembered for its antiquity, than excellency, (as some more of them be) nevertheless if any will be curious to observe the motion, it may be performed as followeth: The first rank (or fileleaders) face to the rear, than the last rank begin the countermarch, passing forward between the intervals, the seventh rank following the eighth, the sixth following the seventh, and so likewise the rest, until the whole body be transferred, into the ground before the front, and then jointly together, facing to the right about, after their leaders, the counter march is ended. For reducement, observe this for all; that any entire countermarch of file, may be reduced, by another entire countermarch by file, of what kind, or to what hand soever. These three last Chapters of countermarches, are the original grounds of all the rest, yet I shall show one in the ensuing Chapter, which time hath begotten out of the latter two, which takes part with either, being absolute in neither. CHAP. XLIII. Of the Bastard countermarch. The Command is, Fileleaders stand, the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves before your Leader. Bastard Countermarch. THis passing through, (or bastard countermarch) is partly Macedonian, and partly Lacedaemonian; for first with the Macedon, it takes the ground before the front, the motion being from the rear forward: it is partly Lacedaemonian, for that they pass through, and place themselves before their Leaders, and for that it makes semblance of falling on, or charging the enemy: nevertheless the Macedonian disclaims it, for that it altars not his aspect: The Lacedaemonian refuseth it, for that it takes the ground before the front, and not that behind the rear: or with the Chorean, it holds affinity. And many there be that will not allow it for a countermarch, for indeed the word itself will not bear it; notwithstanding seeing that it hath been long ranged amongst them, I will not be he that shall displace it, but will pass forwards, to show the manner of the motion, which is to be performed as followeth. The fileleaders stand, according to the former direction, the rest of the body, advance their arms; the second rank first passing through to the right, and placing themselves before the first rank, the third rank before the second; the fourth before the third, and so forwards for the rest, until the last rank (or bringers up) are become the foremost, which perfects the motion. It may be severally useful, as to skirmish against an enemy, advancing by way of introduction, or upon occasion, to bring the rear, men to march in front, and such like. For the reducement, you may do, as much to the contrary hand, only for order sake, I will reduce it, by another like itself. The Command is, Fileleaders stand, the rest pass through to the right, placing yourselves before your Leaders, following your bringers up. Bastard Countermarch. This motion may be done either to the right or left, and is nothing differing from that last shown; but that, whereas the other, began with the second rank, this chose begins with the last rank, (or bringers up) every rank successively, following the rank, which came from behind them, until they which were the leaders, are become the last in the rear. If this countermarch be first done, it may be reduced by any of those formerly shown, etc. CHAP. XLIV. Of countermarching ranks, to maintain ground. The Command is. Ranks to the right hand countermarch. Chorean THis Chorean countermarch of ranks, is an altering or changing of one flank for the other, the Battalia still keeping the same ground, only the right flank becomes the left, and the left, becomes the right: The way to perform this motion, is as followeth: the command being given, than the whole body faceth to the hand named, and every man in the outmost file, to the right: (files by this facing, being become ranks) turns down through the Intervalle, (or distance between rank and rank) marching forth right unto the part, which was the left flank, with their ranks, file-wise following them, being come unto their ground, they face as before, and the countermarch is performed: for the reducement, let ranks countermarch to the left, after the same manner, differing only in the hand, and they are as at first. CHAP. XLV. Of Countermarching Ranks to lose Ground. The Command is. Ranks to the right-hand Countermarch, every man turning after his right-hand-man, on the ground he stands. Lacedaemonian. THis Lacedemonian-Countermarch of Ranks, is a falling on upon the left Flank: the Motion being begun by the right; It leaves all the ground, the Battalia stood on, and takes in place thereof the ground beside the left Flank, turning the Aspect to the left: The manner or way, to perform this Motion, is as followeth: The whole Body faceth to the right; and then the right-hand-file being faced, (becomes a Rank) begins the Countermarch, turning down the Intervals of the Ranks, (which by this facing, is made the distance between the Files) and so marcheth forthright, beyond the left Flank, every man following him that was his right-hand-man (but not stepping forwards one foot of ground) until the Countermarch be performed. For the reducement of this Countermarch, do as much to the left, and they will he as at first: Or (if you please) take another of the same kind; The word of Command, or direction is. Right-hand-file, face to the right, the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves before your right-hand-men. Lacedaemonian. THis Lacedaemonian Countermarch of ranks, makes a falling on upon the right Flank, the Motion being from the left Flank, to the right, leaving all the ground whereon the Battalia stood, and taking in lieu thereof the ground beside the right Flank. In those days; when Countermarches were more useful for their Discipline, than now they are for ours; the Lacedaemonian Countermarches were of chief repute, aswell amongst the Macedonians, as the Spartans' and others: the way to perform this Motion is as followeth. The right-hand-file faceth to the right; and passeth through the Intervals or spaces, to the right: placing themselves, before their right-hand-men, until the left-hand-file, become the foremost rank; If you do this Countermarch by itself, then for reducement, first face them to their Front proper, then let the left-hand-files, face to the left, and do as much to the left; and then they will be as at first. CHAP. XLVI. Of the Macedonian Countermarch by Rank. The Command is: Right-hand-file face to the left, the rest pass through to the right, placing yourselves behind your right-hand-men. Macedon. THis Macedonian Countermarch of ranks, contrary to the Spartan, dismarcheth from the enemy upon that Flank where he appears, and presents the contrary Flank, to receive the Charge. It is performed after this manner. The out-most-file to the right, faceth to the left. The rest of the body, or Battalia, faceth to the right; every man passing through to the right and placing themselves, behind their right-hand-men: For the reducement of this Countermarch, as all the rest, there are diverse, and several ways; but perform as much to the left, as you have done to the right, and they will be at first: Or if you please, this following Bastard Countermand, will do the same. The word of Command or direction is, Right-hand-file stand, the rest pass through to the right, placing yourselves, on the outside of your Right-hand-men. Bast. Count. THis passing through, or Bastard Countermarch of Ranks, doth alter both ground, and flank; (still reserving the Aspect, without alteration.) It is to be performed as followeth. The out-most or right-hand-file, stands; the rest of the body, facing to the right, pass through to the right, every man placing himself, on the right side of his right-hand-man, and so standing even in Rank, the Motion still continuing, until the left-hand-file, is become the right; the right, the contrary. If this Countermarch be done alone, for the reducement; let the left-hand-file stand, and do as much to the left, as before to the right; and they will be as at first. CHAP. XLVII. Of Countermarching Front and Rear to the midst. Of divisionall Countermarches. FOr the Entire Countermarches, I have endeavoured to express them, as well as I could in words, but for the divisionall Countermarches, I intent to express, both in word and figure, whereby they may be the more easily apprehended by such as shall be desirous to know them: notwithstanding before I enter upon the divisionall Countermarches▪ I would willingly clear one thing which by some will be carped at; which is, the using of the word Midst, instead of the word Centre: The word Centre (I confess) hath been the more usual word amongst us; and yet it is not altogether so proper to our use as the other; wherefore give me leave, without offence, to use those words, which are not only more proper, but more significant. The Midst of the Battle, is to be understood, either from the Front, & Rear; or from both Flanks (or wings:) If between Front and Rear, the Midst must be between the half-file-leaders, and the Rear rank of the Front half-files, extending itself from Flank to Flank: The Midst between the Flanks, is between the two innermost files; continuing the whole depth: from Front to Rear: Our first Countermarch shall be Chorean; the word of command or direction is. This divisionall, chorean countermarch, brings our Fileleaders, and Bringers up together in the midst, and the ranks that were in the midst in the Front & Rear. It is a countermarch maintaining ground; for every man marcheth up, into his leaders ground; before he faceth about to countermarch: The way to perform the Motion, is as followeth. The command Note, that for Countermarching Front and Rear into the midst, the Front-halfe-files ever turn off to the Right, the Rear half files to the Left, which being truly observed, they will always meet even in the middle of the Battle, where to the contrary, if they turn both off to the Right, they can never do the Countermarch but wrong. being given to countermarch, either let the commander, or some other of the Officers, command the half-files, to face about: then the fileleaders stepping forwards, with the right leg, and face about to the right, passing down the Intervals on the right hand, the rest of the Front-halfe-files, following their Leaders, and not turning, until they come to the ground, where their Leaders▪ turned down before them: The bringers up with the Reere-half-files, at the same instant turning down their Intervales, on the left hand, the rest of their division following them, until the fileleaders and bringers up, meet together in the midst of the Battle, and then having faced all to their Leader, the Motion is performed. For the reducement, of this figure, doing the same thing over again, will reduce it. Or any other divisionall countermarch of File. CHAP. XLVIII. Of bringing Front and Rear together, into the midst, by the Bastard Countermarch. The Command is: Fileleaders, and half-fileaders stand, the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves before your Leaders. Bast. Counter. THis Bastard Countermarch, doth bring the Leaders, and bringers up, together, into the midst, and saves two face, and is quicklier performed, than the other last done: or any other in the precedent Chapters: The way to perform the Motion, is as followeth: The first rank stands; and the half-file-leaders stand, than those of the Front-half-files, pass through their Intervals to the right, placing themselves before their Fileleaders: The second rank before the first, the third before the second, the fourth before the third; The Reere-half-files at the same instant, doing the like, and placing themselves, before their * Note that as the front half-files empiieth the space of ground between the leaders and halfe-file-leaders placing themselves in the ground before the front, so in the mean time their places are replenished by the soldiers of the Reere-halfe-files which march up and supply their rooms. half-file-leaders, as the other did, before their Fileleaders: This Motion may be either reduced by doing the same over again to the contrary hand, or else by countermarching front and Rear into the midst, or by any other of the divisionall countermarches of files. The next shall be a Lacedaemonian countermarch, the word of command, or direction, is as shall be expressed in the ensuing Chapter. CHAP. XLIX. Of Countermarching to make a large Intervale between the first, and last Ranks. The Command is, Fileleaders, and Bringers up stand, the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves, before your Leaders, and Bringers up. Lacedaemonian. THis divisionall Lacedaemonian Countermarch, makes semblance of falling on, or charging, both to the Front and Rear, and leaves all the ground, which was occupied by the Soldiers, which stood between the front and rear, transferring them into the ground, before the front, and behind the rear; the ground (or place) of their former standing, being vacant, only demonstrated in this figure by the pricks. The Motion may be thus performed. The Reere-halfe-files are commanded to face to the Rear, and then the front-halfe-files, pass through to the right: placing themselves before their Leaders; The second Rank, before the first; the third, before the second; the fourth, before the third; the Reere-halfe-files at the same instant, passing through to the Rear, after the same manner; and placing themselves before their Bringers-up. You may perceive by the figures of Number, placed on the Flanks of the figure of battle, both how the men stood, before the Motion began, as also how and in what place they stand, the Motion being ended: For the reducement, if you have not closed their distance, you may face them about, and so let them pass again into their places: Or else, by doing the same If you reduce them by another Countermarch, first close their divisions. Countermarch over again, or to the contrary hand, or any such like way, will reduce them. This next following Countermarch will also reduce them, or this will reduce that. The word for the Command, or direction is, as you shall find it placed, over the front of the figure. CHAP. L. Of making a large Intervalle, between the first and last ranks, by the Macedonian Countermarch. Macedonian. THis divisionall Macedonian Countermarch, is little different from that, next before it, only the other, turned the Aspect outward, to the front, and Rear; this Countermarch turns the Aspect inwards, towards the midst. It may be useful, if the Commander would show, or publish aught, before his best Soldiers, for that it not only leaves a large distance, but that it brings the best Soldiers into the midst, with their Aspects directed inwards: It may also serve, to conduct any great personage, cross the length of your battle, whereby to show them, the bravery of your Soldiers, etc. The figure followeth. The Command is, Fileleaders face about, Bringers up stand, the rest pass through to the Right, and place yourselves behind your fileleaders and Bringers up. This motion may be thus performed: The first rank (or fileleaders) face about, the last rank stands, the Reere-halfe-files, face about, and so the front-division; pass forwards, and place themselves behind Note that when the Rear half files face about, the last rank which are the bringers up 〈…〉 ●ill to keep their 〈…〉. the fileleaders, the reere-halfe-files, behind their Bringers up. The manner, you may perceive the plainer, if you note the figures, of number, which are placed, on the flanks of the figure, their number showing the places, they had, from the front, before the motion began. This figure may be reduced, either by the same word of command, which produced it, or else by any of the foregoing divisionall countermarches. Our next, shall be a countermarch of exchange of ground. The words for command, or direction, are as followeth. CHAP. LI. Of Interchanging Ground. The Command is, Front-halfe-files, interchange ground with the Rear, passing through to the Right. Bast. Countermarch. In Motion. This Bastard Countermarch, may not rightly be said, to be derived from any one of the particular grounds of Countermarch; but rather, participating of them all: And yet considering it, as it is to be, it is different from them all: for whereas the other countermarches, of files in division, although they bring the Front and Rear into the midst, yet the front-halfe-files continue still, on the same part, and the Reere-halfe-files do not alter into the places of the other. But this, contrary to any other, of the divisionall countermarches, transfers the front-halfe-files into the ground, or place of the Reere-halfe-files; and them, into the contrary part, bringing the fileleaders, and bringers up, together into the midst. The way to perform this Motion, is as followeth. The front-halfe-files face about, passing forwards to the right (being led by the bringers up, of the front-halfe-files) between the Intervalles towards the rear: The Reere-halfe-files at the same instant in like manner marching forwards, between the Intervalles on their right hands into the Front, until the Front-division, have attained the places of the Rear, and they chose, the places of the Front. For the reducement of this countermarch, do as much back again; Or if you would reduce it some other way, you may first make an intirc countermarch of files, and then countermarch front, and rear, into the midst; for under two countermarches, it will not be reduced. Now I will pass, to show divisionall countermarches of Ranks, or Flanks; The first shall be Chorean, as in the Chapter following. CHAP. LII. Of counter-marching the flanks (or wings) into the midst of the Battle. The Command is, Countermarch your flanks into the midst. THis Chorean countermarch of the flanks into the midst, is of ordinary use, when the Commander would have the outermost files, to become the innermost: the motion to be performed on the same ground, and is as followeth. The command being given, the whole body faceth to the right and left, by Note that upon the Countermarching of flanks into the midst, the right flank must always observe to turn to the right, the left flank to the left. For if they should both turn off to the right, they will never meet right i● they turn off both to the left, it will be as bad. division; the outermost files, by this facing, becoming ranks, every man in the right hand file, being a leader in his half rank file-wise, and so likewise in the left hand file the same▪ then they countermarch the right flank to the right, the left flank to the left, which you must always observe to do, and your flanquers will meet just in the midst of your Battalia. Lastly, having faced them to their first front, the countermarch is ended. To reduce them, they may either use the same Countermarch again, or any of these following divisionall countermarches of flanks, (unless it be that of interchanging of ground.) The next shall be Lacedaemonian, the Command, or words of direction, are, as in the Chapter following. CHAP. LIII. Of Countermarching, to take the ground before the flanks. The Command is, The outermost file of each flank, face outward, the rest pass through to the right and left, placing yourselves before your outside men. THis Lacedaemonian Countermarch of half ranks or flanks, makes 〈◊〉 of charging on, upon both flanks, but leaves a waste distance of ground, unoccupied between the two outmost-files, or midst of the battle. The way to perform this Motion is as followeth. The right-hand-file faceth to the right, the left-hand-file to the left; the rest of the body faceth to the right and left, the right-flanke passing through to the right, and placing themselves, before their right-hand-men. The second file from the right, begins the Motion on the right-flanke; the left-flanke in like manner, passing through to the left, and placing themselves before their left-hand-men; the second file accounting, from the left, begins the Motion on the left-flanke: But you must note, that the files become ranks with the facing. For the reducement of this figure, if you will first face them, to their proper front, you may then command the two inmost-files stand, the rest pass through to the right, and left inward, and take their places: Or if you please, make use, either of a Chorean, or a Macedonian Countermarch of Ranks by division, and with a facing, and closing their divisions, they will be perfectly reduced. CHAP. LIV. Of Countermarching to take the ground on the outside of the Flanks, and to direct their Aspects inwards. Macedonian. The Command is, The outmost file of each Flank face inward, the rest pass through to the Right, and Left, placing yourselves behind your outside men. THis Macedonian Countermarch, differeth nothing from that last showed, but only in the turning of the aspect inwards: whereas the other, directed their aspect outwards: The Motion is thus performed: The outermost-files, of each Flank, face inward: the rest of the body, face to the right, and left, outward; those of the right flank, passing through to the right, and placing themselves behind their right-hand-men. Those of the left flank passing through to the left, and placing themselves behind their left-hand-men: The Motion is begun, by the second file, from each flank. I might here show these Countermarches, beginning their Motion from their middlemost-files; But I am willingly silent, hoping that these, may suffice to the courteous, not much forcing myself to give satisfaction to the curious. For the reducement of this Countermarch, having faced them to their first front, you may if you please, command the two innermost files to face outward, the rest pass through to the right, and left inward: placing themselves behind their right, and left-hand-men; which being done, the whole body will stand faced to the right, and left outward; Then being faced to their Leader, they are reduced. If you would reduce it, by some other way, you may make use, either of the Countermarch, which is next before, or of that, which next followeth: Or of any other divisionall Countermarch of Ranks; (which doth not interchange ground). Our next two which follow, will be Bastard Countermarches, with the which, we will conclude this our fourth branch of Discipline. CHAP. LV. Of taking the ground on the outside of the flanks; not altering the Aspects. The Command is, The outmost-file of each Flank stand, the rest pass through to the right, and left, and place yourselves on the outside, of your right and left-hand-men. THis Divisionall bastard countermarch, produceth the same effect, which the other two next before it wrought; only differing in the Aspect: for the Lacedaemonian, turned the Aspect outward: The Macedonian, turned the Aspect inward; And this, keeps the Aspect still directed the same way. He that knows every way, may when time serveth, make use of those ways, which are most necessary and suitable to his present occasion: The Proverb saith, Knowledge is no burden▪ The way to perform this Countermarch is as followeth (according to the Command) the outmost-file of each flank stands; the rest of the Body faceth to the right and left outward, the right flank passing through to the right, the left flank to the left; those of the right-flanke, placing themselves, on the outside of their right-hand-men: in like manner, those on the left flank, placing themselves, on the outside of their left-hand-men. If may be reduced, either by any, of the foregoing divisionall Countermarches of Ranks, or else being faced, to any of the flanks, than the ranks become files. And by divisionall Countermarches of files, you may reduce, divisionall Countermarches of Ranks, or by ranks, files; only you must observe some face: Yet for this figure, if you please, Command the two innermost-files, stand; the rest, face to the right, and left inward, and so march into their places. The next shall be a Countermarch, of interchanging of Flanks. CHAP. LVI. Of Interchanging Ground by the Flanks, and bringing the innermost-files of Pikes, to become the outmost-ranks. The Command is, Interchange Flanks. THis exchanging of Flanks, or Bastard Countermarch, is differing from all the other divisionall Countermarches of Ranks; for this transfers the right-flanke into the place of the left, and the left-flanke, into the place of the right. It is very apt, for to receive a sudden charge, from the horse, for as soon as they shall be commanded to interchange their flanks, they face to the right, and left inward, and then the innermost-files of the pikes begin the Motion; the rest of each flank following orderly file-wise, the pikes porting so soon as they begin to move, and charge as they see occasion: If Note that if y●u please, y●u m●y passed the Pikes alone through, and let the Muskettier, stand. But then there will lbe a la ge distance between the Musketti ●s in the midst need be, the pikes may charge at the foot, the Musketeers giving fire, over their shoulders: If any object, that the Pikes have too large a distance, they may close at their own pleasures, as soon as they have passed through. For the reducement, you may, if you please, interchange ground again: nevertheless if you would reduce it, by some other way, Countermarch your Flanks into the midst, and then an entire Countermarch, either of rank, or file, will reduce them. I might have further enlarged myself, upon this subject, both in Command, and Figure; but it may be, that some will find fault with these, which I have already penned, concluding them for niceties, and for no service; because they cannot presently apprehend, for what use, or service they may be fit. Notwithstanding I would entreat such (if any such happen to be my overlookers) that they would suspend their censures, until they have fully informed their judgements. Yet thus much I will conclude with them, that Countermarches might the best be spared, of all the Motions, as being least beneficial, to this our Modern discipline. And yet to very good use, many of them might serve, if our Soldiers were well practised in them. Nevertheless such is the wilful stupidity of the times, that many good, and useful things are disreputed, and accounted of no use, because the Soldier wanting skill, cannot perform them, as they ought: which would the Officers take more pains, by often instructing their Soldiers, the hardest Motions would become facile and easy. And to say truth, the greatest fault is, want of skill in those, which should give instruction to others; and yet they will not stick, to carp at such, as shall show more, than they, concluding such things for superfluous, and improper, which they themselves do not rightly understand: But lest I be taxed for digression, I will conclude this branch of Discipline with these few lines following. SOme burdened are with more command than skill, Which had they power suiting to their mind, You than should see Reason enthralled to will, Nor any 'bove their knowledge should you find: For rather than they'll study to learn better, They wish all wanting; none to know a letter. So be there many Officers in Bands That neither know themselves, nor care for those That skilful are in Postures, and Commands, Nor are they careful which end foremost goes. They think, to dice, to drab, to swear, and swill, Is skill enough for them: Learn more that will. And if that any man more forward be For to instruct the Soldier (as is fit) With such a fellow they cannot agree; He is vainglorious, strives to show his wit. They will be sure to quarrel and deprave him, And in their cups perhaps they'll— Such honest hearts as spend both means and time To practise others for their Country's good, Why should this good be counted for a crime, To those that for their Prince would spend their blood▪ That Country sure will best be kept from harms Whose Subjects pleasure take to practise Arms. But on this Subject I'll no longer bide, Of Countermarches. Here I'll take my leave, To show the Wheelings, next I shall provide, Which follows next of course, as I conceive. And though with verse my Countermarches close, Beginning Wheelings, I return to Prose. CHAP. LVII. Of wheelings, their kinds, and uses with their several words of Command. THe next Branch springing from this root of Discipline, are wheelings; which are of two kinds, viz. wheelings Angular, and wheelings on the Centre, as also they are to be conceived, in manner of action, either entire or divisionall: the use of entire wheelings, is to turn the aspect of the front proper, to the right, to the left, or rear; either for the gaining of the Wind▪ Sun, or some such like advantage; or to confront the enemy with their best soldiers. Most of the divisionall wheelings being indeed more properly doublings, either extending the length, or depth of the Battle: notwithstanding, because I would not be taxed with innovation, or alteration, I have, according unto the usual received way, placed them amongst the wheelings; and now I will show their words of command, or direction. But before I enter upon Note that the distance for wheelings ought to be three foot between Rank and File. them, give me leave to lay down an observation or two, for the better instruction of the Soldiers in their wheelings. The first is, That before you enter upon your wheelings, you close both Ranks and Files to their order, which is three foot, both in rank and file: The other, that upon all wheelings, you must be sure, to Note that upon the exercise of the motions whether it be distance, face, doublings, Countermarches, or wheelings, the Musketeers ought to be all upon one and the same posture either po●●ed or shouldered: the pikes in like manner either shouldered or advanced. observe your leader, and follow him, keeping your due distance; your Musketeers being all, either poized, or shouldered: your Pikes ought to be advanced. The words of Commands, are as followeth. Wheel your Battle to the Right, Left, Right about, Left Right, on the same ground; Left, Right about Left Wheel off your Front by division. your Front inward to the Rear. Front and Rear into the Right flank. Left your flanks into the Front, Rear, both flanks into the front and rear. your front and rear into both flanks. Observe that the first four wheelings are angular, the next four are wheelings on the centre, or more properly, on the midst of the front. But all the first eight be entire, the latter eight, are all divisionall. You may also observe, that every following wheeling is a reducement unto that, which is placed next before it, and the wheeling next before, may reduce that next following: as to wheel your flanks into the front, if you wheel your flanks into the rear, it is reduced; or to wheel front and rear into both flanks; if you wheel both flanks into the front and rear, they are likewise reduced, as before. For the last eight wheelings, which are divisionall, I will prick for each of them, his figure. As for the first eight, which are entire, I conceive them so easy to be understood, that I may spare the labour; yet I will endeavour to express them as well as I can in words: and first I will begin with the wheelings anguler, and then with the rest, according to their places: and therefore note, that when you are Commanded, to wheel to the right or left, etc. and no other command added, it is to be understood, an anguler wheeling, and so to be performed. CHAP. LVIII. Of wheelings Anguler▪ The Command is, Wheel your battle to the right. THis is an angular wheeling, which transfers the aspect or countenance of the front proper, into that part which was the right flank: It also removes the Battalia from the ground whereon formerly it stood, and placeth it on that part, before the front, the hinge or Axle tree of the motion, is the right corner man, or right hand file-leader, who with a small motion, moveth to the right▪ every man, the more his place is remote from the right Angle, the more swift must be his motion; because his arch-quadrant, or semicircle, is larger in proportion: wherefore it must be the discretion of the Officers, so to instruct their Soldiers, that when they wheel to any hand, they may so moderate their motion, that they on the contrary flank, be not forced to run, but so orderly to contain themselves, that they may still preserve an orderly and even front. For the reducement, wheel your Note the direction for angular wheelings. Battle to the left, in the like manner, as it was wheeled to the right; nevertheless you must then note, that it will not bring you back into the same ground you formerly stood on; for it hath advanced you, the length of your Battalia, before the place of your first front. But if you would be reduced into the same place, or plot you first stood on; then face your Battle to the right, and being so faced, wheel your Battle to the left, which being performed, face to the left, and then they are completely reduced, both for aspect and place. The next Command is, Wheel your Battle to the right about. This is also an anguler wheeling, and transfers the aspect of the front, proper, towards the rear: It is to be performed in the same manner, as the wheeling to the right was; only the motion is twice so much: Wherefore there ought to be the more care had, that so the motion may be orderly performed: Note that wheeling to the rightabout will not be reduced by wheeling back again to the left about just into the same ground, if the wheeling be Anguler; but will be awise the length of the battle removed to the right of your former standing. by so much as every man is nearer, or further off, from the right corner man, by so much the more swifier or slower must he continue his motion, that so he may be sure, to keep still, even in rank with his right hand man. This motion being thus performed, your Battle will be removed from its former station, taking in lieu thereof, the ground Diagonally opposite in the right Angle. To reduce these to their former aspect; wheel your Battle to the left about, notwithstanding the ground you formerly did possess, will be twice the length of your Battle to the left, of your left flank, if you would reduce them, as well to their first ground, as their first aspect; face them to the right, and then wheel them to the left about, which being done, face them to the left, and they are perfectly reduced, as at first. CHAP. LIX. Of wheeling on the Centre. The Command is, Wheel your Battle to the right, on the same ground. THis wheeling, is by some called a wheeling on the Centre: by others, a wheeling on the same ground. I cannot absolutely maintain it to be either, for that it only wheels about the midst of the first rank. Neither may it rightly be termed a wheeling on the same ground, because it loseth ¾. of the ground it formerly stood upon. This wheeling is quicker performed, than the anguler wheelings: and may be done in far less ground. For the left flank advanceth forward, still wheeling to the right, the right flank chose, facing to the left; and so falling backward. If you have an odd file, than the middle file-leader must be the centre or axletree of the motion, if you have an even number of files, than the middlemost file-leader from the left. But if your wheeling be to the left, than the contrary. This by some is called the Prince of Oranges wheeling. For the reducement, wheel your Battle to the left, on the same ground: and they are reduced as at first. Our next Command is, to Wheel your Battle to the right about, on the same ground. This wheeling is also a wheeling on the centre, or midst of the front: and transfers the aspect of the front proper, towards the rear, removing the Battle from the ground whereon it formerly stood, and placing it on the ground before the front. It is performed after the same manner, as the last: only the motion is double so much as the other. In this motion, on the left flank, every man is to observe his right hand man; and the right flank must keep even and strait after their left hand man, which become their leaders file-wise, until they have attained their ground: after which, they face as before: making an even front. For the reducement, wheel your Battle to the left about, upon the same ground; and they will be reduced as at first. I will next show the divisionall wheelings, and intent to give to each of them his figure: whereby they may appear the more easy to such as do not yet rightly understand them. The first shall be a wheeling off by division: as in the next Chapter. CHAP. LX. Of wheeling off, by division. The Command is, Wheel off your front by division. THis wheeling off by division in greater bodies, may be useful to meet several enemies at one and the same time, with the front of your Battalia: and so consequently with your best Soldiers. But if you will wheel off your Battle by division, and join them again when they be in the rear; than it brings all your Musketeers from the flanks to the midst of your Battalia: and your Pikes on the out side or flanks. If any question the depth of the number of this figure, I have doubled files to make the figure more perfect. The way to perform this motion, is easy; for all the fileleaders of the right flank, wheel about to the right: the rest of each file following their leaders: the fileleaders also of the left flank, wheeling about to the left, in the same manner; and then join or close their divisions. This being done, if you would then reduce them, wheel them off again by division, after the same manner; and they will be as before. But if you would do it some other way, make use of this wheeling next following: which will also bring them as they were. The word of Command or direction followeth, as in the next Chapter. CHAP. LXI. Of wheeling the Front inward, towards the Rear. The Command is, Wheel your Front inward to the Rear. THis divisionall wheeling of your front inwards to the rear, is here placed as a reducement unto the other foregoing wheelings: and so it brings the Musketeers to the flanks again. But if you will do it, the Company being first reduced; then it brings the Pikes to the flanks. Some say it may be good, if you be annoyed with horse in the Rear, upon a march; and that you have gained some side of a hill or other place of advantage: then to wheel your front inward to the Rear, to the enemy will make show of disbandoning or flight. But chose, you march toward him with a settled and orderly body: your Musketeers being all in the midst, and so firing upon their enemy: the Pikes being their flankers, thereby defending the shot from the fury of the horse. This motion will hardly be well done, if your body hold too large an extension of length. But at what depth soever, it is easy. The motion is to be performed as followeth. The right hand file-leader, with all the leaders of the right flank, advance forwards, and so wheel about to the left: every file still keeping close to their right hand file. The left hand file-leader, likewise, with all the leaders of the left flank, advance forwards, and wheel about to the right: every file of the left flank, closing close to the left. Thus the outmost files of each flank, will meet and become the innermost: the front falling perpendicularly to the rear. For the reducement of this figure, you may if you please, either wheel them off to the right and left, by division: or else wheel your front inward again to the rear. These two last wheelings, have been demonstrated with their files doubled: whereby the figures might be the ●ore perfect, but with men, it would have been needless: wherefore double ranks to the contrary hand, and they will be as at the first. CHAP. LXII. Of bringing the Flanks into the Front of the Battle. The Command is, Wheel your Flanks into the Front. Wheel your Flanks into the Front, Wings Front▪ Front Battle, Front Midst, Front Centre, Rear Flanks. THis divisionall wheeling of the Flanks into the Front, is, properly, a doubling performed by wheeling. It brings all your Musketeers, from the flanks into the front. So that whereas this body, before, could do execution, but with 8. Musketeers at once; by this Motion they may pour on 16. shot together. If they were deeper before the Motion began, than it would bring the more hands to employment. If upon some pass, you should be chased in the Rear by horse; by this motion of wheeling your flanks into the front, you not only secure your Musketeers, but also barricado up the pass with your pikes; if it be not above fifty foot over Some call this, a wheeling on the centre: because they wheel about the middle-men of the front. But I rather conceive it an angular; because upon the first Motion of dividing, every division wheeleth about his own angle, until the outmost-file-leaders of each flank, meet together in the midst. You may perceive how, by the figures of number, where the figure 1. meets the number 16: 2 with 15, 3 with 14. and so for all the rest. Then being faced to their leader, every two files that met being now joined, make one rank. There must be the like order and decorum kept, in the motion of wheeling each flank: as I showed in the instruction of entire angular wheelings. For reducement of this Motion, wheel your flanks into the Rear. Or else four times the same, as I have seen some do: although somewhat the further way about. Divers men are diversely opinionated; concerning the best word of Command or direction, for this Motion. These I have known used which I have placed in the Margin, by the figure▪ And if any man like one better than the other, be it at his own choice, either to use or refuse, while I pass to show the next wheeling. CHAP. LXIII. Of wheeling the Rear into the midst of the Battle. The Command is, Wheel your Flanks into the Rear. The Direction is, Face all about to the Right. Wheel y●●r Fl●●k● into the Rear, Wing▪ Rear, Rear Battle, Rear Midst, Rear Centre, Front ●lanks▪ Upon all wheeling●, you must observe to follow your leader●, which must be understood, aswell of those which become leaders accidentally (by reason of face) as of those which be the ●●●st and pro●●● leaders. As in th' s wheeling (●or example) where the up●te ●te become the leaders of the M●●●on. THis divisionall wheeling of the Flanks into the Rear, is also a doubling, and performed as the other. And whatsoever might be said, in the behalf of the wheeling of the front into the midst; the same may be also spoken, concerning the wheeling of the Rear into the midst. For this wheeling, brings your two outmost-files to be the first rank; the Bringers up of the right and left-hand-files, meeting together: the bringers up of the left flank, meeting face to face with the Bringers up of the left-flanke. And so being faced to their leader, they which before were complete files, are now become halfe-ranks: either to the right or left. But you must note, that before you begin to wheel, you must face your body about to the Rear: and then the action will be all one, as if you wheeled your flanks into the front. Wherefore I shall not need further to explain it: having spoken fully to it in the precedent Chapter. Note that the two up●re ●re the Hinge● of this wh●●ling. For the reducement of this wheeling, the Commander being at his Front accidental, may command them to wheel their wings into the Rear, and so pass through to that part, where his proper fileleaders are: and then face them to him, and they are reduced. Or else, when he hath passed through to the rear, and faced his Company to him; then his pikes being foremost, let him wheel his flanks into the front, who being faced to their leader, they are reduced. For this motion, there are also diverse and several words of Command. And because it may be, that some will better approve of some of the other words of Command, then of this that I have made use of: therefore I have placed others in in the margin, That so any that will, may take their choice: while I pass to show the next wheeling. Whose word of Command and direction, you shall find over the figure of the next Chapter. CHAP. LXIIII Of wheeling the right flank, into the midst of the Battle. The Command is, Wheel Front and Rear, into the right Flank. The Direction is, Face all to the right. This Figure stands as the Body is in Motion. Wheel Front and Rear into the the left Flank right Flank. the right Flank Front and Rear. the right Flank Midst. Centre. THis divisionall wheeling of the Front and Rear, into the right-flanke; doth Not●, that if the length of your Bat●e●●, be double the num● r of your depth; as in this figure then this wheeling of front and rear into the right or left-flanke, doth quadruple their forme● depth. If the number were equal, in lengto and depth; then by this wheeling, they would be but doubled. If the number of your length, exceed more than double your depth, by so much the more, will the extension of the depth be, beyond quadruple, etc. quadruple the depth: as may appear by this figure, which before the Motion began, contained but eight in depth: But this wheeling being perfected, makes them 32. namely, if you direct the Aspect of the Body, either to the right or left; after the Motion is ended. If you observe this wheeling, it doth divide the Musketeers on the left-flanke: the one half of them, wheeling to the Front; the other half, to the Rear: all the Musketeers of the right-flanke, wheeling together into the midst. The pikes are likewise divided; those that were the Front-halfe-files, are in the midst of the Front-division of Musketeers; and those which were the Reere-division of pikes, are in the midst of the reere-division of Musketeers. This wheeling may be to singular good use, for the making of some forms of Battle. But I forbear now to treat concerning figures and forms of Battle, reserving them to be spoken of in their due places: and come now to show the way how to perform the Motion. The Command therefore being given, to wheel Front and Rear into the right-flanke, than the first thing the Soldiers are to do, is to face to the right. That done, they wheel together about the fourth and fifth men in the right-hand-file: which is the halfe-file-leader to the front, and halfe-file-leader to the rear. You may easily perceive how, by the figure: where the Reere-division wheeleth to the left; and the front-division, to the right: until the bringer-up of the right-hand-file, meets in the midst with his file-leader: the second, with the seventh; the third, with the sixth; the fourth, with the fifth. etc. For the reducement of this figure of Wheeling, there are many ways: according as the Body may be faced. But first conceive, as if they stand faced the same way as they were before this Motion began. And then the wheeling of front and rear into the left-flanke will reduce them; when they are faced to their leader. Or if you will, face them that way which they wheeled in the Motion; which was to the right: then wheel your flank into the rear; when being faced to their proper front, they are reduced. And so, in like manner, should you face them to some other part; they might be otherways reduced. The next wheeling will be the same to the left, as this is, to the right: where notwithstanding that the Motion be all one, yet it shall differ in the placing of the men. For before I begin the wheeling, I will pass through all the Musketeers, from the left flank to the right: by which means the Body will stand, as appear by the square figure following. From whence I will begin the next wheeling. CHAP. LXV. Of wheeling the left Flank, into the midst of the Battle. The Command is, Wheel Front and Rear, into the left Flank. The Direction is, Face all to the Left. depiction of 'left Flank wheeling' THis divisionall wheeling, of the Front and Rear into the left-flanke, is, in like manner, a doubling of the depth. For the nature of the Motion, it is altogether like unto the wheeling next before: differing only in the flank; and after that the body is faced to the left, the wheeling is to be performed, as wheeling the flanks into the front. But by reason that before the Motion began, all the Musketeers were on the right-flanke: by this wheeling, they are brought to the front and rear. For the Aspect being directed the same way, it was before the Command was given, the depth willbe 32, as in the other figure. For reducement, the ordinary way is to wheel the front and rear into the right-flanke. O● if upon any occasion, you have faced your Body to the same way they have wheeled (which was to the left-flanke) and would give your Command from thence; Then let them wheel their flanks into the Rear. This done, the Commander passing to his first front, and facing them to him: they are as when this last wheeling began. Then cause the four files of Maskettiers, to face to the left; and to pass through to their places. Lastly, do but close them to their due distance, in rank, and file: and they are perfectly reduced. CHAP. LXVI. Of wheeling Front and Rear, into the midst of the Battle. The Command is, Wheel both Flanks into the Front and Rear. The Direction is, Halfe-files, face about to the Rear. THis divisionall wheeling of both flanks into the front and rear; doth double the depth: making them from 8 deep, 16. It doth likewise transfer the Musketeers, from the flanks into the front and rear: making a division between the front half files, and rear half files. So that of one body, flankt with Musketeers, it maketh two, each having their Musketeers in front. This figure, (as most others, as well face, doublings, countermarches and wheelings) is here set forth as the motion of each presents itself in the execution; few of them being shown, as they be when they are executed. And I conceive it the better way, as well for expression, as apprehension: to show the work as it is in doing, rather than absolutely performed. For the way how to perform this wheeling, take these directions following. The Command being first given, (as aforesaid) the first thing the Soldiers have to do, is for the halfe-files to face about, and then the front half files, and rear half files wheel at one and the same time: The front division, wheeling about their two innermost fileleaders, which are figured with the numbers of 8 and 9 until the fileleaders of the right flank meet together in the midst, with the fileleaders of the left flank: as you may easily perceive by the figure showing the motion; the rest of their divisions, orderly following them. The halfe-files, also being faced about; the bringers up, in like manner, wheel together: being now the leaders of the motion, in the rear, as you may perceive. This being done, if you please you may face them all to their leader, (whom suppose to be at the place of his first front) and then command them to close their divisions: which being performed, all your fileleaders are in the two innermost files of the front division, file-wise, and all the Bringers up, in the rear division of the same files. For the reducement of this figure, if you will, face them to either of the flanks, and command them to wheel both flanks into the front and rear, when facing them again to their proper front, and closing their division, they will be as at first. But if you would make use of some other wheeling, to reduce it, then take this in the following Chapter. CHAP. LXVII. Of wheeling the flanks into the midst of the Battle. The Command is, Wheel front and rear into both Flanks. The direction is, Face to the right and left. THis divisionall wheeling of the front and rear into both flanks, may also be termed a doubling of the depth: by reason that from 8 deep, it maketh them double numbers. By this motion, the Musketeers which before were flankers, are now transferred into the midst, between the front and rear of the Pikes. And whereas in the other figure, the wheeling was about the two middlemost fileleaders, and Bringers up; this wheeling chose, is about the two half fileleaders of the outmost files of each flank. In the other wheeling, the fileleaders and bringers up, made the innermost file: in this, the innermost file of each flank, as you may easily perceive by the figure. This motion being performed, it leaves a large Intervalle (or division) from front to rear, between the flanks: which if the Commander pass into the midst, between each division, and face them all to him; causing them to close their divisions, and to march forth into his first place, (directing their aspects the same way) then will the Pikes be in the front and rear. For the reducement of this Figure (of wheeling) to its former posture; you may face the body to one of the flanks. Which being done, command them again to wheel front and rear into both flanks; when being faced to their former front, and having closed their division, they are reduced. But if you would make use of some other wheeling, for reducement; then wheel both flanks into the front and rear; and they are as at first: having faced to their leader, and closed their division. And thus as briefly and as plainly as I could; have I run through the several motions and grounds; for the disciplining of a foot-company. And although I neither can, nor hope to give satisfaction to all; yet I shall entreat the better qualified, that where I am wanting, there they will supply my defects with their goodness. Or if it so happen, that I undergo the censure of needless superfluity: I would have such to make use of so much of it, as they shall think fit for their own turns: and to leave the residue unto such as may have opportunity for to use it. THus Courteous Reader have I passed the grounds And various motions of the Infantry, Where thou mayst gain the skill, cost others wounds, Though from a young one of th' Artillery. Read and consider, if thou nothing gain, I ask as little from thee for my pain. If thou the distances dost well peruse, The several face and the doublings too, The Countermarches which of course ensues, And then our wheelings which we lastly do. These being practised, learned, and understood, The benefit turns to thy Country's good. These, like the vowels, are in number five, With which me spell all words that can be named▪ So with these motions we all forms contrive, And from these grounds are all our figures framed. Then frame thou no excuse, but learn to know them, And with as free an heart as I do show them. Now next of all I should some firings show, But lest perhaps I hold you over long, I think it fit some respite to be stow, Lest that our Soldiers think I do them wrong. So please the Reader but to pause the while, And see our Leaders exercise their files. For now each Leader is so courteous grown, He strives to bring another to his place. But they as modestly would keep their own, And each prefers his follower to the grace. So please you then but wink at the digression, And you shall see each Leader by succession. CHAP. LXVIII. Of making men fileleaders successively, the files being eight deep. IN the making every man in file, successively leader according to their first standing: may as well and easily be done in great bodies, as by single files. Yea and with the same words of Command and direction, as you may perceive by the Table, where the figures of number show the succession of each man's leading. The words of Command which produce each leader, being placed in the Columes beneath. In the first Column of the Table, the file stands as at first; with his proper file-leader in front: each man having his right place. The rest of the files, demonstrating the places of the men, according to their standing; upon the making of every several file-leader. The Commands are figures, which produce the like leaders. The front of each file, as they come to be Fileleaders; successively. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 1 4 3 6 5 8 7 3 4 1 2 7 8 5 6 4 3 2 1 8 7 6 5 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 6 5 8 7 2 1 4 3 7 8 5 6 3 4 1 2 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The several words of Command, which produce each File-leader. 2 Ranks to the right double. Files 3 Fileleaders and half-file-leaders stand, the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves before your Leaders. 4 Ranks to the left double. Files 5 The first Rank stand, the rest pass through to the right, and place yourselves before your Leaders. 6 Ranks to the left double. Files 7 Countermarch Front & Rear into the midst, than face to your Leader. 8 Ranks to the left double. Files 0 Then face about or Countermarch your Files, and they are as at first. The first, are the proper leaders of the files. For to make the second lead, if there be but one file, than file rank two to the right: if there be more files, than ranks to the right, double, and files to the right, double. By which means, the second man is become leader of his file: every man being disposed, as you may perceive by that file, whose leader is the figure of 2. To make him that was the third man, leader, let fileleaders, and halfe-file leaders stand: & the rest pass through to the right, & place themselves before their leaders. Thus will the file stand like that, led by the figure of 3. For to make him that was the fourth man leader; Ranks to the left, double; and files to the left, double: whereby the file will stand like that, led by the figure of 4. For to make him that was the fifth man, leader, let the first rank stand; the rest pass through to the right, and place themselves before their leaders: by which means the file will stand like that, led by the figure 5. For to make him that was the sixth man, leader; double your ranks to the left, and files to the left, double: and then the file will stand, like the file led by the figure of 6. For to make him that was the seventh man, leader of the file; Countermarch front and rear into the midst, and face them to the former front: whereby the file will stand like that led by the figure of 7. For to make him that was the eighth man, lead the file-ranks to the left, double; and files to the left, double; and the file will stand like that, led by the figure of 8. For to reduce them, cause the first rank to stand; the rest to advance forwards to the right, placing themselves before their leaders. CHAP. LXIX. Of making men fileleaders, successively: the files being but six deep. SOme will be inquisitive to know for what use the making of leaders by succession, serveth? or whether it be not a mere Curiosity? to which I thus answer. That it is not only pleasant, but profitable. Pleasant to the leader of a file: who having sufficiently exercised his file in Postures, to give some time of respite, or delectation, for the recreating of their almost tired spirits, brings each man, successively, to lead the file by proper words of Command. And lastly, reduceth each man to his former standing. It must needs be profitable and much available in discipline, when the skilful Commander can thereby (with much ease) change and interchange: bring what ranks he pleaseth to lead in front; and exchange them afterwards for others; yea, and lastly, at his own pleasure, bring the proper fileleaders again into their places. This following table, shows each man's several place as they stand; still being altered, according to their various Leaders. By the figures of number (which are placed over the heads of those Columes, wherein are writ the words of Command) understand that those words under the figure of 2. are to make the second man, file-leader. Those words, under the figure of 3. make the third man, leader. And so forward for the rest. The front of each file, as they come to be Leaders. 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 1 2 5 6 5 3 4 6 1 3 4 4 3 1 6 4 3 5 6 5 2 1 2 6 5 4 3 2 1 The words of Command, which produce each several Leader. Files 2 Ranks to the left double. 3 Half-files double your Front to the right, Files to the right double. 4 Facc to the Rear, or let the first rank stand, the rest pass through, etc. 5 Ranks to the right double, Files double your depth to the right. Files 6 Ranks to the left double. 7 Face to the Rear, and they are reduced. The first man, is the leader of the file. For to make the second man, leader; Command, file rank, two to the left. If there be more files than one; ranks to the left, double; and files to the left, double; which makes the second man, leader; every man in the file being disposed, as you may perceive by that file, led by the figure of 2. For to make him that was the third man, leader; command half files, double the front to the right, and files to the right, double; by which means, the file will stand like that, led by the figure of 3. For to make him that was the fourth man, leader: Face to the rear, and then he leads. But if you will keep the same front; command the first rank to stand, the rest to pass through to the left: placing yourselves before your leaders. Thus will the file stand like that, led by the figure of 4. For to make the fifth man, leader: command, ranks to the right, double; and files to double their depth to the right entire: by which means the file will stand like that, led by the figure of 5. For to make the sixth man, file-leader: cause ranks to the left, double; and files to the left, double; and then the file will stand like that, led by the figure of 6. For to reduce them, there needs no more but face to the rear: notwithstanding if you would have the front the same way, the Command is, the first rank, stand; the rest pass forwards to the right: placing yourselves before your leaders. For to make six men, successively leaders, by six words of Command, besides Face. The first is leader: for the second file, Rank 2▪ to the left, and files to the left, double. For the third, Countermarch front and rear into the midst: and face to that part which was the rear. For the fourth, face about to the right. For the fifth, countermarch front and rear into the midst, and face to that which was the rear. For the sixth, rank two to the right; and files to the right, double; face them about, and they are reduced. CHAP. LXX. Of drawing the Files again into a Body: and preparing them for a skirmish. BY this time (me thinks) I hear the Drums beat a Call: which summons each file-leader to his place: every man observing his order, both in rank and file. The Officers having taken their due places; the Captain and Ensign in the front of Pikes, the Lieutenant in the rear; the Sergeant on the flanks, the Drums on the front and rear Angle s of the Pikes: as you may perceive by the square figure next following. Now the Drums beat a march, the Ensign flying at the head of the Pikes; the Pikes and Muskets shouldered, marching at their distance of order in file, at open order in rank: presently by a sign from the Captain, the Drums beat a preparative: the Ensign furl-up, retiring into the midst between the Pikes; the Pikes advance, the ranks close forwards to their order; the Musketeers makes ready, and every man prepares himself for Battle or Skirmish. And here the Eyes of the Drum must be very vigilant, to observe his Captain or Commander; that by the least sign, either of his hand, leading-staf●e, or whatsoever else he carries, he may either continue his charge, retreat, or else charge home: and every Soldier ought to be so well trained and practised, that in the time of Battle, he may receive ample instructions from the sound of the Drum. The Body drawn into a square: with the Officers in their places. Thus many Officers may serve for a larger Company, if the soldiers be expert and skilful: and to the contrary, they are all too few, if they be raw and unexperienced. I have seen some Companies, which have been so absolutely ignorant, that each man would have needed an Officer, to have kept him orderly in his place. Nevertheless I make no doubt, but that by the careful oversight of the Lord Lieutenants, the good assistance of their Deputies, and the diligence of the Captains, and their Officers, this fault will quickly be amended. And this might easily enough be done, if that those which are owners of Arms, would but meet one hour or two in a fortnight (at their best leisures) and practise the postures of the Pike & Musket first, and the motions, and firings, when they are more expert. If any shall object, That how ever this may be done in Towns and Cities, yet it cannot be in the Country Villages. I answer, That if they meet not above four, six, or eight in a place, although they have no Officer to instruct them, yet by conferring, and trying, and often practising, they will begin to carry their Arms with more ease; and to use them with more delight. Neither need they to be altogether ignorant, seeing there are diverse printed portraitures of the postures of each Arms: as also books, whereby they may have very ample instruction. By which having attained some little skill; they will not be contented, until they have better improved it by the instruction of their Officers: after which they will prove better proficients in one hour, then as they were before, in a year. CHAP. LXXI. Of firing by forlorn files. The manner, and use. BEfore I enter upon forms and figures of Battle, be pleased to observe with me, that all firings, are either direct or oblique: notwithstanding that the forms are full enough of variety, occasioned (most times) by the situation of the place; the order of the enemy, and the number of men: with other Political observations, for the gaining of wind and Sun. For the manner of firings, they are sometimes advancing against an enemy: sometimes receiving the enemies charge upon a stand; or else retreiting. Otherwhiles, we give fire in the Rear, marching from the Enemy: or in Flank, marching by an enemy: and it may so fall out, that the enemy may charge in several places at once; as in Front, and Rear; or in Front, Rear, and Flank. Of which particulars, I will severally treat, desiring to give content to all, not making the least question but that benefit may accrue unto some. And therefore hoping that the courteous and best qualified, will accept of my good meaning; and not refuse my cates, although presented unto them in earthen vessels: whereby I shall be induced with more willingness, to proceed in my intended discourses, so you be pleased to favour me with your better opinions; neither rashly condemning me of prodigality, for enterprising a work of such consequence as this; nor too suddenly accusing my simplicity, for preferring my rush-light before the Sun; when others suffer their Torches to burn out in dark lanterns: whom I confess to be far more able (were they but half so willing) to have imparted of their Talents, to the benefit of their Country. But seeing that they will not vouchsafe it, and that I, like bold bayard, have adventured thus far; I shall (with your good favour) proceed. And first I will begin with firings in front; advancing, and standing: and so to the rest. And for the more clear expression of each firing, I will deliver them both in words and figures. The first whereof, shall be a firing by forlorn files: which commonly is used in our exercise, two manner of ways: One way is, for the two outermost-files of each flank of Musketeers, to march forth, being led on by the two junior Sergeants, so far as by the superior Commander shall be thought fit; who being there to stand, the foremost ranks are to give fire; wheeling off, both to the right, or to the right and left (if it be so commanded) and to place themselves in the Rear of their own files, the rest of the ranks firing, and doing of the like, until they have fired once or twice over, according to their directions. This done, the next two outmost-files of each flank, are to march forwards unto the place assigned▪ and to do the like: those files which formerly faced, in the mean time trooping back, and placing themselves next the pikes, on the inside of the divisions of Musketeers: the rest of the Musketeers (in like manner) marching up, and firing: still placing themselves next the pikes, as aforesaid. When they have fired all over, and placed themselves according to these directions: they are reduced, as at first. A second way of firing by forlorn files, may be after this manner. The outermost files of each flank, are led forth by the Sergeants; according to the charge until they have brought them unto a fit place for execution: and then they command their files to rank inward, and to present, and fire all together: as you may plainly perceive by the figure following. The first two files, having ranked i●●ard, presented and fired, are to wheel off to the right and left: following their leaders in single file, and placing themselves on the inside of their divisions of Musketeers next the Pikes; the next outmost files, which followed the first in the rear in the mean time ranking inward, firing and wheeling off, as before, and placing themselves next the Pikes. And so forwards for all the rest of the files: still marching up, and doing the like, so long as the Captain or Commander shall fee fitting. These kind of firings (and all such like) are either for the beginning of skirmishes, before the Bodies come within shot one of another, or to provoke the enemy to battle, to draw them from their Trenches, into some ambushment, and other such political ends, the number of men which march forth upon such designs, nor the manner are not always certain, but consists sometimes of more, sometimes of fewer, according to the number, time, and place. CHAP. LXXII. Of firings by two Ranks, ten paces advanced before the front: Next, even with the front; and lastly, even with the half files. Advancing of two ranks to fire, ten paces before the front, is most commonly used, when one or both Battles march against each other: the Musketeers being led forth by two ranks together, ten or twenty paces, before the front of the body; that so they may come near enough to do▪ certain execution. A Sergeant from each flank leading up the two foremost ranks, (according as they shall have order) the first rank of each flank is to present and give fire, wheeling either all off to the right, or to the right and left, as you may perceive by the following Figure. The first ranks having presented, fired, and wheeled off, (as aforesaid) are to march close down in single file, within three foot of their own flanks, until they come to the Rear of their own divisions: where every man is to place himself in the rear of his own file. The second rank being at the distance of three foot, behind the first rank, when they first took their ground: they likewise are to rest their Muskets, mounting their muzzles clear of their Leaders, and so to stand with their matches cock●, and pans guarded, that so they may level and fire as soon as their Leaders are clear of them, and wheel off, in like manner placing themselves as they were before. The next two ranks are to begin to advance forwards, when they see the last of the two former ranks, presented ready to fire. And they also having fired, wheel off as the others did before them. And so, successively the rest of the ranks advancing, fire and wheeling off again, placing themselves according to former directions. This way, they may give fire, once or oftener over, as the enemy doth advance; or the Commander shall see fitting. All this while that the Musketeers advance so far before the front, (if the body be upon march) the Pikes may be shouldered: but when the bodies come within twelve score, or less, than it is fit that the Musketeers give fire even with the front of the Pikes, and that the Pikemen, advance their Pikes, and close forwards to their distance of three foot, that so they may be even in rank with their Musketeers, as you may perceive by the following Figure. Now the Pikes being advanced, and the ranks closed forwards to their due distance of order, the Musketeers are to present, even with the front, every rank successively moving forward, until they come to be even in rank with the first rank of Pikes, there to give fire, and to wheel off to the right and left, trooping, file-wise, down close to their own divisions: and taking their places in the rear, as in the former figures. The first rank of Musketeers having fired, and wheeled away, the next ranks are to move forwards at three * The three motions are, Blow your Coal●, Open your Pan, Present Breast high. You are to blow your Coal●, stepping forwards with your left foot. Open your Panel stepping forwards with your right foot▪ Present, stepping forwards with your left foot. The 〈◊〉 a●e to bepetfor●●d, hand and foot together, by every one that advanceth 〈◊〉 to ●iv● fire, without expecting anydirecti●●● in time of Skirm s●. motions, into their places; and there to give fire after the same manner: wheeling away again, and placing themselves according to former directions, every rank still making good their Leaders ground. In this sort the battle may be continued, until they have fired once, twice, or oftener over; and that the Bodies become so close together, that the Pikes begin to port, and so at length come to push of Pike. Which done, the Musketeers are to give fire, either retreiting, or else not to advance further, than the half files of Pikes. For in that place (the bodies being come so near together) they will do as much execution, as if they were even with the front. The manner of the standing, you may perceive by the following Figure. The Pikes being now come to push, the Musketeers are to advance no further than the half files of Pikes: that (so they may do execution with their shot, and be out of danger of the Pikes. This having attained, they are there to present, and give fire; every rank still moving forwards, and maintaining his leaders ground. After they have performed their firing, they are to wheel off by division, as in the former Figures: still placing themselves in the rear of their own files, always taking their directions from the Drum, either for charging or retreiting, etc. The battle or charge being ended, the reducement is easy. The leader of each file, being in his place at the head of his file; command the Musketeers to march up, even with the front of pikes; and then they will be as at first. Observe withal that when the firing is to be performed, even with the front; then the Musketeers are still to make good their leaders ground. The want to be in the place of most security (which is the Rear) as you may perceive by the pricks, which I have designed, for noting out the empty rooms of such, who have closed forwards to make good the ground in the front: the others that last fired are wheeled off, and trooping down into their places. When the firing is even with the halfe-files, they are to do the like: unless the Drum beat a retreat; for then, the Musketeers neither advance, nor retreat: but every rank giving fire on the same ground, they stand: and then wheel off again, that their fellows may do as much. Nevertheless when the forlorn files march forth, or that two ranks march forth, ten paces (or more) before the front: then they are to give fire, as upon a retreat: unless the enemy fly. I will now show some other ways of firing in front; before I show the firings in the rear. The first whereof, shall be the horn Battle: as in the Chapter following. CHAP. LXXIII. Of the Horne-battell; how to make it: and to reduce it by firing. THe Horn-battell may be for the same occasion and use, as the firing by two ranks ten paces advancing before the front: and is by some held more serviceable, because that the musketeers do their execution more roundly, without any intermission of time: and keep themselves without straggling from their bodies. Besides, the wings of Musketeers being so advanced, are more apt for over-fronting, and more easily to be wheeled; whereby to charge the enemy in flank; each of these wings, or divisions, are to be led up by a Sergeant (or some other superior Officer) unto the place appointed by the Chief. But because that it may be performed in time of exercise, by the intelligible Soldier, observe the Command which produceth this following figure. Pikes, stand; Musketeers, march; until the Bringers up, rank with the front of Pikes. The Horne-battell. The figure being perfect, the firstranke of Musketeers, present and give fire wheeling off, either all to the right; or to the right and left (according as they shall have direction) and placing themselves, orderly, in the Rear of their own files. The next rank (after the same manner) firing and wheeling off, and placing themselves behind those, which were their leaders. Thus is every rank, successively▪ to do the like: until they have all given fire. If the Commander would still preserve, and continue the same figure; then let the Musketeers still move forwards, into the ground (or place) of them that fired before them: and the form will be still the same. And if by the Chiefetain it be found necessary, that after once or twice firing over, the shot should flank their pikes; then the Musketeers, must not advance into their leaders ground; but, to the contrary, every rank is to present and fire on the same ground they stand: and that so soon as they are clear of their leaders. Or if need be, the pikes may advance and march up, to make their front entire: which being done, the fileleaders of Musketeers being in front, they are reduced. CHAP. LXXIIII. Of the Demie-hearse Battle: The use of the figure; how to make it, and to reduce it by firing. THe next firing in Front which I present unto you, is the Demie Hearse: which is a figure most firm, most solid, and most stable, yea, and doth as much execution, as any of the former: and that with half the danger. For the pikes in the former figure, they either rank even with the front of Muskets: or else, the division of Musketeers being open, they become liable to the danger of the enemy's shot: themselves not being able to do any thing, either offensive or defensive. But, to the contrary, in this figure, they are securely covered by their own Musketeers: until they approach nearer to the enemy. Whereby they may be able to do some service; either by sending their showers of arrows amongst them, for bringing their array out of order, or else, by closing nearer, come to the shock, and so try the fortune of the day. But not to hold you longer in circumstance, take the words of command: which produce the figure, as followeth. Pikes, stand, Musketeers, advance before your Front of Pikes: and close your Divisions. The Demic-hearse. For the firings on this figure, they may be diverse; yet I shall content myself only to show two of them: The first is, that the Musketeers may at the discretion of the Commander, give fire in front: and so wheel off by division (or all to the right, as shall best please him that commands in Chief) placing themselves in the Rear of their own divisions and files of shot, which is just before the front of pikes. The next ranks then moving forwards into their leaders ground, are to present, fire, wheel off, and place themselves after the same manner: the rest of the ranks of Musketeers, doing the like, until they have all given fire: which firing, doth nothing alter the form or figure of battle. Having fired once or twice over this way, the second firing shall serve for reducement: which is indeed the firing intended to be expressed by this figure. And that I may by words, the more clearly explain the work, take these directions following. The first rank having given fire, are to wheel equally off by division: each part falling file-wise down, close by their flanks of Musketeers: until the leaders of the ranks of Muskets come down as low as the first rank of pikes; which being performed, they are to face outwards, and to move so far forth in a straight line, until they have ranked even with the first rank of pikes. But herewithal are they to observe, that they must leave an Interval between the innermost-musket of each flank; and the outermost-file-leader of the pikes. So soon as the first rank hath given fire and wheeled away, the second rank is to give fire, wheeling off, as before, and passing down between the Intervals on the flanks: placing themselves after their leaders. The same is every rank successively to do, until all the Musketeers are drawn from before the front, and placed on the flank of their pikes. But when there are not above two ranks of Musketeers to give fire, than the pikes may port; and when the Musketeers have fired, and are wheeled away, they may charge. And lastly, the pikes being re-advanced, the body stands reduced, as at first. CHAP. LXXV. Of giving Fire, advancing, by way of Introduction: with the beneficial use of the Bow and Pike. I Shall next offer to your perusal, a figure of Introduction: which is a passing through or between: Being a firing by way of advancing against the enemy, and of gaining ground. I will not dispute how useful it is; but sure I am, it is overbalanced with danger. As for such whom I have seen to practise it, they have rather used it for variety, in a well experienced Company, then for any known excellency it hath in itself. But if these lines happen to be over-lookt by any, that preserves a better opinion of this firing by introduction, than I do: I shall be willing to leave them to their own liking, while I in the mean time proceed to show the manner of the execution, which is usually one of these two ways. The first, when the Motion is begun by the second rank from the front. The other, when it is begun by the Bringers up. Nevertheless you must note▪ that your files of Musketeers must be opened to their open order; before the firing begin: that so, the Musketeers may pass between the Intervals of each file, to give fire in the front. And therefore take the words of Command and Direction; which will produce this Figure following. Musketeers, make ready to give fire by introduction to the right. Files of Musketeers, open by Division to your open order. This firing by introduction may be thus performed. The Pikes being flankt with their Musketeers, the first rank of each flank, present and give fire: having fired, they stand and make ready again in the same place. The second rank passing forwards before the first, do there fire and stand: the third rank then passing forwards after the second, and standing even in rank with them that first fired; that so soon as the second rank hath fired, they may quickly step before them, and fire in like manner. In this firing, still the rank which is next to fire, stands even in rank with them which last fired; until those which stand presented, have likewise given fire: after which they then pass before them; the Rank which was their next followers, passing forwards and ranking with those which last fired: every man following his Leader successively, until the Bringers up give fire, & stand, and then the Figure will become a Horn battle. All the while that this firing by Introduction, is continued, the Pikes may be shouldered (if there be no fear of horse) or otherwise at discretion. If you continue this firing twice over; the Musketeers will have their right places: which being done, march up your Pikes, to rank even with your Musketeers in front, and they are reduced. For the other way of firing by introduction, the first rank (or fileleaders) are to give fire as before, and to stand, the last rank (or bringers up) in the interim of their firing; marching up, and ranking even with the second rank: the rest following their Bringers up; as they do when Bringers up double their front. The first rank having fired, the Bringers up step immediately before them; present, and give fire; the rest still, successively, doing the like, until every rank have given fire once over. Observe withal that the fileleaders are to give fire twice over: being the first & the last & then to stand, the Pikes marching up, even with their front of Musketeers. And thus they are reduccd, as at first. The Pikemen, all the time of this firing, do no service: Notwithstanding, if one half of them had bows fastened unto their Pikes (being able and well practised men) they might, whilst the Musketeers are in firing, be dealing of their doles about: and although their arrows did not happen to wound mortally, yet the whistling noise, the terror of the sight, and the several hurts (which could not choose but be many) would be a great abatement to the stoutest courages. And great pity it is to see, the lusty Pikeman poorly to drop down by the Musket-shot; himself not being able to hurt his enemy at that distance, nor defend himself. CHAP. LXXVI. The way to make the Diamond Battle: several ways to fire upon it: with diverse other figures and firings, which are thereby produced. THe Diamond Battle is also a firing in front; though more for show, then modern service; yet because that some hold it in venerable respect, I thought fit to place it amongst the rest; leaving every man to his liking, either to use it or refuse it. It may be that some will look, that I should make the Shear Battle; the Wedge, the Saw, and many such like: which might be made either hollow or solid. But I shall entreat such to spare me; for I would not willingly spend time to so small purpose; choosing rather to insist on Figures; more profitable for them, and commendable for me. Yet if any man have a mind to practise any of them, by observation of this Diamond Battle, he may easily make them. But not to hold you longer with circumstance, the words of Command, and direction, which are for the making of this Diamond Battle, are as follow. First cause your Musketeers of the right flank, to open to the right, to a sufficient distance: for receiving the Muskets of the left flank. Then command the Musketeers of the left flank, to pass through into the space of ground on the right. This being done, for to make the Figure, Command. Files of Musketeers, rank 1. 3. 5. 7. etc. by increase, to the left. Files of Pikes, rank by decrease after your Musketeers. The Musketeers may fire on this figure, diverse ways: though I only intent to speak unto two of them. The first, is the most usual way: and that is, the giving fire in rank; the first man (or point of the Diamond) first giving fire: then wheeling off to the right, and placing himself just behind the single Pikeman, in the rear. Then, the next rank being three men, give fire; wheeling off by division: and placing themselves in rank, behind the single Musketeers, as they were before the firing began. This done, the rank of five Musketeers, gives fire; wheeling off, in like manner, by division▪ ever observing, that where the number is odd, & they command to wheel off by division; there the greatest number, always goes to the right. And so, in like manner, the ranks give fire, successively; and place themselves after their leaders, as before. When all the Musketeers have given fire, and are wheeled off; then charge Pikes, which will be fifteen in the first rank; the rest decreasing, Having advanced your Pikes, your figure will stand like two wedges, with their points joined, as you may perceive by this Figure next following. If you would reduce your men from this Figure, without firing, (your men being sufficiently expert) let the Musketeers stand, and Pikes face to the rear: and so the wedges will stand faced in opposition. Next, command them to interchange ground: the Musketeers advancing forwards, into the ground of the Pikes, and the Pikes, moving into the ground of the Musketeers; and then by facing the Pikes to the former front, the body will stand in form of a Diamond again. If you would give fire from this Figure (all the Musketeers being in the rear) the body must face about: and so the firing will be contrary to the former. But if you wheel them about, they may give fire the same way. Howsoever, they having given fire, are to wheel off by division, and to place themselves in the rear of the Pikes, even in rank again, as they were when they gave fire. Thus having all fired over, and wheeled away; the Pikes may charge: and being again advanced, the body will stand in form of a Diamond▪ and this I pray you to conceive, for I intent not to remake the Figure. The second way of firing on the Diamond figure, is by way of Countermarch▪ and is an oblique firing. For whereas in the other firing by ranks (in the Diamond Battle) each rank fired by increase of two (beginning with one, and ending with fifteen in a rank) this firing, chose, begins with 15. and ends with 1. still decreasing 2. For this firing, your files must be at open order, because the Musketeers must countermarch down between the Intervals of their own files to the right: every Muskettier that finds himself without a leader, being to present and give fire: and then to countermarch to the right, and to place himself in the Rear of his own file, behind the pikes. When the first 15. have fired, than the next 13. present, fire, and countermarch, still placing themselves in the rear of their own files. Next there fireth 〈◊〉 th●● 9 etc. for still there fires ●o many, as are 〈◊〉 of any leaders. And in this manner of firing, they that fire together, stand neither in rank not file, bu● obliquely. When all the Musketeers have fired▪ and ●●e 〈◊〉 into the Rear of their own files; let the pikes charge: and so the form of your battle, will be like a long wedge: as you may perceive by the following figure, where now your Ranks are become 2. and 2▪ of a number. Your men standing in form aforeshewed, if you please yet to be more curious, face them all to the Rear: and command your Musketeers to march ten or twelve paces. Your pikes to stand, and your Musketeers will present you with an hollow wedge▪ and your pikes with a solid wedge. Lastly, to reduce all these several forms into the first proper square battle: first, let the solid wedge, close forward, into the hollow of the other: then, let the Musketeers make ready, present, and fire, as before. That is to say, every Muskettier that finds himself without a leader, is to give fire, and to countermarch to the rear of his own file, the rest doing the like, successively. When they have all fired, and are countermarcht clear, let the pikes charge: and then your body will have the form of a Diamond again. Next, face them all to the Rear; and command, Ranks, file 8. to the right. Which being done, pass through the Musketeers which belong to the left-flanke, into their places; and close the Musketeers of the right-flanke to their due distance: and so they will stand, all properly reduced. CHAP. LXXVII. Of the Convex Half Moon; The use of the Figure: and of several ways of firing upon it. THe Convex halfmoon, or semicircular Battle, is a form both good and useful; which the time, the number, and place (with other circumstances) may make either beneficial or prejudicial. Wise Captains and Commanders ever foreseeing with providence, what forms or figures may be most profitable and available, for the present service. This Convex figure may be useful, either at the landing of soldiers in an enemy's Country, or for necessity (the enemy being more able in horse) making use either of hedge, ditch, wood, creek or River; to secure the Rear. For the figure itself, it may be made many ways; either with the Musketeers outermost, or innermost, or lined, etc. as pleasest he Commander. It may also be made in a regimental way, or after the way of a small and private Company: But because I have only in this my small Treatise, taken upon me to show the postures, motions, and figures, which are most usually done in a small Company (although many of them, yea the more part, may be very fit for larger Bodies) I shall content myself to sail in so small a bottom, not desiring to put on more sail than will suffice for the bearing of so small a burden. Wherefore my request shall be, that every courteous and skilful Pilot that shall come aboard this small Bark; will be pleased neither to launch it into the main, lest it be swallowed in the Surges▪ nor to expose it to the danger of shelves, rocks, and sands; lest it suffer shipwreck for want of good guidance, but so to steer it, that it may safely arrive at its ●●sir●d Harbour: wherein they will both honour 〈…〉 expressing their virtues, and gratify 〈◊〉 by applying each motion, figure, and form, to his right use, and true intention. I will now show, how the figure is to be made, which is as followeth▪ If yo●● Battle be in form of an Hearse▪ then 〈◊〉 them to the right or left about; until they have atteined this figure. But if in a square, then observe these following words; which will produce the figure. Wheel your Flanks into the Front: then face the Body to one of the Flanks: and wheel your Battle into a Convex Half Moon. The Convex Half Moon. Having brought your Soldiers into this Convex form, you may face them all inward, for speech; or outward for fight. Then let the Officers make Intervals for the Musketeers; and let the outermost Arc, or first rank of each division, present, and give fire: those of the right flank, wheeling off to the right; the left-flanke, to the left; placing themselves in the Rear of their own divisions of Musketeers; still making good their leaders ground. The rest of the ranks are to do the same: until they have all given fire. Nevertheless, if your enemy be too potent for you by reason of his horse, your Bow-pike-men need not stand idle; although they stand behind their Musketeers: for that they may ply them faster with their shafts, than the others can with their shot. But if the horse be so violent, that the Musketeers may not abide them; then let them give fire, and wheel off by division, as before: passing quite through their Intervals, and placing themselves in the Rear of their pikes: every rank making good their leaders ground. Thus also are the rest of the Musketeers to give fire, placing themselves in the concave part of the Body, as aforesaid: following the pikes which now make good the Musketeers ground. If need be, the pikes may charge over-hand: or if occasion serves, at the foot, drawing forth their swords, over their left arms; and couching down their heads: by which means the Musketeers may give fire, over their shoulders. For the first rank having fired, may kneel down on the ground, and charge again: and so the second rank may give fire, and kneel in like manner: making ready again. And so in like manner for all the rest: all giving fire, and kneeling on the ground; that so the next rank behind may give fire over them. Thus continning the firing, until all the Musketeers have given fire. Nevertheless if need be, the first rank may rise with the rest, and give fire over again, as before. And so the Battle may be continued; the Pikes still keeping off the horse. For the reducement of this figure, & to bring every man to his place: let your Musketeers (either firing, or passing through) be brought into the places they were in, before they first gave fire. Then face the whole Body to one of the flanks; and march them until they have evened their ranks, and straitened their files. This done, then if all your Pikes be on the right flank; wheel your right flank into the midst; if on the left flank, wheel front and rear into the left flank. This being done, let the Commander pass to his proper fileleaders; and face the whole Body to him, and they are reduced as at first. CHAP. LXXVIII. Of Extraduction: the several uses, firings, and Reducements. THe next Firing which I shall take upon me to demonstrate, shall be by way of Extraduction: which is also a firing in Front. It may be to singular good use, in a straight or passage sage where your Wings and Rear may be secured: your enemy being supposed to be too powerful for you, either in Horse or Foot, or both. Having gotten into some strait, there fill the mouth of the passage with your Pikes: and if the length of your Company be not sufficient to do it, then double your ranks (as in this following figure) and let your pikes either order, advance, port, or charge: according to the occasion; your Musketeers being in the Rear, may march up into the Front, and fire. But before I show the firing, observe these following directions, which produce the Figure. Pikes stand, Musketeers face to the Rear, and March u●till you are clear of your body of Pikes; Then face inward, and close your division: that being done face to your Leader, and double your Ranks. This being performed, the Pikes are all in front, the Musketeers in Rear. A firing by Extraduction. Having ordered your bartell in this manner, let the first rank●●f Musketeers (which are those that follow next after the Pikes) face to the right, and march forth (file-wise) to close by the right flank of Pikes, until he that is the leader of them, be come into the front of Pikes, than he is to lead them quite cross the front of Pikes; until he have attained the further part of the front to the left; which being done, they are all to stand, present, and give fire. You must note withal, in this firing, that he which was the right hand man of the Rank, and was the leader of the ●●tion, now becomes the left hand man, when he gives fire; and that having fired, they are to wheel off to the left, close to the left flank of Pikes, and so to fall in the rear of the Musketeers. In the interim, whilst that the rank which first fired, is wheeling away, the second rank is marching into their places to give fire. And in this manner they may maintain their Battle, so long as they please: the Pikes either porting or charging all the while. The Musketeers in the time of their crossing the front, are to couch, or stoop under their Pikes; that so they may be no impediment to the Pikes in their charge. There is another way of firing ●y Extraduction, which is, that the right hand leader of Musketeers, placeth himself before the right file●eader of Pikes: the rest all falling beyond him: nevertheless because I conceive it not to be so good a way as that already shown, I will not trouble you with it: but come immediately to the ●educement of this, which is as followeth. Command your Pikes to stand, and your Muskets to double their front by division: but if you want room to do it, than first double your files 〈◊〉 the contrary hand of that, which you doubled your ranks; and so having doubled by division, as aforesaid, they will be reduced, as at fi●st. CHAP. LXXIX. Of the Broad-fronted Battle: with the ways of firing upon it. THe broad-fronted battle, must needs be of special use; for many occasions, either offensive or defensive. Which because it is so apparent to all, I shall not need to stand to reason with any; rather desiring to show the manner of making and reducing it: which is ●s followeth. 'Cause your Pikes to stand, and your Musketeers to march: until the rear rank of Musketeers be advanced a little before the first rank of Pikes; then let the Musketeers face inward, (or in opposition) and close their divisions; and then face to their leader. And if you would bring more hands to fight, double ranks to any hand, and the body (for form and number) will stand like the figure here next following. But the speediest way, and (I think the best) I am sure with expert Soldiers, is to wheel both ●lanks into the front, which is the way intended by this Figure. For the manner of the firing itself, you may partly perceive that there are intervalles made for each division, to wheel off to the right, that so they may either fall in the rear of the Musketeers, & there continue the firing; or else fall in the rear of the pikes, & be thereby secured from the horse. It may be done, one or both ways: according to the occasion or discretion of the Commander. Nevertheless, before I show the firing, observe these words of Command, which produce the Figure. Wheel your flanks into the front, Face to your leader. The broad fronted Battle. The first rank having presented, and given fire, let them wheel off to the right: all passing down the Interual●es to the right, and placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers. The Musketeers making good their leaders ground; and the next ran●es firing, wheeling off, and placing themselves as before. Having fired once or twice over this way, a second way may be, to place themselves in the rear of their Pikes; either standing, or advancing: the Pikemen in the mean time, clouding the clear sky, with their airy Armoury. The Musketeers having all given fire, and placed themselves in the rear: if need be, the Pikes may close their divisions, and charge over hand: and if the enemy shall still press forwards, the Pikes may charge at the foot: the Musketeers giving fire over them, etc. For reducement, there are diverse ways by firings; but because I would make every thing so plain and easy, that those that read for instruction, may receive benefit, it hath caused me to reduce each figure by itself: and not to multiply one upon another, whereby to make them too ambiguous. And therefore, if you make this Figure by wheeling your flanks into the front; and then fire, as aforesaid: the reducement may be, either * Note that the second firing will cause the body to f●ee to the rear, which then becomes a front accidental, and is the cause that the same command reduceth the figure which first made it. to fire them over again, and so to fall into their former places: and then to wheel your flanks into the front again, and lastly, face about to the right: and they will be as before. Or else, if you would reduce them without giving fire over again, then command your Musketeers to double your front by division: that done, wheel both flanks into the rear: then face to your leader, and command your Musketeers to double your front by division again: and they are as at first. If I should proceed to show the many and sundry ways of firings, which may be done in front: my Book had need to have as many leaves, as lines: and yet all too little. But that I may keep myself to my promise, and my Book to its compass: I will next come to show some firings in the rear: and amongst my divisionall firings, I shall insert some other sorts of front firings, which here I have omitted. CHAP. LXXX. Of dismarching, or firing in the Rear: the several ways, and how they ought to be performed. HAving so long maintained Battle in the front, I will now face them about, and see how they will behave themselves upon their firings in the rear. Which kind of firings, may be very beneficial and serviceable, many ways. For by keeping an orderly march, and firing in the rear, the eager enemy, (by a too hasty pursuit) may be disordered. Or if it so happen (as many timesit doth) that you have a disadvantageous place to embattle on; by this firing you may march away: still preserving your order and array, until you have brought your adversary into some ambushment, or such like inconvenience. For the manner of coming of the firing, it must either be by facing about, wheeling about, or countermarching: the Pikes are to be shouldered. The figure followeth. A firing in the Rear. The Body being upon a march, if the enemy appear in the Rear; let the last rank of Musketeers, face about, and give fire, wheeling off, by division, file-wise marching up toward the Front, and there placing themselves before the foremost rank of Musketeers: (the outmost man of each rank, being Note upon all firings in the Rear, Blow your colt; stepping forwards with your right foot. Open your p●n, stepping forwards with your left foot present to the R ere, stepping forwards with your right foot the leader up of those which have fired) where first taking their places on the outside, the rest wheeling about them, and ranking even with them on the inside; ever observing, that they rank even with the second rank of pikes. The rest of the Musketeers also doing the like: and in this manner to continue the firing, as occasion shall require. Nevertheless, of all the figures and firings, that ever I have seen, this hath been the worst performed in all places; which might easily be amended, if the Soldiers would observe this following order in their execution: namely, when the last rank of Musketeers have presented to the Rear, and are giving of fire; the rank which marched next before them, do then blow, open, and present, at three motions▪ still keeping along even with the Body, until that, (lastly) they present to the Rear; by which time, the rank that last fired, will be wheeled away. The next rank, so soon as the other hath presented, is likewise at 3. motions, to do the same: and so, successively, for all the rest; every rank observing, upon each ranks firing, to lose one; and to march one rank nearer, to the rear of the Battle: that so that part, may still be kept absolute. This giving of fire towards the rear for service, is to be continued; according to the quality of the place, the occasion for fight; and the discretion of the Commander. In exercise, we commonly do it but once over; and then (if you please you may make Alte) and face your Body about, giving fire over again: and charging your pikes upon it: if need so requireth. Notwithstanding, if the horse shall still continue to pursue you in the rear, you having gained some straight or place of advantage, may wheel your flanks into the Front, than face to the rear, and with your charged pikes, defend your Musketeers: which (the body being so wheeled) will be in the rear. The body standing in this form, the Musketeers may sleeve up by way of Extraduction. The manner, you may perceive in the Chapter which treats of that figure. If the horse still press forwards, cause the pikes to charge at the foot; the Musketeers giving fire ●ver them, as in the Convex half Moon. Lastly, to reduce them, having thus fired, command them to wheel their flanks into the from, and to face about after their proper fileleaders, and they are reduced. Sometimes, we give fire in the rear: having all our Musketeers marching in the rear of the pikes. For the manner of the motion, it is as before: but for placing of the men, after they have fired; it may be different. As, to wheel off by division, placing themselves in the front of the Musketeers, next behind the rear of pikes. Or if the body be large, to wheel all off to the right, through Intervals▪ and so to march into the front of pikes. Or else, they may wheel off by division, flank their pikes, and so fire over again, as before. If you have brought your Musketeers (by firing) to the Rear, before the front of pikes; then to reduce them, you may either wheel the body about, and give fire in front, causing your Musketeers to fall off by division, and to flank their pikes, as you may perceive by the figure of the Demie-hearse. Or else, if you will reduce them without a firing, cause your Musketeers to open to the right and left: and the pikes to march up in the miast: after which, facing all to your Leader, they are as at first. I might have shown a Figure for each of these several firings in the rear: which would have delivered them with more variety: but I conceive that this here already expressed, may suffice: especially this being the ground of what may be spoken. Concerning firings in this nature, many men are of many minds, about this firing in the rear. Some will have it, that the last rank, shall at one motion, face to the rear: and there present, and give fire. Others will have it at two motions; but either of them have their inconveniences. For however they pretend a more sudden execution, they are decerved: for would they make trial, by causing the Musketeers of one of the flanks, to give fire at one motion; and the Musketeers of the other flank, at three motions, (as I have here set down) they should soon find, that the firing upon three motions were the best: and that the other would be cast so far behind their body, that they would be in some danger to be cut off. Besides this, they are longer in clearing themselves from their own men, which all the whilst must stay, until they are marched off: or else kill them, in stead of the enemy, whereas in this other firing upon three motions, they still keep along with their Body, doing their execution more suddenly and more safely. Nevertheless, there be many so much wedded to ●heir own wilful opinion, that they will more willingly persist in known error, then be seen to alter what they have seemed to maintain. But leaving such to steer by their own compass, I will here conclude my firing in the rear. And the next I show, shall be firings in flanks: to which purpose, I pass all my Musketeers to the right flank. The words of direction for it, are these. Musketeers of the right flank, open to the right, or face to the right, and march. When they have opened to a sufficient distance, then stand. Musketeers of the left flank, pass through between your ranks of Pikes, to the intervalle on the right flank: then stand, and face all to your leader. CHAP. LXXXI. Of firings in flank, in general; and more particularly, of the gathering firing. THe Musketeers being all on the right flank, (as in the last Chapter is directed) it would be needless to make a Figure, whereby to demonstrate the standing of the body▪ seeing that none can be so ignorant, but must needs know that all the Musketeers being upon the right, the Pikes must be upon the left. Nevertheless, I shall endeavour to show what is meant by firing in flanks. Which (for the general) are of these two kinds. The first is, when the enemy skirmish with us in flank as we march: the other, when as by some sudden attempt or ambushment, the whole body is engaged, and so forced to stand, and to face to the right, or left; or both. By which face, the flanks become fronts accidental, and their firings will be after the same manner of the firings in front. Wherefore seeing I have already spoken sufficiently of them, I will now show firings in flank, marching: the particulars whereof, are as followeth. The first is for the outmost file to give fire, and stand until the next file have fired, which by some is called the gathering firing. Secondly, firings in flank, and leading them up, between the Musketeers and Pikes firing; in flank, being led off by the bringers up: firings in flank, sleeving up on the contrary flank of Pikes: firing in flank, and drawing them up between the innermost files of Pikes. All these firings in flank, are to be performed upon a march, the Pikes are to be shouldered. Our first firing in flank, followeth. The Command is, Musketeers, give fire to the right: and gather up your files. This kind of firing on the flank, I have seen and known used, by many good and able soldiers. Nevertheless, in my opinion, the men stand in a great deal of danger, when having given fire, they can do no good; but stand like so many marks for their enemy's shot. Notwithstanding, it may be that such whom I have frequently seen to use it in their practice, may be able to render good reasons for the service; though as yet I cannot conceive it. I will therefore surcease any further prosecution my opinions, and show the manner of execution: which is to be performed as followeth. The Command being, to give fire to the right, presently the outermost file to the right, faceth outward, and presents: the rest of the body, still marching forwards. Then the presented file, gives fire, and stands facing again to their first front. By thattime, the body will be marched clear of the standing file, than the next outermost file, presents and fires; in like manner: the body marching as before. Having fired, they in like manner face to their first front, and stand; a Sergeant leading up the file, that first fired on the out side of the file that last fired. Then they both stand together, until the third file hath given fire after the same manner. And then the Sergeant leads up the two files, even with the third, which last fired. And after this manner, the ●●●es of Musketeers face to the flank: and give fire, successively: and stand, until the Sergeant leads up the rest of the files which fired, even with the front of the file, which last fired. Thus having all fired over, they are to march up again, even with the front of Pikes, and this reduceth them, as at first. CHAP. LXXXII. The second manner of giving fire to the flank. IF you would fire in flank, a more secure way, than that last shown: take this way of firing. And this shall be full as serviceable, for matter of execution, and shall far precede it, in way of preservation: both in securing the Musketeers (after they have fired) from the danger of their enemies shot: as also in continuing the body entire, without separation. It is especially useful, when two enemies are divided by a River, or by some such like means secured from the incursions of the horse. For then, by this way of drawing the Musketeers up between the innermost file of Musketeers, and the outermost file of Pikes to the right: your Battle may be continued, according to the occasion or the Commander's discretion. The Figure followeth. The Command is, Musketeers, give fire in flank: marching up between the Pikes and Muskets. The way to perform this motion of firing, is as followeth. The outermost file being commanded to face to the right, and present: the rest of the body marcheth away (as in the other Figure) and the standing file, gives fire. This done, and that the body is marched clear of the standing file; the next file presents to the right: & the file that first gave fire, faceth to the first front, and is led by a Sergeant, cross the rear of Musketeers, and up between the Muskets and Pikes; the Musketeers are still to open to the right; as they march, that so there may be room for one file to march up between them, and the pikes. And so (successively) each file having fired marcheth up next unto the right flank of pikes. When all your Musketeers have given fire once over, they are reduced as at the first. The battle may be continued, at discretion. The next firing in flank (for the matter of firing itself) will be all one with this: but for the manner of the wheeling off, and placing them, it will differ. CHAP. LXXXIII. A firing in Flank, led off by the Bringers up. THe next firing in flank, which I propound to your perusal, will be nothing differing for manner of execution, from the firings in Flank; formerly showed. The only difference arising between them, is, that the other files of Musketeers, after that they had given fire, were led off by their proper fileleaders; and this, to the contrary, must be led off by their Bringers-up. And this, indeed, if the body be upon a slow march, is the readiest and quickest way: and doth more speedily secure the Musketeers, after that they have given fire. The words of Command and direction, which produce the firing, are as followeth. Musketeers, give fire to the Right: wheeling off, after your Bringers up; and placing yourselves between your Divisions. For the manner of execution, or way to perform this firing, it is as followeth. The body must be conceived to be marching; upon all these firings in flank: and that with their pikes shouldered. This being presupposed, the Command being given, the outmost-file presents to the right, and giveth fire: then faceth to the right, after their bringers up; who leadeth them off, cross the rear of Musketeers, marching them up between the divisions, the bringers up supplying the fileleaders place; and marching even in rank in the front, with the fileleaders; the file-leader of the same file, becoming the bringer up in the Rear. The files of Musketeers, or Pikes (according as the command shall be given) are as they march, to open; thereby giving way to the Musketeers, after they have fired; to come up between the divisions, and so soon as the first file that fired, is clear from the right flank; the second file, presents and fires: in like manner wheeling off, as before, and marching up between the Pikes and Musketeers; every file, successively, giving fire, and wheeling off as aforesaid. This firing may be performed, once, twice, or oftener over: according to the discretion, of the Commander. Nevertheless, if it be twice performed, the men are reduced as at first; every man having his right place. If you fire them but once, or thrice (or any odd number of times) over, than you must countermarch your files of Musketeers to reduce them. There is another way for the bringers up to wheel off: and each of them to lead off his file; until he comes to the Rear of the division which is between the Muskets and the Pikes; and there he is to stand, and rank with the bringers up, the rest that follow, passing on forwards, by way of Introduction, and every man ranking before him, that was his leader in the wheeling off; until the proper file-leader be come into his place again. And after this way, they may give fire; each firing being his own reducement. CHAP. LXXXIIII. The difference between Firings in Flank, marching: and of bringing the Musketeers on the outside of the Pikes. ALL, or the most part of the firings in flank, which are performed marching; in point of execution, are the same: the especial difference between them, being ●ither in the manner of the wheeling off, after they have fired, or in the material placing them, whereby to make them more offensive or defensive. And all this appeareth by this next following firing: which is to be used at such time and place, when as there may be doubt of the enemy's horse: And, therefore, for the more security of the Musketeers having fired; they are to be drawn up on the outer-side of the left flank: if haply there may be some hedge, ditch, river, hill, marish, wood, or such like convenient safeguard; whereby to shroud them from the fury and violence of the horse; that so the pikes making Alt, and facing to the enemy, may charge, and with their armed points (strongly and closely couched) receive and abate the fury of the first shock. And if need be, the pikes may all charge at the foot, closely serried together, with their swords drawn, and the Musketeers may give fire over them. The manner, you may perceive in the figure of the Convex halfmoon. But lest I anticipate myself, in showing the use: I will return to shewth e manner of the firing, intended by this following Figure. Only first take the words of command and direction, which are as followeth. Musketeers, give fire to the Right: placing yourselves on the outside of the left Flank of Pikes. The outermost files having presented to the right; the rest of the body continueth the march, whilst they in the mean time, are giving fire. Which being done, and the body clear, the next outermost file, presents, the file that last fired, in the interim, facing to the left after their proper file-leader; who leadeth them cross the rear (both of Muskets and Pikes) a pretty round pace; sleeving up on the out side of the left flank of Pikes. The next file having, in like manner, fired; doth also troop up on the out side of the file, led off before every file; giving fire, and doing the like. When all have given fire, and are cleared away, than the Pikes may charge. Which is very necessary; if but to accustom the ⊙ Soldiers unto in times of exercise, both for charging on, and for retreiting, as also to push with their Pikes, that so by practice they may be able to do it, orderly, either way: still keeping their order and array. Having given fire upon the right flank, and drawn all your Musketeers in this manner to the left flank, if you will cause them to give fire on the left flank, and bring them back again to the right flank: they will be reduced. Or if you would reduce them without a firing, then either pass your Musketeers through between your ranks of Pikes, or else, let your whole division of Musketeers, be drawn cross either the front or rear of Pikes, into their places: or by division (if you please) your Musketeers▪ also, may give fire in flank: the first fire, sleeving on the left flank: the rest of the files, still falling between the Pikes: and the Musketeers which wheeled off the last before them. And this is also a very good firing, and may be reduced with doing the like back again: and many other ways, they may also fall off after the manner of the figure last shown: being led by their bringers up, either into the front, or else after the manner as is discoursed in the latter end of the last Chapter. But I endeavour, all I may, to contract my matter; left my volume should exceed my intent. And therefore I will show but one firing more in flank, upon a march: wherewith I will conclude these sorts of firings. CHAP. LXXXV. Of Firing in Flank: and placing the Musketeers in the midst of the Battle of Pikes: with other firings from thence proceeding. FIring in Flank, and bringing them off between the midst of pikes; is to be used at such time, when as you would secure your Musketeers: the place (otherwise) affording no natural convenience of succour, such as I have formerly spoken of: and therefore by this manner of falling off, where we want natural assistance in the situation; there, art ought to supply us, namely, by contriving to bring up the Musketeers between the pikes; and so to defend them from the fury of the horse. And, if need be, you may draw 3. or 4. files of pikes (more or less, according to your number or the danger) cross the Muskets, both in front and rear, which are in the midst between the pikes, which will as well preserve the Musketeers in front and rear, as in flanks. But leaving further to discourse, what may be done; I will now show how this is to be done. Only first take the words of Command and direction for the firing, as followeth. Musketeers, give fire to the Right: Marching up between the midst of Pikes. The Command being given, for the outermost-file to present to the right (as formerly in the other firings in flank) the rest of the body still marcheth on▪ until that the outermost-file hath fired, and is faced to the left again: following their leader. He now leading them off to the left, marcheth up between the middlemost-files of pikes: who are then to open to the right and left: so to give them room, to march up between them. In the mean time, the next file having given fire, wheeleth off: in like manner marching up on the left of the files, which fired last before them. And so, successively, for all the rest of the files of Musketeers, all which are to give fire, and to wheel off, as before: placing themselves still on the left of the files which last fired. Wherein is still to be noted, that the files are still to open to the right and left: and that for the receiving of the Musketeers, after that they have given fire. This firing (as all other the firings in flank) may as well be led off by their Bringers up, as by the fileleaders: and then the reducements will be answerable. The Musketeers having all fired; the pikes may charge, at discretion. The Bow-pike-men, which are in the rear of the Musketeers, in the mean time not sparing to send their showers of arrows, amongst the thickest of their enemies, and if need require, the front of pikes charging at the foot, with their swords drawn; the Musketeers may give fire over them, rank after rank; for the foremost ranks having fired, may kneel upon the ground; and there make ready again: until the other ranks behind them, have likewise given fire. After this manner, the Battle may be continued: according as occasion shall require. For reducement, and to bring the Musketeers into both flanks again, as they were before I began these firings in flank, command your pikes to face inward; and your Musketeers to the right and left outward, and so to pass through and interchange ground; then facing them to their leader, they will be reduced, as at the first. I would have the ingenious Reader to conceive, that all these firings in flank, may as easily be performed to the left: and with the same words. Only the words of right, must be changed for left: and left for right. I might have further enlarged myself upon Firings in flank: but these already expressed, may suffice for to instruct the ignorant. As for the skilful and experter sort of Soldiers, I shall rather request their approbation, then presume to write aught, which may seem to pass me with the least conceit, tending to their instructions. Wherefore, for the further prosecution of my intended discouse, I will next show some divisionall firings. And (for methods sake) I will first begin with Firings in ●ront and Rear: which may be performed either upon a march, or stand. And to that end, suppose your Musketeers to march all in front, and rear. Nevertheless, because it will not be amiss, to show with what words of command, or direction the Musketeers may be brought thither: therefore take notice from what part of the body they are brought. And if they be in the midst (as in this last figure of Firing in flank) then command the halfe-files of the Musketeers, to face about: which done, let the pikes stand, and the Musketeers march; until they are clear both of front and rear of pikes; then let them stand; and face to their leader: which being done, your battle will stand in form of an hollow square. In which hollow, may be conveyed any carriage, or such like. But if you will not have your battle hollow, then command your pikes to close their divisions; and the Musketeers will be all in front and rear. If your Musketeers be on the flank, and you would bring them into the front and rear; then after the same manner let the halfe-files of Musketeers face to the rear: and then both halfe-files of the front & rear, march until they are clear of the Angular pikemen. This done, let them face in opposition, and close their divisions: after which, having faced all to their 〈◊〉 they will be rightly placed: namely, the 〈…〉 of Musketeers before the front o● ●ikes; and the reere-halfe-files of Musketeers behind the rear of pikes. Thus will the figure of battle be in f●●me of ●n Hearse; and the Musketeers, be ready to give fire to the front and rear: either marching, or standing. But before I begin my divisionall firings, I would entreat you not to expect, that I should reduce every particular firing, so soon as it is performed; as I have done by these hitherto showed, but rather let it be suitable to your like, that I reduce firings by firings: sometimes giving fire upon a march: sometimes upon a stand: sometimes, to the front and rear; sometimes, to both flanks. I do the rather desire to go on in this way, because thereby I may express far more matter, in fewer lines and shorter time. CHAP. LXXXVI. Of firing to the front and rear, upon a march. THe Musketeers being all placed in the front and rear, (according to the directions in the last Chapter) I will now show the manner of firing to the front and rear, upon a march. Which however that it may be rare, and seldom useful in service: yet it must needs be excellent for practise. For by the often using it, the Soldier may be made capable of any firing: The Pikes, (you are to understand) are to be shouldered. The Command for the firing is. Musketeers, give fire to the front and rear: and flank your Pikes. The Command being given (as above said) to give fire to the front and rear; the first rank presents; the last rank, faceth about to the rear, and doth the like: and so both giving fire together, wheel off by division. The one half of the rank, following after the right hand man of the same rank; the other half, after the left hand man, who leads them close down by the side or flank of the Musketeers, until they come to the Pikes. The first rank of Musketeers, now ranking even with the first rank of Pikes, the last rank of Muskets, with the last rank of Pikes, leaving a sufficient intervalle betwixt them and their Pikes, for the other Musketeers to march between. And here you must note, that he that was outermost when they gave fire, must likewise be outermost, when they have taken their places on the flank. The first and last ranks having fired, and wheeled off, the next ranks, (the body marching on, three or four steps) are in like manner to present, and give fire: wheeling off by division; and passing between the divisions: there placing themselves; they of the front division, behind those which fired last before them; and they of the rear division, before them which fired last, behind them. And so they may continue to give fire after the same manner; until they have all given fire, once over. Then may the body make a stand, and the Pikes charge to the front and rear, if need be. Or if the Commander would continue his firing to the front and rear, still upon the same figure: Then let the Musketeers of the front, place themselves (after they have given fire) behind the Musketeers of their own division▪ those of the rear division placing themselves betwixt the rear of Pikes, and the Muskets of their own division: and so the body moving but flowly forwards, they may continue the firing. Having given fire to the front and rear, and flanked their Pikes: if the occasion offer, or the Commander please: they may give fire to the front and rear, upon that Figure which indeed I hold the better, as you may perceive in the ensuing Chapter. CHAP. LXXXVII. A second way of firing to the front and rear. THis second way of firing to the front and rear upon a march, may easily be performed; if the Soldiers be well and often instructed. Without which, all matters in the Art military will seem difficult: and by which, all things will be made facile and easy. I could instance in diverse motions and figures, by some reputed superfivous niceties, which were the true uses known to the Commander, and the way to execute, to the Soldier, would be found to be of singular good service. Nevertheless, because to the ignorant nothing beyond their capacities may seem excellent; many good and serviceable motions are slighted, and not accounted fit for service. But I could well wish, that some good course might be taken, that the Soldiers of our trained Bands might have a little oftener practise; that so they might be able (at least in some reasonable way) to understand and exercise, what shall be commanded them. But I have strayed from the matter. And therefore take these words of Command and direction: which being orderly executed, produce this following firing. Musketeers, give fire to the front and rear; placing yourselves between your Divisions. The way to perform this firing, is as followeth; the Command being given, the first rank presents to the front, the last rank of Musketeers, facing about, and doing the like, towards the rear: This done, they both give fire; wheeling off by division; and place themselves between the Musketeers of their divisions. Those, namely, which were of the front half files, falling into the rear of their own division; those of the rear half files (chose) falling before their half file leaders, and ranking even with the half file leaders of Pikes; the next ranks, successively, firing, and wheeling off, after the same manner. Having fired, once over, they are reduced, every man to his place. These two last firings to be performed upon a march, would seem very difficult to unexperienced Soldiers: but by often exercising, they may be made capable of these, or of any other. CHAP. LXXXVIII. A firing to the Rear and right flank, marching. HAving showed firings in front, rear, and flank, (some marching, some standing) I will show one firing to the rear and right flank, upon a march, which (without question) must needs be very serviceable at such times, as the enemy shall skirmish with the body, to annoy them in their passage▪ in flank and rear at one time. I shall not need with arguments to enforce the usefulness of the firing, for none that knows any thing in the Art military, but will ingeniously confess that for some services, it must needs be necessary. You may (if you please) give fire to the flank and rear: your Musketeers being in their ordinary places, on the flanks of their Pikes. Nevertheless, a securer way for the Pikes, will be to draw the Musketeers from that flank, which is in least danger; cross the rear of Pike-men. And this shall be the way I will observe in this firing. The words of Command and direction for this firing, are as followeth. Musketeers, give fire to the right and rear: placing yourselves between the Pikes, and your own divisions. The Command being given, to fire to the rear and right flank; the outermost file of Musketeers, presents to the right: and the last rank of Musketeers presents to the rear, and so both give fire. The rest of the Body, in the mean time, marching a reasonable pace. The right hand file, and last rank having fired; the file faceth to the left, after their file-leader; and so marcheth up between the Musketeers of the same division, and the Pikes; the rank wheeling off to the right, and placing itself next after the rear of Pikes, and before the first rank of Musketeers of the same division. If you please, you may make an Intervalle between the Musketeers: that so part may wheel off to the right, on the out side, and the other part wheel off to the right, and march up between the Intervalle into their places. The first file and rank that presented, having given fire, and wheeled clear off the body, the next file and rank, present and give fire: after the same manner, wheeling off, and taking their places, as aforesaid; and so successively, the rest (both files and ranks) give fire, observing the same order. And having given fire, once, twice, or oftener over, they are still reduced to the same they were before the firing began. Then draw your Musketeers from the rear, to the left flank again; and they will have their places as at first. CHAP. LXXXIX. Of firing to both flanks, marching. TO give fire to both flanks, upon a march; must needs be a serviceable firing, without exception: the time, number, place, and strength of the enemy, being always to be considered. which may sometimes cause the Musketeers (having fired) to march up between their own divisions, and the Pikes, as in this Figure. Or (sometimes) between the midst of the Pikes, the better to secure them. Divers other such like ways there likewise be, at the discretion of the Commander: and as the present occasion shall require them. But because I insisted (somewhat largely) upon the firings on the right flank; I shall not need to show them again, by division on both flanks; but will conclude them all in this one. The words of Command which produce the Figure, are as follow. Musketeers, give fire to both flanks; marching up between the Pikes and your own divisions. The Command being given, the outermost file▪ (on each flank) presents outward: the ●est of the body still continuing the march. The presented files (in the interim) giving fire; then facing after their proper fileleaders, who led them up between the Muskets of their own divisions, and the Pikes,) in the time of their wheeling away) the next two outermost files present, firing after the same manner, and leading up as before. The rest (successively) doing the like, until they have fired all over: which brings them to their former places. The firing may be continued at discretion, each firing being its own reducement. Nevertheless it may so fall out, that either through the fury of the enemy, advantage, or disadvantage of ground (or some such like accident) the body may be forced to make Alt, and to face to both flanks; and so with fronts accident all, to maintain the fight, standing. To which end, the firing in the succeeding Chapter, shall be of that sort. Therefore suppose the body faced to the right and left, preparing to give fire. CHAP. XC. A firing to both Flanks, standing. FIring to both flanks, upon a stand, is a good and serviceable firing. And although it show but thin, in the figure▪ yet it may be substantial and useful for the field: especially if there be a larger proportion of number, than I have made use of in my forms and figures of Battle. The words of command and direction, which produce the figure, are as followeth. Advance your pikes, and stand. Face to the Right and Left. Musketeers give fire; and flank your Pikes. The body being faced to the right and left, the foremost ranks of Musketeers (which were the outermost-files) present and give fire; and then wheel off by division; ranking even with the foremost ranks of pikes, and leaving sufficient Intervals for the rest of the Musketeers to march between them and the Pikes. The next rank presenting and firing, after the same manner, but not advancing forwards: only firing upon the same ground; and wheeling off by division: afterwards passing down between the Intervals, and so rank after their leaders. It is herewithal to be noted, that they that were outermost, when they gave fire; are likewise to be so, when they have taken their places. If these instructions be not sufficient, utrne back to the figure of the Demie-hearse: where the manner of the execution is all one with this. All the ranks of Musketeers having fired, and wheeled off, as before; the pikes (if need be) may charge, and the Musketeers give fire, over again: wheeling off outward, and placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions. Having advanced your pikes, and faced your body to the first front, all your Musketeers will be in front and rear. And then if you face your halfe-files about, and give fire after the same manner to the front and rear; having faced them again to their first front, they will be reduced (as at first) into their ordinary square. Nevertheless, I will reduce it by another firing, which was first invented and showed us, by that worthy Citizen, and excellent Soldier, Captain Henry Waller, now deceased: It is a firing in front, the Musketeers of the rear division, opening to the right and left; and sleeving up on the flanks of pikes, until the leaders of the rear division (who as then are the halfe-file-leaders) rank even with the front of pikes. The words of direction that produce the figure, follow in the next Chapter. CHAP. XCI. Captain waller's Triple firing to the Front. THis Triple firing to the Front, hath had the approbation of good and well experienced Soldiers: who have all acknowledged it to be both solid and serviceable. Bringing many hands to fight, in very good order: the pikes being securely covered by their Musketeers, in front. Neither need they be idle in time of battle, if they have any Bow-pike-men amongst them: for that they may send their whistling Archery over their Musketeers heads, without offence to their friends: though not without damage to their enemies. If any carp at the depth of the Musketeers (either in this figure, or in any other in this book) I shall request them to suspend their censures, and wisely to conceive by a little, what a great deal meaneth. My intent not being, to make my book monstrous, by having little leaves, and targe figures. Only I desire with this small number, to show the nature of several forms and figures of battle; the manner of their firings and wheelings off; their orderly placings, and several ways of reducement: not having the least conceit, to induce any to believe, that men are able long to continue battle, at four deep; although at (sometimes, and for stratagems) they may be reduced into a lesser number. But lest by digression, I too far trespass upon your patience; I will return to show the manner of the firing. Only first observe, the words of command and direction; which produce the following figure. Musketeers of the Rear, double your front of Pikes, by Division. The Command being given, the first rank of Musketeers (both of front and flanks) present to the front and give fire: wheeling off to the right and left by division. The Musketeers of the front-division being wheeled off (as aforesaid) close by the flanks of their own Musketeers, pass directly down between the Intervals: and place themselves even in rank behind the Musketeers of the rear division, which are upon the flanks. This you may perceive by the pricks, that come down between the Intervals: the Musketeers, also, that fired at the same time on the flanks; wheel also off; (the right flank, to the right; the left flank, to the left) marching directly down, even with the rear rank of pikes; and there place themselves again even in rank with the last rank of pikes. This done, the rest of the ranks (successively) give fire, and do the like: every Rank taking his place, after the rank which fired last before them; the other ranks moving one rank forwarder. The Musketeers having given fire once over; and falling off according to this direction, they will be reduced to the flanks again, as they were at the first. The firing may be continued, or the pikes may charge, at discretion of the Commander. CHAP. XCII. A firing tripartite, doing execution to the front, rear, and right flank. Figures and forms of Battle, may be infinite: according to the judgements of the Commanders, and the various workings of the diverse motions: no art nor science yielding more content, unto the studious practitioners; none more honourable and beneficial, for the good of our Country: none more neglected and less countenanced, than the Practisers of the Art military, nor none more screwed up in the places of their abiding, than those men this way affected. The rich cubbed gown men, holding it as a maxim, that Soldiers (though never so poor) yet they must be taxed in the parish books like Gentlemen. Thus much encouragement we have, for spending our money and our time for our Country's good, and this (in good time) I hope will be amended: but of this no more. The next firing being a firing Tripartite: doth execution to the front, rear, and right flank, at one and the same time. For the use, I shall refer it to the judgement of the judicious: for the instruction, how it is to be made, the words of Command and direction show it, which are as followeth. Half ranks of the left, double your right flank by division. For the direction, look back to the 27. Chapter: which treats of this doubling. Only remember to face the divisions that way which you intent they shall give fire. For the manner of the firing, it is ordinary: the foremost Rank of Musketeers (on each part) having fired, they wheel off to the right, or to the right and left: (according as directions shall be given) placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions; the next ranks, in the mean time, moving forwards into their leaders ground; there, in like manner, firing, wheeling off, and placing themselves as before: the rest of the ranks, successively, doing the like. This firing may be continued, a● pleasure of the Commander. The Pikemen (as advantage may be given) in the interim either porting, charging, or sending their fatal showers amongst the thickest of their enemies. Lastly, for reducement, face them all to their front proper, then Command, half ranks that doubled, to face to the left, and so to march into their places. For further directions, turn back to the 27. Chapter, which shows the reducement of the aforegoing Figure, etc. CHAP. XCIII. Of the Sconce Battle. THe Sconce Battle is a Figure most properly fit for a whole Regiment; at least for a larger pro portion of number, then is here expressed▪ it neither being good nor safe to divide a small Company, into so many divisions and Maniples. And yet to give satisfaction unto some, I have placed it here amongst my Figures; yea and shown the way, how to make it with a private Company. For the manner or way how to fire upon it, may be diverse. The Musketeers being so placed, that they may give fire to the front and rear, to the right and left, or to all four together, at the discretion of the Commander. If your Musketeers give fire to the front and rear, (every rank making good his leaders ground) than the Figure will still continue the same. If they give fire without advancing into their leaders ground, than the Musketeers will rank even again with their Pikes: and the Figure will become an hollow cross, the Musketeers making the Angles. The words of Command and direction, which produce the Figure, are as followeth. Half files of Musketeers, face to the Rear. That being done, Command all the Musketeers to march to the Angles of their Pikes. Next cause The two first and two last ranks of Pikes to stand. The rest to face to the right and left; and march, until they are clear of the other pikes, then stand. Lastly Command The two first and last ranks of Pikes, which did not move, to double their Files to the right. These words of Command and direction being executed, perfect the Figure, as followeth. Many and several are the firings, which (with some little alteration) may be drawn from this Figure. Nevertheless not to spin out time with discourse, the firing now intended to be shown, is to be performed to the front and rear. To which purpose, the one half (both of Musketeers and Pikes) are to face about to the right; there presenting and giving fire: those of the right flank, wheeling off to the right; the left flank to the left; and placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions. The next rank still moving forwards into their leaders ground; the other ranks (successively) doing the like. After this manner, the firing may be continued, and the Figure still preserved. For reducement. First, face them all after their proper fileleaders. Secondly, cause the front and rear divisions of Pikes, to double their ranks to the left. Thirdly, command the Pikes of the flanks, to face, in opposition; close their divisions, and then to face after their leaders. Next, command the Musketeers of the front division, to face to the rear. Lastly, command the Musketeers (both of front and rear) to close their divisions. And then being faced to their leader, they are perfectly reduced, as at first. CHAP. XCIIII. Of firing by three files at once; two of them standing oblique, the other direct. WHen I began the forms and figures of Battle, I noted all f●rings to be either oblique or direct; and now for satisfaction to the curious, I shall insert two or three oblique forms amongst the rest. The first whereof, shall be a Firing to the Front by drawing forth the outermost file on each flank, obliquely (or the innermost, as shall seem best to the Commander) until the bringers up of the files, stand even with the right and left angle-men, over the front of pikes. They may also bead● a file of Musketeers, cross the front of pikes; when having placed and faced them (as they ought) for execution, they will stand in manner of this following figure. The two files of Musketeers which were led forth, having obliquely presented inwards, and the file drawn cross the front of pikes, being presented direct Rank-wise: upon the first Command, they are all to give fire together, and then to face after their bringers up; who lead their files directly into their places. This done, they face to their proper front again; the other files (in the mean time) leading forth after the same manner. These having done their execution, are to return into their places: being led off by their bringers up (as is aforesaid). The rest of the files, after the same manner, firing and returning: until they have all given fire; and then they will be all reduced, as at first. CHAP. XCV. A firing oblique, by four files together, in form of a W. ALL the commendations, that may be given of these oblique Figures, is that they pour out a great deal of shot at once; and may quickly be reduced to their places. Notwithstanding, they are a great weakening to the body, if any sudden accident should happen before they are settled in their former stations. Nevertheless I shall leave them to themselves; and if they be found to hold out weight, I shall not grudge that I have given them room amongst the rest. But if they prove too light, let them be as lightly respected, yet bear somewhat with them, for their antiquity. The way to make the figure, is as followeth. The two innermost files of Musketeers on each flank, march forth (each of them being led by an Officer) until they have taken their places. Then the Officers that led forth the two middlemost files, are to return to their places again; the Sergeants that led forth the outermost files, standing to see them do their execution. Yet before the Musketeers have order to give fire, observe the manner of their standing, by the following Figure. The Musketeers having presented, according to their directions; they give fire all together; and then suddenly facing after their bringers up; march down into their places; the next two files of each flank, in the interim of their marching away, are to move forwards to their ground: where they are, in like manner to give fire: and then to take their places, as aforesaid. The rest of the files of Musketeers (if you have more) must then move forwards, and do the like. And in this sort, may the Musketeers give fire, once, twice, or oftener over: each firing, being a reducement to itself. CHAP. XCVI. Of the Fort Battle; the way to make, and to reduce it. THe figure of the Fort-battell, is an oblique firing: and taketh its denomination rather from the 〈…〉 the strength of a Fort. It's chief use, is for the entertainment of some great personage or Commander in the field: who being received into the midst of the divisions of Pikes; the Musketeers may present and give fire, altogether in one volley. Or if they would have the Musketeers give fire, one after another; then the volleys by succession (which some call the Peal) will be the best. If there be more Musketeers, then will serve to make up the figure single; they may also give fire with the rest: presenting obliquely between the distance of their leaders. The way to make this figure, is as followeth. First, draw forth the outmost files (of Musketeers) on each flank, in form of an hollow wedge, before the front of pikes. Then, cause the next two outmost files, to face about; and to follow their bringers up, in the same form to the Rear. Then, let the last two files of Musketeers (on each flank) be drawn after their fileleaders, in the same manner and form, to the flanks. The Musketeers being thus ordered, and all presented obliquely outwards, command the two first, and two last ranks of Pikes, to stand; the rest of the Pikes, to face to the right and left: and so to march, until they are clear off the other pikes which stand. Then, command the Pikes which moved, to double their files to the right. Lastly, command all the Pike-men to face outward; each division of Pikes, after their hollow 〈◊〉 of Musketeers. Or else, let them face all inward to the Centre▪ and then the Body will stand in form of the following figure. Having fired upon this figure, there is no manner of wheeling off: because the form is still to be continued. But when you come to reducement, first face all the Pikes to their proper front, (that is, unto the place, where you find the proper fileleaders. Secondly, let the Pikes which are flankers, double their ranks to the left: and so close their divisions. Then the Pikes will be reduced. For the Musketeers, first command those on the flank, to lead up their files in their due places, close to the Pikes. Next, command the Musketeers of the rear, to sleeve up on each flank by division. Lastly, command the Musketeers before the front of Pikes, to face after their bringers up, and to march down into their places. Lastly facing to their leader, they are all reduced, as at first. CHAP. XCVII. Of the cross Battle; the way to make it with a private Company. How to fire upon it: and to reduce it. THe Cross Battle, though it must needs show thin, (in regard that the number is not sufficient, to express the worth of the Figure) yet may the form be very useful, with a larger body, and the Musketeers may give fire, two, three, or four ways at once upon it: Yea, if the number were as opulent, as the Figure is excellent, than they might fire twelve several ways together. This notwithstanding, I spare to speak further to what may be done; and come to show what I intent in it. Concerning this Figure, the ways to fire upon it, are ordinarily two. The first, when the Musketeers give fire, and then place themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Muskets. The second way is, after that they have fired, to place them in the rear of their Pikes: the Pikes maintaining the Musketeers ground. The words of Command which produce the Figure, are as followeth. The two first ranks, wheel your front into the midst. The two last ranks, wheel your rear into the midst. The rest of the body, face to the right and left: and so march, until the reere-Angles meet. Then let the Commander go into the midst, (or Centre) and face the whole Company to him: giving tm such direction, as is meet. Lastly, being all faced about to the right, the body will stand like the following Figure. This cross Battle being faced to the front, rear, and flanks, and the Musketeers commanded to give fire: one way of placing them, is, in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers; for that hereby, the Musketeers will still continue their places. For the second way, after that the first ranks have given fire, let them wheel all off to the right (or to the right and left, if the number be large) and place themselves in the rear of their Pikes, each rank moving forwards, and maintaining their leaders ground. The second rank, in like manner, is to fire, and to take their places after the Musketeers, which fired and wheeled off last before them. The rest, successively, are to do the like, until all the shot have fired, and are wheeled away again. Then let the Pikes charge, etc. If any object, that it is dangerous to have so large distance between the fronts of each firing: then, if you have files enough, yo u may draw two or three files of each Arm; cross the divisions from the Angle of one front to the other: and so facing of them outward, they will make reasonable good defence on those parts, etc. Having given fire upon the cross battle, and brought your Muskets to the rear of the Pikes: if you would reduce them, pass into the midst of Centre of the Figure, and face all (both Musketeers and Pikemen) to you; and cause those which were the flankers, to close their divisions. Next, wheel the fronts into the midst of the two other divisions: then move to the front proper, and face the whole body to you, and so you shall have all your Musketeers in the midst; flanked with Pikes. If you would reduce them into their right places, command the Musketeers to face to the right and left outward, the Pikes to face to the right and left inward: and so to pass through, and interchange ground: thus being rightly faced, they are reduced. CHAP. XCVIII. Of the hollow-fronted Cross Battle, how to make it with a private Company: and the way to fire upon it, etc. THis next Figure, shall be of the hollow-fronted Cross; which is a stronger form, than that last shown, and yet thus much let me warn you of, that there can be but little expectation of strength to be perceived, in Battles form with so small a number. This notwithstanding, the ingenious Martialists can easily discern those things, which in war may prove most useful for his own, and his Country's benefit; although they are here expressed to the public view, in so mean array, and in such thin numbers. Wherefore, setting aside all Apologies and excuses, I will briefly show the words of Command and direction, which will produce the following Figure. The two first ranks, wheel your front into the midst. The two last ranks, wheel your rear into the midst. The rest, face to the right and left: and march until they have made the perfect Cross. Lastly, cause the Musketeers to flank their Pikes: according to this following Figure. The several directions for firing upon this Figure, may be diverse. But to avoid distraction, I will show only one way; and that directed to the front, rear, and flanks. Nevertheless (for variety's sake) you may cause them to give fire, once over, wheeling off by division, and placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions; still moving forwards into their leaders ground thereby to preserve the Figure in the same order. At the second time of firing, cause the Pikes to move softly up, even with the front of Musketeers: porting as they advance forwards. The Musketeers having fired, and wheeled off, are to place themselves in the rear of their divisions of Pikes, (whom before they flanked) every rank of Musketeers firing, wheeling off, and placing themselves, as aforesaid. Lastly, the Pikes having charged, and again readvanced, the body will stand in the Figure of a perfect Cross. For the reducement, it is the same with the Crosse-Battell, delivered in the 97 Chapter. Wherefore I shall need to add no further directions in this place, for the said reducement, then, that the flank divisions are to be closed, and the front and rear divisions to be wheeled: that the body may be again returned into a square, with the Musketeers in the middle. All this being here taught, I now proceed to show one firing with the Musketeers, in that order. CHAP. XCIX. Of firing upon the square Battle, flanked with Pikes. THe square battle flanked with Pikes, must needs be very safe for the Musketeers as being a very able defence for the flanks, against the incursions of the enemy's horse. The Figure followeth, just ●s the Musketeers are in motion. depiction of 'a Square Battell ' The ways or manners of giving fire upon this figure, are ordinarily three. The first firing is, with the Aspect being directed to the front; the Musketeers wheeling, either all off to the right; or to the right and left, as you perceive by this figure. The second is, for the Musketeers to give fire to the rear, upon a march; which they may easily do, from this figure. The third is, to give fire to the front and rear, upon a stand; the halfe-files being faced about. If the firing be performed to the front, than every rank is to march up into their leaders ground. If the firing be to the Rear, upon a march, than the ranks (chose) close backwards towards the Rear: to make good the Battle, on that part. If it be to the front and rear, upon a stand; then the Musketeers march up into their leaders ground; and those which have fired, and are wheeled off, place themselves in the Rear of their own divisions. To write further of this firing, were more than necessary, no one of these firings, any ways altering the figure, but the Aspect only. Nevertheless, if the Commander please, he may after the firing in front, wheel both flanks into the front, and so charge pikes; and from thence, proceed to other firings. If the firing were in the rear, he may wheel the flanks into the Rear; and cause his pikes to charge that way. If the firing were to the front and rear, he may wheel both flanks into the front and rear; and so charge with his pikes, both ways. Which by Captain Bingham is called Amphistomus. Before I come to reducement, I shall proceed to the next firing in the ensuing Chapter. CHAP. C. Of the Plinthium, or foure-fronted-battell; by us called the Cross of Muskets, flanked with Pikes. THe Foure-fronted Battle, is a figure both steady and serviceable: being useful as well for a march (thereby securing the carriage, and all other such like necessaries) as for fight. For if it should so happen (as it often doth) that you should be charged in front, rear, and flanks, all at one and the same time: then are there both Muskets and Pikes so placed, that each Arms is assisting to the other. For seeing that neither Musketeers nor Pikemen alone, can be singly sufficient of themselves, to withstand the able and resolute horseman (without great advantage of ground) on the contrary, the Musketeers and Pikes being conjoined into one body, and being well ordered, they are not only able to defened themselves against their fury; but also to put them to the worse. Yet this must not be understood, of raw and unskitfull Soldiers, whose ignorance is cause of diffidence; but of hardy, experienced, and well exercised men, such as know well how to demean themselves courageously, in time of fight. The words of Command and direction, which produce the figure, are as followeth. Note that all the Musketeers must be in the midst, and the pikes on flanke●, when you begin to make this figure. If your Musketeers be on the flank when you make it, than the cross will be Pi●●s, and the Angel's Musketeers, etc. Halfe-files of Pikes, face to the Rear, and march until they are clear of the last rank of Musketeers. Secondly, command, Halfe-files of Musketeers, face to the right and left, (then) march between the divisions of Pikes. Thirdly, command, Left halfe-ranks of the first division of Muskets, face to the Rear, and march between the Rear divisions of Pikes. Lastly, Having evened their ranks, straitened their files, and closed their divisions to an equal distance, and being rightly faced; the body will stand like the following figure. The Plinthium is a hollow Square Battle; fronted four ways; the number equal, in length & depth. Another kind of Plinthium, is to have the depth exceed the length; the light Arms to be placed in the miost of the hollow part. See the Ta●●ic● of Aelian, the second Books, the notes of the forty two Chapter. The manner of the firing, may easily be apprehended by the figure; the Musketeers giving fire in rank, and wheeling all off to the right: do then pass down their Intervals, under the favour of their pikes; and placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers; the pikes charging at discretion. Having fired, once, twice, or oftener over, and still maintaining the same ground, the figure will continue to be the same. If the rear part of the battle, were by any means secured; so that you need give fire but three ways, than the front-halfe-files of Musketeers, might have been preserved entire. This Plinthium, or foure-fronted Battle, may as well be made with the Musketeers in the Angleses: the pikes making the cross; this kind of Command, always making the cross of the Arms, in the midst of the Battle. After that you have given fire at discretion, upon this figure, and charged your pikes, if you would reduce them to the first square, command the whole body to face to the front proper. Secondly, command the Musketeers in the rear, to march up on the left of the Musketeers in front: the pikes being first opened, to give them place. Thirdly, cause the Musketeers in flank, to face inward: and to close their divisions. Lastly, cause the pikes to march up; placing themselves right after their leaders. This being done, the body will be brought again into a solid square, flanked with pikes. I forbear further to reduce them, until I show the next figure. Yet, for further satisfaction to any that shall require it: command your Musketeers to face to the right and left outward; the pikes, to face inward, and so to interchange ground; and then being rightly faced, they are reduced. CHAP. CI. Of the Hollow Square for March. Sundry forms there be which go under the denomination of the hollow Square; and very diversely they may be framed. Some are hollow, impaled with pikes; the pikes, again, girdled with shot: Other Squares, are made with shot, and they impaled with pikes. Some, again, with divisions of Musketeers and pikes: orderly mixed with an hollow in the midst. A fourth sort is, when each Arms are divided by themselves: as when the pikes make the front and rear, and the Musketeers the wings. A fifth way is, when the Musketeers lead in front and rear; and the pikes make both the flanks. All these ways are very necessary and useful; as the time, occasion, or place shall give cause; or the judgement of the Commander shall see fitting. Nevertheless, the hollow battle which I now intent to demonstrate unto you, is especially useful for a march: whereby to secure the carriage, as likewise to preserve the sick and wounded; it may also serve, for the Commander to consult with his Officers or to make any speech or Oration, to the Soldiers. Or the Ensign may in sign of triumph, display his Co●●urs in the midst: upon a march after Skirmish. The way to make this figure (the Musketeers being in the midst) is as followeth. First command the Halfe-files of Musketeers, to face to the rear: Then command all the Musketeers to march, and the Pikes to stand. When they are clear of the front and rear of the Pikes, let them stand▪ and face all to the front proper: and it produceth this following figure. If you would give fire upon this figure, to the front and rear, it may be done marching. But, more properly, standing; by facing the halfe-files (both Musketeers and Pikes) to the rear. Then the command being given, to present, and give fire; they wheel off. by division: placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers; each rank moving forwards into their leaders ground, and doing the like. If you should give fire, and not move forwards into your leaders ground; then the Musketeers would fill the hollow in the midst; between the Pikes. Nevertheless, suppose the figure still to continue to be the same. Because I will now come to the reducement: and the rather, for that I have not done it, since I began with the Hollow-fronted Cross. But now (so please you) I will reduce all, by a firing. And to that end, first close your divisions of Pikes; and then the Musketeers will be all in the front and rear. Secondly, cause the halfe-files (both Musketeers and pikes) to face to the Rear. Then, cause the Musketeers (both of front and rear) to give fire; wheeling off by division, and flanking their pikes. When they have fired all over, the Pikes may charge: who being again advanced, and all faced to the front proper, they are all reduced (as at first) into the ordinary Square, flanked with Muskets. CHAP. CII. Of the hollow Hearse, and the Cross. THe Hearse-Battell, by the greeks called Orthophalanx, (as in Aelian) is, when the depth doth manifold exceed the length, thrice at the least. It may be made, either solid or hollow, at the discretion of the Commander. And notwithstanding that this Figure (simply of itself) hath ever been accounted weak (as bringing but few hands to fight) nevertheless being conjoined with the Cross, it may prove serviceable. True it is, that being expressed by so small a number, the strength of it cannot so evidently be discerned: which, were the number more, each division would appear to be the stronger, both for offence and defence. But I have only taken upon me, to show the several forms and figures of battle, which may be form, and practised by a private Company: as having limited myself, not to exceed the number of 128 men. Wherefore my request must be, that the Courteous Reader, when he shall find that any Figure for want of number, shall look thin, (or poor) he will there be pleased to cloth it in a larger number: for that thereby the Battle will appear the more solid, and the beholder become the better satisfied. This Figure may be useful upon a march, for a Convoy: the hollow parts thereof, being very commodious, to secure the carriage: the men also are very well disposed to help and assist each other, in whatsoever part it should happen them to be assailed. The words of Command and direction which produce the Figure, are as follow. Wheel front and rear into the left flank. That done, face them as before, and the Musketeers will be in front, midst, and rear. Next, open the Musketeers in the midst, to the right and left, and cause them to double their ranks to the left. Then cause the front-halfe-files of the front division of Pikes, to open to the right and left: and the rear halfe-files of the rear division of Pikes to do the like. Then, having evened their ranks, and straightened their files, and being faced to their leader, the body will stand in form, like this Figure. If so be, you will give fire upon this Figure, you may do it any way, or every way. If you give fire to the front, rear, and flanks; then let your Musketeers wheel all off to the right, and place themselves in the rear of their own divisions. If you would still preserve the Figure, then let every rank (before they give fire) march up into their leaders ground. Having either marched, or skirmished upon this Figure, (or both) and then would come to reducement, First, face all the whole body to the proper front, and cause the Pikes that are flankers, to face inwards, and to close their divisions. This being done, cause the Musketeers which are in the middle part of the Battle, to double their files to the right. Secondly, let them face inward, and close their division. Next, let them face all to their leader, and wheel front and rear into the right flank▪ which being done, and they faced again to the front proper; they will be reduced into the ordinary square; the Pikes being flanked with the Musketeers, as at first. CHAP. CIII. Of the Hollow Square, girdled with shot. THe Hollow Square Girdled with shot, is a Figure to be used at such times of necessity, as the Commander shall see occasion: who well knowing, that he shall be enforced to fight, having found some commodious advantage or ground, draws forth his battle into this form and array. The use whereof is, that within the hollow parts of it, he may convey such of his carriage, or whatsoever else may not prove useful for the strengthening of some part of the battle. Having drawn his men speedily into this form, lest that the enemy should take the advantage, to break their order by entering at any of the Angles, they are speedily to cast up a Rampart of earth, in each of those parts of the Angleses. Or if they have not time, (or that the ground be not fit) they may supply that defect by placing some of their Wagons, Carts, or other of their Carriage, so orderly, that it may be sufficient to fortify those parts, which are the weakest. This Figure, may be as well made with the Pikes foremost: but because that the Musketeers may more commodiously fight before their Pikes, and with less danger to their own body: therefore I conceive it fittest, at first to place them in front of their Pikes. And if the enemy shall too hotly press them with his horse; then, at the discretion of the Commander, they may safely retreat behind their Pikes; the Pikemen making good the ground of the Musketeers. For better satisfaction, observe the direction to make the following Figure. First, command a Sergeant to draw forth all the * Note, that the odd files on the right flank, are the outermost files to the right; the third file, the fifth file, the seventh, & so forward for the rest, if the 〈◊〉 be larger; beginning your account from the outermost file, to the right. Note, that the odd files on the le●t-flanke, are the file● the third, the fi●th, the seventh, etc. so still accounting the odd files, beginning with the outermost file to the 〈◊〉▪ odd files of the right flank, (both Musketeers and Pikes) and wheel them to the left, cross the front. That being done, command the odd files of the left flank, (as well Musketeers as Pikes) to face to the rear, and let them in like manner be wheeled to the left, cross the rear, following their Bringers up. For the rest of the body, that remains undrawne forth: let them close to the right and left outward; until the Reere-Angles of each division, stand diagonally opposite to each other. Then, let them be all commanded to face to the Centre or midst of the hollow square; where the Commander is to give them such encouragement & directions, as shallbe meet. Lastly, let all face about to the right, and present. For the manner of firing upon this Figure, it is as followeth. The first rank of Musketeers (to each front) having presented and given fire, they are to wheel all off to the right. And because that eight or ten men, are too many to wheel down one Intervalle, (for that they will be so long, before they can clear the front) therefore you may cause Intervalles to be made, between the midst of each division, as you may perceive in the Figure. The first rank having fired, and wheeled off, the next ranks are to move forwards into their ground: they which wheeled off, in the mean time placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers. The next rank of Musketeers having fired in like manner, are to wheel off, and to place themselves, as aforesaid: the rest of the ranks of Musketeers, (successively) are to do the like, until they have all given fire, (once or oftener over) that way, according to the occasion. And in this interim may the Bow-pikemen be bountiful in bestowing their showers of arrows, amongst the thickest of their enemies. If the horse prevail so much, that the Musketeers may not endure to bear the brunt of them: then let the Musketeers (after they have fired) wheel off, and place themselves in the rear of their following divisions of pikes: they moving forwards, and maintaining the Musketeers ground; charging with their pikes (as they see occasion) for securing the Musketeers, in the midst. This notwithstanding, if the enemy's horse shall still press forwards; and with their shot shall continue to annoy the body (the pikes on this figure being especially defensive) then cause the Pikemen to charge at the foot; and your Musketeers, to give fire over them: according to former directions, on the Convex halfmoon. After this manner, the battle may be continued to the last rank. When you have given fire in this order, your Musketeers being all in the rear of your pikes; and that you be minded to reduce them, into the first orderly square, this is one way for it. Pass through your Musketeers, before your front of pikes, as they were before the firing: that being done, let the Commander face the whole body to the left Angle, of the front-division, by which means he shall there find the half of his fileleaders. This being performed, let them march: and so even their ranks, and straiten their files; the rear division of Musketeers and Pikes, orderly following after the front division of the like Arms. After this, let the halfe-files which then are (which indeed are the residue of the fileleaders) double their ranks forwards to the left: which being performed, the men are reduced as at first. If you would reduce them some other way, without passing through your Musketeers (as I have formerly said) then first let the whole body face to the left Angle, of the front-division; and march, evening their ranks and files, as aforesaid. Which being done, cause the halfe-files (which then are) to double their front to the left, which being in like manner performed, all your Musketeers are still in the midst. Your next work, is, to cause your Musketeers to face to the right and left outward: and your pikes, chose, to face inward; and so to pass through, and interchange ground. Thus being faced to their front proper, they will be reduced, as at first. If any will be practising of this form of battle, with a smaller number of men (as with 64. or fewer) whereby they will be constrained to double their halfe-files: then they will be reduced the same way▪ only they shall not need to double their halfe-files again, in their reducement: as they must needs do, were the number larger. CHAP. CIIII Of the Solid Square, with Musketeers in Centre and Angleses. The way to make the figure with a private Company: how to fire upon it, and to reduce it. INfinite are the forms and figures of Battle, which may be made; yet all differing, either in circumstances or in matter. Some of them are Solid, others Hollow: some of them, again, being Trines, Squares, Hearses, Cirtes, Crosses, Diamonds, Plinthiums, Plesiums, Paramekes, and infinite others. Some of them taking their denomination from the nature of their numbers. Others, according to the placing of each Arms. A third sort, taking their names from things they most resemble, all of them being necessary to be known, to such which would be accounted skilful Serjeant-Majors: that with all numbers, upon all occasions, they may readily bring their Soldiers into any form or figure of battle (according as the time, the number, and place will give them leave) for opposition of horse, foot, or both together. But to return back to our single Company, the work of this Chapter, being to show the Plesium, or long square. In which the Musketeers are half in the midst of the Pikes; and the other half equally divided, and placed on the 4. Angles of the battle: the pikes making 4. divisions; as being placed upon the front, rear, and flank. Yet not to hold you with longer circumstance, take these words of command and direction; which produce the following figure. Halfe-files, double your front to the left entire: Only do not close them, to make one Body. That being done, your Body will be but 4. deep. Next, command the 2. outmost flanks of each Body; to double inward, by division. For better satisfaction, observe these directions. First, see the halfe-ranks of the outmost flanks, faced to the front and rear: and that they march, until they are clear of the standing part of the battle. Secondly, cause the halfe-ranks of the right-flank, and the halfe-ranks, of the left-flanke, to face in opposition, and to close their divisions: the two first ranks of each flank, moving cross the front of the standing part of the body; and the two last ranks of each flank moving cross the rear. Then, the whole body facing to the front, they will stand as in this figure. depiction of 'the Polium' If you would give fire upon this figure, it may be performed either to the front and rear, to the right and left, or to all four together. But which way soever the firing be, let the Aspect of the Musketeers in the midst, be turned the same way, and cause the pikes which stand before them, to charge at the foot, and the Musketeers in the Centre, to g●ve fire over them. The first rank having fired, let them kneel (or crouch low) upon the ground; making ready again: whilst the next ranks behind them, give fire, and do the like: and so forwards, for the rest. Having all fired once over, this way, let them rise up: and (if need be) give fire over again, after the same manner. The Musketeers on the Angleses (in the interim) giving fire after the ordinary way, wheeling off, and falling in the rear of the Musketeers of their own divisions; the others in the mean time moving forwards, and making good their leaders ground. This being done, and the pikes having charged; the figure will still continue to be the same, without alteration. And that as well in men as matter: if so be the firing be performed, according to the former direction. For reducement, command the two first ranks, and two last ranks, to face to the right and left: all marching forth, until they are clear of the standing part of the body. Next, command them to stand: then, face them to the right and left; and close their divisions. This being done, let them face all to their leader. Lastly, by commanding the halfe-files to face about to the right; and to march forth into their places: you shall see them fully to be reduced. I might have further enlarged myself, upon this subject of firings, and figures of Battle: yea and showed varieties enough of Trine battles, round battles, the cross and round, in one; the sollid-square impaled, besides infinite other kinds. But I have already advanced further, than I at first intended: though (well I hope) no further than will be freely and lovingly accepted. Which if it be, I shall conceive my self to have received a grateful and most ample satisfaction. The hope whereof, doth somewhat encourage me to proceed a little further. And as I have already showed diverse and several Motions, with their forms and figures of Battle: yea and in all (or the most part of them) as I have not only given the words of command and direction, to produce them from the ordinary square, but also together with the demonstration of the figure, and direction for the firing: I have, in like manner, given direction for the reducements again into the ordinary square: So now, for the satisfaction of some of the quainter sort of Soldiers, give me leave to multiply one figure upon another, until that by firings, I reduce firings. For the performance whereof, that I may observe some method, I will digest them into the way of Exercise, etc. CHAP. CV. The first day's Exercise. HAving brought your Company into a place convenient, where you intent to exercise them; if you have time enough, you may cause the file leaders, Corporals o● Sergeants, to instruct them in the * I is very necessary, still, so often as time will permit; to instruct the Soldiers, in the postures and the well handling of their Arms. Postures and true using of their Arms. Wherein having spent some time, to the benefit of the Company; upon the * Each file-leader to lead up his file upon the first Summons of the Drum. first summons of the Drum, each file-leader with his file, is to march into his place. The Captain (or other Commander) being at the head of his Company, commands them to * Ever to observe to be even in Rank, and straight in file, and stand at the true distance. even their ranks, and to straiten their Pikes, and stand in their order both in rank and file. * Fetching the Ensign to the head of the Company. If your Ensign be not already in the field, but in some place near at hand; then cause your two innermost files of pikes to advance: commanding a Sergeant with a Drum, to troop them along to the place of Rendezvouz, there to fetch their Colours. If the place be not nigh at hand, take as many files of Musketeers. Having brought the Ensign to the head of the Pikes, each file returns into his place; the Officers likewise, withdrawing their several stations. * Soldier's ought to be very silent. First, the soldiers ought to have their due distance given them, with directions how most properly to perform. Silence being commanded, the Captain (or other Commander) begins * Face, Doubling, Countermarches & Wheelings wherein the Soldier ought treatably to be instructed● the Commander always observing, what his Soldiers are he hath to deal withal, and to give his directions accordingly. Never striving to put more into the battle than it can conveniently hold first to instruct the Soldiers in the several distances, betwixt rank and file, with the ways to open and close to them. And if he think fit, to instruct them in the several uses of each distance. Next after distance, they are to be instructed in the † face, then in the doublings; next, in the Countermarches; and lastly, in the wheeling. In each of which they are to be instructed, according to the opportunity of the time and place: but, especially is the capacity of the Soldier to be observed. Wherein, the Captain may do very well, in each of the motions to lay down some special rules and observations; by which the Soldier may the better understand what he is to do, and how (the best way) to perform it. * Observe to march between each firing, & upon each figure, that may be convenient. After the motions ended, let them prepare for skirmish. And first you may cause them to give fire with forlorn files, marching forth twenty paces (or thereabouts) before the front. Having all fired over that way, they may give fire once over, by advancing two ranks together, ten paces before the front. Then let them give fire, even with the front, and then with the halfe-files: the Pikes porting or charging, according to discretion. The Pikes being advanced, and the Musketeers marched up, even with their front; you may either * Face about, or wh eel about, for to Countermarch if any en my be n●●r, i● very dangerous. face about, wheel about, or Countermarch, and so give fire in the rear. Your Pikes then being shouldered, and your Musketeers having fired over in the rear, you may (if you please) * Wheel your Flanks into the Front if your Soldiers have time enough, otherwise face to the Rear, and charge Pikes. wheel your flanks into the front, and so charge Pikes to the rear. Which done, wheel your front into the midst; pass into your place, and face them to you. Then (if you will) you may pass your Musketeers of the left flank, through between the ranks of Pikes, and place them next to the right flank of Pikes, opening the right flank of Musketeers, to give them way. Then let the * When the Pikes shoulder the Musketeers must observe to rank even with them. Pikes shoulder, and Musketeers give fire to the right, upon a march▪ their leaders leading them up between the Pikes and their own divisions of Musketeers. Having fired once over, in this way, let them continue their firing to the right, each leader leading up his file on the outside of the left flank of Pikes. Then * Upon this firing, advance Pikes when there is but one file: and close forwards to the distance of order. let the Pikes advance, even whilst the last file is giving of fire: and so soon as the Pikes are clear of the Musketeers, let them face all to the right, and charge. Having advanced your Pikes, and faced your body again to the left, you may then wheel your Battle about to the right, and then facing the whole body to the left, the Musketeers will be all in front. Then let your Musketeers give fire, and either wheel all off to the right, thereby making * These kind of Intervals ought to contain six foot in distance upon some other occasions, 12 foot is necessary. an Intervalle for the left flank, or else let them wheel off by division, placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers. Having given fire once (or oftener) over that way, let them give fire again, and wheel off by division: ranking even with their Pikes. That being done, cause the Pikes to charge: the Musketeers giving fire once over, on that Figure. The Pikes being advanced, face the whole body to the right: and cause the Musketeers to stand, and the Pikes to open to The hollow Square. the right and left, and so to make the hollow square. Then you may (if you please) command the Ensign to display his Colours in the midst of the hollow; in sign of triumph: the body, either standing or marching. After which, command the Pikes to close their divisions: Which being performed, command the rear division of Musketeers, to double their front of Pikes, by division: and then they will Captain waller's firing. stand in form of Captain waller's Triple firing: Let them give fire upon that Figure, and fall off again, according to the directions upon that Figure. Which being performed, and the Pikes charged, and readvanced: the body will be absolutely reduced, as at the first it was before you began your firings. These firings, may (with the motions) be sufficient for the first day's Exercise. Wherefore, for this time, we will lodge our Colours: until by the summons of the Drum, we are called forth to the second days practise. CHAP. CVI The second day's Exercise. HAving brought your Soldiers the second time, into the field, the body being drawn up into the ordinary square, and every Officer vigilant in his place: the Captain commandeth silence, with some other general terms of observation, both for the leaders and right hand Silence. men. Having thus commanded them (as before) to even their ranks, and to straiten their files: he proceeds Upon all motions be ●ure that the Soldiers stand even in rank and file. to show (as formerly) the distances, the face, the doublings, the Countermarches, and the wheelings: therewithal instructing them either in all, or so many of them, as the time will permit, and he thinks convenient. Ever (by the way) observing that in the Proverb, A thing once well done, is twice done. That Commander, that exerciseth his Good words more available than blows▪ or ill language. Soldiers with good language, and with solid reasons; shall make them better proficients than he that shall use rigid terms, and rough hands. After the postures, distances, and several motions; that which next follows for this day's exercise, are firings and figures of battle. So soon, therefore, as the Drum begins to beat a preparative, the Musketeers are to The Muskettie s make ready to give fi●e. begin to make ready. And first, you may cause them to give fire on the Horn Battle, still marching up into their leaders ground: by that means preserving their Figure. Secondly, let the Musketeers close their divisions before their Pikes, and then give fire upon the between each firing cause your body to march either in form of Battalions, extended in length: or upon any other figure, where it may conveniently be done without disorder. demie-Hearse-Battell: falling off presently, either all to the right, (the one half passing down an Intervalle) or to the right and left by division; and placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers. The third time of their firing, let them wheel off by division, and flank their Pikes: and when they have fired over that way, let the Pikes charge. For the fourth firing, let them give fire even with the front of Pikes, wheeling off to the right and left, and placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions. Then let them fire even with the halfe-files, wheeling off by division, and placing themselves in the rear of the Pikes. The Pikes (you are to understand) ought to charge all the time of the last firing: who being advanced, you are to wheel your Battle about to the right or left. Then, your Musketeers being in the rear of your Pikes, let your sixth firing be to the rear: the Musketeers wheeling off by division, and placing themselves before the front of their own divisions of Musketeers; and next behind the rear of Pikes. Having fired once over, that way, let them give fire over again, and flank their Pikes: which being in like manner performed, Command them to wheel their flanks into the front, and then face to the rear, and charge pikes, at the inside of the right foot, with their swords drawn in their right hands. Let the seventh firing be discharged over their pikemen, wheeling, either all off, to the right through Intervals, or else by division, and placing themselves in the rear of their own files. Otherwise, (for want of room) the first rank of Musketeers, having given fire, let them kneel, or crouch low upon the ground: and make ready again; the second rank, in like manner, firing and kneeling: and so for the rest. Having all fired once over, in that manner, let the Pikes advance, and put up their swords: the Musketeers, in like manner, are to rise, then to even their ranks, and straighten their files. For the eighth firing, you may face the body to the rear (or if you will continue your firing the same way) then wheel your battle about, and having opened your Intervals, your form will be the broad fronted Phalange, or broad fronted Battle. Let these give fire, the first time, falling (or wheeling) all off to the right: and placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers. The second time of firing, let them wheel all off to the right, (as before) and place themselves in the rear of the pikes, which follow next after their own divisions. In the interim of the last two ranks firing, cause your Pikes to port: but when the Musketeers are cleared away, the Pikes may charge. When the pikes are advanced, for the ninth firing, face them to one of the flanks, and wheel them into a Semicircle or Convex half-moone; where the Musketeers being outermost, give fire upon that figure: the first time, falling behind the Musketeers of their own divisions: The second time of firing, cause them to place themselves behind their pikes. For further directions, look back upon the 77. Chapter, which discourseth of the Convex halfmoon. The pikes may also charge, and the Musketeers give fire over again: according to discretion. The Pikes being readvanced, face the whole body to one of the flanks, and march them out horsewise. Then command them to double their ranks to the right: which being done, command that flank which are Musketeers, to double the contrary flank by division: which being performed, all the Musketeers will be in front and rear. Then cause the reere-division of Musketeers to double the front of Pikes, by division. Then let them give fire on that figure, as they may see further directions in the Chapter. The pikes having charged, and advanced again. For the eleventh firing, first face the whole body to the right: then cause the halfe-files that then are, to face to the rear; and so let the Musketeers give fire to the front and rear: wheeling off by division, and flanking their pikes. The pikes may also charge to the front and rear, which being performed, face them all again, to their leader. For the twelfth firing, make the Plinthium or foure-fronted battle: the Angleses whereof being filled with Musketeers. For further satisfaction, look upon Chapter 100 which gives direction, both for the motion and reducing thereof. Next face the whole body to that part which was the front, before the last firing began. Then, if you would have your Ensign to display, in an hollow Square, cause your Musketeers to stand, and halfe-files of pikes, to face to the Rear: and so both divisions of pikes to march, until their last ranks are even with the front and Rear of Musketeers. Then face all to their leader. If you please, the Musketeers may give fire upon this hollow square, as they march, to both flanks: still leading up their files, on the inside of their own divisions, and this will make the 13. firing. But by this time, our powder being spent, our men weary, and night approaching: We will come to reducement. Wherefore, first cause the Pikes to close their divisions, and the Musketeers to march up, even with their front of pikes. Then let the whole body, wheel their flanks into the rear, which being done, all the Musketeers will be in the Rear. Then (if you will) face to the Rear, and give fire; causing your Musketeers to wheel off by division, and to flank their pikes. Or else, cause your Musketeers to open to the right and left; and double your front of pikes, by division. Which being done, double files to the left; and they will be all reduced as at first. Wherefore, we will now lodge our Colours, and conclude our second day's Exercise, etc. CHAP. CVII. The Third day's Exercise. Whosoever it be that teacheth the postures of the Musket: ought to be very diligent, in his instruction, concerning the well managing of their a●mes: that they may not only fire to the Front rear and flank: But that they observe order in their motion, which will better their execution. The file-leader if he have time may instruct his file in the distances and the several motions. HAving the third time (as formerly) brought your Soldiers into the Field; it is very necessary, in the first place, that they be taught the Postures of each Arms: either by the file▪ leaders, or some other of the Officers. Wherein they must be careful, to instruct them in the firings, both to front, rear, and flanks. As to give fire to the front, advancing; to give fire to the front, upon a stand: to give fire to the Rear, upon a march: to fire to either flank, marching or standing. As also to instruct them in distance, face, doublings, countermarches, and wheelings: that so, they may be the more apt and capable, when they shall be brought into a body. Having spent some time, in the exercising of files, let the Drum summon each file-leader, to his place: the Ensign be fetched to the head of the Company; the Captain command silence; and the Soldiers tender obedience. The ranks being evened, and the files streitened, the Captain (according to his accustomed manner) begins to instruct them in the Distances and Motions. And after the performance of so many of them, as he shall think fit for the present exercise, he commands the Drums to beat, and Musketeers to make ready: and so causeth them to give fire, * By drawing fo●th ●ff loose files or otherwise. three or four several ways, after the ordinary manner of firing in the front. Then cause your Musketeers of the left flank, to give fire to the rear; and the Musketeers of the right flank, to give fire to the right. This firing is to be performed upon a march, the Pikes shouldered. For the second firing, let them give fire to both flanks. The gathering firing. For the third, let them fire to both flanks, drawing them up between the divisions of Musketeers and Pikes. For the fourth firing, let them give fire again, to both flanks, leading them up after they have fired, between the midst of Pikes. When the last files are firing, advance your Pikes, and close your ranks forwards to their order. Then, face to the right and left, and charge Pikes. Your Pikes being advanced, and faced again to the front proper: all your Musketeers will be in the midst. Then, open them some Intervalles; and let the fifth firing be to the front, wheeling all off to the right, and placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions. Then cause the Pikes to charge, and when your Pikes are advanced again, let your halfe-files face about to the right. And so the fixth firing, may be to the front and rear; the Musketeers of the front division, wheeling off to the right: those of the rear division, wheeling off to the left: either of them placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions. The Musketeers having fired once or twice over, wheel your flanks into the front, and cause your Pikes to charge to the front and rear. The Pikes being again advanced, and all faced to their former front, wheel front and rear into both flanks. For the seventh firing, make the Plinthium, or four fronted battle, the Angleses being filled with Pikes: and let them give fire, and charge their Pikes, according to directions for that Figure. As likewise the firing being ended, reduce the men back into their places, as they were before this firing. Then, wheel off your front by division, which brings your Musketeers upon the flanks; but doth not reduce your men justly into their places, if your number be any thing great. From thence, make them a perfect cross battle, and let your Musketeers give fire, wheeling all off to the right, placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers. For the ninth firing, let them give fire as before; but place themselves in the rear of their Pikes; the Pikes moving forwards into their ground, and charging. Having advanced your Pikes, command your flank divisions to face about to the right, and to close their divisions. Then command the front and rear divisions to wheel their flanks into the rear: which being done, face them to the front proper, (that is) after the right file-leader. For the tenth firing, (your Musketeers being still in the midst) let your Musketeers give fire by Introduction▪ (beginning with the second rank) the Pikes moving softly forward. For the eleventh firing, let them give fire by Introduction, (beginning with the Bringers up) The Pikes may charge at discretion: then let the Musketeers stand, and the Pikes march forwards: closing their divisions before the Musketeers. And so let the twelfth firing be by way of Extraduction. Let the Pikes charge; which being performed, command the first and last four ranks to stand; and the rest of the body to face to the right and left: and so to march, until they are clear of the standing ranks. Then let the whole body face about to the right▪ and let the Ensign display his Colours in the midst. For the next, let the Musketeers give fire being foremost, both in front and flank, which will make the thirteeenth firing. Let them wheel off by division; placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers. Which being done, next cause those which opened to the right and left, to face in opposition: and to close their division. Then wheel off your front by division, or else, wheel your front inward to the rear. Then let the Commander march at the head of his Pikes, all the Musketeers being in the rear. Then for the fourteenth firing, let the Musketeers give fire in the rear; wheeling off by division, and flanking their Pikes, which doth reduce every man to his place he had, when the Exercise first began. And herewith we will conclude our third day's Exercise, and lodge our Colours, until that the bellowing Drum call us the fourth time into the field, to give an account of our proficiency. Till when, we will leave our Soldiers in their several Huts or Cabins, there to rest their limbs, refresh their spirits, and replenish their Band liars. CHAP. CVIII. The fourth day's Exercise. HAving, the fourth time, brought your Soldiers into the field, and (as formerly) caused them to be instructed in the Postures, (both of Musket and Pike) that so they may be capable to use them both with agility, and with safety. As likewise taught them their diverse ways of distance, with the several and various motions: not forgetting, particularly to instruct them with rules and pertinent reasons to every one of them: that so they may, not only learn to do, but like rational men, understand what they do. Which being deliberately performed, and each Officer disposed to his several place, the ranks being evened, and the files straitened: the Captain commands, the Drum beats, and the Musketeers make ready for skirmish, etc. You may ei● t●●r draw forth the innermost or outermost at discretion. The first firing, being by drawing forth the innermost files of each flank of Musketeers, to the right and left, obliquely before the front, and so to stand and give fire. Having given fire, let the Bringers up lead them back into their places. And, in the mean time, let the next innermost files, lead forth and fire, after the same manner; and so likewise the rest; until all the Musketeers have fired once over that way. For the second firing, let them give fire obliquely, and cross the front, both at once. For the third, let them give fire obliquely: the Musketeers standing before the Pikes, in form of an hollow wedge. Upon this firing, the Musketeers fire outwards: whereas in the other, they fire inward. For the fourth firing, let them fire upon the oblique W. For the manner of these firings, with the ways both how to make them & reduce them: I refer you to their several places, where I have shown them plainly. For the fifth firing, let them fire to each flank obliquely; the Musketeers making on each flank, the forms of hollow wedges: and so they may perform as much to each flank, (or both flanks) as hath been to the front. For the sixth firing, let them fire over the first oblique firing, to front and rear. For the seventh firing, let them fire obliquely, and cross the front and rear. For the eighth firing, let them fire to the front and rear, obliquely: in the forms of the hollow wedges. For the ninth firing, let them fire to the front and rear, obliquely, in the form of the W. And for the tenth firing, let them give fire obliquely, on the Fort figure, which is to front, rear, and flanks. In all these firings, the pikes never come to charge, but stand in a square battle, in danger of the enemy's shot: themselves neither being able to offend the enemy, nor to defend themselves. And yet if by frequent practice, they were enured to the use of the long how fastened to their pikes: I make no question, but that, when they should become expert in the use of the B●w and Pike; they would not only be a terror to their enemies, by the continual showers of Arrows which they would send amongst them; but also that they would be a great means to rout their enemies, & u●●erly to break their order. On the contrary, if men should be put to use the Bow and Pike, and have not first well learned the use of the Pike alone; they would be so cumbersome to themselves, and so troublesome to others; that instead of spoiling their enemies, they would rout themselves. But pardon this 〈◊〉 whilst I proceed to the rest of this day's exercise. The eleventh firing, being in ●●rme of a Roman T; is to be made as followeth. Let the pikes, stand, and the 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 wheel into the front: then let them give fire, making an Interval upon each flank; the 〈◊〉 of the right-flanke wheeling off to the right▪ the Musketeers of the left flank, to the left; and placing themselves in the rear of their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 When the Musketeers have fired, once or twi●● over, 〈◊〉 the pikes p●sse through, and wheel their fro●● into the midst, and then faci●● to the front, let them charge their pikes: and from thence having advanced their pikes, let the Commander pass to the right flank; and face the whole body to the right. Then, wheel the battle about to the left, until the body be brought into a round battle: from whence we will begin the twelfth firing. The figure being made, face the whole body to the Centre, and give them their directions, what they have to do. When they have received their instructions, let them all face about to the right; present, and give fire. The first time of their firing, placing themselves in the rear of their Musketeers; The second firing, countermarch to the right, and placing themselves in the rear of their pikes: The pikes, at the same time, are to move forwards into the Musketeers ground: where they may charge over head; and (if need be) at the foot: the Musketeers giving fire over them, as in the Convex-halfe-moone. The firing being ended, and the pikes advanced, let the Commander march forth of the round Battle: at that point; where he shall find all his proper fileleaders. Then let the whole body, be faced to that part, a●● the fileleaders caused to march forth, even a breast: the Musketeers and pikemen following their leaders, and marching, until the body have atteined their orderly square again. But note, that all your Musketeers are in the midst of the battle. For the thirteenth firing, make the impaled sou●d square: the way to perform it is as followeth. Your 〈…〉 being now the flankers, draw forth the 〈…〉 of the ●●●es of pikemen, from the right flank, cross the front of the body (taking the outmost-files) let half the files of pikemen of the left flank, be drawn cross the rear, following their bringers up. Then, face all your Musketeers to the front, rear, and flanks. The pikes may charge, all overhand: and (if need be) at the foot, with their swords drawn: the Musketeers firing over them. Having fired, charged, and advanced their Pikes, draw off the Pikes, again, from the front and rear, into their places ⊙. For the fourteenth firing, (the Musketeers being still in the middle) make the hollow fronted-crossebattell; the Pikemen making the hollow, upon the flanks of the Musketeers. For the making whereof, wheel the front off the 2. first ranks, into the midst. That being done, wheel the rear of the 2 last ranks, after the same manner: and then face the rest of the body to the right and left; and cause them to march until there be a square hollow, in the midst of the battle. Then command them to face to the front, rear, and flanks: which being in like manner performed, cause the Pikes (who are now in the front of the Musketticrs) to open to the right and left; the last rank of Pikes, ranking even with the first rank of Musketeers. The Musketeers may give fire upon this figure, wheeling all off to the right: and placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers. If need be, the Pikes may close their divisions before their Musketeers; and charge their Pikes. Which being done, and the Pikes again advanced: we will come to the reducement. For which purpose, face the whole body about to the Centre: and cause the flanke-divisions to close to their order. This being executed, let the front-division wheel together their front, into the midst (as they now stand faced) the reere-division doing the like. That being in like manner performed, face the whole body to the front proper: then wheel off the battle to the right and left: after which having closed their divisions, they are perfectly reduced as at first. And herewith we will conclude this day's exercise, and leave our Soldiers to rest: until that the morrows Sun, and the thundering Drum, shall call us forth again into the Field. CHAP. CIX. The fifth day's Exercise. HAving the fifth time brought your Soldiers into the Field, if you have leisure, it will not be amiss for to cause them to be instructed (in the first place) in the Postures of the Pike and Musket. For those Soldiers which by often practice of their Postures are grown perfect, will manage their Arms with case, surety, and celerity: when, on the contrary, the unpractised Soldier, will be a trouble to himself, a danger to his fellows, and a Dormant to his Enemies. After the Pastures, each file being drawn into his place; and the Ensign (according to former directions) brought to the head of the P●kes; the Ranks evened, and the files straightened; the Captain (having commanded silence, and delivered himself in such terms, as the present occasion doth require, ever preferring the industrious and painful; and, on the contrary, blaming the careless and the slothful) he next proceeds to instruct them in their sev●●a●● 〈◊〉: and these, indeed, are the grounds of all motion: seeing that without distance, the motion cannot be excected. Next to the distances, they are to be instructed in the motions: ever observing to each motion, its due 〈◊〉. Next after 〈◊〉, distance, and motions; let the rest of the days Exercise be spent in firings and figures of Battle. Each Officer, having now received his several Charge: The Captain commands; the Drums, beat, and the Musketeers, make ready. The first firing being performed by leading forth the outmost file of each Flank twenty paces (or thereabout) before the Front; and no● 〈…〉 the place of firing●; let the second men, 〈…〉 the right and le●● inward, even with their 〈…〉 so give fire, together, wheeling off by 〈…〉 the right Flank to the right, the left flank 〈◊〉 the left; placing themselves on the inside of their own d●viss●ns of Musketeers next the Pikes file-wise, as they were when they marchedforth. So soon as the first two men of their files, have after this manner ranked, fired, and wheeled off; the next second m●n, rank even with their Leaders, as before: giving fire, and wheeling away to place themselves, file-wise, aftertheir ●●●ders. The residue of their first files are to do the like; and so still the outermost files leading forth, doing in like manner's; and still placing themselves, file-wise, next to the Pikes. For the second firing, cause the outermost files to march forth to the former distance before the front: And whereas in the last firing, they ranked but two and two●; and so gave fire: now, let them rank four. That is to say, the three men next behind the right-hand-file-leader, shall rank inward to the left, even with their Fileleaders: the three next men, after the left-hand-file-leader, ranking inwards to the right; even ●●rest with the leader of their file: the residue of each file, keeping themselves in file; and closing formard● to the distance of order, just after their Fileleaders. The first four of each file, having presented, fired, and wheeled away; the last four men (being the ●e●r●-half-files) in the interim of their wheeling off, rank to the ●ight and left inward: presenting●; ●●●ing, and wheeling off (as aforesaid) and placing themselves in the 〈◊〉 of the former part of their files, which wheeledaway before them. The second Files are then to lead forth, and to do the like; and so successively, the rest, until they have all fired over, this way. For the third firing, let the outermost files lead forth to the same distance before the Front●; whither being come, as tooth place wherein 〈◊〉 do their execution; let the files 〈◊〉 to the right and left innardss; and so fire all together: 〈…〉, and placing themselves as in the 〈◊〉 felings. The residue of the other Files of Musketeers, at the sametime, marching forth; giving fire, and still placing themselves file-wise, on the innermost part of their own divisions of Musketeers; and next to the outside of Pikes. For the fourth firing, cause your Musketeers to rank to the right and left, into the front; and so the whole body of Musketeers give fire at once: which being performed, let them face to the right and left inward, and so march into their places. They may (if you please) open the files of Musketeers, to double distance, and so cause the files to rank to the right into the front, by Conversion: giving fire after that manner, which (if it be done) will make the fifth firing. After this, let them fall back into their places, and having made ready again, before you close their distance, cause the halfe-files to face about, and then let the files rank into the front and rear, and so give fire: which will make the si●t firing. Having thus fired, and being fallen back into their places, let the half files, face again to their leader; and the files of Musketeers close again to their order. For the seventh firing, let the ranks of Musketeers open back to their double distance; and the Musketeers, wheel to the right and left by Conversion: and so give fire to both flanks. The men being returned to their places, and having again closed their ranks to their order: after some little pause, by marching, (or otherwise) the Musketeers being all again ready; command your files of Pikes to open to the right and left, to their double distance. Then command, ranks both of Muskets and Pikes, to open backward to their double distance. Which being done, command the Muskets to invert to the right and left outward; and then to face outward, and present; and let the halfe-files of Pikes face about. Then cause your files of Pikes, to rank to the front and rear by conversion: and let the Musketeers give fire, and the Pikes charge. This figure will take up a great quantity of ground, because that all the Musketeers are now become two ranks: that is to say, to each flank one, all the Pikes being likewise brought into two ranks, one to the front, and the other to the rear. This being performed, the body will stand in form of a great hollow square. The Musketeers having fired, the Pikes being advaneed, and each Soldier returned to his place, and all faced to their leader: let them close their ranks and files to their order. Then cause the ninth firing, to be performed to both flanks, upon a stand: facing the whole body to the right and left, there firing and wheeling off by division, and flanking their Pikes. Whilst the two last ranks are giving fire, let the Pikes port, and when the Musketeers have fired, and wheeled off, let them charge. Having advanced their Pikes, face the whole body to that part where you shall find your fileleaders of Musketeers: then will all your Musketeers, be in front and rear. Next, command your halfe-files that then are, to double your front to the left entire: which being done, let them face to the right and left, the Musketeers giving fire, and wheeling off to the left, and placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions. The Pikes may also port, and charge, at discretion. The Pikes being advanced, and the whole Company, faced to their former front, command the halfe-rankes of the right, (both Musketeers and Pikes) to march, and the halfe-rankes of the left flank to follow in the rear. Having given them some time of breathing; then for the eleventh firing, cause the halfe-files that then are, (Musketeers and Pikes) to face to the rear. Which being done, let the Musketeers give fire to the front and rear, upon a stand, wheeling off by division, and placing themselves in the rear of their Pikes; they moving forwards, and maintaining the Musketeers ground. The Pikes are then to charge, when they are cleared of their Musketeers. Which being done, and they again advanced, face them all to their former front. For the twelfth firing, command halfe-files to double the front inward entire. To which purpose, open the front halfe-files (both Musketeers and Pikes) to the right and left; for receiving the halfe-files of both Arms, within them: which being executed, each Arms will stand in three divisions. Then command the front halfe-files, to face about to the rear, and to present: The Rear halfe-files keeping still faced to the front; and there in like manner presenting, and both giving fire together. The first time of their firing over, they may fall in the Rear of their own divisions of Musketeers; wheeling off to the right and left. The second time of giving fire upon this figure, let them wheel off, as before; and place themselves in the Rear of their following divisions of Pikes. Which being in like manner performed, let the Pikes, charge. Being again advanced; face the body to the former front; and command, halfe-files that doubled, to face to the Rear, and march into their places. The halfe-files being faced about, and marched clear off, then are the front halfe-files to close their divisions. Thus being all rightly faced, the Musketeers will be in the front and rear. For the thirteenth firing, make the horned battle to the front and rear. For the which, cause the halfe-files of Musketeers and Pikes, to face to the rear. Then cause the Musketeers to open to the right and left, (both in front and rear) and so to give fire: wheeling off by division, and flanking their Pikes. The Pikes may also charge: Having advanced, let them all face to their leader at the proper front. Lastly, for the fourteenth firing, make the Sconce Battle. For further directions wherein, turn back to the 93. Chapter; where you may find instructions, as well for the making, giving of fire, and reducing thereof. And if you please, your Ensign may display his Colours, in the hollow part of the midst of the Pikes. Supposing now, that by this time, the night hath almost overtaken us; we will prepare to lodge our Colours, with our accustomed Benevale: and herewith we will conclude this our fifth day's Exercise; suffering our Soldiers to depart to their several habitations. There leaving them to cleanse their arms, and to refresh their bodies, until the morrows clamouring Drum, doth invite us forth to our sixth day's Exercise. CHAP. CX. The sixth day's Exercise. HAving the sixth time brought your Soldiers into the Field, according to the accustomed manner: let each File-leader, exercise his File, in the Postures of such Arms, as they carry. Which being performed, and the Files again rejoined into one body: the Ensign being at the head of the Pikes, and the rest of the Officers in their several places: The Captain having commanded silence, attention, and obeaience (three especial virtues, most necessarily requisite to every common Soldier) he proceeds to the several distances; instructing them in the uses of each of them. Next after the distances, he teaches them the Face, the Doubling, the Countermarches, and the Wheelings, with several Observations upon each of the Motions. After which (having so commanded) The Drums, bcat; and the Musketeers, make ready for Skirmish: Then (if you please) you may cause three or four of the first firings, to be performed by light Skirmishing before the Front: and that with loose Ranks, or Files, or both: either some of those, (or such like) as I have formerly spoken off in the preceding Exercises. After which, for your next firing; cause your Half-files to open to the right and left, by equal division: until the Rear Divisions of Pikes, stands right after the Musketeers of the Front-division. Now the Musketeers standing in four Divisions, let them all present, and give fire to the Front: wheeling all off to the right, and placing themselves in the Rear of their own divisions of like Arms: each Rank, still making good the Leaders ground. Having given fire, once or twice over on this Figure: For the second firing cause the Front-division to give fire to the Front; and the two Rear divisions, to each Flank in a March. The Front-division with fires in Rank, wheel all off to the right; placing themselves in the Rear of their ownc Divisions of Musketeers: the other Divisions with fire in flank, leading up their files between their own divisions of Musketeers and the Pikes. Having given fire once or oftener over, according to discretion this way; let the third firing be performed upon a stand. For the which, cause your reere-divisions to facc to the right and left outward: the front-division, still to continue the same aspect. Then, let the Musketeers give fire, those of the right flank, wheeling off to the right: and the contrary flank, to the contrary hand; the Musketeers of the front division, placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Muskets; the Musketeers of the rear divisions, placing themselves in the rear of the rear divisions of Pikes: each rank of Musketeers, still making good his leaders ground. When they have fired all over, let the Pikes charge, to front and both flanks. Having advanced your Pikes again, and faced your body to the front proper, each Arms still standeth in three divisions. Then let the fourth firing, be to the rear, and both flanks upon a march. And to that end, open your front-divisions of Musketeers to the right and left, until they are clear of the reere-divisions of Pikes: that so they be not troublesome unto them, in their march. Then let your pikes shoulder; and the Musketeers, give fire: the front divisions of Musketeers, firing in flank, and leading up on the inside of their own divisions. The Musketeers of the rear division, giving fire in the rear in rank wheeling off by division, and placing themselves in the front of their own divisions of Musketeers. Having fired once over, and the Pikes charged; let your fifth firing be to the Rear, and both flanks upon a stand. In the which, let the half-files (both Musketeers and Pikes) face to the Rear; the Front-division to the right and left, and so give fire one each part; those that fire to the flanks wheeling off, and placing themselves in the Rear of their divisions of Pikes, and the Muskets of the Rear divisions, wheeling off to the right and left, and placing themselves in the Rear of their own divisions of Musketties: each Rank moving forward into their Leaders ground. Having fired over, let the Pikes charge. The Pikes being again advanced; face the whole body to the proper front: and then all the Musketeers will be in the midst, and the Pikemen on the flanks. For the sixth firing, cause your half-rankes of the left, double your right flank by division. For further directions, look back to the tripartite firing: which you shall find, Chap. 92. Having fired over that way; charged, and re-advanced your pikes: face the whole body to their former front. For your seventh firing, cause the front and rear divisions of Musketeers and Pikes, to face to the right: the rest of the body (both Muskets and Pikes) to the left. Let the Musketeers give fire, and wheel all off, either to the right or left, and place themselves in the rear of their following divisions of Pikes; each rank still moving up into their leaders ground. When there rest but two ranks of each division, to fire, let the Pikes port. Having all fircd, and wheeled away; let the Pikes charge. Then, face the whole body to their first front; and command the first and last four ranks to face to the left: and to march, until they are clear of the standing part of the Body. Then, cause the front halfe-files, to face to the left, the rear halfe-files, to the right: and so to close their divisions: and after that to face towards their leader. For the eight firing, make the solid Square girdled with Musketeers. For the which, draw half the files of the right flank of Musketeers, cross the front, and half the files of Musketeers of the left flank, cross the rear. Then face the whole body (both Muskets and Pikes (to the front, rear, and flanks. This done, let the Musketeers give fire, and wheel off by division: placing themselves in the rear of their own divisions of Musketeers▪ All the time of this firing, the Pikemen, being in the middle of the Musketeers, have good opportunity (if the enemy be near) to gall them with their thick showers of feathered shot. The Musketeers, in the mean time, having fired once, twice, or oftener over, on this Figure, draw your files of Musketeers back again into their places. Then having faced the whole body to the proper front, let your ninth firing, be Captain waller's double firing to the front and rear, after this manner. First, wheel front and rear into the right flank: then face them all the same way they were before: which done, cause the halfe-files to face to the rear, and command the Musketeers which are in the rear of each division of Pikes, to double their front of Pikes by division. Then, let them face about and close their divisions: and so having refaced them as they were; let them give fire, wheel off, and charge, according to directions on Captain waller's Figure. For the tenth firing, let them face to the right and left, and give fire to both flanks upon a stand: wheeling off by division, and flanking their Pikes. When the Pikes have charged, and are again advanced, let the Captain pass to the front accidental of the left flank, and face the rest of the body to him, and in the next place wheel their flanks into the front, and so all the Musketeers will be in the front: and by facing the whole body to the left; all the Musketeers will be on the right flank. Let the eleventh figure be the Diamond Battle. Having given fire two or three several ways, according to the directions upon that figure; charged Pikes, and reduced them again into the Square: face the body about to the right; and pass the Musketeers which belong to the right flank, between the ranks of pikes into their places. Then, the Musketeers of the left flank, being closed to their Pikes, the Body will stand at their first order. For the twelfth firing, make the hollow Square girdled with shot: let them give fire upon that figure (both without and within) according to the directions for that firing. Let the Pikes, charge; and reduce them in the same manner as I have discoursed upon that figure. For the thirteenth firing, Make the Plesium as you shall find directions in the 104. Chapter. Having made it, given fire upon it, and reduced it as at first. Let the fourteenth and last firing for this exercise, be the Hollow Hearse and Cross. Turn back to the 103. Chapter, where you may find ample instructions for the making, firing, and reducing of it. And lastly, that you may conclude with triumph, cause your Ensign to be displayed in the middle of the Hollow Cross: and then having fired, charged pikes, and reduced your men, according to the directions on that figure, your men will be as at first. And therefore seeing that by this time night is come; and our powder gone; we will here give conclusion to our sixth day's Exercise. Wherefore, that you may observe some form in the lodging of our Colours; cause your Musketeers to march in the front of your pikes. Then, as as they march, let them invert to the right and left: which is, when the Ranks file to the right and left, by division. Then, cause all your Musketeers to face in opposition; to cock their Matches, guard their Pans, and rest their Muskets. In the mean time, let the pikes advance, and close their ranks and files, to their order. Which being done, the Captain, Lieutenant, Ensigne, and Drums beating a Troop, at the head of the pikes: pass through this Guard into the appointed place for the alledgement of the Ensign. Then, the Sergeants cause the Musketeers to face all about to the right, and present: and upon the first beat of the Drum, they all give fire in one Volley. And now having performed our sixth day's Exercise, the Drum beats a Call: and makes proclamation, that every man may depart unto his several home, until his next Summons into the Field. FINIS. The Contents of every Chapter contained in this Book. Chap. 1. COncerning Postures and handling of Arms. page 1. The Postures of the Musket. page 3 2 Of the Postures of the Pike, page 7 3 Of the Drum, page 11 4 Of Ranks and Files, their places and dignities, p. 13 5 Reasons for precedency of dignity in Ranks and Files. page 15 6 Of several Distances, page 20 7 Of marching a Company in divisions at length, the order and places of the Officers, and again drawing them into form of battle, p. 24 8 Of drawing the Divisions up into a square, p. 26 9 What is facing, and the use of the word, whether to be used or refused, p. 28 10 Of facing square, and how to perform it, the usefulness of Face, and the several parts thereof, page 30 11 Of Doubling, the use and parts, p. 34 12 Of Inversion and Conversion, and of doubling Ranks. p. 40 Chap. 13 Of doublings of Ftles, page p. 42 14 Of doublings by Bringers up, p. 43 15 Of doublings of Files outward and inward, page 46 16 Of doubling by half Files, p. 48 17 Of doublings the Rear by Front half Files, page 50 18 Of doubling the Rear by Countermarch, p. 53 19 Of doubling Flanks by ways of Countermarch, page 54 20 Of doubling half Files to the right entire, to accommodate the doubling of half Ranks, p. 57 21 The difference between entire and divisionall doublings, and of doubling half Files entire, p. 61 22 Of doubling the Front inward entire, p. 63 23 Of half Files, doubling the Front by division, page 66 24 Of doubling the Rear by division, p. 67 25 Of doubling the Rear entire, by the front half Files, p. 70 26 Of doubling by half rank entire, p. 72 27 Of doubling of Flanks by division, p. 75 28 Of doubling Ranks entire, p. 77 29 Of doubling Files entire, advancing, p. 79 30 Of Files doubling their depth, p. 82 31 Of Conversion and Inversion, with their words of Command, and reducements, p. 85 32 Of Files siling in sequence, p. 88 33 Of inverting Ranks, or Ranks filing, p. 90 34 Of Ranks filing by division, and how useful, page 92 Chap. 35 Of the several parts of Conversion, and how they are to be understood, page p. 94 36 Of Ranks wheeling by conversion, p. 97 37 Of Files ranking in equal part, p. 101 38 The conclusion of Doubling, p. 105 39 Of Countermarches. The antiquity, and words of direction, p. 108 40 Of the Chorean Countermarch: and the way to perform it, p. 112 41 Of Countermarching to loose ground, p. 114 42 Of Countermarches to gain ground, or the Macedonian Countermarch, p. 117 43 Of the Bastard Countermarch, p. 119 44 Of Countermarching Ranks, to maintain ground, p. 121 45 Of Countermarching Ranks to loose ground, p. 122 46 Of the Macedonian Countermarch by Rank, p. 124 47 Of Countermaching Front and Rear to the midst, p. 125 48 Of bringing Front and Rear, together into the midst by the Bastard Countermarch, p. 128 49 Of Countermarching, to make a large interval, between the first and last Rank, p. 130 50 Of making a large Interval, between the first & last Ranks, by the Macedonian Countermarch, p. 132 51 Of interchanging ground. p. 134 52 Of countermarching the flanks (or wings) into the midst of the Battle▪ p. 136 Chap. 53 Of countermarching, to take the ground before the flanks, page p. 138 54 Of Countermarching to take the ground on the out side of the Flanks, and to direct their Aspects inwards. p. 140 55 Of taking the ground on the outside of the flanks; not altering the Aspects. p. 142 56 Of Interchanging Ground by the Flanks, and bringing the innermost files of Pikes, to become the outmost ranks. p. 144 57 Of wheeling, their kinds, and uses with their several words of Command. p. 148 58 Of wheelings Anguler, p. 150 59 Of wheeling on the Centre. p. 152 60 Of wheeling off, by division. p. 154 61 Of wheeling the Front inward, towards the Rear. p. 156 62 Of bringing the Flanks into the Front of the Battle, p. 158 63 Of wheeling the Rear into the midst of the Battle, p. 161 64 Of wheeling the right flank, into the midst of the Battle, p. 164 65 Of wheeling the left Flank into the midst of the Battle, p. 167 66 Of wheeling Front and Rear, into the midst of the Battle, p. 169 67 Of wheeling the flanks into the midst of the Battle, p. 172 68 Of making men fileleaders successively, the files being eight deep, p. 176 Chap. 69 Of making men fileleaders successively: the files being but six deep, page p. 179 70 Of drawing the Files again into a Body: and preparing them for a skirmist, p. 183 71 Of firing by forlorn files. The manner, and use, page 186 72 Of firings by two Ranks, ten paces advanced before the front: Next, even with the front; and lastly, even with the half files, p. 190 73 Of the Horne-battell; how to make it: and to reduce it by firing, p. 195 74 Of the Demie-hearse Battle: The use of the figure; how to make it, and to reduce it by firing▪ p. 198 75 Of giving fire, advancing, by way of Introduction: with the beneficial use of the Bow and Pike, page 201 76 The way to make the Diamond Battle: several ways to fire upon it: with diverse other figures and firings, which are thereby produced, p. 204 77 Of the Convex Half Moon; The use of the Figure: and of several ways of firing upon it. p. 211 78 Of Extraduction: the several uses, firings, and Reducements. p. 215 79 Of the Broad fronted Battle: with the ways of firing upon it. p. 218 80 Of dismarching, or firing in the Rear: the several ways, and how they ought to be performed. p. 221 81 Of firings in flank, in general; and more particularly, of the gathering firing. p. 226 82 The second manner of giving fire to the flank. p. 229 Chap. 83 A firing in flank, led off by the Bringers up. page p. 131 84 The difference between Firings in Flank, marching: and of bringing the Musketeers on the outside of the Pikes. p. 234 85 Of Firing in Flank: and placing the Musketeers in the midst of the Battle of Pikes: with other firings from thence proceeding. p. 237 86 Of firing to the front and rear, upon a march. p. 242 87 A second way of firing to the front and rear. p. 245 88 A firing to the rear and right flank, marching. p. 247 89 Of firing to both flanks, marching. p. 249 90 A firing to both Flanks, standing. p. 251 91 Captain waller's Triple firing to the Front. p. 254 92 A firing tripartite, doing execution to the front, rear, and right flank. p. 257 93 Of the Sconce Battle. p. 259 94 Of firing by three files at once; two of them standing oblique, the other direct. p. 262 95 A firing oblique, by four files together, in form of a W. p. 264 96 Of the Fort Battle; the way to make, and to reduce it. p. 266 97 Of the cross Battle; the way to make it with a private Company. How to fire upon it: and to reduce it. p. 268 98 Of the hollow-fronted Cross Battle, how to make it with a private Company: and the way to fire upon it, etc. p. 272 99 Of firing upon the square Battle, flanked with Pikes. p. 274 100 Of the Plinthium, or fouṙe-fronted-battell; by us called the Cross of Muskets, flanked with Pikes. p. 276 101 Of the Hollow Square for march. p. 280 102 Of the hollow Hearse, and the Cross. p. 283 103 Of the Hollow Square 〈◊〉 dled with shot. p. 286 104 Of the Solid Square, with Musketeers in Centre and Angleses. The way to make the figure with a private Company▪ how to fire upon it, and to reduce it. p. 291 105 The first day's Exercise. p. 297 106 The second day's Exercise. p. 299 107 The third Day's Exercise. p. 304 108 The fourth day's Exercise. p. 308 109 The fifth day's Exercise. p. 313 110 The sixth day's Exercise. p. 320 FINIS. Faults escaped in the Printing. PAge 17. line 5. for and, read ad, p. 25. l. 32. r. before, p. 34. first line of the 11. Chap. 〈◊〉 p. 36. in the margin, r. particle, p. 64 l. 13. r. armies, p, 74. l. 9 4. all, 〈◊〉 ●8 l. 8. r. lest, p. 86▪ l. 6. r. or, p. 86. l. 19▪ r. too▪ p. 87. l. 8. r. without, p. 87. l 2● 〈◊〉 drawn a figure▪ p 89. l▪ 6. r. left, p. 89. l. 17. r. file-wise, p. 97. l. the last, r. 〈◊〉 p. 106. l. 3. r. one, p. 108. l. 9 r. in, p. 112. l. 5. r. before, p. 117. l. 4. r. 〈◊〉 leaders, p. 119. l. 19 & 20. r. and with the Chorean it holds no affinity, p. ●24▪ the last line, r. be as at first. p. 127. the 2 m m which stand for the ou●●ost fileleaders to the right, stand quite contrary. p. 137. l. 5. r. to. p. 140. ●he figure se● wrong. p 152 l. 8. r. ●oo p. 1●6. l. 11. r. flanks. p. 173. l. 13. r. overmost. p. 176. l. 32. r. figured. p. ●07. l. 14. r. commanded. p. 217. l 4. r. u●▪ p. 250. l. 8. r. firing. p. 269. l: 18. r. them. p. 271. l. 11. r. arms. p 292. l. 13. r. flanks▪ p. 293. the title of the figure, r. Plesium. p. 296. l. 6. r. to her several, etc. p. 297. the marginal note opposite to the a●▪ line▪ r. instead of one file and close. One file of Musketeers to give fire, and close, p. 302 l. the 9 for h●●swise, r▪ herswise, p. 306. l. 27. for Leader, r. Leaders, p 311. l. 17 for overhead, r. overhand.