THE METHOD OF PHYSIC, CONTAINING THE CAUSES, SIGNS, AND CURES OF INWARD diseases in man's body from the head to the foot. Whereunto is added, the form and rule of making remedies and medicines, which our Physicians commonly use at this day, with the proportion, quantity, & names of each medicine. By Philip Barrough. ANCHORA SPEI. printer's or publisher's device Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautroullier dwelling in the Blackfriar's by Ludgate. 1583. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE AND HIS SINGULAR GOOD LORD AND MASTER THE LORD BURGHLEY, HIGH TREASURER OF ENGLAND KNIGHT OF THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER and one of the Queen's Majesties most honourable privy counsel. P. B. wisheth all health, with long life and increase of honour. THE chiefest thing (Right Honourable and my singular good Lord) that emboldeneth men to dedicated, their labours unto any parsonage, is the affinity between the matter of the work, which they offer, and the mind of him to whom it is presented. And as the ancient comical poets were wont to pen such Interludes, as they thought would be plausibly heard of their auditory: so our common writers do fashion and shape the subject of which they entreat, according to the affection of him, whose patronage they require in countenauncing their writings: this (I say) though it be practised of all writers now a days, and might have served as a fit precedent for me to have followed: yet have I swerved and digressed from so general a custom, in preferring this labour of mine to the view of your Honour (the matter so far dissenting from your honours dispositions) so that as it may perhaps not without some colour be objected, that I might have provided far better (had I been any way sufficient) both for the acceptation of my labour, & also for the fit answering of your honours affection, if I had treated of the politic government of our country, & of the wielding of a commonwealth: to the necessity of which calling, not Fortune the Queen of the old Philosophers, but God himself hath called, or rather enforced you if that opinion of Plato be true, that every good Magistrate taketh upon him his office unwillingly. But that objection will soon be taken away, if we consider how foolish a thing it were to instruct him with his imaginary precepts, whom (besides a great light of nature) most happy experience hath made a perfect & absolute governor. Plato that most grave and wise deemer of the state tyrannical, was so many times convicted of folly, how often he adventured in the presence of kings to discourse of the regiment of a common wealth. Dionysius (of whom it was doubted, whether he did more harm by his extreme cruelty, or good by his provident wisdom which both he left alike to his successors to imitate) called that notable Philosopher (whom I even now named) in Scicilia of purpose to hear him, and with great patience listened to him, as he disputed of man's felicity and admired him as he handled those moral virtues, which Socrates his master was feigned to have brought from heaven, and as he treated of the frame & machine of the world: but on a time (taking advantage by the kings attention) when he had stolen into the discourse of policy, Dionysius felt himself so moved, that he had exercised his tyranny against him also, if Dio and Aristomanes had not recovered him out of his jaws, and so rid him out of the land, by selling him to Polis the Lacedaemonian merchant. And this was the verdict, that the wise king (when his fury was somewhat calmed) gave of that most learned Philosopher for his wholesome counsel (as he thought) namely, that his discourses seemed unto him to be the prattles of idle old men: so much experience disdaineth to be controlled by art, and so impatient is he of institution, whose knowledge is acquired Usury & Memoria, (the two ancient parents of wisdom.) What a great argument of folly therefore shall he give, that shall go about to lay a plot for your Honour, from whence you may derive an example of government, who have so many years in so troublesome a common wealth, and to the most wise & virtuous Princess in the world been retained as a most honourable and grave counsellor? I will not say, as Zopyrus unto Darius, or as Cineas unto his Pyrrhus, or as Croesus unto his Cyrus, the one of which by policy advised his king to cirumvent his enemies, the other alured them to his subjection by his eloquence, & the third by his own unfortunate experience directed him how to convey any dangerous enterprise. All which served their Princes to none other use, but to help them to purchase the worst part of glory by bloody oppression: but rather as a Nestor unto his Agamemnon, as a Zenophon unto his Cyrus, & as a Plutarch unto his Traian, which thought it not so glorious to tie their enemies to them by forced fear, as their friends and neighbours by peaceable amity, the strongest guard that Princes can trust unto. I must needs confess that these comparisons do fail in representing so much as I do conceive, for that I may not fear the suspicion of flattery in so manifest a truth, can the whole Scene of man's life so gorgeously & stately set forth by the historians of several ages, show us at one time, on one stage two such notable actors (namely) so redoubted, so peerless, & so virtuous a Princess holding the sceptre, so grave, so wise, & so provident a counsellor sustaining the person of Eubolus? I would I might (my credit saved with your Honour) pursue your praises yet further, but I know very well, that you (who with an unwearied affection do not cease continually to commit such virtuous deeds as deserve to be eternised for ever, are soon tired, when you hear them remembered by another. And truly I would not have spoken so much for fear of offence, but that I know for a certainty, that you ascribe the being of your virtues to God the giver of all good things, before whom to extenuat our graces, I know not whither it be more blame worthy, than shamelessly to assume unto ourselves, whatsoever is wrongfully attributed unto us by our flattering friends. But to what end (will you say) are all these words? namely to this: to excuse myself, in that I have not laboured to fit your affection in the presentment of this my labour, which is so impossible, in respect of your singular knowledge in all kind of good learning, that there is no man so selfwise or lofty, which feareth not to come under your learned censure. Which excellency of yours when I had looked into, & had found myself altogether unable to answer: I purposed (as I thought) more politicly to assay your humanity, which (in deed) graceth all the rest of your virtues, which (I thought) I might soon abuse in offering such a subject, in which some study, & industry (besides many years had made me in part able to judge, & such a one, as the earnest affairs of the Common wealth, in which you are always busied, together with the inconvenient uneasines of the study hath kept your Honour from being acquainted with. Which bold attempt of mine, your wisdom shall so much the easier be brought to pardon, by how much the more earnestly your rare clemency encouraged me to enterprise it: for I do plainly confess, that I have not thought this Book of mine worthy to be perused of your Honour, aswell because of mine own unability, who am altogether insufficient to perform any thing that your Honour may like of, as also in respect of those manifold graces, wherewith the Lord hath filled you: by the virtue of which you could in a tongue (far more eloquent than this of ours) discern and know the secrets of physic which I have now in part revealed: If the common weal of us all did not rather carry you away, than that delight which is otherwise reaped by private study. And yet nevertheless, when I consider with myself, that it was not the affectation of any popular praise, but an honest zeal to benefit my countrymen, which begot in me this desire to publish this work, and also (if I may without the suspect of vain glory seem to divine of the issue of my labours) perceiving that they might bring some commodity unto the more ignorant sort of our common Practitioners & Aemperiques (if they were with diligence perused:) and thirdly, when I perceived in myself a certain earnest willingness which I have always had (though of late it hath been more vehemently inflamed) to commend some piece of service unto your Honour: (I say) these causes meeting thus together did especially adduce me (though many doubts stepped afore me in mine enterprise, offering to reinforce my over presumptuous determination) with such a bold confidency as it were to rush into your presence, and to demand without any show of merit your honours most favourable Protection, that this book of mine (unable of itself) may run under your Patronage, which as it were Gorgon his buckler, I will obuert and turn against all the venomous bitings of slanderoous tongues. The Lord God, (who hath made you a notable instrument to work the advancement of his glory, the furtherance and propagation of good learning) lengthen & protract your life beyond your fatal period, and give you a will to live, a desire still to bear up that burden, which her Majesty hath laid upon your shoulders, & with these, all good success in this world, and eternal happiness in his kingdom. Your Honour's most humble servant, PHILIP BARROUGH. The preface to the Reader. WHEN God had perfected that wonderful work of his (mean the frame of the world) & had ascribed to every part thereof his especial duty▪ namely to the water to harbour fishes, to the air to uphold all feathered fowls, to the earth to foster beasts, & to produce & bring forth good & wholesome herbs & trees: & over all these, as regent & governor, had appointed man his last & noblest creature: he demanded of his Angels who were present with him at this work what might be desired in this so rare and strange a workmanship: who answered, nothing but a tongue to unfold the secrets of his labowres, to talk & common of them, with the which also, he, as the workman of all, might be extolled & magnified, who partly moved with this suggestion, perceiving it to be a notable means to advance his glory, as before he had infused into man a conceaveable mind, apt to understand and his mysteries: so now he gave him a tongue, able to utter the sundry conceptions of the heart whatsoever it imagined. This fable proceeding (I know not from what brain) is remembered of Philo the Jew, in his treatise of the world which seemeth to imply thus much, that as there is nothing within this mortal circuit, that God hath, as it were kept to himself, and not made subject to the industrious capacity of man: so there is no means by which a man can approach nearer unto the perfection of that nature which he first enjoyed, and then lost by his fall, then by the painful indagation of the secrets of nature, or any way, whereby he may more truly glorify his maker, then in his life time with his tongue to communicate that knowledge which he hath by his industry achieved, and to have a care also, that it may be faithfully commended to his posterity. And doubtless this was the consideration, that moved the wise king Solomon to wade so far in the searching of the causes of things, who abandoning all those glistering shows which his riches and kingdom proffered him, applied his mind to the study of nature, & compiled a great volume, wherein he largely discoursed not only of birds and beasts, but of all herbs and trees, even from the cedar in Libanon, to Hisop that springeth out of the wall. And the self same opinion of the excellency of that kind of life hath from time to time invaded the minds of many kings & noble personages, vowing to themselves without any light of their forefathers, to go through the cloudy darkness of nature. And although they sometime stumbled, yet are they to be pardoned, if we consider both the obscurity and the length of the way they went in. Zoroaster the reputed son of Noie was the first, that of many confused experiments, began to fashion out & as it were to delineat the beginning of an art by setting down certain precepts of the same, & after him Osiris the king of Egypt, and Zesostris also king of the same country (though rudlie) laid the foundation of Astronomy by demonstration of the course of the heavens, & of physic by opening the nature of many herbs, and also of the secrets of their water of Nilus. To the worthiness of which secret, Plato that great philosopher did willingly subscribe, when falling into a grievous malady in Egypt, and being not able by his own experiments (though he had assayed many) to cure himself, he was preserved by the Priests of that country, who taught him the virtue of their water, whereas after, in remembrance of this benefit, he written this verse, rehearsed by Laertius: Mare universa proluit hominum mala: the sea doth wash away all the infirmities of man. So that by this we may see, that this noble and learned Philosopher had never brought us news out of Egypt, either of their policy & government of their country, or of the rare and exquisite knowledge in Astronomy, if he had not tasted of the benefit, which the Physic of that time afforded him. But we will remember some of those kings, who had an especial fancy to this art, whose names are de●olded and brought unto us by the succession of ages, though their works have not escaped the wrack, but have perished in the Sea gulf of antiquity, which hath swallowed the doings of many men. And Mithridates the king of Pontus shall be the first, who at one time undertook two mighty battles the one with the remains, the other with nature. In the last of which the more dangerous he prevailed like a conqueror, and in the first he dealt so valiantly, that the glory of his forepast victories suppressed & killed the remembrance of his last overthrow. The which (as Pliny remembreth) was a like profitable to the common wealth and to man's life: for in his manor where he lay, there were found many books written by his own hands, both of the virtues of herbs and of the constitution of man's body, with remedies of many infirmities of the same. Euax also the king of Arabia wrote a book of the effects of simples, which he dedicated to Nero the Emperor. But what should I reckon particularly the names of every one, when in former ages there was no king, either of AEthiopia, Egypt, or Arabia, who did not himself either write somewhat concerning this art of Physic, or else by his liberality encouraged others to employ their times in the same? which may make much (no doubt) to the credit of the art, when as kings have appropriated it to themselves, and have thought themselves honoured by the profession of the same. And as many arguments do induce me to believe beside the witness of the Historians, that Physic is the art, wherein many kings have travailed and delighted: so nothing more strongly than this, that whereas other gods were tied to their several places, as jupiter to Elis, Diana to Ephesus, Apollo to Delos, and so forth. Aesculapius' the son of Apollo by the daughter of Phlegias made a god for his cunning in Physic, hath his temple and altars every where in Corinth, in Lacedaemon, in Athens, in Thebes, in Epidaure, in Arcadia, Messenia, and in many other countries (as Pausanias remembreth) all which honours which were done to him (no doubt) were instituted by the kings and rulers of those countries, who especially favoured that art, thinking it great reason, that he who invented an art so generally available for mankind, should be generally honoured of all men. And (I pray you) how much inferior was the renown of Hypocrates, who descended of his line, saving that the one was placed amongst the gods in heaven, and the other reverenced as a mortal god upon earth? Did not he make Coos, the place where he was borne, of an inglorious Island, a famous country, only by the access of other nations, who were brought thither by the report of his wonderful skill in Physic? what familiarity had he with kings? what estimation among the Philosophers of that time as Democrites and other? and to conclude, how was his fame spread universally throughout all Greece? I will not tarry upon the recital of the famous Physicians, who have lived before us in several ages, as Dioscorides, Galen, Paulus AEtius, AEgineta and others. For it will easily appear of what credit this noble science of physic was in times past, if you consider the insolencitie and pride of ancient Physicians, whereof many of them disdained the fellowship of kings, and some of them emboldened only by the credit of their science purchased amongst men, grew to such impudency, that they would have ceremonies and rights performed unto them as unto gods. One such was Themison Ciprius the dainty of Antiochus, another was Thessalus whom Galen maketh mension of, who went about to innovate and change the method of physic set down by Hypocrates and others. But the most famous of all was Menecrates the Syracusan, who foolishly usurped the name of jupiter, oftentimes boasting, that by his art he could breathe life into mortal men after the manner of jupiter, which arrogant title the people never went about to derogate from him, but rather supposed that it was deserved on his part, because he cured many of the falling evil, which disease especially reigned in his time. This Menecrates in a certain epistle which he wrote to Philip the king of Macedon useth these words: Thou art king of Macedon, and I of Physic it lieth in thy power at thy pleasure, to destroy men which enjoy their health, and in mine to preserve sickemen, and restore dead men to life, and to keep the health of men unspotted even unto their old age, if they will obey me. Unreasonable surely and monstrous was the pride of this man, and it was so fed with the applause and approbation of his citizens who wondered at his rare cunning, that he marched in the city with a train of gods after him: one in the habit of Hercules, another in the shape of Mercury, another took upon him the form of Apollo, & he himself supereminent in the midst resembling jupiter, wore a purple rob, and a crown of gold upon his head, & held in his hand a mighty sceptre. The opinion of this science did so possess the minds of the people in those days, that they imagined the professor of the same to be sent immediately from heaven, for the commodity of the whole country, and for the preservation of mankind: which made them not to doubt to do unto them all superstitious reverence that might be, whereof grew this excessive pride, which hath arrested as it were the minds of many Physicians. I would not wish that the Physicians of our time should draw this unto an example, but rather with all lowliness to visit even the poorest, when their help is required: for seeing that the life of the most miserable vassal is as dear in the sight of God, as the life of the most renowned Monarch, shall not the Physician look to have a shrewd check at God's hand, if either he hath proudly denied his help to the poor, or negligently visited them? I will not descend into this common place, though (to speak the truth) the arrogancy of many of our Physicians might give me sufficient occasion, wishing them to leave of to imitate the swelling insolency of Mencerates, and the rest, and to track, rather in the steps of Hypocrates and Galen, of whom it is thus written, that they never disdained to shroud themselves under the simplest roof in their country, to do the poorest man good. And as they themselves said (besides the glory that they purchased by their courteous benignity) they added always to their cunning, and by experience confirmed their art and knowledge, which might well stagger, if you respect the infinite variety of diseases, and the strange diversities of men's dispositions. And truly if nothing else, yet the enriching of their knowledge which is gathered especially by long experience, might be cause good enough to attract and draw them to lay hold of any occasion to go to the diseased person. And in mine opinion, the neglecting of this, which proceedeth either from covetousness or pride, hath been the only cause, that even from the beginning, there have been reckoned so few good Physicians: For (exempt only Hypocrates, Galen, Auricen, AEginet●, Aetius, and Soranus, though the number of common Physicians hath been great) you shall not find any that have climbed up to the perfection of their science, nay far from that which might challenge the fift or sixth place. Which although some men will ascribe to the laborious difficulty and confused vastness of this art especially: yet I dare boldly affirm, that there hath not been nor is, any such block or stay, which hath impeached so much their endeavours, as the defect of experience. And truly I cannot more fitly compare our ampiriques' and practisioners, then to him that puposeth to be a seaman & travailer, who though he studiously striveth to attain to the perfection of his art, though he carefully busieth about the cosmographical maps, though he industruously peruseth the books of navigation, nay (that which is more) though he diligently conferreth with very expert sailors: yet when he hath forsaken the quiet haven, and launched out into the rough seas, and hath taken upon him the government of the ship, when he shall behold so many horrible mountains of water, the roaring of so many huge waves, and the outraging surges of the disquieted monster, he will then confess that he only dreamt before, when he imagined of the course of the seas, that his books were lame schoolmasters, that the tales of his companions were a great deal less than the things themselves: when he shall cast up his eyes and think that every star which he had hoped to have used as guides and directions, had threatened his ruin & destruction, when he shall look down and tremble at the rising of every wave, when he shall turn him about, & with great fear seek to eschew those rocks, which he had read were couched in that part of the sea, & to conclude, when he shall consider the hugeness of the ocian sea, & the smallness of his bark, he will think sure the lest pirrie or gale were of force to overwhelm him, not withstanding his great cunning he had thought he had gained one the land: Even so fareth it with our common physicians, who, while there contain themselves within the compass of their little study, where they do as it were, è tabula pictos ediscere mundos, where they perceive their science redicted into a method, where they see Galen reaching his hand to them to lead them throughout the whole body of physic, by whom they are taught the constitution of the body, the diver sitie of temperature, the variety of diseases, the causes, signs, and simptomates of the same, they straightwaie imagine, that they have run the race, and that they have acquired as much knowledge as becometh an AEmpirique. But after that, when they shall go into the common wealth to practise, when th●y shall meet with diseases, which Galen never dreamt of, when they shall view the marvelous and secret affections and proprieties of men's bodies, the sudden and momentany changes of the same (which a man can scarcely follow with his mind) when they shall perceive, that in respect of the strange temperature of the body, and the violent alteration of the same, they scarcely can arm at the disease, when they shall strike upon so many rocks, besides their great pains and watchful industry: vill it not (think we) amaze them? will they not confess then, that their art is unperfect? will they not acknowledge (think you) that as experience was the ancient beginner of physic: so, that now it is the true and sincere accomplisher of the perfection of the same? Since therefore the case so standeth that art is weak without practice, and that (as Galen saith) experience is gotten longo rerum usu: let the Physician (if he doth not prefer lying fame and vile lucre before true and absolute knowledge) let him (I say) that his mind may be enriched, not leave the poorest house unfrequented. But to say the truth, there is nothing derogateth so much from the excelling in their science, as doth the opinion of perfection, which is especially gotten by the judgement of the multitude, the perverse determiner of things. For when a man knoweth his name to sly amongst them, he sitteth still, and admireth himself, thinking then, that he hath studied enough both for himself and his country, when he hath gotten his name enroled amongst the number of excellent Physicians by that ignorant and unadvised register. I have spoken this by the way, and the interjection of these few lines hath not made me to forget (good Reader) that I before discoursed of the glory of this science, and how it hath been accounted of in times past: the dignity whereof, though it be something lessened & impaired (which whether it hath happened by the ignorance of our Physicians, or by the sinister opinion of the world I will not now discuss) yet if we will uprightly weigh with ourselves, we may perceive that the judgement of men hath not any whit detracted from the true dignity of the thing itself. For truly what can be more noble than to preserve the body of man in a good estate, which of the philosophers is termed a little world, in respect of the variety of his several functions? what can be more excellent then to be able to maintain & keep in order that best workmanship of God, & (that which is more) to correct, reform & amend it, & as it were a cunning Pilot to govern & rule it as a little vessel cast out into the great ocean, subject (I do not know) to how many rocks & dangers, if it be not uprightly wielded? And seeing there is nothing given unto us of God, more acceptable than the health of the body, how honourably must we think of the means, by which it is continued and restored if it be lost? Pyrrhus' the king of Epir did sacrifice unto no other god or goddess, but only unto health, to whom he erected a famous temple in his own country, calling it Templum sanitatis. He contemned or at the least neglected all oracles which other princes busily sought after, as predictions of the events and successes of the battles which they attempted, or any other the like enterprise. He craved nothing at the hands of the gods, but only the fruition of his health, thinking that industry & diligence, meeting with the health of the body, were able to achieve any thing, were it beset with never so many dangers. And in mine opinion (as the Historian very gravely discourseth) men do folishlie err, when they complain of nature, for lymiting the age of man within the compass of so few years, as three or four score: whenas truly, if the matter were well expended, we would confess, Industriam potius quam tempus deesse (as he saith) and that there is no art or science, be it never so difficult, but might be perfectly known within that short precinct, if the greater part of our life did not pass and vanish away in darkness (sloth and ignorance drowning and overwhelming in us all light of nature) or if the course thereof were not interrupted and cut of by untimely death, which is hastened on our parts by our inordinate and heedless living. The young man flourishing as it were in the April of his age, cockereth in himself a fools imagination of his own lustiness, & reputeth it as a discredit to him to seem to fear the approach of any disease, leaving the provident government of the body to decrepit and withered old age. In the mean time he layeth the rain upon his affections, and exposeth himself to any inconvenience: either he weltreth in idleness, or is tired with immoderate exercise, or (that which is incident specially to that part of our age) he admitteth unseasonable watchings, surfeiting banquets, & the unsatiate execution of the follies of Venus, thinking in deed that there is nothing less agreeing unto youth and adolescency, then to be pliant and obedient to any commendable and wholesome method of life: yea many of them are of this mind, that the time of their youth is infamously overslipped, when they do not rush in their voluptuous and inordinate demeanour at what time the lusty prime of their age do somewhat enable and support them: & if at any time they be overtaken with any infirmity (which often happeneth) as unwilling to be beholding to the science of Physic, they leave it to be worn away by the strength of their body, which in deed I confess hideth many diseases, and for the time taketh away the sense of them, but it never utterly extinguisheth any: for although in the infancy of the infirmity, in respect of the weakness of it, is be easily depressed & overmastered by the valour of the body (which in youth is something puissant and forcible) yet when age coming one with his stealing steps, or else reckless life doth detract from the force of the one, and maketh way for the other to spread & gather power, the disease being as it were the survivor possesseth the whole body, and at the last procureth his utter subversion. And many times it happeneth that a disease breaketh out in old age, the cause uhereof perhaps was given in our youth. And it fareth with us, as it doth with them which are bitten with that little serpent of Arabia, which striketh a man, but so secretly, that he never feeleth it, neither doth he know it but by the wound which showeth itself a long time, after the foundation thereof was laid. The opinion that the ancient Physicians had of the effect of snow water is of force to persuade this, who have written, that if snow resolved into water be drunken of a young child, it will as it were maintain war against natural heat, and that with such continuance, as it will not show his effect, until he hath attained unto extreme old age. I do not altogether believe this, although the great cold which is naturally in that water, may lead me to think, that it is of a mighty operation. But there is nothing more certain than this, that many men, reposing to much trust in the strength of their bodies, & so being careless in gaine-standing and resisting the beginnings of many maladies (which their dissolute order of life hath begotten and engendered) have been yoked by old age before the course of their years did require it, and have brought it so to pass that their bodies have been nothing else, but storehouses and mansions of diseases. Which kind of men I may well compare to an evil & negligent tenant, who being settled in a fair dwelling house by his Landlord, suffereth it to ruinated and in the end to fall upon his ownt head for want of repairing: so they, when God hath bestowed their bodies upon them as gorgeous palaces or mansion houses, wherein the mind may devil with pleasure and delight, do first by their evil demeanour shake, and discrase them, and then being altogether careless of repairing them, do suffer them to run to destruction, or else while they go about to late to underprop them declining to ruin, (as he that is lodged in an old cabin feareth, lest with every puff of wound it shoulbe overturned) so they quake at the lest alteration of their body, and at every little pain, do expect a final dissolution: then will they confess unto you, that while they ryoted unadvisedly in their youth they did but build matter for repentance in age. And what do they else but by their examples give us to learn, that as the interception and praescision of diseases is very available, which carrieth a man throughout his race with pleasure and delight, so that nothing cometh more near unto the goodness thereof, then (if by chance when we be plunged into any disease) carefully to provide that the beginning thereof may be impeached: the which that thou mayest the better do, I have (good Reader) for thy benefit, collected out of sundry authors, as it were a breviary or abridgement of physic, and together with those diductions, I have interlaced experiments of mine own, which by long use and practise I have observed to be true. Throughout the whole book I have been more curious in prescribing the sundry curations and ways to help the diseases, then in explaining the nature of them, my reason was, because if my books should come to the hands of the unlearned a little would suffice (the former being more necessary.) Again I knew, that the learned would not be contented or satisfied with it, though it had been never so great: and yet I have not omitted any necessary sign, that the disease may appear easily to any capable brain. I shall seem boldly to have adventured the edition of this labour, seeing that I shall run into the babble of our country physicians, who think their art to be discredited, when it is published in so base a tongue▪ and again, are loathe to have the secrets of their science revealed to every man. In deed I know that under some colour they may object somewhat, but yet they may understand, that I have followed the example of many learned Physicians both of our Englishmen & other country men also, who published their practices in their mother tongue, & in other countries especially it is so rife & common, that in Italy & France you shall not found any learned Physician, that hath not written as much, (nay rather more) in his own country language, then in Latin: yea we have many books in physic, that have first been set out in French and Italian, and afterwards for the commodity of other nations, have been translated into latin, and so made general, which before the writer had as it were bequeathed to his countrymen. And no doubt they were all touched with an especial care to profit their own country, being willing that all men (as in deed it concerneth all) should reap the commodities of their labours. For I cannot see how that saying of Quintilian can be verified in this one art (which is this) that then all arts should be truly happy, when the professors of the same should only judge of them, but I have always been of this mind, that it behoveth every man to be cunning in his own constitution, & to know so much as may serve to forestall the coming of many ordinary diseases, which commonly light upon the ignorant: yea & sometime to be able to chase away a malady when it hath already caught hold of the body: my reason is, both because every man may judge best of his own body, and perceive the declininges and alterations of the same, And again we know, how many have died, and do die continually for want of help, (the Physician being not always at their elbow) whereas in the beginning of their sickness, a little knowledge might have stopped the passage of the infirmity. In the old time when physic was brought under no form, but consisted only of a few experiments which passed from hand to hand, young children together with other arts did receive certain precepts and rules, how to order and govern the body, and learned also preservatives against poisons, and the receipt of salves to cure any green wound, and the means to help certain ordinary diseases, which (in deed) were but few (the age of man being then far more strong.) We read how Linus, who was schoolmaster to Hercules when he had instructed him in the art of wrestling, (which then was honoured especially) and in Music, that he gave him the receipt of a certain balm, which he often used in many of his adventures. And what was it, that gave matter to the fable of Achilles, how his mother Thetis had made his body impenetrable, but that knowledge of his which he had learned of his master Chiron the centaur, who taught him the virtue of an herb, which to this day beareth his name, by which he healed all his wounds he received in battle? What an honourable mension doth Homer make of Machao and Podalirius the sons of Aesculapius, in that they could cure themselves, when they were at any time hurt of the enemy? This cunning also had Mithridates, and Fabricius the Roman he that vanquished Pyrrhus, and also Marcus Curius and many other who are recorded by Histories, whose names I would remember, if I did not see the enlarging of this common place by examples to be altogether unnecessary, when there is no man which so far swerveth from common sense, that will not confess it to be very expedient & needful for all to know the estate of their own bodies. I will therefore foresake the proving of so manifest a thing, and return unto thee (good Reader) whom I have already offended in exceeding the just length of a Preface, like unto that waiefaring man, who when he had purposed to undertake a long journey, stumbled even in the very thresshold of his door. But if it be an offence, I did voluntarily run into it, choosing rather to be carped at of the Rhetorician for using too many words, then to be worthily reprehended of the readers for being to sparing in uttering the reasons, whereby I was first adduced to publish this my labour. For I know not how it cometh to pass, yet we see it daily, that ridiculous t●res and absurd pamphlettes being put f●rth without any colour, be nevertheless plausibly and pleasingly accepted: whereas a man 〈…〉ed with an honest care to profit his country, being willing to leave a testimony of the same behind him, when he offereth to publish any work, if it hath not a delectable subject, it behoveth him to show many grave and substantial reasons of his doings, or else they will not yield their hoped for benefit, which is to be benignelie construed and perused with humanity, so that if a man covet to have his books favourably accepted and read, he must behave himself so in writing, as Solon did in framing his laws, who (as Plutarch saith) did not fashion them according to the true line of equity, but set down such as he thought the people would willingly observe: even so the iniquity of the time hath brought to pass, that those books which are generally perused and read throughout, must not serve the time, but must satisfy the opinions of men. A man may easily discourse of this, but the fantasies of man are to variant to prevail a whit in dissuading them. For mine own part (that I may now end) I have not sought or hunted after any vain glory by the edition of this my labour, but only I have endeavoured by this means (being unable any way else) to do some good to my countrymen, which desire of mine shall sufficiently comfort me, though I want the outward approbation of the world. And yet this one thing I would crave at the hands of the learned, that If by chance my books come under their censure, they will either give them their good word, or else suffer themselves to be judged of by performing the like labour. And as martial prettily sung. Cum tua non edas, carpis mea carmina Leli, Carpere vel noli nostra, vel ede tua. though in deed this supplication of mine may rather more fitly be preferred unto the unlearned, who think they have gotten a goodly means to purchase their own credit, when they can under some colour malign the doings of any man, as though others well doings were as impeachmentes to their estimations, or the errors of other men the subject and matter of their praises. Those kind of serpents (I say) which do nothing else but pick quarrels with authors, I would advise either to speak themselves, or (if their ignorance will not let them) to lay their finger on their mouth till other men tell their tale, and not to make their harvest of other men's offences unwillingly committed, whiles they themselves rest unable to do any whit of good. And thus (good Reader) I will abruptly end, expecting thy favourable acceptation of these my labours, which expectation of mine (if it be not deluded) I shallbe further encouraged to consecrated the residue of my studies to thy commodity. Philip Barrough. An INDEX OR TABLE OF ALL THE EVILS AND diseases with their causes, signs, judgements, and cures, universally contained in the five books folloving. A Of the Apoplexy. 25 Of the Asthma. 64 Of Abhorring of meat. 85 Of a doglike Appetite. 86 Of the cure of Abscessions. 216 Of a tumour called Aquosum Apostema. 253 Of the swelling called Apost. 299 B Of blearedness of the eyes. 44 Of black & blue marks. 45 Of bleeding at the nose. 51 Of the stone in the bladder. 133 Of blood broken out of the bladder or crudded in it. 133 Of ulcers of the bladder, and his neck. 135 Of the remedy against Barraines. 157 C Of Carus or Subeth. 22 Of Congelation or taking 23 Of the Cramp. 32 Of a Cataracte. 39 Of the Inflammation of the Columella. 58 Of a lose Columella. 59 Of the Cough. 63 Of Choler. 93 Of the Colic. 101 Of Cachexia, or evil state of the body 121 Of the loss of carnal copulation. 142 Of sore travail in childbirth. 159 Of the Carbuncle, the Cancre & the evil called Sphaselus. 226 Of the cure of a Carbuncle. 227 Of a cankerous tumour called Cancer Apostematosus. 273 D Of Dead sleep. 24 Of deafness & slow hearing. 49 Of distilation, rheum & horenes. 53 Of evil Digestion. 88 Of the Dropsy. 121 Of the Dropsy Anasarcha. 123 Of the Dropsy Ascites. 124 Of the Dropsy Tympanites. 125 E Of Exulceration of the privy members. 140 Of Exulcerat. of the womb. 150 Of a fever Ethicke. 189 Of the general method of curing the abscessions called Exiturae. 212 Of Erysipelas and other tumors caused of choler. 233 Of the signs and tokens of a true Erysipelas. 235 Of the cure of Erysipelas. 236 F Of the Frenisie. 17 Of the Falling sickness. 31 Of great Famine. 87 Of the Flux diarrhea. 94 Of the Flux Lienteria. 96 Of the Fuxe Dysenteria. 97 Of the clefts of the fundament. 109 Of women's Flux. 149 An exposition of Fevers. 168 The table of Fevers. 170 Of one days Fever. 171 Of a diary Fever lasting more days 175 Of a rotten Fever called Synochus, 186 Of a continual Fever. 178 Of a burning Fever. 180 Of the evils called Formicae. 243 G Of the gout in the feet and joints. 164 Of the evil called Gangraena and Sphacelus. 230 Of the cure of Gang. & Spha. 231 Of the diseases called Glandulae, Nodi, and Strumae. 255 H Of Headache. 1 Of Headache caused of heat. 2 Of Headache caused of cold. 4 Of Headache caused by dryness, or moisture. 5 Of Headache caused of blood. 6 Of Headache caused of choler. 7 Of Headache caused of phlegm. 8 Of headache caused of windines. 9 Of Headache caused of the stomach. 10 Of Hedach caused by dronknes. 11 O Headache caused by fevers. 11 Of inveterate Headache. 12 Of the hemorrhoids. 107 Of an Haemitryce fever. 197 Of herpes both miliaris & exedens which do associate Erysipelas. 239 I Of Impostumes breeding in the ears. 50 Of Inflammation of the tonsils. 59 Of Inflammation of the lounges. 67 Of Inflammation of the paps. 79 Of Inflammation of the stomach. 84 Of the Iliaca Passio. 103 Of Inflammation of the liver. 113 Of Inflammation of the spleen. 116 Of the laundyse. 113 Of Inflammation of the reins. 126 Of Inflammation of the bladder. 134 Of Inflammation of the womb. 154 Of tumors above nature called Inflationes. 250 L Of the lethargy. 19 Of the weakness of the Liver. 11● Of obstruction of the Liver. 112 M Of the Mygrime. 1● Of Memory lost. 2● Of the Maare. 34 Of Madness. 34 Of Melancholy. 35 Of lack of milk. 76 Of abundance of Milk. 77 Of Milk that is curdled. 78 Of stopping of Menstruys. 145 Of flowing of Menstruis. 148 Of the Mole in the Matryce. 153 Of straightness of the Matryce. 150 O Of Oedema, and other phlegmatic and flatuous tumours. 145 Of the cure Oedema. 247 P Of the Palsy. 26 Of Panicles. 42 Of the Palsy in one member. 30 Of Pustules or bladders in the eyes. 44 Of pain in the ears. 84 Of pain in the teeth. 54 Of the Pleurisy. 65 Of the Phthisic. 71 Of Panting of the heart. 73 Of unmeasurable pissing. 130 Of difficulty of Pissing. 138 Of the Pestilence. 192 Of a true Phlegmone, & of other tumours engendered of blood. 218 Of the causes, signs, and judgements of Phlegmone. 219 Of the order of curing of Phlegmone. 221 Q Of a Quartain fever. 185 Of a Quodian fever. 188 R Of Reins that sand fo●●h bloody urine. 125 Of the stone in the reins. 128 Against ulcers of the reins. 131 Of bursting or Ruptures. 143 S Of skin growing in the eyes. 43 Of sound or noise in the ears. 49 Of a stinking mouth. 56 Of the Squinancy. 61 Of Spitting of blood. 68 Of Spitting of matter. 60 Of Sounding. 74 Of the Syncope. 110 Of weakness of the Stomach. 79 Of pain of the Stomach. 83 Of windines of the Stomach 90 Of distempure of the Spleen. 115 Of hardness of the Spleen. 117 Of obstruction of the Spleen. 118 Of the strangury. 137 Of shedding of sperm. 147 Of the Sciatica. 162 T Of trembling and shaking. 37 Of teeth that be black & loose. 55 Of malignant ulcers of the tonsils. 60 Of immoderate Thirst. 82 Of Tenasmus. 100 Of the falling out of the Tuel. 109 Of a pure intermitting Tertian. 180 Of a bastardly Tertian. 184 Of the differences of those tumors which chance besides nature. 200 Of the causes of Tumours above nature. 206 Of the signs of Tumours besides nature. 209 Of hard and Scirrhus Tumours engendered of melancholy. 267 V Of Vertigo and sweaming of the head. 15 Of Ulcers in the nose. 51 Of Ulcers in the mouth. 55 Of stopping of the Urine. 138 Of the judgements and cure of the evils Verrucae. 144 W Of a Web or Cataract. 39 Of Worms. 105 Of strangling of the Womb. 150 Of falling out of the Womb. 151 Of windines in the Womb. 155 Y Of Yelking and vomiting. 81 Of Yelking or hicket. 91 Of the continual standing of the Yard. 140 FINIS TABULAE. Of weights. A brief declaration of the notes of all those kinds of weights, which are generally used and contained throughout this whole book, and of the quantity of them. FOrasmuch as the true & perfect knowledge in compounding of medicines cannot be attained unto without the knowledge of the quantity of the weights, which are at this present day most commonly used in making of medicines: I will therefore here briefly declare the use of them: for seeing that the weight of some medicines be so justly & certainly ordained & made (that if any man do chance rashly to err in the true quantity thereof, he doth much hurt to the body, and many times putteth the life in jeopardy: you must therefore diligently endeavour and apply your mind to study and consider of the medicines, that so you may have the more full and perfect knowledge thereof. The notes which I (following the order of other Physicians) have used in this my book in writing of weights be these, as followeth. 1. Grana. have this note. G. 2. Scrupuli. have this note. ℈. 3. Drachmae. have this note. ʒ. 4. Vnciz. have this note. ℥. 5. Quar. have this note. qr. 6. Librae. have this note. lb. 7. Semis. have this note. ss. 8. Manipuli. have this note. M. 9 Pugilli. have this note. p. 10. Ana. have this note. ana. A grain is a barely corn taken in the midst of the ear A scruple is twenty barely corns. Three scruples contain a drachm. Eight drachmas contain an ounce. Quart. signifieth a quart of any thing. Libra is a pound. Semiss. is the half of every weight. Manipulus. is a great handful. Pugillus. is a small handful. Ana. signifieth of every one alike much. THE METHOD OF PHYSIC OF PHILIP BARROUGH CONTAINING THE CAUSES, SIGNS AND Cures of inward diseases in man's body, from the head to the foot. THE FIRST BOOK. The first Chapter, Of headache. GALEN the Prince of Physicians, affirmeth, Differences of pain in the head 3. that there are only three sundry pains in the head: whereof the one is called of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cephalalgiae, and of the Latins Capitis dolour, the barbarous sort of Physicians call it Soda. In English it is called commonly the headache. The second kind is called of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and in Latin likewise it is called so Cephalaea. In English it may be called a long continuing or inveterate headache. The third is called of the Greeks, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Hemicrania also is the Latin name for it. English it is called the migrime. Of the two last kinds shall mention be made hereafter, for now we will entreat of the first kind, declaring only in this chapter, what it is and what be the general causes thereof, and then in the chapters next following, shall the signs and cures of each cause be declared. Understand therefore first, The diversity of places that pain is in. What Cephalalgia or S●da is. that Cephalgia is no thing else but a laborious and painful sense, and feeling newly begun in the whole head, through some great mutation thereof, this word newly is added to make it differ from Cephalaea, which is an old pain that hath long continued: and the whole head is added to make it differ from Hemicrania, which occupieth but the one half of the head. Note also that by the head we mean so much as is covered with hear, wherein pain is engendered, sometime without the skull and sometime within, sometime in all the outward parts, and sometime in all the inward parts, sometime not in all, but in one part, as in the Arteries only, or the veins, or sinews, or the films, or the skin, or in the brain itself, but these differences, Whether the headache be with in the skull or without it. as Galen testifieth, be very hard to know. But this may easily be known whether the pain be within the skull or without it, if you consider well the headache: for if the pain be extended to the roots and bottom of the eyes, the pain is within the skull, for unto the eyes are certain branches derived from the brain, and from the films, and other vessels that are about it: so that the pain will quickly come from them to the roots of the eyes, but if the pain that is felt, do not extend to the eye roots, then is the ache without the skull. Causes of headache special. Causes of headache general. This pain of the head generally (as also all other pains) is caused of an unequal distempure coming with humours, or without, especially when it is hot or cold, or it is caused by solution of parts coherent, or of both. But as for particular and special causes of the head, there be very many. For sometime it cometh only of a simple distempur without any humours, and sometime it cometh through the evil quality of humours, sometime it cometh through great abundance of humours, sometime through humours, that stop the passage of the vapours and moisture in the head: sometime through windines engendered in some part of the head, being weak. Also sometime headache is caused of some disease in the stomach: sometime of an outward cause as of heat of the Sun, of great cold, of drunkenness, or of some stripe, or wound. Hereby it appeareth that the headache is engendered of seven sundry causes, which are to be known by their proper signs, whereof we will speak more at large in the chapters following, for in this chapter they shallbe but briefly touched. Note therefore that the headache, Signs of each cause of headache generally. which is caused of a simple distemper without humours, is not easy to be known, except a man be well exercised in Physic, and by much and diligent looking of the grief: but that pain of the head is most vehement, which is caused of a simple distempure being hot or cold. The headache, that is caused of dryness, is moderate. As for a moist distempure alone doth cause no headache, except it be joined with heat or cold, or with abundance of humours, or sharpness of them. If pain of the head doth come through abundance of humours, contained in one part of the head, or in two, or in all parts, the pain is more vehement, that cometh of hot humours, or of cold, that which cometh of dry things is more moderate, if there be not manifest heat or cold joined with them, as for moist things touching their quality, do cause no pain at all, but with their quantity they may fill the passages and so cause pain. If abundance of all four humours equally, or of blood alone do cause headache without obstruction and stopping of the passages, it maketh the head heavy and full, as it were stretched out and swollen, but if the multitude of humours be with obstruction, it causeth moderate pain if the obstruction be but little, but if the obstruction be great, there shall be very great pain. Also if the multitude of humours have a sharp and biting quality, according to that quality the pain will be pricking and shooting, if with the heaviness or stretching of the head therebe beating, and as it were a pulse, it betokeneth inflammation in the head. But if the stretching be present without heaviness or pulse, it declareth abundance of windy Spirits, and in this kind of headache, there willbe noise in the ears. Those, that have headache coming of an external cause, as of heat of the Sun, cold of the air, drunkenness, stripes, or of any hot savours, can easily tell themselves the cause therofe. Seek for signs more particular in the Chapters next following. CAP. II. Of headache caused of heat. Understand, that by heat, in this chapter, is meant, a hot distempure without any kind of humour. Causes. It is engendered for the most part of the burning heat of the Sun in Summer, when any body hath tarried long in it. Also it is sometime caused of immoderate moving or by hot baths, or by being long nigh the flame of the fire, or through anger, or furiousness, or last of all through hot diseases, or hot savours of outward things. The signs which declare headache by burning heat of the Sun, Signs. are that besides vehement pain, you shall feel their head hot assoon as you touch it, and their skin drier than it was wont to be, their eyes do look red, and they are delighted with the sprinkling, or anointing of cold things, and do feel great ease by them. As for the other causes, they may be known by relation of the sick. Diet. For the cure of this kind of headache you must first provide, that the air and the chamber wherein the sick abideth, air. be very cold of nature, or else it must be made so by your diligence, as by strowing in the house, flowers, and branches of cold things (as roses, violets, water lily flowers, and vine leaves, briar bows, willow and such like.) Also it will cool the air well to sprinkle cold water in the house, or to pour it out of one vessel into another. Sleep. Great respect must be had to his sleeping, for he must sleep longer than he wont to do, he must altogether eschew long watching, and keep himself quiet: he must not retain his excrements but avoid them by and by after sleep if he can, or let nature be helped to expel them by a lenitive clyster, for their retention increase pain in the head. Let him eschew carnal copulation, excercises, and baths. Let him eschew all perturbations of the mind, especially anger and fury. Let him have but little meat, Meat. of good digestion, and let it be cold in operation, as is bread dipped in cold water, juice of plysan, lettuce, endive, purslane, flesh of chickens, hens or pigeons, with verjuice made of grapes. fishes are good that come out of stony rivers, and that are tender. Also almond milk, pomegarnettes, raisins and ripe pears may be given to him. He must abstain from milk, and meats, that fume into the head, or that be hard of digestion. For his drink, Drink. let him use water altogether, if his stomach will bear it, if not, seathe a little Cinnamon in it, or Coriander seed preparate, or mix with the water juice of sour pomegarnettes, or syrup of endive, or Syrupus acetosus simplex, or oxy saccharum: or if they cannot abide that, you may give them small wine well allayed with water. The pain of the head caused of heat, is cured with such things as do cool, without manifest restriction, Cure. especially if they be of thin and piercing substance. Therefore in the beginning nothing is better than to pour upon the head good oil of roses, made of unripe oil, Oil of roses. and if a little vinegar be added to it, it will pierce the faster and the deeper. The places that you must pour or anoint it on, is the fore part of the head where the seam goeth overthwart, for it is the thinnest place of the skull, and the seams have pores in them, also you must use it on the top of the forehead, where the hear leaveth growing, and on the sides of the temples, where the hear groweth towards the ears. The best thing next oil of roses is oil of camomile to be used in likewise, especially in those bodies, Oil of commomill. that we would not cool to much, as woman's, eunuchs, children and other that have soft flesh, and are white in colour. If there be need of greater cooling, you may add to the oil of roses juice of houselike, or purslane, or knotgrass, or of unripe grapes, or night shade, or sorrel, or psillium, or such like. Use not juice of poppy, or of mandrake in this cause, for they do hurt: you may make medicines of the former things, or such like in this sort. ℞. oil of roses. ℥ two rose-water. ℥ i strong vinegar. ℥. ss. or juice of houselike, or purslane, or lettuce. ℥ i and so commixed them. Or thus, ℞ distilled water of houselyke, lettuce, and night shade. ana. ℥ two water of camomile. ℥. j.ss. vinegar. ℥ i commixed them, and dip a cloth in it, and lay it all over the forehead, and the temples where the hear groweth not. But let not this medicine touch the hinder part of the head, for that part cannot suffer cooling without hurt, because the marrow of the back bone beginneth there. Those medicines which you will use for cooling, especially in Summer, must stand a while in very cold water. This also is good for abundance or humours, and vapours, that be lifted up into the head. In like manner also you may use other oils that have virtue to cool as oils of quinces, violets, water lilies, and gourds. Neither will it be unprofitable to use a lineament made in this sort. ℞. Of the mucilage of the seeds of quinces, Alyni●●ens. and great mallows, or of psillium. ana. ʒ. iij. juice of purslane. ʒ. j.ss. juice of night shade. ʒ. ss. Oil of roses. ℥ i commixed them and make a lineament: or by putting to wax and other medicines make an ointment in this sort. ℞. Vnguentipopuleon. ʒ.j. oils of violets and roses of each. ʒ. iij. dry flowers of white water lilies and of red roses. ana. ℈ i wax as much as is sufficient, Vnguent●●●. and make an ointment, and anoint it upon the forehead and the temples. It profitteth also to use embrocations (that is decoctions made of certain things to pour upon any member by little and little, or to let it drop down) they may be made of roses, violets, Embrochae. S●●●efaci●tis. flowers of water lilies, willow leaves, vine leaves, purcelaine, barley and such like. You must not apply stupefactive things to the grief, because they cool not without hurt, and therefore opin, juice of poppy, and mandragoras are to be eschewed. juice of night shade also because of his stupefaction is not to be used at all, or very little of it at once, as we do use in the lineament afore said. Also those things, that have manifest astriction and binding with their cooling are to be refused, except necessity require it, and therefore the juices of sweet pomgarnettes, quinces, and meddlars are to be avoided, but juice of sour pomgarnettes is good because it cooleth more. No●e. Hitherto we have declared what medicines are to be used in the beginning of this grief. Afterward you may use to mix with the medicines that do cool and drive back, such things as do mitygate and digest. Make therefore an embrocation after this sort. ℞. Flowers of roses and violets. ana. M. ss. leaves of willow, Embrocha. cammomil, and melilote. ana. M.j. seeds of mallows. ʒ. iij. barley husked. ℥ i seethe these in two pound of water, till the third part be consumed, and make an embrocation. Or thus, ℞. mallow leaves, violets, roses. ana. pug. ss. the flowers of water lilies. ʒ. iij. vine leaves, or the wreaths, that they wind about things which all, purcelaine, or houselyke of each. M.j. cammomil, melilote, and fenngreke. ana. ʒ. ij. seath them as is above said, and make an embrocha, adding to a little vinegar, especially if the pain be within the skull. Last of all you may use most of the discussive medicines, withdrawing the aforesaid repelling things, such be Althaea, dill, sothernwood, butter, camomile, barley meal, fenngreke, lynesead, lupines. etc. Of these and such like things you may make quiltes, or embrocations, or ointments, Inward 〈◊〉. as you list. For inward medicines (especially if the headache be caused of exercise, anger or such like) minister nilep of violets or roses, or their conserves, or manus Christi, or give the sick ij. or three hours before meat in the morning. ℥ i and ss. of syrup of infusion of roses, Odours. or of syrup of water lilies with. ℥ two or three of water of borage, or cichory. It is good for the sick to smell rose water, mixed with a little vinegar, also it is good to snuff it up in to the nose. CAP. III. Of headache caused of cold. BY cold is meant in this Chapter, a cold distempure simply without the flux of any cold humour. Causae. This pain in the head is caused of outward cold as when the air is very cold, especially when any body tarrieth in it long time bore headed, as also it may be caused by the sudden applying of any cold thing to the head. Signae. The signs of headache caused or cold, are contrary to those signs that are caused of hot distempure. For in this, though the pain be vehement, yet the head when it is felt, is not hot, nor the face and eyes do not look red, nor their face is not dry and shrunk but contrariwise full and pale, Victus ratio. and their eyes are swollen and swart. Also they neither desire cold things, nor do feel ease by them. Concerning the diett of those, that have this kind of headache, they must eschew cold air, and abide altogether in hot air. They must sleep moderately, but not longer than they were wont. They must use moving of the whole body, especially walking and riding. Let their bodies be soluble, rather than costive, so that they may each day have a siege either by nature, or by art, as by a suppositary or a clyster. Let them eschew saddnes, and deep cogitations, and other immoderate affections of the mind. Let them eschew all meats and drinks that be cold in operation as milk, fish and such like. Let them eat rear eggs, and flesh of hens, chicken, partriche, and feasaunts and such like. For their drink let him use wine that is thin of substance, for that doth moderately extenuate and heat. For the same cause also hot baths are to be used, and generally for the cure hereof you must use things that be hot in operation. Cur●. But yet in applying medicines to the head you must diligently consider the natural temperature of the brain, for it is such a thing, as cannot suffer medicines vehement hot, nor it vehement cold. Therefore (as Galen affirmeth) if oil of rue be poured hot upon the fore part of the head, it healeth the patiented perfittlie. But if there be need of greater heating, you may put pepper, or euphorbium into the oil, or you may mix some oil of pepper, or oil of euphorbium with the oil of rue, or in steed of oil of rue, you may use oils of laurel, yreos, dill, or camomile, of spikenard, serpillum, marjoram, and such like. Herewith you may anoint the forehead also, and the nosthriles and the holes of the ears. Of the afore said medicines you may make an ointment after this sort. unguentum. ℞. Oils of yreos, and rue. ana. ℥. ss. mariorame, betony, pepper. ana. ℈ i of Euphorbium. gra. v. wax as much as is sufficient, and make an ointment, and anoint therewith the forehead, Aliud. and the nosethrills. Or make an ointment thus. ℞. of oil of rue, camomile, and nardinum. ana. ℥ i hyssop, lavender, and flowers of staechas. ana. ʒ. ss. mastic and frankincense of each. ʒ. j. wax a little, and make an ointment. You may sometime add to it, Embrochae. if you will, Castoreum. ℈ i Also embrocations profit much, if they be made of flowers, of melitote, and cammomil, marjoram, origan, betony, sage, laurel leaves, staechas, and such like, sodden in water. It is good for the sick to draw up the vapours of such decoctions by his nosethrills. Alsoe a quilt made in this sort profiteth much. ℞. leaves of laurel, serpillum, and marjoram. ana. M. ss. flowers of rosemary. M.j. Rew. M. ss. cloves & staechas. ana. ʒ. j. pennyroyal and calamint. ana. ʒ. j.ss. beat these to powder▪ and sew them in silk, or fine linen cloth, and make a quilt, Sacculus. which must be laid to the head warm, and first sprinkled with vinegar. It is good also to use a pomander, Pomum odoriferum. made in this sort. ℞. of storax calamitae. ʒ. ij. cloves, maces, wood of aloes. ana. ʒ. ss. lavender. ʒ. ij. gallia moschata. ʒ. j.ss. of musk and amber. ana. gra. iij. powder them and serce them, and with water of marjoram, and storax liquida, as much as shall suffice, make pomanders. CAP. FOUR Of headache caused by dryness or moisture. BY dryness is meant in this place a dry distempure of the quality alone, and by moisture, a moist distempure of the bore quality. Neither of these qualities alone, except heat or cold be joined with them, do cause any headache at all (as Galen teacheth in the 5. Chap. of his first book de symptomatum causis.) Therefore we do not make mention here of these distempures, as though headache might be caused of them alone, but that the studious in physic might have store of medicines, when headache cometh of heat and dryness, or moisture with heat, or when cold mixed with dryness, or moisture causeth headache. Causae. Headache through dryness is caused through dryness of the air, or by dry medicines, by hunger, exercise, lechery and perturbations of the mind. And headache of moisture is caused by moistness of the air, or by moistening medicines, by baths, hot waters, and other things that moisten overmuch. Dryness is known by these signs, if there come few excrements, Signa. or none at all out of the nose, if the eyes be hollow, and the patiented have watched much before. These be signs of headache of dryness, also in it the skin of the head is drier when it is felt, than it is wont to be, and some dry diet hath been used. Alsoe in this kind dry medicines do not ease the pain, but rather increase it. Moistness is known by these signs, much filth cometh out at the nose, the eyes be puffed up and swollen, and the patiented sleepeth much: but of this distempure alone there doth no headache ensue. Victus. Those that have headache caused of dryness, let them remain in a moist air, and let them eat meats, that do moisten, and that be of good juice, as the yolks of eggs, cocks stones, and the broths of them, pheasants, partriche, and such like things, that do nourish much and moisten. Let them drink thin wine allayed with water. Let them sleep largely. Let them eschew motion of the body and exercise, and use quietness and rest. Let them eschew carnal copulation, hunger, thirst, and all things that do dry. Let 'em use baths of sweet waters that are warm. Let them be merry, and eschew all other perturbations of the mind. If headache be caused of moisture, you must use the contrary diet to this that is before prescribed (that is, all such things as do dry, which you may easily know by that, which hath been said before.) For pain of the head caused of dryness, Curatio. you must anoint the former seam of the head with oil of sweet almonds, or with oil of gourds, or with oils of vyolettes, and camomile mixed together. It is also good to drop some of these oils into the nosethrills. You may also mix very well with the said oils goose grease, hens grease, calves grease, or fresh butter after this sort. ℞. oils of violets, and water lilies of each. ʒ. iij. calves suit, hens grease, Lini●en●um. and fresh butter. ana. ʒ. ij. commix them and make a linyment and there with anoint the head. Furthermore embrocations profit not a little, if they be made of vyolettes, mallows, and other herbs that have virtue to moisten. Against headache caused of moisture you must use medicines clean contrary to the afore named, which must differ according to the heat or cold which is joined to the moisture. You may found sufficient store of such remedies out of the former chapters. CAP. V Of headache caused of blood. HITHERTO we have spoken of the Cure of headache, with cometh through alteration and distempure of the bore quality. But now we will speak of that which is caused of fullness, What is 〈◊〉 by plemiend● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. and abundance of blood, we call plenitude in this place that which the Greeks call in their tongue plethora, it chanceth when all the four humours be increased in their proportion, or when blood alone doth abound. Causae. This kind of headache is caused of all such things as do engendre great abundance of humours in the body, as meats and drinckes of great nourishment being plentifully taken, as also the neglecting and omitting of excercises, baths, sweetings, and other natural and artificial vacuations be causes of the said plenitude. The signs be these. Signa. The face and the eyes be ruddy, the veins are swollen, so that the lest, and small est may easily be seen, the pulse is great and vehement, the urine reddish and thick, the veins of the temples beat, Victus ratio. the pain in the head is a heaviness. Concerning diet, let the sick be in a cold and dry air. Let him eschew flesh, rear eggs, and such things as nourish plentifully. Let him use ptisan made of Barley, or alica made of barley, let him use cold herbs, as endive, scarioll, purcelaine, lettuce and such like. Let him eschew wine, and let him drink water, wherein a little Cinnamon or barley hath been sodden. Let him use mean exercise. Let him be rubbed, let him also use bathing often, but so that his body be first emptied and the patiented free from a fever. Let his sleep be mean. Let him be merry and joyful, Curatio. and let him abstain from all other perturbations of the mind. The cure must be begonn which bloudlettinge assoon as can be. You must open the uttermost vain, which in the arm is called humeralis, Ve●● sectio. or Cephalica, it must be on the arm which is of that side, that the grief is most vehement. For this vain is so annexed to the head, that not only by it, you shall pull back blood into a contrary part, but also you shall empty out that blood by it. As Hypocrates, and after him Galen, and Rhases do teach. But if age or weakness do prohibit bloudletting, Cucurbitae. Ventose. Loca●a. you must use boxing, not to the head itself, but to the parts adjoining as the shoulders and breast, to the intent to pull back the blood. These being done, you must apply to the head, medicines that be cold and astringent, whereof we have made mention before sufficiently in the second chapiter, so that they need not here to be repeated. Furthermore the Physician must have special regard in this case, that the patiented be kept soluble. Decoctum purge●s. Therefore if the patiented be any thing costive, you may minister this decoction or some such like. ℞. flowers of bugloss, borage, roses, and violets. ana. M. ss. the four great cold seeds husked. ana. ʒ. ij. sebesten, damask, prunes, of each in number 12. great raisins, tamarinds. ana. ℥ i barks of mirabolanes, citrinorum, indorum, chebulorum, emblicorum, belliricorum. ana. ʒ. iij. liquoryce. ℥ i fumitory, maiden hear. ana. M.j. tamariscus, hartistonge. ana. ʒ. iij. seen, and polipodie of each. ℥. ss. agarick chosen. ʒ. ij.ss. ginger. ʒ. ss. Seathe all these in a sufficient quantity of water, until half be consumed, then strain it and press it hard. Add to that decoction sugar sufficient to make it sweet, purify it which the white of eggs, and make a potion, whereof the patiented shall drink each morning. ℥ four fasting. And if so be that the pacientes costyvenes require a stronger medicine, than you may add to four ounces of the afore said decoction. ʒ. j.ss. of fine rhubarb beaten to powder, and spycknard. ʒ. ss. or you may dissolve in it casia fistula. ℥. j.ss. newly drawn. or. ℥ i of manna, or of diaphenicon. ʒ. iij. for the same purpose also it is good to minister unto the patiented syrup of vyolettes, and acetosus simplex. After this you must apply such medicines to the head, as be able to disperse the remnant of the pain and disease. As is seeds of mallows, Discutientia. fenngreke, chammomil, and melilote flowers. Also oils of camomile, dill, and such like, whereof the Physician may at his choice make lynementes, ointments, or emplasters in manner aforesaid. Note here further that if much blood abound after you have let blood of the Cephalica: you may also strike the vain in the forehead, as also for that purpose it is good to use clysters sometime very strong, and you may use frictions and bindings of the neither parts to pull back the humours. Moreover gargarysing, and snesing may be used in time convenient, and boxing in the hinder part of the head with scarification at the discretion of the Physician, as occasion and time shall serve. CAP. VI Of headache caused of choler. HEADACHE coming of choleric humours is caused of all such things as do heat and dry the whole body and especially the head unnaturally, that is, Causae. such things as do engender choler: (to wit, care, anger, pain, labour, excercise, watching, abstinence, famine, and eating of meats that be choleric, as garlic, oynions, and such like.) The signs be these the pain is like there's, Signa. that have headache caused of burning heat of the sun, but they have a more sharp and pricking pain, there head is moderately hot, there face is pale and wane. Sometime there followeth bitterness of the mouth, dryness of the eyes, nose and tongue. Moreover this evil chanceth most of all to flourishing years, a hot complexion, and to them that take overmuch business in hand and such like. Let the patiented abide in a cold and moist air, Victus ratio. which may be the rather procured by art as is taught before in the second chap. by sprinkling the flower of the chamber continually with water, or by strewing about of flowers and branches that are cold and moist in operation. Let his whole diet be moist, let him eat moist meats that be of good juice, give him lettuce, and purcelain, and small fishes of fresh waters. Let his drink be water alone, or water wherein a little Cinnamon hath been sodden. Let him altogether abstain from wine. Let him be quiet, and use long sleeps: baths that be temperate, unctions are good for him, let him be merry, and refrain from all perturbations of the mind. The cure must be begun with purging of the choleric humour straigt way, Curatio. because choler is thin and movable, and therefore will easily purge out. But if it chance, that the choleric humour doth rest quietly in some part of the body, and so doth wax hot, and burn that part, and by that means doth prohibit hot medicines (as purging things be) them before the purgation, you must minister such things as do quench & concoct the heat and burning of choler, that is such things as do altar it. For digestion that we speak of now is no thing else but an alteration of the humour that causeth the disease. therefore such medicines must be ministered each morning fasting before you do purge until good concoction appear in the urine: For by this means choler being concoct, & as it were tamed & made mild is made so obedient unto nature, that it will soon without any grief be drawn of the purging medicine to convenient places, that it should avoid by. Zul●pium. You shall therefore for a preparative use this or such like medicines. ℞. Syrup of Violettes. ℥ i syrup of water Lilies. ℥. ss. distilled waters of endive, succory and Roses. ana. ℥ i commix them, and let that be drunk in the morning fasting. For this purpose also you may minister julep of Roses and Violettes, or Syrupus acetosus, or the decoction of seeds of Cucumbers, Gourds, Purcelayne, endive, roots also of endive and succory, Roses, Violettes, water Lilies, Lettuce, Damask, Proynes, Sebesten, Iniubes and such like. Purgatio. You may purge the choleric humour either by infusion of wormwood, or of Aloes, or with Hierapicra ministered alone, or a little scammony mixed with it, or with Pills made of Aloes. Or you shall not do amiss to take of the purging decoction prescribed in the former chapter. ℥ four and to dissolve therein. ʒ. iij. of Electuarium de succo Rosarum, or as much of Electuarium de Psillio, and so minister it. It is good also to minister infusion of rhubarb made after this sort. Dilutum Rhabarbari. ℞. fine rhubarb. ʒ. ij. Spickenard. ℈ i cut them small, and infuse them in distilled waters of endive, doddir, and bugloss. ana. ℥ i pure wine. ℥. ss. the space of 12 hours, then strain it hard, and put thereto of Electuaries de succo Rosarum and Psillio. ana. ʒ. j.ss. commix them and make a purging potion. Also you may use Pilula aurea, and Alephanginae, or Pills of rhubarb, or of Hiera simplex and such like, or else Diacatholicon, or Diaprunes solutine. For them that are delicate, you may use this bowl. ℞. of Diagridium. ℈. ss. of Maces, Cinnamon, Clyster. Bolus purgans. and Mastic. ana. gr. 2. conserve of Violettes and water Lilies. ana. ʒ. j. Sugar as much as sufficeth, and make a bowl. Further it profiteth now and then to use clysters made in this or like sort. ℞. Mallows, Althaea, endive, Succorye, Violettes, ana. M. ss. whole Barley. ℥ i the four common small cold seeds (that is) Lettuce, Purcelayne, endive, and Scaryoll. ana. ʒ. iij. Seath all these in running water to the third part, strain them, take of that decoction. lb.lb.j. of the pulp of Cassia fistula. ℥ i of Hierapicra. ℥. ss. of oil of Violettes. ℥ three of mel rosarum. ℥ i of salt. ʒ. j.ss. commixed all together and make a clyster. Loca●ia. After purging of the choleric humour you must apply medicines outwardly, which can cool and strengthen the head, whereof you shall found store in the second chapter. Sleep. If the sick can not sleep, anoint the fore part of the head with oil of water lilies, and oil of poppy: to them you may for a need add a little opium, that sleep thereby may be provoked. Note, that boxing without scarification and frictions of the arms and legs may be well used in times convenient. CAP. VII. Of headache caused of phlegm. Victus r●ti●. Causae. HEADACHE coming of phlegm, is caused of all such things as engender phlegm in the head, as a cold and moist air, meats, that be cold and moist, as fishes, milk, raw herbs, fruit, idleness, and sleeping upon a full stomach and such otherlike. Signa. The signs hereof be fullness and heaviness of the head, whiteness, and moistness of the face, moreover the sick will easily fall asleep, he is slow, his senses are dull, and his head aboundeth which excrements, as also the signs declared in the .3. Chap. agreed with this kind of headache. Let the sick remain in an air that is hot and dry by nature, or if that cannot be had, let the air be made such by certain odoriferous things, as with Cinnamon, frankinscence, cloves, wood of Aloes, and such like. Let his meat that he eateth for the most part be roasted, and let him eat spices with it. For his drink let him use thin and small wine, let his exercise be mean, to be short, let him use such diet as is prescribed in the third chap. of this book. The Cure must be begonn which extenuation and digestion of the phlegmatic humour. Therefore you must minister such medicines as are able to extenuate, make thin, cut, and divide humours, such be mel rosarum, oxymel simplex and compositum and scilliticum, syrup of slechades, distilled waters of hyssop, betony, mariorame, sage and such like, minister therefore unto him a medicine made on this sort. ℞. Of oxymel scylliticum. ℥ i of syrup of sleehades. ℥. ss. of distilled waters of hyssop, percely and marjoram. ana. ℥ i commix them and make a potion. Or if the useing of syrups and distilled waters do not like you, you may minister this or such like decoction. Decoctum exser●●●● 〈◊〉. ℞. of the roots of fennel, percely, and asparagus. ana. ℥ i roots of peony. ʒ. ij. seeds of anise, fennel, siler montanum. ana. ʒ. iij. stichados, origan, serpillum, maioram, calamint, betony, sage. ana. M. ss. fine Cinnamon, macis. ana. ʒ. j.ss. Seathe all these in sufficient quantity of water until half be consumed, then strain it, and add sugar sufficient to make it sweet, clarify it with the whites of eggs, than put thertoe syrup of hyssop, and oxymel simplex. ana. ℥ three commixte them all together and make a poison. When the humours are extenuate, and made thin and prepared to be purged, then must such medicines be ministered, Purgatio. as are able to purge phlegm, for the which cause let the sick have these pills ministered unto him. Pilula. ℞. pilularum co●luarum. ʒ.j.ss. pilularum è hiera composita. ʒ.j. pil. alephanginarum. ʒ.ss. agarike made into trochistes. ℈ two Mirabonalorum, chebulorum. ℈ i fine turbith. ℈. ss. stichados and ginger. ana. gr. v. mastic. gr. seven. seeds of peony in number three Castorei. g. iiij. with lavender water make pills. It is good for them, that are thus affected to be purged not once only, but twice or thrice, because the gross and clammy humours will not strait follow a sudden purgation, but they must be drawn out by little and little with often purging. Alsoe clysters are good, not only because they empty out such things as are contained in the intestines, but also for that they pull back such humours and vapours as ascend to the head. Clyster. For clysters therefore the decoction before prescribed is good if you take thereof. ℥ twelve and dissolve therein benedictae laxatinae. ℥. ss. Electuarij indi maioris. ʒ. iij. diaphaenicon. ʒ. ij. mel rosarum. ℥ i oils of laurel and rue. ana. ℥. j.ss. shall. gennie. ʒ. j. commixed them together and make a clyster. After the whole body is purged, you must minister such medicines as can purge the head, as be Gargaryses made in this sort. ℞ long pepper and nuttmegs. ana. ʒ. ss. seed of stavisacre, Gargarismus. Gargarise. pelitory. ana. ℈ two mustard seed, origan. ana. ℈ i beat them to powder, and put thereof in a linen cloth, and chew it, or with mastic or honey make trochiskes like lupines, and let the sick chew one of them almost half an hour. Alsoe the head may be purged by juice of maiorame, blitum, coleworts, and such like. You may also for this purpose minister gagaryses made of the distilled waters of hyssop, betony, origan, with hierapicra, and oxymel compositum, or in this sort. ℞. pellitory, long pepper of each. ʒ. j.ss. seed of stavisacre. ʒ. ss. maioram, pennyroyal, hyssop, origan, betony. ana. M. ss. seath all these in sufficient quantity of water unto the third part, strain it and add to the liquor mel rosarum. ℥. j.ss. oximell scilliticum. ℥. ss. commix all and make a gargarise. Also medicines to provoke sneasing are good in this case. S●ernutamentum. You may make them after this sort. ℞. maioram. ʒ. j. nigella. ʒ. ss cloves, white pepper, cubebes. ana. ℈ i nutmegs, grains, castoreum, heleborus albus. ana. ℈. ss. beat them into very fine powder, and provoke, snesing therewith. For them which are rich you may add musk and amber. ana. g.ij. It profiteth also to hold hot and sweet odours to the nose of the patiented, or a pomander artificially made, such a one as we prescribed in the end of the third Chapter. Further you may take nasalia (as they call them) things to put into the nose sharp at one end and great at the other like a steeple after this sort. ℞. stavisacre, Nasa●a. pelitory, and whit pepper. ana. ʒ. ss. nigelle, nutmegs. ana. ℈ two heleborus albus. ℈. ss. powder them and with rosin and wax make nasales. After the purging of the head you may use ointments, embrocations, dry quiltes, Loca●a. and such like other medicines to disperse the remnant of the humour remaining in the head, whereof there be examples sufficient in the third Chapter before. You may commodiously minister inwardly cubebes, condite, or diambra, diamoscha, aromaticum rosaceum, diacuminum, dianthos, theriaca, mithridarum, diacorum, conserve of maioram, rosemary, betony, with syrup of stechados. Lozenges. Or minister these lozenges which are specially good. ℞. powder of Electuarium de gemmis, dianthos. ana. ℈ i cubebes, maces of each. ʒ. ss. woods of Aloes, cloves, and fennel seed. ana. ℈. ss. fine Cinnamon. ℈ two stechados. ℈. ss. with sugar melted in the distilled waters of peony flowers and lavender make lozenges. And thus much for the cure of headache caused of phlegmatic humours. But if so be that headache be caused of a melancholy humour, than you must prescribe such diet, and use such cure as shallbe declared in the chapter of melancholy, or maddnes. And therefore it should be superfluous to entreat hereof in this place, repayer therefore for cure of headache coming of melancholy unto the Chapter in this book following. CAP. VIII. Of headache caused of windynes. IF headache be caused of windines, Victus ratio. Cura. Causae. the diet used before was such as did engender wind besides the nature of the body, and other circumstances were such as were apt to engender wind. The signs be these, Signa. if there be felt dissension and stretching in the head without heaviness & beating, and if there be a sound & noise in the ears, then doth it betoken windynes in the head. The diet of the patient must altogether be such as doth not engender windynes. For the cure, if the windynes be not only bred in the head, but doth ascend from some part beneath: first of all you must use such medicines, as do repel and drive back, such be vinegar, pomegranate rinds and flowers, wormwood, melilote, mints, plantain, walwort, bursa pastoris, nutmegs, purcelaine, houslike, laurel leaves and such like. Which being moderately used a while, you must then add to those repulsyve things, some such medicines as do mitigate concoct and digest, as be fenngreke, lynesead, cammomil, yolks of eggs, saffron, hens grease, goose grease. etc. last of all add discussyve medicines oils of dill, and rue, barley meal, lupines, lily roots, nigella, etc. It is good therefore first of all to empty the belly with a strong clyster, but that must be made of a decoction that doth dissolve windines, by seething in water anise seeds, and caraway seeds, fennel seed, common, dry figs, C●●fier. bran and such like: herein you must dissolve benedicta laxatina. ʒ.iiij. or Electu●trium ●idum in like quantity, or Diaphenicon. ʒ.iiij. or Diacatholicon. or hierepicre. ʒ.vij. Such kind of clysters do not only purge the intestynes, and the parts about the liver, but do also pull back such things as ascend to the head. Afterward you must strengthen the affected member, that it do engender wind no more, whither it be the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the intestynes, or any other member: which being done, if heat abound in the head together with the windines than apply oil of roses, which is both repulsive, digestive, and discussive, Localia. and add to it vinegar which is both repulsyve and discussyve also, and doth extenuate besides. Alsoe rose water or juice of purcelaine, knotgrass, or nightshade may be used & applied which a little vinegar. If there be cold in the head with the windiness, then use oils of camomile or dill, mixed with a little vinegar, or if the greys increase apply the juice of rue with vinegar and oil mixed together, or apply the juice of the root of flower de luce which vinegar, or juice of laurel bearyes and rue mixed with vinegar is good to be applied. Likewise bitter almonds beaten which vinegar and oil, and applied to the forehead in a linen cloth, are very good, when the greys doth first begin to increase. And if you had rather use dry quiltes, you may make them at the first of milium, roses, willow leaves, knotgrass, nightshade, and purcelaine, and so apply them to the forehead, and fore part of the head. Afterward you may add to the afore said maiorame, serpillun, hyssop, rue, tender leaves of laurel, ciperns and such like. It is good also to use odours and smells, as Castoreum, musk, amber, and such like. To provoke sneasing, and to minister inwardly to the sick is good, either Diacuminum, or Dianisum. ʒ.j. or as much treacle, or Mithridatum profiteth. But if the windiness be caused through imbecility of some parts of the head itself, than you shall not need to use repulsyve medicines, but rather concoctive and discussive medicines such as are before declared. As for inward medicines they avail or profit little in this case. CAP. IX. Of headache caused of the stomach. HITHERTO we have declared the causes, signs, and Cures of headache caused principally in itself, now it remaineth that we entreat of pain in the head, which cometh by consent. And first of that headache which cometh through evil affection of the stomach. Causae. And that is caused most commonly when some sharp humour aboduneth in the stomach especially in the mouth of it, from whence corrupt vapours arising do ascend to the head. It may be known by the gnawing and biting pain that they feel which have that headache, Signa. and by the desire to vomit, that the patiented hath. Especially if the mouth of the stomach be affected. Moreover in this kind of headache, if the sick fast, and suffer hunger long, the pain is more vehement, for through long abstinence the malice of the humuor increaseth. Causae. Curatio. You must Cure those, that are thus grieved, not by applying remedies to the head, but to the humours in the stomach, which raise up vapours to trouble the head. Therefore you must with speed purge the noisome humours that are in the mouth of the stomach. They may be purged out by drinking of warm water, if so be the patient can easily vomit, if not, he must thrust his finger or a feather into his throat, and so provoke the stomach to vomit. Note that yellow, or pale choler, because of his natural lightness, doth readily ascend to the mouth of the stomach. But the humours that be phlegmatic, or sour, or salt, do rather remain in the midst of the stomach, then in the mouth of it. It is best when such humours are in the bottom of the stomach, for than they will easily avoid the stomach and pass into the guts. It is worst of all when noisome humours do cleave so fast to the films and runicles of the stomach, and doth so fur them, that they can scarcely be scoured out. Curatio. Hierapicra. Therefore if any humour doth fur the tunicles of the stomach, minister Hierapicra, which is a sovereign medicine therefore. And after purging let the patient have good meats easy of digestion, and wholesome for the stomach. And forasmuch as lack of good digestion, and weakness of the mouth of the stomach, be the greatest causes of increase of noisome humours in the Stomach, it must be provided that good digestion be procured, and that the mouth of the stomach may be strengthened by such medicines, as be astrictive, and have virtue to strengthen. Whereof you shall found plenty hereafter in the third Book, and therefore it were superfluous to recite them here. Note. As we have in this Chap. spoken of headache caused of the stomach, and referred the cure to the third book, so understand likewise if headache be caused of the disease of the liver or spleen, or any other member: for the affects of those membres being cured ceaseth the headache. CAP. X. Of headache caused by drunkenness. THE causes and signs of drunkenness are evident enough, chief hot wines, and strong drinckes are causes thereof, for that they fill the brain with vapours, and that so much the more (as Galen said) if the brain be hot by nature, sometime also hot humours ascending to the head do cause drunkenness. The cure of drunkenness generally consisteth in two points: that is, Dates. in evacuation, and refrigeration. Therefore if the wine be yet undigest, and do flow in the stomach, 'cause him that hath the headache to vomit by drinking of hot water. Iriu●. Nardi●●●. Warm water, and 〈…〉 ace●●●e cōm●●ed causeth 〈◊〉. But and if the headache do remain after digestion, you must use medicines, that do refrigerate, and drive back vapours which ascend to the head. As is oil of roses alone, or mixed with vinegar, or with juice of juice, or coleworts. Also the leaves of Coleworts steyped in warm water, and bound about the head do naturally resist drunkenness. Moreover the broth of Coleworts being eaten, is good for that purpose. Praeseruatio. To preserve one from drunkenness (as Aetius saith) let him eat v. or seven. bitter almonds fasting, or let him drink wormwood wine first of all. But to take away drunkenness, that is present, give the decoction of centaury the less, to drink, or hearts horn, or the seed of vervain boiled in water. You must have a special regard and procure that the patiented do sleep, and rest, which being done all day at night bathe him in a bathe of sweet water, and when thou hast washed him, let him eat meats of good juice, but not over hot. Let therefore his food be ptisan broth, Victus ratio. souppings made of alica, bread dipped in water, rear eggs and such like. For pot herbs lettuce is of good juice and cooleth, and coleworts drieth up vapours. For drink let him use water only, if he hath been accustomed thertoe, and can well bear it, otherwise give him small drink, or a little small whit wine. After his meat give unto him of a pomegarnet, or a pear, or a quince, or raisins. To conclude let all his diet be meats of good juice, pleasant to the stomach, and that drive away vapours. Let him abstain from dates, for their property is to cause headache. And if it chance that of the vapours and humours ascending to the head, there remain part of them impact and stuffed in the thin pores, and so do cause headache after two or three days: then leave oil of roses, and use first in stead of it oil of camomile moderately warm. Afterward apply oil of yreos. After that if nead require, you may apply things, that heat more, commixing with the oil of ireos, oil of narde, or oleum costinum: or other oils and ointmentes of that sort. CAP XI. Of headache caused by fevers. IF headache do molest those that have a fever: you must diligently examine and consider, whither the same began at the first beginning of the fever, Note. Causae. or whither it sprung the fever encresing, for if the headache began not with the first fit of the fever, but afterward▪ while the fever increased, and came nigh to the Crisis: then seek not to remedy it, for it portendeth and fortelleth that vomit, or a decretory flux of blood at the nose will follow shortly, as Hypocrates declareth in his book of predictions, and Gale● in his third book De Crisibus, and in his first book ad Glauconem Cap. ultimo: if the headache begun at the first which the fever, it cometh of vapours or humours dispersed abroad through the greatness of the fever, and as it were boiling hot elevate up to the head and partly also through weakness of the brain. Therefore if the pain do come of abundance of humours, Cura. you must let him blood after the first or second fit (if nothing prohibit it) especially in lusty bodies, and in such as abound with blood. Alsoe you must draw the humours a contrary way, and pull them back by sharp clysters, such as shallbe prescribed in the Chap. of Apoplexia, and by often binding and much frication in the neither parts. Moreover you may set cupping glasses to the hinder part of the head, or to the neck. You must apply to the head irrigations and ointments, that have virtue to repel and drive back from it, and afterward you must use discussive medicines, last of all such things as do strengthen the brain. To repel and drive back, use oil of roses, and other such like as are rehearsed before in the 2. Chap. use them in Summer time, and in hot complexions, cold and mixed with a little vinegar, but in winter season, and in cold complexions apply them blood warm. If the fever be vehement, and over much watching do trouble the sick, use irrigations made of poppy heads, houseleek and such like medicines as have virtue to cool and provoke sleep in this sort. ℞. flowers of violets, Signa. Embrocha. water lilies, and roses. ana. M.j. hulled barley. ℥ i heads of poppy. ℥. ss. houseleek. M. ss. seath all these in sufficient quantity of water, until the third part be consumed, and make an embrocation. Or if the pain continue vehement, take green leaves of henbane, or poppy, with oil of roses, a little vinegar and crumbs of bread, commix them and apply them to the forepart of the head, and to the forehead. When the brain is sufficiently cooled, Victus ratio. then apply those things which can heat the head again, and so avoid and disperse the humours that remain. And therefore you may use oils of camomile, dill, or ireos, or decoctions of camomile, or Althaea, or such like. And if the humours be gross, and tough, you may boil with thaforesaid things: Serpillum, pennyroyal, calamint, mints, or such like. Last of all the head must be strengthened by oil of roses, and such like (that is) betony, camomile, melilote, etc. The rest of the cure of headache caused through the vehemency of the fever, is to be sought out in the treatise of fevers. CAP. XII. Of inveterate headache. CEPHALAEA both in Greek and Latin is the name of headache which is exceeding painful, Signa. continuing long, and hard to cease, which upon light occasions hath very great and sharp fits, so that the patient can neither abide noise, nor loud speech, nor clear light, nor drinking of wine, nor savours that fill the brain, nor moving, but he desireth for the greatness of the pain to sit or lie quiet in the dark, supposing that his head were strooken with a hammer. Alsoe some of them do feel those things, that are about their head as though they were bruised or racked. In many the pain proceedeth unto the roots of the eyes. This disease sometime doth continue painful always, sometime it hath fits and intermissions either ordinate or inordinate. For in some there is intermission in the fits, as is in the falling sickness, so that for a time they seem to be perfitelye hole. This disease doth vex women more than men, for because of there long hear. In some of them the films that cover the brain are pained, but in some only the film that covereth the skull is grieved. It is caused of abundance of blood and other humours, Remi●si●. Causae. or by the sharpness of humours or vapours contained within or without the skull, and inflaming the head, or it is caused through weakness of the head. The pain that invadeth the sick with graulty and heaviness, declareth plenitude and abundance of humours: if it come with pricking, gnawing and shooting, it betokeneth sharpness of humours or vapours▪ if it beat like the pulses, it betokeneth inflammation: if there be felt distension and bo●n●ng in the head without heaviness or beating it declareth windines. But if there be beating with it, there is inflammation in the films of the head: and if there be heaviness with the distension, than it declareth abundance of humours within the films. And if the pain be felt superficially, as it were outward, than it betokeneth that the film which covereth the skull is grieved. But if it be felt deep within, the films of the brain are vexed. Note that those, that have pain within the skull, Note. they feel grief at the roots of their eyes, because that the tunicles of the eyes have their beginning of the films of the brain. And if so be that a putrefied humour in the head do wax hotter and hotter, than there is a fever joined with the headache. They also are vexed with a fever, which have headache caused by inflammation. As for diet to be used in this grief, you may easily prescribe it out of the former Chapters, according to the diversity of the causes therofe: and therefore I omit it here willingly jest I should use a fond repetition of one thing often. The Cure doth differ according to the diversity of the cause. Curatio. For if you found abundance of humours or vapours to be the cause, if it be engendered of plenitude of the whole body, you must begin with evacuation of the whole body. Venae sectio. And therefore you must let him blood on the Caephalica on the same side, if his strength will suffer it, and no other thing let it. But if the head doth receive the humours and vapours that do ascend, for that it is weak: than you must pull back the matter into the whole body, and so remedy the part affected. therefore you must use very sharp Clysters, and bindings of the arms & legs, and many frictions of the neither parts, and sometime also in this case you may let blood in the arm. And if after that blood do seem still to abound, you may open a vain in the nosethrills, and draw blood from thence, as much as shallbe requisite. Shortly after you must purge the body with Hierapicra, or other things that are prescribed in the former Chapters. After purging of the whole body, you may safely come to purging of the head, and in the end use medicines to strengthen it. The head is to be purged with Gargarisms, Signa. and with medicines put into the nose, as juice of leeks or of Cyclaminus, or such like which be rehearsed before in the vij Chapter. To the head itself you must first apply things, that do repel and drive back, (such be) oil made of unripe olives, and oil of roses alone, or applied with vinegar, also oil made of poppy heads and of ivy bearyes, and of green mints, and such like, whereof we have spoken before. But note, Note. if the humours that abound in the head be cold and crude, then apply the former medicines warm, but if the humours abounding be hot and choleric, then apply those medicines cold. Afterward you must apply those medicines that do discuss and disperse humours, as be oils of camomile and dill, and such like before rehearsed, but if the humours abounding be thick and tough, boil serpillum, or pennyroyal, or calamint, or mints in oil, and thou shalt extenuate them by applying thereof. Besides these things do strengthen the part affected, and therefore they are to be used until the cure be finished. Verbe●a●a re●ta. Above all other things vervain doth disperse humours, & mightily corroborated the head, especially being green. Also being dry, and boiled in ale, roots and all together, with serpillum, it doth the like, if the head be anointed therewith. Moreover if you boil vervain alone in oil, & do sprinkle the head therewith, it helpeth all pain of the head of long continuance, if it were caused of cold, or of gross & viscous humours (as Galen witnesseth. Lib. 2. de comp. medicam. secundum Locos. Also for the same it profiteth much to use oil, wherein sows, called in Latin Millipede be boiled. And thus much of the cure of Caephalea coming of plenitude. As for the cure thereof coming of other causes, you may gather it out of the former Chapters. CAP. XIII. Of the Migrime. HEMICRANIA is a painful evil remaining in the one half of the head, either on the right half or on the left, and is distinguished by the seam that runneth along in the skull, from the mid forehead to the hinder part of the head, this grief in English is called the Migrime. This pain cometh often by fits, and in some the grief is felt without the skull, in some within deep in the brain, and in some other nigh to the temples in the muscles ther. Causae. This pain is caused by ascending and flowing of many vapours or humours either hot or cold, either by the veins, or by the arteries, or by both. Sometime they only proceed from the parts contained in the skull, that is, from the brain and his films, which thrust out their excrements and superfluityes from them, and sometime from the parts of the body beneath the head, which sand up corrupt vapours & humours from themselves to the brain. The signs whereby you should know whither vapours or humours do abound, & whither they be hot, or cold, are to be gathered out of the former chapters. As also to know in what part of the head the grief is, whither within the skull or without, read the former chapter of Cephalaa. Only this I add here, that if in this disease, the film that covereth the skull be affected, then is their pain so vehement, that they cannot suffer to be touched with one's hand, so that it seemeth the skin itself is affected in this evil. As for their diet what they should use, and what they should eschew, may readily be gathered and prescribed out of the former Chapters, according to the diversity of causes: but specially let the patiented refrain from such things as do sand abundance of sharp vapours up to the head, Curatio. as be garlic, oynions, mustard, raddishe roots, and such like. The cure is diverse according to the diversity of causes. And therefore when you will cure the migrime, consider diligently first whither the patiented needeth bloudletting or purging. For if the grief come through plenitude & abundance of blood & humours, than cut the Caephalica in the arm on the same side that the grief is: but if the migrime be caused of abundance of one humour, then purge that humour by convenient medicines, which are prescribed in the former chapters. Localia. The hole body being purged, you may come to local & outward medicines, & first cause the patiented either with his own fingers, or with a linen cloth, to rub & chafe the half of his forehead which is grieved, and specially about the muscles of his temples, until it be read and hot, and this must be done before the fit of pain cometh. After the fit (as Galen teacheth in the end of his second book, De compositione medicamentorum secundum locos) you must apply medicines which of the old Physicians were called Hemicrania, for that they were used for the migrime: noting this always, that if with the pain there were much heat felt, than you aught to apply such things as would somewhat cool. But if there were no evident heat felt, then use those things that are very hot. But you must commix with either of these, somewhat that is restrictive, and hath virtue to corroborated and strengthen. unguentum. This ointment following is a very good remedy in a cold affect. ℞. Of oils of dill and Ireos. ana. ℥. ss. of whit pepper, and serpillum. ana. ℈. j.ss. of Castoreum. ℈ i of Euphorbium ℈. ss. of wax. q.ss. and make an ointment to be applied upon the half of the forehead and the muscle of the Temples. Also in this case it profiteth much to pour this oil following into the ear. Ole●●. ℞. Sweet oil olive. ℥ i Euphorbium. ℈ i commix them and drop one drop into the ear warm. You may put in more Euphorbium or less, according as the body is quick or dull in sense: but beware you use not this medicine in those that have the migrime engendered of hot vapours or humours. AEtius saith that euphorbium dissolved in vinegar, and applied to the left side of the head, if the right side be grieved, or contrariwise on the right side when the pain is on the left side, doth of a certain hid property help the migrime. The same Author also saith, that earth worms beaten to powder, and applied to the grief, as also the flesh of snails bruised and applied doth profit much. The kernels of peaches bruised and applied upon the grief (as report hath been) doth profit much. Marcellus saith that the dung of a goat stamped and commixed with vinegar squilliticke, if the forehead and temples be anointed therewith, it ceaseth the pain of the mygrime for ever. Alsoe his counsel is, if there be sudden pain of the migryme, take frankincense, myrrh, and a egg, beat them together, and apply that to the forehead and temples. Note. If the migrime be caused of hot humours or vapours, then use those remedies which we prescribed before in the cure of headache coming of heat or of choleric humours. Here I think it requisite to prescribe certain pills, good to be used against inverate headache, Pilula. and the migrime. First it choler abound. ℞. powder of Hiera simplex Galeni. ʒ.ij. pilularun are abicarum. ʒ.iij. trochiskes of mirabolans' citrine. ʒ.j.ss. rhubarb. ʒ. j. spicknard. ℈ i commix them with syrup of violets, & reserve the composition. When need requireth minister. ʒ. j. or. ℈. 4.v. or vj. hours after supper, & let the patiented sleep upon it. This you may do once in ten days, or once in fifteen days at all times (summer excepted). But if phlegm aboundeth, make your pills thus. ℞. of Agaricke trochiscate. ʒ. iiij. pilulae arabica, and Hiera simplex. Gal. ana. ʒ. j.ss. flowers of stechados, and trochiskes of mirabolanes chebulorum. ana. ʒ. j. with syrup of stechados and oxymel commix them, & when occasion serveth, minister. ʒ. j. or. ℈ four at each time in form abovesaid. But if melancholy be cause of the migrime, ℞. of the aforesaid Pilulae arabica. ʒ.ij. of powder of seen & Epithimun. ana. ʒ. ij.ss. of Hiera simplex. Gal. ʒ.j.ss. of trochiskes of Mirabolanes indorum. ℈ four with syrup of furnitory & balm water make pills, & when requireth, minister them in form aforesaid. CAP. XIIII. Of Vertigo and swemming in the head. THAT which the Latins call Vertigo, is a disease, wherein the patiented doth imagine that his head is turned round about. There is another disease somewhat like unto this, which in Latin is called, Tenebricosa Vertigo, and that is when the patiented doth think that all that he seethe turneth about, and suddenly with it, his sight faileth him, he supposing that he is compassed about with mist and darkness. It is commonly of the Physicians called Scotomia. Fuschius doth think that they err greatly, that make a difference between the former kinds, but it may be confirmed out of good Authors, Hypocrates, Galen & others. Both the aforesaid kinds be engendered after one sort, and that is through the inordinate moving of windy vapours and spirits, contained in certain parts of the brain. Causae. This disease is caused either of the brain itself being distempured and evil affected, or of the mouth of the stomach offending the brain. The brain itself is affected evil, when a gross and tough humour is contained in it, from whence a vaporous and windy spirit being resolved by weak heat, is moved inordinately about in the brain. The mouth of the stomach doth affect the brain, when through corrupt humours being gathered abundantly in it, vapours and windy exhalations are carried up to the brain, & so turn about the animal spirits contained in it. Signa. Those that are troubled with this disease, a darkness and mist appeareth before their eyes upon every light occasion, specially if they turn about. For it chanceth to them by turning once about, as is doth to other when they turn often, and therefore the patiented many times falls down. Also it doth astony him, if he see another man, or a wheel, or any such like thing turn about, as also it he see whirl pools in the water turn about, for the visual spirits beholding a wheel that turneth about, or any such like thing, doth also turn about in like sort, and so the moving of the humour and the spirittes are troubled unequal and inordinate. When this disease doth proceed of the brain being evil affected, then there proceedeth sound of the ears, vehement pain in the head, and heaviness therein. Also the smelling and the other senses proceeding from the head are hurt. There fit is then chief when the Sun doth heat them, or when there head is hot by some other means, & so the humours being dissolved, do turn about in the brain. When the disease proceedeth from the mouth of the stomach, than they feel before it, a gnawing in the stomach, as it were the heart burn, & a disposition to vomit. This disease may be discerned from the falling sickness, for that this doth neither take away the senses from the patiented, nor it causeth not the cramp and writhing of members in the fit. Prognostica. This disease is not to be lightly esteemed, for the Vertigo (as Galen saith) is nigh to the falling sickness, and the Apoplexy. And therefore it would be well looked to. For the Vertigo and scotoma will quickly be changed into pernicious diseases, for that they are very nigh to them, specially to the falling sickness and the Apoplexy. And if those things that the patiented doth imagine to see before his eyes, appear bloody and reddish, he is apt to fall into madness, but those that seem to see purple colours, are disposed to the falling sickness. The Scotoma or dark vertigo becometh most vehement in winter, or in the beginning of the spring. Besides in many it is a sign that the falling sickness will follow. And many do use to call it a little Epilepsy. As concerning diet: Victus ratio. let the patiented remain in an air, that is temperate, pure, bright, and clear, and let him eschew gross and cloudy air. Let him eschew winds, especially south winds, let him also avoid the beams of the sun & the moon: as also let him not behold things that move swiftly, as running waters, or things that turn about, as wheels, & such like, or to look into deep pits is evil for him. Let him eat meats of good juice, & of easy digestion, & such as engender no windines, as partridge, capon, pheasant, chicken, veal, scaly fishes and such like, that be easy of digestion. And let him use to eat but moderately of them, for satiety, as also long fasting is not good for him. He must eschew all things that 'cause vapours to ascend into the head as oynions, garlic, leeks & such like. And therefore if he drink wine, let it not be very old, small whit wine may be permitted him. After meat it is good for him to eat some restrictive thing to stop the vapours that they ascend not to the head, & that specially if the stomach be cause of this disease. Let his exercise be moderate, let him eschew sleep of the day, neither let him sleep within two hours' aftermeate. Let not the place be to hot where he sleepeth, nor let him not keep his head to hot. In his excercises let him not stir his head much. And therefore it is good for him to use frictions often, especially in the morning before he riseth, begin at the upper parts, & end with the neither. He must refrain from perturbations and affections of the mind, specially from anger, fear, and sadness, as also from loud crying, and singing. Carnal copulation is not good for him. If he hath not a stool once in a day, Curatio. you must help nature either by clyster or suppositary. For the Cure if the fit be present, you must revive the patiented again with sweet and odoriferous smells, and with frictions and such like. At which time also if need be, you may use a suppositary or a clyster. Afterward if the party be strong, and no other impediment present, let him blood on the Caphalica vain, Ven● sectio. whither it be the beginning of the disease or otherwise. But take heed that you draw not much blood at once, for the patient will quickly fall through every light occasion. Therefore you must draw away the blood at sundry times until you have sufficient. But if any thing do hinder you from blood letting, first you must purge him with a sharp clyster, whereof you shall have example afterward in the Chapter of Apoplexye. Afterward minister a purgation according as the humour abounding doth require. But forget not first to use a preparative, Clyster. Localia. when the whole body is sufficiently purged, you must use local things to the head, & first apply cupping glasses to the hinder part of the head with scatification. Afterward use to minister gargarisms, & sternutations to draw rheum from the head. Pour into the nose juice of chickweed, betes or cyclaminus. Also nitrum beaten with nigella and mixed with old oil, purgeth well by the nosethrills. Also odours made of the decoction of maiorame, hyssop, & flowers of stechados, a little castoreum, musk, and vinegar being added is good. After that let the patiented enter into a bath, specially a natural bath that is of alum, & if his head be over hot in the bathe, you must cool it often with oil of roses & vinegar applied in clotheses to it specially on the fore part of the head, and about the forehead and the temples. And if the disease do cease by these remedies, then use no other. But if it continue still, you must cut the arteries that be nigh the temples above the ears, specially if the disease come of hot vapours ascending to the brain by the arteries. And this is not only the precept of Galen, but also of Aetius, & Paulus Aegineta. How the arteries should be cut you shall learn of the said AEgineta in his. 6. book & 4. Chap. albeit Galen affirmeth, that some have not been helped by cutting of the arteries, partly for that the hot & vaporours' spirits doth sometime ascend by deeper arteries into the brain, and partly for that a windy spirit may be engendered by an inequal distempure of the brain. And therefore if the disease be caused by any of these means before rehearsed, the patient shall feel small ease or none by cutting of the arteries. And therefore be diligent to inquire of the aforesaid causes, before you cut the arteries. C●●teri●●. It profiteth much to apply this cautery behind the ears. ℞. of cantarides their heads, wings, & legs being cast away. ʒ. j. sharp leaven. ʒ. ss. with vinegar & aqua vita commix them & apply them. Cure of the vertigo that cometh of the stomach. V●●itus. If the vertigo be caused by the consent of the stomach (that is) if humours contained in the mouth of the stomach, do sand up vapours to the brain, and so 'cause the vertigo: it must be cured by vomit, which you shall provoke in this sort. ℞. Of dill a handful, seeds of radish & rapes. ana. ʒ. ij. roots of radish. ℥. ss. boil them in sufficient quantity of water, until the third part be consumed, then strain it & put thereto oxymel scilliticum. ℥. j.ss. commix them & make a porion, & minister it blood warm after meat immediately. And if this suffice not, it is good to purge him with Hierapicra Galeni. Or with pills that be good for the stomach, called stomachicae for that cause, or with decoction of mirabolanes citrine or chebuli, or with manna, or with syrup of roses solutive, according to the diversity of the humour abounding. Let the patiented use commonly after meat to eat some restrictive thing that will close the mouth of the stomach, and hinder the ascending of vapours up to the head, as is Diacotoneon sine speciebus, and quinces, or restrictive pears, or such like. Marcellus saith, the juice of black beats anointed upon the temples helpeth the Vertigo. Also if sothernwood be boiled in wine, or in oxymel, & drunk warm, it is a most effectual remedy to cure it perfectly. CAP. XV. Of the frenisie. PHRENITIS in Greek and in Latin is a disease, wherein the mind is hurt, & doth differ only from madness, which is called in Greek and Latin Melancholia, or Mania. For that a fever is joined with the phrenisy, and therefore the frenisy may be called a continual madness & fury joined with a sharp fever. Galen saith that the frenisy is an inflammation of the brain or of the films thereof. Aetius saith that it is an inflammation of the films of the brain with an acute fever, causing raging and vexation of the mind. Three ●●ndes of fren●sie●. There be three kinds of frenisies (as Galen doth witness in his fourth Book de Locis affectis. cap. 40.) according to the internal senses, which be three in number, that is imagination, cogitation & memory, which may severally be hurt. Two of those kinds be simple, and the third is compounded of those two. For some be frenetick, which can judge rightly of those things that they see as touching common sense & imagination, and yet in cogitation & fantasy they err from natural judgement. Some other being frenetick are not deceived in cogitation and reason, but only in imagination they err. There be other some frentick which do err both in sense and cogitation (that is) both in imagination & reason, and do there with also loose their memory. Causae. The frenzy is caused either of abundance of blood, or of choler, occupying the brain or the films thereof. And if the choler whereof the disease engendereth be burnt, than the frenzy is most vehement & more pernicious than any other. Those that be frentick have a continual fever, & be mad, for the most part they cannot sleep. Sometime they have troublesome sleeps, so that they rise up, & leap, Signa. & cry out furiously, they babble words without order or sense, being asked a question, they aunsctere not directly, or at the least rashly, & that with loud voice, especially if you speak gently to them. There eyes be bloudshotten and bleared, they rub them often, sometime they are dry, and sometime full of sharp tears. There tongue is rough, and blood will often drop out at there nose. Moreover they pull motes & flocks from the bedding and clotheses about them. There pulses be small & weak, and somewhat hard and senowy, they fetch their breath but seeldom. Note that they which have the frenzy, caused of blood, they laugh in there madness. But those that be frentick through choler they rage furiously, so that they can not be ruled without bands, & such do use to forget all things that they do or say, so that some of them, when they require the chamberpot, do forthwith forget to make urine, or when they have done it, they remember not to restore the vessel again. Prognostica. As touching the prognostication of this disease: Galen and all other learned Physicians do confess that it is most sharp & most perilous, and is in deed uncurable and deadly for the most part. Hypocrates saith in the 72. aphorism of his fourth book that urine white & clear in those that do rave, is a very evil and deadly token. Concerning diet let the sick be used in this sort. Localia. Victus ratio. If it be winter, let him lie in a warm place, if it be summer, let his lodging be in a cool place, let the air and the light be moderate, and let there not be diverse pictures in the place. And for that some be troubled with the light, and some with darkness, it is best to try them in both, and to lay him in the light, which is afraid of darkness, and contrary he that is offended at the light, let him be in a dark place. But if the sick person do find no difference in the places, then, if he be strong, let him have light, if weak, keep him in a dark place. Let his dearest friends come to him, and let them sometime speak gently & softly unto him, & sometime rebuke him sharply. Let his meat at the first be ptisan broth, or husked barley boiled, or the crume of bread dipped often in aqua mulsa (that is) water & honey sodden together, or in honey of roses. Boil in his broths, endive, succory, lettuce, meadows, & such like, which have virtue to cool & moisten. When the disease decreaseth, you may give him scaly fishes, such as lived in gravelly rivers. If he be very hot within, you may give him pomegarnettes, and cherries. Let his drink be water, wherein a little Cinnamon or barley hath been boiled, you may commix with it syrup of violets, or of roses, or of water lilies. But beware you give them not much at once, nor oftentimes, but seldomee, and a little at once. When signs of concoction appear in the urine, and the vehemency of the fever is slaked, if then the sick lack strength, you may give him small white wine allayed with water. Moreover let the sick be kept quiet without moving as much as is possible, if he be rich let servants hold him, if poor, bind him, for inordinate moving deminisheth strength. Also a bath of sweet water is good for him, if the body be dry and rimpled, but he must use it blood warm. For so it cooleth and moisteneth, and by that means it cureth the dryness and overmuch watching, but take heed you use not bathing before the body be purged. Moreover perturbations of the mind do hurt frantic persons exceedingly, and therefore you must suffer them to use nothing, Curatio. that will make them sad, or engender choler in them. For the cure, if the strength of the patient will suffer, let him bleed forthwith for there is none so present a help. You must cut the uttermost vain of the arm called Caephalica, and if that appear not, take the middle vain, & draw out as much blood as strength will suffer. But take heed you let him not bleed until he sound, as many rashly do, for it is better to take less than you should do, the body being much weakened by vehement motion. You must take good heed, lest the sick do privily take away the band of his arm, or lose it. Afterward also you may strike the vain in the midst of the forehead. But if age or strength do forbidden bloudletting, then use cupping with scarification, behind in the neck and on the back bone, which be profitable for that they draw back the humours that flow to the brain. For that purpose also clysters are specially to be used made in this sort. ℞. Mallow leaves, violet leaves, endive, and lettuce. ana. M.j. of Barley decorticate. ℥ i sebesten. num. 11. seeds of gourds, melons and cucumbers. ana. ʒ. iij. seethe all these in sufficient quantity of water, until the third part be consumed, then strain it and take of the decoction. ℥ twelve of casia fistula newly drawn. ℥. j.ss. of mel rosarum. ℥ i of oil of violets. ℥ three of salt. ʒ. j.ss. commix them all and make a clyster. If you will have it to purge more strongly, put to it of Hierapicra, or of Elcium de succo rosarum. ℥. ss. binding of the extreme parts of the body profit much to divert the humours from the head. Also Mathiolus doth greatly commend stubium with the conserves of roses, A purging potion. & I myself have proved it in this order to be most excellent as followeth. ℞. g. 12. made in very fine powder and put it into claret wine. ℥ four and let it stand hours .30. and every 6. or .7. hour shake it. And at the .30. hours end, pour it from the powder, and let him drink it with a little sugar. This doth mightily purge the superfluous humours from the head, as also to rub the feet with salt and vinegar and such like. You must sprinkle the head with oil of roses, Vngu●●●●●. Localia. or vinegar of roses being blood warm. For the brain or his films being inflamed, can not safely abide actual cold, nor vehement heat. For the same purpose also you may use juice of nightshade, & of plantain, or the distilled waters of them, or such like herbs. If the evil be very vehement, moisten his face continually with oil or water, wherein the tops of poppy have been sodden. You may also use odours to his nose, of roses, violets, water lilies, and such like. Also anoint his nosethrills within, and his forehead with the juice of the afore said herbs. For you must endeavour to astonye and dull the brain, which burneth extremely by cooling it. If the sick watch overmuch, than you must apply such things as do provoke sleep, unguentum. as this ointment following, or such like. ℞. Vnguenti populeon. ʒ.ij. oil of violets. ʒ. iij. seed of henbane, & bark of mandrake roots. ana. ℈. ss. of opium gra. ij. of saffron. g.iij. vinegar a little, whit wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment, and anoint the temples therewith. Also this embrocation may be used blood warm to the head. Embrocha. ℞. flowers of violets, red roses, and water lilies. ana. M.j. Barley decorticate. ℥ i seeds of whit poppy. ʒ. ij. seeds of lettuce. ʒ. iij. seethe them in sufficient quantity of water unto the third part, and make an embrocation. You shall make the decoction of more force, if you add to it leaves of henban, nightshade, poppy heads, mandrake apples, or roots, and a little vinegar. You may also lay under his pillow, poppy heads, or mandrake apples. You may also for the same purpose, give him to drink water wherein poppy or henban seed hath been sodden, or some somnoriferous compound as is regines Nicolai, or philonium, or such like, in ministering whereof you must observe, that you give them not in the vehemency of the fit, but in the declining thereof. Besides note that you must eschew continual use of stupefactive medicines aswell inwardly as outwardly also. For in this disease, by overmuch cooling you may turn the frenzy into a litargy, whereby you may 'cause him to sleep so, that you can awake him no more. Also if the patiented be weak beware how you minister stupefactive things to provoke sleep, for in such as be weak (as Trallianus saith) somnoriferous potions do no small hurt, and sometime they kill. At the last when the disease is assuaged, and waxeth more gentle, which for the most part, chanceth the third day: Discutienti●. you may apply discussive medicines which have virtue to disperse the remnant of the disease. And for that purpose you may apply the aforesaid embrocation, adding to it before, flowers of cammomil, dill, melilote, marsh mallows, and such like. There be some that at this time (the disease declining) do apply to the head, hens or whelps cut in the mids, or the lungs of a wether hot. But take good heed, that no such thing be applied in the beginning of the disease, or in the vehemency thereof, for so you should increase the inflammation and the fever, and make the sick in more peril. Moreover if the evil continued long, you may boil in the embrocation serpillum, that is, wild time or savoury. Also in the declination of the inflammation (as Galen teacheth) you may use Castoreum, for that it is of subtle substance, and will work his force through the skull. When the frenticke person is recovered, let him eschew drunkenness, idleness, variety and corruptions of meats, and especially the burning heat of the sun. Hereby you may learn not only, the cure of the frenzy, but also remedy against immoderate watching, & raving in any sort engendered by fevers, when the patiented is so vexed by them, (although they come by consent and be but accidents of the fevers) that it is necessary to remedy them jest the brain in time be thereby affected. CAP. XVI. Of the Lethargy. LETHARGUS in Greek and in Latin also, is a disease contrary to the frenzy for it causeth sluggishness and an inexpugnable desire of sleeping, some call this disease, in Latin Veternus. They that be taken with this disease, do forget all things, where upon it hath that name. For Lethe in Greek is forgetfulness, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Causae. and Argos is slothful or dull, so that Lethargus is nothing else but a dull oblivion, & therefore may be called in Latin Oblivio iners. It is caused of phlegm, which cooleth the brain overmuch, and moisteneth it, and thereby provoketh sleep. The phlegm doth putrefy in the brain, Signa. & thereby causeth a fever which is always annexed with this disease (as Galen testifieth in his. 13. book de Methodo medendi. Also they have always a profound and dead sleep. There pulse is great, and striketh seldom, and is watery (that is) it beateth as it were full of water. They fetch their breath seldom and weakly they are continually sluggish and sleepy, and can scarcely by any means be compelled to answer. They will sometime open their eyes, if you cry loud to them, and shut them again forthwith, they are forgetful and do rave. They gape and gasp often, and sometime keep their mouth open still, as though they had forgotten to shut it. Oftentimes being required to make water, & taking the chamber vessel, they forget to make urine. For the most part their egestions be liquid: but contrary wise many are costive. There urine is like beasts urine. Some of them do tremble, and sweat all over. Let the chamber wherein the sick do lie be light and warm. Victus ratio. Let his meats be such as do extenuate, cut, and dry, & let them be seasoned with apium, anise, cumin, pepper, cinnamon, cloves, & such like. Let the sick eat birds that live upon mountains, and chickens, partriche, thrush, and such like. For pot herbs let him use Asparagus, fennel, percely, and such like. Also give him broth made with Barley or oatmeele, or alica, with oxymel, or pennyroyal. Let his drink be hidromel (that is) water & honey sodden together, mead or watery, thin whit wine being astringent, after he hath eaten it is not amiss to bind the extreme parts for a certain space, that the vapours do not ascend to the head. For the cure (if strength permit, Curatio. & nothing else do let) it is good forthwith to let blood. You must cut the middle vain or the inward vain of the arm, and draw out so much blood, as strength will permit. But if you may not safely let blood then must the bowels be scoured with sharp Clysters, whereof you shall find examples in the Chapter of Apoplexia. Afterward the humour abounding must be prepared with decoction of hyssop in honey and water, or with time, pennyroyal, mel rosarum, or oximell commixed with syrup of borage, or infusion of roses, and waters of hyssop, betony, maiorame, and borage. And afterward purge him with some medicine that will expel phlegm, whereof you shall found examples in the next Chapter following. In the mean season apply to the head oxyrhodium, (that is) vinegar of roses, and that in the beginning, for the humour is to be repelled, and driven back from the head, what soever it be. For the which purpose also, it is good to use frictions with pellitory, pepper, salt, and vinegar and bindings of the extreme parts. Moreover apply to his nosethrills odours which will awake him, as be these, Castoreum, the snuff of a candle quenched, tar, galbanum, sulphur, hearts horn, sothernwood, or goats horns burned a little, and holden to the nosethrills. You may prick their legs, and there extreme parts, and pull them by the hear violently to awake them. Also you may boil time, pennyroyal, and origan in vinegar, and hold that decoction to the nose of the sick, that the fume ascending to the brain may cut, and divide the tough humours. Also anoint the palate of the mouth with strong & sharp medicines, as with mustard & honey, with mithridarum, theriaca, powder of pellitory. And you must endeavour to pluck out the phlegm that sticketh there with your fingers. Sometime also you may provoke snesing with Castoreum, or pepper, or Eleborus, and if they can use it, let them gargaryse. And if by this means the disease be not dissolved, then shave the head, & apply to it bags of salt, or milium, or such like. Or make this decoction following, and let it run a heigh upon the fore part of the head. ℞. wild time, hyssop, and savoury with a little Castoreum, and boil them in oil and vinegar, and use it. Moreover it profiteth to apply a sinapismus, made of figs, and mustard seed beaten together with vinegar. Afterward you must apply to the hinder part of the head cupping glasses with great flame, about the first and second joint of the neck, partly easily and partly with scarification. Castoreum. Also the head must be anointed with castoreum. (And as Tralli●nus saith) Castoreum drunk with oximell an hour before the fit, is exceeding good: for (as he saith) he hath known many by that one medicine restored to life & health. You may minister. ʒ. j. therofe-with. ℥ i of oxymel, or with so much whit wine astringent, or with aqua mulsa. Besides you must often provoke nature to expel excrements with clysters and such things that provoke urine. You must anoint the share with oil of rue, wherein a little Castoreum is mixed, you must give him in drink such things as do extenuate & cut gross and clammy humours, as be the decoctions of Apium, fennel, maidenheare and such like. You must admonish the sick to swallow down such potions often, & therefore you may drop it into his mouth with a suckling box. In the lethargy it continueth long, if strength do permit you may minister Hiera ex colocyut hide, and provoke him to sneeses with the medicines aforenamed. At the last when the disease beginneth to decline, gestation on horseback, or in a litter is profitable, and bathing is exceeding good at that time, but the head of the sick may not be wet by any means. And if the sick for lack of strength can not abide the heat of the bathe: at the lest let him be washed at home in a vessel of warm water. Let him be scoured in the bathe with sharp soap, as with wine lies burnt, with mustard seed, pellitory, pepper, laurel berries, quick lime, adding double as much nitrum. CAP. XVII. Of Memory lost. MEMORIA deperdita, the loss of memory chanceth sometime alone▪ and sometime reason is hurt with it. Caus●. It is caused in the lethargy and other soporiferous diseases. It cometh to pass also that the soporiferous diseases being ended, there ensueth forgetfulness. Which when it chanceth, than a cold distempur is the cause that the memory is perished or grievously hurt. This coldness hath sometime moistness joined with it, and sometime dryness: sometime any one of the former distempures may 'cause this disease alone. Therefore the Physician must diligently discern the causes. The causes of this disease be either external or internal, if they be internal, either abundance of phlegm, or melancholy is cause of it. If there be no signs of those humours abounding, then must it needs come of some external cause, especially if it come not through extreme old age. The external causes you may learn by relation of the sick, and those that are about him, as if any disease be newly passed, and so turned into oblivion, or if medicines were ministered inwardly, or applied outwardly to the head which have virtue to cool extremely. Or if it came of immoderate labour with study & watching or such like. If the memory be but a little hurt, it betokeneth that the brain is but little cooled. If reason be lost together with the memory, than the affect is called Fatuitas or stultitia, (that is) foolishness or doltishness, and both these do come of one disposition, but that it is more vehement where both are hurt. As touching signs, Signa. if only a dry distempure occupying the hinder part of the head do cause this evil then overmuch watching troubleth the sick. If only a moist distempur be cause of it, than they are heavy and inclined to sleep, and there sleeps be long and troublesome. If could be joined with moisture, it engendereth the lethargy and Carus whereof we will entreat in the next Chapter. Therefore in them that have lost their memory you must observe their sleeps, whither they be over sleepy, or in a mean, or sleep not at all, for so shall you find what distempure doth most abound. Besides you must mark whither they avoid any thing at the nose, or whither any thing distill from the head by their mouth, or whither those parts be altogether dry. For by them you may likewise conjecture the distempure abounding. And if phlegm be cause of the evil, you shall perceive it not only by immoderate sleep, and abundance of excrements descending from the brain (as is afore said) but also by the disposition of the sick, by his age, and his complexion, by the time of the year, the region, the state of the air, and by the diet that he used before. For all those or the most part of them incline to cold and moisture. Likewise if melancholy abounding be cause of the disease, you shall know it for that the sick is not sleepy at all, neither doth he avoid any excrements at all from the brain, besides the state of his body and all other circunstaunces above rehearsed incline to cold & dryness. His diet must be diverse according to the diversity of the causes. But whatsoever the cause be, Victus ratio. let the air that the sick remaineth in, be inclining to heat, and let his lodging be light, let not his windows be north nor south, for the one cooleth and the other filleth the head. Let him eschew much sleep specially in the day time, and upon a full stomach. But note, if the disease be caused of a cold & moist distempur, than the whole order of his diet must be hot and dry. But if the cause be cold and dry, then must the diet be altogether such as will heat and moisten. As touching the cure if loss of memory be caused by vehement purgations, Signa. or other immoderate evacuations, or by soundings often, and so over much dryness do hurt the memory, then minister no medicines, but only restore the body by good diet. For the body being corroborated, & strength renewed, the memory will come again. If you require to know what things are requisite for such a diet, you shall found it in the Chapter of the fever hectike. If the memory be lost by extreme age, than physic will nothing avail. But only they must content themselves with diet convenient, but if the memory fail suddenly, the other members of the body being safe, than the falling sickness is to be feared, or the palsy, or the Apoplexy. And therefore in such a case you must provide diligently by all means that no such thing chance as is to be feared. You may prevent those diseases by the same remedies that you would use in the cure of them being present. And if the memory fail by means of other diseases, as through the lethargy or pestilence, than medicines for cure thereof are to be used. The whole scope of curing the disease, if it come only of a cold distempure of the brain consisteth in heating. You must therefore minister medicines that have virtue to heat aswell inwardly as outwardly. Outwardly you must anoint the head with warm oil, & that in summer. In winter anoint it with oil of Ireos commixed with sharp vinegar, and sometime boil wild time, and calamint, and such like in the oil, and so use it. Some do add to it pepper, and laurel berries. Also Castoreum is profitable being commixed with oil, and anointed upon the hinder part of the head. Also this ointment is very good. ℞. of oil made of tile stones, called Oleum de Lateribus, and oil of Castoreum. ana. ℥. ss. roots af●corns, & valerian. ana. ℈ i pellitory and ●ewe of each. ℈. ss. with wax sufficient make an ointment, & anoint the hinder part of the head therewith being shaven, and apply this quilt upon it. ℞. flowers of rosemary, Sac●●●u●. balm, and lavender. ana. M. ss. flowers of Elder. M.j. stechas. ʒ. iij. nutmegs, wood of aloes, and macis. ana. ℈ i powder them, and stitch them in silk, and make a quilt. You may make many such like medicines by examples in other Chapters. You may minister inwardly conserves of the flowers of betony, rosemary, lavender, spicknard and balm, adding to them pepper, cloves, Cinnamon, and such like odoramentes. If memory be lost by cold, and moistness joined together minister Hierapicra, which will purge out nothing that is good, but only that which is noisome. Afterwards let him use gargarises, sternutations, and whatsoever doth purge by the mouth & the nose. Also a sinapismus may profitablely be applied to the head. If oblivion be caused of phlegm abounding, than you must first prepare, and concoct that humour, with mel rosarum, oxymel, syrup of infusion of roses, with decoctions of betony, maiorame, hyssop, time, and such like, after the administration whereof, the matter being concoct and prepared, you may purge it with decoction of mirabolanes, chebulorum, and agaric trochiscat, to the which you may add of the syrup of infusion of roses, or Diacatholicon, or Diphenicon. And if the matter through his grossness, will not sufficiently purge at once, than you must prepare it again, and after purge it with pills, arabicae, aurea, or aggregativa, commixing some of them with agaric trochiscat, and so make pills with honey of roses, or syrup of stechados. After you may particularly purge the head with gargarises and sternutations. After purging it is good to minister unto them Castoreum or shaving of ivory. ʒ. j. with aqua mulsa, or as much Confectio anacardina, or aurea Alexandrina, or diambra, diamoschu dulce, or mithridatum, or theriaca with aqua mulsa or whit wine. Afterward you may use outwardly embrocations, and pour them down from a heigh upon the head being shaven, specially nigh to the seam, where the bone is losest or thinnest. You may make your embrocation thus. ℞. of hyssop serpillum, and time. ana. M. ss. betony, Embrocha. maiorame, and flowers of camomile. ana. pug. ss. flowers of stechados. ʒ. iij. make a decoction, and add thereto of Castoreum. ʒ.j. of vinegar. ℥ i & make an embrocation. It is good also to anoint the first and second spondyl in the neck, and the hinder part of the head, which Oleum nardi●um, oils of nutmegs, of Castoreum, of pepper, or Oleum costiwm. Seccul●●. And you may apply thereupon a quilt, made in this sort. ℞. hyssop, maiorame, and flowers of stechados. ana. ʒ. j. Castoreum, nutmegs, spicknard, maces. ana. ℈ i the barks of frankincense, mastic, and wood of aloes. ana. ʒ. j.ss. red roses dried the weight of all beaten them to powder, and make a quilt. And if the evil cease not by this means, than last of all, use a sinapismus. If memory be lost by abundance of melancholy, you must first prepare it to expulsion, by syrup of borage, and fumitory mixed together, and adding syrup of infusion of roses, and waters of betony, hops and balm and such like. Afterward minister this potion following. Decoctio. ℞. Mirabolanorum, indorum. ʒ.iij. seen, and epithimum. ana. ʒ. ij. flowers of hops, fumitory, & borage. ana. ʒ. ij.ss. make a decoction in running water, & having strained it, dissolve therein of fine mamia. ℥ two of Diacatholicon. ʒ.vij. or Diasene. ℥. ss. and make a potion. As touching outward medicines, let them rather incline to moisture then dryness. As by adding to the ointmentes before prescribed, oils of camomile, dill, & sweet almonds. likewise in making embrocations and quiltes, you may withdraw such medicines as dry, and add moist things in their stead. Hereby a circumspect Physician may not only have a reasonable Method, to cure each kind of oblivion, but also to remedy any dullness or weakness of the memory. For that it cometh of the same causes that memory lost doth come, although they be not so vehement, where the memory is weakened. CAP. XVIII. Of Carus or Subeth. Carus. CAROS in Greek, and Carus in Latin is a disease, in which both sense & moving is altogether taken away, and yet there breathing remaineth safe. The Arabians call this disease Subeth. Causae. Subet. This disease differeth from the lethargy, for that they will answer to a question demanded, that have the lethargy, and do not lie altogether down. But they that have Carus, are occupied with deep sleep, and if they be stirred or pricked, although they feel, yet they will say nothing, nor once open their eyes. Besides as Paulus Aegineta noteth, a vehement fever doth use to go before Carus, and in the lethargy it followeth rather. Also Carus useth to succead other symptomats and accidents. For it cometh often in the fits of fevers, and in the falling sickness, and in pressing of the brain, aswell when the brain pann is crushed together, as also if the films that cover the foremost ventricle of the brain, be thrust down. But the lethargy hath a certain peculiar consistence of himself. Also Carus doth differ from the Apoplexy, for that in it the breathing is very strait, so that the sick can with much a do scarce breathe at all. But he that hath Carus (as Galen witnesseth in his fourth Book de Locis affectis) hath his breath at liberty. Carus is caused of a cold, gross, and viscous phlegmatic humour filling the brain. Causae. Signa. You may easily know the signs by that which hath been rehearsed before. For in this disease they are altogether in a dead sleep, and their eyes always shut. As for the diet, and the cure of those that have Carus, it agreeth altogether with there's, that have the lethargy. V●nae sectio. Victus. Cura. Whereof we spoke before (in the. 16. chapter) saving that in this disease you must use things that be of greater force to extenuate, cut, and divide the gross humours. Also you must apply emplasters, and other medicines to the stomach, which have virtue to heat, & corroborated it, for because it is stuffed with phlegm which doth cool it and moisten it. Whereof you shall found examples in the beginning of the third Book. CAP. XIX. Of Congelation or taking. CATOCHE or Catalepsis in Greek, in Latin may be called Occupatio, Detentio, & deprehensio. The new writers in physic do call it Congelatio, Conge●atis. in English it may be called Congelation or taking. It is a sudden detention & taking both of mind and body, both sense and moving being lost, the sick remaining in the same figure of body wherein he was taken, whither he sit or lie, or stand, or whither his eyes be open or shut. This disease is a mean between the lethargy and the frenzy, for it cometh of a melancholy humour for the most part, as shallbe declared afterward. therefore in respect of coldness it agreeth with the lethargy, and in respect of dryness with the frenzy. Hereupon it cometh that they which have this disease, are neither like the freneticke altogether, nor like them that have the lethargy. Capitis purgatio. Causae. This disease is caused sometime of abundance of blood flowing to the head and replenishing it. But for the most part (as AEtius witnesseth) it is caused of a cold and dry melancholic humour, troubling the hinder parts of the head and brain. This disease invadeth a man suddenly, and taketh away speech and sense from him, he heareth nothing, Signa. he answereth nothing, his breathing is scarcely to be perceived, but he lieth as he were dead. His pulse is small & weak & very thick. His egestion & urine are detained, or else they come forth in small quantity, & that is not in respect of dryness, for the sick sometime doth abound with much moistur, but for lack of sense. There face is sometime red, and that is when the evil is engendered of blood, and sometime it is swart, & that is where melancholy causeth the disease. Moreover the eyes in this disease remain immovable, as though they were frozen. This evil differeth from Carus (as Galen saith) for that in it the eye lids are ever shut, but in this disease they sometime remain open. The diet in this evil must be diverse according to the diversity of causes. Let his food be ptisan broth, and such like. Victus. Let his drink be aqua mulsa well boiled, or thin white wine well allayed, for such wine, seeing it doth not fume into the head, doth much good. It his hurtful for them to drink water, for it causeth windynes, swelleth the spleen, and quencheth not thirst. As concerning the cure if the face of the sick be ruddy, and blood seem to abound, if strength permit and years, Curatio. let him fourth with bleed on the outwardmost vain of the arm, & let him bleed according to his strength. Afterward if the head be hot, apply those things that cool. For that purpose you may boil the shells of poppy heads in oil, and anoint the head therewith. But in other, that have their face swart, & so have tokens of melancholy abounding, you must first cleanse the guts with clysters, made of flowers of borage, bugloss, fumitory, time, epithimum, roots of polipodie, leaves of seen, adding to it oils of camomile, and dill, and casia, diacutholicon, diasena, or confectio ●amech in convenient quantity. Whereof you shall found examples afterward in the chapter of Melancholia. And if the belly become not soluble by this means, then is it not amiss to boil in the former decoction roots of Eleborus ●●ger. The head must be anointed with oil, wherein wild time is sodden, or with oil of lilies or dill, or such like, & that you must do chief when the head seemeth cold. Moreover if his urine appear gross and thick, you must give him to drink the decoction of dill, apium, calamint, & such like, as have virtue to extenuate. It profiteth also to anoint all there whole body with oil of dill specially in winter. Also they that have trembling with this disease may have. ʒ. j. of Castoreum commixed with aqua mulsa, and powered into their mouth. The rest that concern the cure of this disease may be gathered partly out of the Chapters of the frenzy and lethargy before, and partly out of the chapter of melancholy following. CAP. XX. Of dead sleep. COMA in Greek, sopor, or granis & profundus somnus in Latin. It may be called in English dead sleep. Ceratum. Coma. It is a disease wherein the sick cannot awake, nor keep open his eyes, but doth keep his eyes continually close shut, and is in a sound sleep. But there be two kinds hereof, the one whereof we have already spoken, and that is called simply Coma or sopor, or else Coma somnolentum. The other is called Vigilans sopor, and it is an evil wherein the sick cannot hold open his eyes, though he be awake, but he winketh in hope to get sleep, & yet is altogether awake. therefore you must make a difference between these two kinds. The sleeping Coma (as Galen witnesseth) is sometime caused by overmuch moistening of the brain, Causae. as it chanceth to many drunken persons. Also in fevers only hot and moist vapours ascending from the inferior parts, and moistening the brain do cause this evil. Moreover sometime only cold, occupying the fore part of the brain is cause of this evil. Sometime profound sleep is caused of coldness and moistness joined together. The other evil called Vigilans sopor, or Coma (that is) the watching drowsynes, it is caused of phlegm mixed with choler, and for the most part it cometh for lack of strength, that they are not able to keep open their eye lids. Gofiatio. The party that is vexed with the soporiferous and sleepy Coma, doth sleep with his neither jaw open, and as often as he is awaked, he falleth into a new sleep forthwith. They that have the watching Coma, they speak they wot not what, & they lie with their whole body out of order, and they have partly such signs as appear in the frenzy, & partly such as in the lethargy. Of palsy coming of cold. Curatio. The cure is of two sorts, according to the diversity of the evils. For in the soporiferous and sleepy Coma, you must use those remedies that are prescribed in the Chapters of Carus, and the Lethargy, and to speak briefly after the whole body be purged, if the evil be caused of moistness, than you must apply such things as will dry the brain made with sharp vinegar and roses, and camomile commixed, and you may also let the fume thereof go up into the nosethrills. If it be caused of cold, then apply oil of dill, and camomile warmed, and if the cold be great, you may sometime boil in oil, pennyroyal & dill and use it. But if the evil be caused of cold and moisture joined together: then must it be cured, as the Lethargy. If it come of weakness and lack of strength, than you must use restoratives to recover it again. Suppositaries are very good to be used in these kinds of diseases, for that they stir and provoke nature. For the watching Coma, since it consisteth of mixed and contrary causes, it must be cured by contrary medicines partly as the frenzy, and partly as the lethargy. And to know which of them you must use most, you may learn that by the humour most abounding. For if phlegm abound mor than choler, than you must use most the remedies against the lethargy: but if contrariwise choler do most abound, then must your remedies be for the most part such as are good against the frenzy. And therefore you may seek convenient remedies out of those Chapters, as occasion serveth. CAP. XXI. Of the Apoplexy. APOPLEXIA in Greek and Latin is a disease wherein the fountain and original of all the sinews being affected, every part of the body doth suddenly lose both moving and sense. Or it is a depriving both of sense and moving through out the whole body coming suddenly with let and hurt of all voluntary functions. If this stopping of the brain come in on half of the body only then it is called Paralysis in Greek: in English the palsy whereof we will speak in the next Chapter. The Apoplexy is caused of a phlegmatic humour, that is cold, gross and tough, Causae. which doth at one time abundantly fill the principal ventricles of the brain, which humour overmuch crudities, and chief drunkenness doth engender. Also it is caused by a fall or a blow which shaketh & bruiseth the brain, and causeth humours to flow thither. Also very cold air which doth thick and congeal the humidities and excrements of the brain, doth sometime 'cause this disease: it may also be caused of a gross melancholy humour. Concerning signs there goeth before this disease a full and sharp pain of the head, Signa. and a swelling of the veins in the neck, the Vertigo, and brightness before the eyes, also cold of the extreme parts without cause, panting of the whole body, slowness to move, and gnashing of the teeth while they sleep. There urine is little in quantity, black, like rust and canker in metal, and hath a residence like meal. They that fall into this disease do lack sense altogether, they lie as they were a sleep with their eyes shut, and do snort. The vehemency & greatness of this disease may be discerned by the impediment that they have in breathing. For when it is very much differing from natural order, it betokeneth vehemency of the disease, and that it is a great and strong Apoplexy. But when there is a little impediment in the breathing, than you may judge that there is but little hurt in the brain, and so you may accounted it a small and weak Apoplexy. The worst and strongest Apoplexy is, wherein the breathing is so diminished that it can very hardly be perceived, and that is almost as evil, wherein the breath stoppeth for a while, and then is fetched with great violence. This disease for the most part doth chance to old men, which be of a phlegmatic complexion, and which do use such a diet as increaseth phlegm. But if so be it invade any young person, and that in summer season, it is most perilous. This disease is uncurable, or at the jest is seldom cured. And therefore Hypocrates writeth in the .42. Apho. of his second Book. Progn●●●●a. It is impossible (saith he) to cure a vehement Apoplexy, & not easy to cure a weak one. For it threateneth speady death. Besides if it chance by medicines to be taken away, for the most part it departeth leaving the palsy behind it, either in the whole body, or in some part thereof. Often also it corrupteth the memory, whereupon we may conclude that remedies are not to be used, against a strong Apoplexy, for that it is of nature deadly. But if it be weak, which you may know by the signs afore said, although there be small hope to remedy it, yet (as Galen testifieth) convenient remedies being ministered, it may perhaps be cured, as experience hath proved in some. Those therefore whose cure is not altogether desperate, if there be signs of plenitude and fullness, & strength permit also, Curatio. must be let blood on both the Caephalica veins. But you must foretell the peril, for blood letting doth either kill them, or deliver them: so that if after blood letting (as Aetius saith) both moving & sense come not unto him again, there is no more hope. You must not draw away much blood at ones, but rather at sundry times, and you must have regard to his pulse, the colour of his face, & his breathing. Besides you must provoke him to the stole with sharp clysters in this sort. ℞. sage, origan▪ betony, Palsy of the bladder. C●●ster acris. and rue. ana. M.j. calamint, hyssop, & pennyroyal. ana. M. ss. seeds of fennel, seselis. & ammi. ana. ʒ. iij. centaury the less. M.j. roots of polypody. ʒ. uj. fine agaric. ʒ. iij. pulp of coloquintida. ʒ.ij. boil these in sufficient quantity of water, until half be consumed: then take of that decoction. ℥ xu of Hierapicra, & Benedicta laxativa. ana. ℥. ss. of Electuarium nidum. ʒ.iij. of Diaphaenicon. ʒ.ij. of mel rosarum clarified. ℥. j.ss. of oils of laurel, rue, & Castoreum. ana. ℥ i of fall gem. ʒ. j.ss. commix them all & make a clyster. Also the use of suppositaries in this disease is very commendable, made of coloquintida, agaric, black hellebore▪ & such like, after this sort. ℞. of honey boiled to a height. ℥ two of coloquintida, agaric and hellehore. ana. ℈ two of fall gem. ℈ i beaten them into powder, commix them with the honey and make suppositaries vj. fingers long, and hung a thread in them, that you may draw them out when you list. You may also put into the suppositaries Hierapicra, or pills Cochia. Afterward anoint the whole body with a good quantity of warm oil, wherein wild time, calamint, dill, and such like hath first been boiled. Also the extreme parts must be bound strongly and vehemently chafed with the decoction of the root of floure deluce, many cupping glasses must be fastened to the shoulders. The head must be shaven, and anointed with oils of camomile, dill, & rue, or with oil, wherein the aforenamed herbs have been boiled. You must apply to the nosethrills such things as by their odour can stir and raise up the sick, as be opoponax, castoreum, sagape●um, galbanum. Also you may use medicines to provoke sneasing made of white hellebore, castoreum & such others rehearsed in the former Chapters. Or it profiteth much to use embrocations, made of camomile, melilote, sage, pennyroyal, maiorame, origan, calamint, savoury, and hyssop boiled in equal portions of wine & water. But yet it is better to use dry medicines to the head, as be sinapisin made after this sort. ℞. Olei costivi. ℥ i oils of Castoreum and Euphorbium. ana. ʒ. iij. mustard seed. ʒ. ij. Castoreum. ʒ.j sagapenum. ʒ.j.ss. ●uphorbium. ℈ i vinegar. ʒ. ij. with sufficient quantity of wax, make an emplaster. Also you must open their mouth by force, and put into it your finger, or a feather dipped in oil of Ireos to provoke vomit, Vomitus. and to 'cause the gross humours that be in the mouth to be cast out. Also their fondament must be anointed with such medicines as dissolve windines, as be rue, common, nitrum and honey. When the evil is assuaged, you must give him meat of easy digestion, for the most mixed with honey. If his speech come not yet again, so that strength permit, you may fasten cupping glasses to the hinder part of the head with scarification. And in like sort under the short ribs, if you may. Afterward let the sick be carried in a waggon or horselitter. Ecligma. Victus. Let his drink be mulsa, or oximell. Let him drink no wine. After. 21. days be passed the sick may enter a bath, but as touching medicines requisite for the rest of the cure, you shall found them abundantly in the Chapter following. And this may suffice for the cure of the Apoplexy, if so be it be curable. CAP. XXII. Of the Palseye. PARALYSIS in Greek, Resolutio in Latin: in English the Palseye. It is a disease wherein the one half of the body either the right or the left doth lose both sense and moving. Also sometime the palsy chanceth in one member only, (as for example) in the hand, the leg, or the tongue. But note here that the palsy which followeth the Apoplexy is particularly called in greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And therefore the word Paralysis is a more general name than Paraplegia. But whereas in the palsy, sometime sense only is lost, and sometime moving alone, and sometime both sense and moving: it is especially called resolution of the sinews or palsy, when moving is lost. Why sometime feeling is lost only, & sometime moving alone, & sometime both together, Galen declareth at large in his first Book de symptomatum causis, Cap. 4. & there for it need not be here rehearsed, notwithstanding it shall not be amiss to answer briefly to that question. Why in the palsy sometime sense alone, sometime moving alone, and sometime both together perish. First note that aswell the faculty of moving as of sense floweth from the brain, as from a fountain, and is derived from thence by & in the sinews to the instruments of motion and sense, and therefore it must needs be, if that faculty of the brain be hindered or stopped by any cause, that it cannot descend to the instruments of moving or of sense: that they should lose moving or sense according as the sinews be affected. And therefore in those members that participate two kinds of sinews, as the eyes and the tongue do, the former question is easy to be soluted, for that they have one kind of sinews for motion, & another kind for sense, and so the one may be hurt, and the other safe, or they may be both hurt, and so both sense and motion perish. But in members, that have but one kind of sinew, the question is more obscure to answer. In such members therefore, if (the skin being taken away) the muscle lying naked cannot move at all, and yet feeling remaineth in it, you may know that the hurt is not great. But if the sinews be much stopped, then hath it lost both sense and moving, for it is unpossible that the sense of a muscle should be lost, and the motion remain still. The reason is for that less of the animal faculty is requisite for feeling, then for moving, so that there may come sufficient quantity of that faculty to a muscle to cause feeling in it, and yet not enough to 'cause it to move also, and therefore a naked muscle, which hath his faculty both of feeling and moving, of one kind of senowe, cannot move and lack sense. But either it hath sense, and lacketh moving, and then his hurt is but little, or it hath lost both, and that is when the hurt is great, and the senowe is altogether stopped. But where there is a member that hath sinews placed in the muscles to cause moving, and other sinews spread in the skin to 'cause feeling (for the sinews that are dispersed in the muscles do not sand out branches to the skin as some suppose) I say it may come to pass in that member, that sometime it may loose feeling alone, and sometime moving alone, and sometime both together. For it may be that the skin which covereth the muscle may lose his sense of feeling, the senowe being affected which is dispersed in it, and yet the senowe that runneth in the muscle may be safe, and therefore the muscle may move. But if the senowe which is spread in the muscle be affected, and the senowe that cometh to the skin remain safe, that member cannot move, and yet it hath sense and feeling left, and that cometh to pass, because the senowe of the one is hurt, and the other hath his senowe safe: although they spring both from one place, yet they are divided in the way as they come to the member. And if both the sinews be affected as well that, that cometh to the muscle, as that which cometh to the skin, than both sense of feeling and moving also perish and are lost, and that is when the common fountain from whence they do both spring, is affected and hurt. You may discern that, when you know exactly the common original & spring of every senowe, in considering diligently whether the brain itself be affected, or the backbone at the head of it, or in any of his spondils beside. This is to be known by the Anatomy of sinews, and therefore it behoveth to be well exercised therein, for in the palsy there is no: one certain place affected, but divers places. To know if the brain be affected. If the brain itself be affected (I mean not the whole brain: for them is the Apoplexy engendered) but if the right half or the left be affected, you shall know it, for that the palsy or resolution will be aswell on the right or left side of the face, as on the right or left side of the body. But if the face be safe, Sacc●lus. To ●nowe if the 〈…〉 cause the palsy. and one half of the body be deprived of sense and moving, than you may know that the place affected is the upper end and first spondils of the backbone, but the one half only of the marrow is affected, and that is it which is next to the side taken with the palsy. But if all the inferior members, (the face only excepted) be resolved and paraliticke, them is the backbone affected in the same place, even in the beginning and upper end of it, but then is the hurt vehement, for the whole marrow is affected. But if it chance one only part to be resolved, and taken with the palsy, you must search from whence the sinews come that be contained in it, Of members part● 〈◊〉 taken with the palsy. which you may easily found, if you be well exercised in Anatomy. For if the marrow of the back be not affected above where his first beginning is, but lower among the spondils, then if the affect and hurt be great, all the inferior parts beneath those spondils affected, be resolved and taken with the palsy, but if the hurt be but little, and the marrow but half affected, then only the inferior parts of the one side be resolved. Therefore you must first learn by Anatomy to found the place affected, having foreknowledge from what part of the backbone, the members resolved have their sinews. The palsy and resolution of members is engendered of abundance of gross and clammy humours, which stop the sinews, and hinder the animal faculty, that it cannot come from the fountain to the members. It may also be caused of immoderate cold in snow or vehement frost. Also it may be caused by an inflammation, or a Scirrhus (which is a hard swelling without sense) chancing in the backbone, or in parts nigh adjoining or in other senowy parts, whereby the sinews are crushed and pressed and so stopped that the animal faculty cannot pass. As also the sinews may be crushed together by some external cause, as by binding with a cord, or such like means, & so cause resolution, also when there is luxation or fracture in any of the spondils of the back, or in other joints or bones, there may follow resolution by means of compression & crushing together of sinews. Also resolution or palsy may be caused by means of a wound, or an ulcer, either in the brain, or in the marrow of the back, or in any particular sinews. There need not many signs to know this disease by: for any may judge easily, that part or member to have the palsy which is destitute of moving: to know of what cause it proceeded, you may partly learn by the relation of the sick, and partly by the signs rehearsed before in the .7. chapter. fol. 8. where headache caused of phlegm is entreated of. Prognostica. The palsy is no acute and sharp disease, but of long continuance, and for the most part curable. It chanceth for the most part in old folk, and in the winter time. The palsy that cometh by a synowe separate and cut a sunder is (as AEgineta saith) uncurable, and so is that which cometh by overthwart incisions of the back or by great luxation of it. Moreover if the member paraliticke do wax less, or change his colour, it is hard to be cured, or rather not curable. For it declareth those parts not only to be destitute of the animal faculty but also of the natural, and after a sort of the vital also. There diet must be altogether extenuating and drying. Victus ratio. Let the sick therefore remain in an air, that is hot and dry, and in the first three days he may use altogether abstinence, or let him content himself with aqua mulsa, or a little ptisan broth. Afterward give him meats of good juice, light of digestion, and let them be roasted, let him eat chief birds of the mountains, and partridge, rear eggs, almonds, and pine nuts. For pot herbs let him use fennel, parsley, hisope, maiorame, sage and savoury. Let him eschew fish, fruit, and all things that be cold and moist. Let him drink but little, for it is good for him to sustain as much thirst, as he can possibly. Let him drink mulsa wherein sage or Cinnamon hath been boiled, or let him use to drink, that which the barbarous Physicians at this day call Hippocras: made after this sort. Ipp●●as. ℞. of chosen Cinnamon. ℥ two of ginger. ℥. ss. of long pepper, grains, and galingale. ana. ʒ. j. of cardamomes. ʒ. j.ss. of nutmegs, cloves, and mace. ana. ʒ. j. boil them all in three quarts of running water until a pint, and half be consumed, then strain it hard, and with half a pound of sugar make it pleasant to drink, he may drink no wine at all, until he be perfectly cured. But if the patient can hardly be kept so long time from wine, give him but a little in the declining of the disease, and let it be thin and allayed. Moving and exercise if he can use them, are very good for him. Let him eschew sleep on the day. Let his night sleep be in a mean. Let him be merry and fly perturbations of the mind. Curatio. For the Cure, if age, state of the body, time of the year, and such like permit, it is good to begin with blood letting, specially if there be signs of plenitude. But you must draw away blood moderately, jest the body be cooled overmuch, and you must let blood on the whole and sound side. Then a few days after blood letting, you may cleanse the intestines with clysters made thus. ℞. of mallows, hollyhocks, Clyster. mercury, camomile, sage, and betony. ana. M.j. of staechas. ℥. ss. of rue, and calamint. ana. M. ss. of seeds of fennel, and ammeos. ana. ʒ. ij. boil these in sufficient water until the third part be consumed, then take of that decoction. lb.lb.j. of Benedicta Laxatina. ℥. ss. of Ele●tuarium nidum. ʒ.iij. of honey of roses. ℥. ss. of oils of laurel, Ireos, and rue. ana. ℥ i of salt gem. ʒ. j. commix them together and make a clyster. Afterward minister unto him decoctions and syrups, which have virtue to extenuate phlegmatic humours, and make them apt to be purged, wheref you shall found examples before in the 7. Chap. The humours being thus prepared minister medicines which do purge phlegm, beginning with gentle ones, & proceeding by little & little to stronger. Besides those purgations which are rehearsed in the 7. Chap. aforesaid, you may use pilulae azairet, arabicae, faetidae, with the which you must always commix agaric. Neither doth it suffice to purge the patiented once, but you must do it often, letting .4. or .5. days pass betweme each purging. The next day after he is purged, it profiteth much to give unto him theriaca, or mithridatum. The body being welpurged, you must use sternutations, gargarisms, odoraments, & such other like, as are rehearsed in the 7. cha. And that specially when the brain is principally affected. For if the brain be not affected, you must rather minister such medicines as may corroborat, & strengthen it, in this sort. ℞. of diambra, plicis, archoticon, & diamoschu dulce. ana. ℈ i of powder of swallows preparate. ʒ. ss. of coriander seeds preparate. ʒ. j. of sugar roset. ʒ. iij. with sugar dissolved in rose water make lozenges, Lozenges. & let the patient hold a little of one of them in his mouth often. It profiteth also in this disease to take. ʒ. j. of Castoreum, or of opoponax, or sagapenum, in aqua mulsa. Also diatrionpipereon is good for them. If the brain be chief affected, you must anoint the head with hot medicines, as with Castoreum, mints, laurel berries, oil of Ireos boiled with a little vinegar, and such like. Therefore if coldness of the wether do not let it, you may shave the head, and anoint it all over to the forehead. If the marrow of the back be affected at the upper end where he beginneth, then after the former purgation you must in the nape of the neck where the marrow of the back springeth forth of the brain use oils and ointments, which have virtue to dissolve & discuss, but you must begin with the weakest, as with oils of camomile, dill, spike, lilies, Ireos, narde, nutmeg, S. john's wort, & earthwormes, wherewith you must anoint the nape of the neck, & the resolved side, specially the half of the ridge bone: & you must wrap the paralytic members in warm linen clotheses, or in a fox skin, to keep them warm▪ or you may bathe them with the decoction of sage, maioram, camomile, S. john's wort, staechas, and rosemary. Afterward you may proceed to stronger medicines as be oils costinum, vulpinum, oils of rue, and bays, oils of Castoreum, Euphorbium, and oil of tile stones, called Oleum è lateribus, or Oleum Philosophorum. To these you may add these ointmentes, unguentum aregon, unguentum agrippa, and ung martiaton, and hot simples may be added. Also if you will, as be betony, sage, rosemary, galingale, cowslippes, rue, calamint, pellitory, pepper, Castoreum, and Euphorbium. Of these you may make an ointment after this sort. ℞. of ung aregon, Victus ratio. unguentum. and martiaton. ana. ℥ i of unguentum agrippa. ℥. ss. of oils costiwm & vulpinum. ana. ʒ. ss. of oil of earthwormes. ℥. ss. of oil of castor. ʒ. j.ss. of powders of betony, pepper, sage. ana. ℈ i of castoreum, & euphorbium. ana. ℈. ss. of galingale or roots of acorns. ℈ two with wax as much as sufficeth, make an ointment. Or thus. Aliud. ℞. of oleum costiwm. ℥ two of oil of pepper. ℥. j.ss. oil of euphorbium. ʒ.ij. of aqua vitae. ℥. ij.ss. of juice of sage, and coweslippes. ana. ℥. j.ss. of galingale. ʒ. iij. of staechas & rosemary. ana. ʒ. ij. of pellitory & pepper. ana. ʒ. j. of Euphorbium. ʒ.ss. bruise them and boil them until the aqua vitae & juices be consumed, then strain out the oils, & put to the wax and make a lineament. By example of them you may make a Cerote also after this manner. ℞. of bay berries, pellitory, and pepper. ana. ʒ. ij. of galingale. ʒ. j. of staechas, betony, & elder. ana. ʒ. j.ss. of mustered seed & nigella. ana. ʒ. j. of Euphorbium & Castoreum. ana. ℈ i of oleum costiwm. ℥. j.ss. of oil of pepper. ℥ i of oil of euphorbium. ʒ.iij. with wax & rosin sufficient make a cerote. Also you may make a quilt thus. ℞. hyssop, maiorame, S. john's wort, sage, rue, & bay leaves. ana. ʒ. ij. spike, 〈◊〉. mastic, castoreum & staechas. ana. ℈ two cloves, maces, & nutmegs. ana. ℈. ss. red rose leaves dried M. ss. beaten them all to powder, and make a quilt with them. 〈◊〉. Also a fomentation may conveniently be made thus. ℞. Sage, rosemary, S. john's wort, cowslippes, hyssop, maioram, betony, peniroyall & calamint of each. M. ss. boil them in white wine, and add to the decoction of Castoreum. ʒ.ij. of flowers of staechas, & lavender. ana. ʒ. j.ss. wherewith you may often bathe the members affected, before you use the aforesaid ointments or quilt. Moreover you may set cupping glasses lightly without scarification to the members affected, that they may draw thither blood, & heat, and spirits: & if the members themselves cannot aptly have cupping glasses applied to them: apply them at the lest to the parts next adjoining. After cupping you may use the aforesaid ointments & cerates, so that the members affected be first rubbed & chafed. And if the disease relent not by all these means (as Aetius doth counsel) you may use sinapismes or cauterization by fire where the original of the affect is. Last of all a hot house or dry bath will profit much, or if they may conveniently come to them natural baths, which spring from brimstone, alum, & salt, such as be the baths in Germany called Badeniae, Ferivae, Cellenses, and ours in England at bath. Embrocha. But it is good for them to use before bathing to be carried up & down in a waggon or horslitter. And this may suffice for the cure of the palsy, occupying on whole side. But if neither the brain, nor the beginning of the ridge bone be affected, but only some other parts of the marrow of the back, than you must search out that part of the back that is affected. And apply such remedies to it, as are before rehearsed. And in like sort if any particular senowe be affected, you must found out his original where he springeth, and there apply the former medicines or there like. Yet remember you must never altogether neglect the brain, although it be not principally affected. Cure of it coming of choler mixed with blood. If the palsy be caused of extreme cold without humours abounding in the body, than the place affected being found out, and the medicines before rehearsed being applied upon it, you shall cure it. But you may not altogether neglect the brain, nor the member that is paraliticke, but use to them such remedies as are afore taught. Blood letting, purging, & all other evacuations may be omitted, only use remedies to altar and strengthen the members. If the palsy be caused by an inflammation or Scirrhus of any part, Cure of palsy coming of other causes. the same inflammation or hard swelling being cured, the resolution will be cured also. If any pinching or binding of the sinews cause resolution, the bond being removed, the cure will soon ensue. If the spondyls of the ridge or other bones being out of joint or broken do cause resolution, if the resolution be curable, it will be remedied by their cure. Likewise if palsy ensue a wound or ulcer in the head, or back, or in any particular synowe: it will be cured by their Cure, except it be altogether uncurable. CAP. XXIII. Of Palsy in one member. ALTHOUGH any expert man may easily gather out of the former Chap. the cure of resolution chancing in any particular member, yet lest those that have less skill, should stand in doubt in some causes, it shall not be superfluous to make discourse of certain particular resolutions. There is an affect of the face called in Greek Spasmus Cynicus, & in Latin Connulsio canina, or of some Torturae oris. Curatio. The Cure of this is like the cure of the palsy that is rehearsed in the former Chapter. For both blood letting if nothing be against it, and purging, and clysters, and lyniments rehearsed in the former Chapter be good for this. Furthermore for the particular cure of this disease you must let the patiented blood on the veins under the tongue, & fasten cupping glasses to the shutting of the joints and give him Masticatoris made after this form. ℞. seeds of stavisacre, mastic, the root of pellitory. ana. ʒ. j. hyssop, origan. ana. ʒ. j.ss. mustard seeds. ʒ. ij. powder them and commix them with turpintyne and wax, and make trochiskes to chew. Also it is good for the patiented to look often in a glass, that he seeing the writhing of his face, may with all his power intent to amend it. Also to the grief of the patiented (that is) to the sinews that be sprung you must apply the medicines that are in the former chapter. Also this following is very good. ℞. Olibanum, mastic. ana. ℥ two l●gi aloes. ℥ i cloves, galange, cinnamon, zodoarie, nutmegs, cubebibes. ana. ʒ. uj. myrrh, aloes, labdanum, sarcocol castoreum. ana. ℥. ss. bay berries, pine nuts. ana. ʒ. uj. Ireos, Aristolochiae rotunda dictamus consolide maioris. ana. ℥ i gum elemni, opoponacis, beniomen. ana. ℥ two the juice of camepitius, & the juice of coweslippes. ana. ℥ four turpentine. ℥ i pouderal that is to be powdered, and put all in a limbeck of glass, and distill it with a soft fire. And that which cometh first willbe like water which you shall keep, the next willbe thick like oil which keep also, and with this oil anoint the place, & let him drink of the water three or four ounces at once with a little wine, 〈◊〉. Note. this is very excellent good. But you must note in this place that the cheek is not troubled with the palsy which showeth perverse and overthwart but the other. Vena sectio. Palsy of the tongue. When the tongue hath the palsy, the body being first purged, you must cut the veins under it, and apply a cupping glass to the chin. Also let him use Masticatoris, and collusions of mustard seeds and such like. Also let him not neglect exercises of the tongue. And the neck and the hinder part of the head let them be anointed with sharp ointments and linements. Also the Physician may apply Cerates and sinapismes, & such like as before. When the bladder hath the palsy, sometime the urine is withholden & sometime it goeth away against the patiented his william. In this case you must apply remedies to the belly and to the privities, Cure of it come of 〈◊〉 they blood. oil of rue, narde, spike, or oil in the which is sodden the root of Eringium, rue, common, or dill, or such like. All are very good: and you may well commix with them butter, Castoreum, Galbanum, Opoponax. And there can be no better remedy, then to put these things into the bladder by the yard with a s●reng. First therefore if the patient cannot make water, you must get out the urine by a fine pipe made of silver for that purpose called Cathetera. Afterward take those medicines, that are rehearsed a little before, and pour them into the bladder with a Serenge, this will do marvelous much good. Also medicines provoking urine given in drink be good for it, and so is castoreum likewise. Also plasters made of laxative things are profitable therefore. Palsy of the yard. The palsy of the yard doth let and impedite the flowing of urine, and sparme, and carnal copulation, therefore you must use the same remedies which are rehearsed for the palsy in the bladder: but privately you must apply to the loins, and to the joints of the huckle bones things that will heat, and we must use those medicines that have power to erect the yard. And Castoreum may effectually be ministered, as well for this as for all other palseyes, the sick must chief eschew meats and drinks that do cool. By these examples you may easily found, how to cure other members, that be paraliticke. CAP. XXIIII. Of the falling sickness. DE EPILEPSIA. EPILEPSIA in Greek (as Galen saith) is a convulsion, drawing, and stretching of all the whole parts of the body, not continually, but that which chanceth at sundry times, with hurt of the mind and sense, it is so called because it attachethe both the sense and feeling of the head, & also of the mind. Morbus comitialis. The Latins call this disease, Morbus comitialis. There be three differences in this sickness or disease. The first is caused, when this sickness cometh only of disease in the brain, as it chanceth of gross and clammy phlegm, Causae. or sharp choler doth stop the passage of the spirit in the ventricles of the brain, if this evil cometh of a gross humour, than the disease cometh suddenly, & it is soon gone again. Secondly it is caused through evil affect in the mouth of the stomach, (that is) when the brain laboureth to drive away the vapours and humours that ascend up to it from the stomach. Thirdly the falling sickness is caused, when as the patiented feeleth a thing like unto a cold air, coming from some member, and creeping up to the brain, but this chanceth very seldom. Signa. There goeth before this evil an unwise state of the body and mind, sadness, forgetfulness, troublesome dreams, ache of the head, and continual fullness in it, especially in anger, paleness of the face, inordinate moving of the tongue, & many do bite it. Assoon as this evil taketh them, the sick fall down, and they are plucked up together, they snort, and sometime they cry out, many do tremble, and turn round about. But the peculiar sign of this disease is foaming at the mouth. This disease chanceth most to children. Galen saith, that if it taketh any parson after .25. years of age, he shall have it till he die. The perfume or smoke of Bitumen, or Lapis gagatis, or of goats horn will declare and show them that have the Epilepsy. Also the lyvour of an he goat eaten, or the savour of the lyvour sodden will do the same. Victus ratio. It is profitable for them that have this disease to use in their diet, things that will attenuate, cut, and divide. Therefore let the air, in which the sick remaineth in be hot and dry, specially if the evil be caused of phlegm. He must eschew all flesh, except birds that fly on mountains: also he must avoid all kind of pulses, fish, & wine, especially if it be old and thick. Let his drink be mulsa, or thin ale: the eating of capers doth marvelously profit. exercise and frictions are good: but rub the head after all the other members be rubbed. Let him not use to much lechery: let him sleep measurablely on nights, and let him eschew exceeding sleeping on the day. He must abstain from garlic, oynions, mustered, & such like fumous things. He must eschew drinking strait after a bath. Cure of infants If a child have this disease you need not much to study for remedies, for with a moderate diet oftentimes the disease endeth by the own accord: you must appoint a diet for the infant and the nurse. Therefore if the child be not yet weaned, let the nurse use meats of good juice, and let her use exercise before meat, let her eschew carnal copulation, and let her use for her diet things that be hot and dry, that thereby the milk may be hotter and thinner. Anoint the head of the infant continually with oil of dill and Ireos, putting to them the powders of Cypress, Ireos, maiden hear, maioram & such like, but never wash the head with water whither it be hot or cold. Also give the child clarified honey to lick. Also this Ecligma is praised of many. ℞. fine white sugar. ℥ two oil of sweet almonds, as much as is sufficient to make it of the substance of a lohoch, and give it to the child to lick. Also it is good to commix with it miscle of the oak, and unicorn. Also hung about the child's neck the root of pionie being green, Cure of young folks. for it helpeth marvelously. Moreover they that fall into this disease after they be past child's age, you must anoint and make strait those members, which are writhed, & plucked out of order in them. Afterward you must open the mouth, putting a wedge between the teeth, and with a feather dipped in oil of Ireos provoke vomit to bring out phlegm. Also it is good to quicken the senses with odoramentes. Also pencedanum, or dog fennel, rue, Bitumen, and juice of silplinum. The matter continuing very sharply, put into their mouth Castoreum, or laserpilium with oxymel. Also when they are raised, you must cast in a sharp clyster. They that begin to recover, (their strength being refreshed) purge them with Hiera Geleni, Cure of epilence in ●id folks. or some other convenient medicine, and this the cure of a new & sharp epilence. Therefore now we will treat, how to help that which is old. The patient must drink water long time, or very small ale, and that in the beginning of the cure, unless any thing do forbidden it. Let blood in the vain of the ham, or the ring finger, and then three or four days after you must comfort the body, and it is good to minister preparatives to extenuate, as syrups of wormwood, of hisope, of stechados, oximell scilliticum, decoction of hisope, root of peony and others rehearsed before. Afterward purge with purgations (that is) with pilula cochia, pilula de agarico and such as purge phlegm. Dia●tica. A purging po●ion of stubium. Also I judge stubium to be of great force in this kind being used as is declared before in the xu Chap. fol. 17. which doth mightily purge the superfluous humours from the head. And also I have known this to help many, oil of excitore and with it anoint the hinder part of the head morning & evening warm. Furthermore make a twilt with three sheets of grey paper, & baste upon it cotton will, and let the patient wear it day and night uj days. Then take two frying pans, make them read hot, and hold one of them over his head, till it waxeth cold, then take the other and do likewise, do thus, till the patientes head be very hot. And if his grief take him in thy presence, set the patiented on his knees, and let his arms be holden cross over his body as may be, and let his head be thus warmed many days together, and every morning and evening let him take these things. The first day of the powder of the skull of a man burned, on dram at once, and the next day of the miscle of the oak, made in powder. ʒ. j. & the third day of the powder of peony roots. ʒ. j. and after those three days, take these powders each day, till the patiented be healed which willbe in 40. days. But if this evil be engendered of melancholy, then seek medicines to purge it in the Chap. of Melancholia: but it is lawful to take the bark of dry black hellebote, and beaten it unto fine powder, & to minister one dram at ones with mulsa, and a little pepper to it, also you may make pills thereof, and give them. And when the sick is purged enough, bring him to a bath, the third day fasten cupping glasses with scarification to the sides and shoulders, and then many days after comfort the body, & again purge him with Hiera Galeni. Hiera Galeni. After that fasten cupping glasses to the noddle of the neck. The next day apply to the head like a plaster, bread sodden in mulsa, adding to it bitter almonds brayed, or serpillum, or calamint, or mints, or rue, and do that three days. Then shave the head, and anoint it with juice of pencedanum, infused in vinegar, in which serpillum, or Ireos hath been sodden. Then again the body being refreshed purge the sick only with three drams of Hiera, after those things be done minister sternutaments, masticatories, and such things as do purge by the nose, than afterwards if you think good minister a clyster. At the last apply ointments, lynements, and emplasters, which have virtue to discuss and drive away, whereof you may found examples plenty in divers places. CAP. XXV. Of the Cramp. DE CONWLSIONE. Causa. Spasmos. SPASMOS in Greek, in Latin Conuulsio, in English the Cramp, is a disease in the which the sinews are drawn, and plucked up against ones william. There be of it three kinds or differences. The first is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin Distentio. It is when the neck remaineth altogether immovable, and cannot be turned any way, but must be holden right forth. The second is called in Latin Tensio ad anteriora. In this disease the head and the neck be drawn down to the breast. The third is called in latin Tensio ad posteriora. Causae. In this disease the head is drawn down backward to the back & the shoulders. For the causes of this disease you must note that Hypocrates appointeth but only two (that is) fullness and emptiness of the sinews in the body, and sometime it cometh with biting or stinging of some venomous beast. If that the cramp doth take one that is hailed, or by and by assoon as the disease cometh or not long after, then is the disease caused of fullness, but when the convulsion cometh after many sweats, vomittes, watchings or dryness, then is it caused of emptiness. The diet of them that have convulsion, Victus ratio. which cometh of fullness must be hot and dry. But in them which have the convulsion caused of emptiness, the diet must be moist. therefore, the patient must be nourished with soupinges & fat broths, and flesh easy to digest, and that which nourisheth well. For there drink let them use wine that is thin and watery, which may quickly be dispersed into all parts of the body, unless a fever be present: for then juice of ptisan is profitable or in steed of wine minister decoction of Cinnamon. Also provoke sleep. Let them eschew exercises & all things that may empty the body: to be short, let his diet be like unto there's, which have the fever Ethicke. The cure of the cramp caussed of fullness, Cures of fullness. must strait begin with letting of blood, if no thing do prohibit it. It is meet to take away much blood, but it may not be done all at once on heaps, Bloud●etting. but by little and little you must let blood on the middle vain on the arm. If after blood letting it seemeth that the sick may suffer it, wash the womb with a sharp clyster. That part which is drawn, must be strongly kept together, Cl●ster. and they must altogether eschew inordinate movings▪ and the place must be chafed with oils of rue, or ireos, or some other such like, or they must be covered with will dipped in the said oils, or you must lay upon it a broad bladder filled with oil. And if the convulsion cometh of phlegm, than the phlegm must first be extenuat, and made thin, The cramp coming of phlegm. and be prepared that it may be apt to be purged: then by and by minister a purgation to purge phlegm. Also apply cupping glasses with scarification, for light ones hurt. If the legs have the cramp apply it to the haunches, and to the latter knittings of the joints. If the hands be drawn, apply it to the back and to the joints of the shoulders. Capi●is pr●gatis. Moreover the head must be purged with Masticator●es, gargarizes, and such like medicines. Time proceeding, it is good to bathe him, and therefore every day twice or thrice let him descend into water of brimstone or alum, or salt water, but let him not tarry in them, jest strength fail him: or if there can not be using of natural baths, it is lawful to use a hot house, or dry bathe, Ba●ne●●●. or water wherein is sodden laurel leaves, sothernwood, pennyroyal, wormwood, rue, sage, S. johnsworte, maioram & betony, & the places that are drawn aught to be covered with skins of wolves or foxes: also apply the ointments which are rehearsed in the cure of the palsy of the using of cold things, but minister often hot medicines, such as be Theriaca and mithridatios, & such as be hot. But the surest and best of all other is the infusion of Castoreum ministered the quantity of one dramm, truly not only the drinking of it but also the anointing of it outwardly is good. The cramp coming of emptiness and dryness Moreover the convulsion which cometh of emptiness and dryness is such an evil disease, as it is almost uncurable. Those which are so drawn, you must nourish with hot oil or hidraleun. Also it is good to bring him to a bathe, and soft frictions which oil is good, and all there whole cure must always be like the cure of Ethics. If the convulsion chanceth by the stroke of some venomous beast in the beginning of the cure: you must labour to draw out the poison, which you may do by making the wound wider, Cura ve●eni and by scarifiing the place round about, setting upon it cupping glasses: also you must anoint it with leek seed, brayed with salt, or garlic, or oynions, and after the fall of the scurf, you shall keep the wound xl. or lx. days from a scar: to the which if it make much haste, you shall open the sore again with ashes of urine or of fig tree: and it is good to anoint it with horehound or leaves of Anagallis. Also nourish the place with the decoction of the root of Sorrell. Also Theriaca infused in oil of roses, and laid to the wound is good, because it doth draw out & purge the poison from the bottom. Therefore they err much, which say that Theriaca, being outwardly applied, doth drive the poison inwards. CAP. XXVI. Of the Mare. DE INCUBONE. EPHIALTES in Greek, in latin Incubus and Incubo. It is a disease, where as one thinketh himself in the night to be oppressed with a great weight, and believeth that some thing cometh upon him, and the patient thinketh himself strangled in this disease. Causae. It is called in English the Mare. This vice is caused of excess of drinking, and continual rawness of the stomach, from whence do ascend vapours gross and cold, filling the ventricles of the brain, letting the faculties of the brain to be dispersed by the sinews. Signa. They that have this disease can scarce move, being astonished, and feeling in sleep imagination of strangling, and as it were the holding of some thing, that doth violently invade him. In this the voice is suppressed, some have such vain imagination, that they believe they hear the thing that doth oppress them. At the last with much trouble the vapours being attenuate and driven away, and the passage of the spirits being opened, the sick is by and by raised. It is good to remedy this evil at the first: for if it continue, it induceth and showeth before some grievous disease, as the Apoplexia, the falling sickness, or madness. Let there diet be thin, and such as will not engender windiness. Let him use no wine but that which is mixed with water. Let him eschew sleeping in the day, and let him not go to bed by and by after meat, and to be short, let his whole diet be such as is described and set down for the falling sickness. Curatio. For the cure if the whole body be full, you must begin with blood letting, and you must cut the Coephalica vain. Venae sectio. But if ill juice be gathered in the body, for the lack of perfect digestion, then purge the body by purgations: and if phlegm abound, you must first minister preparatives to extenuate the phlegm, and then purge it. The whole dody being purged, you must apply outward medicines, whereof you may found examples before. Black seeds of peony doth chief help them, you may give them fifteen seeds brayed with water. And nourish the head with oil of Dill made hot, and cover the head with a Cap, when they go to bed. Minister within the body those things which strengthen the head, as Aromaticum rosatum, Diamoschu dulcis, Diamber, Dianthon, Phrisarcotion, and such other like. CAP. XXVII. Of Madness. DE INSANIA ET FURORE. MANIA in Greek is a disease which the Latins do call Insania and furor. That is madness and furiousness. They that have this disease be wood and unruly like wild beasts. It differeth from the frenzy, because in that there is a fever. Causae. But Mania cometh without a fever. It is caused of much blood, flowing up to the brain, sometime the blood is temperate, and sometime only the abundance of it doth hurt, sometime of sharp and hot choleric humours, or of a hot distempure of the brain. There goeth before madness debility of the head, tinkling of the ears, Signa. and shinings come before there eyes, great watchings, thoughts, and strange things approach his mind, and heaviness with trembling of the head. If time proceed, there is raised in them a ravenous appetite, and a readiness to bodily lust, the eyes wax hollow, and he do neither wink nor beckon. But madness caused of blood only, there followeth continual laughing, there cometh before the sight (as the sick thinketh) things to laugh at. But when choler is mixed with the blood, than the pricking and fervent moving in the brain maketh them ireful, moving, angry and bold. But if the choler do wax gross and doth prick and pull the brain and his other members, it make them wood, wild and furious, and therefore they are the worst to cure. Victus ratio. Let there diet be then, soupings liquid, making a good paunch without fullness, and such things as do engender no blood, and you must forbidden him altogether drinking of wine. Cure if it come of blood only. Where this disease is caused of abundance of blood, you must begin the cure with letting of blood, it is good to cut the uttermost vain of the arm, or if that do not appear, than cut the middle vain. In women cut the vain on the ankles, for that provoketh menstrues, Blood letting. you must draw out so much blood as strength will suffer. Therefore in letting of blood you must continually feel the pulses. ●aternae medicine. Moreover after the letting of blood, nourish the head with oils of roses and vinegar, or juice of Poligonum, or oleum melinum, or unguentum in frigdane Galeni. Then apply moist will, wet in oil to the hinder part of the head. After blood letting at night provoke sleep, for if after blood letting, watching do still continued, the sick will appear to be more outrageous. Therefore minister boldly with juice of ptisan Diacodion, or mingle it with water, for so sleep is plenteously enticed. And two days after that minister Trochiscies de hestear with Diacodion. Also oil of violets with woman's milk is good. Likewise an Embrocation made of dry violets, water lilies, willow leaves, and roses, leaves of lettuce, seed of poppy, and such like, and other medicines rehearsed in the chapter. Furthermore the belly must be made soluble with convenient food and with clysters. These things being done, if there be need, you must draw blood out of the midst of the forehead, set horseleeches round about the head, and especially the fore part of the head. For the cure of them which have madness caused of choler mixed with blood, you must minister purgations of Hierapicra, and other medicines that will purge choler. The juice of Eleborus niger doth marvelous much profit in this grief, so that you minister but 10. or 12. gra. at once. But if they dote & refuse to drink a purging medicine, then that you may the easilier deceive them, commix the purgation with there meats, or with fat figs, or dates. Also the only root of wild fennel helpeth them, and the seed drunk with water. The sickness declining, bring the sick into a bath, Balneum. and apply discussive medicines to drive away that which remaineth. He that will have more, let him seek the chapter following De Melancholia. CAP. XXVIII. Of Melancholy. DE MELANCHOLIA. MELANCHOLY is an alienation of the mind troubling reason, and waxing foolish, so that one is almost beside himself. It cometh without a fever, and is chief engendered of melancholy occupying the mind, Causae. and changing the temperature of it. It is caused three kind of ways: for sometime it is caused of the common vice of melancholy, blood being in all the veins of the whole body which also hurteth the brain. But oftentimes only the blood which is in the brain is altered, and the blood in all the rest of the body is unhurt, and that chanceth two ways: for either it is derived from other places, and ascendeth up thither, or else it is engendered in the brain itself. Also sometime it is engendered through inflammation, and evil affect about the stomach and sides: and therefore there be three diversities of melancholiousnes, according to the three kinds of causes. The most common signs be fearfulness, Signa. sadness, hatred, and also they that be melancholious, have strange imaginations, for some think themselves brute beasts, and do counterfeit the voice and noise, some think themselves vessels of earth, or earthen pots, and therefore they withdraw themselves from them that they meet, lest they should knock together. Moreover they desire death, and do very often behight and determine to kill themselves, and some fear that they should be killed. Many of them do always laugh, and many do weep, some think themselves inspired with the holy Ghost, and do prophecy upon things to come. But these be the peculiar signs of them that have melancholiousnes caused through consent of the whole body: for in them the state of the body is slender, black, rough and altogether melancholious caused naturally or through certain thoughts, or watchings or eatinge of wicked meats, or through Emeroides, or suppression of menstruis. But they which have melancholia caused of vice in the sides, they have rawenes, and much windines, sharp belkinges, burnings, and grievousness of the sides. Also the sides are plucked upward, & many times are troubled with inflammation, especially about the beginning of the disease. Also there is costiveness of the womb, little sleep, troublous and naughty dreams, sweaming of the head, and sound in the ears: Let his diet be such, as doth not engender melancholy. Therefore let him tarry in an air hot and moist, Victus ratio. and let them use meats of good juice, that be moist and temperate, and let there bread be well baked & wrought, let there flesh be capons, hens, partridges, pheasants, stony fishes and such like. Let the sick use wine that is white, thin, and not very old, and let them eschew wine that is thick and black, let there exercises be mean, let them ride or walk by places pleasant and green, or use sailing on water. Also a bath of sweet water with a moist diet let the sick use often as one of his remedies, sleep is wonderful good for them, as also moderate carnal copulation. Let them be merry as much as may be, and hear musical instruments and singing. But when the whole body abound with melancholic blood, it is best to begin the cure with letting of blood, and you must cut the liver vain on the arm. But when the melancholic blood occupieth only the brain, the sick needeth no blood letting, unless there be very much blood, and therefore let the sick use often bathings, and moist diet of good juice, which is without windines, and let them use delectations of the mind, and let them be cured by these without any stronger remedies, but if the disease hath endured long, it requireth sundry medicines that be strong. Therefore whether the melancholiousnes be caused through vice of the whole body (as is said, the blood being first drawn out) or through the only evil affect of the brain, you must minister medicines that will purge downward. Purgatio. And a few days after purging and blood letting, let the sick drink daily in the morning this decoction. ℞. flowers of Borage, bugloss, violets, ana. M.j. great Raisins the stones picked out. ℥ i hearts tongue. M.j. Fumetory. M. ss. Bark of the root of Capers, Tamariscus. ana. ʒ. iij. roots of fennel, percely, licotice. ana. ʒ. j. Time, Epithimum. ana. ʒ. ss. seethe all these in three pounds of water, until the third part be consumed, then strain it, and make the juice of that decoction sweet with sugar, and clarify it with the white of Eggs, and add thereto syrup of fumitory, and Epithimum. ana. ℥ two and make a potion. After that sort at these days they minister syrup of violets, and bugloss, putting to them the water of heart's tongue, hops, endive, and Borage. But seeing it appeareth that the stomach cannot bear very much using of distilled waters, it is better to use decoctions of the aforesaid herbs, P●●io. commixed with sirupes after this sort. ℞. Syrup of Borage. ℥ i syrup of Epithimum. ℥. ss. decoction of heart's tongue, fumitory, and endive. ℥ three commix them all and make a potion. After this purge the body with consectio hamech & diasenae, pilula indae, pilulae lapide armenio, and such like. Also it is good to use this purging decoction. Decoctu● purg●ns Melancholiam. ℞. flowers of Borage, violets, roses. ana. M.j. Raisins the stones picked out. Tamarindus. ana. ℥ i Mirabolanes citrinae, nidos, emblicos, belliricos. ana. ℥. ss. leaves of seen, polipodie, ana. ʒ. uj. prunes damascene. numero ten seethe them in just quantity of water unto the third part: then strain it and make the juice of that decoction sweet with sugar, than minister. ℥ four thereof in the morning. If this do not sufficiently purge, you may dissolve therein. ʒ. ij. of diasenae. Also the infusion of Epithimum is marvelously good, being made thus. ℞. Epithimum. ℥. ss. infuse it .24. hours in. ℥ four of whey made of goats milk, Dilutum Epithi●●i. then strain it & wring it hard and minister it in the morning. Also the infusion of the leaves of seen, is good which may be thus made. ℞. leaves of seen. ℥ two prunes damascene. in numero twelve bray them and infuse them in whey of goats milk 24. hours, them strain it & press it, and let it be drunk in the morning. pulvis purgatorius. Also it is lawful to use this powder. ℞. Epithimum. ℥. ss. lapis armenius, agaric. ana. ℥ two scamony preparate. ʒ. j. cloves in numero. 20. beaten them all into powder, and minister every week. ʒ. j. or. ʒ. j.ss. Also it is good to mollify the belly with whey, but let it not be that which is strained out of chease: for that is better which is separate from the milk by some decoction, and let them use it, until the belly begin to be soluble, you may commix it with honey. Also it is good a few days after the purgation to use clysters, and let them be such as this is. Clyster. ℞. fumetory, hops, tyme. ana. M.j. Epithimum. M. ss. seen, polypody. ana. ʒ. uj. cartami. ℥. ss. seeds of anise, fennel, ammeos, common. ana. ʒ. ij, seethe all in water until the third part. Take of the juice of that decoction lb. 1. Casia fistularis newly drawn. ℥ i diasena. ℥. ss. oils of violets and camomile. ana. ℥. j.ss. common salt. ʒ. j.ss. commix them all and make a clyster. Moreover if the disease be caused through the stopping of Emeroides or menstruis, than we must minister medicines which will drive away the heaviness of the mind, restore strength, and engender gladdnesse, as is conserves of Borage, endive, violets, roses, anthos, laetificans Galeni Dianthon, and such like. Also by no means, you may forget the using of Baths of sweet water. Embrocha. Also you must apply strong Embrochae to moisten the head as this. ℞. mallows, althae, vyolettes. ana. M. j.ss. camomile, stechados. ana. M.j. flowers of water lilies. M. ss. seeds of lettuce. ʒ. j. seeds of scarioll. ʒ. j.ss. boil them all in just quantity of water, and sprinkle the head being shaven with the juice of that decoction. After that sort it is good to use unctions of oils, of violets, water lilies, and such like. Last of all the sick must labour that the false and wicked imaginations, and great sadness may be driven away by all means that can be invented. Cure if it co●● of disease in the sides. But if the grief be caused through disease in the sides, they must continually use to drink decoction of pennyroyal, not only before purgations, but also after them, and likewise decoction of centaury. Afterward also minister continually decoction of wormwood, 〈◊〉 decoctam. for it is profitable to the stomach, and it letteth engendering of wind in the belly, nor it doth not assuage the belly extremely, but it provoketh urine, and causeth good digestion, so that many be healed by this only remedy. Also you must minister these things that provoke urine, as anise, dancus, asarum, smirinon, the seed and root of wild fennel, and germaunder, let the water of the decoction of these be ministered, and minister the powder of them strewed in drink. Also it is good that the physician look to the cure of the sides. Therefore nourish them with decoction of rue, dill, wormwood, pennyroyal, seed of Agnus castus,, laurel berries, savoury, Fomenia. mugwort and such like. These do case pain and drive away inflammation, especially if they be sodden in oil and applied to the grief like a plaster. Against windines in the stomach with pricking, nourish the stomach with common, pennyroyal and vinegar sodden together, & make emplasters of annyse seeds, apium, common, smirinum, and such like, sodden in oil, and suffer the plaster to lie still a good while aswell before meat as after it. And when the plaster is taken away, cover the sides largely with will, or with a light lambs skin, the place being first anointed with oleum nardinum. Also you must apply cupping glasses lightly without scarification. To those with whom this disease hath tarried long, 〈◊〉. purging by vomittes is a present remedy. But you may not use strong vomittes, for they be malicious to the stomach, and cause grief in the belly. Therefore provoke vomit with hot water commixed with oxymel. But if the sick cannot vomit by this means, them provoke it by putting a feather or their finger into the mouth. Causae Vomitus. Also the only vomit made with Eleborus albus is good for them being made after this sort. ℞. Eleborus albus. ʒ.j. cut in small pieces, and put them in a great radish root, and after iij. days take out the Eleborus, and then stamp and wring out the juice of the radish, take of that juice. ʒ. uj. hot water. ℥ four oxymel. ℥ i commix them and minister it all at once to the sick warm. This hath been proved to be very qood. ℞. stibium, x. or xii. gra. made in fine powder and put the powder into. 4. spoonful of muskedelle, or malmsey and let it stand two days, and let it be shaked. 3. times on the day, and when you will minister it, pour it out softly, leaving the powder still in the bottom of the glass, and give but the very wine: which is an excellnet thing for this grief: there be divers other which I will omit till time more meet and convenient. CAP. XXIX. Of trembling and shaking. DE TREMORE. TREMOR in latin, in English trembling or shaking, it is a disease which is accomplished with two sundry movings. One is while the member is constrained through heaviness and grief to creep downward. The other, is while the member is carried upward from his natural course and faculty. This evil is caused altogether through weakness of the sinews, which doth plainly declare old age: but privately it cometh of other causes, (that is) of very cold temperature of nature, cold drink taken out of time or season, specially in fevers. Moreover the abundance of a cold gross and clammy humour, and much using of wine that is unmixed and clear, old age, Signa. and fear are causes thereof. There need no signs to know neither the evil nor the causes of it, because it may be known partly by sight, and partly by the patients' words, and the state of the body. Victus ratio. Let the diet be so ordained that it may be clean contrary to the causes of the disease, and let his meat be such as will easily be distributed, first Broths, than Birds that fly, and tender fishes. Against abundance of gross and clammy humours, it is good to use those things which have power to divide, extenuate, and cut, but he must wholly eschew all things, which do hurt the sinews, & chiefly the drinking of wine that is vnmixt. He must drink wine allayed with water, Causae. Curatio. or hidromell, or ale. For the cure they which do tremble or shake through some manifest error, they must altogether abstain from things that be hurtful. They therefore that tremble through drinking of wine, until they be clean delivered of the disease, let them drink in the mean while hidromell with the decoction of sage, and Betony. If the shaking come of cold and gross humours, then minister the cure which is ascribed for the palsy and the cramp coming of fullness: (letting of blood only excepted). You must anoint the outward parts of the body with oils that will heat, and cover it with soft will. Then fasten cupping glasses without scarification from the first shutting of the joints, 〈◊〉. which may be drawn to the outward part of the skin, and so thereby humours may the easilier be discussed and driven away. Also it is good for the sick to drink daily five grains of pepper with. ℥. j.ss. of Mulsa. There be moreover certain other simple medicines, which being taken doth help trembling, (that is) Castoreum, root of Althaea, decoction of Egrimony, Simplices medicine. and the brain of an Hare. But what need many words, for the medicines & specially the ointments which are prescribed in the cure of the palsy are to be used as remedies against this disease. CAP. XXX. I THOUGHT it good in respect of the worthiness of the member, and the many fold diseases to the which it is subject, to subnecte the discourse of the eye, with the remedies of the infirmities, which by experience I have found incident unto it: And the multiplicity of it is so great, that the treatise thereof stretcheth beyond the bounds of other ordinary chapters. But (as I hope) the Reader will not accounted it as tedious, because of the pleasantness and necessity of the discourse, though it be somewhat long: for God hath as it were packed and bestowed an infinite variety of marvels in one little round subject, which if it be consumed and distributed into his parts, and according to the dignity of every one sufficiently treated of, (I suppose) it would fill a great volume, and require both an exquisite Philosopher to conceive a right of it, and an excellent Orator, might seem also necessary to lay abroad at length such secret and wonder full notions. But the eye which is want with curious inspection to pry into all other things, and to found out the nature and order of them, hath been unable to unfold his own wonderful constitution, and hath been alway blind in judging of itself, and inforeseing the discommodities which attend upon it, or in curing them when they have laid hold of it. For mine own part I will not promise' any absolute work, but as learned Physicians have thought of it, and (as I myself have by experience learned) so I will frame and fashion my Treatise. An eye therefore is a member, round, whole and hard, as the Ball of a foot, as the scoured new Basin, full of clear water, set in the well of the head to minister light to the body by the influence of the visible Spirits, sent from the fantastical Cell by a senowe, that is called Neruus opticus, with the help of a greater light ministered from without, and very fitly is the place, where the eye is set, called the Well of the head, for the abundance of watery humours and tears, which often do issue out thereof, sometime of sorrow and heaviness of the heart, sometime of joy and gladness, and sometime of the abundance of watery humours caused of frigidity and coldness, and thus have the Physicians described the Eye: It shall not be unnecessary also to distribute it into his parts, & therefore (as johannicus saith) the eye hath seven coats, which they call Tunicae, four colours, and three humours. But his opinion concerning the tunicles by sundry Anathomistes have been evicted, making but only six: yea and some there be, that (swerving from the most received opinion) have made room for a conjecture of their own as they think by reason excluding all those overcurious divisions, (namely, Iris, Cornea, Aranea, and Vuea, and the residue) and imagine but only two coats, the one whereof they term Saluatrix, because it saveth and keepeth the humours and the second they term discolorata (that is, having no colour) and they maintain that in the eye itself there is no colour, but that which is caused of the Crystalline humour, which if it be planted very near to the tunicles, than the eye seemeth of no colour, if it lie deep within, it deferreth three visible colours unto the behoulder, and (as they say) the divers placing of this Crystalline humour begetteth the variety of colours in sundry eyes, which gave our Anathomistes matter to devise their distributions, while they referred the colour to the nature of the tunicle, which (in deed) is to be imputed to the humours. For mine own judgement if it be lawful to judge in so intricate a cause, (I think) I could very well maintain, that the humours be the causers of the diversity of the colours, though our blind Anathomistes do impugn in their common books. But I have taken upon me, rather to cure the malady of the eye, then to define the nature of it, although this little Praeludium will not seem altogether unnecessary. CAP. XXXI. Of a Cataract. A CATARACT is a corrupt water, congealed like a cord, engendered of the humours of the eye, distempered betwixt the tunicles, and set before the sight of the eye and the Crystalline humour. 〈◊〉 Epithema▪ Four kinds of Cataracts curable. Of these manner of Cataracts be seven divers spices or kinds, whereof four be curable, and three be uncurable. The first kind of the curable Cataract, is light, right, bright, like white chalk, or as Alabaster well polished, and it is caused by a stroke in the eye either with a stick or a stone, or any other outward violence. The second kind is somewhat white, and much like to a Celestial colour, and this proceedeth from the stomach, and is commonly caused of unwholesome meats, and unkind nourishment, whereof a gross fumosity resolveth, and ascendeth up into the brain, and from thence falleth down into the eyes. The third kind is also whitish, but it turneth into the colour of ashes, and is commonly engendered of pain in the head, as of the Mygrime, or such like diseases, and it is caused sometime of great sorrow and great heaviness, whereof cometh immoderate weeping, and sometime of much cold and much watching, & such other like. The fourth spice is of a Cytrine colour, and is commonly engenderd of excessive meat and drink indigest, and also of great labour, and sometime of the humour Melancholic. These are the four curable kinds, but they be never healed till they be grown and confirmed, and the sign or token of their full perfection is, when the patiented seethe right naught, unless it be the brightness of the Sun by day light, or the light of the Moon by night. Many ignorant persons, neither knowing the cause, nor the properties of these manner of cataracts, have assayed to cure them with purgations, powders, and plasters, but they have been deceived: for neither inward medicines, nor outward remedies can any whit prevail, unless you join to them Artem acuariam, the Art of the Needle: which, because it is unknown to many of our practitioners, I will insert a discourse of it in this treatise. Nevertheless, before you use the needle, it is requisite that the brain should be purged with pilulae lerosolymi ana, which you shall make thus. ℞. Turbith. ℥ i Aloes hepaticke. ʒ. ss. maces, quibibes, mastic, and saffron. ana. ʒ. j. and beaten them to powder altogether, and confect them with the juice of Roses, and make pills thereof: and this purgation must be ministered the day before you try with the needle. And on the next day, while the diseased party is fasting, about nine of the clock, 'cause him to sit overthwart a stool in riding fashion, and plant yourself likewise on the same stool face to face against him, and bid him, hold his sound eye closle shut. Encourage him also, and exhort him to be patiented, for the tractability of him maketh much to the convenient dispatch of your labour. Then with your left hand lift up the over eyelid, and with your other hand put in the needle made therefore, on the side furthest from the nose: and subtly thirl the tunicle saluatrice, writhing always your fingers too and fro, till you touch the corrupt water (which is the cataract) with the point of the needle; and then begin by little and little to remove that water from before the sight to the corner of the eye, and there keep it with the point of your needle, Op●ima medicinae. Cautio. the space of three minutes of an hour, and then remove your needle easily from it. And if it happen that it riseth up again, bring it back the second time. But this caution you must be sure to have, that when the needle hath touched the cataract; you do not writhe it about with your fingers too and fro, till it be set in his place before named, but that you gently draw it thither: and when you have brought it thither, thirl the needle about, till it hath gathered the water about it, and then pull it out. (this done) 'Cause him to shut his eye, and apply thereto a plaster of flax and the white of an egg, and 'cause him to lie in his bed nine days together, removing the plaster three times on the day, and three times on the night without any other stirring of it. Provided, that he lie in a very dark place, and let his diet be thin, as rear eggs and white bread. And if he be young and lusty, let his drink be water, but if his body be weak, let him drink wine well lymphate. For truly much nourishment would prejudice our cure by engendering much blood in the eye, which is very hurtful now in the beginning of the healing it. (The ninth day being passed let him rise and wash his eye well with fair cold water, and he shall enjoy his sight by the help of God, even as he did before, although some one of the cataracts be fairer healed than the other, as namely the second kind and the fourth kind: but that which is caused by a stripe, (though the water be with more ease extracted) yet the eye never recovereth his clearness of sight again, because it is greatly bruised and troubled by the force of the stroke. And the third kind also, though it be soon restored to his old perfection, yet it abideth not long therein, unless it be continued as well by good diet, as also by this electuary, which is called Diaolibanum solarimitanum, which is thus confected. ℞. of cloves. ℥ two nutmegs of India, & saffron. ana. ʒ. j.ss. and of good Castoreum. ʒ.j. Let all these be beaten into powder and seared, and confect that powder with clarified honey, and let the patiented receive of this electuary in the morning fasting the quantity of a chestnut, or walnutte, and at evening to bedward as much. And let him use digestive nourishing meats, which engender good blood, but let him beware of beif and goats flesh, and Eels, and raw onions, for they are oftentimes used to rypen the cataract, which must be done before you strive with it. In winter, let the patiented drink hot wines, in the which let him infuse Sage and rue. Let him also abstain from the company of women, neither let him frequent common baths, for every strong fume hurteth him greatly. The aforesaid electuary of Diaolibanum is good to dry tears. It availeth also against all manner of pain of the migrime which proceedeth of phlegm. After this sort are all the curable cataracts healed, (I mean) by the needle, which must be made of gold, silver, or of clean Spannishe latin: for Iron, or Steel are brittle and frangible. And if the cataract should prove hard in drawing down, the point might easily break, which, if it should abide in the eye, it would in time consume the eye through abundance of tears and greatness of pain. CAP. XXXII. Of the three kinds of Cataracts uncurable. THE first kind of Cataracts uncurable the Physicians call Gutta Serena, and the sign of the knowing thereof is this, when the pupil of the eye is black and clear, as though it had no spot, and the eyes are always moving, and they-liddes do tremble as they were full of quicksilver. This kind of cataract is caused of a corruption in the mother's womb, and therefore they that have them, are for the most part borne blind, and therefore they bestow their labour in vain, that assay to cure them, for the Nerves optic be oppilate and mortified, so that no medicines can prevail, although many that have this kind, do see the light of the Sun, and the stature of a man even to their lives end: we call it Gutta serena, because it is engendered of a water that falleth from the brain, of the which truly one little drop corrupteth and dissolveth all the humours of the eyes, and stoppeth the hollow neruies and sinews, so that the visible spirits may no more pass through them. The second cataract incurable is that which appeareth in the eye of a green colour, like water standing in watery places, not much moved, nor removed: this is the most dangerous kind of all, if there be any degrees in them, and it is procured by the overmuch coldness of the brain, and with great buffeting and beating about the head, with great fasting, and such other like. The third uncurable Cataract is, when the pupil of the eye is dilated and spread so far, that no circles may be seen within the tunicles of the eyes, and the eye seemeth all black, or else all white. And thus are the three kinds of Cataracts uncurable distinguished and known: which will forbid the practitioners to deal with them. CAP. XXXIII. Of diseases which chance to the eyes, by blood, choler, phlegm, or melancholy, and of their cures. NOW after the descriptions of Cataracts, and the number of them which be curable, and which be not, and the curing, and knowledge of the curable and the causes of the uncurable, I will speak of other maladies of the eyes caused and occasioned of the four humours, as blood, phlegm, choler, & melancholy. But first I will treat of blood, through the abundance whereof oftentimes there groweth a redness in the eye, with great burning, and after ward it turneth to great itch: & this disease maketh the hear of the eyelids to fall away and of many it leaveth not one hear, and if this malady be not cured within one year, it will make the eyelids to turn up, and make the patiented bleareyed. But before it cometh to that extremity, it may be cured by this colliry, which they call Collirium jerosolymitanum, which is made in this wise. ℞. Tu●ty of Alexander. ℥ i and beat it into small powder, & temper it well with two pounds of white wine, (that is) a quart, and put thereto. ℥ i of dry roses, and boil it with a soaking fire, till the wine be half wasted, and then cleanse it through a linen cloth, and keep it in a vial glass, and morning and evening put some of it into the eye, and if it be taken betimes, the patient shallbe cured within a week or two at the most. Nevertheless before you apply this colliry, it shallbe good, if the patiented be young, to let him blood on the vain, that is on the midst of the forehead, or, if he be aged, to purge his brain with these pills. ℞. of the best aloes, read Sanders, Esula, and rhubarb. ana. ℥. ss. Turbith, Cataputia minor and Agaricke. ana. ʒ. ij. confect them with the juice of mugwort, and minister to the patiented according to his strength. And truly these pills are not only good for the itch of the eyes, but also for all manner of itch or scab, of what humour soever it be caused. There be other diseases also of the eye engendered of blood, as the ophthalmy and pannicles; And these kinds of infirmities are tied to the season of the year, for they commonly happen about the end of August, and so forth to the end of September and the rather then, because they proceed of the eating of the variety of fruits. The Ophthalmy is thus described: An Ophthalmy is a corrupt blood engendered of hot humours, and commonly, it standeth and appeareth in the white of the eyes, and round about the tunicles and blackness of the eye, and it proceedeth of immoderate sorrow & burning, and of abundance of tears, which causeth the eyes to swell and make them so bolne, that from that time, forth the patient may take no rest nor sleep, for ever it seemeth to him, that his eyes are full of gravel, or of thorns, or of smoke. In this kind of infirmity it is good to use this powder, which many, (in respect of the notable virtue thereof) do call pulvis benedictus, which is thus made. ℞. white sarcocal, and beat it to very fine powder, and fill the patientes eye with it, and let him lie with it wide open till the powder be consumed, and in the mean time make a plaster of flexenherdes, and wash it well in cold water, which (when you have drained out in your hand) lay it on the patiented his eye, which he shall still keep open, and it will procure him to take his rest very well. Many ignorant practitioners, while they have endeavoured to cure this infirmity with many impertinent medicines, have added sorrow to sorrow, and have brought the eye without his lids, & so made it uncurable, which by the aforesaid powder might easily have been healed. And note that there be some which by the occasion of the Ophthalmy are greatly troubled in their eyes, and have them fumous & misty, which proceedeth of evil keeping, or because they eat contrary meats. Now if such happen, the brain must be purged with these pills. ℞. polypody, Esulae, Mirabolani citrini, and rhubarb. ana. ℥ i mastic Quybibes, Saffron, spikenard, nux Indiae, Cinnamon. ana. ʒ. j. Confect them with milk or juice of Quinces, and minister to the sick according to his strength, and after this purgation give him morning & evening of the Electuary of Diaolibanum solarimitanum as before. And moreover put into his eye a powder called pulvis Nabetis, the making whereof, we will show in the cure of the third Pannicle; But this must be done only in the morning & evening, put in his eye the powder called pulvis Alexandrius as before, and this do till the patiented hath recovered his health, keeping him in the mean time from hurtful meats. CAP. XXXIIII. Of Pannicles. THE pannicles have the same cause that the Ophthalmy hath, (that is to say) superfluity of blood. Causae Sometime they are engendered of evil keeping, and sometime by great pains in the head, as the Migrime, where the extremity of pain ascending into the temples and so into the brows, maketh the veins to beat, There be four kinds of p●nnicles. by which painful beating the eyes are troubled. There are four kind of pannacles: the first is, when upon the tunicle saluatrice there groweth a little pearl, like the seed or grain of a corn called in latin millium. The second is when it appeareth in the aforesaid tunicle in the likeness of a spot or freckle of the face, or like the scale of a fish. The third appeareth on the one side of the eye, like as it were a flake of snow when it snoweth. The fourth is, when all the eye appeareth white, and then no blackness, neither of the tunicle, neither of the light appeareth. The first pannicle is neither cured with laxatives, nor powders, nor colliries, nor electuaries, nor yet with cauteries, for any of these (if they be ministered) do annoyed rather than help: But you shall make this precious ointment for the cure of it, which of many practitioners is proved to be of great credit. ℞. forty tender Crops of the Bramble, and stamp them small, and a good handful of rue, powder of Alabaster. lb. ss. powder of fennel seed. ℥. ss. oil of Roses. lb.j.lb.j. all these incorporate well together, put into a new earthen pot with a quart of new white wine, & to all these put. ℥ four of dry flowers of camomile, and of wax. ℥ i and then set the pot on the fire and let it boil with an easy fire, till the wine be consumed, so far forth that it seemeth to fry in & then put thereto the whits of six eggs, & all ways stir it well, till it be incorporated together, and then strain it through a fair linen cloth: with this ointment thus made, anoint the temples of the patiented, and the forehead down to the brows, and it will cure this kind of pannicle. This ointment is not only tied, to this care, but it hath many virtues: some of the which, I will express, though it be impertinent to this discourse. It is very good against a green wound for it both purgeth & cleanseth it. It is good against the tooth ache or pain in the gums, if the cheek be anointed therewith. It is good against the pain in the matrice, if it be eaten like an electuary. It is good for them also who are molested in excess, if their stomach be anointed, and their feet together with their hands. It availeth against the migrime, and generally for every pain of the eyes, if the patiented be anointed therewith upon the temples as before. The second pannicle must be cured at the very beginning, for if it be incarnate and hardened upon the tunicle, it may not by any subtility be removed (the tunicle saved) and therefore it is not safe to adventure to cure it, when by continuance of time, it hath united itself with the saluatrice. But at the first you shall cure it thus: first make a cautery in the temples with a round cautery, (as shallbe showed afterward when I speak of cauteries) For fire dissolveth and consumeth the pannicle, and so keepeth it from uniting and incarnating with the tunicle, and maketh the eye fit to be clarified with this medicine following. When the eye is cauterized, put into the eye some of the powder called pulvis Nabetus (which I will teach afterward) and while he lieth with this powder in his eye, take four crabs, and roast them under the Embres very well, and then take them, and being peeled and cored, incorporate them with the white of an egg in manner of an ointment, and lay it upon a clean flexin heard, and bind it to the eye with a linen band, and so renew this plaster morning & evening till you have absolved your cure. Like as blood begetteth many infirmities of the eye, as namely Ophthalmies and Pannicles: Saccu●●. Maladies coming of phlegm. So likewise many maladies are engendered of phlegm, but the most notable are four, the first is procured by over abundance of tears, whereby the over eyelids are so softened and mollified, that within their grow hears, which prick the ball of the eye continually, as though there were Hogs bristles: which hears then though many bold Chirurgeons have plucked out, and so for a time eased them: yet afterward (the hears being hardened with plucking out) do gall them far worse than before, & so in the end the patiented being destitute of any other aid, loseth his sight, (the hears fretting and consuming the substance of his eye). But in deed the best way, which as yet experience hath found out to cure that malady is this: Take two needles of the length of the little finger, and put a thread through the eyes of both of them, and bind them well together at both the ends, then with your fingers lift up the over eyelid, and with these needles take of the leather where these hears grow, that the patient may shut and open his eye, and let the needles hang, till they fall away together with the leather which was between them: which done, you shall put no medicine in the wound, for it will heal of itself: But if any pannicle be engendered in the eye by reason of the vehemency of the pain, it shallbe cured by pulvis Nabetus put into the eye twice a day, till such time, as they be clarified & healed. And this powder is made of Sugar Candy of Alexandria, which powder is very available against many sicknesses of the eye. The second infirmity which happeneth to the eye by phlegm, is when the eyes appear troubled and full of veins, so closed with a pannicle that the patenit cannot well see, nor discern any thing, & this sickness is called pannicum vitreum which is thus cured: first cause his head to be shaven, & then cauterize him with a round cautery in the soft of his head, and with a long cautery in his temples, (which so done,) put into his eyes the powder of Candy once in the day, till that he hath received again his full sight, and twice in the month purge him with the pills called Pillulae jerosolomitanae, and at his going to bed let him receive of the electuary called Diaolibanum solarimitanum till he be hole. The third infirmity caused by phlegm is, when the eye appeareth carnous or fleshy, the which carnosity (if it be waxed hard by the space of a year or two) giveth place to no medicine. But in the beginning cauteries (in that manner that I prescribed them before) will heal it, so that after cauterizing you very warily cut away all the carnosity with a sharp Razor, without offending the tunicle Saluatrice, which when you have done, fill the eye full of powder of Candy, and then 'cause the patiented to shut his eye, and then lay to it a plaster of flax of the white of an egg, and change the plaster twice on the day xv days, and after xv days, make this plaster. ℞. a handful of Cardus benedictus, & stamp it well, and mingle it with half the white of an egg, and so make a plaster with flexen herds, & lay it upon the eye, removing it twice on the day, and after three days leave all plasters, and let the patiently with his eye open, and every day in the morning put into his eye the powder called pulvis benedictus, & at evening the powder of Candy till he be perfectly hole: in the mean time let him abstain from eales, onions, Beyfe, and all such meats. The fourth malady caused of phlegm is, when the eye appeareth all bolne, and always sheddeth tears, so that the patient may not open his eyes by reason of the heaviness of the eyelids, for there is a fatness on the over eye lid, which troubleth the eye very much, and this disease is called the scab of the eye, and it proceedeth from superaboundance of salt phlegm, the cure of it is this: you shall first purge the stomach and brain of the patiented with this receipt: ℞. Turbith of the best Aloës & rhubarb. ana. ℥ i then take of the juice of the root of walwoorte. lb.lb.j. and the aforesaid things being beaten and resolved in the said juice, let it stand all night, and in the morning cleanse it, and let the patient take thereof a good quantity, and the next day subtly with your Razor pair away the aforesaid fatness, even from the one lachrimall to the other, (which done) lay on a plaster of herds & the white of an egg 9 days after (every day changing the plaster twice,) and then let the patiented lie with his eye open, and put into it of the colliery called Collirium Alexandrinum, which is taught before in the cure of the third pannicle, and that will heal it very well. I have hard that women did rub away that fatness with sugar, but it returned again afterward, though for a time they were eased. There is an Electuary, very available against these tears: which is thus made. ℞. Olibanum castoreum, Nutmegs, Nux Indi●, Cloves, Quibbybes. ana. ℥ i leaves of Laurel, Spickenard, Saffron, and Cardamomum ana. ʒ. ij. seeds of dill, Smaladge, basilicon, Alysaunder, anise, fennel, four seeds of henbane, white poppy, musk, and Champher. ana. ʒ. j. all these must be beaten together to powder saving the olibanum, which must be boiled with clarified honey till it be melted, & then pour it in to a fair large wooden platter together with the powder before made, and incorporate them together by often stirring, and let it abide in the platter still, and when you will minister it, give as much as a chestnut at the patientes going to bed. It destroyeth the tears, together with the phlegm, it warmeth the Brain, it driveth away the pain of the migrime, it openeth the eyes, relieveth the eyelids, & clarifieth the sight. It is good for them that have the gout and the palsy, and for them that have an impediment in their speech. CAP. XXXV. Of the maladies in the eye proceeding of choler. TWo kinds of griefs are incident to the eyes by choler: the first whereof is that which is caused by abundance of choler in the stomach, from whence ariseth a corrupt fumosity into the brain, which annoyeth the brain, and troubleth the visible spirits, so that the party thus affected, shall imagine an object planted between him and the light in manner of a dark shadow. We cannot outwardly judge of this malady, for it hath no evident mark either in the eye, or without the eye, but the cause of it abideth in the stomach, which must be taken away by an electuary mitigative and apparative, which will assuage the pain, and open the oppilate nerves and sinews, where by the visible spirits may have free passage: you shall make it thus: ℞. Rewbarbe, Esulae minoris, red Saunders, mirabolani citrini. ana. ℥ four the roots fennel, spinach, bansci, parsley, Apij Sicacellae, simory, and maiden hear. ana. M.j. polypody of the Oak. ℥ two boil all these roots in fair water till half the water be wasted, and then cleanse it, and take the aforesaid spices well beaten, and put them into the aforesaid liquor with two pounds of good Sugar, and make thereof a Syrup laxative. But you shall boil it but little the second time, for the spices will soon loose their virtue, & then cleanse it again the second time, and let the patient take of this twice in the week. The second infirmity arising of choler is, when there appeareth before the tunicle as it were a thin cloud in a clear air, and this is brought by an evil diet, but it happeneth but to those that be choleric. For the cure you shall take a sapphire, and break it in a mortar, and keep the powder in a vessel of gold, and once in the day put of this powder into the patient's eye, & he shallbe hole in short time. The same effect hath the gall of a hare dried & beaten into powder, and so put into the eye. CAP. XXXVI. Of the infirmities of the eye caused of Melancholy. OF the humour of Melancholy be engendered in sundry folks many and divers sicknesses by reason of the oppilation of the spirits visible, which cometh by the distemperature of the brain, which is disquieted by the abundance of melancholy. In these diseases therefore it seemeth to the patiented, that there are flies flying in the air, and that there are three or four Moons, and three or four faces, when he beholdeth but one: but these infirmities happen most commonly to aged persons, which are melancholy, superfluity of melanchoy dimming their eyesight. There must not therefore any medicine be put into the eye of the patiented, but make this electuary mitigative and apparative, which will open the oppilations of the nerves, which did before forclose the way to the visible spirits. The electuary is thus confected. ℞. the juice of lyquorace, eyebright, sileris montani. ana. lb. ss. the seeds of Rew basilicon, Nettles that cometh from beyond the Sea, or Cecilian, of fennel, of Alysaunder, of Apium, and of Caraway seed. ana. ℥ two mastic, Cloves, Nutmegs, Cinnamon, Quibybes, gummi, Almoundes, Cerache pomi gummorum Aragunton, and Saffron. ana. ℥. ss. kernels of Quince Apples. ℥ i all these must be beaten together into small powder well seared, and then you must confect them with good Sugar, and make an electuary of it, and of this let him receive morning and evening, till he be healed. It availeth also against that dimness of the eyes which cometh by thought and of much heaviness, and maketh them to see more clearly, and of that effect it hath his name (that is) clarificatum oculorum. There is also an other infirmity which cometh of melancholy, and that is, when the pain suddenly ascendeth into the eyes, and grieveth so extremely, that it seemeth to the patiented that his eyes would start out: they appear also most commonly very bolne. Many which are troubled with this kind of malady, do lose their sight altogether, & many (though there be some which do see) notwithstanding but very feebly. But the seasonable applying of remedies preventeth either discomodity. Afther this sort then, you shall encounter with this evil. You shall first purge the stomach and the brain with these pills. ℞. Aloes mirabolani citrini, Turbith, Saunders citrine, and rhubarb. ana. ℥. ss. Scammony, myrrh, saffron, balsamum, mastic, lignum Aloes, olibanum, white Agaricke, nux Indiae, juice of lyquorace, seed of Apium, Lettuce, succory, basilicon. ana. ʒ. j. Beat all these to powder, & confect them with the juice of Roses, and make pills of them, and give the patiented after his power. The stomach and the brain thus purged, lay upon the eye this plaster. ℞. sour apples or crabs, and roast them under the Embres till they be soft, than core them and pair them, and bruise them well in a mortar, and to four of them put half the white of an egg, and so bray them together till they be well incorporate, and so lay them upon flexen herds, and morning and evening apply it to the eye, and you shall found that it will do him much good: for it both assuageth the swelling, lesseneth the pain, refresheth the sight, and with all these fixeth also the eye in his place. There is another infirmity also which proceedeth by the abundance of melancholy, and that they call Vngula: for it is much like the Nail of a finger, sometime it breedeth in the corner of the eye to the earewarde, & so spreadeth over the eye, if it be not hindered and resisted betimes: sometime also it happeneth that another ungle ariseth in the other corner, and if they meet, it maketh the cure more uncertain, yet by headful skill & discretion it may be healed by the hand: Take therefore a twiche of silver, and therewith lift up subtellie the ungle from the tunicle, proceeding to the lachrimall where it grew, and there cut it away, and then lay the white of an egg and flexe upon it ten days together, removing it twice on the day, and at the end of ten days wash his eye with hot water, and put into it pulvis Nabetus before named, till the eye be sufficiently cleared. Let him abstain from such meats as do feed melancholy. It happeneth also sometime, that the superfluous abundance of melancholy, seated in the brain, begetteth a dryness in the eye lids, which afterward turneth to itching and burning. But this disease is cured by letting the patiented blood upon the middle vain in the forehead, and after with using this collirye. ℞. forty tender crops of the Bramble, and stamp them small, then put them in a new earthen vessel together with a quart of good white wine, and so boil them till the half be consumed, and then cleanse it, and preserve it in a glass to your use, and twice in the day put some of it into your patientes eye, till it be hole. Of the like superfluity of melancholy groweth sometime a corrupt humour without the eye upon the lid, which embolneth all the one side of the face with extreme pain, but with no offence to the sight of the eye. The signs of this disease are these: it maketh the eyelids hard and read, and keepeth the eye so shut, that the patient may not open it. For the cure of it, you shall take fine flower of old wheat, and yolks of eggs. ana. ℥ i of saffron. ʒ. j. and stamp them well together with woman's milk, till it be as an ointment, then make a plaster of it, and apply it, so that none enter into the eye. You may also use this: ℞. a lily root and crabs & roast them in the embres, till they be soft, then, taking away the core & the pills of the crabs, stamp them both of like quantity with the whites of eggs, and so use it: On the step of the wound, where the sore was, lay this ointment, that it may draw the flesh together, so that no scar may appear. ℞. Aloes, hens grease, oil of bitter Almonds, and white wax, and incorporate them together into an ointment and apply it. It is very good in all the diseases of the eyes, to anoint the temples of the patiented, and the forehead with unguentum Alabastrum before named, for it assuageth the pain and helpeth the other medicines in their operation. It happeneth many times in this infirmity that the patiented his eyelids, for want of provident skill do reverse, which is a great blemish. In this case you must subtellie with the Razor divide the eyelid from the wound, and part them with a little roll made of fine linen cloth dipped in the white of an egg, which you shall lay betwixt the lid and the sore xu days together, changing it daily, and then make the ointment of hens grease and white wax, and lay of it upon the roll, and it will consume the wound, so that there shall appear no Cicatrice. The like cure you shall use, when the reversement of the eyelids is caused of superfluity of blood. Of the melancholic humour there is also engendered in many men a sickness, which groweth between the nose and the eye, and it appeareth like a piece of lung or light. It is gravelly, and avoideth out always filth. This sore is called vulgalpus. For the cure of it, you shall only take a twiche, and lift the sore up subtelly, and with the point of a Razor cut up the sore by the root, and cauterize it with a hot iron, and use the ointment before rehearsed, which they call unguentum subtle, that is hens grease and white wax, and anoint the place with it, till it be hole. CAP. XXXVII. Of diseases happening to the eye by outward causes, as by blows, with sticks, staves, or stones. THE only thing generally, that you shall use when the eye is smitten, is the white of an egg and flexen herds to the which God hath given three especial properties. The first is to assuage the pain. The second to purify and clear the sight. The third is to let and keep away all superfluous humours which otherwise would fall into the eye. You shall remove it four times in the day, and twice in the night, by the space of xv. days together, anointing in the mean time the temples of the patiented with the ointment of Alabaster, which, as I told you before, was an adiwant and aid to all medicines. Now after the xv. days be expired, if you shall perceive the tunicle saluatrice to be hurt and broken, you shall then take xii. strains of the new laid eggs of white hens, and put them in a mortar, labouring them with the pestle, till they be united in manner of an ointment, and so reserve it in a glass, and twice in the day and once in the night put a little of it into the eye, and it will knit together, and make so nude again the tunicle if it be broken or hurt: after this manner I have cured many wounds in the eye which have seemed dangerous, and uncurable to the ignorant beholder. But sometime it will happen, that through the force of the blow, there will grow a cataract, and then in the beginning the tunicle must be saved by this forenamed prescript, and the cataract must grow without let to his full perfection, and so be healed by the needle. Some unskilful practitioners use to lay a plaster made of wax and common to the eye, if it be smitten, and other some use olibanum and wormwood, but both those and all such like hot ointments are passing evil because they consume and waste the substance of the eye. It followeth now that I speak of watery eyes & of corrupt humours like tears, which the Physicians call fistoles, to discern between the fistula and the watery profluence of tears. You shall therefore use this skill: Say your▪ forefinger between the nose and the corner of the eye, and straining the place a little, if it be a fistula, you shall see the matter of it run out at the points of the eyelids; but if none appear, then judge it to be a watery humour. Many boisterus fellows, (seeing the place of the issue of the fistula) have used to cauterize it with a hot iron, thinking by that means to have dried up the matter, which in deed they have done, but they have destroyed the sight, & deformed also the place. This therefore is the surest way or course that you can take, to cure the fistula. First purge the patient his stomach with Pills of jerusalem, & then with the point of a razor you shall make a little incision betwixt the neither eyelid and the nose so discreetly that the lid be not touched: and this Incision shallbe throughout the skin in long wise, and into the same put in the grain of a fiche binding it on with a little pillow of linen, & so let it lie till the next day: then removeing the fich, you shall in the hole where it lay, put in a little of some powder corrosive. After the powder is put in, lay a plaster of flexen herds, & the white of an egg (the patiented always shutting his eye for fear of the powder) In the morning after, you shall apply nothing but clean swines grece, till the mortified flesh be raised, & when it is raised & removed put in a piece of a sponge as much as the fich, in the hole which the powder made, & it will purge the dryness of the wound & when you shall perceive it thoroughly dried, leave the sponge, & bind nothing to it else but fair dry lint of linen till the patiented be hole. Now concerning the tears, they issue out of the eyelids both the upper and the neither: but there is difference between the causes of there issuing from both places: for they which proceed from the neither eye lid, come from the heart, by reason of sorrow, dread, or smart, or they be caused by some manner of violence but the tears which flow out of the hole of the over eyelid, proceed from the brain by reason of corruption and abundance of humours, and there course ceaseth not, unless the matter be purged with electuaries and cauteries, as I have showed before. CAP. XXXVIII. Of diseases which come by skipping in of stones or chips by chance into the eyes. THESE diseases happen especially unto Masons, Millers, Carpenters, Writes and Smiths: for if any chyve, chip or dust skip into the eye, and through negligence be left behind, it will incarnate upon the tunicle saluatrice, and then can you not cure the eye, but by removing and drawing the said chive, which you shall do with your needle, dividing it cunningly from the tunicle. And if it happeneth that there be any pit in the place, where it lay, by reason that it abode long time therein: then put into the eye the streyns of eggs, ordered, as I declared before, twice in the day and once in the night, and upon the eye lay a plaster of flexe, and the white of an egg, and within three days it will heal the party diseased. And after this sort you shall also remove the haw in the eye. But you shall in drawing out the haw, bind two needles fast together at the top, and so take the haw between the two points, and so easily rewling the needles, bring it away. Sometime it happeneth that the eye is stung with the bee or wasp, or some other venomous thing, or blasted with an infected air: and if any of these happen, the eye is much disquieted and grieved, so that the patient may take no rest, and it bolneth up that he may not see. The only cure for such & the like accidents is this, as I have by experience often tried. Take a handful of Cardus benedictus, and stamp it small, and temper it well with half the white of an egg, & therewith make a plaster laying it on flexen herds, binding it hard to the eye, where it shall lie till it be dried, and then apply another: and so consequently use it till your patient be thoroughly hole. These qualities this herb hath: it assuageth swelling, and easeth the pain, destroyeth the venom, and putteth away blood from the eyes. This is also a present remedy for the eyes that are bloodshed, when they burn as though there were gravel in them. And thus much for the especial discourses of sundry diseases, which do most commonly bend to that little member, the eye, together with their particular cures. CAP. XXXIX. Of pain in the ears. DE AURIUM DOLORE. PAIN in the ears is caused to some through cold taken in journeying by cold winds. C●●sae. Also sometime it is caused of cold baths and medicinable waters. Also it chanceth to many through hot distempure. Sometime of inflammation. And like as inflammation by stretching out the parts that be inflamed, engendereth pain: Even so a windy vapour, or a humour gross and clammy, for lack of passage causeth pain. Also humours that be biting, and like whey and matter, do cause pain in the ears: pain in the ears caused of cold, is soon known by the patient's words, and because that there is continually great pain without heaviness, or, distension, Signae. or burning. The pain which is caused of hot distempure is known, in that there is felt pain and heat without heaviness of bolning. But if heaviness, distension, and beating heat & pain be felt in the head, then the pain in the ear is caused of inflammation. Only distension without heaviness declareth a windy vapour, which cannot found passage out. If there be heaviness in the head & the hearing: the pain is caused of gross & clammy humours. If the pain be caused only of cold, Cure of cold. it will soon be cured by hot remedies: that is, with oil of rue, laurel, Narde, Dill, lilies, of Euphorbium, and Spike. Also if you seethe rue, and common oil or pepper, or Castoreum, it is a good remedy. Also oil in which Garlic is sodden; or an onion, dropped into the ears is marvelously good. There be some that do cut out the core of a great onion, them they fill it with oil, and they heat it meanly in hot embers, & pour it into the ears, when it is strongly strained. Also a very little Euphorbium commixed with much old oil, Victus ratio. Of water. is much commended of Galene. Whatsoever you do minister, let it be ministered hot. But when some medicinable water is continued in the passage of hearing, you must continually pour in oil that is very thin that it may be washed: then wipe it with soft will, and again pour in more. The white of an egg mitigateth the pain very much. Also woman's milk. Also goose grease profiteth much, likewise fox's grease. But to draw out plenty of water, nothing is better than to suck and draw it out with a quill or hollow pipe holden in the mouth. Of heat. When pain is caused of hot distempure, than oil of Roses is marvelously good for the head, if it be dropped into the ear, and vinegar and oil of Roses is good, or the white of an egg, or woman's milk, or juice of nightshade, or this. ℞. oil of Roses. ℥ i juice of nightshade. ʒ. ij. vinegar▪ of Roses. ʒ. j.ss. commix them. If the pain be caused of inflammation, or gross and viscous humours, you must use medicines which do divide and take away obstructions and stoppings: as be all bitter things which purge and cleanse without Erosion, as is yrisillirica, all kinds of Aristolochia, bitter Almoundes, the root of ●itisalba, Centory the less, polium, and Cinnamon. Also oil of Almoundes & other which do purge, cleanse, wipe, and unstop the passages without grief. Therefore of those you may make medicines, and drop thereof into the Ears. Among other also the juice of Leeks dropped into the ear warm is good, or juice of leeks mixed with honey. If that the pain be caused of inflammation, you must by and by let blood on the Caephalica vain, that is on the same side: Venae sectio. and with clysters you must pull back the humours, that do flow. Afterward you must drop in oxyrhodinum warm, or goose's grease, or hens grease with oil of roses. But if the inflammation be vehement: then to cease pain drop warm into the ear the white of an egg with woman's milk. Also this medicine is good. ℞. juice of seen green. ʒ. ij. oil of roses. ℥. ss. vinegar. ʒ. j.ss. commix them all and drop it into the sore ear. Apply those things outwardly which cease pain, and do digest the matter heaped together. If the inflammation be very vehement, it is necessary to use those things which do astony the sense easily, and it is no small danger, lest that the senowe by which the virtue of hearing, is dispersed in the brain, be hurt thereby. But commix a very little Opium with woman's milk, and the white of an egg. Also temper Opium with Castoreum: there must be of each a like quantity, or double as much Castoreum. The liquor in which the aforesaid medicines aught to be tempered, being first finely beaten, must be Sapa: Sapa· for it doth cease the pain much more than sweet wine. Sapa is new wine sodden till it come to the third part. There be some that commix Opium with oil of roses, or violets, after this sort. ℞. Opij. ℈ i oil of roses and violets. ana. ʒ. j.ss. Also the Antidote Philonium dissolved in woman's milk, and dropped in, is good. Without you must nourish the ear continually with common oil, or with a hot foment, and you must dipp wool in it, and put it into the ear: but in such wise that it may not touch the places that be troubled with inflammation. But when the pain waxeth old, and turneth to suppuration, and impostumation, you shall drop into the ear a medicine of the juice of line seed only with oil of roses or chammomill mixed with it. CAP. XXXIX. Of sound or noise in the Ears. DE SONITV AURIUM. NOISE and tinkling in the ear, Causae. for the most part is engendered of a windy vapour, or of gross & clammy humours. Also many times it is caused through an exquisite tardiness of the sense of hearing. It is also caused through weakness of the members, when as it chanceth in the recovering of a disease, some humour is taken into the sinews of the ears. Also it is caused of outward thingS, as of cold, heat, or a blow on the head. Signa. If the evil chance through outward causes, it is soon known by the patientes words: now because the noise cometh by little and little, or at one time, or suddenly on a heap, that is also convenient to know the disease by. For if the soundings do come, and then rest for a certain space; Of windy vap●ur● it is evident that a windy vapour is shut in, and can not get out, and so causeth sounding, & specially when the sick hath eaten windy meats. But if such sound in the ears do not come suddenly but by little and little, and there is felt withal a heaviness like a weight: than it declareth the evil to be caused of gross and viscous humours. Of gross 〈◊〉. Cure if it come of gross humours or vapours. For the cure if the sound in the ears be caused of gross and viscouse humours, or of vapours: in the beginning purge the head with Pilulae Cochiae and such like. But first minister before them potions and medicines which have virtue to extenuat and divide. Then you must use masticatories and sternutamentes. Moreover you must drop into the ears, oil of bitter almonds, or oil in which Castoreum is brayed. Also let the ear be inclined to the vapour of the water, in the which Stechas, wormwood, maioram, mints, and origan hath been sodden. juice of rue, Signa. Sacculi. sodden in the rind of a pomegranate is marvelous good. Also Sacculi made of betony, stechados, chammomill, maioram, and other things a little before rehearsed are very good, if they be applied to the ear warm. If the sound in the ear be caused through sharpness of the sense of hearing, which is known, if when the patiented is hungry it increaseth, If it come of sharpness of hearing. and when he is full the noise is less. Then you must use those things which do astony the senses, but you must take good head thereof and therefore begin with the easiest, and if need be, proceed afterward to stronger. Oil of roses is only commended with a grain or two of Opium put to it. Galen in this case praiseth juice of Mandragora and poppy. But if noise in the ears chance in fevers, there need no remedy for it, for commonly it goeth away strait. But if it remain after a disease or a pain in the head, than you must nourish the ears with decoction of wormwood, pouring in vinegar and oil of roses, or juice of radish, with oil of roses, or the best aloens tempered with mulsa. And if this help it not, use black helleboure brayed with vinegar. CAP XL. Of deafness, and slow hearing. SURDITAS, ET GRAVIS AUDITUS. THE ear is so afflicted, that it causeth not only dullness of hearing: but also deafness that one can hear nothing at all. Sometime deafness beginneth at on's birth Also sometime it chanceth after we be borne, which doth chance, either through choleric humours steing upward, Causae. or through crude and gross humours stopping the hearing. If daefenes come of choleric humours specially after fevers, Signae. than it is wont with sudden incursions to run to the brain. Also the face and all the estate of the body will show a choleric temperature. But if it come of gross humours there is heaviness of the head, and other tokens be present which show phlegmatic humours. They which remain deaf from there birth, or also soon after they be born, being perfectly deaf of a long time, are uncurable, neither doth any of them ever speak. They that be not alltogither deaf, If of cholerik humours. If of gross humours. yet, if it hath long continued, it is very hard to cure. Daefenes which is caused through choleric humours steying upward, is soon driven away by medicines, purging choler. If the deafness be engendered of crude and gross humours, this dull hearing is cured by bloudletting▪ or only by purgation of Hiera and Pilulae cochiae and other such like. But minister before oxymel, and other medicinnes that have power to divide gross and clammy humours. The whole body being purged, you must draw phlegm out of the head by Masticatories, sternutaments, and Errhinis. Furthermore they must be dried and by all means strenghned. Also he must use a bath that floweth of itself or salt water. You must put into the ear medicines that divide and cut gross and viscous humours, whereof there be many declared in the chapter against sound of the ears. But privately juice of rue, with honey, or Castoreum with oil of dill is good. Also you must use fomentes, and lean your ear upon a quill or reed, having one end made fit for the ear, & the other for the hole in the cover of the pot being every where fast stopped. Let there be in the pot, wormwood, mints, maioram, origan, stechas or such like sodden in water, that the vapour that cometh from thence, may pass into the course of hearing. Also this medicine dropped into the ear is good. ℞. oil or Castor. ℥. ss. coming seed. ʒ. ij. the powder of Castoreum. ʒ.j. a great onion, the core taken out, put in the powders of Coming and Castor, and put in the oil, and wind it up in wet papers, and put it in under the hot embres, & when it is roasted, strain it hard, & let it be dropped into the ear. moreover the vapour of vinegar taken with a reed, as is taught before is marvelously good. Victus ratio. Let their diet be altogether thin, and meats of light digestion. CAP. XLI. Of Jmpostumes breeding in the ears. DE PAROTIDIBUS. PAROTIDES in greek be inflammation which are wont to issue out in the kernels, which be by the ears. It is caused of abundant hot blood which is either mixed with choler or phlegm or melancholy. And sometime it is caused of humours compact in the head, and sometime of the rest of the body by sickness, & specially by fevers. Parotides which are caused through fullness and plenty of hot blood, Causae. Signa. they do engender most vehement pain. They which are caused of choleric blood, they seem much like Erisipela, and they vex the place that is diseased, with no grief. That which is caused of melancholy blood, they be not red, nor they do not vex with vehement pain, but they be hard. They which be engendered of phlegmatic blood, in the swelling they be raised sharp upward. Let there diette be such in a manner, as is appointed in other inflammations. Victus ratio. Cura●io. The cure if age, and other things will suffer, it must be begun by letting of blood: you must cut the Cephalica vain on the same side. Furthermore we use not in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as we do in other inflammations, to apply in the beginning things that repress, but contrary wise things that do draw. And if they be not in effect, fasten cupping glazes, or apply continually fomentes. To mitigate the pain you must choose those things which have heat with moderate moistness, mitigating and ceasing pain, meet to ripe, & digest, as is, decoctions made of wheat or barely, or the meal of linseed with mulsa, or fenugrek, or althaea, or camomile: for the same purpose anoint the place continually with butter, putting to it the white of eggs. Also swine's grease with butter melted, with a little wax put to it, that it may be a soft Cerate, may be well applied. Venesecti●. Cure of them that be meek. But in them that be meek, (that is) in gentle Parotides, in which there flow not such plenty of humours that they cause vehement pain, nor there is no heat of the humour, such are easily cured with fomentes of brine and plasters, and medicinnes altogether discussive, as is Diactrilon. If the parotides can not be dissolved, you must use medicines to ripe, and bring the impostume to matter, as is, wheat meal with the decoction of figs and oil. Also the medicine that is made of meal and flower and leaven. When the Parotides be riped, either cut the skin with a knife, that the matter may be let out, or the botch may be broken with a sharp medicine, as that which is broken with garlic, and such like, or to prove how to dissolve it by medicines which have virtue to draw and extenuat, removing it twice daily, and nourishing it until the pain be some what released, and the more part of the matter dissolved. And if there be hardness, that also must be mollified. Therefore you must make medicines that be of mixed qualities, so that you must commix drawing things with mollifiers, as is calves suet, goats suet, the marrow of a heart, bdellium styrax, ammoniacum, & such other like. CAP. XLII. Of ulcers in the nose. DE OZAENIS. OZAENAE in greek be ulcers in the nose that be deep and rotten, ou of thet which is breathed an unkind and stinking savour. Through sharp and rotten humours which flow to the nosethrills, filthiness is engendered, which if they be only sharp, they engender ulcers hard to be cured, but yet they stink not much, Therefore the cure of these ulcers consist chiefly in this, that in the beginning the head be dried and strenghned. Because ulcers come through the flowing of corrupt humours, Curatio. which flow out of the head to the noseterills: the whole head must be strenghned & dried, that no superfluities do flow from the nosethrills. You shall add strength to the head after this sort, first you must clip the head, then strait you must lay on it things that do restrain & bind, as is oil of roses, alom, unripe galls, willow leaves, vinegar & such like: this must be continually laid and anointed on the head ix days. When with those things the head is made strong, then go about to cure the nosethrills, that you may dry up the matter, with medicines that be repulsive and discussive. Therefore those things that repel and drive back be things sharp, and sour, which also are reckoned with restrictive things, discussive things must be hot and dry of virtue. Therefore to cure Ozenae. you must drop in the juice of calamint, or blow in the powder thereof being dried with a quill, or drop in honey into the nosethrills. A while after minister sternutamettes to bring out the scurfs, Signa. Ster●●tamentioni. which will fall of in iij. or iiij. days. When they are fallen of, cure it with goose grease and butter, and oil of roses. The ulcers in the nostrils may be anointed with juice of a pomegarnet boiled in a brazen vessel unto the half or a whole pomegarnet sodden in sweet wine brayed and dropped in. Also this is good. ℞. dry alum. ʒ. j.ss. myrrh. ʒ. j. the rind of a pomegarnet, sumach salt gem, safron, frankincense. ana. ʒ. ss. beaten them and blow into the nose, of the powder. If that after the ulcers there remain pain, Curatio. Vnguent●●. use this ointment. ℞. oil of roses, mirtelles. ana. ℥ i burnt lead, litarge. ana. ℈ two Ceruse, bolearmeny. balaustium. ana. ℈ i white wax as much as is sufficient, and make an ointment & anoint the place. CAP. XLIII. Of bleeding at the nose. DE SANGVINIS EX NARIBUS PROFLWIO. Flux of blood at the nose The causes be partly outward, Causes Externae Internae Signae. Victus ratio. and partly invard Outward causes be falling from a heigh place, a stripe, vehement exercise and tarcing in the sun. Inward causes is plenty of blood or thinness of the same. You may know if it come through plenty of blood by heavy pain in the head much blood in the face, and redness of the eyes. Let the diet be such that it may cool and make thick, the blood, and the diet must be thin. Therefore let the air be cold, and the meat of good juice, and easy to digest. If the blood be very hot, let the sick eat lettuce, Po●●●. endive, pears, quinces, chickens roasted or boiled with verjuice. Let him drink thick red wine mixed with water, or water cold, or decoction of cinnamon, by which through out my book: I mean water, in which a li●le cinnamon is sodden: jest water through his coldness might hurt a weak stomach. Let the patient speak little, and let eschew moving, trouble of mind & chiefly anger. Also it is good io have the lower parts of the head, highest. For the cure you must take heed, that in bleeding at the nose, the lower parts lie highest, Curatio and the head downward. The cure must be begun with those remedies, which turn the blood to other parts of the body. First therefore if the body be full, and age will suffer it, and if the sick be not resolved, you must cut the vain in the arm right against the flowing of blood at the nose. When you have draw out a little then let it alone an hour then draw out some again, Venae sectio. and afterward again and again, as the patientes strength will suffer it. Moreover friction & rubbing of the inferior parts as the arms, hands, thighs, share, and feet. It is marvelously good to put the feet into warm water ever rubbing them up and down. Also strong bindings of the extremities is to be accounted among the remedies that pull back. Also great cupping glasses fastened to the sides do retain blood breaking out at the nose. If the blood flow from the the right nosethrill, fasten the cupping glass upon the liver: If at the left nosethrille, upon the spleen. If the blood come from both the nostrils, fasten cupping glasses to both places. Also fasten them to the shoulders with scarification: Those bring done, minister both within the body & without, things which cool and restrain. Epithema. Outwardly apply to the forehead an Epithema of juice of plantain, lettuce, sorrel, sheperdes' purse, knot grass, or make it with the waters of them distilled, A linen cloth wet in cold vinegar is marvelous good being applied to the forehead and neck again and again. Also nourish the forehead with sponges of cold water. Also it is good to use this Epithema applied to the forehead and the liver. ℞. water of roses, night shade, sorrel. ana. ℥ three powders of Diabrion sautalon, Curatio. diarrhodon abbatis. ana. ʒ. j. bolearmenie, ivory burnt, lapis hamatites. ana. ʒ. ss. commix them all and make an Epithema. Also you must put into the nose, An 〈◊〉 medicine to stop b●ou● medicines to stop blood, for the which this is very good. ℞. frankincense. ʒ. ij. aloes. ʒ. j. powder them and mix therewith the white of an egg until it be as thick as honey, then commix the sof●e hears of an hare, with it, and apply it to the nose. Also you may wryth a linen cloth dipped, in the nosethriles. Also mints brayed, and put into the nostrils is thought to be very good. Also a sponge wet in strong and sharp vinegar may be put into the nose that bleedeth. Also this medicine is good. ℞. egg shells. ʒ. ij. unripe galls. ʒ. j. being brayed put them in a writhed linen clothe wet in water or vinegar, and put it into the nostrils. Also it is good to stop the ears strongly with linen and wax, and to hold in the mouth cold rain water. Also juice of the leaves of nettle, having linen dip: into it, and put into the nose, stoppeth bleeding at the nose, also juice of horsetail, or the leaves brayed and applied, are good. The flesh of snails brayed with vinegar, are with their shells burnt and brayed are good being applied to the forehead and nose with vinegar. But above all, the blood which cometh out at the patientes nose is good, Con●urbi●●●●. if it be burned in an earthen pot and then beaten, take of it. ʒ. iij. bolearmoniacke. ℥ i Camphore. ℈ i with the white of an egg and a little vinegar, make it thick like honey, and lay it to the forehead, and put it into the nose. Necessity requiring it is lawful to put to two grains or three nf opium. Ass' dung dried & made in powder is wonderfully good, and also hogs dung hath the like property. Within the body minister those things which do cool and restrain, as be syrups of roses, forrell & nympheae, Trochiskes of terra lemnia, de succivo & such like medicines. moreover if in the mean season any blood flow into the belly or other places of the body, if it be much & plenteous, you must avoid it by medicines which will dissolve and bring forth the clodder matter. CAP. XLIIII. Of distillation, rheum, and hoarcenes DE DISTILLATIONE, GRAVEDINE, ET RAUCITATE. CATARROS in greek is called Distillatio in latin, & in English Rheum. Gargarismus. Distillatio. Gravedo. Raucedo. It is whereas an humour falleth down to the mouth, and the jaws. Gravedo is when the humour falleth into the nose, and causeth the pose. Raucedo is when the humour chanceth to distill to the sharp arterye. The cause of flowing of the humour is the brain the which through could, Causae. is brought to a could tempure, which chanceth specially to them, Po●us. Cold. which go suddenly about in the could bareheaded. But through heat the brain is warmed and stuffed▪ the coldness of humours which be in the brain, Cibus. Hea●. wring hard like as a sponge dipped in water is wrong with ones hand. It causeth the flowing of humours to the lower parts. So oftentimes heat going about in the head dissolving the humours in the brain. engendereth distillation. Moreover all things that replete the head without measure, Repletion of the head. do cause flowing of humours into the inferior parts. Also wine immoderately drunk, and hot baths, raw meat remaining in the stomach, and vaporous things in the head. Signa. The signs of the flux of humours come of heat, than the head is hot, and a sharp & thin humour distilleth as well by the nose, as by the mouth, also the face and the nose is red, Causae. Ca●or. and for the most part there followeth a fever. contrariwise they that have the flux caused of could, their head and their forehead is stretched out every where, the passages which be in the bones called, Ethmoidea, are shut up, so that the voice cannot pass downward by the nosethrills. Also a phlegmatic and thick humour distilleth out of the nose. Let them eschew air that is very hot or very cold, especially from a hath, and from south, Vict●s ratio. and north winds, and all things that can bind or dissolve humours in the brain. Let him use meats of good juice, easy to be digested▪ let him eschew those things that sand plenty of vapours to the brain, as be oynions, garlic, mustard seed, raddishe, & very hot adoramentes. Moreover they which have the distillation must eat less at supper then at dinner. let there drink be aqua mulsa, or decoction of cinnamon or barley. let them eschew sleeping in the day, and lying upright in the night. Curatio. For cure when the head is vexed with a hot distempure, you must use those remedies, which are good for pain in the head engendered of such a cause. The most present remedy of the head is to sprinkle & pour upon the head plenty of hot water: this is able ro drive out the hot vapours engendered in the head. Moreover such must take comfort of warm baths, of sweet water. They which have their head vehemently hot and burning, and for that are troubled with continual distillation, it is best for them, in summer to be anointed with oil of roses. If a cold distempure vex the head, it must be anointed with hot and thin oils, as oils of Ireos, rue, and such like: Oil of Ireos is not only used, as an ointment, but dropped into the nose. Also other things that be applied, which are spoken of in the chapter against pain of the head caused of cold. If a hot humour distill from the head together with a fever, and if there be fullness of the body, you must let blood out of the Caephalica vain. Vene sectio. But it any just cause be against it, wash the belly with a clyster, that it may draw the humours that do abound in the head, downward▪ or minister a medicine purging choler as is, pilulae aureae, alephanginae, azairet and such like. Also you must turn the humours from the head by frictions, ligaturs, aod fastening of cupping glasses to the shoulders. Minister within the body things that have virtue to altar and quench the burning heat of choler, as is syrup of violets nympheae of poppy and their conserves. Alsoe Embrocha and odoraments rehearsed before in the cap. of headache may be applied. Also a plaster of terra lemniae or bowl armoniac and juice of plantain, made & laid upon the head being shaven. H●●er frigidus. If it be a cold humour which distilleth, you shall empty with those things which purge phlegm, For which purpose a strong clyster is good, which being done, you must draw and turn away the humour from the head. Then when the humours be digested, purge the head with Masticatories gargarisms, and such like. Cure of the cough caused of cold distempure. Moreover apply to the head Sacculi made thus. ℞. flowers of camomile, melilote, be●onye, origan. ana. M. ss. cinnamon, cloves. ana. ʒ. j. maces. ʒ. j.ss. nuttmegs, ʒ. ij. galla moschatae. ʒ.j. powder them all and put them in silk, and make a Sacculus, and lay it to the crown of the head. It is very good also to anoint the head with hot oils, as is the oils of Ireos' dill, and rue. All things do stop distillation, which have virtue to dry, To stop distillation. specially nigella parched, and common burnt or parched, put into a linen cloth and knit is a present remedy, if the patiented do smell to it. For the same purpose it is good to minister suffuments, as is this. ℞. frankincense, mastic. ana. ʒ. j. would of aloes. ℈. j.ss. cinnamon, cloves. ana. ℈ two Gallae moschata. ʒ.j.ss. laurel leaves, yellow sanders. ana. ʒ. j. musk ambre. ana. g.j. being brayed commix them with storax liquidae, as much as sufficeth, and make trochiskes. Ecligma. Trokiskes of perfu●e. Whereof put one upon coals. ℞. sage, maioram, rosemary. ana. ʒ. j. maces, cloves, cinnamon. ana. ℈ two wood of aloes. ℈ i frankincense. ʒ. j.ss. beat them all and commix them, and make a gross powder to strew upon the coals. As for hoarcenes, it is cured almost with the same medicines, that the cough is. CAP. XLV. Of pain in the teeth. DE DENTIUM DOLORE. TOOTHACHE (as Galene saith,) amongst other pains that are not mortal, is the most cruel and grievous of them all. It is caused sometime of hot or cold distempure. Causae. Also many times through flowing of humours out of the head unto the roots of the teeth, which with their sharpness either do gnaw about them, or else with their abundance, they engender like grief in the teeth, as inflammation is about fleshy parts, pain in the teeth without inflammation of the gums, sometym in the se●owe wherein the roots be planted. If the pain come through distempure of the bore quality, Signa. it will not be grievous. hot distempure is known by the tempure of the whole body, because that likewise is hot. Also the face is red, and the diet used before was hot. Cold is known by the contrary judgements. If the pain be caused of flowing of some humour abundantly, then grievous pain is not only felt in the teeth but also in other parts, which it passeth by, A where humour engendereth vehement pain a cold humour more meeker. Victus ratio. Let the diet be such as may defend that the pain come not, and let it be such, as is not very hot nor cold. Also eschew all sharp, sour & viscous things. Also often using of milk doth marvelously hurt the teeth, labour diligently to purify the teeth. Curatio. The meats must be of good juice, and easy to digest. For the cure, if it come of cold it is good to wash the teeth with warm wine. Let the cheeks be anointed outward with warm oils of camomile, rue, ireos, and such like. Also to wash the mouth, seethe in vinegar, Ecligma. If it come of heat. origan, calamint, hyssop, pennyroyal, savoury, the root of vervain and such like. If the teeth doth ache through heat, you must seethe in vinegar, purslane, paretarie, singreene the less, and liquorice: But if the heat be intolerable, you must use the seeds of lettuce, endive, and poppy sodden in vinegar. Without you must anoint against the grief with cold oils, of roses, water lilies, and such like. Moreover if the pain be caused through flowing of humours, If of flowing● of humours. if age, time of the year, and other things will suffer it, and if the body be also full of blood, it is good to cut the Cephalica vain or mediae on the same side, that their grief is. That done cut the vain under the tongue, or fasten cupping glasses to the shoulders. If one on lie corrupt humour doth abound, then use convenient medicines to purge that humour. For the same purpose clysters are very good. The whole body being emptied, you must minister those medicines that do repress and stop, as juice of plaintain▪ roses, purcelain, both the endives, either take the decoction of the aforesaid things, or their waters distilled & mixed with a little vinegar. It is only good to wash the aching with hot sharp vinegar, with unripe gales. or this. ℞. the root of hemban. ℥ i pellitory. ℥. ss. staves acre. ʒ. ij. galingale. ʒ. ss. Camphore ℈ two alum. ℥ i honey. ℥ two let all be bruised, and boil all in vinegar. lb.j.lb.j. Rose water. ℥ uj wash the teeth with this e●h morning, and it will preserve the teeth, and keep them from pain. But if it come of extreme cold, then use specially this medciine. ℞. Pepper, pellitory, melilote. ana. ʒ. j. staves acre. ʒ. ss. bruise them and put the powder into a linen cloth, If it come of cold. and lay it on the aching teeth, and keep it there a quarter of an hour, and it will cease the pain. Also (as is said before) to wash the teeth with warm wine, is very good. CAP. XLVI. Of teeth that be black and lose. DE DENTIBUS DENIGRATIS, LIVENTIBUSQVE ET MOLLIBUS. SOMETIME the teeth be swart and black throughout there substance not unlike a certain inflammation of the patientes, through flowing of vicious humours the teeth be loose, sometime through a stripe or fall, Causae. sometime through flowing of moistness, which looseth the sinews and ligamentes, and maketh the teeth lose, or else gnawing, and weakness of the gums in the which the teeth are set, causeth them to be lose. The cure of vicious humours must be begun by purging. Curatio. Afterward if the teeth be swart or rusty: you must divide the corrupt humours, which flow to the teeth with drying medicinnes, as is licium, frankincense, mints, galls, mastic, myrrh, nigella, and such like. Among many other this is very good. ℞. nigella, myrrh, frankincense. ana. ℥ i mastic, white pepper. ana. ℈ two pistolochiae. ℈ i roch alum. ʒ. j. beaten them into powder, and rub the teeth therewith: or commix them with venice Terebenthin and anoint them therewith. The corrupt humours being consumed, Note. use dentrifices which have virtue to scour and dry, as this is. ℞. nitrum, roch alum, hearts horn burnt. ana. ʒ. j. 〈◊〉. ℈ i the root of trees illiricae, frankincense, dry mints. ana, ʒ. j.ss. common salt burnt, pistolochi●. ana. ʒ. j. purnish 〈◊〉 sepiae. ana. ʒ. j.ss. pepper, pellitorre, dry pennyroyal. ana. ʒ. ss. beaten them 〈◊〉 scarce them all and with this powder rub the teeth daily. For teeth that be lose, you may apply such medicines, as restrain and strengthen lose gums, and fasten them. Therefore collusions of the mouth of decoctions of restrictive things do perfect, as is this. ℞. red ros●●●●●tes, plaintaine, ana. M. ss. the barks of Cypress nuts. ʒ. j. seed of mirtells sum●che. ana. ʒ. ss. pomegranate rinds, galls. ana. ʒ. ij. accacia. ℈ two seethe them all in red restrictive wine, & with that often wash the mouth. The mouth being washed it is lawful to use this dentrisicium. ℞. Galls, the rinds of sweet pomegranates. ana. ʒ. j. balaus●●um, sumache, Dentri●●●●um myrrh. ana. ℈ i read roses, sanguis draconis, calyculorum glandium. ana. ʒ. j. frankincense, hearts h●rn burnt ana. ʒ. ●. ss. powder all, and scarce them, and rub the teeth therewith. or this is marvelous good. ℞. Balaustium. nutmegs. ana. ʒ, iij., roch alum, ℥. j.ss. powder them and mix them with honey. ℥. ij.ss. and incorporate them well together. and with this anoint the teeth twice or thrice in the day. CAP XLVII. Of ulcers in the mouth. DE APHTHIS. THE ulcers which are bred, in the overmost part of the mouth and have a certain burning heat, in greek they are called Apthae and of the barbarous sort alcola, Some be whitish, and some reddish, and some blackish, Causae. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. and these be most perilous of all other. They engender for the most part in infants & sucking chilcrens, when either the nurse's milk is nought, or the child cannot well dgiest it. Also they chance sometime to them that be of perfect age, as well through great flux of vicious and corrupt humours to the mouth, as also through sharpness of those things that are eaten and drunken, The tokens are easy, Signa. Signa. because they be known by sight and feeling if you touch it, the places will seem hotter than they aught to be, and there is swelling. They which be red, do show blood to have the mastery. Yealownes signifieth bitter choler: whiteness, phlegm: blackness, melancholy. They which chanuce to children, Victus ratio. Curatio infa●●●●. may easily be cured by those things that do meanly restrain. And you must give them chiefly in their meats, some quinces, and other sharp things, pears, and mespilers, vidʒ. meddlers or open arses. Sometime also you must commix with there meat some lettuce, endive, and purslane. If there be inflammation of the ulcers, then take the juice of purcelain, lettuce and nightshade, the powder of alum, and wash the mouth with a fine cloth, or with a sering, & if the child can take no meat, them the nurse must use the same kind of diet. Also the decoction of galls balaustium, sanders, Sumache, acacia, and such like, commixed with Roberibes or Diamoron applied, Cure of them that be of perfect age. as before is taught. In them that be of perfect age only the nature of the body is to be considered, whether it be soft or moist, or hard or dry. For in hard and strong bodies you must minister strong medicines. In weak and soft bodies, gentle medicines. For the diet therefore in such ages, they must eschew all things, that be sharp and salt, and that engender corrupt juice. For the cure in fullness of the body, if nothing do let it, Curatio. first cut the Caephalica vain, and then those veins under the tongue. If the body be full of ill juice, you must minister a purgation against the corrupt humours. the body being purged, apply medicines which have virtue to restrain and stop. Moderate remedies against ulcers be these, as sumache, roses, Balaustium dissolved in wine or mulsa. But if the exulcerations begin to putrefy, this decoction is very profitable. ℞. fellerd leaves of sage, hyssop, rue, pennyroyal, camomile, would bind, knottgrasse, bursapastria, briar leaves. ana, M. ss. wash them clean, and boil all in two lb. ss. of good ale or beer, & put therein three or four spoonful of honey, alum. ℥ two let it seethe to the consumption of half then strain it, and wash the mouth there with .4. or 5. times in a day. But if the ulcers be more running and gnawing, anoint the place with unguentum Aegiptiacum, mixed with mel rosarum or such like. CAP. XLVIII. Of a stinking mouth. DE FOETORE ORIS. Causae. THERE is grievous and stinking savour of the mouth caused for the most part through putrefaction of the gums or teeth, or through meat sticking still in the teeth. Many times it cometh through hot distempure of the skin of the mouth: sometime also through corrupt and rotten humours, sticking in the mouth of the stomach: It chanceth also many times that exulceration of the mouth or lungs, Signa. doth hurt the breath of the mouth or lungs. If stinking of the mouth chance through putrefactinon either of the gums, or teeth, or of meat sticking in the teeth: it is soon known either by sight or by the patient's tale. If it be caused of a hot distempure of the mouth, than heat is felt in the mouth, and thirst troubleth him. If through vice of the stomach, than the breath of the mouth is more grievous, and stinking before meat then after meat, ulcerations of the lungs are known by extenuation of the body, and by coughing. Victus ratio. In the diet the patient must avoid all things that do readily engender corruption in the mouth or stomach, as is, milk, fish, almost all fruits, marrow, fat, naughty water, and such like. Let the meats therefore which they use, be of good juice, and easy to digest: but they must use meats rather roast then sodden: In the end of dinner and supper they may eat pears, Curatio. quinces, and such like, especially if the stinking savour come from the mouth of the stomach. Let them eschew sleeping by and by after meat. If stink of the mouth come through corruption of the gums or teeth, if there be fullness of the body: First draw blood out of the Caephalica vain, and then fasten cupping glasses to the neck. But if the body be full of evil juice, purge the humour that doth abound with a convenient medicine: the body being purged, use out ward medicines specially collutions and washings, which in this case seem to be marvelous good as this is. ℞. red roses, plaintain, knotgrass. ana. M. j.ss. galls, pomegarnet flowers, cypress nuts. ana. ʒ. ij. rinds of pomegarnetes. ʒ. ss. roche alum. ℥ i seethe these in just quantity of water unto the third part, and in the juice of the decoction being strained, comixe mel rosarum, diacarion,. ana. ℥. ss. diamoron. ℥ three comixe them all and make a collution, Collu●io oris. with the which wash the gums & the teeth every morning, and evening. Also often washing with water mixed with vinegar in the morning and by and by after meat, is good. If the stink in the mouth be without exulceration, minister the root of ireos steeped in old odoriferous wine, & wash the teeth often withal. Also it is good to hold it in the mouth. Also myrrh steeped in pure wine minister to wash the teeth. Also it is very good to chew pellitory, Tamariscus and rue. Likewise collution of vinegar squilliticke, or decoction of sage, or only wine. Also decoction of mints in vinegar and water helpeth, if the mouth be often washed with it. This causeth sweet breath, For sweet breath. and maketh the teeth white. ℞. white salt, pumises, origan. ana. ʒ. ij. root of Ireos. ʒ.j. flowers of sqinnance. ʒ. ss. beaten them all and commix them and rub the teeth therewith. If stink of the mouth come of a hot distempure cure it with contrary medicines. But if it come of a corrupt humour in the mouth of the stomach, it is healed by those things which do purge that humour. Those things mhich be contained in the mouth of the stomach may well be brought out by a vomit. How you shall provoke vomit, it is declared in many places before. Vomitus. After this minister medicines which do strengthen the stomach, as is, Axomaticum rosaceum, Diambar, hydromalum, and such like medicines, which be good in all causes, as be cloves, Mastic, Mace, wood of Aloes, Cinnamon, roses, all the Saunders, Nutmegs, Quibibes, Yreos, and other of that like sort. THESE suffice. AND how many evils so ever there be of the head, whose cure is not expressly named by me in this book: yet you may found out medicines to cure them by that which is declared in this Book. Libri primi finis. The Second Book. CAP I. Against the inflammation of the Columella. DE COLUMELLAE INFLAMMATIONE. THERE chanceth in the throat many dangerous inflammations (as Hypocrates writeth in his Prognosticis) and first of this Columella appeareth a certain fleshy piece, hanging in the upper part of the mouth. If one do gape wide, and hold down his tongue, it may be seen By old time it was called Gurgulio, Victus ratio. Gurgulio now it is called Columella. It is often vexed with inflammations, which is caused through blood, and other humours which descend out of the head. The disease may be known by sight. Curatio. Also there chanceth in it, difficulty in swallowing pain, swelling, redness of the Columella, and a fever. The diet in a manner must be such as is ordained in other inflammations, Victus ratio▪ and specially quietness, rest, silence, and hunger are good, and to eat little, or nothing at supper. For the cure, if there be fullness of the body, you must begin with bloudletting, Concurbi●ula. Curatio. Venae sectio. and first you must cut the Cephalica vain in the arm, and afterward the vain under the tongue. Also the belly must be purged by clysters, so that by that means not only the belly may be soluble, but also that the flowing of humours to the grief may be taken away. Also for the same purpose you may fasten cupping glastes to the shoulders. Cuturhi●ulae. Neither must we let pass the remedies which are good to repress and stop flux of humours. For as they do in all other diseases caused of the flux of humours; so in this behalf for there first remedy they stop the flux of humours. Therefore such remedies must be of a restrictive nature and faculty. If that the flux of humours be moderate, minister things which restrain moderately, as these be which be called sour. But if it be more vehement, add to it sharp things, for both be restrictive, but sour be weak, and sharp things strong, as Galen doth say in his fourth book of the virtues of simple medicines. cap. 6. and 7. Therefore use collutions made of those things, as if they should be moderate, seethe dates sometime in water alone, and sometime with a little honey put to them. Likewise make decoctions of roses, wine buds, brambles, cypress, the first buds of pomegranate flowers, siligna, roots of mulberry, sour apples, and sorbus. Those be stronger than these, which be made of the decoction of mittells, and their berries. Also of sharp quinces, and young buds of oak, or the mast of oak, also of medlars, and a fruit called Cornus. The best collutions are made of galls, Sumach acatia, and the flowers of both the pomgarnettes, & their shells. Among compound medicines this doth help wonderfully. Gargarismus. ℞. the distilled waters of roses, plantain, sorrel, prunella, solani. ana. ℥ two Diamoron succi medicati eribes. ana. ℥. ss. succi medicati ex exiochanta. ʒ.ij.ss. vinegar wherein sumach is steeped. ℥ i juice of pomgarnettes. ℥. ss. comixe them together, and with it wash the mouth Another of the same virtue. Alia. ℞. read roses, brambles. ana. M.j. pomegarnat flowers and the shells, galls, mast of oak. ana. ʒ. iij. sumach, hipocischidis, acatia. ana. ʒ. ij. seeds of sorrel, & quinces. ana, ʒ. j. seethe them in. lb.lb.j. of well water, until half remain. the decoction being-strained, put to it of diamoron. ℥ i succi medicati eribes, diacarion. ana. ʒ. ij.ss. vinegar. ʒ. uj. commix them all, and make a gargarism. You must use these medicines in the beginning of the disease, and especially when the grief hath not the greatest cause: nor when the body of the sick is much stopped with humours, nor when the aggrieved place is weak through the nature of the impostume. But if it chance so (as it doth often in the beginning, and often somewhat aftter) that is, the third day: you must commix some of the dicussive medicines, as is line seeds, fenugreeke, mallows, root of Ireos, & honey. Moreover of what sort so ever the medicines be, minister them warm: for those that labour of inflammation, may suffer no cold. After the vigour of it, you may safely minister discussives, unless the Columella begin to wax hard: for them you must minister mollefiing medicines (that is) lineseed, fenugreeke, mallows, Altheae tragaganthum, and such like, of the which you may make gargarisms. After that use discussives (as is) hisope, figs, liquorice, decoct together. If it draw toward rotting, which may be perceived by his colour, and doth not break alone by collutions of Mulsa, and oxymel scilliticum, then open it with some instrument. After the breaking and bursting out of the matter, let him use medicines cleansing, abstersive and glutinative, especially the juice of enpatorie, and such like. CAP. II. Of a lose Columella DE LAXATA COLUMELLA. OFtentimes it chanceth that a lose Columella doth hung upon the roots of the tongue & jaws. Of some it is called the viula Wherefore in the beginning you must use such kind of cure, as the inflammation thereof requireth. In the beginning the body and the head must be purged by medicines spoke● of in the former chapter. Which being done you must make collutions and gargarisms of such things as do restrain and dry: after this sort. ℞. red roses, sorrel, enpatorie· ana. M.j. gallacum. ʒ.ij. Alum. ʒ. j. myrrh, frankincense. ana. ʒ. ss. flax seed. ʒ. j.ss. seethe them in water, to the third part, Causae. Gargarismus. and add to the juice of that decoction strained of good. ℥. ss. and make a gargarism. Also powders do profit being blown in with an instrument for the purpose: as this is. ℞. dry roses, galls, roch alum. ana. ʒ. j.ss. pepper▪ ginger, ana. ʒ. ss. myrrh. ʒ. j. bray it and searce it, and put it up as before. Also take green nuts and dry them, and date stones burned sufficiently, take of each of them equal portions, powder them and use them as the other. Also unripe galls soliarmoniacke. ana. ʒ. j. do likewise. If the Columella must needs be cut, it is good to empty the belly first, jest the sick be strangled. When the Columella is cut out, bow his head downward, jest the blood run inward, And afterward wash his mouth with the decoction of sumach acatia galls, putting to it rose-water and vinegar. Afterward minister things to heal it up. CAP III Of inflammation of the tonsilles DE T0NSILLARUM INFLAMMATIONE. TONSILLae be inflammations of those things which lie between the mouth and the throat, some do call them Amigdalae, (that is) Almonds. Those tonsils oftentimes be inflamed: For their places be hot and moist, They are most vexed with this evil, which have abundance of blood, and children and infants which do suck, through drawing of the milk. Also it chanceth often to men and women through drinking of strong wines, and through much greedy devouring of meat, specially if they be eager and sharp. Signa. They that be so afflicted have difficulty in swallowing, and pain, and also sometime a fever. Therefore the inflammation beginning you must take away meat, and minister to him water to drink, Victus ratio· or water wherein a little Cinnamon hath been sodden, specially if there be a fever. Let the whole diet be so ordered, as it it in other inflammations. Let his meats be soupinges, for otherwise he cannot swallow it. Curatio. For the cure, if the inflammation be light, you must use gargarisms, restrictives, such as be taken in the beginning of an inflamed Columella. But you must beware in the beginning, that you put no honey to the gargarisms, for it hath a sharpness in it. If that the inflammation be vehement, so that he be in peril of choking: you must cut the Caephalica vain in the arm on the same side. And if the belly be not soluble enough, cast in a clyster. You must provoke children's bellies by putting in a suppositary, and by anointing the tuel. After purging you must use restrictive medicines, until the vigour of the disease be ceased something. All these things (as we admonished before) must be ministered warm. Outwardly it is best to nourish it with sponges, laid gently to it. Also lay to it plasters made of barley meal, seeds of flax, fenugreek, and such like. The inflammation declining and waxing less: it is good to put in honey into your gargarisms, which in the beginning and increasing you may not do, lest the sharpness which is in it, do increase flux. Also at this time hotter gargarisms do profit. Outwardly you must put about the neck, soft will dipped in oil, and if that by using of sharp collutions, or gargarisms, the inflammations be increased, and biting and gnawing come thereby: you must use gentler, as is juice of ptisan: Also gargaryz warm milk. When the inflammation and pain ceaseth, anoint with the aforesaid remedies of the mouth, putting it in with your finger: so that by gentle anointing, the parts of the tonsilles which are swelled, may be thrusted, whereby they may put out the matter contained in them. But yet you may not thrust hard, as many use to do, whereby they 'cause the inflammation to be augmented. And therefore if by that means any hurt do chance: we must be content with ministering gentle gargarisms without any anointing. If that by ministering the remedies aforesaid, Signs of suppuration. the grief be not eased, then look for rotting of it, which you may know by increasing of the inflammation, and by sharp exulcerations, exacerbations, and gnawings in the evening when you look for suppuration and rotting, you must help that it may quickly come to pass: therefore than you must minister hotter gargarisms, as is aqua mulsa, and decoction of figs, hyssop, and seed of Althaea. Outwardly lay plasters of barley meal and fengreeke, with decoction of figs, Althaea, and honey. When it is perfectly rotten, the pain will diminish, and the swelling and inflammation willbe made softer, so that it will give place to the finger. Then you must minister sharp collutions, that they may break the botch. In meats he must take great gobbets of bread steeped in water, and likewise his meat must be eaten in lumps: for vehement rolling of it up and down about the tonsils will break the botches, as well as if they were cut. But if the patient will not do it, then open it with some fine instrument for the purpose. And after it is broken, let the sick bow his head downward, that the matter may the better run out. And let him gargaryze aqua mulsa alone, and afterward commix with it decoction of lintels and roses. And with these you must tarry, until it be healed. CAP. FOUR Of malignant ulcers of the tonsilles. DE SERPENTIBVS ET MALIGNIS TONSILLARUM VLCERIBUS. THERE begin malignant ulcers of the tonsiles, sometime with a flux of them going before: sometime they are caused of an accustomed inflammation being augmented. Causae. They chance often to children, and also to them of perfect age, especially to those which abound with vicious humours. They chance to children after the Apthis in the mouth. In colour they be like to skurfes, which are burnt with iron. Alsoe there chanceth to the sick dryness in swallowing, and often choking, especially when redness is under the chin. If gnawing and sharpness of humours hath gone before, there followeth putrefaction. You must proceed in the cure speedily, and if he be of perfect age, & no other thing forbidding it, it is good to cut the Caephalica vein in the arm, or if that appear not, the middle vain. If they be maids, whom, at perfect age, for lack of purgation of menstruis, this disease doth often infect: then in them you must cut the Saphena vain, letting blood but once only, and yet at that time, not till the heart fail, lest after it, virtue be destroyed by over much flux of menstruis. Furthermore the belly must be emptied by clysters, suppositaries, and by anointing of the tuell. And you must labour by all means to turn the humour from the aggreived place: for the which purpose fasten cupping glasses nigh to the loins, and use to bind the extremities as the hands and feet. Afterward it is good to use gargarisms, declared before in the chapter of Columella, and in the chapter following. After the beginning of the sickness, minister Diamoron, or a collution mixed with Mulsa, then also decoction of Ireos, and other things rehearsed in the abovesaid places. We must take heed, that we touch not the ulcerate tonsils with our finger, not so much as to touch it softly. For the unskilful, to whom with great error men do seek in doubtful matters: they do annoyed it vehemently, also they do thrust the aggreived place, & pull always the scab or rove, which they aught not to do, before they see the roove lifted up, and scarce cleaving to the sore. For if we intent to pull away the scab, whiles it sticketh fast, the ulceration will pierce more deep, and inflammation will follow, and the pain will increase, and they will come to venomous ulcers. Therefore it is good to blow in dry remedies, and to anoint liquid things with a feather. dogs dung mixed with honey and anointed, taketh away the rooves marvelously, which willbe the better, if the dog be fed only with bones two days before. It helpeth greatly, neither hath it any unsavorines being ministered in meats. Also the ashes of swallows burnt, and the ashes of Centory minor burnt, with honey mixed is good. After the irritations and chasinges made by medicines, you must appease it with decoction of liquorice, and with a gargarism, which is made of mastic, myrrh, Tracaganthum, amylum and saffron, Gargarism ministering also, while the ulcer feedeth, milk mixed with terra lemnia to gargarise. What need many words? You must be diligent and careful, specially in cleansing and purging the ulcers. Many infants do suffer the cramp in purging of the ulcers. Some be strangled, because the way of swallowing is dried up. It is good to apply outwardly fomentes, and emplasters, with taking heed, lest we do cool it. For the cure will prospero, if the matter, that is holden within, can be drawn outward. Therefore always after the taking of the plasters away, cover the parts that be about the chin, by laying upon it soft will, sprinkled with oleum nardinum. To conclude, when the skurfes are loosened, and the ulcers purged, use this remedy following. ℞. flowers of read roses. ʒ. iij. saffron. ʒ. j.ss. Balaustiae. ʒ.ss. myrrh. ℈ i pine nuts made clean. ʒ. ij. Amyli. ʒ.j. Sumach, roch alum, ana. ʒ. j.ss. beaten them, commix them with honey, and use to anoint it three times on the day. CAP. V Of the Squinnancie. DE ANGINA. ANGINA in latin, squinancy in english, But in greek Sinanchi. Gen. 4. It is properly an inflammation which is in the throat, or in the jaws. There be four kinds of squinances, one is, when the jaws be inflamed: (by the jaws, I mean, the place, where the ends of the wezand, & the trachaea arteria do agreed). Another is, when neither the jaws nor other parts of the mouth, nor yet the outward parts do seem to be inflamed: yet the sick feeleth peril of choking in the throat The third is when the parts about the throat be inflamed both outwardly and inwardly. The fourth is, when the joints between the bones of the head, and the neck be losened to the former part of the neck: whereby the place appeareth hollow, and the sick feeleth pain, when it is toucheth without. The Sqinancy is caused through abundance of hot blood, flowing unnaturally to the places afore rehearsed. Causae. Signa. It is known by these signs the breath is drawn very hardly, and not without the neck be holden right, and there is difficulty in swallowing. Also in some, a fever, redness of the face and neck. There chanceth also in many, swelling: the sick yauneth with open mouth, and draweth breath. Therefore in the beginning every squynance requireth a hasty and speedy remedy. Wherefore you must by and by cut the outward vain on the same side of the shoulders, Epithemae. Venae 〈…〉 sectio except some greater peril do let it: but you must take away the blood by little and little, at many times, and not all at once; for the blood being taken away altogether on heaps, the heart soon faileth and so the peril of choking cometh upon him. And moreover also the refrigeration and fainting of the heart, the matter is quickly carried from the ●awes to the lungs, and so bring inevitable peril. Take heed also that there be little diduction of the vein, for thereof cometh much failing of the mind, and yet it is not good to make a narrow incision of the vain, jest the blood be as it were strained, & the grosser part remaineth within still, which is the cause of this disease. It is profitable to them to have the blood drawn out again the next day, unless the swelling of the disease let it, or faintness of the heart. If the sick be a woman, cut the vain on the ankles, specially if the menstruis be stopped, and the blood must be drawn out moderately. Sacculus. Venerum lingue sect●o. ●●y●ier. If by these he be but little eased, then is it good to cut those veins which be under the tongue & that by and by, at the first or the second day. And if there be any thing that forbiddeth blood letting, the bely must be emptied with a sharp clyster, such as is described in the chap. of apoplexia. After uniuserall evacuations, you must fasten one cupping glasses; and if there be swelling about the cheeks, or under the chin, it is good to fasten cupping glasses to the swelling, and with sacrification to draw out much blood. Also to strew salt upon the scarifying and to rub it. And if there appear no swelling outward, you must fasten a cupping glass behind in the neck, near to the shutting of the first joint, and you must use it with constant attraction, pulling away the glass often. Also the humours must be turned away, Aue●sio 〈◊〉. lest they flow to the place which is agreaved and inflamed. For the which purpose, you must bathe the feet with hot water. Also bind and rub the hands & feet strongly. The neck must be covered with wool that is moist, or that is dipped in warm oil. also by & by (at the beginning) you must use gargarizes, which do neither vehemently drive back nor yet only discuss: For those which do altogether repel, and drive back they bring peril of choking, by thrusting humours to the lungs. Those which be only discussive, they draw more than is meet by reason of their heat. Therefore when the beginning is with much inflammation, you must minister those things, which do restrain gently, as is decoction of roses, lintels, and dates, or else restrictive gargarisms declared before in the cap. De Columellae inflamatione commixing some discussive medicines with it. of that sort are roses or sumach sodden with aqua mulsa, and decoction of Sebesten. When the disease is at his strength and standeth: you must use those things which have discussive virtue only in them, as is decoction of fenugreeke, figes, raisons, liquorice or stronger things, as the root of ireos hisope, nigella, sothernwood with oxymel. Therefore it shallbe lawful at this time to use a gargarism made thus. ℞. of liquorice scraped. ℥ i raisins. ℥. ss. dry figes in number. 6. fenugreeke. ℥ two hisope, sothernwood. ana. M. ss. seethe them in one pound of well water, till half be consumed: then put into the liquor of that decoction being strained of mel rosarum. ℥. j.ss. oxymel simplex. ℥ i commix them all & make a gargarism. Also doges dung, such as is found amongst herbs, and is very white in colour, being beaten and finely seared, and mixed with honey, is a most excellent medicine, being ministered like a lohoch, that they may swallow it very softly. Likewise the ashes of swallows burnt, is very effectual being so mixed with honey. Moreover to the neck without, you must apply those plasters in them which be vexed with inflammation which can concoct and discuss, as this is. ℞. the meal of line seed, Cataplasma●a. fenugreeke, and barley. ana. ℥ i seeds of althaea, ʒ. iij. meadows, flowers of camomile and melilote. ana. M.j. seethe them in water until they wax soft, then stamp them in a mortar, and make a soft plaster. or put to it oils of camomile, and lilies, ana ℥. j.ss. and being boiled again, make an emplaster. Neither shall it be unprofitable, if the neck be anointed with oils of camomile, dill, and lilies, or fomented with decoction of fenugreeke, melilote, & camomile. They which are vexed with the squinancy, let them use three days aqua mulsa for their drink. S●oppers of great sweties. Afterward juice of ptisan by itself, or with some sweet potion, for that juice hath virtue to extenuate discuss, nourish, and to cool. When the inflammation is somewhat flaked, and the sick beginneth to swallow better: give to him the yolks of rear eggs, and soupings made of Alica. To conclude the eating of the sick, Cure of swooning caused of pain. & his meats must be according to his strength: therefore he must eschew overmuch feeding. Sleep must especially be eschewed aswell in the squinancy as in all other inflammations. For in sleep (as Hypocrates saith) the blood creepeth within, and the flowing of humours to the grieved place, doth increase more CAP VI Of the cough. DE TUSSI. THERE be diverse causes of the cough. For as Galen saith. 1. lib. 2. de simpt●. causis. Cold distempure of the instruments of breathing causeth the cough. Also a humour distilling from the head to the Trachaea arteria, and sharpness only of the upper skin of trachaea arteria going about within, doth provoke the cough. Also worms troubling the stomach, and raising up some quality, sending it to the jaws, doth cause the cough. Moreover a humour contained in the lungs, & the breast is the cause of inflammation in the lungs, disease in the sides, consumtion, and the cough. Those which be outward signs, and may 'cause the cough, be smoke, dust, and whatsoever doth exasperate the trachaea arteria. Signa. The signs of coughing caused only through cold distempure of the instruments of respiration and breathing are that those which be so afflicted, they spit out nothing while they cough, nor the cough is not violent nor constraining: but it is so small, that not only it may be suppressed by holding the breath: but also unless it be very great, it maybe healed, because through stopping of the breath, the parts vexed with cold, do wax hot. Moreover they which are vexed with this kind of cough, they are more provoked to it by often fetching of their breath, because the cold thereby is increased, and made more stronger. Therefore if they breathe, and fetch their wind easily, & be also in a warm house, they cough little or nothing at all. They be pale of face, and not thirsty, they are grieved with cold things, and are best with hot things. The coughs which chance with tikling of the parts on either side of the palate, they do openly show a flowing humour, coming from the head to trachaea arteria: and to the lungs which you may well know by difficulty of breathing that followeth. And if that they which be thus afflicted do spit out nothing, it declareth it to be a thin rheum, which being cut of by expulsion of breath, it is carried no further by reason o● his thinness, but the flowing of it returneth again. The diet is diverse, according to the diversity of causes: for if the cough be caused of cold distempure, ocupying the instruments of breathing: you must eschew, air, wind, Victus ratio. and also cold meat and drink: but if the cough be caused through humours distilling from the head: let the diet be such as is described before in the cap. of distillation. But universally they which have the cough, must eschew salt things, sharp things, and whatsoever would exasperated the trachaea arteria. The cough that is caused through cold of the instruments of breathing, shallbe cured by remedies that can make them hot. Therefore let the neck be wrapped about with warm will, and let him breathe seldom, because that stopping of the breath (as is said before) doth not only let the cough, but also oftentims it healeth it. Therefore it is good to have the sick conversant in a hot house, & let him breathe very softly. Also let the breast be fomented with hot ointments, as is oils of ireos, lilies and dill. If a humour that is thin and sharp, Cure of the cough caused of thin and sharp humours flowing out of the head to the trachaea arteria and the breast, do cause a cough: than it shallbe healed specially by meats of good juice, and by medicines which do cool, thicken, temper, and stop sharpness and inordacitie. For which purpose it is good to minister strupes of violets of Nimphaea, of poppy, the antidote Diatragacantha, diapenidion sive speicebus, pilula ●echicae, and such like. Among all other this loche is excellent good. ℞. Diatragacantha, diapenidion sive speciebus. ana. ʒ. uj. juice of liquorice. ʒ. ij. pilulae h●chicae. ʒ.j. storax calamint. ʒ. ss. myrrh, dry roses. ana. ʒ. j. tragacanthe, Cure of lack of 〈◊〉 in a dis●empure. pine nuts. ana. ʒ. ss. syrup of violets, as much as shall suffice to commix them and make an Ecligma. Alsoe for that purpose it is good to minister those medicines which are spoken of before in the cap. of distillations. Cure of the cough caused of gross and viscous humours. Decoctio. But if a grievous and viscous humour be cause of the cough, we shall cure it by those things which do divide and extenuat. Therefore than we must minister to the sick sirupes of liquorice, hisope, horehound, calamint and such like, or else this decoction. ℞. roots, ireos, percely, liquorice. ana. ℥ i roots of Ella campana. ℥. ss. dry figs in number seven. of raisins the stones picked out. ℥ i seeds of nettle, anise and fennel. ana. ʒ. ij. hisope, maidenheare, scabias and horehound. ana. M. j.ss. the best agaric. ʒ. iij. Seethe them all in well water of just quantity, till the third part be consumed, then strain it, and to the juice of that decoction put syrup, and hisope of horehound, ana. ℥. ij.ss. and make a potion. Afterward if it seem convenient by the state of the patiented, you must empty the body with those medicines which do purge gross and clamme humours. Purgatio. And among other spoken of in the first book, Infusio agarici. the infusion of Agaricke is very good: which is made after this sort. ℞. of elect agaric. ʒ. ij. ginger. ℈ i salt gem. ʒ. iij. beaten them and infuse them one night in ℥ ij of odorife rous white wine, water of wormwood and fennel. ana. ℥ i In the morning strain it and wring it, and put to it Electuarium nidi maioris. ʒ.ij.ss. oxymel squilliticum. ℥. ss. and make a potion. The body being purged, let him have a loch sometime commixed with other antidotes: after this sort. ℞. Loch, epino, loch saniet experti, Loch è scylla. ana. ʒ. iij. Diayreos' Salomonis ℥ i powder of Diapenidion cum speciebus. ʒ.j. powder of the roots of Enula and ireos. ana. ʒ. ij.ss. juice of liquorice. ʒ. j.ss. syrup of horehound, as much as shall suffice, to commix them. Moreover the breast must be anointed outwardly with hot oils of lilies, Ireos & sweet Almonds, putting to them grease and other things after this sort. ℞. oils of lilies and sweet Almonds. ana. ʒ. iij. of hens grease. ʒ. j.ss. fresh butter. ʒ. ij. the muscelage of fenugreek and roots of Althaea. ana. ʒ. j.ss. storax. ʒ.ss. powder of the roots of Enula and Ireos. ana. ʒ. j. safrone ℈ i white wax as much as is sufficient, unguentum. make an ointment. The residue that is requisite for the cure of the cough, are to be sought in the chapter of distillation. CAP. VII. Of the Asthma. DE ASTHMATE. Causae. THE Asthma is caused when as gross and clammy humours be gotten in abundantly into the gristells or lappetes of the lungs, or that there be some swelling in it, like unto a botch. Also they do breath difficultly, weereby the Trachaea arteria is replete and filled with distillations. Signa. These evils are easy to be known a sunder. For distillation doth also chance in hailefolke by and by through as manifest a cause in a manner altogether without a fever, having the tokens of a distillation following it. If there be swelling of the lungs like a botch, there must needs follow a fever, and so within few days after, the inflammation being rotten the matter of it is cast out with the cough. If there be a crude and raw tubercle and botch engendered, such do not feel any great grief, neither are they much troubled, with difficulty of breathing: but they are much troubled, when they eat or drink, because they cannot swallow but with much grief. Those which be properly astamatickes, or orthopnickes, they have no fever at all, and there chanceth to them heaviness of sense, and they do not spit out matter with their spittle. Let their diet be altogether hot and dry, therefore he must eschew air cold and moist. Victus ratio. He must eat the flesh of partridges, birds of the mountains, hens, capons, and such like. He must eschew fishes, fruit, pulse, and all other things, that can engender gross and clammy humours. Let him use often hyssop, percely, and fennel. universally let him drink a small quantity at once, which have a botch risen, but much drink must be used of those, whose gristles and flaps of the lungs are stopped with gross and clammy humours, which are not easy to be cast out with the spittle because of their thickness, and therefore they have need of much moistening, that it may come out the easilier. He must use exercise before meat, but not sudanely by and by because many by these means are dead. Frictions and rubbinges of the breast do profit. Perturbations of the mind, especially, wrath and lamentation are to be eschewed. But for the cure of the aforesaid evils generally, you must labour that the abundance of that humour, which engendereth these evils, may be abolished and consumed. Curatio. Curatio. But before the cure of the evils particularly, if the evil be engendered of gross and clammy humours, you must cure it by extenuating and cleansing medicines. If it come of swelling like a botch, you must cure it by extenuating and drying medicines. Against gross and viscous humours, those medicines be good, which do extenuate and scour without heat vehement, for gross and viscous humours do vex more tough and clammy as well with vehement heat as they do with cold, so that afterward they can scarce be divided and plucked away. Therefore Oximell squilliticum or squilla roasted and brayed with honey is especially to be ministered unto them. Also syrups of lycorace, horehound, and hyssop; Also the decoction rehearsed in the last chapter before is good for purging. If necessity require, before all things cut the middle vain in the arm, or the inner vain, and draw out so much blood as strength will suffer. But if the body be not full, (the humour being preparate to purging by the premises) you must minister often stronger medicines, which may drive out the gross and clammy humours. Therefore pills of Agaricke, and pilulae cochiae, also Diaturbith with Rewbarbe, antidotum indi, and diaphaenicon are good for this purpose. Also minister the infusion of Agaricke described before in the last chapter. Also the belly must be washed with strong clysters. Clyster. Also he must vomit now and then, by taking of radish and other things which provoke vomit, of the which we have spoken in the first book of melancholiousnes. But in the mean season while purgations be ministered, you must minister medicines which can dissolve and extenuate humours contained in the breast by little and little, and he must take Aristolochia rotunda, the roots of Enula and Ireos, nettleseede, hyssop, nigella, calamynt and such like. Where with you may make decoctions or loches. For which purpose also those Ecligmata,, which are rehearsed in the chapter of the cough, are good. Also Trochischi Becci●albi be most excellent. Outwardly you must lay to the breast, plasters made of figs, barley meal, or rather meal of fitches', having rosin, honey, and wax commixed with it. Also apply to the breast of Ireos, unguentum. dill, rue, and such like, as is this. ℞. oils of dill and rue. ana. ℥. ss. the grease of hens and ducks. ana. ʒ. ij. the roots of Ireos, Enula, and Dracontij maioris. ana. ʒ. j. seed of flax. ℈ two Storax. ʒ. iij. wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment. But the breast must first of all be rubbed with a rough linen cloth, that (the poors being opened & unlocked the strength of the medicine may more readily pierce to the bottom. Also you must use those medicines which can exulcerat the skin, and can draw out matter and watterye humours: as those be which are named rubefacientia. Rubefacientia For this purpose the breast must be rubbed with nettles, brayed or beaten. The places that are blistered are to be cured with warm oil. But in an inveterat evil, and where all medicines are ministered in vain, we must fly to burning, as Aetius teacheth in lib. 8. cap. 57 how it should be done. For the cure of that which is like a botch, which hath need of medicines to attenuate and dry, (as is said before), Signa. Cure of Abse●●us. you must note that it is cured with Aromatic things, because they do extenuate dry & heat. Therefore than you must give unto the Astmatickes specially Antidotes, compounded of these things as is Theriaca, Mithridatum, Antidotum è moscho dulce, Diambar Aromaticum rosaccum Diamargariton callidum, and many such other like. CAP. VIII. Of the Pleurisy. DE PLEURITIDE. PLEURISY, to speak exquisitely and properly, is an inward inflammation of the upper skin girding the ribs and the sides. In latin it is called lateralis dolour. Neither is it rashly added to speak exquisitely and properly. For through many torments and through meats gross and phlegmatic there do engender humours that be could, crude, gross and viscous in the body, which often times do place themselves by and by in the void place of the breast, or in the lounges yt self, and by reason of there multitude, they stretch out the upper skin, girding the sides within, Posca is a sauce made with vinegar and water. and cause pain. But of this we will speak nothing, because the cure of it doth differ little from the cure of asthma, rehearsed in the last chap. The pleurisy which is an inflammaiont of the upper skin, which girdeth the sides within, is caused of abundance of hot blood, Cold distempure. flowing unnaturally to the aforesaid upper skin within. The signs hereof are difficulty of breathing, the cough, a continual fever, vehement pricking pain, a hard pulse, and sharp like a saw. And if his spittle be red and bloody, it signifieth blood to have dominion, if it be yellow and subpale, choler hath the mastery, if it be white and frothy, phlegm ruleth, if it be blackish, it betokeneth black choler to have the mastery or melancholy. The first two days the sick must be content, with the juice of ptisan for his meat. Afterward make him almond milk with the decoction of ptisan, or the crumbs of fine bread mixed with the broth of a chicken or cock, specially if the patiented be weak. He must universally eschew all things that be sharp and restrictive. Let his drink be water wherein cinnamon is sodden, and let the patiented eschew cold water as a pernicious thing, because it maketh the spittle gross and thick. Also let him eschew wine altogether. Let him lie upon the side, that is grieved. Let him avoid wrath, sorrow, and other perturbations of the mind. Curatio. In the beginning of the cure, the physician must diligently consider, whether the body of the sick be grieved with abundance of humours or Noah, so that he must know at the first, whither the painne doth mitigate and dissolve with heating medicines, and when it doth not. For if the body be not full of humours, then in the beginning of the pleurisy and inflammation the pain must be mitigated and discussed with fomentes & medicines that do heat. But if the body do abound with evil humours or be full of blood you may not begin the cure with those things that do heat, for they move flux of humours to the aggrieved place, for the place, to the which things that do heat are laid, draweth more to it, than it sendeth out by vapours again. Therefore than you must not use hot fomentes which can not dissolve the pain, but all the body must be emptied by blood letting, Ven● sectio. and you must cut the inner vain of the arm, which they call the liver vain, or the spleen vain, on that arm which is right against the grief on the same side. For blood letting on the same side, doth not only draw blood away from the aggrieved part, but also it purgeth it quickly, which is greatly requisite in the pleurisite, and in other inward inflammationes. After blood letting, if the womb do not cast out the excrements of itself, as it aught to do, then cast into the belly this easy clyster. ℞. mallows, leaves of purple violets, mercury, spinach, of both the garden endives. ana. M.j. whole barley. ℥ i seethe these in just quantity of water, Cl●s●er. until the third part be consumed: then take of the juice of that decoction. lb.lb.j. of casia fistula newly drawn. ℥. j.ss. of the oils of camomile and violets ana. ʒ. j.ss. fresh butter. ℥. ss. common salt. ʒ. j. and commix them all, to make a clyster. After the body is emptied you must apply outwardly fomentes that do heat and mitigate pain, Victus ratio. Sacculi. such as sacculi be, which are made of the flowers of Camomile, dill, melilote, tapsus barbatus, seed of flax, fenugreeke, milium, and bran mixed together, the decoctions of the herbs aforesaid being put into bladders, or some other devices. Also you may well apply a great soft sponge, being dipped in the aforesaid decoctions, & applied to the grief warm. You must cover the foments with clotheses, jest there strength do vanish away quickly. Also take an apple, take out the core of it and fill the hole with Olibanum, & roast it till it be soft, then take of the skin of the apple, & mix the soft of the apple & the Olibanum together, and let the patiented make bols of it, & swallow it all at once, which doth remove the pain very much. This plaster also is good for this purpose. ℞. flowers of Camomile, Empl●sirum. tapsus barbatus, and dill. ana. M. ss. line seed fenugreeke. ana. ʒ. iij. anise seed. ʒ. j. barley meal. M. ss. bray them and put them in water, till they be as thick as honey, after put to oils of Dill and camomile. ana. ℥. j.ss. boil them again and add to it the yolks of two eggs, Concurbi●●lae. Of safron. ℈ i and make an emplaster. After the 7. day if the pain do continue still after one sort: fasten a cupping glass to the side, and scarify the skin, for a manifest commodity doth ensue to them that have the Pleurisy, by applying of cupping glasses. The cuts of the scarified places must be strewed with salt if the patient can abide it, if not, lay upon it a linen cloth dipped in oil and sprinkled with salt. The next day after the scarrefi●g is done, it is good to fasten on a cupping glass again, that the mattery blood may be drawn out of the little wounds. This second extraction is better than the first, for at the second time the blood is not drawn away, but the matter. Also the Physician may not neglect to minister to the sick such medicines as are good to make the phlegm come up easily (as is) Diapenidion, Diatragacanthes, conserves of violets, Trochisci pectorals, putting to them other looches rehearsed before in the chapter of the cough. Outwardly you must apply medicines that have virtue to discuss (as is) fenugreeke, dill, melilote, hisope, and such like. And if there do appear tokens that it will rot, and turn into matter, you must further it with this or the like ointment. ℞. oils of chammomill, of sweet almoundes, and of lilies. unguentum. ana. ʒ. iij. butter without salt, hens grease. ana. ʒ. ij. the musculage of fenugreke, line seed, & the roots of Althaea. ana. ʒ. j. wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment. The botch being broke, you must minister those things that do cleanse and purify matter and filth, (as is) aqua mellis, or decoction of barely, or sugar roset. The filth being cleansed, you may minister glutinative medicines, which shallbe sufficiently declared in the chapter of the Phthisic afterward. CAP. IX. Of the inflammation of the Lungs. DE PERIPNEUMONIA. PERIPNEUMONIA is an inflammation of the lounges with a sharp fever. Causae. This disease for the most part is caused of strong distillations falling to the lounges, or else of the squinauncy, or the Asthma, or the Pleurisy, or of other diseases. Also sometime only inflammation is the cause of this disease. Signa. They which have this evil, have difficult breathing, the lounges lying upon the heart doth bring choking, they have a sharp and burning fever, and also fullness and stretching out of the breast without pain. But if the skins which be joined all the length of the breast within be inflammate, than they feel pain at the breast. All the face, and the aggrieved place look read, the nose is crooked in the top, the veins of the temples do beat, the eyes do swell, the tongue is dry, the appetite is lost, the breath is hot, they covet cold water, and rather cold air, they have a dry cough, it is frothy and choleric, or bloody and read which be the worst tokens. If the sick shall die, he shall watch much, & have fearful short sleaps, the hands & feet shallbe cold, the nails shallbe crooked & swart, & he shall dye the fourth or the seventh day at the furthest. But if the sick shall recover, there will follow bleeding abundantly, or perturbation of the womb, by passing forth of many choleric and frothy humours, and sometime the inflammation is changed into matter, and the matter being filthy is driven out either with egestion or with the urine, and the sick is delivered from all the grief by and by. And if it do flow into the lounges and that abundantly, or do choke him, than it is changed into a Phthisic. For their diet you must minister to them soupinges made of the juice of Ptisan, mixed with honey, origan, or hyssop. Victus ratio. They have more need of extenuative meats than those that have the Pleurisy. Also Alica, or aqua mulsa is good for them. Let them drink little, for moistness hurteth the lounges. You may minister for preserving of strength (especially if choking constraineth you) Mulsa alone, & with pine nuts, or mulsa wherein hyssop is sodden, the powder of dry Ireos to aqua mulsa is good. Generally the diet of those that have Peripneumonia must in a manner be the same, which the pleurisy should have, specially if they begin to recover. Curatio. For the cure you must eschew letting of blood in such as have fallen to this evil out of other diseases, especailly if they have been long in this case, or if they were let blood before. You must mollify the belly with clysters, if he be costive, or apply cupping glasses to the breast and sides, if nothing do let it, and that great boxinges and many, the skin being cut and scarified. But if the peripneumonia began first without any other disease going before, then let him blood, Venae sectio. if strength and other things will suffer it, you must cut the inner vain of the arm and if strength will suffer it draw blood on both the arms, and first but a little, in no case, until his heart fail, so that some strength may be kept for the blood letting of the next arm. But if any thing doth forbidden blood letting, you may fasten cupping glasses to the whole breast, and the sides. And you must get out as much blood as strength by them will suffer. Also it is good to mollify the belly with sharp clysters, made of the decoctions of hyssop, yreos and rue, putting to it the pulp of Coloquintida, Sal gem, and other things necessary for such clysters. After this you must labour and see, that the breast & the lounges be purged by much spitting, which must be made swift and easy. For the which purpose you must use those Ecligmaes, ointments, and emplasters, which are declared before in the chapter against the pleurisy, excepting that in this case, you must minister the most strong things, and those that have much strength and virtue in extenuating. Therefore you must minister loch e scylla, loch e pulmone vulpis, the decoction of the root of yreos & Enula. And you must make a cerate of oil of rue and nardinum, putting to it the marrow of a hart, of yreos, hyssop, & horehound beaten very fine, and commixed with Venyce turpentine, and lay it all over the breast, and the sides. CAP. X. Of spitting blood. DE SANGVINIS REIECTATIONE. SPITTING of blood is caused many times of an outward manifest cause, as of falling from a high place, Causae. or a stroke given to one outwardly, or with vehement striking, Externae. or leaping, or if any heavy things have fallen upon the breast, either else with great crying, or immoderate cold: for cold as Hypocrates witnesseth breaketh veins. Also spitting of blood may be caused through heat. Also sometime spitting of blood is caused of inward and secret causes as fullness and abundance of naughty blood, Internae. gnawing asunder the veins, & bursting open the heads of them. The gnawing a sunder of those veins is caused of sharp humours either falling from the head to the lounges, or else engendered in the lounges itself. Moreover the blood, that is spit out, sometime cometh from the breast and the lounges, or from the Trachea arteria, and sometime from other places of the mouth or gums, or the jaws, or from the stomach, unto the which doth fall blood out of the veins and members adjoining (that is to say) from the liver & the spleen. The outward causes are known thus: If the spitting of blood be caused of abundance of blood, Signa. than the blood cometh out gushing all at once, and after it is out, the sick is better and lighter. But if it be caused through bursting of the mouths of the veins, then hot perturbations have gone before it, as though the patient had used many hot baths, & had dwelled in a hot Region, using hot diet, in a hot season. If spitting of blood be caused through gnawing and eating a sunder the veins, than the blood is not spitted forth all on a heap, but by little and little with the cough, and they are always worse. Also if the blood which is spitted, be frothy and palish and cometh forth now & then with the cough without any pain, it is a sure token, that the blood cometh out of the lounges. If phlegmatic blood be spitted out with easy coughinges and reaching, than the blood cometh from the Trachea arteria. If blood be spitted forth being black and clodded together, having also the cough and pain in the aggrieved place, then it is a token, that it cometh from the breast. For the diet let him use meats which have a moderate adstriction, as be Rice, hulled wheat, called Alica, and such other like mixing with them the yvices of pomegranates or pears. For flesh let him eat wild doves, turtles, and partridges, if they be boiled with veryvice, or yvice of sour grapes, or with Sumach. Also he must use quinces, pears, restrictive apples, meddlers and mulberries and such like rehearsed before in the chapter against bleeding at the nose. He must drink thick red wine, or in steed of it, water wherein steel is quenched. He must eschew great noises, Causae. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Signa. often speaking, all moving of the body, and anger. As for the cure it differeth according to the diversity of causes: for if the blood come out of the head, it needeth but a simple and easy cure, for restrictive things applied cold to the palate of the mouth by collutions and gargarises do perform the cure. What things they be, you may seek in the beginning of this second Book the first chapter. But if there do flow much blood from the head, than you must let him blood on some vain. Those which spit blood through distillation, Venae sectio. you must by and by in the beginning let him blood on some vain, unless a sharp humour doth distill vehemently. Also afterward minister a sharp clyster, and empty the womb, Also rub the hands, the arms, and the legs very much with a medicine that will heat and extenuate, and bind the outward parts. After that, if the disease endure longer, shave the head, and apply thereto a medicine which hath virtue to dry, and discuss (as is) that, which is made of the dung of wild doves, and after three hours space, bring him into a bath, so that the head be anointed with no fat thing. Afterward cover them meanly, and nourish them with sour soupinges. When they go to sleep, minister to them Theriaca. The next day all the whole body (the head being excepted only) being rubbed; keep him in quiet: and again at night minister to him Theriaca. And if through these the distillation be not stopped, than the third day in the morning minister a little honey sodden, and rub all the body, and suffer him to rest. The fourth day, after the taking of the Theriaca, minister again much honey, and lay to the head a medicine of doves dung. And if the evil do endure longer, fasten a cupping glass to the hinder part of the head. Last of all minister those things which are able to purge the humours that are flown into the lounges. But if it be a very sharp humour, which distilleth out of the head, you must beware of blood letting, and you must rather use purgations, and you must use the nourishmentes and remedies hereafter declared, and also before in the chapter against distillations. They which do spit blood coming from the lounges, by reason of breaking of some veins in it, or by bursting open of their heads, those you must first of all charge, lest that they do breath much and make a noise, and that they speak but little, and in a manner not at all. Let them sit in open air having a steadfast bed, and of a good height. Cure of 〈…〉 For such you must by and by cut the inner veyn of the arm: and you must draw blood twice or thrice a little at once, for such have no need of much blood letting. Also for the same purpose (that is to say) that the blood may be drawn another way, you must rub the extremities, and use to bind them hard with broadlinnen clotheses. These so done, you must minister to him a drink, made of vinegar and water infused and warmed, and let him drink it, so that if any clod of blood do cleave one the flesh, it may (being there by dissolved) be cast out, Causae. neither doth any thing let, but that you may minister this potion twice or thrice in three hours. After those you may minister both within the body and without medicines, which be restrictive, and have power to stop the poors. For things taken inwardly it profiteth to eat purcelaine albeit that his juice drunken is of more effect, the juice of knotgrass, sharp grapes, Signa. decoction of sumach, galls, the shells of acorns, the root of bremble, balaustia, seed of sorrel, the roots of horsetaile and such like, which are declared in the chapter against bleeding at the nose. But these are better and of more effect, than the aforesaid things (that is to say) terra lemnia beaten into very fine powder, and ministered with the juice of pomegarnettes, or of knottgrasse, or lapis hematitis at once. ℈ i in the like juice. Among compounds you must use this lohoch. ℞. of old conserve of roses, Ecligma. of roberibes. ana. ʒ. j. of diatragacanthum frigdium, and diacotoneon simplex. ana. ℥. ss. of the powders of coral, lapis hematitis and terra lennia. ana. ℈ two bowl armoniac. ʒ. j. dragon's blood. ʒ. ss. pomegranate flowers. ʒ. j. frankincense the root of consolida maior. ana. ʒ. j.ss. syrup of mirtells, as much as is sufficient to commix them, & make an Ecligma. Afterward you must sprinkle the breast outwardly with restrictive wine, & the oils of roses, quinces, and myrtines. But if there be much eruption of blood (especially being summer) and the spitting out there of coming without a cough, and the sick not being weak, but strong and fleshy; than you may take vinegar for wine, and apply it to with sponges. It is good to put to the aforesaid oils, bolearmoniacke, terra lemnia, coral, and such like, and to make an ointment there of with wax. Also apply there unto a soft plaster made of dates, Acatia, the root of consolida maior, the barks of pomgarnettes; and the meal of lintles. Also a cerate made of the meat of pomegarnettes, frankincense, read coral, balaustia, bolearmony, terra lemnia, and such like is good of effect. But you must specially take head, that by and by after the rapture of the vessels, it may grow together again, before it take inflammation: for if there come inflammation, before it be grown together; there is but little hope of the conglutination of the womb, for it keepeth it stretched out many days. For you must wash away aswell the matter, as the watery blood out of the ulcer; after that the inflammation is gone. But here the reader must be admonished, that he take heed that he do not apply outwardly against that place, Note. where the blood runneth out, neither restrictive things nor cold things without restriction: unless matter be first turned another way, & drawn from that place; for else it would drive the blood inward and stop the veins full that be within. Therefore first always you must draw the blood to the contrary part, Cure of spitting of blood caused of sharp humours and after that apply restrictive things outwardly. Those which spit blood through erosion and gnawing of sharp humours, you must first of all minister those things unto them which have virtue to purge sharp humours, distilling into the lounges, such; as be spoken of before in the chapter of distillation. After that minister those things which can altar and make thick the thin and sharp humours: and so have virtue to stop the distillation, as is syrup of violets, roses, mirtines, hidromalon, ininacotoveorum and such like. For the same purpose sometime minister sirupes of poppy & other somnoriferous medicines. The distillation being ceased, you must restore the gnawn parts with meats of good juice, Alica is made of who●● 〈◊〉 in water, beaten & dried in the sun, and then broken grossly. Cure of 〈◊〉 blood. and with medicines that do engender flesh. Moreover they which vomit blood must use the same diet and cure, which is before rehearsed (that is) if the blood flow from the liver, cut the vain on the arm. But if the blood be carried from the spleen, into the bely; cut the vain on the left hand, which is between the little finger, and the ring finger, and minister to them restrictive meats and drinckes, adding this to the cure, that they do not take meat and drink often: for they may easily be cured, if the remedies which be received in, be applied to those parts that shed blood. And for blood congealed in the stomach like a hillock, let him drink cream, and specially of a heart, or let it be avoided with savoury mixed with vinegar or with aloen. Those, which spit blood from the palate of there mouth, they must gargarise with restrictive things, and apply to the forehead, and to the head, those things which are applied unto the nose, when it bleedeth. Furthermore to conclude, after that all things be done, and that the flux of blood be stopped then the strength must be cherished and restored again. And specially he must beware of the often using of baths, of drinking of wine, of wrath and of Venus. CAP. XI. Of spitting of matter. DE EMPYEMATE. Signa. EMPIEMA In Greek signifieth a mattery spitting. In latin it is called Suppuratio It is caused when an impostume, or botch being in the upper skin of them which girdeth the ribs inwardly, or else in some other upper skin of the breast, broken all at once, and is shed and powered into the empty place of the breast, which is between the lounges and the upper skin that girdeth in the ribs. It is caused sometime through brasting out of blood (an ulcer not being brought to his scar, and perfect shutting up). Also sometime through flux of the head, and other upper parts falling thither, Signa. which it wonted often to change into the squinnancie. The signs be these, heaviness is felt in the bottom of the breast, a strong cough and a dry without pain. And also sometime with moistness, for the which they seem to be eased. In the beginning there chanceth to them fevers faint, inordinat, and hard to be judged. When the impostume draweth near to a rapture, than they have a fever more vehement with quaking, and they are troubled in there speech. Being broken there appeareth somewhat to flow into the breasts bottom, according to the often changing of there lying, and specially when they changeying from one side to an other, then surely the multitude of matter is evident, and oftentimes a certain noise of the flowing may perfectly be heard when they turn them. Also the matter that cometh out is sometimes clear, sometime thick and dreggie. Some impostumes do burst out upward, that is, unto the void place of the breast, and these be more perilous. Some impostumes do flow out downward unto the paunch, & the bowels & also the bladder. They always labour of the fever ethicke, until all things be brought out upward. Those that be vexed with this disease of spitting of matter, let them remain in a dry air, Victus ratio. let them use meats of good juice easy to digest, broths of cocks, the flesh of hens, chickens, birds of mountains. Also use decoctions & broths of cicers with herbs (as is) hisope, & parsley▪ let his drink be aqua mulsa, and thin white win. Victus ratio. Curatio. For the cure in this disease, except diligent speed be made by and by, the gathering together of matter causeth the phthisic, the lounges drawing ulceration. Therefore first you must help the concoction of the impostume with fomentes by sponges or bladders, with cataplasms or emplasters, made of the meals of barley, fenugreeke, and line seeds, of figs, doves doung mallows, Althaea, and a little rosin. Also you must apply to it cerates, made of butter, ireos laurel bearyes, rue, and other things, which can ripe & dissolve the impostume, whereof thou shalt found many in the chapter of Asthma before, and if the evil be not dissolved, you must apply to it, things that will break the botch. The breaking of the botch is procured by lying on the hole side eating of salt meats, and these pills given unto him, when he intendeth to sleep. ℞. of the powder of Hierapicrae Galeni. ℥ i of the pulp of Coloquintida. ℈ .j with the juice of wormwood as much as is sufficient to commix them, and make pills, whereof let him hold one at once in his mouth. By this means it shall come to pass, that the sick shall covet to spit often, & so by overmuch spitting the impostume may break. The rapture being made, you must take diligent heed, whether the matter runneth, for you must help his avoiding, for if it creep into the belly, you must minister most of all mollifications. If it fall to the bladder, you must minister most those things which provoke urine. If the matter cometh out by a cough, than nothing is more meet to be ministered then ptisan, mixed with good honey. Also abstersive and scouring things do profit, which are partly declared in the chapter against the pleurisy, and part of them shallbe spoken of in the next chapter. But you may commodiously commix with their meat, those things which provoke urine, howsoever the matter intendeth to flow. As for the purging and driving out of the matter, aqua mulsa decoct with ireos, and much liquorice is marvelous profitable. Moreover the decoction of hyssop, ireos, horehound and such like is good, whereof you may seek more in the chapter of asthma. The rest that seemeth to be necessary for the cure of this disease, shall be spoken of in the next chapter. CAP. XII. Of the Phthisic. DE TABE. PTHISIS in Greek, Tabes in latin, It is properly an exulceration of the lungs, till there followeth spitting of blood withal. Causae. It is caused for the most part through a sharp & gnawing humour, flowing from the head into the lounges Also it is caused through the blood and matter that remaineth, after the bursting out of it in them that have the pleurisy, the Peripneumonia, or Empyema. Signa. They which labour of this disease, they are known by wasting the whole body, and the flesh. Also there nostrils be sharp, there temples be sliden down, there eyes be hollow, and there shoulders stick out like birds wings. Moreower they cough, and be vexed with the fever Ethicke, they breathe difficultly, there cheek balls wax swart, their nails do crook and seem pale. Also the evil overcoming, the belly is troubled, and thirst doth vex them more, their here doth shed, and that which they do spit out, is of a vehement stinking savour. As for ulcers of the lungs, they are very hard to be cured, because they cannot be purged and cleansed without the cough, and in them that cough, Signa. Look Hypocrates in his apharip●e .5. the 14. & the 13. & the 11 These causes why the cura is hard. the ulcer is broken and so the evil returneth as it were by a certain circuit. Also the lungs among the other inward members, because of respiration and breathing, are always in moving, and also are rend with coughing. But the ulcers, which are to be healed, would require quiet and rest. Moreover strength of the medicines cannot come to the ulcers, before it be altered in the stomach, and in the body, in the liver. Nevertheless although causes before rehearsed, make the cure to seem hard, yet we may go about to cure that ulceration. Therefore in the beginning you must ascribe to those that be phthisic a convenient diet after this sort, Let him devil in a dry air temperate between heat and coldness, let their meat be ptysan almond milk, rear eggs, flesh of the birds of mountains, of partridge, of pheasants, of owsils, of black birds, of hens, of capons, of calves, of sucking kids. Also scaly fishes in stony waters, crabs of the fresh river. But among all meats, milk is best for them that be phthisic, specially woman's milk, after that asses milk, & goat's milk, which would he sucked out of the dugs, if it might be, or let it be drunk by and by after the milcking of it, while it is hot. But you must beware, that they take no meat by and by after their milk, and specially no wine, for than it would be corrupted with it in the stomach. But if they be very much feverous, specially of a rotten fever, them it is not good to take milk. Among fruits it is good to eat raisins, sweet almoundes, pine nuts, figs, dates, pis●ay. Let them eschew exercises and movings that be vehement. It is not unprofitable to walk easily before meat, and after meat, they must altogether rest, let them use to sleep on nights meanly. Let them esc●hw wrath and sadness, unmeasurable watchings. Hunger, thirst, lechery, hot houses, and whatsoever may empty the body. Let his drink be but small & thin, or if his fever be vehement, let him drink water, wherein a little cinnamon is sodden, or the drink that is called Hippocras, whose making is declared in the first book, in the chap. against the palsy. If the evil be caused through the flowing of a sharp humour out of the head, you must begin the cure by removing of the distillation, which we have taught before, in his proper chapter. Therefore now we will show the exulceration of the lounges, Curatio. how it is to be cured. And first for the cure thereof, we must minister those things which have an abstersive and scouring virtue, & that which will 'cause that the matter may easily be brought upward, for the which purpose Hydromel is specially good. And also decoction of barely with sugar and honey, also decoctions of ireos, figes, maidenheare, hisope horehound and licorace. If there come a fever, you may commix with the aforesaid things the four great cold sees. Outwardly you must apply emplasters, and Cataplasms made of line seed, fenugreeke and such like declared in the last chapter de Empiemate. Also for the same purpose you may seek many remedies in the chapter against the Asthma. The lounges being cleansed and purged from matter: you must minister those medicines which will glutinate and heal up the ulcer. For this purpose conserve of roses is commended almost of all Physicians, for this hath not only the virtue to glutinate, but also to cleanse and scour, but the newer it is, the more it scoureth, & the older it is the more it glutinateth. Also these are marvelous good, bolearmony, dragon's blood, ambre, coral, purcelain seed, and such like, which have virtue to scour and join together. Also these things are good loch de pulmone vulpis, loch è pino, conserves of consolida maior, and maidenheare. Therefore of these you may make this compound medicinne. ℞, conserves of Consolida maior, and of maidenheare ana. ℥. ss. conserus of roses. ℥ .j, loch è pulmone vulpis. ʒ.j.ss. loch è pino. ʒ.ij. powder of Diatragan canthos hos frigidum. ʒ, iij. bolearmoniacke. ʒ. j.ss. syrup of poppy as much as will suffice to commix it, Victus ratio. Ecl●gma. and make a loch. Also this powder daily ministered causeth much ease. ℞. of the seds of white poppy. ʒ. ss. gum arabic, Amylum, and gum tragacant. ana. ʒ. j, ss. seeds of cucumbers, citrons gourds, melons, quinces. ana. ʒ. iij. burnt ivory, juice of licorace. ana. ʒ. j.ss. penidies, pulvis. as much in weight as all the rest. Make a powder, of the which minister daily every morning. ʒ. ij with syrup of poppy or roses. Moreover at that time, that the wounds be you must anoint the breast without, with oil of quinces, mirtelles or roses, adding thereto sometime sumach, Hipocischidos, pomegarnet rinds, acatia, gales and such like. In the end the body being extenuat and wasted, it is good to restore with a convenient diet using all those meats which be of good juice, easy to digest, and nourish much, at which time also you may minister this medicine. ℞. of the pulp of a capon. ℥ i cocks stone, pine nuts pistax, Morsuli refectori●. sweet almonds. ana. ℥. ss. of the powder of the Antidoti de gemmis. ʒ.ss, powder of Diarro done abbatis, dianthon, & arromaticum rosarum. ana. ℈ i white sanders and cinnamon. ana. ʒ. ss. maces. ℈ i white sugar of the finest. lb.j.lb.j. dissolve, the sugar in water of bugloss, and ro●es, and make lozenges, or an electuary, of the which minister every day. CAP. XIII. Of panting of the heart. DE CORDIS PALPITATIONE. PALPITATIO & tremor cordis in Latin, is in English panting and trembling of the heart, it is a corrupt motion of the heart, or a stretching out of it against nature. The new sort of Physicians do wrongfully call it Cardiaca. It is caused of all such things as do trouble and affect the heart above nature (as is) every distempure, Curatio. Causae. or the multitude of an humour contained in the outward skin that goeth about the heart, or else of swelling contrary to nature and such like. The disease is easily known by the words of the patiented, who doth easily feel the beating and panting. Signa. And also you may know it by the pulse: for in a hot distempure there cometh a fever, & the pulse is swift and great, in a cold distempure, the contrary. If plenty of an humour contained in the upper skin of the heart do cause beating thereof, than the pulse is soft and feeble. The diet must be ordained diversly according to the diversity of causes: for in a hot distempure of the heart, the air aught to be meanly cold, but in a cold distempure it aught to be meanly warm: But universally whatsoever the cause be, Victus ratio. you must eschew any thing that doth trouble or resolve the vital spirits, (as be) overmuch heat, anger, hunger, watching, lechery, unmeasurable cold, meat of evil juice. If abundance of any humour contained in the upper skin, that goeth about the heart, do engender panting of the heart: let his whole di●● be extenuative, let their drink in a hot distempure be thin and small, or a julep of violets or roses, or decoction of bugloss. In a cold distempure they may drink pure wine, or other strong drink. Those, that be vexed with beating of the heart caused of hot distempure, they must have remedy by cold medicines, which can correct the hot distempure, Cure of 〈…〉. & add strength to the heart. (As these be among simples) roses, violets▪ flowers of water lilies, Saunders, Coral, Camphire, and such like. Among compounds be these, Diamargariton frigidum, diarrodon abbatis, conserves of roses, of violets, of bugloss, and their plants, juices and syrups. Therefore of the aforesaid things there may be made potions, electuaries, and lozengs as you think good. Outwardly appoint ointments and emplasters, especially epithemes, sacculi and other like, whatsoever is able to altar the hot distempure of the liver. unguentum. And first among ointments this is good, ℞. the oils of roses, violets, and nimphea. ana. ʒ. ij. of read coral, & read sanders, & read roses, ana. ℈ i Camphire, gr. two. whit wax as much as is sufficient, and make an ointment, wherewith anoint the region of the heart & the backbone. Among epithemes, let this be especially laid to the heart. ℞. the waters of roses, sorrel, and bugloss. ana. ℥ three water of balm. ℥ i powder of the cordial medicine. ʒ. j. read sanders, read coral. ana. ʒ. ss. purcelaine. gr. iij. saffrron. gr. iiij. commix all together & make an epitheme. Epithema. Also among the sorts of dry bages this is best. ℞. flowers of bugloss, violets, read roses. ana. M. ss. all the sanders of each. ʒ. j. read coral and white of each. ʒ. j.ss. of pearls. ℈ i being first powdered, put them in silk and make a Sacculus. Sacculus. Cure of distempure of the heart caused through cold making it to beat & pa●●e. unguentum. But those that be aggreaved with a cold distempure of the heart to such among simple medicines, these be profitable (that is) ambre, musk, saffron, wood of aloes, storax, cloves, maces, zedoary, balms, and such like, among compounds these are good: the electuary, plirisar ooticon, dianbar, dianthos, aromaticum rosarum, and such like of the which may be made kinds of medicines, like as we did against hot distempure of the heart. For ointementes may be made after this sort. ℞. the oils of lilies of spike, and of saffron, ana. ʒ. ij.ss. gallia moschata, cloves. ana. ℈ i wood of aloes. ℈. ss. maces. ℈ i saffron. gr. iij. wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment. Signa. Also you may make an epitheme thus. ℞. waters of balm, maioram, bugloss. ana. ℥ four powders of the electuares. diambar and diamosche; ana. ʒ. ss. maces, wood of aloes. ana. ℈ i amber. gr. j of the best wine. ℥ i commix them together, and make a epithema. An example of sacculus is thus. ℞. flowers of balm, and buglose. ana. M. j.ss. chosen cinnamon, cloves, maces. ana. ʒ. j. would of aloes. ℈ i bark of the citron apple. ʒ. j.ss. saffron. ℈ i ambre. gr. j bray all together, and make a sacculus of silcke to lay to the heart. Cure of panting of the heart caused of an humour. And if there be panting of the heart, engendered through some humour contained in the upper skin that compasseth the heart: it must be cured (as galene witnesseth) with a diet which will extenuate, and by cutting of a vain in the arm, Therefore you must cut the inner vain of the arm, or the middle vain. And afterward one must minister and apply as well inwardly as outwardly, medicines, that have virtue to extenuate and strength the heart by applying of ointments, and epithemes, and sacculi, and such like. Of the which things to make private exemples, we think it in vain, seeing it is easy to any man by examples now declared here, and in other places, to make medicines for his purpose of whatsoever sort he william. CAP XIIII. Of swooning. DE SINCOPE. SINCOPE is a swift falling of the strength (as Galen saith) it is caused through much excretion and avoiding of blood or through unmeasurable emptying of the belly, Cure of hickes caused of mutines. Causae. or vehement moving, or through great pain, or much and often washings. Also through abundant swetts, and all other immoderate vacuations, also fear, dread, and all such like perturbations of the mind. Moreover through abounding of crude & raw humours, through great inflammation or through vicious and thin humours, or else by taken breath in a stinking air. The sincope is known by these tokens, Cure of yelking through inordinance. Signa. the pulse is rare and obscure, the extreme parts, as the hand● and feet be cold, sweet about the face, the taking away of the brightness of the skin that is in it, and as it wear a palsy of the whole body. Moreover to these there cometh desperation, vexation of the mind, & shaking of the body. And moreover there chanceth sometime with the swooning of the heart, Syncope c●rd●. a vice (that is) when the heart is vehemently distempured. Also sometime it chanceth to the stomach (that is) when humours abounding or heaped together or crude, either else sharp and gnawing be in it: that kind of sincope is called stomachica. Syncope stomachica. They which fall in a swoon through plenty of raw humours contained in the mouth of the stomach, in such the sides are inflate and puffed up, & the whole body seemeth to be of a greater bigness than it should naturally be, also there colour changeth whiter than it was wont to do: and to conclude therbody is like to them that have the dropsy; also to many their colour waxeth swarter and blacker like lead, but the pulses of the sinews be lest of all other, moreover they be obscure and inequal. Those which are vexed with swooning through abundance of sharp humours, they feel continual pulling, twitching and gnawing in the mouth of the stomach. They which through thin vices which do swiftly exhalate and sty up do suffer swooning, in them there face appeareth by and by as though it were dead, there nose is sharp, there eyes be hollow, and such like. The other causes of Sincope are known by the talk of them that stand by without any great business. It is easy to know, Cure of swooning through unmeasurable emptying. that the cure must be diverse, according to the diversity of the causes. If sounding doth invade one through excretion and avoiding of blood, or through any other unmeasurable or sudden empteing, you must sprinkle there face with cold things, or with rose water, which hath a marvelous good effect in this case. The extreme parts of the body, must be bound vehemently with bands, and must be rubbed a little with sharp linen clotheses. If the empteing be upward, you must rub the legs: if it be downward, rub and bind the hands. Also cupping glasses are to be fastened lightly, diversly, according to the places where the evacuations, or where the blood bursteth out. Moreover the mouth must be opened, by putting in your fingers, or a vedge, or some other thing, but the passage of hearing, and of the noseterilles would be thrust together, that the air that is breathed in, might stir and comfort the spirits. Also it is good by and by for to consort the spirits with sundry odoraments. For as Hypocrates saith in his book de alimentis, there is nothing that calleth the strength again sooner than odours. Therefore it is good to apply to the nose of the sick, chickens roasted, and parted a sunder in the midst. Also roses, violets, quinces citrons and such like be good. You must minister wine to him that is thin, and allayed. Let the air of the chamber be cold, but let not the chamber be very full of light, let there counter points be taken away that lie upon them, and let the coverings wherewith they be covered be soft, and strew the floor with leaves of mirtells, wines, oaks, briars, and roses then selves, and sprinkle it with water. In unmasurable sweets anoint the sweating parts with oil of mirtells, roses, and quinces: but specially the neck, the breast, the places under the arm holes and the share. For this purpose also, it is good to anoint amilum, and powders of frankincense, mixed with the white of an egg, and other restrictive medicines. Also you must hold to his nose divers odoraments, as roses, sanders, quinces, flowers of water lilies, & campheir, but you may not then bind the extreme parts of the body. If sounding be caused through pain, you must diligently inquire the cause: for if it come of an outward cause, the ceasing of the pain cureth the swooning. But if the pain be caused of no outward causet, how must found out some inward cause which causeth pain, If fullness with retching and stretching out do cause the pain by and by, if strength will suffer it, let him blood on that vain, that is nighest to the aggrieved part, but if strength be feeble, than you must only pull it back, or you must drive it upward or downward or both ways, or use frictions. But whereas the pain is caused of vicious humours, you must rather purge it. If both the aforesaid causes come together, than you must use evacuations both ways: but blood letting must first be used before any of them. Afterward if the corrupt humours be fastened, and do stick fast in some only place, you must begin your cure with dissolving and discussive medicines. As for curing of other pains, they may be sought in their own proper chapters, and especially in the chapter against the colic. Those which do swoon through great sorrow, fear, and other perturbations of the mind, Signa. Cure of swooning by affections of the mind. Cure of swooning through abundance of crude humours. they are fully cured by using of there contraries. Neither let pass to minister unto them that do swound for great sorrow, odoriferous things, & other things, which being taken inwardly may comfort the spirits. They which be troubled with swooning through plenty of crude humours, they may neither suffer letting of blood nor purging; Therefore you must cure such by frictions. And you must by and by in the beginning of the evil begin, and you must rub the legs first from the upper part, and so downward with linen clotheses not very soft, but somewhat sharp: afterward likewise the arms from the shoulders to the fingers. And when all the arteries and veins be sufficiently heat, and that ye doubt that some weariness will come to the senses through over much rubbing: you must use oil solutive and losing, as is oil of dill, and chammomill, and you must beware especially of restrictive things. And when thou hast anointed the parts of the body, and rubbed them well, than you must come to the bone, and that you must likewise first rub with a linen cloth, and then with oil: from that you, must go again to the legs, and then to the arms, and so again to the back, and so you must do all, and that in a bright chamber without moisture, whose air must be temperate. Moreover mulsa, wherein hyssop is sodden is most meet for them; and you must beware that you minister not to them, neither meat, nor broths, nor water, nor to suffer him to drink liberally, but only mulsa the three first days, and to rub him by course continually, granting him only but time to sleep, which must be in a mean. But if there pulse be very small and feeble, or also besides that wonderful inequal, you may know that there is extreme peril: but yet you must do as it is taught before, and go about none other thing. But if the pulse be indifferently strong and great, and be not cut of, nor thrust together, than you must consider the state of the belly, and if it do not avoid ordure sufficiently of itself, you may pour in somewhat boldly beneath. For it chanceth after the taking of aqua mulsa, that the superfluities which are wont to be gathered in the principal veins (that is) they which be about the liver, and the bowel which joineth with the midrife unto the back, by that thing, they are well cast out. And if a heap of superfluities do violently provoke the belly above reason, first you must seethe your mulsa more higher, for so it doth make the belly less soluble, & it nourisheth more. After this, if the superfluities do descend more largely, the belly may not be stopped so, but you must minister for aqua mulsa, the juice of ptisan. And if they continue still to flow, nourish him with soupinges of alica, taking heed to the working of the pulses in the mean season: for sometime they are changed to imbecility, or unequalnes or smallness. At which time it is good to minister bread infused in wine, & that, if neither the belly nor the liver be troubled with an impostume; for if they be vexed with it, P●leg●e●. (the body being stuffed with crude and raw juices) the sick is desperate of all health. Therefore in such a case, of the sick, thou showest thyself without blame, if thou say before that he will dye, and use no better medicines. But if there be at any time found abundance of clammy humours, by and by minister oxymel in steed of mulsa. Therefore if it be Summer, and the sick used to cold potions, give him the oxymel cold. but if it be winter, minister it hot. Also these things are very evil for them, as well bathings, as also the open air, as often, Against constriction in the muscles. Cure of swooning now present. Phleg●●●. as it is over hot or over cold. But if thou art called to them, which be presently vexed with swooning, where the belly and the liver be without impostumation, thou shalt minister a little bread, and that with some wine, because it causeth swift distribution into other parts of the body, and thou shalt come strait to frictions and rubbinges, and thou shalt do according to the order before prescribed. But if it be Summer, or the Region naturally hot and burning, or the state of the heaven vehemently hot: thou shalt allay the wine with cold water, but if there be no such thing, with hot. But the drink that shallbe given the second & third time, thou shalt minister it altogether hot. For in the whole cure, where we use frictions, heat is best, as a helper of the concoction of crude humours. But to those which have swooning caused of choler, which troubled the mouth of the stomach, to them you must minister cold potions. But yet it is good to minister to all that have the syncope, wine, that is hot by nature, yellowish in colour, thin in substance, cold, and that which provoketh distribution in the body: for we would have the food that is received, to be distributed about the body, and not to tarry in the stomach. They that are vexed with swooning through vice of thin humours, Causae. Cure of syncope caused of thin humours. those you must empty by little & little, & continually, because that they cannot suffer much emptying at once, those also we must nourish by little and little, and often, the outward part of the skin must be thickened: and you must make the air of the chamber cold and restrictive. Also you must anoint them with restrictive medicines and ointments. and you must give them meats, that do not readily disperse & flow: therefore give neither aqua mulsa, nor ptisan, but bread and soupinges of alica, & sour fruits, which will not easily be corrupted. You shall also give sometime to them eggs, specially their yolks, for their whites be hard to digest. Moreover the stones of cocks, which be nourished with milk. Also swines brain, but let it either be diligently roasted, or well sodden in water with leeks, and dill. To conclude you must labour by all means, that you may make the substance of the juices more thick, and thicken the skin, and to stop the exhalations. Watery wine is necessary to them after meat in the beginning of sickness. And if all follow your mind, you may also after other things give him nourishment by flesh, specially after the fourth day, Curatio. Cure of swooning through inflammation. (the juices coming now to concoction.) If swooning come through vehement inflammation, the members and parts of the body are to be rubbed and nourished, and the hands and feet must be bound. You must command him to watch, because the blood in sleep creepeth to the inward members. You must drive them clean from meat and drink. Note. Cure of swooning through humours in the stomach. Whosoever have the syncope, through vicious humours gnawing the mouth of the stomach, they must be cured by provoking of vomit: or if that take no place to move the belly, do other things which be expounded in the chapter of pain in the stomach. They that begin to swoon in a Bath, you must bring them quickly out, nor you may not moisten them with much pouring in of water. They that be already in a swoon, they must be carried out very quickly, and the rest of the body must be covered with a light covering. Let the face be wet with a sponge, dipped in cold water, or sprinkle it with rose water. Also the face, the stomach, the feet must be rubbed. Also the mouth must be opened by putting in of quills or one's finger. And you must go about by all means that the humours that causeth the swooning, may be vomited out, by pouring in of warm water in at the mouth. They that be of perfect age, pull of their hears, and the loud calling of one is profitable, but many at once is hurtful. CAP. XV. Of lack of milk. DE LACTIS DEFECTV. THE want of milk, doth chance through dry distempure of the paps, or of the whole body. Also through small quantity of good blood, Causae. or because the child is so weak, that he can not suck well of the paps: for look, the more that he draweth out by sucking of them the more draweth to them again. Cure of D●●arhaea of phlegmatic humours. Signa. The tokens whereby the diversities of causes are known, are evident enough by things before spoken, but yet I will rehearse them again. A dry distempure is known by the disposition of the whole body, & by leanness & dryness of the body & paps & such like. Small quantity of good blood is known by the ill state of the body, and by the evil colour of it. Also unmeasurable evacuations coming out of the body before, (that is to say) by menstruis, by fluxes, by extreme exercises, by hunger, and such like. For the cure of lacking of milk, which is caused of a dry distempure, we will teach nothing in this place. because it may easily be cured by that which is declared before in other chapters, and shall also be declared afterward in the chapter against the fever Ethicke. Therefore here we will only treat of the cure of lack of milk, caused of the little quantity of good blood. Cure of diarrhea of the weakness of the virtue retentive. In this cure first you must behold the blood: for either there is less than there aught to be, or it is worse than it should be. Therefore when there is less than there should be, a diet must be assigned with moist and heat meanly, for whatsoever doth heat more than is convenient, Victus ratio. either else do dry or cool those partly by corrupting the blood that remaineth, and partly by diminishing of it, they do forbidden the milk to come. Therefore it is good to give them pure bread, milk, veal, chickens, partridges, birds, rear eggs, fishes scaly, & stony raisins, sweet almounds, lettuce, bugloss, balm, gourds, and such like. They must drink wine, that is thin and watery, they must eschew immoderate exercises, anger, sorrow, and all thing, that may diminish the blood. But if the blood be worse, (as if it be choleric) first purging of the choleric humours is requisite, and then use the diet before prescribed, but if it be phlegmatic blood, it requireth medicines that do heat in the first or second degree, but they may not dry up, for such by heating of the phlegmatic humours do turn them into blood: but among such the strongest be, which are not only medicines, but also nourishments, (as is) rockat, fennel, dill, percely, and those things green before they be dried for being dried, Evil blood. they do heat, and dry more than they aught to do. And those things which do dry, they make the humour which seedeth the blood, the more gross, and more small in quantity. The blood aught to be meanly hot: & not gross, that the milk may be engendered thereof. Moreover those things that do meanly heat, and have no great dryness joined with it, they have virtue to engender milk: among which beside those which are spoken of before, is Sesamum boiled in wine. Also fresh butter, the weight of one once drunk with wine. Also sweet almoundes, pistax, pine nuts beaten, and eaten with butter. Also this thing is specially praised. ℞. rice, ten times washed and dried again, & beat it to powder, then seethe it in good milk upon burning coals, while it doth seeth, put to as much of white Sugar as is sufficient, & make a pottage. It is made the better, if you add to it sweet almounds, pistax, pine nuts, barely meal, cycers, & such like: but you must labour also, that by gentle rubbing of the breast, & by hot medicines, which have one attractive virtue, the milk may be drawn, and enticed to the paps. CAP. XVI. Of abundance of milk. DE LACTIS REDUNDANTIA. IT chanceth sometime that through abundance of milk, the paps are so filled and swollen, and so stretched out with it, that they are scarce able to hold the abundance of it. Causae. It is caused through abundance of good blood The evil is known by sight and feeling. You must help this by and by, Signa. for else it is to be feared; jest the paps be taken with Inflammation. Therefore a● the beginning cut the vein of the arm, or the middle vein which is in the arm. A precious water. Curatio. After that, use those things, which do lightly repress and drive back, jest that the blood be thrust into the lungs by a certain violence. For this purpose it is good to apply a soft sponge dipped in warm Posca, Posca is vinegar and water mixed together and wine & water and to bind it with bands to the paps, or apply dates brayed with bread & Posca. Also it is good to apply an emplaster made of oil of roses, of sanders, Corianders, Psillium, purcelain, bean meal, lintels, juice of plantain, and of vinegar after this sort. ℞. of bean meal and of lintels. ana. ℥ i seed of purcelain. ʒ. j. seeds of flax and Althaea. ana. ʒ. ij.ss. of plaintain. M.j. seed of Coriander. ʒ. ij. boil them altogether in water, until it come to the thickness of honey, after that, put to it oil of roses. ℥. j.ss. boil them again and add thereto the yolks of two eggs, and make an emplaster, or make a cerate after this sort. Signa. Emplastrum. ℞. of the oil of roses and mirtells. ana. ℥. j.ss. the meals of beans and lintels. ana. ʒ. j.ss. of mints and rue. ana. ʒ. ss. with wax, 6. Aph. 1. Cera●●●. and venice turpenteine, as much as is sufficient, and make a cerate to apply to the paps. Also wild rapes do profit marvelously being anointed with water and honey. Moreover the leaves of cherua anointed with the juice of green parsley is very profitable. Moreover the stone pyrites powdered and applied with oil of roses and vinegar, doth show a marvelous effect against abundance of milk And let there whole diet be such, that thereby but little blood may be engendered. Therefore hunger in this evil above other things is marvelous good. CAP XVII. Of milk that is curdled. DE lact IN GRUMOS CONVERSO. MANY times the milk curdeth in the paps, and turneth into the form of cheese curds. Causae. It is caused through abundance of milk (that is) when it is kept long time together on heaps in the paps, and is not sucked out. It is caused also of a hot distempure, when that, through overmuch heat, the thin part of the milk is digested and dissolved, and the rest groweth together, and turneth into curds. Also the like may chance of cold, which may 'cause milk to cured and congeal as well as other liquors. Also sometime milk of his own nature is gross and clammy enough, and for that cause doth easily turn to curds. There need no tokens to know this evil: Signa. for it is known by & by, both by touching and by the patientes words. Cera●●●. Victus ratio. The diet in this evil is diverse according to the diversities of causes. For in a hot distempure of the paps, let the diet decline to cold things, but in a cold distempure contrariwise to hot things. If this evil come through grossness of the milk, she must use altogether an extenuate diet. For the cure, if there be abundance of milk, not being as yet curdled in the paps in them that be of lawful age, and being skilful women, let it be easily sucked out by little and little. Let the paps be outwardly anointed with juice of green parsley, mints, fenugreeke, & other things rehearsed before in the chapter of abundance of milk. Also the cream of a hare beaten with water, if it be anointed, is good against all swellings of the paps, specially caused of the corrupt abundance of milk. Also lintels sodden in brine is marvelous good, if the paps be washed with the decoction, and anointed with the lintles being stamped. Also the decoction of fenugreeke and althaea doth great pleasure. But if overmuch heat doth 'cause the milk to cured in the paps: then anoint them with juice of purcelaine, and garden nightshade. Also apply oil of roses with vinegar. Also mouseare anointed is of good effect. Also the earth called cimolia anointed with vinegar or with water and oil of roses doth good. Moreover lintels sodden in vinegar and applied as is aforesaid, against cold distempure of the paps. Use decoctions of chammomill, fennel, dill, line seed, and fenugreeke, and there with foment the paps. Also anoint them with oils of chammomill, dill, lilies, and such like, but beware they touch not the nipple. Ox's gall anointed is good. Crumbs of bread are good with vinegar anointed, But you may put to it mints or parsley, and make the medicine the stronger. This plaster is excellent good. ℞. of honey. ℥. ss. of storax calamitae. ʒ.iij. of ox's gall. ʒ. ij. of oil of chammomill. ℥ two myrrh and frankincense, ana. ℥. ij.ss. commix them together, and make an emplaster to lay on the paps. CAP. XVIII. Of inflammation of the paps. DE INFLAMMATIONE MAMMARUM. IT is caused sometime, (as other inflammations be) of plenty of hot blood flowing to the paps. Causae. Also sometime through milk (that is) when it turneth to suppuration and matter. The aforesaid causes are easy to discern a sunder: For the first cause of inflammation chanceth to them that be not with child, nor brought in bed: the other cause chanceth only to such. For the cure in the first cause you must see blood drawn from the inward vain of the arm, Curatio. or the middle vain on the same side, unless the menstruis be stopped: for than it were better to cut the vain of the ham or ankle. After this you must come to restrictive medicines, Venae sectio. which may not be strong, jest that the humours do violently thrust inwardly to the noble parts of the body, or else you may mix with them some discussive things. Therefore for that purpose it is very good to take oil of roses, with the juice or water of nightshade vinegar, and the decoction of chammomill. In this dip and wet linen clothes, and apply it to the paps. Also an emplaster made of Barely meal, line seed, Saunders, Bolearmoniake, grease and oil of roses are good. Emplastrum. And if the Physician doth see that repercussive medicines do not much good, he must strait proceed to my Book of the cure of impostumes in the Breasts. But if inflammation be caused of curdled milk, in the beginning you must apply a soft sponge dipped in warm posca, and bind it to it. Also apply dates brayed with bread and posca. Also apply crumbs of bread with myrrh, saffron, and mints, and such like. But if the inflammation endure still, proceed to the chapter of impostumes in the breasts, as hereafter shall proceed. Libri Secundi Finis. The Third Book. CAP I. Of weakness of the stomach. DE IMBECILLITATE VENTRICULI. WEAKNESS of the stomach is sometime caused through distempure of the effectrix and working qualities without any flowing of humours. For as Galene sayeth in lib. 3. de simplic. causis. cap. 10. Causae. All vehement distempure doth overthrow and cast down the strength. Also sometime it is caused of an humour, being contained in the bosom, and large space of the stomach, which hath power and virtue either to heat, or cool, or to moisten, or dry, or two of these qualities mixed together. sometime it is caused of an humour, Diet. stuffed and drowned, in the films, and coats of the stomach. Vehement thirst, abhorring of meat, and savouring belkinges do betoken distempure only of a hot quality. Contrariwise little thirst, unmeasurable appetite, and sour belchings betoken distempure of a cold quality. And to be short, if the stomach be grieved with hot or cold distempure, it changeth the meats that be eaten into the nature of the distempure, so that the meats may be perceived to be changed into the savour of roasting or sourness without the commixing of any humour. Moreover if the distempure be hot, you shall see the patiented by and by eased with taking of medicines, or meats, or drinckes that be cold. But if the distempure be cold, the patiented feeleth ease in hot meats or medicines, but he feeleth hurt with cold things. In a moist distempure, the patiented feeleth no thirst, or very little, he hath abundance of spittle, & doth desire moist meats. In a dry distempure there is dryness of the tongue, extenuation of the body, little spittle, and vehement thirst. Moreover vomiting and desire thereto, heaviness of the stomach, and belching specially after meat, betoken abundance of naughty and corrupt humours. And if yellow colour do abound, there followeth bitterness of the mouth. vomiting up of choler, thirst, belkinges, with savour roasted, and gnawing of the stomach: but if phlegm do abound, it doth cause no gnawing in the stomach, unless it be salt phlegm: there are present sour belkinges, no thirst and stretching out of the stomach. If melancholy abound, it causeth sadness & fear, stinking belkinges & spittings, & savour of fish, sleep with fits of strange imaginations, contraction & pain of the hams, and calves of the legs. Every distempure is corrected and amended by his contrary. Curatio. Therefore you must cool a hot distempure, and heat a cold distempure: also moisten a dry, and dry a moist distempure: likewise must you do in compound distempures, either heat and dry, or heat and moisten, or else cool and moisten, Cure of a hot distempure. or cool and dry. Those that be vexed with hot distempure of the stomach, are cured with a cooling diet, but specially if they take cold things with vinegar. Therefore let there bread be mixed or dipped in posca. For flesh let him use chickens, partridge, Curatio. veal sodden with vinegar or verjuice. For potherbes, lettuce, and purcelaine are very good. Also apples and sharp pears. The sick must drink small Ale or Beer, if he hath been used to it, bu● if not, let him drink the decoction of cinnamom, or wine, that is thin & watery. You must apply & lay upon the stomach outwardly such medicines as do meanly restrain and cool. They which be vexed with a cold distempure of the stomach, you must heal them with the contraries to the oforesaid things, Ads●●●ngen●●●. with the decoction of Anise seed, rue, and percely seed. Let the meats which they eat be conduit and dressed with Cinnamon, calamus aromaticus, cloves, pepper, and such like adoramentes. Also give unto them Diatrionpipercon, diacalaminthes, and theriaca. Anoint the stomach outwardly with those ointmentes, which have power to heat, and let them use to drink that is old, & somewhat astringent. Moist distempure. Drye distempure. Cure of weakness of the stomach caused of an humour. Choler. A moist distempure is helped with meats that do dry, without any strong heat or coldness. Moreover using of less drink than he is accustomed to do. A dry distempure must be cured as the fever Ethicke is cured, of which we will treat in the fourth book. But if some humour having power to heat, or cool, do cause weakness of the stomach, you must mark and consider diligently whether that humour do swim in the bosom, and largeness of the stomach, or whether it be stuffed in the films and coats of the stomach. If the humour be contained in the bosom of the stomach, and be a choleric humour, it must be purped strait by vomit, warm water or thin mulsa drunken doth 'cause an easy vomit. It will be better if you minister before it things that do moisten, as is the broth of Ptisan, or else the yolk of an egg. But if the choleric humour be stuffed in the films of the stomach, purge him with Hierapicra, for as Galene saith, there can no better medicine be found against vicious humours, being stuffed in the films of the stomach. The humour being purged, let them use the same diet, that they do which are vexed with a hot distempure, as is taught before. Minister within the body conserves, which have virtue to cool and moist. Also minister electuaries having like virtues. Apply outwardly to the stomach things that do cool, and meanly restrain, as is oil of Roses, oil of Quinces, putting to sanders, balaustie, coral, and purcelaine. But yet use things that do cool in a mean according to the contrariety of the distempure. For overmuch use of cold things doth not only not profit, but also oftentimes it causeth an incurable disease: because of the great heat that is requisite for concoction and digestion. phlegm. If humours being phlegmatic, gross and tough, do swim in the breadth of the stomach, he must use oximell, wherein hath been sodden medicines which have virtue to extenuat and cut (as is) hyssop, the root of ireos, origan, savoury and horehound. But if the phlegmatic humours be drowned in the films and coats of the stomach, than first you must minister those things which do cu● & divide clammy humours and gross phlegm, but afterward you must purge him. If you will know what medicines do purge tough phlegm, look before in the first book. cap. 12. Also Hierapicra is no: unprofitable to purge gross humours. Let him also use a diet which doth extenuate: and let him use electuaries that do heat, as diatrionpipereon, diagalanges, diacinnamomum, diambar, Diet. ginger conduit, diacorus, and such like. Apply outwardly to the stomach things that do heat as is oil of nardinum, oil of mints, oil of wormwood, and oil of mastic, and other things having the like virtue. For this purpose also Cerotes are commended, which the Physicians commonly do call scutum stomachale, such as this is. ℞. cinnamon chosen, cloves. Scutum stomachi. long pepper. ana. ʒ. j. galliae moschatae, maces, ana. ʒ. ss. calamus aromaticus, frankincense. ana. ʒ. j.ss. would of aloes, ℈ i sown mints, ʒ. ij. mastic, lapdanum, ana. ʒ. ij. oils of mastic, & narde. ana. ℥. ss. with wax and turpentine, as much as will suffice, make a cerote to say upon the stomach, and cover it with purple silcke. Or use this medicine. ℞. mastic beaten to powder. ℥. j.ss. then strew it upon leather being cut like a buckler, Opti●●● Cera●●●. Aliud. and power upon it oleum nardinum, then hold it to the fire till it be melted together, and strew upon it chosen cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves. ana. ʒ. j. beaten into powder, and apply it to the stomach. To be short, these and other things, which do strengthen and heat the stomach, are to be applied (as is) mints, wormwood, frankincense, mastic, cinnamon, galingale, ginger, maces, wood of aloes, calamus adoratus, and such like rehearsed in our first book of making medicines, of which one may make diverse kinds of remedies as he seethe cause. CAP II. Of yealking and vomiting. DE NAVSEA ET VOMITV. DISPOSITION to vomit (called Nausea) which is a naughty and wicked motion of the expulsive virtue of the stomach. Signa. Causae 〈◊〉. It is caused of a vicious humour contained in the stomach, being either hot or cold, which humour either swimmeth in the concavity and hollowness of the stomach, or it is stuffed in the films of the stomach, cleaving like birdlime, and can scarce be drawn away: or the humour being more watery, it is drowned in the coats of the stomach, like water in a sponge. And such humours are oftentimes engendered through distempure of the stomach aswell hot as cold: sometime such humours do flow from the whole body, or from other parts (being first evil affected) into the stomach as it were the excrements: as from the liver or the spleen, or the head, or from the whole body. If those humours be engendrrd through the distempure, you may easily perceive it by the signs declared in the last chapter before this. But whether that humour swim in the hollowness of the stomach, Curatio. Tenas●us of co●d. Signa. or be stuffed in his coats, thus shalt thou know it. If the vicious humour doth swim in the stomach, and cause nausea (that is) disposition to vomit, then for the most part vomiting followeth, & the stomach corupting the meats, it doth manifestly infect it with that humour, and changeth it into his nature: but if a tough humour be drowned in the coats of the stomach, it causeth disposition to vomit, but yet such a disposition, as bringeth forth nothing, although the patiented doth provoke and strain himself as though he could vomit: but if that humour be watery and wheish, than it causeth vomiting, not only before meat, but also after meat, and specially if that humour swim in the breadth of the stomach: for if it be stuffed and cleave to the top of the stomach, it doth move vomiting without bringing any thing up before meat: but when other parts (from which do flow excrements into the stomach) be evil affected, the sick himself doth first feel the grief of the member that is diseased: for either he feeleth heat, or cold, or heaviness nigh about the place that is diseased, or also he cannot suffer to let the place be touched hard. But if the whole body be full of vicious humours, you may know that by the colour, and by breaking out of weals and bushes in the skin, Tenasmus of choleric humours. Clyster abstergens. Curatio Nausea. and also by the urine you may discern it. For the cure, you must diligently consider which grief it is, whether it be a disease caused only of the stomach, or of the whole body, or of some other member. For if humours do flow into the stomach from some other member, or from the whole body; you must first take care for the whole body, or for that member that is diseased, but yet you may not neglect the stomach altogether. For unless the whole body be first purged of vicious humours, he laboureth in vain that goeth about to resist the flowing of humours into some one place. So also he that doth cure the member that is first diseased, he cutteth of as it were the fountain of all flowings into the stomach. If you will know how those members are to be cured that do sand excrements into the stomach, you must learn that in their proper chapters before or after. But if humours be engendered in the stomach causing disposition to vomit, you must mark whether those humours be thin, choleric and wheyish, and being contained in the hollowness of the stomach, for than you must give him very thin juice of ptisan, or hot water, and the sick must provoke vomit with his finger, or with a feather being put down into his throat. But if the humours be stuffed within upon the top of the stomach, you must minister one drachm of aloes to drink being dissolved in water. For against hot humours which be in the stomach, Aloes is the best medicine, so that often it hath healed evil stomachs in one day. After the humours be purged and other medicines ministered, which do stop or make temperate the sharpness of Choler, than you must cure the hot distempure of the stomach, as is taught in the last chapter before this. If they be phlegmatic, gross and tough humours which do swim in the breadth of the stomach, you must cure them after that sort that is taught of us in the former chapter, and then you must get away the cold distempure of the stomach, Of vomiting. as is afore taught. Now, for vomiting you must note that in the beginning it aught not to be stopped, 1. 〈◊〉. 2. if the sick be the better for it, according to Hypocrates saying. In vomiting which cometh by itself, if such things be purged as aught to be, it is good and may be suffered, but if not, so then the contrariwise it is evil. Therefore you may not stop that vomit which is decretory, or where humours do flow from the whole body into the stomach, or when humours be engendered in the stomach through distempure. But than you must rather help the motion of the expulsive virtue in a hot cause by ministering hot water with oil of violets to drink: but in a cold cause minister oxymel and other things before rehearsed. Cure of immoderate vomyting. But if the vomiting be immoderate and do begin to weaken the strength of the sick, than you must go about to stop and resttaine it. Therefore first let the sick lie upward in a convenient house, and contrary to the disease (that is) let the house be cold, if the disease be hot, and contrariwise let it be hot, if the disease be cold, let the extreme parts of the body be rubbed, and let them be felt with warm hands, and also bind them strongly with bands, also put the feet and hands in lukewarm water. Also hold adoramentes of good savour to the nose for to smell, as roses, quinces, pennyroyal, mints, fennel, spickenarde. Anoint the stomach outwardly with oils of wormwood and roses. Emplasters made of Dates, quinces, and wormwood be good. Also Cerates made of them and such like as mints, darnel meal, frankincense, mastic be good being laid upon the stomach. Also you must stamp well dates that have been steeped in old wine, afterward you must put to it mastic and frankincense, each of them finely powdered by itself afore, and then bray them together. To this place also you must call the remedies, that are spoken of hereafter, partly in the chapter of cholera, and partly in the chapter of the flux dysemeria. Furthermore that evil continuing long, if the meat cannot tarry in the stomach, you must fasten a cupping glass to the mouth of the stomach with great flame, until the place wax read: and you must give the patiented meat, while the glass hangeth on still. CAP III. Of immoderate thirst. DE SITI IMMENSA: THIRST, as Galene witnesseth in lib. 1. de simpli. med. facultate, cap. 30. is caused two manner of ways: partly through want of moisture, and partly through abundance of heat. The stomach is heat many & sundry ways, Caus●. that is either through hot distempure of the bore quality simple or compound, or through hot and choleric humours engendered in the stomach, or else flowing to it. Also through abundant drinking of old wine. The stomach is dried either through the dry distempure that is in it, or through salt humours, or drinking of salt water. Also often times it is dried through consent of the whole body, as it chanceth in burning fevers and fever Ethics. The diversity of causes may easily be known by the patient's words, Fomentum. Signa. and by those signs which we have spoken of in the 2. chapter next before. Therefore the cause being known, you must remedy each of them according to their causes diversly. Curatio. Therefore you must remedy thirst coming of heat, by ministering things that do cool. Therefore both the drawing in of cold air, and water or watery wine being drunken are good. Also Cucumberseed chewed, or if it be hulled and beaten, and drunken with water, it helpeth greatly against thirst engendered through heat of the stomach. Likewise lettuce seed chewed and drunk profiteth. Also purcelaine seed likewise. The best thing to quench thirst is this. ℞. of the seeds of sown Cucumbers husked. ℥ i tragacanthaes. ℥. ss. bray tragacantham and serce it, and beaten the seeds, and put those powders to the whites of eggs being raw, Cure of Tenasmus caused of an ulcer. unguentum. Pills to hold under the tongue. and beating them altogether, make pills and dry them in the shadow. Of these pills minister one at once to behold under the tongue, that it may dissolve by little and little, and so be swallowed. They that have had burning and heat in the stomach long time, the juice of the sweet root being drunk, doth help them, & also the root itself with water and the juice of purslane. But those which are vexed with thirst caused of heat and dryness, as it chanceth in all burning and very dry fevers, and to those which labour in summer, or in great heat, Oxycratum seu pos●a. such are best ●ealed with oxycratum (that is) a drink made with vinegar & water sodden together. For vinegar doth cool mightily, and doth pierce to every place quickly, and the water besides the coolness that it hath, it is moistest of any thing: for nothing (as Galen sayeth in the place before rehearsed) is moister than water. Also the thirst which engendereth in fevers, may be mitigated in sprinkling the head with the coldest oils, as oil of roses being sprinkled aloft on the fore part of the head. Also the best remedy for dryness is sleep, where heat & moisture, are commixed together, as it chanceth in that kind of dropsy, in which plenty of salt humours be heaped in the stomach and belly, or in those which have their stomach stuffed with salt phlegm, than vinegar is the best remedy. It is also good for them to soup the juice of quinces or pears, or verjuice with water. If humours choleric or salt swimming in the stomach, or drowned & stuffed in it do provoke thirst, them you must minister medicines which can purge out those humours. Afterward you must use medicines which do restrain and comfort the stomach and strengthen it, Examples whereof you must seek before. They which thirst through drinking of much old wine, are helped with drinking of cold water and other things rehearsed in lib. 1. cap. 14. CAP. FOUR Of pain in the stomach. DE DOLORE STOMACHI. PAIN of the stomach is caused when naughty venomous and gnawing humours be kept in the stomach, whereby it chanceth that through intolerable gnawing they 'cause swooning, which they call stomachica. The disease is known by the continual pricking and gnawing of the mouth of the stomach. In this evil you must give him meats that do cool, and which may bring strength to the stomach (as is) lettuce and purcelaine taken with vinegar. Diet. Also pomegranates, and Oranges, pears, sharp grapes, and such like. Also bread being steeped in very cold water is good. Also let his other meats be such that will easily digest, and yet not easy to corrupt (as be) chickens, partridge, birds of mountains, & such like sodden with verjuice. Also fishes bred among stones, sodden with vinegar, lemons, and the sharp juice of Citrons. Likewise let the sick drink water wherein hath been sodden a little cinnamon, or give him thin watery wine. Curatio. For the cure in the beginning you must provoke vomit by the remedies aforesaid. Then after that also he must purge downward, by Hierapicra taking. Which things being done, you must use remedies to strengthen the stomach both inwardly and outwardly, as is taught in the 2. chap. and in other places also. CAP. V Of inflammation of the stomach. DE INFLAMMATIONE VENTRICULI. INFLAMMATION of the stomach is caused no otherwise then the inflammation of other parts of the body (that is to say) through the flowing together of abundance of hot blood. Signs hereof, is exceeding great pain continually, which cannot be mitigated with any medicines that be applied to it. Moreover there is swelling and burning which you may feel. Alsoe a fever, Victus ratio. heaviness, and appetite to meat. The diet (like as it is in other inflammations) must be thin, small, and exquisite. Therefore he must use juice of ptisan: and he must abstain from flesh, and wine, and from other hot meats. Let the sick drink water, wherein hath been sodden a little cinnamon, or juice of sour pomegarnates, or of some other fruit that is cold and restringent. Let him sleep little, and let him not talk much. Let him eschew as much as he can sadness, Curatio. and let him remain in an air meanly cold. You must begin the cure with letting of blood, if there be fullness of the whole body, and strength of the sick. You must cut the inward vain of the arm, and you must draw blood according to the strength of the patiented. After this you must apply outwardly those things that do repress and restrain, specially upon the place where the pain and swelling do most appear. For the stomach, specially the mouth of it, hath ever need of the commixing of those things that do restrain, but most of all when it hath an inflammation. Therefore those which do attempt the cure with loosening remedies only, without the commixing of those things that do strengthen the stomach, they 'cause peril of death. Therefore always whether it be an oil that the inflamed member be nourished withal, or a soft plaster laid upon that member, you must commix some restringent thing with them. Therefore for this purpose it is good to apply to it oil wherein wormwood or quinces hath been sodden, commixed together with mastic; Also the juice of quinces, or pears, putting to it read roses, barley meal, sanders, Ceramen. bowl armoniac, and such like. Also you may use this cerate. ℞. barley meal. ℥. ss. white sanders, and read roses. ana. ʒ. ij. bowl armoniac. ʒ. j.ss. aloes, mastic. ana. ʒ. j. wormwood nutmegs, balaustiae. ana. ʒ. ss. oils of mastic, and roses. ana. ℥. j.ss. with wax & turpentine as much as is sufficient, make a cerot to lay upon the stomach. But if there be need of great restriction (as it chanceth then, when the stomach is so weak that it cannot hold and retain meat) you may commix with the said things verjuice, or juice of wormwood, or hipocischidos, & sumach, and such like. All these things. if the inflammation be vehement, must be applied to the grief cold. And if the belly doth sand forth nothing, you must provoke it with easy clysters. Nor he worketh unwisely, that doth minister. ℥. ss. of casia fistula dissolved in endiven water, after that the burning heat is somewhat abated. Also at that time you may commix with the restrictive medicines, which you apply outwardly, many things that do discuss and dissolve (as is) fenugreeke meal, flowers of chammomill, and Althee, & lineseed; you must never (as we warned you before, Noah not at that time, when there floweth no more to the grief, & that cannot be driven back, which is contained in the diseased member) you must nor I say at that time, neither use only loosening medicines, or only dissolving medicines: but always you must commix with them restrictive things which have power to preserve and keep the strength of the stomach. Therefore at that time you must use this emplaster. Emplastri●●. ℞. the meal of linseed and fenugreeke. ana. ℥. ss, seed of dill. ʒ. ij. flowers of chammomill & melilote. ana. ℥. ss. wormwood, balaustie, read roses. ana. ℥ two hypocischidis. ℈ two oils of Chammomill, lilies, roses, mastic, ana. ℥. ss. hens grease, and goose grease, ana. ʒ. ij. commix them all together, and make an emplaster. But before it be applied, it is not in vain to anoint the stomach with this ointment. ℞. oils of Camomile, dill, and quinces, ana. ʒ. iij. powder of the root of Althoea, wormwood, unguentum. linseed. ana. ℈ i wax sufficient, make an ointment. CAP VI Of abhorring of meat. DE CIBI FASTIDIO. ABHORRING of meat, or losing of appetite doth chance either through losing of the sense of sucking of the veins, which is natural hunger, Vomitus. Causae. as Galen witnesseth libro primo, de sympt. causis. cap. 7. or because there is no sucking out, or because the body is not emptied. Also sometime it chanceth through some hot distempure, specially of the stomach, which distempure doth dissolve the hard and sound members by losing of them, and maketh them weaker in drawing: but the moist members, it stretcheth out unmeasurably by shedding. Sometime it is caused through abundance of vicious humours contained in the stomach: & through immoderate flux of the belly and bowels: also through overmuch bloudletting. Also the sick doth abhor meat in continual and vehement fevers, also in inflammations of the stomach, the liver and the matrice, and for many other causes which need not to be rehearsed here. The signs which betoken a hot distempure, Signa. are rehearsed before in the first chapter. Those which abhor meat, through the vice of choleric humours, are troubled with gnawing of the stomach, and with appetite to vomit, and with thirst. Those that have humours that be rotten, they have sometime a fever. But those which have lothinge of meat through gross and clammy humours, they neither feel gnawing of the stomach nor thirst. But commonly to all there cometh disposition to vomit. If loathing of meat doth come about the beginning of the disease, or about the vigour and strength of it, which the pacientes strength may yet suffer, it causeth no peril, for the sick need but little nourishment. But if loss of appetite do come in the declination of the whole disease, or in long weakness, or in lack of strength, or of unmeasurable purging, it is not without peril and danger. This evil is increased of age. For children are unluckily troubled with this disease (that is to say) such as are devourers by nature, and have need of continual nourishment. Therefore if children have this disease, great excess above nature is signified by it. For cure of this disease, Curatio. if the loss of appetite be caused through weakness of the stomach, you must mark what distempure doth weaken the strength, and you must cure it by contraries to that distempure, as is before taught. If the presence of vicious humours do cause loathing of meat, if those humours be thin and gnawing: you must first begin, before any other thing be ministered, to purge the humours contained in the stomach by vomit. And if the patient doth vomit uneasilie, minister unto him soupinges, and other nourishmentes which do moisten, that they may drive those humours down into the belly, and drive them out beneath, or purge the womb with hierapicra. Then we must bring the body to a good temper, with such things as be meet for that purpose. Those that do abhor meat through gross and clammy humours, you shall cure them by extenuating and cutting the humours as well with Oxymell, as also with those medicines, that are made of this and other sauces, as with Capares, olives, musterde-seede, and such like declared in the first Chapter. If loathing of meat happen through inflammation, or stopping of any other part of the body, than you must go about the curing of that member or part. And you must go about to provoke appetite again, only by odoramentes, either by odour and smelling of wine infused, or decoction of quinces, or pears. Also you shall go about the same thing with soft annoyntinges with oils, as oils of roses, mastic, and such like, & moderate frictions & rubbings of the body. Also insessions to be applied to the loins & share. Also let meats be prepared of diverse and sundry kinds, and after the daintiest fashion, that besides their sweetness, they may entice and provoke their appetite, first of the best kind of corn, and such as doth nourish much, as is Alica washed with the decoction of dates and damascene prunes: rear eggs, birds of the mountains that be lean and of no strong savour: swine's feet much consumed in seething. For if he only taste such meats, they nourish the body sufficiently. Whatsoever you minister, aught to be of such sort, that it may easily be devoured and swallowed. For those things that require much chewing, do cause unpleasantness, and put away appetite. Nor you may not neglect to apply outwardly upon the stomach besides the ointments, emplasters made of dates, quinces, wormwood, and such like. Also Cerates made of the same things, examples whereof you must seek before. CAP. VII. Of a doglike appetite. DE APPETENTIA CANINA. A Doglike appetite is contrary to loss of appetite. For they that are thus diseased, they desire much meat: and when they can not restrain their appetite, they devour in meat without measure: then they being heavy with the multitude of meat, and their stomach not being able to bear the meats, that are in it, without hurt, they turn to vomiting. Then afterward they fill themselves with meat, and again they return to vomiting like dogs. It is caused through cold distempure of the stomach, or through vicious and sharp humours which do gnaw and prick the mouth of the stomach. For cold vicious humours do 'cause a gnawing much like the proportion of sucking, and do raise appetite of meat. Also sometime it chanceth through unmeasurable dissipation and spreading abroad of the whole body, which do follow either the violence of heat, or the weakness of the virtue retentive. Cold distempure of the stomach is known by evil digestion, windiness, romblinge, and many egestions or sieges, and by other tokens declared before in the first Chapter. Sharp humours are known by sour belchings, and much egestion, and very thin. If it be caused of unmeasurable dissipation and spreading abroad, and that through heat which consumeth the meat like fire, and rarefieth the skin: then the egestions sent out by the belly, be less in quantity, than the meat that is eaten, and also the egestions be drier: But if that dissipation come through weakness of the retentive virtue, which cannot master the meats: Curat●●. then there is much dejection, and casting out of those things that are eaten. For the Cure, cold distempure must be healed, as is taught in the first chapter of this book. If Doglike and unmeasurable appetite be caused of sharp humours stuffed in the mouth of the stomach, Cure if it be of sharp humours. and as it were, water soaked into a sponge: you must minister in the beginning, Hierapicra Galeni. For this doth not only heat, but also it doth cut of and make clean, and draw out from the depth of the mouth of the stomach, humours that be stuffed in it, and it causeth them to avoid downward. And yet it addeth strength to the stomach, that afterward it will not easily receive any hurtful humour. Therefore that is the best remedy for vicious humours, stuffed in the stomach, to bring them forth. It is ministered the weight of ʒ. iiij. with wine infused with warm water. If a child doth labour of this disease, which cannot drink the medicine for bitterness, make ʒ. j. or ij. of it in pills, and anoint it outwardly with honey, and let them swallow them down. Seeing that for the most part, this evil chanceth of sharp and sour phlegm, you must use such meats and medicines, as have power to cut, divide, scour, and heat, as be, garlic, leeks, time, savoury, origan, pennyroyal; and such like. Therefore the humours that be vicious being purged in the beginning, you must let them use this diet. Let not their bread be new, nor well leavenned, with the which also you must mix things that provoke urine, as is, anise seed, Caraway seed, Commin, parsley, and such like. Let his meats be fat and oily. Also soupinges are good, that do destroy appetite, as be pottage made with much honey, and much oil, or goose grease, hens grease, or swine's grease. Let his pot herbs be mallows. Also give him the brains and fattest parts of birds, and of fishes likewise, and those things that do altogether destroy appetite, and cause fullness, and that do nourish but little, although they be eaten in great quantity. You may well give them great plenty of wine, even as much as they can drink, and such wine that doth heat greatly, as those do that be yellow in colour, thin in substance, sweet in smelling, and without restriction. For this doth heat the stomach, and destroy the sharpness of humours, so that often such wine with fat and oily meats, sufficeth for the perfect cure. 2. Apho. 21. As Hypocrates saith, drinking of wine easeth hunger. And you must give wine, aswell to them that be fasting, as to them also which have eaten meat, although they be not yet a thirst. But you must give it to them that be fasting, hot, or warm at the lest. He must abstain from all sour and restrictive meats and drinks, but specially from fruit. Let their banqueting meats be pistacium, Almonds, pine nuts, and olives with honey. Minister also unto them milk, as well alone, as also with wine called Passum, or with honey, so that nevertheless, you must take heed that you give it not to those, that are wont to have it wax sour in their stomach, for to those it doth more hurt than good. But if it be well digested, it doth not only stop the appetite, but it softeneth the belly being stopped, and stoppeth his fluxes. Also you must make potions and fine cakes with milk, and give them to him, as be, marchpanes and Rise sodden with milk. Also he must wash now and then, and make fat their skin largely. This kind of cure you must use as long, as the sick is diseased, and till he be clean whole. If the doglike appetite through unmeasurable scattering abroad, opening, and dissipation, then in such a disease it is good to thicken the skin, Cure if it come of immoderate dissipation. and make it grosser with oil made of unripe Olives, or oils of roses, or of myrtles, or any other wherein any restrictive thing hath been sodden with a soft fire. Let the sick remain in an air, that is cold and perspirable. Let him eschew hot air and hot baths. Also let him eschew wine and all things as well outwardly as inwardly that do heat. Let his drink be cold water or decoction of Cinnamon. Put the sick in a cold bath if nothing do let it as slenderness and leanness of the body, or the coldness of some member of the body, as the breast or some other. You must give unto them meats that be stable, durable, and hard to corrupt, as be periwinkles, and all kinds of shell fish, if they be sodden with water twice changed. Also swine's flesh being in full strength and specially the belly. Also fat bieffe, and all things that be all fat, and that do swim in the stomach, and be hard to be digested and distributed. For there be some, that have this disease, which by reason of a sharp & biting heat, and as it were a feverous heat in them which do digest and consume bieffe and other things hard of digestion with less labour than fishes of stony places, and such like things which be easy of digestion. Of eggs those are good for them, which be sodden till they be hard, or fried in a frying pan. Give them manchet made of fat broths without honey. Also rice sodden with butter, and unleavened bread. Look how much the evil is abated, & so much you must abate of the gross meats that you are wont to give, and you must minish the restrictive things also that you lay without. For some time the vehemency of the appetite being abated, when the body is filled with crude and gross humours, it turneth into some other worse disease. Among restrictive medicines besides those things which are aforesaid you must use this ointment. ℞. oils of myrtles, Diet. Cure of colic caused of sharp & gnawing humours. unguentum adstringens. and quinces. ana. ℥. ss. oil of roses. ℥ i juice of plantain. ʒ. ij. read sanders, mastic, bistorta, read roses. ana. ʒ. j. bowl armoniac. ℈ two Hipochistidos', acatia, sanguis draconis. ana. ℈ i wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment. CAP VIII. Of great famine. DE BULIMO. BULIMOS in Greek is nothing else, but great, and vehement famine or hunger. It is caused through coldness of the stomach, Victus ratio. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Causae. and for want and wakeness of strength, and in a man it taketh his beginning altogether of outward cold for long journeys, specially when there is snow causeth this disease. It is known thus. In the beginning there is felt much hunger, Stupefac●●tia. which for all that, doth not long endure. For afterward the heart of the patiented beginneth to fail him with coldness of the extreme parts, and want of spirit and breath. You must apply remedies for this disease by and by, because there be that in desert places, Philonium. Pilulae de Cynegloss●. Curatio. or in baths, being suddenly taken with this disease, do perish for lack of help. Therefore they that are troubled with great hunger, in a journey without a fever, or any other ways, you must recomfort them with vinegar, or pennyroyal, given them to smell unto, or earth whatsoever it be, sprinkled with vinegar, or apples, or pears, or such other like fruit which is next hand. Also new bread holden to the nose doth help, and cheese of good savour. Also pork roasted or sodden, and universally all that doth nourish much: but especially that which hath savour of roasted meat, and is well seasoned, and hath a sufficient savour. For by such odours and savours they that have this disease, are for the most part refreshed, seeing there is nothing (as we said before in the second book, the fourteenth chapter) that doth refresh and renew the strength sooner than odours. Moreover you must bind the extreme parts of them with bands, and you must put the tips of their hands and feet in very hot water, and you must raise them and stir them, as well by pricking of the cheeks, as also by pulling of the hear and ears. And when he is somewhat come again to himself, you shall minister unto him bread infused in wine, or some such thing, which doth restore strength very quickly, (as be) rear eggs, Alica with wine. The next remedy they must look for by meat, which if they can not take when it is offered them, you must put it into the mouth violently, and compel them to swallow it, for by and by after that, they are delivered from their great hunger, and from their fainting, and are raised quickly. For this purpose are good also the Antidotes, which are compounded of diverse sweet odours (as is) Aromaticum Rosarum, Diamber, Dianthon, diamoschi, Alipta moschata, and such other like. And if this disease chance to come in fevers (which is seldom seen) and if it doth rush in suddenly about the declination of fits belonging to fevers, you may minister meat without fear. But if it chance in the beginning of the augmentation or in the vigour and strength of the fever, the sick must be refreshed by the odoraments aforesaid, and specially by those things that have corn in them, as is Polenta, wet with water, Po●tia is barely steeped in water the right, then dried, then fried and then ground. or hot bread that sendeth forth a burning savour. Also you must use frictions & rubbings of the extreme parts, & apply plasters made of dates, or quinces sodden in wine▪ and this must you do until the declining of the fit, that you may safely give him meat. And if the sick be never the better through these things, you must venture to help him by giving of meat. Therefore minister juice of Ptysan, or one morsel or other wet in wine that is white and thin. For they being refreshed and as it were suddenly called back, they afterward come to the declining of the fit. We must eschew altogether in them that have this disease, long delay from meat, and hunger. For you shall give him every hour very little meat, for it taketh away great famine, and the fainting whereby the sick is eased. And that it is lawful to nourish and give meat to the sick in a fit, Galene teacheth, libro decimo, method. capite tertio. CAP IX. Of evil digestion. DE CRUDITATE. RAWNESS of the stomach or ill digestion, is, when as the meat is not altogether changed. Cruditas. The causes of it, is distempure in the stomach, inflammations, Causae. hardness, impostumes, and such other like. Sometime the meats remain raw and undigested, although the stomach be not diseased: either through immoderate devouring of meats and drinks at one time, or through the evil and vicious qualities of the meats themselves. Or through heating of them out of due time, or through inordinate taking of them: or through some vicious superfluity growing: or through short sleeping as Galene saith, libro tertio de symptomatum causis capite primo. Curatio. Signa. The diversity of causes be known partly by the tale of the patiented, and them that be about them: and partly by certain tokens. By the tale of the sick, and of them that be about him, you may know whether meats and drinckes have been taken immoderately, or out of due season, or inordinately. Also you may know of them the shortness of sleeping: you may know if the meats their selves were of evil qualities by his belkinges and savours, like things roasted or burned. For in them that be hot and choleric, the belkinges or corruptions savour like meat roasted or burned. But in them, that be of a cold nature and more fleugmatike, the corruptions are sour or sharp. Likewise you must judge of excrements that be fleugmatike and cold, they 'cause sour corruptions, but those that be hot and mixed with bitter choler, do cause savour like burned meat. Likewise judge of the stomach being▪ any otherwise evil at ease, for if the disease be could, it causeth sharp and sour permutations, but if it be hot, it causeth a burning savour. When perfect crudity and rawness is engendered without corruption, in such sort, that the meats do remain altogether even as they were eaten: by this you may know that the stomach is overcome, either through great quantity of meats, or through vehement could taken in a hot thirst. Therefore if you would not have this crudity and evil digestion, Cure of it come of 〈◊〉. you must beware of all the aforesaid things (that is) that you neither offend in the quantity, nor quality, nor order, nor due season of the taking of your meat: and that you eat those things only, which you are able to digest, and not that, which appetite requireth. Therefore you must especially take diligent heed to the measure, and quantity of your meat, and you must refrain your appetite, and eat no more than your strength is able to suffer. Also you must beware of evil order (that is) that you do not first eat quinces, or pomegranates, or some such like thing: and afterward to eat pot herbs out of oil of sauce made with salted fish, or other things which do soften the belly. Also you must eschew eating out of due season (that is) that you do not eat before some moderate exercise, or before yesterdays meat be well descended, and also not before your accustomed hour. Also you must eschew all things that be hard by nature to digest: as is flesh that is hard by nature, that is, bieffe and hearts flesh, also eschew all old flesh. Also you must beware of meats that be fat, or that be powdered in salt, and stolen kept. Among potherbs, those that be very hot, or very could, or also those that engender wind, be hurtful. Eschew fishes, which are hard and dried by long keeping. Also abstain from meats that be corrupt, or that do stink, or smell ilfavouredlie. Refrain from sweet fruit, or that, which doth engender windiness, or that which is corrupt. Also eschew junkets which be hard of digestion. Also you must eschew meats that be strange and unaccustomed, and that have the power of a medicine, as people use to commix in their tarts and fine cakes, but you must eat your meat in due time not greedily nor in gobbets, nor swallow it not without chewing. Neither let your drink interrupt and disturb your meat: for that doth hinder the vnitinge and knitting together of the meat: and causeth each piece to swim from other. After meat eaten, you must eschew unequal and troubleouse motions. Also eschew heat and could, for those things do stop the digestion of meat. But calefaction and chaufing of the sides, and rubbing of the feet do help digestion. And if there be heaviness about the stomach, so that through it a certain painfulness be spread throughout the whole body, than lay your hand being stretched forth, upon the mouth of your stomach, or apply to it a fleshy infant, for as Galen sayeth, it is much better and more natural, than the heat which is procured by Fomentes. For which cause, some do say little whelps, while they rest upon their stomach, which doth increase the abundance of heat, that digesteth the meat. Also you must procure sleep in the night equal and without disturbance. For this: you must prepare to lie strait and let your head be boulstered up high, and in your lying, you must incline towards the left side. And if you can not sleep, you must lie without turning or stirring of your body, and keep it still in one form of lying, for often stirrings and tossings do disturb the meats, and make the body windy & the bowels likewise. Curatio. The cure must be diverse according to the diversity of the causes. For hot distempure of the stomach requireth one kind of curing, and cold distempure requireth another kind. Also inflammation of the stomach requireth another kind of cure, and hardness or impostumations another kind, and all those cures you shall seek out in the proper chapters. For here it sufficeth to say thus much. When there cometh an unpleasant belching, declaring manifestly that there is corruption of meats: without prolonging you must provoke vomit, and by drinking of warm water, you must constrain all that is corrupt to come forth. For if they remain in the stomach, they 'cause tormenting and wrestling and heaviness of the head: and sometimes they send forth choler upward and downward, Clyster. Vomitus. or they cause flux of the womb or fevers. Therefore such as can not digest but hardly, we accustom them long time before, that they may vomit easily, for that is best in many perils. And if any be hard to vomit by nature, and be ill disposed to drink could things, in any cause it is not inconvenient to give him a cup of pure could water to drink, for the stomach being strengthened, it soon thrusteth out those things that stick in it, and sendeth them down to the lower parts. Then the next day let the sick be kept in quiet and rest, and use rubbinges of his feet, and chafing of the sides, until the rumbling and windiness break out beneath, and until the belkinges do come forth with a gentler quality. And then it is good to rise up, that first the belly may send out the corrupt things by siege, and afterward let the sick walk moderately, and let him be idle, because of the troubled vapours, which be ascended into the head through corruption. After this he must apply his mind to daily business without perturbation and indignation. Then again the belly must be provoked to avoid those things that remain yet. afterward you must bid him rest, and you must power upon and nourish the feet with warm water: and the face being washed with pure could water, let him rest in his bed, and procure him to sleep by all means. After which let him use a little walking, and then a bath. After bathinge let him take meat moderately, Long pepper helpeth digestion. and that which the body is able to digest. But yet you may not overpass medicines that do help digestion, as is pepper, especially long pepper, which doth only help digestion. But if you have it not at that present, you may use white pepper, and if you have not that neither, take black pepper. Also for the same, Diacotoneon is good, and diospoliticum. Also there be other things to be applied as well inwardly as outwardly both simples and compounds, to strengthen the stomach, which are rehearsed in the former chapters. But all these medicines (especially such as do pierce quickly, as is Caraway seeds, fennel seeds, Apium, lovage seed, parsley seed, ammeos, pepper, ginger and such like) must be given two hours before meat: but after meat you must never take them: for then there is dispersed together with them some of the crude meats, and causeth obstructions. Therefore let them be used most before meat after the rubbings in the morning, and two hours before exercise. CAP. X. Of windiness of the stomach. DE INFLATIONE VENTRICULI. Causae. THe stomach is windy through the windiness that is engendered in it. Windiness is engendered through fleugmaticke humours in the stomach, or else through meats dissolved into vapours through want and debility of heat. For cold only doth cause no windiness, because it can neither extenuate nor dissolve meat. Vehement heat for the most part, overcoming those things that it comprehendeth, it extenuateth and maketh thin the meat, so that no vapours can engender thereof: unless it be easy to turn into windines, of the own nature. But the windiness that is so engendered is troublous and cloudy: and also it is but little, and endureth but a little while, so that at one belkinge or other it vanisheth away strait. The heat that worketh in the meats, if it be but of little force and strength, (that is) doth somewhat dissolve them, but not altogether consume them, thereof must needs engender windines, (as Galen teacheth lib. 30. de sympto causis. 70. They that are thus diseased, have stretching out and heaviness of the stomach: Signa. also sometime swelling, and a certain bowing out of the mouth of the stomach, and of the stomach itself: also empty belchings do come, sometimes lightening a little, and a stopping of the windines which is wont to break downward. Also this evil sometimes is all over the breast, and sometime behind, about the backbone and back, and rusheth among the joints, and often it occupieth both places. Besides these things there is vehement pain in drawing of breath, because of the pressing down together of the midriff, so that some do feel like as though they were choked. They are eased by the meat going downward, and by windines breaking out either by belching, or by the belly. Also rumbling and noise is hard within. Therefore if the windines of the stomach be caused of phlegmatic meats: Cure if it be of inflammation. you must minister an extenuating diet, and such medicines, as do divide and purge phlegm, which we taught in the first chapter of this book. But if the windines be engendered through want & weakness of heat, he must use meats easy of digestion, and of good juice. Also you must eat but little: for fasting is very good for this disease. After all the meat you must minister wine that is pure and unwixed: but yet he must eschew much drink, as a deadly enemy. Also let him eschew fruit and eating of moist oils. Also let him use hot baths in great vessels, for those do mitigate so often and dissolve windines wheresoever it be, and provoke sleep. And when sleep cometh, it easeth the patient much because it helpeth digestion marvelously. And as for medicines, let them use this decoption. ℞. Calamint, mints, wild mints, camomile, origan, Decoctum. peniroiall. ana. M.j. wormwood. M. ss. seeds of annyse, apium, coming, daucus, parsley, fennel. ana. ʒ. iij. seeds of nettles, caraways. ana. ʒ. ij. of the root of Enula Campana. ℥ two seath these in just quantity of water, till the third part be consumed: then strain them, and put to sufficient sugar to make the juice of that decoction sweet, and put to that liquor, of syrup of Calamint. ℥ iij and make a potion whereof let the sick drink every day, in the morning. ℥ four Or let him use this powder. ℞. the powders of Dianysum, diacuninum, diacalum, inthes, ana. ℈ two seeds of Annyse, Tritura. daucus & fennel. ana. ℈ i quibbybes, cloves. ana. ℈ ij ginger. ℈. pepper. ʒ. j. sugar lib. ss. commix them altogether and make a powder. They which have taken meat, but a little before, must first vomit. Also you must minister suppositories made of things that entice windines. After this sort. ℞. honey sodden ℥ two seeds of rue, coming, and fennel. ana. ℈ i seeds of Careawayes & anise. ana. ʒ. ss. salt. ℈ two commixed them altogether and make supposisitaries. If the womb be very costive, you must cast in a Clyster made thus. Teretes. Glandes'. ℞. of the decoction above taught. lib. j of benedicta laxativa. ʒ.vij. oils of worewood, rue, & dil, Clyster. ana. ℥ i goose grease and hens grease without salt. ana. ʒ. ij.ss. common salt, ʒ. j. commix altogether, & make a clyster. In this disease you must anoint the stomach outwarly with the oils aforesaid or make a little bunch of wool, and wet it in the aforesaid oils, being warmed, & apply it to the stomach. And upon the buntch of wool being wound up together, strew coming beaten, or seed of Apium or dill. If the disease endure long apply to it plasters made of line seed, barely meal, darnel meal, coming, dill seed, or Apium, or fennel beaten, the tops of century and such other like, or apply this cerote. Ceratum. ℞ oils of rue, dill, narde, and laurel. ana. ℥ i meal of linseed, and fenugreek ana. ʒ. j.ss. seeds of Apium, careawayes, and Nigella Romana, ana. ʒ. j. laurel berries, and Centorie ana. ʒ. j.ss. gum ammoniacke, and opoponax ana. ʒ. ij. wax and rosin as much as is sufficient, make a Cerate. Also a great cupping glass comprehending the navel every where, being applied with great flame, is a remedy in this disease. Also Castoreum drunk with Posca, and also applied outwardly with oil of dill, is good. CAP. XI. Of yelking or hicket. DE SINGULTV. YELKING is motion of the stomach, and it is as it were a cramp of the stomach raised of the expulsive virtue which goeth about to thrust forth evil & hurtful things. Causae. 6. Aph. 39 This disease is caused for the most part, either of fullness or of emptiness, as Hypocrates Witnesseth. Also sometimes it is caused through the biting and gnawing of sharp humours. Also the meat being turned into a gnawing quality, and so corrupted, causeth some to yelke. Also coldness of the mouth of the stomach, and corruption of the food causeth yelking, which causeth children specially to have the hicket often. Also yelking engendereth in fevers, specially when the stomach or some other bowel is inflamed. The outward causes are easily known by the telling of the sick and them that be about him. Fullness is known by heaviness and emtines by those things that went before. You may know if the meat be corrupt by the burnt savour of it. But you shall know sharpness by gnawing, pricking and pulling. Therefore when yelking is engendered of coldness, you must lay upon the stomach, wool dipped in the oil, Cure of priking of cold. wherein hath been sodden rue, coming and wormwood. Also oil of mastic, and of Castoreum being anointed doth profit. To children warm linen clotheses being applied to, do help often. They that be of full age, minister to them to drink wine or Apium sodden in aqua mulsa, or coming beaten, or Asarum or pennyroyal, each of these by himself or else mixed with other. Also squilliticke vinegar is good to soup. Also give thenʒ. j. of Castoreum with Posca, aswell against yelking caused of cold: as also, if it be caused through multitude of humours. Also if it be applied outwardly to the stomach with old oil, it is good for both the said griefs. Moreover holding of the breath which doth increase heat, Cure of yelking of ●u●nes. is a present remedy for them that do yelke through cold. When yelking is caused of fullness, vomiting is the best remedy. If there be gross humours, they must be extenuate and cut with oxymel scylliticum, and calamint and horehound their decoction, & such like before rehearsed. Aversion. afterward you must apply those things which may draweth aboundannce of humours a contrary way, and turn them clean aside. For which purpose are good those things which do purge downward, and specially clysters, bindings & rubbings of the extreme parts, and cupping glasses with much flame, fasted to the breast, to the stomach and to the back. Also these things are good for them, long and quick walking, 6 Aph. 13. bearinges about and chief riding. Also it is good for them to sneeses as Hypocrates saith. For when the yelking is caused of fullness there is need of violent moving. Also handsome calling loud, with much clamour, and with holding of the breath is good for them. Moreover the stomach must be strengthened by medicines ministered as well inwardly as outwardly. Inwardly by comforting Electuaries, and outwardly by applying of ointmets, emplasters and cerotes before taught. Yelking, that is caused of emptiness, is cured by giving to the patiented convenient food, and by those things that do fill his wanting: which partly be afore taught, & abundantly spoken of hereafter in the cure of the fever Ethicke. It doth much good in this kind of yelking, to anoint the joints of the neck and the back with moisting oil, (as is) oils of violets and of sweet almonds. But if yelking be caused of gnawing things, first we found that vomiting is a sufficient remedy for it: than also stupefaction of feeling, and such things as do altar the gnawing. The senses be astonied and stupefact by cooling things, Pillulae de cyngi●sta. for which purpose you must minister philonium, or pills of hounds tongue, which do profit marvelously in this disease, you must use them thus. You must make of one drachm, six pills, whereof let the sick take one before he go to bed. The mordacitie and gnawing is altered and driven away by medicines which do stop, attenuate, and dry. Stoppers of gnawing be these, juice of Endive drunk, cucumber seeds husked and beaten being drunk, lettuce seed likewise taken. Also juice of purcelaine drunk, & purslane itself taken in meat. Also Sebesten dectoction taken in drink, but specially above all Ass' milk is good. Or if you have not that, cows milk new milked is good being drunk. For the same purpose minister conserve of roses, or of violets, or of water lilies diarrhodon, diatrion fautalon. julep of violets of Nimpheae (that is) water lilies and such like. P●stillus. The Throchiskes do stop, extenuate and dry up. ℞. Costus, saffron, spikenard, green roses, mastic, ana. ℥. ss. asarum, aloës. ana. ʒ. ij. opium. ʒ.j. with juice of psillium. make trochiskes, of the which give ʒ. ss. or ʒ. j. Note that opium, and the roses, & the juice of psillium be of a cold operation. The spikenard doth discuss, dissolve and corroborated. The Asarum doth bring out the vicious humours by urine. The Aloës doth purge out the vicious humours, and drive them out beneath at the siege. The saffron digesteth and strengtheneth the parts, for by his temperament of heat he causeth digestion, and by his restrictive virtue which he hath, he addeth strength. The costus doth sufficiently heat, and moderately restrain, which you may perceive by his taste. Galen commendeth this medicine very much lib. 8. de comp. Med. secundum locos. cap. 3. CAP. XII. Of Choler. DE CHOLERA. CHOLERA in Latin, is an immoderate perturbation of the stomach caused by vomit both upward and downward. The barbarous sort call this disease, Cholerica passio: they that have this disease be called of the Latins Cholerici. Causae. Cholerici Sausae. It is caused through much crudity and rawness of the stomach and ill digestion, which many times engendereth of great wickedness of the meats and sometime through abundance of vicious humours also. The signs whereby this evil is known be very manifest: for they avoid both upward and downward: also there followeth thirst and sweat, & short pulse and drawing up, Signa. and stretching out of the muscles of the hands, and feet, and specially of the calf of the legs. Therefore seeing this evil is most sharp and doth cause very grievous soundings, if it endure long, you must do your diligence, that you help it by and by without any tarrying. Curatio c●car●●. Curatio. No Physician, if he see this disease to be engendered through abundance of vicious humours, will in the beginning all at once go about to stop that which is sent forth, for seeing they be unprofitable & hurtful they have need of purging. Therefore if the patiented hath disposition to vomit, and be troubled with undigested meats remaining in the stomach, you must give him warm water, and then he must vomit by his finger or a feather put into his mouth. But you may not provoke vomit by ministering of Aqua mulsa, nor with water mixed with oil: because these things do increase the fluxes, and cause mordacitie and writhinges. Also you must help the matter that purgeth downward: for a strange poison as it were being within doth gnaw the stomach and the guts, and draweth the humours from the whole body, you must minister unto him the easiest purging medicines as is Aloës, Casia fistularis, decoctions of Mirabolanes and such like. After that the superfluous things be brought forth, than he must rest, and it is good to nourish the sides with oils of Mastic, or nard, or wormwood, and to cause sleep. You must commix sometime with the aforesaid other things which can strengthen the stomach, which be afore taught, and with them you must make oitmentes. When there appear exact and perfect concoction and digestion, use baths of sweet water, & meats of good juice. Among which is broth of chickens with verjuice, the flesh of small birds of mountains, rear eggs & such like. In drink let him use juice of Pomegranates, or syrup of roses, or water wherein burning steel hath been quenched three or four times. But when the evil hath endured long, and hath caused slenderness and leans throughout the body, and specially if the belly or stomach do rest after the removing from his place, and that the pulse be less, and thicker, than you must bind the extreme and uttermost parts by bands, and you must make them fast by much oil. Also apply to the stomach Cataplasms, and emplasters, made of restrictive and strengthening things, as those be which are made of dates, hypocischidos, Acatia, Sumach, bowl armomacke, frankincense, balaustiae, roses, and fruit of myrtles. Also it is an effectious remeady, if a linen cloth wet in the juice of crabs, be laid upon the stomach, or this Cerate. ℞. of the oils of Roses, mirtells, Emplastrum. Scu●●● stomachi. & quinces ana. ℥ .j mastic, frankincense, acatia. ana. ʒ. ij. hypocischidos. ʒ. j.ss. sanders white and red. ana. ʒ. j. balustiae, dragon's blood. ana. ʒ. ss. bowl armoniac ʒ. j. wax and roson as much as is sufficient, make a Cerate to lay upon the stomach covered with silk. In drinking give him the measure of one Cyathe of cold water to soup of (that is) ℥. j.ss. but you must beware that it be not over cold, A Cyathe is, ℥. j.ss. for that being given suddenly is vomited up again, and sometime with his stupor and coldness it hurteth very extremely the natural heat, or it causeth inflammation of the stomach, or of some of the bowels. And you may sometime drop into the water, a little of the juice of sharp pomegranates, or of roses, or of the decoction of vine branches. And if those things that be voided forth be very sharp; and that thirst and burning do trouble the patiented: then minister cucumber seeds with three Cyathes of water. Also you may give it commodiously with Amylum. Then also minister endive or lettuce or both sodden in Posca. Afterward procure sleep and rest by all means: but if the flux will not be stopped, and the pulse decay between this and that, and that cold and sweat do take him, and also sometime yelking, you must come to wine that is meanly restrictive, which is not very strong, but yet sweet & not odoriferous. And put into it, warm if it may be, or else cold, crumbs of bread or Alica, and so by little and little at sundry times let them soup it up. But yet they must eschew much quantity of wine, & by all means you must go about to bring them to sleep, by strewing the pavement of the house, with roses, vine leaves, briar, and such like afore taught. Also apply odouraments to the nose, as roses, quinces, and such like, also anoint soporiferous and sleepy ointments about the temples and forehead. If he go to the stool still, cast in by a clyster Amylum with decoction of poppy heads, for it doth both restrain and cool and cause sleep. To stop vomits, Constriction of vomits. it is good to eat and devour the juice of medlars, quinces, pomegranates and pears. If with these remedies, and others that be taught before in the 2. chapter of this book, the sick cannot keep & brook his meat: you must apply without upon the stomach a very great cupping glass lightly. Against the contractions and drawing up of the muscles, you must wind about the muscles, linen clotheses soaked in warm oil, and apply moist Cerates and ointmentes, wherein is put some Castoreum and oil of ireos. You shall find examples enough of those in the chapter of the palsy before in the first book. When the disease decreaseth, you must refresh and restore the patiented again, with good meats as chickens, doves, hens, partriche, wood culver, and ousills, or blackbirdes and such like. CAP. XIII. Of the flux diarrhea. DE diarrhea. diarrhea in Latin, is a copious & great flux of the womb without exulceration and inflammation. It is caused through weakness of the instruments that be long, Medicamentum Gal●ni. and do serve to digestion: also through abundance of nourishment and meat that is moist, and viscous, and through corrupting of the same meat. Moreover gnawing and biting of those things that are contained in the belly: also flowing of some things from above to the belly, and also weakness of the retentive virtue. Signa. The signs whereby the causes are known are very manifest. For if this flux diarrhea be caused through the weakness of the instruments that serve for digestion (as is) the stomach, the bowels, the liver and the spleen: you must seek the signs of these out of their own chapters. But if it be caused through much devouring of evil meats and drinckes, you may know it partly by the patient's tale, and partly also by those things that come forth by siege. For if they be choleric they be yellow of colour, & they be not cast out without feeling of gnawing & heat: also the patiented feeleth bitterness of the mouth, thirst, thin state of the body, & other tokens which signify choler. If it be phlegmatic, those things which come out with the siege, shallbe contrary to that, which is said before of Choler. And if humours do flow from the head to the belly, the egestions will appear frothy, and the temper of the brain willbe very moist. If the flux be engendered through fullness of the whole body, or if it be indicatorie, the signs are rehearsed in another place, and of Galen lib. de plenitudine & crisibus. And if this flux of the womb, be caused through weakness of the instruments, the distempure which is cause of this, must be cured and corrected by his contraries, a● is taught in the first chapter of this book. If this flux of the womb be caused through other causes, and that nature doth labour to drive out of the body superfluous and hurtful matter by this means, and that you can easily suffer it, which be troubled with it, than you must suffer and watch, till nature hath bestowed all her care and charge: or else also it is good to help nature's motion, but for to go about to strive with it, and to stop the flux, it causeth a worse and greater disease. For those humours which are stopped being carried upward do cause pain in the head, or frenzy, or lethargy, or impostumation behind the ears not without danger. Therefore in the beginning you may not stop the flux, which floweth profitably for the health of the body. But after that the flux hath endured long, not only carrying forth superfluities, but also melting as it were the state of the body and consuming the strength, than you must labour to stop it, as well by things given in at the mouth, as also cast in at the fundament, and also by things applied outwardly upon the belly. Therefore if there come forth excreementes of clean choler, you must change it into a better and more healthful state, but yet you may not cure them by stopping of it strait ways. Cure of a diarrhea of choler. For the choleric matter that is gathered together, and heaped in the stomach, and in the bowel called ieiunum, if it be withholden and kept there still, it hurteth greatly. For it both overturneth the stomach, and causeth inflammations of the bowels, it kindleth thirst and restoreth fevers, and caused the evils aforesaid, and generally causeth a worse disease. Therefore if there be abundance of choleric humours in the body: nature must be expelled with easy purging medicines, (as is infusion) of rhubarb, casia fistularis, the barks of mirabolanes, Citrine or manna. After that give cows milk or goats milk warm, being new milked: or seethe it at the fire and stir it continually, till it be consumed unto the third part: which you may do by quenching of red hot iron, or steel gads in the milk often, but while it seetheth you must take the scum or some of it. For surely you can find no quicker remedy against fluxes of choler. And because the milk that is eaten of one that hath a fever, is wont to turn into a burning savour, or also sharp or sour, and so causeth more hurt than good: therefore if the patiented hath a fever together with this flux, you shall eschew ministering of milk to him, dressed after that sort. But you must pour the fourth part of water to the milk, and seethe it until half be consumed, and then minister it unto him. If the choler be heaped up together in the bowels, you must cast in clysters made of the decoction of barcley, with sugar, roset, oil of roses, yolks of eggs and such like. At the length, when the choleric humours be voided out, you must minister inwardly such medicines, as do restrain and strengthen (as be) conserve of roses, diacotoneon without spices, diatrion santalon, trochiskes of spodium Hydromalon and such like. And what kind of medicines they must be that aught to be applied outwardly, we will tell you a little hereafter. Also the fundament must be fomented and nourished with a decoction made of some restrictive things. If the flux diarrhea be engendered through phlegmatic humours that be gross and tough, or through corruption of them, than you must begin your cure as you did before with easy purging. Therefore than you must minister the infusion of Agaricke, with mirabolanes imbelitici: or some such like medicine, which is able to bring forth the afore said humours. Also clysters are good, specially if there be abundance of clammy humours heaped up in the bowels, let them be made of the decoction of Centory, and oil of rue, and such like. Minister within the belly Diacotoneon with spices, green ginger, & other medicines which have power to heat and dry. Also apply outwardly those things which do add strength. If the flux diarrhea be caused through the weakness of the virtue retentive, you must minister and apply those medicines, Aliud. which are applied against other unmeasurable fluxes of the womb. Therefore apply irrigations and sprincklinges of oil omphacine, or oil of roses, or oil of the blossoms of apples with some sour or sharp wine, but oil of myrtles is of more effect, if there be need of vehement restriction, having the third or fourth part of wine added to it. And if their bodies be strong, you may seethe in that irrigation, gauls, pomegranate rinds, and Balustiae. If the flux endure still: apply Cataplasms, emplasters, and cerates, made of restrictive and drying things, whereof we will make mention in the next chapter. Also this Cerate is effectious to be made. Cera●●●. Take seven mulberries, or blackberies which be sour and whitish for lack of ripeness, bray them well and add to it oil of roses ℥ two wax ℥ i and make a cerate. After the voiding of superfluous and hurtful humours, these things heal the flux of the womb being ministered in drink, (that is) coming, decoction of maidenheare, the root of white thorn, likewise on drachm weight of the seed of Apium ministered: for it provoketh urine and turneth the fluxes that be in the bowels thither. Also unripe Mulberries being yet sour, if they be dried many days in the Sun and so kept, if they be beaten and drunk when need requireth, they restrain and stop the womb marvelously. Also they may be ●●aied and mixed with his meats, as they are wont to use Sumach, which sometimes is sodden, the quantity of an ounce weight with a chicken: but yet blackeberies of the brier being unripe and sharp, do bind the belly more, if they be dried as is aforesaid and ministered in drink. Among compound medicines these are marvelous good (that is) trochiskes of Spodium, of terra le●●ia, diacotoneon, diatrion santalon, treacle: and this compound made in Lozenges is good. ℞. the powders of diatrion santalon, diarrhodon abbatis. ana. ℈ two read coral, chosen frankincense, read roses. ana. ʒ. ss. spodium, ʒ. j. seeds of sorrel, sumuch. ana. ℈ i balaustiae, acatiae, ana. ʒ. ss. mastic ℈. ss. bowl armoniac. ℥ i fine white sugar▪ lib. ss. dissolve it in the stilled waters of Plantain, and roses, and make lozenges. Also this loch is good: Eclig●●. ℞. of old conserve of roses, of diacotoneon without spices, rob è ribs, rob de berberies ana. ℥. ss. hydromel. ʒ.iij. diamoron. ʒ.v. the powder of diatrion santalon. ℈ two read coral, ℈ i spodium, balaustiae. ana. ℈. ss. bowl armoniac. ʒ. j. syrup of myrtles as much as shall suffice and make a loch. Moreover you shall ever have this water ready made. ℞. sumach, one quarter, Epithema. rain water. lib. 3. in which steep the sumach a day and a night, then boil, them, and strain the sumach well and strongly. And in that water, seethe rice, or milk, or other meats, or at the lest way, pour some portion of this water to them. If the flux diarrhea be caused through flowing of humours from some other member of the body you must seek the cure out of their proper chapters. As for example, if the humours flow from the head into the stomach: you must return to those things which are spoken of before in the chapter against distillation or rheum, and so do likewise with other parts of the body. CAP XIIII. Of the flux Lienteria. DE LIENTERIA. LIENTERIA in Greek, is a certain lightness, or smoothness of the bowels, even like as there chanceth of a scar without on the skin of the body. In this disease the bowels do not hold the meat, but they let it slide away before it be changed and perfectly digest, even in the same form and likeness that it was eaten. Therefore in Latin, it may well be called levitas, or levor intestinorum, Causae. and in English, lightness or smothenes of the bowels. It is caused oftentimes through a grievous flux disenteria by name going afore, which causeth deep exulceration of the bowels, than scars that be hard closed together and smooth do follow: which scars by reason of the hard closing, will not suffer the meats to be distributed above the body, because the mouths of the veins, which are wont to draw nowrishment from the bowels to themselves, are now stopped. And because of smoothness (as is aforesaid) the bowels suffer the meats to slide out, before they be perfectly digested. Also this disease is caused many times through weakness and debility of the virtue, that should keep and hold the meats in the stomach. For this virtue being weak and sickly, the food or meats be neither digested nor distributed: but they are cast forth crude, moist, and nothing changed, (the belly being always soluble). Also sometime it engendereth after long flux of the womb. Also sometime when dropsy water, avoideth by the belly, this flux Lienteria followeth. Therefore of what cause soever this flux is engendered, the sick doth taste or feel no meat, and it causeth evil state or plight of the body. Therefore there chanceth to the patiented continual sieges, crude and raw, in colour pale or whitish, unequal and very watery without any commixing of blood and choler. Alsoe he feeleth a burning, which spreadeth all over the sides, loothinge of meat followeth it. It is a good and a friendly sign in them, that have had this flux long, if their chance to them sharp and sour belchinges, for it betokeneth that the meat doth abide some while in the stomach until it begin to be changed. Victus ratio. When this disease chaunceeths, it is easy to perceive, that you must refresh and recreate the virtues retentive and digestive, aswell of the stomach as of the bowels by all means, and that may chiefly be done by ministering of convenient meats, and ordaining of a dyette meet to restore and refresh strength. Therefore the flesh of the birds of mountains are good, also chickens roasted in whose bellies also must be put Sumache or mastic, and other things which shall be rehearsed in the next chapter. Let the meat which you give him, be little in quantity and easy of digestion. And if his sieges be sharp and choleric, make him meat with rice and Alica and such like, with the which seethe some restrictive things, pears, quinces, meddlars and such other like. Also milk sodden is good for them, but if their siege be phlegmatic, you must minister unto them contrary meats. Also commix some what that is pleasant and acceptable to the stomach, as is Annyse seed, common, or Daucus. In choleric sieges let their drink be wine that is watery and thin: but in phlegmatic let the wine be old and hot. And generally let him drink but little, for much drink is not only in this flux Lienteria, but also in all other fluxes of the womb, most hurtful. For curing of this disease, if the flux Lienteria be engendered through weakness of the virtue of the stomach, Cure of Lienteria of weakness of the virtue of the stomach. you must turn to the chapter of weakeneesse of the stomach, and there seek the cure. But to be short you must minister both within and without to the body those things that do restrain, and that can strengthen aswell the stomach as also the bowels. Therefore minister syruppes of wormwood, and mints and other electuaries which do strengthen the stomach. And you must apply those things outwardly, which be rehearsed before in the chapter of diarrhea, and shall be taught in the next chapter following. But this medicine is specially good. ℞. oils of Mastic, wormwood, mints, and myrtles. ana. ʒ. ij. powders of cinnamon chosen, cloves, unguentum. and galingale. ana. ℈ i Balaustiae and red roses. ana. ℈. ss. wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment, or use this cerote. ℞. oils of mastic, of wormwood, and of quinces. ana. ℥ i oil of mints. ℥. ss. calamus aromaticus, cloves, frankincense, ana. ʒ. j. wood of Aloes. ℈. ss. red roses, white sanders and red. ana. ʒ. ss. mastic, common. ana. ʒ. j. Hypochischidos', Acatia, Sumach. ana. ʒ. j.ss. Gallia moschata. ℈ i with wax and turpentine as much as is sufficient, make a cerate. If Lienteria be caused of a scar. Moreover to those that you conjecture have a scar, to those the eating of sharp things is profitable, for it causeth a certain refrication and rubbing open again of the scar, also it reviveth again the natural heat, and doth some what refresh the digestive virtue. Therefore in this case (as Galen witnesseth in chapter nienty five, Artis Medicae) they be good which do scour, and wipe away sufficiently, and restrain a little, therefore always commix scouring things with restrictive medicines. In all other causes of this flux Lienteria, you must use the same kind of cure, which you do use to them that be afflicted with the fluxes diarrhea, or Dysenteria. CAP. XV. Of the flux Dysenteria. DE DYSENTERIA. DYSENTERIA in greek properly is nothing else then an exulceration of the bowels. The Latynes call this disease tormina, because through it, the bowels are tormented and fretted very much with pain. We said before properly, 4 Kinds of dysenteria. because the Greeks reckon four kinds of bloody Dysenteria, as witnesseth Galen lib. 30. de symptomatum causis. The first is, when blood is sent forth by circuit through some part of the body being cut of, or through some exercise of the former life, being let pass for a time. The second is when watery blood, like unto the water, wherein bloody flesh being new killed, hath been washed and soaked, is sent out: which chanceth through weakness of the liver. The third is, when there is sent forth an humour more shining & blacker, then that which is natural, being commixed of blood and melancholy. And of these, we do not speak here, but we speak only of the fourth kind, in the which many times by little and little, and between whiles sometimes is cast out of pure blood. Also sometime clodded blood, or shaving of the bowels, cometh out with pure blood. Also many times is cast out thick dung sprinkled with drops of blood. This fourth kind (as it is said) is caused through exulceration of the bowels, Signae. Causae. which sometime chanceth through outward causes, as of cold, heat, and moistness. Also through drinking of pernicious and naughty medicines (as is scammony and such like. Also through eating of fruit, through crudity and rawness, or through eating of sharp or sour meats, or through sharp and gnawing humours, flowing from the whole body to the belly, or engendered in the belly itself. And this beginneth after Tenasmus sometime, and sometime by itself. Signa. The excremententes first are choleric, diverse and fattie●, by reason of the fat that cleaveth within in the bowels being melted. But when the superficies of the bowels is altogether bore, and exulceration doth abide about it, than the excrements that come forth, be full of dregs and bloody. And when the exulceration hath pierced deeper, than also is sent forth filthiness, having as it were little pieces of parchment commixed with it. And if it be not stopped, it eateth and feedeth in shortetime, the places nigh unto it, and it sendeth forth mattery excrements, Clyster. S●gnes of exulceration of the 〈…〉. such as are wont to run from dead bodies. When the small guts are exulcerate, there abideth pain about the navel, the excrements are choleric having the colour of a leek, and altogether garnished with sundry colours, commixed with much ordure or dung. The patient feeleth grief and frettings, and gnawings and losening, so that the sick is not far from fainting and failing of heart. Also they are troubled with thirst and be feverous, and the ordure cometh forth crude and raw, and the bowel called ieiunum is exulcerate, but that is very seldom: but if it do chance the egestions do appear more crude and raw having black blood wrapped with it vehemently and yellow choler, and much thirst, and also disposition to vomit do trouble the sick. Also sometime they vomit and abhor meats. Also there remaineth vehement pain above the navel, and sometime also malignant fevers do engender. And they that are so diseased be waxed ill coloured, and do sweat out even till fainting and failing of heart. Their strength doth quickly fail them, Signs of exulceration of the great bowels. and they be not far from death. But if the ulceration be engendered in the great bowels, than the ordure it cometh forth is pure and much and heaped together, and cometh out with windines and frothenes sometime. Also fatness is commixed with it, and blood swimmeth aloft: as Galen showeth largely in libro 60. the male affectis locis. For it helpeth greatly to the cure to know this thing. For if the exulceration be in the upper and small bowels, you must go about to cure by medicines, given in at the mouth, but if it be in the great and lower bowels, it is more convenient to throw in clysters. The beginning of the cure of them that have the flux Dysenteria, from whence soever the flux proceedeth, must be with quiet & rest, and little meat. Therefore if a feavar do not let it, let him eat milk new milcked, while it is yet warm: or it steed of it minister milk sodden: as we taught before in the chapter of diarrhea. For this first cleanseth & purgeth downward, and tempereth together those things which be in the body, and last of all it stoppeth and bindeth the womb. But you must give him moreover wet bread after the taking of the milk. Also pottage prepared of milk, hath both the nature of medicines, and also they 'cause good nourishment, as is rice with milk, amylum, and eggs mixed with milk. Also soupings or pottage made of alica, & milium, sumach, being added to it, is good. Also you must prepare meats of dry bread, pouring to it Posca, or juice of dates, or quinces, or of pears, or of sumach. Victus ratio. Lenticula. Also minister chittes well roasted, with plantain, or sodden with quinces, brayed: thusing of oils is not necessary nor needful, but you shall minister to taste upon endive, to both wild and tame sodden, and plantain, and coleworts twice sodden. Give him also the yolks of eggs roasted. Flesh is not good to be given to them that have the flux dysenteria, because they be of a stronger nourishment, and do strive against digestion: but yet you must give it to them, that be troubled with this disease long. Among all kind of flesh, you must specially choose birds, as is partridge, and wood culvers and birds of mountains. Among four footed beasts, goats flesh and hare's flesh are good. But you must forbid him the flesh of cattle that draw, and of all other four footed beasts. Potus. From the beginning let him use for his drink rain water which is not fallen from houses covered with lead: For such water being drunk, even of them that be whole, engendereth the Disenteria: and if good rain water be not present, you must use running water, wherein burning steel hath been quenched. But if the stomach be diseased, or if his strength be cast down, give him wine, also let it be restringent and not very old. Sleep is the best remedy for them that have the Disenteria. For this cure you must use such remeadyes, that do restrain, stop, dry up, and provoke urine, and that do carry the flux some other way. Restrictive things be these: sorrel seed sumach, galls, Emplastrum. pomegranate rinds dried, briar root, lapdamum, acatia, hipocischiss, balaustium, willow leaves, comfery roots leaves and seed, rheum ponticum, if it may be gotten, root of Altheae, horsetaile, coral, mastic, hare's cream, dragon's blood, the bark of frankincense, terra lemnia, root of verbascus, plantain seed, white daisies, a kind of mallows called alcea, oxis, sanicula, ophries, ophioglossum, knotgrass, shepherds purse, walwort, pedelion, numularia, dragans the male, sharp mulberries, carnells of grapes, the bark of maces and such like. These things do stop and make temperate the biting, gnawing and sharpness of humuors, as is Amylum, tragacantha, gums, Obtunde●●●. tallow of goats, kids, swine, gease, and hens. These do dry up: hares cream, Resiccant●a. hearts horn burnt, the shells of crabs of running water and sage. Things to provoke urine, you shall find in his own place. Therefore if the exulceration be in the great bowels, you must minister clysters first, such as have power to scour and cleanse, Cure if it be in the great bowels. Clyster abstergens. Clyster glutinans. as this is. ℞. of the decoction of whole barely lib. j mel rosarum strained ℥ i sugar roset. ℥. ss. yolks of eggs in number ij. oil of roses. ℥ three commixed altogether and make a clyster. Abstersion and cleansing being first done, cast in those things that do glutinate and join together, as this is. ℞. red roses, plantain, leaves of comfery, knotgrass primrose. ana. M. ss. balaustiae. ʒ.j. rice burned ℥ i root of comfery. ℥. ss. seethe altogether in water, wherein steel hath been quenched, until the third part be consumed, then strain it, and take of the juice of that decoction. ℥ twelve juice of plantain. ʒ. ij. acatia hipocischidos. ana. ℈ two bowl armoniac, sanguis draconis. ana. ℈ i goats tallow. ℥ i oils of roses, mirtelles, quinces. ana. ʒ. j. commix altogether and make a clyster. Sometime it doth not only require things to stop the vehemency of the pain, but also medicines that be stupefactive. Therefore than it is good to use this clyster. Clyster doloreus leniens. ℞. of goats milk, or of cows milk. lib. j fresh butter. ℥ i goats grease. ℥. j.ss. tragacantha, gum. ana, ʒ. j. yolks of eggs in number iij. pills of hounds tongue. ʒ. j. oils of roses. ℥ three commix altogether & make a clyster. If there be need of more stupefaction vehement: you must augment the weight of the pills, or else you must add to the aforesaid weight of pills three or four grains of opium, or more or less, according to the vehemency of the pain, & the state of the body. If the exulceration be in the small & thin bowels, than it rather requireth medicines that are given in at the mouth. Therefore the decoction of restrictive things, which is afore taught, is good, if you commix with it syrup of roses & myrtles, & so minister it, phlegm. and also other medicines which are taught in the chapter of Diarrhea, are good. Also you may conveniently minister this potion. ℞. of the decoction of the root of comfery, or of some other restrictive thing. ℥ three syrup of roses. ℥ i syrup of myrtles. ℥. ss. powder of the trochiskes of spodium, plantine seed, boil armoniac. ana. ℈ two commix altogether and make a potion. Besides those things that are rehearsed in the chapters of Diarrhea and Lienteria, you must apply outwardly upon the belly this cerote. ℞. of the oils of mastic, Cure of distempure of the bore quality of the spleen. Hot. roses, myrtles, and quinces. ana. ℥ i meal of barley and fenugreeke. ana. ʒ. j. of read roses, plantine. ana. ʒ. j. balaustiae, sanguinis draconis, ana. ʒ. ss. bowl armoniac. ʒ. j. hypocischidos, acatia, mastic. ana. ʒ. ij. with wax and rosin as much as is sufficient, make a cerote. By the examples aforesaid, you may make many other remeadies, which we overpass here. CAP. XVI. Of Tenasmus. DE TENASMO. TENASMUS, is a continual desire to go to the stole or siege, which the patient cannot defer nor eschew, and yet he avoideth nothing, except it be a little blood, Dry. Causa. or filthy matter like snevell. It is caused oftentimes through outward cold, or through humours sharp and choleric, or of salt phlegm, or impostumation, or of inflammation engendered in the straight gut. Also many times, the stopping of hard dung in the blind gut, may 'cause the Tenasmus. The Physician may easily know, if it be caused of outward cold, by the tale of the sick, because either he hath sitten upon cold things, or he hath taken much cold in winter, or he hath tarried long in cold water, you may know the humours by that which he avoideth, which either be choleric or phlegmatic. In a botch or bile his egestion is matter and corruption, and he feeleth pricking in the fundament. Inflammation causeth swelling of the right bowel, and grievous pain together with a fever, abundance of dung causeth feeling of grievous distension, and stretching out about the bottom of the belly. The cure is diverse according to the diversity of causes. Therefore if the Tenasmus be caused of cold, you must minister pure and unmixed wine, hot, and you must sprinkle foment and nourish the share, and the parts about the privy members with hot oils and foments: as are, oils of rue and lilies: also bran sodden in wine, & put in a bag, may well be applied to the fondament. Also it is good to throw in clysters made of the decoction of wild mints, origan, calamint, chammomill, sothernwood, seed of annyse, fennel & such like, putting to it oils of dill, chammomill, and lilies. Also it is marvelous good, if you take a very cold tile which is black with smoke, & bray it with the gear that is contained on it, then commix it together with seething vinegar, & bind it up in a cloth, and apply it to the fondament by and by after he hath avoided any thing. But if the Tenasmus be caused through choleric humours withholden & remaining in the bowels & fondament you must cast in clysters which have virtue & power to scour, Causae. wash and cleanse. As this is ℞ of the liquor of the decoction of barley lib. j sugar roset. ℥. j.ss. mel rosarum ℥ i yolks of eggs two oil of roses. ℥ three commix them and make a clyster, he must eschew all sharp things, and he must use things meanly cold and moist, and all those things which do stop and temperate the sharpness of choler. If Tenasmus be caused of phlegmatic humours, it shall be healed like that, Tenasmus of phlegmatic humours. which is caused of cold, only adding to, and commixing with the clysters, such medicines as have virtue to purge flume, as is Electuarium nidum, or diaphaemicon, or benedicta laxatina. And if Tenasmus be engendered of inflammation, cast in broth of Ptysan, wherein hath been sodden a few red roses, Tenasnus of inflammation. Clyster. or if vehement inflammation do trouble him, minister this clyster. ℞. of the liquor of the decoction plantine. ℥ .v. oil of roses. ℥ two the white of one egg, commix them together and make a clyster. outwardly you must sprinkle, and anoint the place between the privy member, & the fondament with oils of rue, & myrtles: or apply this foment. ℞ red roses, plantain. ana. M.j. balaustiae. ʒ.iij. sidiorum. ℥ i myrtle berries. ʒ. ij. leaves of briar. ℥ i seethe altogether in sufficient water, until the third part be consumed, then wet a sponge in the liquor of that decoction, and apply it to the fundament. Discussives. Moreover when there is need of suppuration, rotting or dissolving, apply fomentes made of the decoction of the root of Althaea, of fenugreeke, chammomill, inolilote and bran. If the Tenasmus be caused of an ulcer or botch, first cast in the things which have an abstersive and cleansing virtue: and then afterward, things that do glutinate, and join together must be used, even as you did in the flux Dysenteria. Also this ointment put into the fundament is good. ℞. oil of roses ℥. j.ss. the mucilage of Tragacantha, and gum. ana. ʒ. iij. Ceruse, burned lead, ana. ʒ. ss. Aloes, frankincense. ana. ℈ i wax, as much, as is sufficient, make an ointment, wherein dip linen clotheses, and put them into the tuell. If the pain be wonderful great, you may add to the aforesaid things, opium. ℈ i Fomentum. Tenasmus of multitude of dung. Clyster lenitive. If the Tenasmus be caused through multitude and abundance of dung, then in the beginning the dung must be brought out by little and little with soluble and gentle clysters, as this is. ℞. Mallows, Althaea, mercury, beets, leaves of black violets. ana. M.j. seeds of fenugreeke and lyneseede. ana. ℥. ss. boil them all in sufficient quantity of water to the third part: then take of the liquor of that decoction. lib. j medullae casiae fistularis. ℥. j.ss. common oil. ℥ three salt beaten. ʒ. j. and make a clyster. But of this one thing, you must specially beware, Cereous. Note. that in this case you do minister no purgation at the mouth, for that would bring great peril and destruction to the patiented, by reason of drawing of more excrements from the whole body thither. CAP. XVII. Of the Colic. DE COLI DOLORIBUS. THE Colic, or pain, which is bred in the gut called Colon of the Greeks is caused many ways: but it hath four special causes. Causae. Causae. For sometime it is engendered through gross and phlegmatic humours fallen down within the thin skin of the gut Colon. Also sometime through windines, which hath no room to get out. Also it is caused through inflammation of the gross and thick gut stretching out and troubling or vexing. Also it is wont to engender through sharp and gnawing humours, which do afflict and vex the aforesaid bowel vehemently. Signs of a gross humour. Those that have the colic engendered of a gross and phlegmatic humour, they be grieved & vexed aloft, all over the Abdomen, (that is) the place which is under the mouth of the stomach: specially they are grieved, where the gut Colon lieth: for there they feel pain, as though the gut were brayed or boored through. Also they be fretted, and have disposition to vomit, belchings, sundry and strange vomitings and specially of phlegm. Also the womb is letted and stopped and sendeth forth nothing, not so much as wind. Also the dung, which are sometime cometh forth, doth look like ox's dung, & it is light & full of wind. And there goeth before these things continual using of meats that be very cold & of a gross juice, also filling with meats, ill digestion, & crudity, idleness, & such as be adjoining to these. Those that have the colic caused of windines they feel extension, Preparatio 〈◊〉. Signs of windines. Signs of inflammation. stretching forth and bolning. They that have the Colic caused through inflammation, they feel inward burning and heat, & no small fever: also retention both of the urine & ordure. Also they are troubled with thirst burning heat, disposition to vomit, & vomiting specially of colour without any ceasing of the evil at al. And this is the most grievous & worst kind of colic, Signs of sharp and gnawing humours. Diet for the colic caused of phlegmatic and tough humours. which do threaten to turn into the pain of the Iliacapossio. They, that have the colic engendered of sharp & gnawing humours, they be troubled & vexed with burning thirst & watching, yea & small fevers, the urine is made sharp, & choleric humours are thrown out oftentimes going to the stool doth raise greater pain & torment. Also meats & drinks that be hot, being received, do provoke it grievously. The diet and cure of this disease is diverse according to the diuers●e of the causes. Therefore when gross & clammy humours do 'cause the colic, the whole diet must be extenuate and made thin. Therefore let the bread which the sick shall eat be new and well baked in an oven or furnace. Flesh is good specially of birds, as hens, partridge, wood culuers, turtles, black birds, and doves, he must eschew all kind of souls which do swim or live in waters, as those things which do abound with many superfluities. Among four footed beasts the flesh of calves and kids are good. He must eschew all kind of pulse, which do marvelous hurt in this disease. For pot herbs, you must use fennel, apium asperage and such like. Also it will not hurt to take garlic & oynions raw. To be short, let his food be easy of digestion and engendering good juice. Let him eschew fullness and crudity: he must drink wine that is somewhat restrictive, white, thin, shining, of mean age, temperately allayed, and let him drink but little. For the cure of the colic caused of gross humours: Cure of Colic caused of gross humours. you must cure it so, that you do not heat vehemently with no medicines, for such remeadies do spread abroad, puff up, & make windy all cold & gross humours, which puffing up and spreading in the bowels doth cause more vehement pain. Therefore it is good to divide, cut, & digest those humours without vehement pain or heat: and by using of those things which do not puff up and make windy. therefore in his sharp & extreme pain make irrigations of the oils of rue, camomile, and dill. Also make fomentes and sacculi of the flowers of camomile, dill, and melilote, seeds of flax, of fenugreke, of Althaea, of mill & bran. Also clysters made with the oils aforesaid, and with the decoction of the aforesaid herbs are marvelous good, or with the decoction of the root of wild cucumbers, putting to it coming, or rue, with goose grease, Clyster. or hen's grease after this sort: ℞. mallows, Althaea, camomile, Mercury, dill, ana. M.j. origan, calamint, peniroiall. ana. M. ss. seeds of flax, fenugreeke, coming, lovage. ana. ʒ. iij. seethe altogether with well water, of just quantity until the third part. Then take of the liquor of that decoction being strained lib. 1. Hierapicra. ℥. ss. benedicta laxatina. ʒ.v. of Electuarium nidum. ʒ.j.ss. of melrosarum strained. ℥. ss. of oils of camomile, dill and rue, ana. ℥ i the yolks of eggs in number two, common salt. ʒ. j. commix all together and make a clyster. Also the putting in of suppositaries, and anointing of the fundament made by juice of Cyclaminum, with honey and salt peter, or century with honey and salt peter do profit. 〈◊〉. Example of a suppository is this. ℞. of honey sodden. ℥. j.ss. powder of hierapicra, ʒ. j. colochinthid●s. ℈ .j shall gem. ℈. ss. commix them and make long suppositories. Also vomiting before supper, if the patient can vomit easily, doth help above all other things. Moreover after the purging, if the pain hath been prolonged forth many days, let him go into a great vessel of hot oil if it may be had. In●ession. Also it is good to sit in the decoction of Athaea, pennyroyal, laurel leaves, fenugreeke, camomile, mootherworte, dill and such like. 〈◊〉 absynthytes. The most convenient medicine against the colic, is wine wherein wormwood hath been infused or sodden, if they need drinking after a bathe: it is also very profitable for them that they thirst not. Also decoction of the herb itself, when it hath once boiled being commixed with wine, may commodiously be ministered after a bath. Also Castoreum continually drunk, Purgatio. Castoreum. doth destroy the disease utterly: and it is better than all medicines. It is ministered to the sick. ʒ. j. in three Ciathes, of Aqua mulsa. And if the pain do not cease and rest, you must minister diatrion piperion or theriaca. If that the pain be vehement, it is good to use medicines, that do meanly ease, make soluble, and mitigate, aswell put in beneath as also given to drink. For you must eschew those things that do stupefact and astony strongly, because they do somewhat ease and mitigate, but they make the disease longer by making the humours more gross, & thickening of the passages of the bowels. If the colic be caused of windines, you must cast in clysters, that do dissolve wind, Cure of the colic caused 〈◊〉 Clyster. as is this, ℞. sothernewood, origan, pennyroyal, calamint, chammomill, ana. M.j. rue, mints, wildemintes. ana. M. ss. seeds of annyse, fennel, caraways, coming, dil, lovage, and daucus, an. ʒ. ij. seethe altogether unto the third part. Then take of the liquor of that decoction strained. lib. j hierapicra, benedicta laxatina. ana. ℥. ss. Castoreum. ʒ.j. powder of diacuminum. ʒ.ij. oils of rue and dill, ana. ℥. j.ss. common salt. ʒ. j.ss. commix them altogether and make a clyster. Also there may be added to the aforesaid things the confection of bay bearyes: for there is nothing of more effect to dissolve and drive away windiness. Also it is good to minister daily the quantity of an hazel nut of the said decoction or electuary of laurel berries in the decoction of some cutting and extenuating medicine. Apply outwardly upon the belly aloft, fomentes and irrrigations of such things as do disperse and scatter windiness, as these be, besides the afornamed things nigella animi, parsley bitter Almonds, black pepper, wild mints, bay berries, wormwood, nettleseede, gladon, marjoram, Cinnamon and others, of these therefore you may make Cataplasms, foments, and bags. Curatio. Note. But that which far excelleth all the rest (as Galene witnesseth) is a great cupping glass fastened lightly with abundant flame to the whole belly aloft, which doth marvelously as it were by enchantment. Diet. Let the sick beware of and eschew wine that is allayed, and drinking of cold water, and also from using of milk and other things that do cool, and from meats and drinks which engender windiness. And let him rather use to drink wine that is unmingled and pure, and let him use a diet which doth heat and out or divide. If the colic be caused of inflammation of the bowels, Cure of colic caused of inflammation. you must open the pain in the arm. But if difficulty and hardness of making water, do rule and bear a sway, you must draw blood from the veins of the ankle. Also you must use the aforesaid remedies, excepting sharp things, and vehement purgers. And you must rather use clysters mitigating and easing pain, also Cataplasms and irrigations, and going down into oil. Also fasten to them cupping glasses. Let his diet be thin, almost the diet of fevers, Ascites. until the inflammation be slaked. And if the colic be caused through sharp and gnawing or fretting humours, it is good to pour in at the fundament those things that can wash out and purge those humours without any mordacitie and gnawing: as is broth of Ptisan, or the decoction of fenugreeke, linseed, chammomill, and Althaea, with fresh goose grease, or hens grease and oil of roses. This clyster is specially good. ℞. leaves of violets, Timpanites. Anasarca. Clyster. both the tame endives, leaves of Althaea, chammomill. ana. M. j.ss. seeds of fenugreeke, flax, ana. ℥. ss. boil these in just quantity of water, until the third part be consumed. Then take of the liquor of that decoction being strained, ℥ xiij casia fistula. ℥ i hierapicra. ʒ.uj. oil of roses. ℥ two oil of dill. ℥ i goose grease and hens grease. ana. ʒ. iij. yolks of eggs in number ij. commix them all, and make a clyster. Moreover you must not only purge the hurtful and corrupt humours, but also you must temper and moderate them. Therefore he must use baths of sweet water, for they do mitigate and also provoke sleep: for which purpose minister syrup of violets, and roses, and such like, which are able to temperate, & stop the violence of the gnawing humours. Also he must use souping meats as Ptysans, and broths of fishes of stony places. He must abstain from all hot and sharp things, whether they be meats or medicines, or cataphasmes or foments, or irrigations that be hot: as also he must abstain from drinking of wine, especially from old wine. And to be short, let his whole diet be cold and moist. If the pain be not a whit released, but do rage more vehemently, than you must come to the using of stupefactive things. For in this disease they do not only pleasure and profit by astonying of the sense and feeling: but also because they make the thin humours more thick and gross, and do quench the intolerable heat. Among stupefactive things Philonium is specially good, Potu●. of the which you may minister for the most part one whole drachm. Also pills of hounds tongue are marvelously good, if as is afore taught you do make six pills of, ʒ. j. and minister one of them to be swallowed before they go to bed. But there be very many things which do help the colic with their whole virtue and substance. Among the which white dung of a wolf taken with water, or thin white wine is not the worst. That dung is better which hangeth on herbs or bushes, then that which toucheth the ground. Also the said dung of the wolf, Exercitatio. Lib. 9 cap. 31 easethe the colic being bound to the Ilion's. Green mints as Aetius affirmeth, sodden awhile and drunk iij. days healeth Colics. CAP. XVIII. Of Iliaca passio. DE ILEO. THE Iliaca passio, is a disease causing most grievous & deadly pain in the small guts. The Latins do call this disease, voluulus & connoluulus. The barbarous do call it Iliaca passio. Purgatis. Causa. This disease is caused through continual corruption & crudity of meats, but specially offat meats, which, if they be without corruption and being withholden, they engender obstructions in the small guts. Also it is engendered of certain stripes and blows in certain places in which the small guts do lie. Also through vehement cold restraining, and with holding of the excrements. Moreover through abundant drinking of cold things, specially if much be taken when they sweat. Also it chanceth to them, whose bowels be fallen into the cods together with the dung: and being violently thrust back from thence again, and through that it is inflamed. Also it is caused through drinking of deadly medicines, & through hard dung being impact about the thin bowel. For the most part this disease is engendered either through inflammation, or through obstruction of the dry dung. This disease is common to children, but yet they escape it, through help of natural humidity. It is not wont to chance very often to old men: but if they chance to have it, Signa. they almost be never rid of it. They that have this disease have most vehement pain, and some swelling of the thin and small guts sticketh out, that it seemeth wounden together like a string called Chorda, whereupon many do call this disease Chordapson, also there is over much moistness of the stomach, looseness, vain and empty belchings, and doing no ease, rumbling and noise of the bowels, perfect stopping and letting of the dung and of windiness. If the evil do increase and wax greater, he avoideth all upward, and therefore he vomiteth up phlegm and choler, he hath coldness of the whole body, and pain. Also to many there chanceth difficulty and hardness of breathing. Moreover to them that shall die there chanceth cold sweat, difficulty and hardness of making water, yea the fundament is so bound and close; that no small instrument will enter in. And sometime dung is cast up by vomiting. For the cure of this disease, you must cure children with irrigations, cataplasms, clysters, suppositories and foments as is declared in the chapter of the Colic. But the cure of them that be of age must differ according to the diversity of causes. Therefore if Iliaca passio be caused of crudity and ill digestion, and through devouring and eating of many and diverse meats which yet remain in the stomach: you must provoke vomit with things aforesaid. But if there do remain no raw and undigest meats in the stomach, you must go about by all means, to draw out beneath, aswell windiness as also the dung: and that must be done by clysters, suppositories, and annointinges with great diligence in each of them. Therefore you must cast in this clyster. ℞. Mercury, rue, leaves of Althaea, century. ana. M.j. hyssop, calamint, wormwood, ana. M. j.ss. root of Althaea, ℥ i root of wild cucumber. ʒ. j.ss. seeds of flax and faenugreeke. ana. ʒ. iij. seeds of cumin. ʒ. ij. boil them in just quantity of water, until the third part be consumed, then take of the liquor of that decoction being strained. ℥ xiiij of benedicta laxatina. ℥ i fresh butter, melrosarum strained. ana. ℥. ss. oils of rue, and dill. ana. ℥. j.ss. common salt. ʒ. j. commix them altogether and make a clyster, and cast it in before meat: but if the evil be vehement, cast it in also after meat. And you must warn the patient, that he do hold it as long as he can. Also you must make suppositories, as you do for the Colic, putting to them seeds of rue, Glandes'. coming, and stalks of coleworts, And you must make them the longer, 〈…〉 Cataplasmae. that they may pierce the deeper. Also you must anoint the fundament with juice of Cyclaminum, or honey with nitrum or salt peter. The foments and cataphasmes, wherewith this evil is cured, be almost such as are spoken of in the chapter of the Colic. Also fomentes made of wool wet in oil, wherein cumin, dill, rue, and cresses hath been sodden, be very good. Also emplasters made of linseed, faenugreeke, barley meal, darnel meal, rue, cumin, seeds of dill and apium are good. Also it is good to descend into a vessel filled with water and oil: but seethe in the water Althaea, rue, and dill. After these, fasten on cupping glasses, Signa. Cucurbind●. Purgatio. first lightly to places somewhat far of, and then also to the places that are grieved, making deep scarifications. Also it is good to minister purgations, specially if the dung be drawn out first by such things as are afore rehearsed. It is marvelous good if they vomit, by drinking dill sodden. After drinking, cast bread into scalding water, & minister pieces of it to eat by and by hot. They that have the Iliaca passio engendered through taking of some venomous medicine, Cure of Iliaca passio caused of p●ison. you must give them much warm water, and let them drink it, and constrain them to vomit. After that you must give them hot oil in drink, or fat broth, that they may vomit again. After, within a few days give him theriaca dissolved in wine, and let him eat meats of good juice. And if the obstruction do continued still empty the belly with milk, with a little scammony or Aloës, or some other purging medicine. If the Iliaca passio be engendered through inflammation, you must begin with blood letting: than you must fasten cupping glasses about the inflamed parts scarifiing them. Also cast in clysters made of the decoction of mallows, faenugreeke, linseed, with oil and butter. Also apply outwardly those things, that are good against inflammations, and do ease pain, you must prescribe unto them a most thin diet. Cure if it be of falling of the bowels into the coddest If the Iliaca passio be caused through falling of the bowels into the cods, you must by and by labour (the patiented lying upright) to thrust back again the bowels that are fallen down to the share, and keep it up easily without violence or pressing of it together, with bands and trusses applied, convenient for it. CAP. XIX. Of worms. DE LUMBRICIS. THERE be three kinds of worms. The first be round and long, named teretes. The second be broad, called therefore Lati. The third: those be called ascaridoes. The first kind of worms called teretes: Curatio. Clyster. according to their thickness they be round and a hand breadth in length, and sometime longer, and they be commoner then other. They be often in the slender and small guts, and they go into the stomach, and therefore they are voided often by the mouth, and to some also they come out at the nosthrilles. And this kind of worms is peculiar to infants & children, and boys, and girls. The second kind of worms called Lati, Lati. be broad and long like a guard or band. They be of incredible length as Pliny witnesseth, lib. 2. cap. 3.3. Sometime they are seen three hundred foot long, and sometime more. This kind of worm (as Paulus and Aetius witness) is nothing else but a permutation and changing of the thin films going about the small guts within, into a certain living body, that will move and stir. The third kind of worms called Ascarides, be thin and short like small worms. Ascarides. They be found most commonly in the right gut, and in the end of the fundament. All the afore kinds be engendered and caused of crude, raw, gross, and fleugmatike matter, Causae. and through convenient rottenness, such as is gathered specially in children, and in other great eaters. They that have round worms, do feel incredible gnawing of the bowels, Signs of round worms, teretes and of the stomach, thin and small coughs, and oftentimes provoking and dry. In many there followeth yesking and sleep with moving of the stomach: and also they do arise up unreasonably. Many do awake and leap up with noise & crying out, & fall asleep again: but some do both put forth their tongue, & shut their eyes and be quiet, and keep silence, & do fret & fume with them which raise them, because they cannot watch they be so weak. Some have their eyes sprinkled with blood, and a pulse that is unequal, obscure, failing & running back. Also to many there chanceth loss of appetite. Children, while they sleep do chew their tongue, and also fashioning of their mouth as though they sucked or received meat. Also to some there chanceth gnashing of the teeth. But these things are done by little and little and between while. To some they run forth into the stomach, and do cause gnawing and disposition to vomit, and the patients refuse meat: and if they be compelled to eat, they scarce can swallow that which they take, or they vomit it up again. In many the belly doth throw out corrupt meats, and is puffed up like as it were a tympany. The rest of the body it doth consume and make lean without reason, neither fasting going before, nor unmeasurable purging being made. Also it chanceth sometime the face to be made very read, specially about the balls of the cheeks: but this colour turneth again into swartnesse. Some do speak foolish things in their sleep like frantic persons. Some change the place that they lie down in, and tumble, and cast themselves from place to place: they increase fevers in them without order with vehement coldness of the extreme parts, having fits the third or fourth day without order. But also these signs and tokens altogether which we have now rehearsed, must not every one of them be looked for in every body: but the chiefest of them & sometime many. Broad worms do bring continual gnawing of the stomach, and an impotent, and incorrigible appetite to meat. For the worm that is in the guts, Signs of broad worms, Lati. devoureth the meat that is eaten, so that he hath need of more strait way, and except he eat strait way, the bowels are gnawn: they that are thus diseased there followeth slenderness and weakness of the body with inequality. The most sure and infallible sign is, if certain things like cucumber seeds be avoided out with the egestion or excrements. Signs of Ascarides. Ascarides do raise a vehement itch in the fundament, and do provoke the patiented to go to the stool continually. And they that be troubled with this disease, for the most part be the better after egestion and easing of themselves. Let their diet be hot and dry, specially if the patient lack a fever, and let them use meats of good juice, and which will soon be dispersed throughout the whole body: and such as do not increase the cause that engendereth worms. Therefore all meats are to be eschewed, which can engender fleugmaticke humours. Moreover they that are troubled with worms, must be nourished and fed liberally, and may not suffer hunger: because the worms, except they have meat to feed on, they then by and by gnaw the hard parts of the body: but give them meat at that time, specially when they are not altogether empty. Let them drink watery wine. Curatio. For the cure it is not to be spared: and sometime if there be a fever with it, you must have respect to that, and to the worms also: & sometime you need to be careful but a little for the fever, and you must be diligent notwithstanding to get the worms out of the body. Therefore when many have not spied and known this, it cometh to pass for lack of heed taken to avoid the worms, that they be gnawn and eaten of them, and so being pulled and gnawn, they die. The cure aswell of the round worms, as of the flat worms, consisteth in this point, that you may drive them out of the body being first killed. They are killed specially with bitter medicines, among which (if a fever be not present) these simples are good: Signa. Simples to kill worms. wormwood, Scryphium, which is a kind of wormwood growing in the sea, sothernwood, calamint, horehound, dittaine, hyssop, rue, leaves of persica, coriander seeds, heart's horn, lupines mints, pennyroyal, origan, century, fern, gentian, aristolochia rotund●, garlic, seed of coleworts, and root of enula campana. To these, if a fever be present, you must adjoin the seeds of both the endives and also the juice of their herbs, and myxaria. Al●es. Among all other the most commendable remedy is aloes. Therefore if infants will hardly take aloes because it is so bitter, you must keep them upright with bands, & their mouth being opened & separated, you must cast it in against their wills by a certain pipe strengthened with a long splent. Of these aforesaid simples now rehearsed, there may be made diverse compounds, Co●p●sita. as decoctions, powders, cataplasms, emplasters, & ointments. Among other things this powder is only good. pulvis. ℞. of wormseed. ʒ. ij. of century, wormwood, hearts horn burnt. ana. ʒ. j. calamint, pennyroyal, origan. ana. ℥. ss. sothernwood, mints, lupines, leaves of aristolochia rotunda. ana. ℈ i aloes. ℈ two commix them altogether, & make a powder, of the which, minister the weight of one drachm, or half a drachm, according to the age and state of the body of the sick, in milk or honey or syrup of liquorice: for those things, which do kill the worms, must be ministered with sweet liquors, that thereby the worms may taste of the medicine the sooner being alured by the sweetness of it, that is ministered with it. Anoint the navel you must outwardly with bulls gall, or with this ointment. Vnguent●●. ℞. oils of bitter almonds, and of wormwood. ana. ℥ i Bulls gall. ℥. ss. century, wormwood, lupines. ana. ℈ two leaves of persica, hearts horn burnt, aloes, sothernwood, ana. ℈ i wax as much as is sufficient and make an ointment. Or apply all over the stomach this Cerate. ℞. aloes, Curatio. Caerat●●. wormwood, meal of lupines. ana. ʒ. ij. nigella, mints, origan, pennyroyal, horehound. ana. ʒ. j. century, calamint. ana. ʒ. ss. oils of wormwood, & bitter almonds. ana. ℥ two oleum costinum. ℥ i bulls gall. ℥. ss. with wax and rosin, as much as shall suffice, make a Cerote. By examples of these you may easily make emplasters and cataplasms, so that I need not to rehearse here an example of each of them. Moreover it is good to cast in beneath abundance of mulsa, that thereby the worms being alured by the sweetness of the honey, may creep downward. But when the worms were killed by the aforesaid medicines you must drive them out without delay: for there proceedeth a vicious exhalation from them, which both destroyeth appetite and hurteth digestion, and being lifted upward it causeth sweamiegs, and other evils. The worms being killed are driven out for the most part by suppositories and purgations, Note. Pillulae. Rufi. Cure if flux of the womb be joined with worms. but specially by hierapicra and pillulae pestilentiales or rufi, which have a marvelous efficacy in killing and bringing out of worms. But those that are troubled with worms and with flux of the womb also: those you must cure by thickening of the flux, and by changing the digestion into a better state, aswell with meats, as also with cataplasms: for the more that the flux prevaileth, so much the more the engendering of worms is increased: and again the flux ceasing, the worms do rest and pause. Therefore you must diligently labour to stop and restrain the womb, and to add steadfastness and strength unto it. Therefore minister juice of plantain: or else let him take dried plantain: for both have like efficacy aswell against the flux, as also against worms. Also make cataplasms, cerotes and ointments of raw barley meal, pomegranate rinds, hypocischidos, and such like restrictive things: but add unto them those things which be good to kill worms. Restrictive medicines are good to be applied outwardly for this cause, because they do corroborated and strengthen again the stomach, being hurt through often using of bitter medicines. Also it is lawful in this case to minister earth worms being dried, and beaten to powder with hydromel. The worms called Ascarides, Cure of worms called Ascarides. being in children that be infants, they must be brought out with suppositaries made of honey and salt. In them that be elder they must be brought out which clysters, made either with sharp brine, or with decoction of worm wood, century, calamint, lupines, pennyroyal, and other above rehearsed putting to oils. After ministration of clysters, anoint the strait gut, or foundadament with these simples, (that is) Acatia, hypocischidos, juice of Sumache, or some other restrictive medicine. For the flesh being constrained by restrictive things, it looseth the ability, that engendereth the worms, and it excludeth and shutteth out the ascarides. But this that followeth is good both for children, and for those that be of greater age, and is most effectuous. Take old flesh that is powdered, cut of the fat, and fashion it long and round, like a suppository fit for the fundament and thrust it into the tuell: applying a ligament or band, and let it alone within, as long as they can suffer it, then losen it and draw it out together with the worms, that stick on it. After that you shall pour in the things aforesaid, and also anoint it as is aforesaid. CAP. XX. Of the hemmorhoides. DE HEMMORHOIDIBUS. THE Hemmorhoides is an unfolding and spreading abroad of the veins in the tuell. Of these some be blind, which do swell and do sand out none, Cocae. Apertae. or very little blood, some be open, which be set wide open abroad certain times, and do sand forth blood. The hemmorhoides are caused through dreggie & melancholy blound, when there is abundance thereof, which the liver sendeth to those veins. The signs whereby this evil is known, need not to be required. Curatio. For the blind hemmerhoids may be seen with eyes, and they 'cause vehement pain, specially in avoiding the dung. But the open hemmerhoides do bleed, therefore the patient cannot be ignorant what they be. Therefore when blind hemmerhoides appear, Venesectio. and do raise great tormenting in the fundament, if the body be full of humours, cut the vain of the ham or of the ankle bones. Also you must make the belly soluble abundantly, left the dry dung, while it is sent forth, do engender pain. Also you must apply where vehement pain is, those things that can and will mitigate. Among which are crumbs of bread steeped in milk, and sodden with yolks of eggs, and applied like a plaster. Also it profiteth to sit in a bath made of the decoction of mallows, violet leaves, melilot, faenugreeke, chammomill, leaves of althaea, linseed, flowers of rose campion, and such like. And if the patient cannot use that, wet will or a sponge in the said decoction, and apply it to the grief. And if these aforesaid things do no good, you must get out blood of them. Therefore put into the evil, To open the 〈◊〉 will anointed with juice of cyclaminum, or with onions, or with ox gall. The same effect also hath the juice of century, doves dung, staves acre, fig leaves: if they be rubbed with it, and also the pulp of Colocynthidis steeped in the oil of bitter almonds. Among many other, this emplaster is very good. ℞. of doves dung. ℥. ss. seed of stavesacre, lupines. ana. ʒ. j.ss. bitter almonds. ʒ. j. pulp of coloquintida. ʒ.ss. juices of cycla●●inum, and onions. ana. ℥ i commix them altogether, and make it like a plaster, putting to it if need be, oil of bitter almonds. But to take away the pain presently, use this following. ℞. elder leaves. M.j. boil them in water, until they be very tender, then take a piece of scarlet, as much as a man's hand or greater, and wet it in the decoction, and lay it to the place as warm as may be suffered, and when it is cold lay it to again, being wet, in the same decoction as before. Do thus v. or uj times together, then lay the herbs upon the same scarlet, lay the herbs very hot also, this doth mollify the hemmorhoides, and seizeth the pains very quickly, which myself have often proved. Also you may put long suppositaries in the fundament, unguentum. Glandes'. made of the root of Cyclaminum. Also bloodsuckers, or horse leeches, being included in a reed, so that they can put forth, but only their head, are wont to be put to the hemmorhoids to open them, & if you cannot pull them away easily, strew ashes upon their heads, and you shall make them to fall of alone. But if the hemmorhoides be open, Curatio aper●a●um. and do avoid out blood meanly at certain times, they may not be stopped, for the bursting out of such blood doth cause men that have this disease, to be free from many other diseases. Which thing Hypocrates witnesseth, where he saith in Epidemies, these words. They which have the hemmorhoides, 6. Epid. par. 3. ●ph. 19 neither be vexed with pain of the sides, nor inflammation of the longs, nor a feeding ulcer, nor with felons, or cats hear, nor with ternivithiss, nor with the lepry, nor with morphue. But if the hemmorhoides do throw out blood immoderately, or longer than they should do, so that the patiented do consume and waste away with this evil, and their strength decayed and thrown down, they must be stopped by and by: but otherwise there is peril in stopping them, but in this case it is to doubt, jest the dropsy should follow, the liver being cooled through moderate vacuation & purging. Therefore let those that be so emptied and purged out of measure, Diet. use meats that have but little blood, and that do engender but little superfluities or excrements, & which also do dry and restrain, as is Alica and rice. Of potherbes, endive, succory, purslane, and such like. Commix his meat with sumach, and juice of unripe grapes. If his strength be much weakened, you must nourish and feed the sick with meat thus, you must strain out the juice that is in the meat, and commix with it juice of quinces, and let him soup that up, he must drink wine that is restrictive. Curatio. For the cure if there be abundance of humours in the body, it profiteth to cut the inner vein of the right hand in the arm: but if there be not, you must study to avert and turn away the blood by fastening of cupping glasses to the sides, and to the liver. For the which purpose it is good to bind the hands and the feet with bands, and to use sharp & hard frictions & rubbings. moreover you must minister within the body those things which do restrain, as are, syrups of Roses, of myrtles, and of quinces, read coral, bowl armoniac, trochistes of ambre, of spodium, of terra lemnia, and other which be rehearsed in the Chapter of spitting of blood. Also apply those things outwardly, which can stop blood that floweth. Among which as Aëtius witnesseth. lib. 14. cap. 5. is aloës laid on with Posca. The same effect also hath scales of iron or burned lead. This medicine is notable good which is described of Galen lib. 5. therap. method. ℞. of frankincense one part, of Aloes one part and a half, commix them with the white of an egg, until all come to the thickness of honey, and lay it upon the soft hairs of an hare, and apply it to the place that bleedeth, being bound outwardly with bands of fine linen. Also ointments, baths, incessions, fomentes, and other such like medicines, made of things having a restrictive virtue do profit, whereof you shall find many examples before in the Chapters of diarrhea, lieuteria, Dysenteria and tenafinus. ●●cculi. And if you shall use little bags, it is best, before you apply them, to boil them in wine that is read and restrictive, or at the lest to sprinkle them with it. Examples of other medicines seek before. CAP. XXI. Of the falling out of the tuell. DE PROCIDENTIA ANY. IT chanceth sometime, that resolution or weakness of the overtwhart muscles which do pluck the fundament upward, doth cause the tuell to fall out. Calculum vesicae. Causae. Causa. Wherefore seeing it cannot be drawn backward again, nor pulled upward of the aforesaid muscles, it hath need of hands or medicines to put it up again. When the tuell is fallen out, you must dilgently consider, Curatio. whether it be free from inflammation or not, for if it be not inflamed at all, it must by and by be thrust & put to his former place by compulsion. And because it must not fall out again, after that it is thrust in, and put up into his own place, you must apply restrictive medicines outward to it. Therefore first, you must anoint it about with oil of roses being warmed, or scour the tuell with restrictive wine, and then being put up again into his place, you must bind him up. And that you must do by & by, as soon as the sick hath been at the stool, lest that, when necessity constraineth them to go to the stool again, the tuel should fall out again. You must apply a lineament of acatia and hypocischidos with wine. Also you must seethe in water till it be read, galls, balustiae, shells of mast, pomegranate rinds, daisies, sumach, shells of quinces and such like, and afterward of that decoction make incessions and washing. But after that the tuell is washed with wine or with some restrictive decoction than it is lawful to strew upon it, & to apply to it dry medicines. For which purpose you may apply bowl armoniac, frankincense, sanguis draconis, galls, acatia, myrrh, hypoci●chidos, heart's horn, & such other restrictive medicines, as we have rehearsed often before. But if the tuell through inflammation be so swollen, that it cannot be thrust up again: if the body be full of humours, you must first cut a vein, and provoke vomit. And also you must apply to the tuell by & by in the beginning, those things that do restrain & stop or appease: but if there be no abundance of humours in the body, let the sick use incessions of the decoction of Chammomill, mallows, althaea, linseed, fenugreek, and such like, or let him descend into hot water, & tarry in it for a time. Also it is lawful to apply a sponge or will wet in the decoction. Moreover you must anoint the tuell with oils of chammomill, & dill, until it may be put up: for they because of their dissolving virtue, do readily take away the swelling, and do also 'cause, that it may be put up again, without any difficulty or pain. But after it is put up again, than you must use the aforesaid restrictive medicines, that it fall not out again. CAP. XXII. Of the clefts of the fundament. DE RIMIS ANY. CLEFTS of the fundament be chaps which are made in the muscle that shutteth the fundament, or in the circle round about the fundament, they be like the chaps, which are made through a north wind on the lips. Causae. Causae. They are caused through flowing of sharp humours, or through inflammation, or through extension of the swelling of the tuel. This evil is apparent to the eyes, Signa. Signa. & therefore we need to show no signs to declare it by. For the cure, if the clefts of the fundament be engendered of sharp humours, than they first of all must be purged & tempered. Curatio. Curatio. But if it be caused through swelling of the fundament caused of inflammation, you must likewise use at the beginning purging, medicines. Also the belly all the time of the cure must be kept soluble with meats that do moisten, and fat meats, least dry dung should hinder, and tarry the conglutination. Of such qualities be mallows, spinach, milk of sweet Almonds, soft eggs, fat broth, and such other like. But to the chaps themselves you must use this ointment. ℞. of the oils of roses and myrtles. ana. ℥ i frankincense, unguentum. mastic, litarge, sanguis draconis. ana. ℈ i aloës, burned lead, ceruse, balaustiae, bowl armoniac. ana. ℈. ss. white wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment. Or thus. ℞. oil of Roses. To dissolve curdled blood. ℥. j.ss. galls, myrrh, terra lemnia. ana. ℈ i root of comfery, roch a lume, burned lead. ana. ℈. ss. the yolk of an egg being roasted, wax as much as is sufficient, and make an ointment. With these ointments you must anoint the clefts, thrice on a day, but wash them first with decoction of roses, galls and fidiorum. And if burning and inflammation do vex the diseased place, you must anoint it with unguentum album camphoratum. CAP XXIII. Of the weakness of the liver. DE IMBECILLITATE JECINORIS. Caus●. WEAKNESS of the liver is caused of distempure either hot, cold, moist, or dry. hot distempure doth roast, and as it were burn up as well the humours which were before in the liver, as also those humours, which are carried to the liver by the veins mesenterij. But cold distempure doth make the phlegmatic and raw humour, which is already contained in the liver, gross and tough and hard to be moved, and the humours that be carried to the liver, it leaveth them half digested. Dry distempure doth make the humours drier and thicker. Moist distempure doth make the humours thin and more watery. Therefore they which have weak faculty and strength of the liver they are called hepatici, as Galen saith. hot distemper vexing the liver, there are colliquations, Signa. first of the humours, and after that of the liver itself: also choler that is stinking and gross is avoided by the belly, and is abundantly coloured: also a fever vexeth him, he abhorreth meat and casteth up choler. Moreover thirst doth trouble them, their urine is ruff, and the pulse is swift. When there is cold distempure, they make not many excretions, nor much in quantity, the evil endureth long, & the belly floweth certain days abundantly. But the egestions be less stinking, than those which be melted through heat, neither have they colour also nor thickness, but are like putrifact blood which is curdled. And if you do diligently mark it, it is neither curdled blood, nor black blood, but as it were certain slime and dregs of gross blood coming nigh to melancholy. And also diverse and many colours of the excrements do signify cold distempure. Also in it there appeareth a faint fever. The face doth not fall, and he hath greater appetite of meats. To either of these distempures, if there come dryness, the excrements will be drier and l●sse and the sick will be more thirsty. But if moistness come to either of them, the egestions will be more liquid and more abundant, Curatio. and they shall be less troubled with thirst. For the cure the chief point is to amend the grief by conrraries. Therefore you must cool a hot distempure, Note. and heat a cold distempure. Likewise you must moisten a dry distempure, & dry a moisture. But in the cure this only must also be considered that in all medicines for the liver, that as well those which be taken by the mouth inward, as also those that be applied to it outwardly, commix some restrictive things with them, whereby the strength and stability of the liver may be conserved and kept. Therefore in a hot distempure, for his diet, let him use broth of Ptysan, Diet in a hot distempure. and other meats that do meanly cool, as lettuce, endive, succory, sowthistle, and water and bread mixed together, or bread dipped in water. Also chickens, partridge, birds of mountains, and veal, these being sodden in verjuice or lemons. of fruits let the sick eat faisons, lemons, & sweet almonds. He must eschew wine altogether, except some other cause let it, as weakness of the stomach, for than you must minister thin and watery wine. Let them drink, for wine, juice of pomegranates, and syrupus acetosus simplex. Also oxysaccharum, with decoction of barley or endive. Also they must eschew all meats and drinks dressed with honey, and that be very hot, and have virtue to cut and divide. Cure of a hot d●stempure. Orbiculi. For the cure minister unto him by the mouth, conserve of roses diarrhodom abbatis, diatrion santalon, and other such like antidotes. Also these lozenges profit, ℞. the powders of Diarrhodon abbatis, and of diatrion santalon. ana. ʒ. j.ss. seeds of both the tame endives, read roses. ana. ℈ two raisins. ℥ i white sanders, withwind, flowers of squinaunt. ana. ℈ i sugar. ℥ uj dissolve it in the stilled waters of withwind, & endive that hath the broad leaves, and make lozenges. And also the antidote Philonium, only once ministered, sometime hath marvelously healed all hot distempure of the liver. Apply outwardly foments made of roses, chammomil & quinces, or seethe wormwood or dates in the aforesaid oils of roses, chammomil and quinces, and then wet will or a spong in them, and lay that right against the liver. Also you may use this ointment. ℞. oils of roses, of quinces, Vlcera veficae unguentum. and of water lilies. ana. ℥ i white sanders and read, red roses. ana. ℈ i scraping of ivory. ℈. j.ss. seeds of both the tame endives. ana. ℈ i vinegar. ʒ. j.ss. purslayne seed. gra.ij. wax as much as is sufficient and make an ointment. Also Epithemes in this disease are wont to profit not a little: which may be made thus, or after this sort. ℞. the distilled waters of sown Endive, with the broad leaves of lettuce, of sorrel, of roses, of water lilies. ana. ℥ three juice of sengreene, ℥ i vinegar. ℥ i read roses, read sanders, shaving of ivory. ana. ʒ. j. powders of Diarrhodon abbatis, diatrion santalon. ana. ʒ. ss. seed of purslayne. ℈. ss. Commix them all, and make an Epitheme. You must apply Epithemes in summer coldo, and in winter warm. When there is cold distempure of the liver, you must use medicines that do heat, Why the ulcers of the bladder be incurable. Cure of cold distempure. and add strength and stability to the liver. In his diet he must use meats easy of digestion, and heating. For pot herbs let him take savoury, hyssop, fennel, parsley, sothernwoode, sage, and such like. And let his meats be dressed with Aromatic things, as Cinnamon, cloves, and such others. He must drink wine that is thin, yellow, and odoriferous. He must eschew eating of fish, and cold fruits, and idleness, and in conclusion what so ever doth make cold. Within the body he must take this decoction. ℞. roots of Apium, of fennel, and of parsley. ana. ℥ i agrimony, hyssop, mints, Curatio. Decoctum. wormwood, succory, withwind, origan, calamint, Asarum. ana. M.j. seeds of Anise, fennel, daucus, commin, caraways. ana. ʒ. ij. squynaunt. ʒ. j.ss. mastic. ʒ. j. flowers of Chammomill, red roses. ana. M.j. Cinnamon chosen. ʒ. j.ss. seethe all these in a pound and half of wine, and one pound of running-water unto the third part, then strain it, and put to the liquor of syrup of agrimony. ℥ three syrup of wormwood. ℥ i Commix all together and make a potion: of the which let him drink in the morning, and after dinner. ℥. iij.ss. at a time, for the same purpose you may minister hot antidotes, as diacinnamomum, dianisum, conserve of sage, galingale condite, roots of pimpernel covered with sugar, and such like. You must anoint him outwardly with hot oils, as be, oils of Narde, Chammomill, wormwood, and such like. Also it is very good to use this ointment. ℞. of the oils of wormwood, and narde. ana. ℥. j.ss. juice of agrimony. ʒ. ij. cinnamon, cloves, wood of Aloës. ana. ℈ two spicknarde, unguentum. squynaunt and mastic. ana. ℈ i wax, as much, as is sufficient, make an ointment. You may also apply this Cerate. ℞. of the meal of faenugreeke, and of lupines. ana. ʒ. ij. root of yreos, Cer●tum. and Asarum. ana. ʒ. j. of agrimony, wormwood, melilotte, and squynaunt. ana ʒ. ss. gallia moschata. ℈ i seed of anise and fennel. ana. ℈. ss. mastic. ℈ two myrrh and frankincense. ana. ℈ i oils of mastic, narde, roses, and dill. ana. ℥ i wax and rosin, as much as is sufficient, and make a Cerote to apply to the liver. Epitheme. Also the using of this Epitheme is good. ℞. seeds of anise, fennel, ammeos. ana. ʒ. j.ss. Cinnamon, cloves, squinaunt. ana. ʒ. j. seethe all in a pound and half of malmsey, till half be consumed, then strain it and commix with the liquor of that decoction, waters of wormwood and agrimony. ana. ℥ two powders of diacinnamomum, and diagalanges. ana. ʒ. j. withwind. ℈ two vinegar. ʒ. iij. commix altogether and make an Epitheme. In a moist distempure of the liver, let him use a diet that doth dry, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cure of a moist distempure. as flesh of birds roasted, thin wine: those things that do provoke sweat, as dry baths, or hot houses, and also baths coming of their own accord: generally he must eat & drink but little. He must eschew all kind of fishes, and fruits that have power to moisten. You must minister within the body, syrup of wormwood, dialacchaes and diacureuma. You must apply, outwardly those things which do dry without any great heat: of the which we will speak afterward in the Chapter of the dropsy anasarca. Signae. Cure of a dry distempure. Dry distempure of the liver must be cured like the other, by his contraries. Therefore that we may comprehend the matter in few words: it is good for him to use a diet that doth moisten, and baths of sweet water, and other things which do moisten, whereof we will speak abundantly in their places. But this must not be forgotten, which we also admonished you of before, to commix always with your moistening things, those things which add strength to the liver. Curatio. L●pi●● Ie●●●. But among those things which seem to be good, by the property of their whole substance, the best is wolves liver, if it be diligently dried and beaten, and ʒ. j. thereof ministered with sweet wine allayed with water. For this, by often proof is known to be good against all distempures of the liver. For as we said, by the property of his whole substance, he hath his efficacy, and not by heating or cooling. CAP XXIIII. Of obstructions of the liver. DE OBSTRUCTIONE JECINORIS. Causae. OBSTRUCTIONS of the liver are caused of vapours, windinsse, and gross and hard to digest. But sometime it is caused of gross and viscous humours in the ends of the veins, springing from the flat part of the liver, by the which veins nourishment is sent to the liver from the stomach and the bowels. Signae. If abundance of gross and vaporous windiness be heaped up together, which can not found free passage out, and so doth engender obstruction, there ariseth then not only grief & heaviness about the right side, but also feeling and perceiving of distension and stretching out. If obstruction be engendered through gross & viscous humours, there followeth heaviness with feeling of pain, sometime easy, and sometime vehement: also sometime without a fever, and sometime with a fever. For gross and viscous humours, being many, do cause obstruction and stopping more than other, & specially when the patient doth use vehement moving after meat. And if they be sharp and much in quantity, which be taken in meats, the pain of the obstruction is made more vehement: when the body is stopped, they suffer both stretching out, Victus ratio. and also pricking. You must give unto them which have this disease, hot meats, & that have virtue to take away obstruction and stopping, as be leeks with oxymel, sperage, fennel, parsley, capers, & other like things either sodden in pottage and meats, or taken with some heating sauce, which taketh away obstructions. You must eschew all meats and nourishments engendering gross juice. Also refrain baths and exercises after meats. He must use for drink, wine that is thin and old. Besides his diet it is requisite for him to use very quickly medicines that do attenuate, Curatio. and take away obstructions: for obstructions waxing old doth not only engender putrefaction in the liver, but also in all the whole body, Simples taking a●ay obstructions of the liver. & kindleth a fever. Among simple medicines these that follow do take away obstructions notably and without grief (that is) wolves liver, fumitory, agrimony, chammomill, galingale, dragon's root, asarum, anise, apium, wormwood, casia, ireos, liquorice, rhaponticine, lupines, capares, axini, with wind parsley, pistacium, bitter almonds, spikenard, stechados, gentian, root of plantain, also the seed and leaves dried, juice of Anagallis the female, succory, alkakengi, both the endives, sperage and bruscus. Of these also you may make diverse compound medicines, and specially decoctions, putting to it oxymel simplex, scilliticum, syrup●s, acetosus compositus. syrups of wormwood, of hyssop, of calamint, of horehound, & such other like. For the same purpose it is lawful to minister trochistes of agrimony, of wormwood, of rhubarb and such like. Also these Antidotes; diasaccha, diacurcunia are good and such other like. Among other simples before rehearsed pistacium is notable good to take away obstructions. Therefore it will not only be profitable but also pleasant, if you steep pistacia ten or twelve hours by night in malmsey, and minister them in the morning, the digestion being ended. You must apply outwardly, Epithemes, ointmentes, emplasters, and Ceroces, which be declared in the former Chapter, of the cure of cold distempure of the liver. And these aforesaid medicines do suffice, if the evil be not yet inveterate and grown older for when the evil is im●eterate you must use both blood letting and purgagations, if nothing do forbidden it. You must purge him with pills of Rhubarb and of agaric, & with other antidotes, which do purge gross & thin humours by the belly. You must purge them specially by the belly, when the hollow part of the liver is vexed. But you must purge by urine, when the round embossed part of the liver is vexed. The body being purged by bludlerting & purgations then you must minister those medicines, which are before rehearsed. And specially this Electuary. ℞. of the root of ireos, chamoepityos, Antidotum liquidum. of seeds of anise and apium. ana. ʒ. ij. of asarum. ʒ.ij.ss. of cinnamon, ginger, caraways, chammomill. ana. ʒ. j. of staechadus, gentian, and horehound. ana. ʒ. ij. with Oxymell scilliticum as much as is sufficient, make an electuary. This doth marvelously take away obstructions, not so much those that be in the hollow part of the liver, as those that stick in the out side of the liver. For it purgeth out vehemently by urine. CAP. XXV. Of inflammation of the liver. DE INFLAMMATIONE JECINORIS. THERE is inflammation engendered in the liver aswell as in other members, Causae. and through the same causes that they be engendered of. If the liver be vexed with inflammation, there is felt pain and heaviness all over the right side coming up to the neck, and down to the bastard ribs. Signa. Also there is swelling of the right side, specially, if the outward part of the liver be inflamed. He hath a sharp fever, a small and dry cough, an infaciable thirst, abhorring of meats, hardness and difficulty of breathing, the colour of the tongue first red and afterward black. Vomits aswell of pure choler, as also like yolks of eggs, and afterward also rusty, the belly is costive. Also the colour of the body is changed, like as in the yellow jaundice, also he hath the hicket. In the time of their fit they are taken with a certain raving, and do void forth sharp urine. The inflammation that chanceth through causes in the crooked and hollow parts of the liver, do cause abhorring of meat, disposition to vomit vomits of choler, and unquenchable thirst. The inflammation, that engendereth in the outward and round parts of the liver, causeth the patiented to have greater pain in drawing of breath then the other, and do raise a greater cough, & it doth stretch out pain unto the right part of the neck, so that it seemeth to pluck it of. Also it chanceth sometime, that the muscles leaning upon the liver be inflamed: therefore many being deceived, do think it to be an inflammation of the liver. Therefore it is necessary to tell the differences between these. For if the liver be inflamed, there followeth a round swelling, fashioned like the liver, which will also be fashioned according to the laying of the body. For it appeareth greater, when the body is turned down on the left side, and again lesser, when it is turned to the right side. For the liver going under the bastard ribs, it neither appeareth to the sight, nor to the feeling. Again the thin skin, inclining to the inflammation of the liver, it apperreth to have a natural fashion. If the muscles be inflamed, the skin is stretched out round about, so that if one would pull it up with his fingers, he can not easily. Moreover there appeareth a swelling according to the placing of the muscles, that lie upon the liver, long in fashion and manifest to sight & feeling. For the cure, when the liver beginneth to be inflamed, Curatio. Cure if it be of weakness of the bladder Curatio. Venae sectio. you must by and by let him blood, if age and strength will permit it. Therefore as Galene witnesseth you must both pull back and purge the blood, that floweth to the liver▪ by cutting the inward vein of the arm: because that vain in the right arm is right against the liver, and hath a large passage: having society with the vain which is called Vena cava. If this vain doth not appear, you must cut the middle vain. And if that doth not appear neither, you must cut the upper vain, you must draw out abundant, and sufficient blood if his strength will suffer it. After blood-letting within a little space, make the belly soluble, with a simple and easy clyster, specially if it do not void by itself. Cure if it be of gross humours. The next day after the blood letting, fasten on a cupping glass, with scarification, and again, likewise fasten it on, within a day after: for many have felt more ease the second time of the applying: then at the first time. Also you must use foments of will wet in oil, cataplasms, cerotes, F●ment●. and epithemes. In the applying of the which, this only is to be observed, that to the other medicines that be mollificative and discussive, you always commix some restrictive medicines. Therefore make a foment of oils of quinces, or of mastic, or roses, or myrtles, putting to it odoriferous wine: or apply a sponge wet in the decoction of wormwood, melilot, read roses, chammomill, dill, plaintaine, tame endive, and other like. Also make Cataplasms or emplasters of linseed and faenugreeke, Cataplasmes. barley meal, quinces, melilo●e, flowers, wormwood and such like. Or this emplaster. ℞. barley meal. ℥. ss. meat of quinces beaten. ʒ. iij. wormwood, Cure if it be of the stone or clodded blood. E●plastrum. flowers of melilot, squinaunt. ana. ʒ. ij. linseed. ʒ. j. oils of Roses, quinces, chammomill, wormwood. ana. ℥. ss. vinegar. ℥ i Commix altogether, Cer●●●●. and make an emplaster. Also this Cerote is good. ℞. of the meat of Dates. ʒ. iij. of myrrh, steeped in old restrictive wine, storax, and mastic. ana. ʒ. ij. flowers of melilot, wormwood, chammomill. ana. ʒ. j.ss. saffron. ʒ. ss. oils of quinces, of mastic, and of roses. ana. ℥ i with wax and rosin as much as is sufficient, and make a Cerote to apply to the liver. Epithe●●●a. For the same purpose, you may make Epithemes of the decoction of Roses, plantain, wormwood, chammomill, or of their watets distilled. And in making of all these things, you must take heed, that when there is vehement inflammation, the restrictive things may prevail, & exceed the things that mollify and loosen. And contrariwise when the vehemency of the heat is somewhat slaked, the mollifying things must exceed restrictive things. Cure if it be of a piece of flesh or knobble. Note. Moreover you must beware, that you do not apply the aforesaid things when they are cold, but first warm them a little. Moreover in inflammation of the liver, when there is great and vehement pain, you must also minister drink medicines, that do ease pain: but so, that you do eschew continual use of them: you must use drinking of simples most. Therefore minister ground swell sodden, as a thing very profitable, or juice of liquorice with hot water. Also juice of endives doth profit no less than the other, putting to them a little honey: for besides that it cooleth, and addeth strength to the liver, it also purgeth the mouths of the veins of the liver. But the belly must also be provoked by eating of nettles or mercury sodden. Also in the declination of the disease, the belly must be emptied by clysters, for which purpose polibodie & Epithimum with mulsa are put in: and that specially, if the inflammation be in the hollow part of the liver. For the hollow part of the liver (as we said before) must be purged by the guts. But the round and outward part of the liver, must be purged by urine. Moreover in inflammation of the liver there is need of an exquisite diet (as Galen witnesseth lib. 13. Therap. method. The liver itself requireth meat chiefly that can withstand obstructions. Cure if it come in hail folk. Such be all those that be of thin substance, and which do scour without gnawing, as is, ptysan, mulsa, and such like. Therefore the best food for them that are thus diseased, is ptysan broth, wherein apium hath been sodden. Also you may minister broth of a chicken, wherein parsley hath been sodden: but drink mulsa or barley broth, or decoction of the tame endives. And if that inflammation do begin to change to suppuration and rotting then all the aforesaid signs will increase, Aloe ●rida. Cure of inflammation turning to suppuration. as pains, fevers, rave, carefulness, and abhorring of meat. Then you must help the permutation, and rotting, that it may quickly be done, jest other members in continuance of time do rot with it also. Therefore you shall help it to rot with this cataplasm. ℞. of the root of Althaea. ℥. j.ss. faenugreeke, Casaplasma. and linseed. ana. ʒ. ij. leaves of Althaea and mallows. ana. M.ij dry figs in number vj. boil these in water till they wax soft, then bruise them, and make a Cataplasm. Neither shall you do amiss, if you apply an emplaster, that can help it to change into matter. As this is. ℞. of barley meal, and faenugreke. ana. ℥ three of the root of Althaea. ℥. ss. of the root of white lilies. ʒ. j.ss. linseed. ʒ. j. flowers of camomile, and melilote. ana. M. ss. boil all in water unto a just thickness, then commix of oil of camomile. ℥ i of oil of lilies. ℥. j.ss. boil them again, and make an emplaster. Of these said things you may also make a cerote, by putting to them butter; laudanum, rosin and wax. When the suppuration and rotting is fully come to a perfection, than the pains do cease, and all the fits do appear gentler and meeker. In the time of the rapture or breaking, Ruptura, the pain doth increase more again, therefore then also you must help the rapture or breaking of it, by using of goats dung and doves dung, nettleseede, mustard seed, and other things that do draw to the superficies. And by heating potions, as is decoction of poley, fumitory, root of Chamaedrios, and such like. When it is broken you must minister water of honey, or decoction of cicers, & other like things, which have an abstersive & scouring virtue. And if the matter doth avoid by the veins, you must commix things that provoke urine: as be sium, asarum, casia, and cinamome. But if it avoid by the belly, commix those things which do purge gently, as be goats wheye, tamarinds, & casia sistularis. Also it is lawful then to use clysters made of the decoction of barely. When cleansing and scouring of it is done minister medicines, which can glutinate and join it up. CAP. XXVI. Of distempure of the Spleen. DE INTEMPERIE LIENIS. LIKE as other parts of the body have eight kinds of distempures, so many hath the spleen, and most often it suffereth cold and moist distempure. Each particular cause is not to be declared here: for there be some causes, Causae. that be in other distempures of other members of the body, Curatio. Signs of distempure of the spleen in bore qualities. Cold distemper. therefore you shall seek them in Galen ex capitibus primi, 2. & 3. lib. de morborum causis. The surest & shortest signs of distempure of the spleen is known by those signs that be eaten and drunken, and by those things which are applied outwardly upon the skin, nigh to the skin, nigh to the left side. For if cold distempure doth vex the spleen, all meats & drinckes which do cool notably, do soon and manifestly hurt the spleen. Also all cold things applied outwardly do hurt it: and therefore they signify cold distempure of it: but contrariwise all hot things do ease it. And if the distempure of the spleen be hot, Hot distemper. it is not vexed with cold meats or drinckes or with cold things being applied outwardly. And if the heat increase there is not only no swelling in it, but also it suffereth contraction, and shrincking up, specially if a fever be present. But meats and drinks that be hot, and those things that add heat being applied outwardly do increase hot distempures, and make them outrageous. Also all cooling things be joyful unto them. Dry distempure. Likewise also you may gather the signs of dry distempure, specially when it is not evident by the proper nature of it for lack of greatness. Also those things that be applied outwardly to the body, and that be received inwardly, if they have virtue and power of drying, they do dry up the spleen. When the spleen is vexed with moist distempure▪ Ceratum. Moist distemper. and so continuing a while, it causeth it to increase so much, that it toucheth both the stomach and the liver. Also the kind of pain together with these aforesaid signs, do declare the distempure that vexeth. For in a hot and cold distempure, they have small pain or none at all, neither have they any also in a moist distempure● but lest of all in a dry distempure. By these aforesaid signs, you may make conjecture of compound distempures of the spleen. For in a manner altogether, when a hot distempure is vehement, a dry distempure followeth it: and to a cold distempure being inveterate, a moist distempure followeth. Signs of distempure of the spleen through humours. Choler. But in so much as humours flowing into the spleen do cause swelling: you must have diligent consideration to them. For if choler do flow thither, the whole body appeareth hotter, although there be no fever present. Also the eyes and the urine be coloured by choler. The sick shall always accuse dryness, and complain of thirst, and choler troubling his mouth. He abhorreth meat, and is troubled with watching, and desireth cold things, and withal these his tongue is yelowished. He hath tertian fits, and the manners of the sick be wrathful, and they will chause out of measure. If Melancholy doth flow, Melancholy. his colour doth appear as well on the tongue, as in all the rest of the body, and he hath unnatural appetite to meat, the patiented is sad and heavy, 〈◊〉. and other signs of choler be present with these. Also fits do vex him the fourth day. When a phlegmatic humour floweth into the spleen, his colour shall be like phlegm. The sick doth not thirst, he desireth meat, unless the humour be salt phlegm: for the sick abhorreth meat, and be more desirous of drink, for they are thirsty. Also fits vex them every day. And their urines are white, and they themselves be slow and sluggish. Some of them that have cold distempure with it, have a great and a hard spleen. And if it be a sanguine humour, Causae. Blood. that floweth into spleen, it is possible for it to change the colour both of the tongue, and of the skin. As for the appetit or abhorring of meats, the sick is in a mean between both, and they be more sick than the rest, although they have not like swelling of the spleen. The veins of the whole body do appear full of blood, and the urine is yellow. These signs we have declared at large out of Aetius, Note. because they are common, and may almost be applied to all distempures of other medicines, caused through flowing of humours. Generally distempure of the bore quality of the spleen is almost without swelling. You must cure and correct them both by meats and drinckes, as also by simple medicines and fomentes, oils and ointments and such other like, which be contrary to the distempure. Therefore you shall heal hot distempure of the spleen, (as you did of the liver) by meats and drinks that do cool, and by annoyntinges with oils of roses and olium molinum & other things which be rehearsed before in the 23. chapter of this book. Likewise cold distempure of the liver, Cold. Moist. by those things which do moderately heat. In a moist distempure of the spleen, besides those things which are rehearsed before in the 23. chapter, these things do profit: root of five leaved grass, dry plantain, the flower & some of salt, ammoxiacum, juice of willow and such like. If you make of them an ointment or cerote by putting to sufficient vinegar, such as we will a little after describe. Also frictions are most convenient for this, Lami●● P●ubea. which have a discussing virtue. Dry distempure of the spleen is cured by sweet baths and hot waters, also annointinges with sweet oil, and meats moisting without coldness, Cure of distempure 〈…〉. as is Ptysan juice. If distempure of the spleen be caused through flowing of an humour, then if the humour be sanguine, you must let blood of the inner vein of the left arm, called lienaris vena, or if that cannot be found, let blood of the vein, which is between the ring finger, and the ear finger, then apply both inwardly and outwardly medicines which do ad strength to the spleen, as is, the bark of the root of capers, of hearts tongue, Ceterach, maidenhair Yreos, calamint and such like, which also are able to add strength and stability to the liver: of which we will speak abundantly in the chapters following. If other humours flow to the spleen, first you must avoid the superfluous humours by purging them with medicines: then all the rest of the time, you must correct the distempure that is left, and also apply things that strengthen the spleen. CAP. XXVII. Of inflammation of the Spleen. DE LIENIS INFLAMMATIONE THE Spleen, like as other members is vexed with inflammation as often as hot blood doth flow thither unnaturally. It is known by heaviness and swelling of the left side, Signa. which will not give place to the feeling: also by pain & stretching out of the place, by fevers and by burning heat. But if abundance of humours do rush in thither, it is knowed by the greatness & swiftness of the engendering of the inflammation. Let the diet of them that be vexed with inflammation of the spleen be simple, Dict. and give them those things that will easily digest for their meat, as is Ptysan juice, bread wet and other things which be often rehearsed of us before in the inflammation of other members. And if the inflammation endure long, you may also give them birds flesh, and fishes taken in gravely places. Let the drink of the patient be decoction of cinnamome or watery wine. Simples to provoke carnal lust. Potus. Let the cure be begun by cutting of the vein of the spleen, or that vein, which is between the little finger, Curatio. Venae sectio. Clyster. and the ring finger, if there be no cause to forbidden it. Let the belly be often washed with clysters, but specially, if you may not let him blood. Then lay upon the spleen restrictive medicines, which can appease the fury of that, that floweth: and keep the strength of the liver and spleen, but yet you may not only apply restrictive things, but you must commix with them, those things which do extenuate, cut and loosen without evident heat, least gross matter be stopped in it, and do wax more vehemently hard. Therefore if there be moderate inflammation, Antidotum liquidum. Fomenta. you must apply moist wool wet in wine that is old, sharp and thin and mixed with sweet oil. But if there be greater heat, take oil of roses, or oleum melinum, or oil of chammomill with vinegar you may commix them together after this sort. ℞. oil of roses and quinces. ana. ℥ two oil of camomile. ℥ i the best vinegar. ℥. ss. commix them altogether for a foment & irrigation. And if the aforesaid oils be not at hand, seethe briar leaves and quinces in oil, and add to also some extenuating things, as is wormwood and peniroiall. Note. And you must beware also that you apply nothing upon the spleen cold, but whatsoever medicine you apply to it outwardly, let it be warmed. After fomentes and irrigations, you must pass to cataplasms: in the making of which you may add the meal of darnel and barley with dry figs linseed and oil, wherein wormwood and pennyroyal be sodden. But you must beware that the place be not kept bore after irrigations, and cataplasms, but assoon as those be taken away, by and by apply such cerotes or emplasters as be described in the chapter of inflammation of the liver. For both the liver and the spleen require one kind of medicines, but the spleen requireth so much the stonger medicines, as it is of grosser nourishment. Therefore you shall seek examples of medicines meet for this place out of the chapter of inflammation of the Liver: observing only this thing, that you always commix vinegar, and somewhat that is acceptable to the spleen, and that doth peculiarly defend his strength. And if the inflammation of the spleen tendeth toward suppuration and rotting, which do seldom chance, you must help to further the suppuration, lest other members putrefy, by cataplasms that bring it to matter, whereof we have spoken in the inflammation of the liver. CAP. XXVIII. Of hardness of the Spleen. DE LIENIS SCHIRRHO. INFAMMATION of the spleen, if it be not rightly cured, it draweth together a hard swelling of the spleen. The cause of this disease is a certain humour, which cleaveth stubbornly to the spleen: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. ●up●ura. Causae. but it is when hardness engendereth without inflammation into over much swelling. Signa. The evil is easily known by touching, of what cause soever it be. His diet must be extenuating: therefore he must eat meat which is easy of digestion, Ramex intest●norum. Victus ratio. and doth engender good juice and thine. He must eschew all hard flesh, which doth engender gross juice, & which do strive against digestion. He must drink wine that is thin in substance, yellowish in colour, not very old and being without all restriction. Also he must put much trust in exercises, which, it is good to use before meat, the body not abounding with superfluities. Also it is manifest that vociferation, and crying out, oportunatly done and in time, doth greatly help in this evil. For the cure, you must use very strong things as well outwardly as also inwardly. Therefore with in the body minister most strong potions, Curatio. for those they may suffer without grief. Among the which, the chief be, the barks of the roots of capers, hartestongue, the root and herb of Tamariscus, sodden in vinegar or oxymel. Also juice of century drunk, and decoction of bitter lupines taken with rue and pepper. Anagallis the female. ℈ i with Posca or oxymel, profiteth marvelously to drink it. Also the most convenient remeady for the hardness of the spleen is iron quenched often in water, or wine or Posca. For that water or wine or Posca ministered in the beginning is pleasant, and most profitable, and is given many days orderly. Therefore to them that have the fever, minister water or Posca: but to them that have tender flesh, and lack a fever, minister wine. Let the iron that is quenched in them be some instrument that is laid with steel. Also the scales of iron may profitably be ministered to strong and rude men. For, this doth melt the spleen notably, for it hath a consuming virtue. But yet lest it should hurt the stomach, it is good to commix with it some strengthening medicines, as is hartestongue, tops of wormwood, casia, annyse seed, sepillum montanum, or such other like. Apply outwardly this foment. ℞. century, hartestongue, rue. ana. M.j. bark of the root of capers. ℥ i seethe all in vinegar, and when they be sodden, Ramex ormenti. Ramex ormenti intestinique. Ramex varicosus. Causae. wet a sponge in the decoction, and apply it hot to the spleen. unguentum. Moreover this ointment showeth a marvelous effect. ℞. of the oils of capers, lilies and yreos. ana. ℥ i marrow of ox's shanks. ʒ. ij. mucilage of the root of Althaea, fenugreeke, and linseed. ana. ʒ. j. badgers grease, hens grease, goose grease. ana. ʒ. ij. the bark of the root of capers, Tamariscus, costus, centaury. ana. ʒ. j. gum ammoniacke, bdellium, galbanum. ana. ʒ. ss. the gums being first dissolved in vinegar, with wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment. Also emplasters and cerotes do profit much being made after this sort. ℞. of the oils of lilies, yreos, and of capers. ana. ℥ i barley meal, fenugreeke, linseed. ana. ʒ. j. the bark of the root of capers, hartestongue. ana. ʒ. j.ss. root of Althaeaʒ. j. bdellium, ammoniacke, galbanum. ana. ʒ. j.ss. opopanax, myrrh, fanckensence. ana. ʒ. ss. with rosin, turpentine & wax, as much as is sufficient make a cerote. Moreover the Physician must look diligently to the disease, as he seethe cause sometime add, and sometime take away those things which do either mollify, or attenuate and dissolve, or which addeth strength. In conclusion cupping glasses fastened with scarification, is not a little profitable. CAP. XXIX. Of obstruction of the Spleen. DE LIENIS OBSTRUCTIONE. IT chanceth sometime not only through weakness of attractive virtue, which is in the spleen, but also through stopping of the passage, by which the dreggy humour of melancholy is derived from the liver unto the spleen there followeth obstruction. Afterward that unpure and naughty blood is distributed all over the whole body, which, if it chance, than the colour of the body is corrupt, and enclieneth to blackness. Also sometime they that are thus diseased, have uncurable ulcers. The causes may easily be known by those causes, which we spoke of, in the chapter of the obstruction of the liver. This evil is known by heaviness, Signa. which is about the left side. If the whole body be corrupted with it beside, it is easy to know specially by the colour of the face, difficulty of breathing, troublesome dreams, Dye●. Cure. and other such like aforesaid. This disease is cured with an extenuating diet, and by medicines which take away obstructions, whereof you may find great plenty rehearsed in the chapter of obstructions of the liver: for both these members have need of like medicines: But yet the spleen hath need of stronger medicines so much as it is nourished with grosser food. Therefore against gross humours, that they may obey readily to be purged, there behoveth preparatives, which preparatives shall be the same that are for obstructions of the liver, (this only observed) that here all things be stronger, and that they have things commixed with them, that do add strength to the spleen, (the humour being preparate) than they must be purged by such medicines, as do purge gross and dreggie humours, whereof we have spoken often before. After this apply such medicines both inwardly and outwardly, as are contained in the former chapter, & in the chapter of obstruction of the liver. Therefore those places will show you medicines abundantly. CAP. XXX. Of the jaundice. DE ICTERO. Ic●erus ●●igo 〈◊〉 reg●●●. Causae. THE jaundice is nothing else but a shedding either of yellow choler, or of melancholy all over the body. Sometime there chanceth shedding of choler to the skin, the liver being safe, as in the Crisis of diseases. Many times the jaundice is caused, and doth chance when the blood is corrupted without a fever of some outward occasion, and is made choleric, as it chanceth by biting of venomous beasts. So a certain man, when he was stung of a viper, had all his body spotted like the colour of leikes. Also it may chance that through inflammation, or changing of the natural temperament of the liver, such corruption of humour may happen that sometime all the body shall be manifestly like herbs that be whitish with paleness. Also sometime it shall be like the colour of lead, as also such colours be blacker if they happen through disease of the spleen. Also it is caused many times through weakness of the bladder that receiveth the choler, which doth not draw as it was wont to do the choleric humour from the liver unto him, & therefore leaveth the blood unpure. Also sometime it is caused through obstruction and debility of the vessels; whose mouths are derived from the gall to the liver, and do not therefore draw the choleric humour. Also many times through obstruction of the passages, which goeth to the bowels. But that we may discern well the causes of the jaundice, Signa. you must of necessity consider the figure of the excrements, and the colour, seeing in some they appear much coloured by yellow choler, as also in some the urine doth appear. Therefore in them that have choler burst out unto the skin, by reason of a good crisis in fevers, their excrements and urine shall seem to be of natural colour. But if with the fever choleric derections do invade, and there be heaviness in the right side, it signifieth burning inflammation in the liver: by whose violence the blood is changed into choler, and carried all over the body. But if there be burning without heaviness, and grief, the evil engendered only through hot distempure of the liver. But if without a fever, together with feeling of some heaviness about the right side, white excrements be avoided: in them you may judge, that there is obstruction of the passages of the bladder that receive the choler. If such egestions come forth without that heaviness, you may judge their strength to be weak, either the attractive virtue which fetcheth out the choleric humour from the liver, or weakness of the expulsive virtue, which driveth out to the bowels. Also by & by after most choleric humours be sent out with the urine abundantly. Black humours. Those that have melancholy sent to the skin together with the the blood, they be vexed together grievously: for there followeth it sadness without reason, and gnawing of those things which be about the belly, difficulty of breathing, abhorring of meat, and they avoid black urine, but their dung is like the colour the coperouse or shoemakers bleache, & their womb is much costive. But those that have the jaundice caused of yellow choler, have no gnawing about the belly, nor also they do not so much abhor meats. They avoid white egestions, their urines be coloured like saffron, but they remain troubled, but commonly to all that have the jaundice, there chanceth sluggishness to move, and a contrary mind to sweet meats. Also itch of the whole body followeth. The whites of the eyes and the parts of the face nigh the temples, and the balls of the cheeks do betoken it by their pale colour. Also the veins under the tongue are found full and signify an abundant humour. The jaundice that is caused by reason of a good crisis, when the fever is perfectly ended, they are soon cured, Cure of jaundice coming through crisis of a fever. if they use baths of sweet water, and frictions or chafinges with discussive oils, and all things that ratify, the skin, (as be) oils or chammomill, of dill, of yreos, or such like. Also rosemary sodden in oil doth discuss and dissolve much. Let their whole diet be moist, and extenuating gross humours. Cold distemper Of venomous biting. Cure of jaundice of hot distempure of the liver or inflammation. Cure of the jaundice through obstruction. They that have the jaundice caused through biting of a venomous beast, they are to be cured almost as those be, which be bitten with a mad dog of the which we will speak in another place. Those that have the jaundice through hot distempure of the liver, or through inflammation of it, you must minister the cures which are rehearsed before in the diseases of the liver. Therefore that which we have rehearsed there, must be referred hither. But if the jaundice be caused through obstruction of the bladder that receiveth the choler, than two special remeadies must be used: blood letting & purging. In them therefore that blood do much abound together with choler all over the body; & that be troubled with heaviness or stretching out, about the liver or the spleen, nothing can be done more profitably, then to let him blood, so there be not cause that letteth it. You must cut the innermost vain of the right arm, and that if the liver be affected evil: but if the spleen be diseased, cut the vein in the left arm, Venae s●cti●. you must draw out the blood now and then, lest if you should draw it out on heaps, the strength of the sick should fail him. And if we be prohibited from blood letting, we may conveniently minister a clyster. For a clyster may well be cast in after blood letting, for by the avoiding out of the dung, it maketh easy breath & by provoking and gnawing of the bowels it draweth and pulleth back to it the humours that are sent out to the skin. Make it after this sort. ℞. both the endives, Clyster. horehound, agrimony, maidenheare, origan, wormwood. ana. M.j. seeds of annyse, fennel, percely, sperage. ana. ʒ. ij.ss. licoryce, apium, fennel, the roots of them. ana. ℥ i boil them in sufficient water until the third part: then strain them and take of the liquor of that decoction. ℥ xiij casia fistula. ℥ i hierapicra. ℥. ss. electuarium de succo rosarum. ʒ.ij. oils of dill and yreos. ana. ℥. j.ss. salt. ʒ. j. commix them all and make a clyster. But purgations be most proper and familiar for this disease: but so that the humours be first attenuated, and made thin by broths, potions, and also medicines. Therefore he must use meats of easy digestion and extenuating, Victus ratio. birds of mountains, fishes of gravelly places, and potherbes provoking urine: specially endives, sperage, lovage, fennel, and such like. Flesh of wild beasts being tamed, are best, specially of goats. For his sauce vinegar is good, wherein Aristolochia hath been steeped. He must abstain from fruits, but let his banquet be almoundes, a few at once, and cicer, a little toasted. Also the decoction of it continually drunk profiteth not a little. Wine white and thin & not very old, is good. For medicines let him have those, that be taught in the chapter of obstruction of the liver, and also in the 1. book, the 11 chapter. Above other, specially, apium percely, maidenheare, calamint, vervain, root of chickweede, or mather, aristolochia, sepillum, S. john's wort, being decoct, are good. The humours being preparate and extenuate at length, you must minister a medicine that purgeth choler. You must give strong purgations to them that have the ianndeiss: for through the dryness of their stomach, the medicines seem weaker, and less in effect in them. The best purgation in this case, is infusion of rhubarb, described in the first book the 11. chapter. Also Hierapicra, electuarium de succo rosarum, de psyllio, and diaphanicon. And if you profit him nothing with the first purgation, you must return again to those things, which have virtue to take away obstructions and stopping: and after three days you must purge him more vehemently again. If the jaundice be engendered through disease of the spleen, you must turn to the chapter of Melancholiousnes, and the chapter of obstruction of the liver. The belly being purged, you must again minister medicines, which do purge the entrails. For which purpose the root of, Cyclaminum beaten and drunk is only good: for this doth not only purge again the entrails, but also it is most meet, to shut out the choler, by sweat in the whole skin all over. Therefore after it is drunk, you must help the exclusion of the sweat by coverings, and warmings in bed. You may give of it. ʒ. ij. or iij. with aqua mulsa. Also juice of the bark of radish doth notably well, if it be mixed with sweet wine unalayed, or vinum mulsum, so that. ℥ two of the juice be tempered with ℥ i of wine. Also earthwormes dry given three days with vinum mulsum, do send out the jaundice by the urine. Also you may give very profitably juice of endive and succory to them that have fevers by itself, and to them that lack fevers with wine. Also juice of cuscuta profiteth marvelously. Also chammomill is most profitable, which is called leucanthemus, and also buphthalmum. But all the medicines ministered in drink, let them be ministered in a bath if it can be, when the patiented sitteth in a great hot vessel. Also you must be much diligent at this time to give him a diet, that recomforteth and refresheth strength, by the which the virtue expulsive may be repaired: and if any member be hurt, let it be strengthened, and let the corruption of his colour be purged away. Also it is good for him to use exercises, gestations, annointinges & sweeting out. For this purpose dry hot houses are good: in the which anoint the body with oil, wherein sepillum or rosemary hath been sodden. And if any of the jaundice be left about the face and the eyes, if the urine appear pure, and the belly avoiding after his accustomed manner you must use infusions into the nose: for which purpose juice of cyclaminum is poured in, also nigella with vinegar, juice of the root of beets and anagallis. Also let the sick sitting in abathe draw into his nostrils very sharp vinegar and let him keep it a while, pressing his nostrils, together, and it will purge marvelously. CAP. XXXI. Of evil state of the body. DE MALO CORPORIS HABITV. CACHEXIA in greek is nothing else, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. but an evil and naughty state and disposition of the body. For it is in such case that it is spread abroad in waterynes, and all the whole body is lose and waxeth soft. Causae. This disease for the most part is engendered of a long sickness. Also it followeth when some entrail is hardened specially after the hardness of the liver and the spleen. Also it chanceth often in a continual Dysenteria, and the disease called Caeliacus morbus. Also through letting of some accustomed excretion. The whole body is made whitish and weak, Su●●ius. Signa. so that his legs are scarce able to bear him: and in the beginning his digestions be letted, his appetite remaining it still: but afterward there followeth abhorring of meat, and their breathing is seldom and weak. Also their belly sendeth out unequal excrements. Old men and children are specially taken with this disease, which do soon perish through weakness of the vital faculty, & because the juice doth breath out of them readily through thinness of the skin. But they that be of full age, do seldom fall into this disease, and do soon get it away again. If this disease do endure long, it turneth into the dropsy. Therefore his cure may not be differred. Let his diet altogether be thin and dry: therefore let their meats be simple, & which will easily digest, and that can engender the best blood. Cure of fat women. Diet. Let them eschew all fruits also that engender gross and viscouse humours, and that be hard to digest. Wine is good for them which is white, thin, and odoriferous. For the cure if the disease happen by letting of accustomed excretion you must stir up, and provoke the excretion. Therefore you must use blood letting, if nothing do let it, which you must draw out by little and little at sundry times unto the third or fourth day in them that fell into this disease through retention of hemorhoides or menstruis. But in them that have it through abundance of vicious humours, blood-letting is hurtful. Therefore rather purge them with some convenient purgation. The body being purged, let him use chiefly waters that spring by themselves of alum and salt peter, and afterward sulphurous waters. Also let them exercise diverse deambulations, gestations, vociferations, frictions with linen, & other moderate exercises. After let them use anointings with oil, wherein is put somewhat that drieth up humours, (as be) nitrum & salts. To cure the weariness apply certain baths between while. Also potion of wormwood helpeth them marvelously, & dropaces applied. Also if the liver be evil affected, or some other of the inward members, it is good to cure them by their own remeadies before prescribed. If the evil turn into the dropsy, you shall found it next. CAP. XXXII. Of the dropsy DE AQVA INTER CUTEM. THERE be three kinds of the dropsy. The first is called in Greek Ascites. The second Tympanites, and the third Anasarca, Yposarca, Sarcites, and Leucophlegmatia. Ascites is, when much, watery humour is heaped up between the skin or fylme called peritoneum, and the bowels. Tympanites is when much windiness and superfluous breath is gathered in the aforesaid places of the belly. Anasarca is, when the humour is dispersed throughout the whole body, that all the flesh appeareth altogether moist and wet like a sponge or paper. The dropsy is caused through great coldness of the liver, or through other parts very notably cooled, To refrain menstruis. Causae. which can bring the liver into the same effect. The liver is affect by the spleen being cold and by the stomach and the bowels, also by the longs, the reins, and the midriff. Also it chanceth through unmeasurable avoiding of the hemorhoydes: or through woman's flux, or through retention of menstruis, or through soul other great affection of the womb. For in all these the liver hath no unnatural swelling: and yet the body is taken with the dropsy, only through refrigeration of the liver, affected in the beginning. But afterward sometime it also waxeth hard, which is evident to be seen in them, which through untimely drinking of cold water, have their liver cooled on heaps, so that the dropsy followeth by and by, before the liver be lifted up into a knotty swelling. Many have fallen into the dropsy after the gout, and through the vexing pain of the hucklebones. Most commonly those which feel not their meat, and have evil state of the body, and also that be troubled with the jaundeis, the dropsy followeth it. Also it followeth Caeliacus morbus, and Dysenteria. Commonly every dropsy causeth difficulty of breathing, Signa. and swelling, and heaviness and naughty colour. Also they abhor meat, and desire drink largely, specially they that have Ascites. For the humour that is holden and kept in the aforesaid places, is salt and rotten: therefore also after for the most part, there is wont to follow a fever. Women are less troubled with the dropsy than men. Children for the most part are taken with the dropsy Anasarca. Among the said three kinds of dropsies, Tympanites is the most perilous. Ascites less perilous than it, Insessus. Diet. and then Anasarca. One diet is common to all these kinds of dropsies: that their meat be easy of digestion and sufficiently co-acted, and dry. For that meat that is loose and moist, is apt to be turned into watrines. Therefore let his bread be very well baked, Panis. and let it have salt, ammi, fennel, annyse, or coming commixed with it. Also it aught to be well leavened, for so it restraineth and stoppeth the less. Of birds the driest are good, as partridges, turtles, blackbirdes, and thrushes and such like. Of four footed beasts goats and hares. Also chickens, their extreme parts, when they are roasted. Of fishes, crabs of bloods. Also eggs roasted are good. Let him use potherbs, but seldom. Let those things that be ministered unto them be somewhat sharp, and that have virtue to attenuate and heat: as is, Apium, parsley, Dancus, rocket, pennyroyal, coleworts, garlic sodden, onions and leikes. He must altogether abstain from pulses. For sauce let him use vinegar with pepper, cinnamon and such like. Let their salt be compound with fennel, hyssop, rosemary and Apium. You must give them so much drink only as shall suffice somewhat to break their thirst: for over much drink doth damage them that be sick of the dropsy without measure. They must drink thin wine, and that doth provoke urine. But they must eschew sweet wines, and mulsum: vinegar doth marvelously quench their thirst. Moreover let them take the greatest portion of meat at supper. Let them eschew much fruits and second tables: but yet nuts, almonds, pomegranates, pears sodden, and dry figs are to be given unto them, but yet let them take all those moderately and not every day. Let not their bed be very soft, specially them that have Anasarca. Strew under them dry herbs, as be, pennyroyal, calamint, origan, and such like. For it is marvelous, how much those do dry up, while they sleep: so that it hath been proved that some being wrapped and hidden in a heap of wheat, to have risen again after sleep strong and safe. Also let them use exercises in the Sun, if it be summer and a saire day, but let their head be covered: but if it be cold, let them use it in houses being warmed, and nigh a fire, or at a fire● Riding is expedient at the first, and to be carried hither and thither in a chair. But if the strength of the patient may suffer it, it is better to walk much on his feet, and sometime to run, then to be borne. Also the patient must be wrapped in skins dried with the Sun, or digged into hot sand. After exercises wipe of the sweat with sharp linen clotheses. Also it is very good if you use daily, thrice or four times, frictions: for this doth open the passages that are shut: and it drieth up, extenuateth and casteth a sunder humours. Therefore it doth very quickly provoke forth much sweat, and constraineth the flesh. They must be rubbed with hrye hands, or with salt beaten in water or hot oil. After this they must be washed with alommewater, or sulphur water, or salt water. For many which have been taken with the dropsy Anasarca, and have used such kind of baths, they have sufficed to wear out the disease, and also to make a stronger state of the body. And hitherto, we have rehearsed a common diet for all kind of dropsies. For the cure, the remedy that is common for all dropsies, is that by and by in the beginning, Curatio. you must purge the humour that doth abound. That you may do both by blood letting, and by purgations, and by those medicines that provoke urine. That which is good particularly for this or that kind, we will teach in the chapters following, in which we will follow the cures of them every one particularly. CAP. XXXIII. Of the dropsy Anasarca. DE ANASARCA. IN the dropsy Anasarca, all the whole body, and the flesh appeareth lose, and wet like a sponge as it is said: so that all the whole body swelleth up, Signa. and is like a dead body. In this disease you must begin the cure with letting of blood, Curatio. specially if the evil be engendered of suppression of hemorhoides or menstruis, and if age and strength will suffer it. For by this means theaboundaunce of humours that do hurt, are drawn out, and the feeble nature being unloaden is swifter, and the cause of the disease is minished, and also health cometh again with less labour. The naughty humours being drawn out and purged by blood letting, you must come to the remedy of purging medicines. Causae. But if there be need of extenuation & preparation of the humours before their expulsion, you shall minister decoctions and other things which be rehearsed before in the chapters of weakness of the liver, and obstruction of the liver. For which purpose minister also syrups of wormwood, of tame endive with the broad leaves, of Agrimony and bizantijs. Let the purging medicines be, of simples, rhubarb, and agaric, of compoundes' pills of rhubarb, pilulae de hiera simplici: and pills of agaric and such like. Also hierapicra is good in the beginning because it taketh away obstruction, and addeth strength to the entrails. Therefore you must only beware, that you minister not purging medicines that be strong, and which add no strength to the liver: but you must bring forth the hurtful humour with easy medicines by little & little. For if you purge but once, and on heaps, you destroy the strength marvelously and cool the liver. Therefore every week you must make the womb soluble, and you must always pass from gentle remeadies, by little and little to stronger. Therefore in this kind of dropsy the Antidotes, diaphanicon, and Electuarium nidum be good. Also the root of Elder sodden in wine doth purge notably. Also the root of wolwort profiteth, for they be both of one virtue. Moreover the rest of the time of the cure, while he abstaineth from purging medicines, you must minister those things that add strength to the liver, whereof many be recited before, where we taught the cure of obstruction and weakness of the liver. Also minister those things which provoke urine. For which purpose, you may well minister diarrhodon abbatis, aromaticum rosarum, dialacca diacurcuma, trochiskes of agrimony, of rhubarb, of wormwood, theriaca, and such lick. And this medicine profiteth notably. ℞. the powders of diacurcuma, Tri●●●. and of dialacca. ana. ℈ i powders of diatrion santalon, and of diarrhodon abbatis. ana. ʒ. ss. powder of aromaticum rosarum. ℈ i rhubarb chosen ʒ. ss. seeds of endive with the broad leaves, of melons, and fennel. ana. ℈ two of wormwood, chammomill, and withwind. ana. ℈ i of nutmegs, squinaunt and spikenard. ana. ℈. ss.j. of very white sugar. ℥ i commix them together, & make a powder. Also this profiteth marvelously. ℞. seeds of caraway, fennel, and annyse. ana. ℈ two seeds of coming and S. john's wort. ana. ℈ i seeds of 〈◊〉; parsley, Alia. daucus and lovage. ana. ʒ. ss. of the roots yreos and of Asarum. ana. ʒ. j. wormwood. ℈ i of liquorice. ʒ. j. sugar, the weight of all the rest, commix them all and make a powder. And you must do your diligence, that in Anasarca, the medicines be more dry than moist, because the whole state of the body is so watery. Moreover you must apply those medicines outwardelie, which can dry up humours, as be cataplasms▪ emplasters, ointmentes, and other like things that have drying virtue in them. Therefore a cataplasm is good made of barley and bean meal, of fenugreeke, of the root of walwort, of laurel berries, of wormwood, and of origan sodden in wine, and laid over all the whole body. Also ox's dung conveniently dried, may well be applied with posca or oxi●ell, having the fourth part of brimstone put to it. Also fresh cheese having much cream being laid to, maketh well against all swelling parts. Moreover doves dung and goats dung, maieweede, and chammomill, by even portions bruised, sodden in vinegar, and honey may be applied. Moreover you must use emplasters of leaven, dry figs, intrum, yreos, melilote, sage, peniroiall, cardamomum, sulphur vinum, laurel berries, staves acre, salt armoniac, mastic, frankincense, sothernwood, Aristolochia rotunda, doves dung, make it up with oxymel. But you must altogether eschew fat and rozennie cerotes, for they engender windines and cause swellings. But yet the legs and the hands, and other parts of the body being swollen, may often be anointed with this ointment in the Sun or by a fire. ℞. of unguentum agrippa. ℥ i of the meals of linseed, Signa. unguentum. fenugreeke beans and barely. ana. ℥ two seeds of Althaea, nigella, dancus. ana. ʒ. j.ss. Sulphur vinum. ʒ.iij. bolearmoniacke. ʒ. ij. root of yreos. ʒ.ij.ss. roche alum, fanckensence. ana. ʒ. j.ss. Euphorbium. ʒ.j. oils of yreos, white lilies and chammomill. ana. ℥. j.ss. with wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment, wherewith anoint the swollen parts very often, it being melted on the coals. For his diet you must seek it in the former chapter of the dropsy. CAP. XXXIIII. Of the dropsy Ascites. DE ASCITE. IN the dropsy Ascites, all the whole belly is swollen up, and if it be strooken, there is heard such a sound, as a bottle doth make that is not full of water, D●et. but the other parts of the body, specially the upper parts▪ are not puffed up nor swollen. Let his diet be, that hath this dropsy, of birds of mountain and other meats easy of digestion, and which do engender good juice, Cure. as is said before in the thirty two chapter. The cure must be begun by using of purging medicines. Let them be such as we rehearsed in the former chapter. Coleworts of the sea called soldana, and soldanella taken in drink excelleth all the rest: for this showeth a marvelous effect in bringing forth the hidropicke water, so that many by the only using of it, have been restored to health. Give of it in wine or wheye. ʒ. ij. or more or less according to the diversity of the body. Also pills of sagapanum are very good: and two drachmas or three of the juice of the root of yreos, putting to it. ℥ i of sugar. Also you must minister sharp clysters, unless the belly be soluble of itself: unguentum. Clyster. for than it is more convenient to dry up. Among other this clyster is specially commended. ℞. flouts of laurel. ʒ. ij. root of polipodie, agaric. ana. ʒ. j.ss. dodder or cuscutha. ʒ.iij. seethe them in wine or water until the third part be consumed. Then take of the liquor of that decoction being strainned. lib. 1. of benedicta laxatina. ℥. ss. of Electuarium nidum. ʒ.ij.ss. mel rosarum. ℥ i oils of rue, chammomill and yreos. ana. ℥ i salt gem. ʒ. j.ss. commix them all and make a clyster. For the same purpose, if you think good, you may seethe colocy●this▪ cartanus, laurel berries, annyse seed, ammi, and carawaie seeds, rue, root of wild cucumber, and other like things out to them. After the aforesaid remeadies you must lay upon the whole belly, some of the prescribed cataplasms and emplasters. Also apply ointments and remedies that provoke urine and sweat: and let him use exercises of the which we have spoken abundantly before. CAP. XXXV. Of the dropsy Timpanites. DE TYMPANITE. IN this kind of dropsy, the belly is puffed up and stretched out: Signa. and being strooken, it maketh a noise like a tabor or timbrel, but the other parts of the body wax lean. It requireth like diet, Victus ratio. that the other kinds of dropsies have: but in this all windy things are specially to be avoided. Also let their exercises be much, and great thirst do help & secure the patiented strongly. Let the cure be begun with purging medicines, whereof you shall find examples before. Causae. Also it is good to cast in clysters, which have virtue to dissolve and discuss wind, as this is. ℞. roots of apium, and fennel. ana. ℥ i seeds of Annyse, fennel, daucus, lovage, parsley and coming. ana. ʒ. ij. careaway seed. ʒ. iij. rue, asarum, leaves of waleworte, melilote, ana. M.j. boil them in water unto the third part, and then take of the liquor of that decoction being strained. ℥ twelve hieropicra, benedicta laxativa. ana. ℥. ss. Electuarium de baccis lauri. ʒ.iij. oils of rue and dill, ana. ℥. j.ss. salt. ʒ. j.ss. commix them together, and make a clyster. You must give also unto them things that do provoke urine, and you must use aswell inwardly as outwardly those things that do dissolve and discuss windines, whereof you shall find plenty in the chapter of the colic. Sac●●●. The belly must daily be nourished with Panicum mil●um, salt, bran, leaves of rue, chammomill flowers, hot ashes sewed in bags. Also you may apply to it this cerote. ℞. flowers of chammomill and melilote. ana. ʒ. j.ss. mints, savoury, asarum. ana. ℈ i seeds of Annyse, fennel, rue, Ceratum. common, daucus. ana. ʒ. j. cardamomum. ℈. ss. myrrh, castoreum. ana. ℈ i oil of rue. ℥ three oil of dill. ℥. j.ss. rosin & wax as much as is sufficient, make a cerote. Moreover cupping glasses fastened often to the whole belly lightly, and with much flame do marvelously profit. afterward the belly must be rubbed with a sharp linen cloth, so long till it be red. Inwardly he must use the antidotes, dianisum, diacuminum, and electuarium e baccis lauri, or these lozenges. ℞. the powders of dianisum, and diacuminum. ana. ℈ i the powders of the antidote of laurel berries. ʒ. j. the powder of diagalangae. ʒ.ss. seeds of annyse, Cera●um. Lozenges. caraways, dancus, and fennel. ana. ℈. ss. leaves of rue, seeds of Apium and lovage. ana. ℈ i sugar. ℥ uj dissolve it in the distilled waters of fennel and Apium, and make lozenges. The other remeadies are to be sought in the chapter of the colic. CAP. XXXVI. Of reins that sendeth forth bloody urine. DE RENIBUS CRVENTAM VRINAM EXCERNENTIBUS MANY times there happeneth a disease of the reins, through the which thin wheyish blood is pissed. It is caused through weakness of the reins, Causae. which be not therefore able to divide the urine: or it is caused through amplitude of the reins, which strain out the urine from Vena cana unto the rains. For when the passages are wider and stronger, they also send out some of the blood to the reins, & other gross matter. Also oftentimes the rains do sand out blood like wise as it is wont to do in the hemorhoides. Moreover some do voided out blood from the rains through breaking of a vain in the rains: as it chanceth to those which have lift up a great weight or have leapt greatly, or have fallen out of an high place, or have suffered some such other violent thing. Sometime it chanceth through gnawing of the veins of sharp humours flowing from above. If this disease be caused though weakness of the rains the blood is sent out very wheyish. But if it be through amplitude & largnes of the veins, them they feel no pain. If the excretion of blood be by certain circuits, them either there is fullness of the whole body, or neglecting of accustomed exercises, or resection of some member that went before. And if it chance through breaking of a vein, them blood is pissed forth most abondantly: but if it be of gnawing, than blood is sent forth by little and little, and pain doth vex the reins. Cure of bloody urine by weakness of the reins. Therefore you shall cure that excretion of bloody urine, which is caused through weakness of the rains, or amplitude of the vessels that strain out urine to the rains, by quiet and restrictue meats, drinking of black wine & other things which are rehearsed, in the chap. of spitting of blood. You must abstain from those things specially which provoke urine & from carnal copulation. In drink besides those things that are rehearsed in the chapter aforedaide, minister decoction of the root of comfery, and tragacantha ministered, that is steeped in black wine, is good. Also. ℥ i of heart shorn with wine, juice of marigoolds doth stop bruisinges out of blood from the reins. Likewise leaves of willow brayed with wine, lapis hematitis. ʒ.j. root of white thorn and decoction of knotgrass. Moreover. ʒ. j. of bolearmoniacke ministered, is good. Siruppes of roses and of myrtles, trochiskes of ambre, of terra lemnia and of spodium. Moreover sheeps milk is only praised being ministered fasting. ℥ four with ʒ. j. of bolearmoniacke commixed with it. Apply outwardly to the reins and the loins those things which be described against spitting of blood, and in the chapter of Dysenteria, and other eruptions of blood. And whatsoever can together with his restraining and drying add strength also: (as be) leaves of briar and oak, mast, myrtle berries, pomegranate rinds, balaustiae and such like. After this the state of the body must be refreshed and restored with meats of good juice, with milk & flesh of birds, also with swine's flesh that is lean. That thereby the whole body may be brought to his former strength and the reins being strengthened also they may fulfil their own proper office, & that they may divide, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Cure of blood● urine coming through circuits, or breaking of a vein, or gnawing. and strain out the wheyish humour from the blood. But if the reins do send out blood according to the circuits, or through breaking of a vein, or through gnawing of sharp humours flowing from above, then by and by you must cut a vein of the same side in the arm. To those that sand out by circuits blood, let them blood a little before the circuit, but let the other blood by and by in the beginning: but it is better to part the drawing out of the blood, that his pulling back and aversion may be done by little and little. Let the places about the reins be covered with sponges wet in Posca, or moist wool with oil of roses and vinegar. After this apply ointments, emplasters and cerotes described in the places before rehearsed. Also a cupping glass may commodiously be applied specially if you suspect inflammation to be present in them, which piss blood through breaking of a vain. Also potions are good rehearsed before in the chapter of spitting of blood. In the mean season also, the sick must be driven from all salt and sharp things. But when excretion of blood ceaseth, he must use a diet that doth not engender much blood, specially in those that voided out blood by circuit. Also the upper parts of the body must continually be exercised. In those, which piss blood through breaking of a vein, if the exulceration be left in the places you shall cure them after the blood is stopped by those things that are spoken of in the chapter of exulceration of the reins. CAP. XXXVII. Of inflammation of the reins. DE RENUM INFLAMMATIONE. THE reins are vexed with inflammation for diverse causes. For both corrupt humours, Signa. Causae. and stripes, and rubbinges together, and drinking of medicines do engender inflammation of the reins, and specially continual & vehement rydinges. Curatio. Signa. There cometh to the sick a beating pain behind about the first joint of the back, a little above the bastard ribs: but the pain stretcheth upward, even unto the liver, specially the right side rain being vexed, but downward unto the bladder & privy members and the loins & hips: & also to the share and thighs. Also there followeth astonishment of the leg that is near, that it can neither be stretched out right, nor he cannot go on his feet. And whether sneezing or any other concussion do chance, they are vexed with moist vehement pain, their extreme parts be cold & most the calves of the legs, & the feet. There is present difficulty in making of water, and they piss continually and painfully. In the beginning their urine is thin and watery, having no residence in it: but the inflammation waxeth worse, it is more rubicund. Also afterward it is gross and filthy, and there be vehement fevers present. And if the inflammation increase still, all these signs wax more vehement. To these cometh disposition to vomit, and gnawing of the stomach, and vomiting of choler. Many of them are vexed, & sweat until their hearts fail them: their belly is stopped, so that they are puffed up with wind, & do sand out belchings continually. There followeth vehement abhorring of meat, and to some there are continual exacerbations, but to some between while. And generally egestion of the womb, and much excretion of urine do go before those pains. The sick must lie in a very soft bed: and the first day he must abstain from meat, but you may not extend his fasting to many days. For the urines being made more pure and sharp by fasting, do vex with most vehement biting and gnawing. Victus ratio. Therefore in the beginning you must nourish them with thin soupinges, that do ease and cease gnawing and biting, (as is) broth of Ptysan or alica of barley. Also mallows for his pot herbs doth much profit. Let his drink be water, wherein a little cinnamon hath been sodden. To be short let his diet be thin, and such, as is in other inflammations. For the cure, in the beginning you must by and by let him blood, and you must cut the vein that is in the ham or in the ankles, and that must be done one the leg that is right against the rain, that is vexed. Also sometime (as Galen saith) you may let blood of the arm (that is) when the inflammation is new, and abundance of blood is present. After blood letting you must come to outward medicines, as Cataplasms, fomentes, lineaments, emplasters, and such like, Localia. which have virtue to cool meanly, and to ease pain, made of the oils of roses, quinces and chammomill, of barley meal, bean meal, fenugreeke, linseed, and such like, which be rehearsed in the Chapters of inflammation of the liver and the spleen. And if the pain be not eased by those things that be applied outwardly: apply a cupping glass to the loins, & the guts, & scarification being made, you must draw out much blood. Then you must use nourishment of sponges, and other things which can ease pain. You must only beware all this time, that you give not such medicines to drink as provoke urine, for they hurt vehemently by bringing in gnawing and biting humours to the inflamed parts. This medicine I have proved to be singularly good. ℞. the juice of clary, and the juice of nightshade. ana. ℥ two drunk in ℥ uj of stolen ale, morning and evening vj. days together. Also you must beware in the beginning of the inflammation of purging medicines. But yet you may use soft clysters (specially if the belly be costive) made of the decoction of mallows, or linseed, & fenugreek, or Ptysan broth, putting to it oil of violets, or chammomill oil. But you must beware that you put not in great abundance of it, for then the bowels being filled and stretched out with it will press together the reins. But when the inflammation is perfectly ceased and concoct, which you may know by the ceasing of the pain, than also you may purge him by medicines that provoke urine. For after inflammations concoct, and digest, the urine cometh forth much in quantity and gross. And in those that have residence, it is good, and so judgeth the best altogether. What medicines provoke urine, we have taught in the second book of making of medicines the seventh chapter, specially among pot herbs, fennel, apium, and parsnip well sodden, are good. And if by the aforesaid medicines, the inflammation be not driven away, and if neither the pain, nor the fever, Cold temperature. Signa suppurationis. nor the heaviness do rest by using of thaforesaid things, and also if difficulty of pissing, and often dropping down of the urine, do vex the patiented, these betoken matter to be gathered in that part. Therefore as swiftly as you can, you must help the suppuration, and breaking out of the matter. For the which purpose, a sponge continually wet in water and oil applied in steed of a foment profiteth. For the same purpose also use cataplasms, which are made of barley meal, bran, figs, althaea, and such like, rehearsed before in the Chapter of inflammation of the liver. Also it profiteth greatly to descend into a bath made of mollifying herbs, as meadows, althaea linseed, fenugreeke. And if after perfect suppuration, the rapture and breaking be delayed and tarried (which you may know if the fevers and pains wax less, Signa perfectae suppurationis. and sense of heaviness remain about the rain that is affected) minister those things in drink, which provoke urine, as is, decoction of fennel, pennyroyal, origan, and such like. For these sometime do break the suppuration, and purge out the matter with the urine. And if the using of them do profit nothing, you must wash the belly with sharp clysters: as with root of wild cucumber sodden and allayed, or decoction of garlic or radish. You must steep those in brine and commix a little oil, whereby they may be made slippery to be poured in. These must be thrown in with a clyster pipe, and the sick must be bidden to hold it long time: for they are wont often to break that suppuration, together with that, that they mollify the belly. Also if the rapture and breaking tarry, cumin with wine called passum helpeth, and rue with vinum mulsum. Signa rupturae factae. Moreover the rapture being made, little pieces of flesh being long, are sent out with the urine. And if the ulcers be malignant, there be sent out humours stinking, swart, and slimy, but if they be benign and gentle, the matter that is pissed forth, is white, equal, light, and without grievous savour, and little in quantity. After the eruption and breaking out of the matter, minister milk, with honey, and other things which shall be rehearsed in the Chapter of ulcers of the reins. CAP XXXVIII. Of the stone in the reins. DE CALCULO RENUM. THE stone of the Rains happeneth oftener to men of perfect age, then to children. Cure of a hot distempure. Causae. The cause of engendering of such stones is continual crudity and rawness of the stomach, whereby in abundance of gross and earthly humours is heaped up together, and burning of fiery heat about the reins, parcheth the humours, and knites them together, and hardeneth them into a stone. The stones be in the reins, nigh their ventricles either little or great, and sometime smaller, Differences of 〈◊〉. sometime many, differing among themselves in greatness, figure, colour and sharpness: for they are found black, whitish and pale. There chanceth to the sick grievous pain in the rains, Signa. and he feeleth like as it were a bodkinne thrust in, & yet there appeareth no swelling without. He can turn his back bone hardly. The leg that is right against the rain, that is diseased, is astonished, there is present abhorring of meat and vomiting. About the beginning of obcuration and stopping, the urine is pissed forth little in quantity and watery. Afterward there followeth perfect suppression of the urine, and the womb avoideth nothing, but it maketh many proffers to go to the stool. Sometime there is avoided forth blood, through the violence of the stones, specially if they be sharp stones. Also the urine hath gravelly residence specially when the stone is removed from the reins, which signs aforesaid Hippocrates declareth in lib. 6. Epid. par. 1. Aphor. 5. Moreover things that be light and round, are easily sent out: but not so, if they be of any other form or fashion: but specially if they be long and sharp, they are hard to be sent out. When the stone, stopped in the reins, doth cause most vehement pains, jest abundance of blood through the greatness of the pain should come down together to the member diseased, in a body that is full of humours and strong, Cure of a matrice shut up. you must by & by cut the vein in the ham of that leg that is astonished, and is right against the rain that is diseased. But if those that labour of ill digestion or vicious humours, Purgatio. purging of the abundant humour is good for them. Neither may this caution be omitted, except some other thing do forbidden them: which also Hypocrates biddeth, while he teacheth that young men should be purged with hellebore. And if it be not lawful to let blood, nor to minister purgation, you must wash the womb by ministering of clysters, which you must do at that time specially, when there is great plenty of excrements in the bowels. But you must only beware that they be not strong clysters, & that they do not draw plenty of humours from other places to the bowels, jest the passages of the urine should be straightened and pressed together. But let them be such as are only able to avoid the excrements contained in the bowels, Clyster. as is this Clyster. ℞. Mallows, althaea, mercury, maidenhair, parietary. ana. M.j. water cresses. M. j.ss. seeds of parsley, apium, fennel, and flax. ana. ʒ. iij. root of gladon. ℥. j.ss. bran. ℥ i boil them in just quantity of water unto the third part, and then take of the liquor of that decoction being strained. ℥ xj of casia fistula. ℥ i of hierapicra. ℥. ss. mel rosarum strained. ℥. j.ss. oils of dill, rue, and chammomill. ana. ℥ i salt. ʒ. ij. commix them all and make a clyster. Signa. Note. But we may in no case use continual clysters, and neglect almost all other remedies, as many physicians do now adays, but use them twice or thrice, but so that they be not kept above their accustomed time. For if they be holden longer than they aught to be, they 'cause pressing together, and straightness of the reins, and the conduits of the urine. When the belly is purged and emptied of excrements, you must minister those medicines, which can loosen the conduits and passages. For which purpose the region of the reins, and the loins must be anointed with this medicine. ℞. oils of dill, Cure of a fat woman. and of sweet almonds. ana. ʒ. ij. oil of camomile. ℥. j.ss. hens grease, and goose grease. ana. ℈ two butter without sale. ʒ. j. wax as much as is sufficient, make a soft ointment. Incessions. Also he must use incessions of the decoctions of calamint, origan, water cresses, coal wortes, leaves of althaea, mallows and such like, or the sick must often be let down into a great vessel of warm sweet water. Also foments of bran, with leaves of althaea, sodden, being applied to the grieved place be very good. Also cataplasms made of wheat meal, of linseed and fenugreeke, of lupines, Cataplas●●ta. of the root of dog fennel beaten very small, and of camomile. Also it is good to lay bread sodden in wine called passum about the loins and the belly. Neither shall he do rashly which applieth cataplasms, and other things before rehearsed to the bladder and the share. But you must bring on heaps one plaster after another, before the first do cool. For cold doth draw together and bind, and so doth hold still the stone in the rains, and in the conduits of the urine. And if you list not to use so many cataplasms, you may cover it with some heating thing upon it that it cool not. For these sometimes, and that not seldom, are wont to suffice for to cast out the stone by the urine. And if these drive not away the disease, you must minister in drink those things, which provoke urine. These that follow draw much urine: gladon, S. john's wort, parsley, orcoselinum, grommell, ammi, seed of daucus and fennel, asarum, root of briony and mather, bark of the root of capares, sperage & such like. With these commix those things that bring down urine unto the Reins: as is root of pencedane, or dog fennel, briony, apium and raedicula. Also commix with them those things that break and tear the stone in the reins, as is, sium, maidenhair, bdellium, ●utsan feed, bruscus root, saxifrage, betony, root of damosonium, broth of cicers, root of Cypress, grommel, lapis indiacus, xanthium, the seed and root of althaea, gum of plomb tree, earth worms sodden, and stones and sponges of the sea. Every one of these part of them sodden and part of them very finely powdered, minister them to drink. But it is best to minister those things which provoke urine and break the stone, at that time, when the vehement pains be released: which chanceth when the stone is removed, and stirred out of his place. But if the stones be established fast, and be vehemently compact in the Reins, he must eschew much drink, and also those things that provoke urine. For seeing they bring with them to the rains a great abundance of excrements, they 'cause the passages of the urine to be stopped, and letteth the passing of the stones out of the rains. You must release and losen the rains, and the conduits of the urine, with foments, cataplasms and incessions, as is aforesaid. Also the belly must be voided with light clysters, jest the passages of the urine be stopped. After that the pain is a little released▪ you may also apply profitaby to them a cupping glass, specially subtly fastened to, if inflammation do not let it: for often times cupping glasses do so remove on heaps those stones, that they cease the pains by and by (that is) the stones being carried into the amplitude of the bladder. Wherefore in the beginning fasten a cupping glass above from the rain, and then to the part about the privy members, over thwartly according to the placing of the conduits of the urine. Moreover stones being brought from the rains to the bladder, and for their greatness being holden still about the neck of the bladder; they do often bring the sick into extraeme peril, as well through their pricking pain, as also because they will not suffer the urine to come out. You must go about to let the sick lie in such a fashion, that he may lie upright, and have the ●oyntes of his ●●ickle bones lie very high. Then you must 〈◊〉 them many ways, that by all the means, that you can invent, you may make the stone to fall out of the passage of the bladder. Afterward you must bid the sick to put out the urine quickly▪ but when the stone is blood or atter be pissed out, it signifieth exulceration either of the reins, or of the bladder. And by & by after he saith, if in a gross and thick urine, there appear little pieces of flesh, or as it were hairs, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Diet. they are sent from the reins. Therefore when these appear, let the sick eschew crudities, and satiety or fullness. Therefore let him eat no raw things in his meats, neither that which is hard of digestion, or that will easily corrupt, or engender inflammations or windiness. Let him chief abstain from those things, which do soon wax sour or sharp. Also from all sharp and burning things, and whatsoever doth breed and engender choler: as is, much thirst, abstinence, hunger, labour, wrath, solitariness, exercise, watching, & immoderate sauces. He must eschew above all things immoderate riding, and all vehement moving and stirring: also he must avoid perpetual idleness, and continual bathing. He must use new bread well wrought. And give him flesh of birds of the mountains, and kids flesh, and such like tender flesh. Also give him scaly fishes of gravelly places, roasted on a grediron. Moreover river crabs, soupings of Ptysan and amylum sodden with milk, be marvelous good. Give him also milk mixed with eggs, and the fat broth of an hen. Also rear eggs ministered alone, are good. Of pot herbs, mallows, endive, sorrel, purslane, and lettuce are good: but all these must be sodden, for the sick must eat nothing that is raw, as is aforesaid. Of fruits, raisins are not hurtful, and pine nuts. Also almonds well blanched are good. Much drink & strong must be eschewed. And he must altogether abstain from cold drink. For cold, as Hippocrates saith, 5. Aph. 20. is an enemy to ulcers. For his drink let him use wine that is allayed, and somewhat restrictive: or let him drink goats milk, or sheeps milk, or almond milk. Carnal copulation is marvelous evil not only for ulcers, but also for all other diseases of the reins, specially in old men, and in them that be weak of nature. Such things must be eschewed, as do provoke urine. Also bathing let be seldom used, as is aforesaid. It is not unprofitable to use natural Baths, and waters sprung of themselves, and specially alum waters, and brimstone waters, for it is commodious to wash cold places: It destroyeth ulcers that be hard to cure, as well outwardly as also inwardly. Also natural waters drunk after the morning walk are good. Curatio. The cure of ulcers of the reins, when as they are caused through sharp & gnawing humours, must be begun of purging of vicious and gnawing humours. They that are thus affected, V●●i●e. you must also purge them by vomit. For vomit is not good only for to avoid vicious humours, but also if any man do vomit boldly every month, he shall dissolve the ulcer of the reins, and what evil soever may chance there: for it turneth the moving of the humours into a contrary part. Medicines stopping gnawing of humours. Also in the mean season you must minister medicines which do stop the gnawing of the sharp humours, as is, mallows, endive, sorrel, purslane, seed of melons, cucumbers, and gourds, syrups of violets, roses, and water lilies, and the conserves of them. Purging of the ulcers. But when the vicious humours be purged, he must drink aqua mulsa, or the decoction of fenugreeke with honey, or of cucumbers, or of mallows, or of melons seed with hydromel. Also minister milk with honey newly milked, and hot, for it is good to purge the ulcers. Also goats whey, decoction of barley, of raisins, and of liquorice, is marvelous good, also the juice is likewise. When that the ulcers be purged and cleansed: which you may know, if there appear in the urine, neither pieces of the cover of the ulcer, nor yet dreggie and filthy atter, but matter that is whitish, light, equal and little in quantity: then minister such medicines, as do dry up and conglutinate. For which purpose give him Bowl armoniac, Cucurbita magna. Gl●●i●ati●et. Pul●is. gum, tragacanth, amylum, terra lemnia, and such like before rehearsed. But among other things, this powder a marvelous good. ℞. Terrae lemniae, bowl armoniac. ana. j ss. Tragacanthae, spodium burned. ana. ʒ. j. amylum, pine nuts toasted. ana. ʒ. ss. linseed, cucumber seed blanched, melons seed. ana. ʒ. ij. seed of Apium. ℈ two dragons blood. ʒ. j. beat them altogether, & make a very fine powder, of the which give the sick daily. ʒ. ij. with milk new milked. To dry and strength the reins. Moreover outwardly you must apply such things as can dry and strength the reins. Therefore minister emplasters and cerotes, or ointments made of the oils of roses, and of myrtles, of barley meal, frankincense, mastic, read roses and such like. Examples whereof you may seek before. As for other remedies, we will rehearse hereafter in the chapter of ulcers of the bladder. CAP. XLI. Of the stone in the bladder. STONES in the bladder do engender oftenner in children, then in older folk. Emplaistrum. When that urine gross and very thick is carried into the largeness of the bladder, it settleth and stayeth there, like dregs of wine, or muddy water, and afterward through the heat, that is in children, being dried and compact together, it breedeth a stone. Therefore there be two special causes of the engendering of the stone in the bladder (that is) thickness of the urine, and heat of children. They that have the stone in the bladder, they itch often, unguentum. Signa. and do handle his privy members, which also are swollen, and they are constrained to make water continually, and they are vexed with the strangury, or dropping out of urine. Electuarium. Curatio. The cure of this disease is almost the same, that the cure of the stone in the reins is. But they differ in this thing, because the stones of the bladder require stronger medicines, and you must apply the medicines in another place than you did in the cure of the reins. The stones that are engendered in the bladder, are broken chief with these medicines (that is) the seed & root of fennel, of lovage, To break the stone in the bladder. black peony seeds, motherwort, chammomill, the root and seed of althaea, sium, maidenhair, sorrel roots, the stones of sponges, the stone of tecolithus, grommell, bruscus root & seed, the stones, which come out of men (with their urine) brayed & drunk, the seed of little burrs, the bark of capers, southern wood seed, iacint, white violets, smalach, parsley and other such like, which do provoke urine, and which be rehearsed in the chapter of the stone in the reins. To these you must conjoin the most laudable remedy (that is) a hedge sparrow being dressed in salt, & taken raw in meat, doth heal the disease perfectly. For it expelleth the stones that are already engendered by the urine, and it letteth them from engendering any more. Also goats blood is a present remedy, aswell for the stone of the reins, as of the bladder: for it dissolveth those that be engendered, and it driveth them out with the urine, & it prohibiteth other to engender any more, and it ceaseth pain. Furthermore if the stones of the bladder cannot come out by the passage of the urine, but that they be there stopped, & compact together, & so do cause suppression of urine: then the sick must be upward, so that his hips must lie upward and highest, and then you must move him hither and thither many ways, that thereby the stone may fall out of the passage, and afterward bid him piss even as he lieth yet upward. But if he can not make water so neither, provoke the urine by a cyring, and after that you must minister those medicines, which have virtue to break the stone in the bladder. And if the cure come not to pass by this means, you must come to cutting. The stone therefore being consumed by any of the means aforesaid, such an order of diet must be appointed to the patiented, that the stone may not engender again, which we have prescribed in the Chapter of the stone in the reins. CAP. XLII. Of blood broken out of the bladder or curdled in it. IT chanceth sometime that a vein breaketh in the bladder, & then some of the blood is sent out, & some waxeth thick and curdeth within. When the blood is thickened and curdled within, the patientes heart faileth him, Cansti●●●. and he waxeth pale, his pulses be small, dark, and thick, he is sorrowful, he is cold, and his strength decayeth. And sometime when a clod of blood, chanceth to fall into the passage of the urine, them it stoppeth the going out of the urine. You must in this case, as also in other brustinges out of blood, cause a very quick and speedy remedy. Aliud. Therefore if nothing forbidden it, it is good to cut the vein in the arm, drawing out the blood by times, that by this means the blood may be drawn back often, and by little & little. Let the patient in his lying be laid upward, and let his hips be lifted up, & apply sponges dipped in posca (that is) water & vinegar sodden together to cool him. Also the extreme parts must be bound, & the share must be covered with sponges dipped in posca. If the evil increase cupping glasses fastened to the ilions, & to the loins profit much. After irrigations with the sponges dipped in posca, you must use cataplasms of knot grass, brambles, plantain and pomegranate flowers. Also use Cerotes made of hypocischis, acatia, bowl armoniac and such like rehearsed before in the Chapters of spitting of blood, and of the flux dysenteria. You must pour into the bladder juice of knot grass, plantain, or millefolie, commixing with it acatia, bowl annoniacke, trochiskes of spodium and such like. Also incessions of such like things are good. For both Posca and decoction of Lentiscus, and also of brambles and such like, To bring out blood. are good. Also you must minister in drink, medicines apt to bring out blood, as be rhaponticum finely beaten, and 12. read seeds of pionie, terra lemnia, horse tail, the root of centaury the great, the bark of frankincense & such like. But in them that blood is congealed & curdled in the bladder, first you must go about to dissolve & disperse that blood with convenient medicines. Therefore you must minister in drink, motherwort, stichados, citrine, wormwood, sothernwood, shaving of a vine, radish seed, hares or goats cream, each of them with oxymel. Also oximell ministered by itself doth profit marvelously, for it dissolveth the curds, that afterward they may come forth by little & little, with the urine. Apply outwardly baths, ointments, irrigations, and other things that have virtue to loosen & release, which you must seek out of the chapter of the stone in the reins. Ceratum. Above other things this cerote is very good. ℞. of the oils of roses and chammomill. ana. ℥. j.ss. calamint, coming, leaves of elder. ana. ʒ. iij. bitumen iudaicum, gum ammoniak. ana. ʒ. ij. hare's cream. ʒ. iij. sothernwood, meal of fenugreeke. ana. ℥. ss. spermacety. ʒ. j. with rosin and wax as much as is sufficient, make a cerote to apply to the share. And if you profit nothing by doing thus, but the urine is still stopped, you must of necessity use a ciring: by the which when you have brought out the urine, you must again minister the things aforesaid in drink, & apply those things outwardly, which do dissolve congealed blood. And if the clods of blood will not yet be dissolved, you must come to the cutting of it, likewise as you did in the stone of the bladder. CAP. XLIII. Of inflammatian of the bladder. Inflammatio ves●●ae. OF diseases that be in the bladder, and engender there, the most grievous and deadly is the inflammation thereof. The sick hath these tokens following. They are vexed with a sharp fever, they watch, they rave, and speak they wot not what: Signa. they vomit pure choler, and they cannot make water. The share becometh hard and hath vehement pain, they have desire to the stool, as is wont in the disease called Tenasmus. The ordure that cometh forth is thin & hath no residence. Also sometime inflations follow, and the womb is costive the right gut being pressed together of the inflammation of the bladder. Curatio. To them that have this disease, if nothing let it cut the vein of the ham without any tarrying, or draw blood of the ankles. Also minister to him a thin kind of diet, 〈◊〉. Diet. as is prescribed in other inflammations. He must also abstain from wine, & he must use water, wherein a little cinnamon hath been sodden. Outwardly you must apply those things, that have power to cease and mitigate pain. Therefore the place of the bladder must be nourished with oil wherein hath been sodden dill, linseed, and sometime rue and althaea. Medicines that be cold and restrictive must altogether be forborn: and that chief because the bladder is full of sinews. For cold as Hippocrates witnesseth 5. Aphoris. 28 is an enemy to sinews. Moreover because cold things do shut up & bind, & so do stop the urine (which thing chancing in this evil by itself) it increaseth it. And last of all because cold things do prohibit and let that the humours causing inflammation, may be dissolved, consumed & digested. Therefore medicines meanly hot are rather to be applied, which have virtue to cease pain, to losen the pipe and passage of the urine, and to dissolve the inflammation. Also let the guts be washed with soft & easy clysters, and after the dung is com-foorth, Clyster. cast in oil of dill, or such like thing to ease and cease the pain. It is good to seethe poppy shells, together with oil, and to pour in goose grease, or fresh hens grease sodden together in the same oil. In most vehement pain you must pour in ʒ. j. of pills of hounds tongue dissolved in oil of dill: or take opium with myrrh & saffron, & anoint it upon will, & put it up into the fundament. Also let the sick sit in the decoction of linseed, fenugreeke, root of altheae, dancus seed, and such like, and bid the sick piss as he sitteth in the water of the decoction. For the bladder is not strong enough to receive & expel out the urine: therefore the patiented or some that be about him, must thrust and press the share easily and softly, and that must not be done out of measure, jest that pain should be augmented thereby. Also after clysters and incessions use foments by hot water, Fomenta. Sacculi. and apply oil in ox bladders, or other vessels, halfefull, or little bags as is showed in the chapter of the pleurisy. And if for all these things, the evil cease not, fasten a cupping glass with scarification to the grieved places. Moreover he must abstain from those things which provoke urine vehemently, and he must eschew much drink, when there appeareth evident declination of the disease, you must come to the use of those things that have virtue to dissolve and mollify, whereof we have spoken often before. Catheter. The putting in of a Cyring into him that is diseased with inflammation of the bladder is not easy to use & specially in men: for seeing it can not be put into them without pain, it sharpeneth the pain and increaseth the inflammation: but in women it is no great hurt to use it. For the passage of the urine in them is short and strait, so that they may suffer the doing of it without pain. But if the peril through the stopping of urine do very much constrain you, than you must of necessity use a ciring in men also: not because it taketh away the anguish of the disease, but rather because it should amend the great suppression of urine, and deliver the patiented from deadly peril. After that you have enticed out the urine, you must come again to the remedies which do cease pain, until the inflammation be dissolved and rotten. Oftentimes the inflammation is wont to be dissolved by and by through the means of an Erisipela, rising outwardly upon the skin, and remaining there, and not returning again inward. Yea and oftentimes much urine being cast out, doth judge the evil. Yet nevertheless although these things appear, you must still use the remedies aforesaid: in as much as for the most part, perfect tension and stretching out being risen, continual exacerbations and fits are caused, and long constitution of the evil. But when the perilous fits are ceased, and the constitution of the disease is now waxed old, you must come to the using of ointments, which do call out and bring forth the humours from within: and likewise emplasters, which do rubifie and blister the skin, are to be applied which you may found after. CAP. XLIIII. Of ulcers of the bladder and his neck. THE bladder is exulcerate either through some boil, or botch, or swelling, Diet. which hath been before, or through some rapture, or by eating, and gnawing of a flux, or through some such like cause. There followeth this sickness sharp pain of the bladder, at all times pissing and avoiding out matter. Cure of a phlegmatic flux. Signa. And when the ulcers be foul and filthy, there cometh forth dreggie and slimy matter, and such as hath a gross residence like bran. And sometime thin skins like leaves, and will are sent out with the urine. If the ulcers do spread abroad and feed deep, there is sent out urine that is bloody, atterie and stinking. To these signs may be added, difficulty of making water, and rising up of the yard. There is pain not only, when the passage of the urine is exulcerate, but also when the exulceration is in the bottom or depth. You may know whether the exulceration be in the bottom of the bladder, or nigh the pipe and passage of the urine by this: for if it be in the depth of the bladder, there followeth pain about the share: but if the ulcers be nigh the neck of the bladder, there is pain felt only at such time, as he maketh water, and specially at the beginning and ending of his pissing: & also his pain is the greater if the urine be sharp. They that are vexed with this evil, they either sit continually, or they can not stand upright, nor rest lying along, & through great and continual pain they are killed with fevers, watchings, and consume, some sooner and some later. But the ulcers of the bladder be incurarable, or at the lest ways very hard to cure: as well because the bladder is smowie, as also because the urine which is of nature sharp doth continually touch the ulcers, & so gnaweth them: and will not suffer them to conglutinate and join together. For although much urine be sent out, yet all the bladder can not be clean emptied, but always some of the urine is left in it, which doth continually touch the ulcers▪ Yea when the abundance of urine is sent out, than the bladder shrinketh up and falleth together, so that the urine that is left in it, although it be very little, yet it toucheth every part thereof. But seeing that oftentims some things chance beside our expectation, you shall go about the cure, by the which, if you bring nothing else to pass, yet you shall diminish the pains of the fits. First therefore, you must persuade the patiented to lie down and to rest in his bed: and that specially, when that he hath a fever. Then you must minister remedies for intermitting fevers. The chief thing in this case hath been drinking of milk, and this is to be compared above all other medicines. For it maketh smooth roughness, and washeth ulcerations, and scoureth the evil. Let the rest of his diet be such, as that is, which is ministered in the exulceration of the reins. Also you must comfort the sick by medicines, that will let the engendering of sharp urine, which doth gnaw & fret the ulcers. And if there be inflammation with the exulceration, cataplasms of linseed, and fenugreeke, and other things, which are rehearsed before in the chapter of inflammation of the bladder, are apt and meet to be applied. Moreover, if the exulceration do spread brother & eat deep, you must apply outwardly medicines somewhat restrictive, and that such as be hot when they are applied, that by their heat they might help the painful places round about by mollifying them, & that through their virtue, they may prohibit the places nigh adjoining to feed and eat. Restrictive medicines. Restrictive medicines be these: galls, pomegranate rinds, alum, acatia, hypocischis, and such like often rehearsed of us before. Also you must use to minister to them, medicines cast in with a cyring. You must cast into the exulcerate places, milk newly milked, or very good oil of roses warm. And if none of these be at hand, you must cast in continually most sweet water warmed: specially at such time as the gnawing is present. Also you must drive in by the fundament the juice of Ptysan, or the decoction of linseed, Victus ratio. Note. cucumber seed husked, fenugreeke, mallows, or milk with oil of roses. Moreover when thou wilt minister a clyster to him which is diseased in the bladder, he may not lie upward, for the bladder than will not suffer the infusion to enter in, because it lieth upon the straight bowel: but the patient must lie groveling upon his knees, and so you must cast in your infusion. Also let the sick sit often in hot water, and in dissolving decoctions, for these do cease pain somewhat. And when the ulcers do spread abroad and feed, you must cast into the bladder by a Cyring such things as can stop the feeding: as be acatia, hypocischis, terra lemnia, bowl armoniac and other rehearsed a little before. But if the ulcers be foul and filthy, you must pour in medicines, which have virtue to scour and cleanse them, as is mulsa much watered, or milk with a little honey, or with the seed of Cucumbers cleansed. But if there follow sharpness and gnawing, cast in milk newly milked, mixed with good amylum, or Tuttie washed and dried with many waters, and then mixed with the milk. When the ulcers be scoured and purged clean, you must procure to bring them to a scar, and to heal them. And that must be done by restrictive incessions, and by emplasters, fomentes, and irrigations, that be of like faculty and virtue. But if the exulceration do endure long time, as it chanceth for the most part, than the patient hath exacerbations and fits sometime and intermission and space from them at other times. Therefore in the painful fits apply emplasters and irrigations, having power to cease and ease the pain, and in the time of the intermission between the fits, use such things as have virtue to destroy the evil. Therefore apply to the share, Synapismes, and such things as will rubifie and blister. And let the sick use a diet that is good to restore strength. And if the evil doth not wax gentler, you must make burnt scurfs about the share, either by medicines or with iron, and to suffer the ulcers to purge and cleanse themselves long time with matter flowing out. To cease pain. You may also minister medicines to cease pain in drink, if vehement pains vex him. For this purpose above other things, which we have rehearsed in other places, the pills of Alkakengi with opium are good. Also these things following do much mitigate the pains of exulceration (that is) cucumberseede, mallows, white poppy, tragacanthe, amylum, pine nuts and almonds. Therefore this medicine may be ministered. ℞. conserve of violets. ℥ three seed of mallows. ʒ. ij. of the four great cold seeds. ana. ʒ. j. liquorace scraped. ʒ. j.ss. gum. ℈ two bowl armoniac. ʒ. ss. trochiskes of terra lemnia. ʒ.j. make them up altogether with syrup of liquorice. Minister of it daily in the morning the quantity of an hazel nut. Moreover you must throw into the bladder medicines that can cease pain, and heal the exulceration. CAP. XLV. Of the strangury. DE STILLICIDIO VRINAE. STRANGURIA in greek, stillicidium urinae in Latin, is a disease whereas the urine distilleth down by drops, or by little and little and causeth a continual provoking and desire to piss. This disease is caused through the sharpness of the urine, or by exulceration of the bladder, Causae. or by an impostume of the liver, or the reins, which being broken and sending the filth and atter to the bladder, through the sharpness thereof, it causeth continual desire to piss. You shall judge that sharpness is the cause, if his urines be choleric, and also all the state of the body, if the rest of the signs betoken choler, and that gnawings do chance about the bladder. You may know the exulceration of the bladder, as also an impostume or boil of the liver and the reins, by the signs afore rehearsed in their own proper chapters. If therefore the strangury be caused through sharpness of the urine, than you must purge the vicious and naughty humour, that doth abound, with all speed. For the which purpose, besides those things which are often spoken of before, whey with casia fistula, is marvelous good, or some other medicine that bringeth out choler. The cholerik humour being avoided & purged, the patient must use meats that be temperate, and that can stop the sharpness: as is, Victus ratio. juice of ptisan, mallows, purslane, violets, cucumber seed and such like. He must abstain from all things that be sharp or salt. Also let him eschew wine, exercises, wrath, and slow eating: for all these things do heap up choler in the body. Let them use stony fishes, and baths of sweet water, which is wont to make temperate vicious humours marvelously. In drink you must minister much sweet water hot, or the decoction of barley with syrup of violets, & roses. But you may not give him wine, as is said, except it be sweet and allayed with water. Also milk drunk hot, is the best thing that can be. To conclude for the order of his diet, he must use meats that do moisten, and broths that do make the womb soluble. But the sick must be compelled to piss continually: for if the sharp dregs do tarry long in the bladder, it gnaweth and exulcerateth it. Also to stop the sharpness of the humours, minister the medicine which we have described in the end of the former chapter. For the same purpose minister decoction of liquorice, or this powder following. ℞. of the seeds of melons husked, pulvis. citrons, and cucumbers. ana. ʒ. iij. seeds of gourds, purslane, and lettuce. ana. ʒ. ij. of read roses. ʒ. j. juice of liquorice & of mast. ana. ʒ. j.ss. beat them all and make a fine powder: whereof give daily the weight of ʒ. j.ss. in the morning with syrup of liquorice, or inleps of violets or roses. Also venice turpentine washed in rose-water or endive water, Terebinthina ves●●●. & minister the quantity of a nut, or sometime two or three is marvelous good for this (as Galen witnesseth. lib. 5. detuenda sanitate) doth not only loosen the belly without hurt, & so by that means, turneth away the sharp humours from the passages of the urine: but also it scoureth & cleanseth the inward parts, and specially the reins. And there hath been some, that have recovered health only by the use of this. Also clysters made of the decoction of mallows, violets, althaea, leaves of willow, water lilies, and other afore rehearsed, putting to them casia fistula, sugar, Clyster. and oil of violets, and roses do profit much. But if the sharpness do still increase, you must also cast in by the yard into the bladder milk with amylum. Also for the same purpose you may cast in the decoction of white poppy, and you must anoint outwardly upon the share, and there abouts oils of violets, and water lilies, putting to them a very little of the juice of purslane. But if the Strangury doth chance through exulceration of the bladder, or through some other part of the body being evil affected, and so purging itself out by the urine, than it is manifest that those members aught first to be cured, but yet so that this present evil be not neglected. The cures of every part you may seek out of their proper places and chapters. CAP. XLVI. Of difficulty of pissing. DE DIFFICULTATE VRINAE. DISURIA in Greek, urinae difficultas, it is a disease wherein the urine is pissed hardly and difficultly. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Causae. It is caused through weakness of the bladder, and through cold distempure of it which hurteth his actions. Also sometime it is caused of gross and fleugmatike humours which stop the neck of the bladder. Signa. You may know cold distempure if it come of an outward cause, by the patients telling, and by the thinness and whiteness of the urine. But if besides the whiteness there appear grossness in the urine, you may judge it a fleugmatike humour, which hath stopped the neck of the bladder, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Cure of a cold distempure. as is aforesaid. Cold distemper is cured by those things that do heat. Therefore be must use heating meats, & wine that is hot and condite. Also he must use medicines which provoke urine, as are parsnip well sodden, fennel, apium, sperage, smalach and such like. Also crabs and hedgehogges do provoke urine very well. You must dry their flesh and minister the weight of one ʒ. in drink. Also minister in drink the decoctions of aromatic things, or electuaries made of them, and so named of them. Above other things the antidotes of diacalaminthes, dialactia, and diacurcuma, are very good. Also treacle given in drink is marvelous good. You must nourish the share without, with hot oils, as is, oils of rue, dill, lilies, scorpions, and of castoreum. Also you must apply foments, Foment●. and little bags made of chammomill, sothernwood, betony, mugwort, rue, calamint, saucin and such like herbs. The sick must sit in the decoction of the aforesaid herbs, and cover and make hot the bottom of the belly. Also sometime it profiteth to cast in the decoction of the said herbs mixed with hot oils into the fundament. If a cold and fleugmatike humour do cause difficulty of pissing, Cure of a fleugmati●ke humour that stoppeth. than the patient must use oxymell, and decoctions of hyssop, penyroall, origan, time, & such like often before rehearsed. Also let them use foments, irrigations, & little bags made of hot things, whereof we spoke a little before, & in the former chapters. Moreover whether a gross humour or the stone, or a clod of blood, or any other thing of that kind through stopping do let the passage of the urine, it is good to put in a Cyring, unless inflammation of the members do let it, which also we have add monished before. CAP. XLVII. Of stopping of the urine. DE SUPPRESSIONE VRINAE. ISCURIA in greek, suppressio urine in Latin, it is a disease, in the which the urine of the patient is altogether letted & stopped. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Causae. This disease is caused sometime through weakness of the bladder, not being able to thrust out that which is contained in it. Also sometime it chanceth through stopping of the neither passage of the bladder, or of gross humours, or of a stone congealed. Also it is wont to come either of an inflammation, or of hardness, or some swelling against nature, which maketh the passages straighter, or stoppeth it altogether. Also sometime it cometh by a little piece of flesh, or a hard knob engendered in the passage of the urine. Also blood congealed into clods in the bladder, is cause of the suppression and stopping of urine. Also atter sent down to the bladder from the reins, or the liver, or from some other upper part, causeth stopping of the urine, even like as a gross & clammy humour doth. Also it chanceth sometime, that through the dull sense of the bladder, that the urine is not made, and yet it is without hurt of the virtue expulsive, when as his proper sinews be evil affected: so in hail folk when the urine is holden long time, the bladder is stretched out, and the urine is stopped. If stopping of the urine be caused through weakness of the bladder, it is known by those signs which declare the cold distempure of the bladder. If it be caused of gross humours, it is known by the diet that went before. As if one that liveth idly, hath used much meats which do engender gross and clammy humours. If it be caused of the stone, you may know it by the signs which are rehearsed before in the chapter of the stone. If it be caused of inflammation or of any other swelling, it is known by pain by fever and by sight. When suppression of the urine is caused through some piece of flesh, or some knob, it may be known by the signs of ulcers aforesaid: and also because that a cyring being put in, the urine commetn out. Also a cyring being put into that part of the conduit or passage, where you conjectured the bile to be before, it moveth pain, and the flesh being broken with the cyring, there followeth out with the pissinge of the urine, both blood and fragments of flesh. If clodded blood cause stopping of the urine, there went before it excretion and pissing of blood, or flux thereof. When as attre hath stopped the urine, you may know it by things that chance before: for either the bladder or the reins laboured of some evil before, whereby such, & so much atter might gather: or there hath been an impostume in some member above the reins, which being broken the attre is sent down into the reins, and so into the bladder: the rest of the causes may be known by the patientes telling. The cure is diverse according to the diversity of causes. For if the stopping of urine be caused through imbecility and weakness of the bladder, you must minister and apply those things which do heat, as is said in the former chapter. For you must altogether remove cold distempure, which letteth the actions of the bladder. If the withholding of urine be engendered of gross and clammy humours, he must be cured by fomentes, incessions, and cataplasms made of herbs that be hot, and that have virtue to cut and divide the humours, and with a diet of such like things. Besides those things which we have rehearsed in the former chapter of difficulty of pissing, this ointment following is notably good, unguentum. to take away the disease. ℞. of the oil of scorpions, oil of narde, and of lilies. ana. ʒ. iij. gum serapine, bdellium, and oppoponax. ana. ℈ two goose grease, ducks grease. ana. ʒ. ss.. root of Enula campana. ℈ two pennyroyal, calamint. ana. ʒ. ss. dissolve the gums in wine, and with wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment. Also you must throw into the bladder with a cyring, oil of scorpions, or lilies, or some other thing that can dissolve, cut, and divide clammy humours. If the urine be stopped through the stone or clodded blood: you must seek the cure out of their proper chapters. For the stone which hath stopped the passage of the urine must be removed out of his place as is taught before in the 41. chapter: but the clodded blood must be dissolved, as is taught in the 42. chapter. If the urine be stopped through inflammation, Cure if it be of swellings. or some other swelling against nature, the cure must also be sought out of their own proper chapters. And if the urine be stopped through some little piece of flesh or hard knob, apply bathings and other dissolving and loosening medicines and such as do open and spread abroad the pipe & conduit of the urine: examples whereof you may seek out of the chapter of the stone of the reins. And if the urine do not come out so, you must come to the using of a cyring, and by putting in of the instrument you must entice out the urine. Cure if it be of the obtuse sense of the bladder. If the urine be suppressed through the dull sense of the bladder, you must raise up his action, by provoking urine, and you must help it by incessions, fomentes, and other hot medicines, which can take away his sleeping and dullness. But you must only eshue those things which provoke urine, lest that through plenty of it, the bladder be stretched out, and so the contractive virtue of it should be hurt. Moreover you must entice out urine with intrum, or salt peter, or with a quick louse, or with some other thing, that can stir up the virtue expulsive of the bladder. In healthful folk, when through some great business the urine is holden to long, and so hath made the bladder feeble, that it cannot expel it out, than he must help himself thus. He must stand, so that the neck of the bladder may lean downward, and he must lay both his hands about his share, and he must press it & thrust out the urine by little & little, & thus may he do also in the dull sense, of the bladder aforesaid. CAP. XLVIII. Of exulceration of the privy members. DE EXULCERATIONE PUDENDI. ULCERS engendered in the privy members without inflammation have need of medicines, which do dry up vehemently: such as these be paper burned, dry dill burnt, and dry Aloës made into powder, for you can scarcely find a more present remedy. Also the root of Aristolochia rotunda doth bring present remedy to the exulceration of the privy members. Also among compound medicines, P●●●is opti●●●. that is the most effections and profitable. ℞. Aloës epaticum. ʒ.ij. galls. ʒ. j. dragon's blood, bowl armoniac, tuttie. ana. ʒ. j. roots of Aristolochia rotunda. ʒ.ss. myrrh. ℈ i of gum arabic. ʒ. ij. alum burnt. ʒ. ss. let all these be beaten, Tertiana 〈◊〉. Quotidiana exquisita. Abstertion of the ulcers. and make a fine powder, and strew it upon the exulcerate parts. But if the ulcers be very moist and foul, first scour them and cleanse them with mulsa well allayed, and then after with goats milk: which thing being done, use the aforesaid powder, or lapis h●matites or frankincense or pomegranade rinds, or terra lemnia or such like beaten into powder. If there chance inflammation together with the exulceration, you must first remove the inflammation with linen clothes wet in roose water, or night shade, or purslane water, or houseleek water, putting to it the white of an egg, and applying it to the diseased place. The rest of the remeadies, seek out of other chapters. CAP. XLIX. Of the continual standing of the yard. DE PRIAPISMO. PRIAPISMUS (as Galen witnesseth in lib. 6. the male affectis locis. cap. 6.) is when the yard is stretched out in length and in breadth, Priapismus. nothing provoking the patiented to lust and desire, nor no heat gotten. And if there chance to the yard panting or beating, than the evil is called Satyriasis. This evil is caused (as Galen doth witness in the place aforesaid) either through immoderate opening of the mouth of the arteries, Satyriasis Causae. or of some vaporous spirit engendered in the hollow and fistulous sinow. But it followeth often after the gaping and opening of the mouths of the arteries. For it is easier for them to stretch out wide, then for flatuous and windy air to engender in the hollow sinow. For the loins being her, it is reason that the arteries are made hotter, and that also other mouths should be wider opened. Therefore at that time, they sand out no small substance of spirit or air into the hollow senew, which being a little filled, it stretcheth out the yard, so that all his power doth seem to consist in the hollow sinow. Sometime this evil chanceth to them which have abstained long time from carnal copulation contrary to their custom. And this thing chanceth specially to them, that do abound with much blood, and do not study to disperse the abundance of blood with much exercise. They that labour of this disease be grieved, as those be, which be taken with distension and stretching out of the sinews: for the yard being puffed up, and stretched out, suffereth as it were a cramp. They that have this convulsion or cramp, do quickly perish, unless help be used to them by and by: and when they die their belly is puffed up, and their sweat is cold. The cure is diverse according to the diversity of causes▪ for if the disease do chance through gaping of the mouths of the arteries, and so through the heat of them, by and by it is good to let blood by cutting of a vain which thing also you shall do, when this evil taketh them which abound with blood, and have abstained long time from carnal copulation, contrary to their custom. And you must cut the black vein which is called media or mediana, the middle vein of the arm. Also he must use a thin diet, and abstain from wine. Give him but little meat made of corn, and that which doth engender no wind at all, and that causeth thirst, and it is good for him to use to drink water exercises and frictions or rubbings are well applied and used, to dissolve and disperse the spirits or air. Also it is good to go about emptying by vomiting. Also if the womb be costive and bound, you must make it soluble with a clyster, Clyster. that is not very sharp, as that is which is made of the decoction of beets, mallows and mercury. You must altogether abstain from purging medicines, lest that the humours should be drawn downward, for the same cause also, he must eschew those things which have virtue to provoke urine. The sum of the cure To conclude you must altogether labour and study to minister those medicines which can void and empty the abundance, and draw upward, and so turn the humours from the privy members. And if the evil endure long, fasten cupping glasses with scarification. And if there be fullness apply horse leeches. But you must lay upon the loins, those things which do evidently cool, as is, nightshade, purslane, henbane, and singreene. Also you must of necessity anoint the yard, and the space between the fundament and the yard, with some juice or water of herbs that do cool gently. If a cerote made of fine oil of roses, washed often in cold water be applied as well to the yard, as also to the loins, it doth notably well. The making of this cerote which is called ceratum liquidum, is taugh of Galen. lib. 1. de simplicium medicamentorum facultate. cap. 6. Also this cerote is good. ℞. white wax washed tennetimes in cold water. quar. j purslane. ʒ. ij. commix them together & bring them into the form of a cerote. To be short, apply, and also minister in drink those medines which can extinguish and quench seed: of the which we will speak abundantly in the next chapter. Moreover it is hurtful for him to rest, lying upright, but he must lie on his side. He must altogether be kept from sights and stories, and rehearsing of those things, which pertain unto lechery. If this disease chance of a vaporous and windy spirit or air engendered in the hollow sinow, all your whole cure must be turned to the dispersing and dissolving of it. Therefore you must turn back to the chapters of curing of inflammation, and windines of the stomach, and to the cure of the windy colic: for there you shall found plenty of remeadies. CAP. L. Of shedding of sperm. DE SEMINIS PROFLWIO. gonorrhea in Greek, seminis proflunium in Latin, Complications of Quotidians and Tertians. it is excretion and shedding of seed or sperm against the patientes will, and without sickness of the yard. It is caused through imbecility and weakness of the retentive virtue in the vessels, containing the sperm: or through some other disease, that moveth the parts of the vessels of sperm, after that sort, as the expulsive virtue doth, according to nature: as in the falling sickness it chanceth sometime, and in other violent convulsions & cramps. Also sometime it is caused through flux of the spermaticke vessels. The seed that sheddeth out, is watery thin without 〈◊〉 petite of carnal copulation: and for the most part without feeling of it, but sometime it cometh out with certain pleasure. They that have this disease, Hemitritaeus. Signa. their whole body corrupteth by little and little, and waxeth lean specially about the loins. And 〈◊〉 followeth much weakness, not for the multitude of seed, but for the principality 〈…〉. And if it come out (the yard not standing) there followeth imbecility and 〈…〉 the retentive virtue in the spermaticke vessels. But if it cometh out (the yard 〈…〉 the grief is somewhat like a convulsion, or cramp. This disease chanceth not 〈…〉 men, but also to women, and in women it is hard to cure. The cure of this disease is 〈◊〉 with those cures that are ministered in every flux. First therefore you must keep 〈◊〉 sick in quietness with little meat, and with drinking of water. Then also you must ●●uer the places about the share and privities, and the loins with will wet in oil of rose● in wine, or in oil of blossoms of apples, or of quinces. Also sponges wet in in Posca applied are not hurtful. The days following you must use cataplasms, emplasters, and ointmentes, made of vine branches, quinces, acatia hypocischis, sumach, and such like afore rehearsed. Also he must use restrictive incessions made of the decoctions of briar, plaintaine, myrtles and such other like. These things must be sodden in austere and sharp wine, or also in water. Let him use meats which are hard to corrupt, and that are difficulty changed, and that have power to dry up. Also you must give him with his meats and drink, the seed of Agnus castus, and of hemp, specially roasted. Also the seed and leaves of rue, the seed and stalk of lettuce, and the root of water lilies. In drink minister daily, in steed of common water, the water wherein iron hath often be quenched. To be short he must eschew the using of sharp things, and drinking of much wine, and eating of pottage, and all his whole diet must be appointed of such things, as do dry up and restrain. To extinguish seed. And you must minister such medicines, as do extinguish and quench seed, as is, tutsan seed toasted and rubbed, also the leaves and flowers of it are said to restrain lechery, not only when they are eaten, but also when they are taken in drink, or strewed under one. Purslane eaten, and lettuce seed drouncke, and the root & seed of waterlillies taken in meat, do extinguish the seed by cooling of it. But rue eaten corrupteth and destroyeth the seed with his heat. They which eat calamint continually, do lose the power of generation, and likewise the seed of white violets doth the same. But smiths water, in which iron is often quenched, being continually drunk, doth diminish the seed without any grief. Moreover of these simples before rehearsed, you may compound and make diverse remeadies. And specially this powder is good. ℞. of the powders of diacuminum, Tri●●●●. diacalaminthes. ana. ʒ. j.ss. seed of tutsan & rue. ana. ʒ. j. calamint. ʒ. ij. seed of luttuse and purslane. ana. ʒ. j. sugar, the weight of them all: commix them together and make a fine powder, whereof minister. ʒ. j. or ʒ. j.ss. infused in sour wine. Also it is counted notable, to lay a plate of lead upon the loins, for it is wont to cool much. To those which cannot suffer the hardness of lead, you must give counsel, that they strew under them some of the aforesaid herbs dried: for the which purpose above other things, vine leaves, rue, calamint, and roses are praised: for these profit, and besides that they hurt not the reins. For vehement cold things being applied to the loins, do hurt the reins. Also let not his bed be soft, and let him lie for the most part upon his side, eschewing upright lying, lest thereby the arteries of the loins should wax hot. After that the disease hath dured a while, you must commit the sick to exercises, whereby the whole body, and specially the diseased parts, may be confirmed and strengthened. Also it shall be good, if nothing else do let it, to use cold bathing and washings, which is wont to drive away all the grief engendered of flux: and that specially if the water be endued with any medicinable quality. Also it is good at certain times to use those things that do rubifie and blister, and that can fetch out from the depth and bottom, unto the top of the skin. Moreover the patient must exclude all thought belonging to carnal copulation. CAP. LIVELY Of the loss of carnal copulation. DE IIS QVI RE VENEREA VTI NON POSSUNT. THEY which be married, and cannot use the act of generation, because of the sluggish impotency and weakness of their members: Causae. coming of a cold distempure wherewith they be vexed, or of some other cause: such ought to exercise the neither parts, and to use meats that do heat and engender good humours: as is the flesh of hens, capons, partridge, feasauntes, young 〈◊〉 of mountains, and specially sparrows, cocks stones and such like. Not 〈◊〉 good nourishing meats, but also windy meats are good for him, as be chiche 〈◊〉 ●eanes, scallions, leeks, the root and seed of persneppes, pine nuttus, sweet 〈◊〉, rape roots and such other like. Also the eggs of partridges do stir up car●●●● lust. Let the patiented sleep in a soft bed, and let him read things that do stir up lust, Curatio. or let him hear them read. Let his privy members be continually chafed and rubbed with oils, ointmentes and other heating medicines. For which purpose use this ointment following. ℞. oil of lilies. ℥. j.ss. oil of castoreum. ℥. ss. pepper, nigella, pellitory. ana. ℈ i myrrh. ʒ. ss. Euphorbium. gran. iij. wax as much as is sufficient, and make an ointment. unguentum. And also he must use medicines, which do engender plenty of sperm, and can heat. Among simple medicines, these that follow do chiefly stir up carnal lust, as be rocket, mustard seed, garden cresses, nettleseede, root of Aron, and pepper, satyrion, orminum, annyse, squill, orchiss, called also testiculus canis, whose greatest round root drunk with milk doth provoke stiffness of the yard, but the the less root thereof drunk with water doth slake the stiffness thereof, also fennel and dill are good. The stones of a fox dried, beaten to powder and drunk, doth cause a stiffness of the member: not hurtful nor vain. Also the parts of scinces which embrace the reins, are drunk to raise a stiffness of the yard. Moreover burn the dry pissell of an heart and minister. ℥ i of it with pure wine. Among compounds it is good to use this medicine. ℞. Dianthos, plirisarcoticon, diagalangae. ana. ʒ. iij. diasatyrion. ʒ.uj. pine nuts, sweet almonds, pistax. ana. ʒ. ij. satyrium. ʒ.j. root of Aron. ℈ i seeds of rocket, nettles, and garden cresses. ana. ʒ. j.ss. scincus. ʒ.ss. nux indica. ʒ.j. of long pepper and ginger. ana. ʒ. j.ss. powder of hearts pissle. ℈ i syrup of mints, and sugar as much as is sufficient, and make an electuary: where of minister before supper or fasting the quantity of one drachm, or two alone, or in good wine. CAP. LII. Of bursting or ruptures. DE RAMICE. CELE in Greek, ramex and hernia in Latin, the barbarous writers call it rupura. It is caused diverse ways, and thereupon it hath diverse names. For if the Peritonaeum doth break, and the bowels fall down into the cods, it is called in Latin, ram●x intestinorum: that is, the rapture of the bowels. But when the bowels do cleave or stay above the privy members, it is called in Lataine ramex inguinis: that is, the rapture above the privy members. Ramex inguinis. Ramex aqnosus. Ramex carnosus. And if any quiet and watery humour be gathered in any part of the films, or skins of the cods, it is called in latin, ramex aqnosus: that is watery rapture. When there groweth hard flesh, within the coats and tunicles of the stones, it is called in Lataine ramex carnosus, that is a fleshy rapture. To be short, the kinds of ruptures ever take their names of the things that do fill up the cods. As if the call or film that laps in the bowels, do fall down into the cods, it is called in Latin ramex ormenti: that is the rapture of the film. And if the bowels do slip down also with it, it is called in Latin ramex ormenti & intestini: that is the rapture of the film and the bowels. So when the veins which nourish the stones be spread abroad, and swollen out of measure on heaps, it is called ramex varicosus: that is the rapture of the swollen veins. The rapture of the bowels, and of the parts above the privy members, are caused either because the Peritonaeum, is stretched out more than it aught to be, or because it is broken. Both these do chance through some violent occasion going before, as a stroke, or leaping or crying, or by taking up of a great weight. A watery rapture is caused sometime of a secret cause, and sometime of a manifest cause. Of a secret cause 〈…〉 the vessels that are joined together be increased in the cods, and then a 〈…〉 mixed with blood is driven down to those parts, and resteth there. Of a 〈◊〉 cause, as when through some blow or stroke, the vessels break and slide down 〈◊〉 than blood flowing down thither to nourish them, it is changed into a watery and 〈◊〉 substance. A fleshy rapture is engendered of a secret cause, as through the stone 〈◊〉 without a flux and waxing hard, or of a stripe, or by ill curing after the cutting of a rapture. The causes of the other ruptures are evident by their descriptions. The signs, both of the rapture of the bowels, and the rapture about the privy members are common. Signa. For there is a manifest swelling in the cods, or about the privy members, which appeareth greater, than it did before in exercises, journeys, holding of the breath and such like occasions: being thrusted together, it goeth back again slowly, and it rouleth down again quickly. The particular signs whereby ruptures that come, when the Peritonaum is but stretched out, be these: that the bowels fall down not for a long time together, but for a short space, and for very little cause, the swelling appeareth equal and deep, the bowels that fall down being stayed with the peritonaeum. The proper signs of a rapture that cometh when the peritonaeum is broken are, that the bowels fall down universally from the beginning of the rapture, and that only through violent causes: the swelling is of a wonderful greatness, inequal, and it showeth straight way sticking out in the skin, because the bowels are fallen out of the peritoraum. The common signs of a watery rapture be these: swelling that is without pain, and firm, and permanent in the cods, not vanishing by no occasion, but in them that have but a little of the humour, it giveth place, and in them that have not so much of it, not so. And when there is a watery humour in the cods, the swelling shineth of the same colour: that the humour is, as like dregs or blood, or rubicund, or swart. And when these signs appear in both sides of the cods, it betokeneth that there is a double rapture. There followeth after a fleshy rapture, hardness, and a colour always like unto it. But if the swelling do increase into a hardness or kernel, than there is neither colour nor sense, nor feeling. But if the humour be of a wicked nature, Signs of co●d Cure of the ruptures of the bowels and of the inguen. then pricking pain doth vex him. The rapture of the bowels, and of the parts about the privy members, be cured in this wise. You must lay the patiented upright and separate his legs, and then put up the bowels by little and little: and when they are put up, you must keep them up with convenient trusses, and ligamentes. But if the places adjoining to the cods, or to the place about the privy members, be grieved with inflammation and most grievous pains, and that there come with it frettings and windines, and so thereby the bowels be made disobedient to go up again, than you must use and apply fomentes, lynementes and baths, which have virtue to mollify and to cease pain and inflammation, and to disperse windines: as those things be which be made of mallows, chammomill, dill, linseed, fenugreeke, caraway seed, annyseseede, coming and such like. Also nourish the places that be vexed with pain, with will that is moist, dipped in wine and oil. When the bowels are put up again into their places, you must go about, that they may be kept up still, with convenient trusses and bands: apapplying to it first, Ceratum. restrictive or glutinative cerotes, or emplasters, as this is. ℞. ship pitch, mastic. ana. ʒ. iij. frankincense. ʒ. ij. hypocischis, sarcocol, acatia. ana. ʒ. j.ss. lapis hamatitis, dragon's blood. ana. ʒ. ij. bowl armoniac roots of comforie, gales, pomegranate rinds. ana. ʒ. iij. missle of the oak. ʒ. j.ss. of either Aristolochia. ʒ.ij. sumache, pomegranate flowers. ana. ʒ. j. goats tallow. ʒ. ij. turpentine and wax as much as is sufficient: dissolve the gums first in vinegar or wine, and make a cerote, and put it in a weather's skin, and apply it binding it fast, and do not lose it before the seventh day. Also in the mean season 〈◊〉 the sick tarry thirty days in his bed, Diet. and let him abstain from windy meats, 〈◊〉 much drinking of wine, from vehement moving, running, leaping, crying loud 〈◊〉 other like. And in the mean season let him drink this decoction. ℞. both the kinds of sanicula, of solidago saracenica, or consolida sar acenica, ophio glossum, pedelion, agrimony, Victus ra●i●. A gluminati●● decoction. Pr●●ella. ●●●laria. ana. M.j. knotgrass, clematis daphnoides, great plantain, burnet. ana. M. ss. 〈◊〉 of comfrey, hounds tongue. ana. ʒ. ss. root of the sixth kind of geranium. ʒ. 〈…〉 myrtles. ʒ. iij. pomegranate flowers. ʒ. ij. leaves of laurel. ʒ. j.ss. boil these in 〈…〉 water of just quantity till the third part be consumed. Then strain it and 〈…〉 to it sugar, make the liquor of the decoction sweet, and purify it, and make a ●●●●potion, whereof minister daily in the morning. ℥ four Also you must take very 〈◊〉 ●ead, that the belly wax not costive: for if he be constrained to labour much, when ●●●●uld go to the stool, the bowels will slide down again. Also he must use apt inconvenient deligatures and trusses, as be admonished before. And he must use them specially, To cure a watery rapture. at such time as occasion and necessity of moving requireth it. A watery rapture must be cured by such medicines, as do heat and dry up, as be bean meal, laurel, berries, linseed, dancus, althaea, nigella, and such other like, which we have rehearsed in the chapter of the dropsy Asciles, and other dropsies. To conclude: as for the cure of these ruptures, or any other by surgery, let it be sought out of Paulus Aegineta. libro sexto, chapter sixtietwo, where he treateath of it abundantly: for it is not our intent to treat thereof in these books: therefore we will proceed to the diseases of the womb. CAP. LIII. Of stopping of menstruis. DE SUPPRESSIS MENSIBUS. THE menstruis of women are suppressed and stopped in them either naturally or against nature. Causae. In whom the flowers are naturally stopped. If they be naturally stopped you shall know it chiefly by this: because the woman thereby is vexed with no grief of the whole body, nor yet of the womb. Also you shall have a respect to the age, for in many the flowers begin to flow the fourteenth year, and in very few before the thirteenth or twelfth year. And to most women they burst out after the fourteenth year. For the most part, the purging endureth for two or three days, to many five days, in some it endureth unto the seventh day. The menstruis also do stop in some the fifty year, or the fifty five year, and they flow not until the sixty year, but in few women. Also barren women and dancers, are not naturally purged: for whatsoever excrement is in them, it is consumed by the vehemency of exercises. And to be short, women of a hot temperature, that be wild, and do use strong exercises, they purge out little or nothing. But many times the menstruis are wont to be suppressed and stopped against nature, In whom the flowers are s●●pped against nature. either through over much grossness, or slenderness. For fat folk are more without blood, than other folk, and they have less and straighter veins, and that little blood which is in them, turneth almost in fat. But they that are lean and slender which be wasted with some continual sickness, they have no superfluous blood in them. Moreover the mestruis do not flow in them, whose blood is either gross or clammy, or if it be sent to some other part of the body, and purged out, as for example, if it go out at the nose, or at the fundament. Also in some that have cast out much blood from the breast, the menstruis are stopped, and in some, because much blood hath gone out of a vein being cut. Also other kinds of emptyinge hath often done the same thing, as abundant sweeting, continual vomiting, fluxes of the belly: and all kinds of pustules and weals which bud out of the skin. Besides the causes now rehearsed, oftentimes the menstruis are withholden through great and sharp sicknesses, and through abundance or scarcity of food. For of little food, that little doth expirate and breath out straight, and of much food the passages are stopped, and the excretion and voiding out of the menstruis is prevented and letted. And for those causes the menstruis are specially suppressed & stopped, the whole body being evil affected. Also they are in like manner withholden and stopped, when the womb itself is afflicted with a particular disease or vice: which thing chanceth to the womb sometime through hot or cold distempure of the same. Also many times the purgation of the menstruis is letted through hardness engendered in the mouth of the matryce, or through some excrescence and growing up of a piece of flesh, or also through abundant fatness. Also to some by and by in the beginning, certain films or thin skins engender about the neck or entry of the matrice. To other some the scars of ulcers, which have been before in the womb, have stopped the mouths of the vessels, which carried blood into the womb. To some after the aborsion of the womb, (the mouth of it being exulcerate, and afterward healed and brought to a scar) there cometh conjoining & compaction of it, which besides that, it letteth all other transpirations of the womb, it also stoppeth the excretion and voiding out of blood. Moreover stubborn carefulness, immoderate fear and great sorrow do stop the menstruis. There followeth suppression and stopping of the menstruis, heaviness of the whole body, Signa. desire to vomit, abhorring of meat, and certain terrible discursions, such as chance to those that have conceived. Moreover, there be pains about the loins, thighs, neck, the hinder part of the eyes, and the forepart of the head. Also there follow continual fevers, and blackish urines, with certain read attre, and filth in them, even like as one should mix soot with the water wherein new killed flesh hath lately been washed. Also to many either the urine doth come forth difficultly or else it is stopped altogether. The diversity of causes is known partly by the disposition of the whole body, Pi●●i● plurium dierum. Synochus non putrida. and partly also and for the most part, by the telling of the patiented. Women may know a cold distempure in themselves, by these signs specially, because they be more sleepy and slower to all kind of moving, and whiter of colour, and as it were of a leadie colour. Moreover their urine is watery and such like signs appear, which are often rehearsed before. Hot distemper The tokens of a hot distempure are clean contrary to these signs of a cold distempure before rehearsed. Signs of fullness besides those that may be gathered out of the former chapters, Plenitudo. are wont specially to be these: that women, that are vexed therewith, are grieved most in the time of the menstruis, and they feel vehement pain, about the loins and the privy members, and their veins are swollen up very great. Curatio. Cure of a cold distemper. The cure is diverse according to the diversity of causes. For if a cold distempure of the liver or womb do stop the flowing of mestruis, it must be cured driven away with contraries: that is, with meat and medicines that do heat. Therefore you must give unto them hot meats, and wine that it yellow, odoriferous and old. Also you must prescribe to them exercises and you must minister other things which can help the body. Above other these things that follow are good, peniroiall, time, calamint, sotherwood, diptaine, root of yreos, casia, gladon, asarum, and saveyne: of which you may make decoctions and fomentes. Also you must minister unto them fasting, after a bathe, pure wine hot. Also the meet and convenient times to take these medicines be, first, if the patiented drink strait way, when the time of purgation is at hand: secondarily, if he drink strait after a bathe, fomentation, or anointing, that the medicine helping the body being yet hot and lose, may show his strength and effect the more easily and effectually. Women that be too hot and use much evercise have no need of curing: Cure of hot distemper. for it were better to the safeguard of their proper health, to prescribe them such a diet, whereby their bodies should be so dried, that the mestruis should not need to be purged: but this were against conception: for they do not conceive which be not purged. Therefore for conceptions sake, and for because that almost all women keep an undiscreet diet, purgations be necessary. Therefore it is good also to adjoin the cure, whereby the menstruis, that are stopped through hot distempure, may be brought out. Women therefore, that be hot, and use many exercises, must chiefly be made moister by moist meats and drinckes taken in good quantity, as be soupinges of ptysans, and of Alica, and meats that are made of lambs flesh, kids flesh, and fishes that be tender, birds of mountains, milk. Let their potherbes be luttuse and gourds, and their fruit, new figs. They must use white wine, that is not very old, and let it be allayed. Also baths of sweet water are good, and to conclude, the diet ascribed to them that have the fever Ethicke, Cure of fullness. is to be prescribed to these. If the menstruis be withholden and stopped by reason of the fullness that vexeth the woman, and if nothing else do let it, you must begin the cure with letting of blood. And you must cut the veins of the ankles or of the hams: and that not before the accustomed time of the menstruis. Neither will it be unprofitable, if cupping glasses be fastened to the legs. The blood being emptied, minister potions, which can provoke menstruis, and apply fomentations, baths, and annointinges of other things, which we will describe hereafter. But if there be no fullness, but only gross & phlegmatic humours do stop the flowing of the menstruis: Cure of vici●●● humours. First you must minister medicines which can cut & divide the aforesaid humours, and preparate them, and make them easier to be expelled and purged out: Decoction. as is this decoction. ℞. the roots of gladon, yreos, parsley and sperage. ana. ℥ i of the seeds of apium, fennel, bruscus, annyse, daucus, ammi, & nettles. ana. ʒ. j. calamint, wormwood. ana. M. ss. origan, sothernwood, mugwort, peniroiall, asarun. ana. M.j. Isope. M. j.ss. chosen cinnamon. ʒ. j. seethe all these in a convenient quantity of water, until the third part be consumed: then strain it & make the liquor of that decoction sweet with sugar, and clarify it with the white of an egg, putting into it of the syrups of calamint, of hyssop, and of horehound. ana. ℥. j.ss. and make a potion, whereof minister daily in the morning the weight of ℥ four When that decoction is drunk up, minister some purging medicine: as is, hierapicra, Purgatio. diaphaenicon, and electuarium nidum, pills of agaric, of benedicta, or such like. Exercise. After purging the patient must use exercises, and frictions of the neither parts, and specially walkings. Moreover apply fomentations, and bathings made of chammomill, Fomentes. Vnguen●●●. motherwort, mints, and other things rehearsed in the decoction abovesaid. Also anoint the patiented with this ointment. ℞ of the oils of lilies, and rue. ana. ℥ i mootherworte with the thin leaves, pennyroyal, calamint. ana. ℈ i root of yreos. ℈ two Isope, origan. ana. ℈ three with wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment. After this, for the cause abovesaid, minister medicines, which can straight way provoke and bring forth the menstruis being stopped, such as these be: myrrh, castoreum, To provoke menstruis. laurel berries, madder, pepper, sage, rue, sauine, casia, and such other, which be rehearsed before of us. A notable medicine. This medicine is not able good. ℞. castoreum. ℥ i wild mints beaten into powder. ʒ. ss. old wine, or mulsa. ℥ four commix them together, and minister it hot after a bathe. Also the decoction of pennyroyal, mugwort, rue, coming, daucus, sage, dill, ammeos, fennel, enula campana, and such like are good. Also calamint beaten into powder, the weight of ʒ. ij. or savin, the weight of ʒ. j. drunk in wine or mulsa, is very good. Moreover trochiskes of myrrh, do marvelously profit. Also wine wherein wormwood hath been infused or sodden, must be drunk all the time of the cure. Also you must use to put pessaries into the womb, if that necessity so require it, such as this is. ℞. of Triphera magna, that is without opium. ʒ.j. of the meal of ernum, nigella, mather, mugwort, Contin●us febris hath 〈◊〉 remedies chiefrie. Pessus. pennyroyal. ana. ℈. j.ss. juice of rue. ℥ two commix them together and make a pessary, and put it in with will or cotton. Or this pessary. ℞. myrrh, bdellium, storax. ana. ʒ. j. calamint, sothernwood, A●us. & wormwood. ana. ʒ. j.ss. roots of gladon and mather. ana. ʒ. j. seed of nigella, dry rue, laurel berries. ana. ℈ two saveyne. ℈ i castoreum. ℈. ss. beat all these to fine powder, and commix them with honey or Triphera, or mithridatum, and make pessaries to put into the woman's privities. Also you must cast into the womb hot oils, as is oils of yreos, lilies, laurel and such like. Also it is good to use suffumigations made of Storax, galbartum, frankincense, bdollium, the root of Aristolochia, mugwort, cloves, cinnamon and such like. Examples whereof you shall find in our book of making of medicines. Moreover the womb must be evaporated, and fomented with odiferous things, as with maioram, savoury, calamint, chammomill, pennyroyal, mugwort, root of yreos and such like sodden in a pot, which you must cover with a covering that hath a hole bored through it, wherein you must put a reed or some other pipe, and you must anoint it round about aloft, that the woman sitting thereon, may be fomented with it. Also it will profit, if the woman sit in this decoction up to the navel, and after receive the pessaries before rehearsed. Fat women must be cured with a diet that can extenuate, and with swift exercises, and with other medicines which can make the body slender and lean: as be continual dejection and solution of the belly▪ ointments that have virtue to evaporate and breathe out, and such like, which be abundantly entreated of by Galen lib. 14. ther. meth.. cap. 15. & lib. 6. de tuenda sanitate. Those which are not purged of their menstruis, through leans of the body, whether it chance through sickness, or any other means, you must first recreate, Cure of lean women. and refresh them, and restore the flesh of their bodies by a convenient diet, and by other medicines, which Galen rehearsed in the places aforesaid. And if they wax fleshy, there is good hope, that the menstruis will burst out by their own accord, which if they do not come forth alone, than you shall provoke them by potions, fomentes, and other medicines above rehearsed. If the menstruis do not flow, because of some disease and vice of the womb, first you must cure the evil, that is cause of the stopping of the menstruis: Cure if it be of vice of the womb. and after that, we must proceed to the provocation and purging of the menstruis. The cure of the disease of the womb, must be sought out of their proper places. CAP. liv. Of flowing of menstruis. DE REDUNDANTIBUS MENSIBUS. WE say, that menstruis do redound and overflow in women, when that great plenty of them do flow out longer, than the accustomed time of their purgation. There is no just or certain time of their purgation. For to most women they flow ij. or iij. days to many v. days, and to some seven days. The menstruis do chance to flow out of measure, A compendium of curing in fevers. Causae. through great or small vessels opened wide, or broken. Also immoderate purgations do engender in women, sometime through grievous travail in childbirth, which also do cease oftentimes of themselves. Oftentimes after aborsion, they labour of a vehement aborsion, and flux of menstruis, and sometime it bringeth them into a dangerous peril. Signa. If the greather vessels be broken or open, the blood floweth out gushing on heaps: but if the lesser be open, it floweth out by little and little, and not in great quantity. If it be caused through eating or gnawing, it doth not only flow by little and little, but also it floweth with very great pain. Moreover when the menstruis flow immoderately, there follow a filthy colour, the feet are puffed up with a light swelling, the strength of the body is decayed, both the digestion and appetite of meat is corrupted. And in all points such signs, as are wont to follow immoderate voiding of blood, either by the hemorhoides, or by any other flux of blood do follow in this disease. Curatio. First therefore in the beginning of the cure, you must bind the places between the joints, and the extreme parts of the body with bands, beginning at the arm holles and the shares. Also you must fasten great cupping glasses lightly under the paps, as Hipocrates teacheth. 5. Aph. 50. Also they must use meats and drinckes, that be sharp and restrictive, as is rice and such like: and let the sick rather eat roasted meats, then sodden. And specially such flesh, as is of nature able to dry up, as be birds that live in mountains, and wild beasts. They must abstain from moving, and wind, and wine, and in steed of it they must use some restrictive potion, or posca, not cold but warm. Moreover you must minister restrictive medicines in drink, as these simples be following. ℞. pomegranate flowers, hipocischiss, acatia, coral, Lycium, terra le●●nia, galls, knotgrass, both the Consolidaes', the stone haematites, shells of mast, plantain, barberies and such like. Compound medicines be these following, as syrups of roses, mirtelles, trochiskes, of ambre, and of terra lemnia. Also these pills following are marvelous good, to stop and restrain the menstruis. ℞. terra lemnia, Ca●●p●●ia. bowl armoniac, frankincense, mastic, galls. ana. ℈ two dragons blood, the stone haematites. ana. ℈ i hearts tongue burnt. ʒ. j. hypocischis, acatia, read, coral. ana. ʒ. ss. pomegranate flowers, red roses. ana. ℈ two Amber. ℈ i commix them with syrup of myrtles, and make pills whereof minister the weight of one drachm or. ʒ. ss. Also foment the place outwardly, with the oils of roses, myrtles, quinces, and sharp wine. And apply ointmentes, emplasters, and cerotes, and restrictive Epithemes, whereof you shall found many before in the chapters of the fluxes, Dysenteria, Diarrhea, and Lienter●a. Also incissions made of the decoctions of the aforesaid medicines be good. Also you must use such medicines, as are cast into the womb with an instrument. For the which purpose juice of plantain is marvelously commended, wherewith Galen saith, in four days, he stopped a flux of the womb, that could be stopped with no other medicine. The quantity that must be thrown in, should be the measure of one cyath. Of the same effect be the juices of knotgrass, or nightshade, or hypocischis, or atatia, or such like cast in. Also the using of Pessaries is not to be despised: among which this is specially praised. ℞. of franckensense, pomegranate flowers, Pessulus. and galls. ana. ʒ. j. of gum arahicke, acatia, ambre, hearts horn burnt. ana. ʒ. ij. bowl armoniac. ℈ two beat all these to sine powder, and mix it with will dipped in oil of roses, and put it into the womb. CAP. LV. Of woman's flux. DE FLVORE MULIEBRI. VTERI fluor, in Latin, flux of the matrice in English, is a continual distillation, and flowing out for a long time, of the whole body, purging itself. That which is voided out, doth represent such form and colour, Difference between a burning fever & a Tertian. Causae. as the humour that doth abound in the body. For some is read, as blood putrefied, or attre: some white, which cometh of phlegm, some is pale, which signifieth choler: and some is watery which is, of a wheyeish matter. And if pure blood come forth, as in the cutting of a vein, you must take good heed, that some erosion and gnawing be not engendered in the womb. By these signs following the flux is known. Signa. The places are continually moist with the humours, being diverse in colours. The patiented is ill coloured, she savoureth no meat but abhorreth it, in walking she breatheth difficultly her eyes be swollen, sometime with pain, and sometime without pain, or with exulceration or without it, and either with an inflammation, that is with the ulcer, or else it is filthy or pure. The diversity of causes you may know by the colour of that that floweth forth as is aforesaid. And if a woman be vexed with a read flux, in the beginning, Cure of the read flux. if age and other things will suffer it, you must come to letting of blood. For many incommodities would follow, if you should first go about to repress and stop the rage and violence of the blood that floweth, as the dropsy, vice of the sinews, or of the mouth of the stomach, or of the head. You may part the times of your blood letting, as you do in them, that spit blood, so that thereby the aversion and turning away of the blood may be the longer a little. You must cut a vein in the arm. After this you must bind the extreme parts of the body with bands, and you must use and apply all such things, as can turn the flux of the humour another way. Therefore all those remeadies that be rehearsed of us in the former chapters be good. Let her whole diet be restrictive, and such as doth engender grossness and thickness. Let her drink be water, Victus ratio. or if she be weak wine that is gross and restrictive. But if the flux that is white or wheyish do vex a woman, Curatio. Cure of a 〈◊〉 that is 〈◊〉 and artery. it may not be stopped at the beginning, that evil humours may be purged out of the body. Nor also, it is not against reason, seeing that, that which is flowed out, is engendered of phlegm, if you do minister a medicine to her, which doth purge phlegm. And you must minister, and apply to the whole body, medicines and remeadies which do drive up, seeing that the disease itself is moist. Therefore exercises specially of the upper parts, and frictions are good. Also they must eat flesh which hath virtue in it to dry, as birds of the mountains, and wild beasts. Also in the beginning of the evil, such medicines may be ministered, as do extenuate gross humours, and after that do bring them out with the urine, as be asarum, fennel, apium, and such like, often rehearsed before. The beginning being past, you must apply to the womb things that be moderately restrictive, as be oils of rooses and quinces, and other rehearsed in the former chapter. Also you must use abstersive and scouring medicines, lest that ulceration be made with the humour that floweth, wherefore the wheyish humour must continually be washed with hot water. After the scouring and cleansing of the filth, you must anoint oil of roses, or of quinces or of myrtles. Likewise, when a woman is diseased with pale flux, Cure of a pale and choleric flux. it may not be stopped at the beginning, but the body must be purged with a medicine that purgeth choler. Then you must study how to pull back, and turn away the humour, and you must use other restrictive medicines, not neglecting abstersive and scouring things, whereof you shall have special need, because of the sharpness of the humour. Moreover to conclude, when the flux ceaseth, they must long abstain from swift goings and walking, from much frictions and rubbinges of the belly and the loins, also from eating of sharp things, from things that heat, and from such things as do provoke urine. CAP. LVI. Of strangling of the womb. DE VTERI SUFFOCATIONE. SUFFOCATION or strangling of the womb, is nothing else, but a drawing back of it up to the upper parts. It is caused through stretching out of it, which is engendered of fullness, that followeth after the retention and stopping of menstruis. For in women the womb, when it is wretched and stretched out, it runneth not to an other place like a wandering beast but is drawn back through the extension. Also it chanceth oftentimes, through the seed that is restrained. Also many times it chanceth through cold, which happened to the womb, at the time that the purgation of the menstruis is ministered. Also sometime it cometh through some hard aborsion, or when as any hath hasted to stop suddenly a flux of blood flowing from the womb. Signa. They that are vexed with this disease, when the fit is nigh, there followeth heavies of mind, slowness, weakness of the legs, paleness of face, and a sorrowful countenance. But when the suffocation and strangling is now present there followeth disposition to sleep, doting, a withholding of the instruments of the senses, the voice doth wax dumb, & the legs are drawn up together. The pulses are small and weak. Also oftentimes they are altogether stopped. Also in many the breath that should come out at the mouth & nostrils, is stopped altogether, & yet that which is in the arteries, doth remain still. When the evil doth cease, the balls of the cheeks begin to wax read, and the eyes be lifted up and opened. Also a certain humidity and moistness, that one may by feeling perceive to run out of the womb of women, & the bowels do make a noise: and also the womb itself is a little loosened, & so their mind, senses, and moving cometh to them again. This disease cometh by courses at certain times as the falling sickness doth: & that chanceth when the matrice (as is aforesaid) is filled with seed, or with some other matter that putrefieth & rotteth, in it. When the womb itself is diseased with the quantity & quality of any thing then menstruis, or seed, or other kind of symptomates are engendered. If that which is able to cool the whole body, do cause this disease, he body is so vehemently cooled, that both breathing & arteries beating, cannot be perceived by the senses. Which humour, if it be either gross or sharp, it causeth convulsions & cramps: but if it have the nature of the melancholy, it causeth sorrow & sadness, & defection of the mind, refrigeration, & pain of the stomach. This kind of disease engendereth in all seasons▪ but specially in winter & Autumn, & most commonly young folk, and such as be prove to lechery, & barren, specially if they be made so by medicines be most taken with this disease. Many do recover from this disease, & many again do perish suddenly in the very fit, or at the lest way within few hours after. That which chanceth, when the pulses be swift and inordinate, and then do leave of and vanish clean away. At the last a cold humour in little quantity doth bedew and moisture the skin aloft. In the fits therefore you must bind the extreme parts, C●ratio. How to do in fit. and besides the bindings, you must rub all the legs, and the hole body, and do even as you would recover one that is founded. And you must. place the sick with her neck and shoulders, bending, and rising upward, and with her thighs and share leaning downward. You must apply to her nostrils, stinking things, as the snuff of a candle newly put out, feathers specially of partridges, burnt, or wool burnt, or fools of shows, or shells of garlic, or onions: also hears burnt, and specially if they be the hears of the sick, or goats horn burnt. Also pitch melted upon the coals, galbanum or castoreum, or such like. Also you may hold a chamber vessel with old urine to their nose, or old linen clothes dipped in brimstone and burned. And you must perfume the privities beneath with odiferous things, as be storox, wood of Aloes, cinnamon, cloves, and such like. And it is good to fasten cupping glasses with much flame, and lightly to the parts above the privy members; and to the bottom of the belly. As soon as the fit doth come, you must apply fomentes, and little bags warmed, to the bottom of the belly and share, Sa●●li. for you shall scarcely find a more present remedy in the coming of the fit of this disease. And you shall make them of both the mother wortes, and with origan, betony, chammomill, calamint, wormwood,, pennyroyal, linseed, lovageseede and such like. And if the fit be prolonged, you must also add to, such things as are good to dissolve & bring out windiness: whereof you shall found examples and names out of the Chapters of windiness of the stomach, and pain of the colic. Also then, you must pour into the womb, both ointments and oils, that be very odoriferous, as is, oils of spike, and yreos, and such like. Also let a midwife dip her fingers in these oils, and then put them into the mouth of the matrice, rubbing it, long and easily, that through that provoking, the gross and clammy humour may be avoided out. Also let the woman be raised with loud callings, and call her loud by her proper name. Also at this time, you must minister those things that 'cause sneezing, as be pepper, castoreum, struthium, and such like. There be some that think it good to use incessions made of the decoction of laurel berries, and leaves, pennyroyal, calamint, motherwort, horehound, saveine, althaea, camomile, serpillum, yreos, aristolochia, and fenugreeke. But in the time of the incessions, we may not omit the cure of the brain, but you must irrigate and sprinkle the head, with oil of roses and vinegar. But I judge, that you must rather use foments and little bags, than incessions, specially when as for the most part, although thou wouldst never so feign, thou canst not use incessions in this evil. When the fit resteth and is ceased, compel the patiented to vomit: for all vomits do lighten, but specially such as are vexed with meat. The third day after, Differences of coldness in a tertian and quartain. What must be d●ne 〈…〉 after the 〈◊〉 you must apply cupping glasses with scarification to the loins, and the ylions. After the seventh day minister the purgation of hiera colocy●thide, or pills of agaric, & by & by come to the drinking of castoreum, which being continually drunk, it delivereth the patiented strait way from this evil. Also you must minister every day thereof. ʒ. j. sometime with mulsa, sometime with the decoction of motherwort, and sometime minister it with thin wine. Therefore at this time, rather than in the time of the fit (as is said) it is lawful for you to use incessions, and pessaries, that do mollify, made of goose grease, storax, mastic, gum armoniac, and such like. Also the womb must be perfumed beneath with such things as do heat, and have virtue to bring out wind. Trochiskes of perfume. Therefore use this perfume specially. ℞. of the Trochiskes of gallia and alipta moschana. ana. ʒ. j.ss. storax. ʒ.iij. cloves, maces. ana. ʒ. j. would of aloes. ℈ two cinnamon chosen, leaves of laurel. ana. ʒ. ij. lapdanum. ℥. ij.ss. beat them into powder, and commix them with storax liquida, and make trochiskes for perfumes. In the mean season, let the woman be content with a very little meat and drink, and let all their diet be exciccatorie and drying up. This cure following is to be used in the fits of this disease. Diet, Cure ●f the whole body. In restoring and recreating the whole body, specially if that the disease hath endured long, you must begin oftentimes with blood letting: specially if the menstruis have been stopped, and letted of their purging. Then you must come to purging with hierapicra. The purging being done, you must fasten on cupping glasses lightly, but with much flame, and you must draw them of violently. Also sometime the places may be scarified, and strew upon the scarification, salt, than you must heal it with convenient medicines. Also you may apply very well Synapismes, and dropaces made of Euphorbium, pellitory, pepper, and mustard seed. Also a good diet doth help much, as deambulations in the morning, gestations, Diet. and caryinge in a cart or in a ship, or on a beast, be good. Also, after they be moved with carrying about, crying out loud, distinct and apt reading is convenient. Also anointing and frictions used now and then are good. Baths of sweet water are seldom to be admitted, and not, but because it should scour and cleanse the filth. It is very good to use natural bath●●, which flow by nature, and this, as it were, the very last refuge. Above others those baths are good, which be in Badenia in the base Germany in Marchia. CAP. LVII. Of falling out of the womb. D● VTERI PROCIDENTIA. WE say, that the matrice falleth out, when it is so turned downward, that it stic●eth out outwardly. And yet the whole matrice rolleth not down, being losened from the bands & ligaments, as many unwise folk do think, for if it should fall down so, it could not be restored again. Although the womb do fall out but seldom, yet there be many causes of the falling out of it. For a woman falling from an high place, Causae. if she fall on her haunches, the pannicles and films, that hold up the womb, and the members adjoining do break and 'cause this disease. Also it chanceth many times that in a sore travel of child birth, the womb falleth out because of the drawing out of the secundine, which, the womb that joineth to it doth follow. Also many times it chanceth through negligent and unskilful drawing out of the child, specially if it be dead. Moreover it chanceth sometime through a stripe, or lifting up of a great weight, or through vehement perturbation of the mind, as death of children, or coming of enemies, or through perilous sailing, or through some such like cause, all the body being lousened, the womb falleth out. Also sometime this evil chanceth (all the whole being loosened) through resolution or weakness of the pannicles and muscles, which thing chanceth specially to them that be old. Oftentimes the womb falleth out, through the flowing down of an humour much in quantity and clammy. It falleth out most commonly by the mouth of it, Vacuation. and that which falleth out, is like to the eggs of an ostrich, differing only in that, that it is bigger, or less in quantity. There is no need of many signs, because the diversity of causes may partly be known by the constitution and state of the body, and partly also by the telling of the sick, and them that be with them daily: when this disease is but newly begun, Vomiting. Curatio. you must endeavour to put up the womb again, and to restore him into his own place, for in the beginning it will be obedient to be put up readily, and being in his own place, it will tarry so still, specially if age agreed unto it. For in them that are well stricken in age, the womb being put up again, it slideth out again through every light cause. It is good therefore, if there be hard dung in the right gut, to bring it out with a clyster. Likewise if urine be gathered in the bladder, let it be brought out with a cyring, that the matrice may be at free liberty on each side. For otherwise it chanceth by their stretching out, that the matrice, which is in the midst between them, is pressed together, and penned in a strait place, and so when he is fallen out, they let it and stop it, that it can not be put up again into his own place. When you have thus done, you must lay the sick upright, so that her haunches may lie highest, her hams bowed, and her legs spread abroad: than you must bathe and nourish abundantly that part of the matrice which is fallen out, with warm oil, or butter, or mallows sodden, or with the decoction of althaea, fenugreeke, linseed, or such like: and you must prepare wool together on a heap, in figure and thickness, according to the proportion of the member, and wind it about aloft with a fine and pure linen cloth: then dip it in the juices of Acatia or of hypo●ischis infused in wine, and put it into the womb, and you shall wrist and writhe upward all that which is fallen down by little & little, and without violence, until the matrice be put up into his own proper place. Outwardly you must cover the parts about the privy members with a sponge wrong out of Posca. The woman shall lie with her legs stretched out and joined together, that the one may lean upon the other. But it is more safeguard, to bind the feet together, bringing the band up to the knees. But if that part of the matrice which is fallen out, be swollen through continuance of time, and be stuffed up with plenty of humours, so that the swelling do let the putting up of it, you shall nourish it with decoction of beets, & then you must cleanse it & wash it with vinegar, & strew in it, salt finely powdered, & when it leaveth swelling then put it up, as is aforesaid. Then fasten cupping glasses with much flame to the navel, & both the ilions or small guts: and apply continually to the nose odoriferous things. The third day (the will being as yet still in the womb) let the woman sit in black sour wine a little warmed, or in the decoction of myrtles, bramble leaves, pomegranate rinds and such like. This being done let her lie upright again with her haunches highest, then take the former will out, and put in such another in the stead of the first, dipped in the same medicine. Also apply cataplasms and emplasters outwardly to the bottom of the belly, made of dates, pomegranate rinds, lentils and such like. Also Cerotes that are made of mastic, wood of aloes, lapdanum, frankincense, squinant, acorus, nutmegs, gum tragacanthe, and such like, are good to be applied. But let these things be changed every third day, until the cure be ended perfectly. Also during the whole time of the cure, let the woman eschew moving, and such things as provoke sneezing. And the womb must be perfumed beneath with stinking things, but to the nose you must apply most odoriferous things, for because the matrice flieth from stinking things, and it followeth and embraceth odoriferous things. Absynthium. V●ctus ratio. Let her meats be such as engender good juice, and give her odoriferous wines. Also the belly must be made soft & soluble, jest if she should go to the stool difficultly, the matrice should also fall out again. But yet you must take good heed, that the belly be not to much loosened, for then the parts adjoining are loosened, & so the matrice will fall out again. Moreover if that part of the womb which is fallen out, hath through continuance of time by negligence been putrefied and rotten, and through continual wetting of it with urine, and filthiness sticking in it, it be exulcerated: you must cut of and sear that which is unprofitable, or burn it without any fear of danger: for it hath been known (as Paulus testifieth) that the whole matrice, because it was rotten; hath been taken away, and the woman lived still. CAP. LVIII. Of the mole in the matrice. DE MOLA. MOLA in Latin, is called of Aetius and Paulus, a swelling that is hardened, sometime in the mouth and entry of the matrice, and sometime it sticketh out in all the matrice, & in feeling it is almost like a stone. Galen in li. 14. there met. defineth Mola to be a piece of flesh without shape. This disease is caused of woman's seed, & much menstruous blood flowing into the matrice, Causae. & there kept, retained and stopped, which immoderate heat doth join together, and changeth it into the form and fashion of flesh. There followeth this evil, a hard swelling, with contraction and drawing up of the sides, slenderness of the body, evil colour, loss of appetite, Signa. and suppression of the menstruis. Also in this evil the paps do swell, so that at the first it causeth some to suspect that the woman is conceived with child, but in process of time it may be discerned. For pain followeth the Mola, causing pricking, neither is there any moving perceived in this disease, as is in conception. Many of them do make a suspection of the dropsy, but yet there is a difference between them two: because the swelling is hard, and doth not give place to the thrusting of the hand or finger, as the dropsy doth, nor maketh a noise as the tympany doth. But yet often in process of time, the liver is cooled and the dropsy engendereth. This evil for the most part is incurable, except remedies be applied in the beginning. But howsoever it chanceth, the cure may not be neglected, Curatio. but you must apply and minister all things that seem to be good for it. But first of all you must give her meats that engender good juice, and let her use moderate drinking of wine. Let not the woman use vehement moving, for that will 'cause the flux to the disease, but let her use gestations, and carying, and deambulations and baths, & in her lying let her feet be highest In the mean season if fullness be present, you must cut a vein of the arm, and then you must purge her by pilulae foetidae. When the body is purged and emptied, apply cataplasms, foments, incessions, pessaries, ointments and cerotes, which have virtue and power to dissolve, and loosen, as they be that are made of Althaea, mallows, camomile, melilot, fenugreeke, linseed, and such like. For this purpose also it is good to apply unguentum dialthaea or emplastrum diachylon simplex, or apply this ointment. ℞. of the oil of sweet almonds. ʒ. iij. oil of lilies. ʒ. ij.ss. goose grease & hens grease. ana. ʒ. j.ss. musculage of linseed and fenugreeke. ana. ʒ. j. of the gums ammoniacum, & bdellium. ana. ʒ. ij. root of althaea, nigella seeds, and daucus. ana. ℈ two dissolve the guumes in wine, and with wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment. Also you must put in Pessaries made with butter, Poss●. swine's grease, hearts marrow, reisons, fat figs, linseed and fenugreek. After this you must minister such medicines, as can provoke menstruis: for which purpose besides those things that we rehearsed in the Chapter of stopping of menstruis, this medicine is good. ℞. the powders of diacinnamonum, diagalanga, diacuminum. ana. ʒ. ss. powder of diamber. ℈ i powder of dialacha. ℈. ss. Cinnamon chosen, Mors●li. S. john's wort, calamus aromaticus, asarum, root of gladon, anise seed. ana. ℈ i seed of rue, ginger, motherwort, horehound, dictemus, sage, ana. ℈. ss. sugar dissolved in the waters of motherwort, and S. john's wort, as much as is sufficient, and make lozenges, whereof minister daily the weight of two or three. ʒ. Also it is good to put in this pessary. ℞. of the root of Asarum, gladon, and madder. ana. ʒ. ij. seed of rue, Possus. nigella. ana. ʒ. ss. maioram, nutmugs, cloves, laurellberies. ana. ʒ. j. saveine. ℈ i castoreum, ●●phorbium. ana. ℈. ss. powder them and searce them that have need, and with turpentine make a pessary. To conclude, you must use medicines that can dissolve and losen congealed blood: for so there will follow excretion, and voiding out of much black blood and clodded. Also it profiteth marvelously to the taking away of this disease, specially if the evil hath continued long, to use natural baths, and such as engender by themselves, which have virtue to dissolve and discuss. Moreover many other remedies rehearsed in the Chapters of the dropsy, may be used in this. CAP. LIX. Of inflammation of the womb. DE INFLAMMATIONE VTERI. THE womb is inflamed through many causes. As through a stripe or retention, and stopping of menstruis, also by oborsion, exulceration, unmeasurable lechery, sitting on a very hard stole, very long and swift deambulation & walking. Also oftentimes it chanceth through cold, prohibiting and letting the transpiration and breathing out. The companions to inflammation of the matrice be these: Signa. an acute fever, pain of the head, the share, the loins, and the roots of the eyes. Conulsion and cramp of the arms, the fingers, and the neck, and declining of them contrary. Also pain of the stomach, and shutting up of the mouth of the matrice, and pulses that be small and often. If the inflammation be feeble and small, the aforesaid signs will not be great and strong, and the womb will be vexed with greater pain. But if the inflammation be vehement, than all the whole womb is vexed with a panting pain, and all the signs will be the more vehement. If all the womb be inflamed, it will be painful all over, but if some part of it be vexed with an inflammation, than the pain is greatest in that part. For if the hinder parts of it be vexed with inflammation, the pain will afflict the loins most, and hard dung is withholden and stopped, because then the right gut is pressed together very much. If the former part be inflamed, then there is pain about the privities, and the strangury or difficulty in pissing is engendered, because the bladder is pressed together. If the sides of it be inflamed, the parts about the privy members are stretched out, and the legs are grieved, and difficultly, moved. When inflammation afflicteth the mouth of the matrice, there is pain in the Abdomen, and if you put in your finger, you shall feel the mouth hard, unpleasant, Curatio. shut up, and burning hot. In the beginning therefore of the cure, if neither age, nor state of the body, nor time of the year do let it, you must cut the vein of the hams or of the ankles, (if the inflammation came not after aborsion or great voiding of blood.) Afterward you shall place the sick in a dark house, which is moderately warm, biding her to be quiet, and prohibiting all moving from her legs. Then you must rub the space between the joints, and also the extreme parts, that you may turn away the course of the flux from the womb. Diet, For her meat which must be little in quantity, you must use Ptysan broth and rear eggs: but there must be a day between: she must abstain from drinking of wine, and for that, she must use the decoction of Cinnamon, or hot water. Also the belly if it be not soluble enough of itself, must be washed and emptied by easy and mollifying clysters. 〈◊〉. Localia. Outwardly you must apply upon the loins, and about the share will wet in vinegar, wherein roses hath been sodden. Also dates or quinces sodden in wine, & commixed with oil of roses, is good to be applied. Also you must apply Cataplasms made with the meal of linseed, fenugreek, and with melilot, plantain, lentils, knotgrass, purslane, singrene, and such like: and that specially if the inflammation be of the nature of an crysipela. Moreover you must put into the matrice, will moistened with oil of roses, or quinces, or in the juice of purslane, or singrene. When the inflammation beginneth to decline & cease, you must come to the using of those things, which have virtue to release, dissolve and discuss. Therefore you shall bid the patient sit up to the loins, in fenugreeke sodden, or in the decoction of althaea, linseed, mallows, and sometime also motherwort, horehound, and sage. Also you shall anoint about the privities, and the loins, barley meal with fenugreeke and linseed sodden in mulsa, or the decoction of dry figs. Also put in pessaries made of butter, heart's marrow, goose grease, hens grease, and such like. When the cure hath proceeded, sundry meats and light will be much profitable. And when the declination of it, is manifest, bring the sick to baths, and give her wine that is watery and thine. CAP. LX. Of windiness in the womb. DE INFLATI0NE VTERI. THE womb is puffed up through cold, or humours corrupt in it, Causae. or through aborsion, or sore travel in child birth, the door of it being shut, or a clod of blood being in it & stopping it. Oftentimes the windiness engendereth in the hollow bought and space of it, sometime in the bosom of it, which is evident to the senses, & sometime in the thinner parts of the sustbance of the womb, Signa. not appearing to the senses. There followeth this evil, swelling of the bottom of the belly, with hardness and pain that pricketh, which goeth up to the midriff and the stomach: and yet nevertheless it is stretched out on both sides, sometime to the share, & sometime the pain is in the loins, & at the navel, to whom also the head agreeth. Also many times wind breaketh out of the privities that the sick may feel it. If therefore windiness be gathered in the hollowness of the matrice, there is hard a certain rambling and noise in the body, such as chanceth to the guts, which are vexed with gripings, also if you beat your fingers of it, it maketh a noise like a tympany. But when the windiness is contained in the thin and slender passages of the matrice, than they are vexed with more vehement pain, and harder to cure. This evil is cured first, if age, the region, Curatio. and time of the year do not let it, by blood letting, fasting, and purging, with hierapicra Galeni: which being done, you must use foments, and anointings with oil of rue, or with oil wherein dill hath been sodden. Also let her use incessions made of the decoction of rue, pennyroyal, calaminr, horehound, motherwort, althaea, and such like. Also apply cataplasms made of the seeds apium, fennel, caraway, cumin, lovage, daucus, anise, fitches' or darnel meal and such like. Also you must pour into the womb such things as have power to loosen & dissolve windiness: as is, oil of rue, ammeos, origan, and the decoction of things before rehearsed. And if windiness be included and stopped through the means of a clod of blood, after the using of the aforesaid things, and specially incessions: Let the midwife put her finger being first anointed, into the woman's privities, and dissolve, and bring forth the clod easily and by little and little. And if the evil hath continued long, you must come to more effectuous remedies. Therefore you must use lineaments, emplasters, and cerotes that be stronger as this is. ℞. sothernwood, origan, Diet. and calamint. ana. ʒ. ij. seed of tutsan. ℈ two of century the less. ʒ. j. Caraway seeds, a●●mi. ana. ʒ. ss. casia. ℈ i bdellium, ammoniacke. ana. j ss. oil of rue and dill. ana. ℥ i with wax and turpentine as much as is sufficient, make a Cerote and apply it to the womb. Also sometime you must proceed to the use of Synapismes and Dropaces. Also cupping glasses may be fastened to the places lightly in a circuit, and must be pulled away violently, for these do help as it were a charm. Also sometime scarification must be made: & you must use such things altogether, as have power to draw out, & call forth from the bottom to the top. Also, Balneum. Diet. for her diet you must minister food that doth attenuate and dissolve windiness, and minister medicines also that have the same virtue, as diamson, and diacuminum, and diacalaminthes, and such like. CAP. LXI. Of exulceration of the womb. DE VTERI EXULCERATIONE. Causae. THE matrice sometime is exulcerate, because of hard child birth, or drawing out of the child, or through corrupting of the matrice, or through sharp medicines or fluxes, or through imposthumes or botches broken. They that have this disease do feel a pricking pain in the aggrieved part: Signa. and at certain times stinking and atterie humours are sent out from the filthy ulcer. And other signs proper to the diseases of the womb do follow, as headache, and specially of the forepart of the head, of the great sinews in the neck, and of the roots of the eyes, is felt pain, which also extendeth unto the finger's ends, and other tokens declared before in the chapter of inflammation of it. Therefore if the ulcer may be seen, it may be known by an instrument called specillum oricularium: but if it be deep within & hidden, those things which come from it will declare it: for a diverse humour is sent forth. If the ulcer be inflamed, the humour is little in quantity, bloody or dredgie with great pain. If the ulcer be foul and filthy, the humour cometh out in more abundance, and is matter with less grief. If the ulcer doth eat and feed, Curatio. the humour is stinking, black, and with vehement pain. For the Cure, when the boil, or ulcer is inflamed, you must use blood letting and other medicines that are good against inflammation, as is afore taught. In other causes you must use purging medicines, specially if the body doth abound with vicious and corrupt humours. Also apply such medicines, as do repress and stop the flowing of humours, and correct their hot distempure, as is, the juices or waters of purslane, plantain, bursa pastoris, and such like before rehearsed. Then, if the ulcer be filthy, you must use scouring and cleansing medicines, as is, Ptysan with honey, and mulsa, with the decoction of the root of Ireos, aristolochia, wormwood, or agrimony. Those ulcers which do eat and feed, must, be washed with mare's milk or Ass' milk newly milked, you must mix with the milk, honey, and root of yreos. These things, is the ulcers may be seen, may be anointed: but if they be deep within, cast them in with an instrument called metrenchita. When the ulcers be well purged and cleansed, you must use such things, as will close them up: first gentle things: Cera●●●. and then those that be of a more effect. The Cerote of Aetius doth especially please me, which is this. ℞. of white wax. ℥ i of fine oil of roses. ℥ three and melt them together upon the coals, and when it is cooled, then put it into a mortar, & put thereinto woman's milk, or Ass' milk, or goats milk newly milked, and work them together with a pestle, until it be white, then pour out the aforesaid milk, and put in new milk, and then work them again, and then put to it about. ℈ i of saffron. And if thou wouldst have it to mitigate pain more, ad to it oil of roses. ℥ two the grease and marrow of a goose. ana. ℥. ss. Also you may put to oil of quinces, in steed of oil of roses. You must apply this Cerote to the belly and the haunches. For the virtue of it is sent into the womb by secret and hidden passages. Also you may cast into the matrice of that faculty: as be, the decoction of pomegranate rinds, roses, quinces, bremble, myrtles, sumache, acatia, hypocischis, with restrictive wine. To this place you may transfer and bring medicines out of the former Books, and out of the chapters of ulcers of the reins, the bladder, and the yard. CAP. LXII. Of straightness of the matrice. DE PHINOSI VTERI. PHINOSIS in greek, obturatio, or coarctatio uteri in Latin, it is a stopping or streightening in the mouth or neck of the matrice, whereby those places are made so straight, that it will not admit nor suffer any seed: or if they do receive it, they cannot hold it, for because of their knobby hardness, it can not shut together. Sometime it receiveth seed, and it is kept and retained in straight mouth of the womb, & thereof is a child conceived, but the conception bringeth occasion of death to the woman: seeing, because of the great straightness of the places, it can not be brought forth. This disease is caused in the mouth of the matrice, Causae. Causae. either of exulceration going before, or of an inflammation there hardened. There is no need of signs to know this disease by: for by the telling of the sick, & by touching of it, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. you may easily know it. The cure of it must be wrought with fomentations, that can release, dissolve, & mollify. Also with cataplasms and incessions, that be of like power and virtue. Therefore you must apply foments made of the decoction of fenugreeke, and hydrelaeon. Also you must use pessaries, that can mollify and dissolve, as that is which is made of aesipum, that is, oil tried out of will in sheeps flanks or necks, salt peter, and turpentine. To be short, to the cure of this disease you must use mollifying medicines, as is mallows, althaea nigella, fenugreek, linseed, ammoniake, bdellium, rozin, grease, and such l●ke, of the which you may make cerotes, emplasters, & all kind of outward medicines. And if the evil be waxed old, you must use suffumigations, and evaporations made of aromatic things. And when the places do seem to be softer to the feeling, than you must put a dry sponge, that hath a cord hanged at it, into the straight place, to the intent to make it wider: which if it fall out, you must put in another that is thicker. Therefore you must have many and sundry dry sponges ready. Afterward you must anoint upon the sponges that you will put in, some medicine made of alum, & claterium, mixed with honey, that thereby the place may be made wider. And if, after the sponges be taken away, the place do not seem open & wide enough, and inflammation be present through the eating & gnawing of the medicines that were applied, then anoint upon the sponge, that you will put in, this ointment. Victus ratio. unguentum. ℞. oil of ireos. ℥ i of fine turpentine. ʒ. ij. of goose grease. ʒ. j. root of ireos & frankensensence. ana. ʒ. ss. wax as much as is sufficient, & make an ointment. But if the inflammation be vehement, take oil of roses, or violets in stead of oil of yreos. When the inflammation is ceased & the place is open, anoint upon a sponge a cerote made of oil of roses & goose grease, & use that until it be healed, making the place a little sounder: but yet you must always put in sponges until the end of the cure, jest that the mouth of the womb do gather together again. CAP. LXIII. To take away barainnesse. DE STERILITATE REMOVENDA. STERILITAS in Latin, barrenness in English. Causae. It is caused of the woman's part or of the man's part. It is of the man's part, when his seed is either hot, & as it were burned, or else cold, thin, watery and feeble, as is the seed of old and feeble men: or when it is sent forth thicker than it aught to be: or because the men be half geldings, & have a very short yard, so that they can not cast their seed into the innermost place of the matrice, which also sometime chanceth through much fatness: for fat men have such great bellies, that they cannot cast the seed into the deepest parts of the body. Also women of their part can not conceive, that have their matrice either hot and fiery, or cold and moist, or foul, filthy & dry. For (as Hypocrates faith) 5. Apho. 62. the seed is corrupted or quenched in such. Also women that be very gross and fat, do not conceive (as Hypocrates witnesseth. 5. Apho. 46. Moreover women that be lean & slender do not conceive, or if they do conceive, they do suffer aborsion strait way, which also Hippocrates witnesseth. 5. Apho. 44. Also some do not conceive, because their womb is weak or strait or short: or because the vessels of it be stopped or shut up, or blinded and covered by reason of a scar, or because the neck of the womb is drawn crooked, or because the mouth of the matrice is to straight or to wide open. Also unwilling carnal copulation for the most part is vain and barren: for love causeth conception, and therefore loving women do conceive often. Also age to great, or to little, doth let conception. Therefore you must separate them that be young from carnal copulation, so that the man may be 30. years old, and the woman 18. But specially an uncomely & foolish shape and form of the woman's body, doth give an occasion to barrenness. For a woman, that is fertile, aught to have a moderate stature & height of the body, breadth of the loins and the share, buttocks sticking out, a handsome & convenient greatness of the belly, a straight breast and large paps. The signs whereby the diversity of causes be known be these. Signa. hot dist●pure The hot distempure of a man, is easily known by the abundance of hairs, specially black hairs upon the genitals, and the places adjoining, from above unto the mid thighs. Also this distemperature is lascivious and ready to carnal lust, but it is soon satiate and filled. A temperament that is to cold, is declared by the parts being about the stones being bald and without hair. Also they that be of this temperature, be not desirous and prove to carnal lust. Heat of the matrice is known by the heat in the rest of the body, & because few menstruis are sent out and that with pain, so that sometime the woman's privities are exulcerate with it, & that which is sent out, is blackish▪ Also there followeth this temperature, an instinction or tickling to lechery, and dryness of the whole body. A temperature of the matrice, which is cold, is known by suppression & stopping of the menstruis, and by astonishment engendered in the loins, the legs, & the parts about the privities. Also they that have this temperament, do despise use of carnal lust, and have the mouth of the matrice drawn together. If through to much moistness, barrenness be engendered, then in the act of generation, they are very much bedewed with moistness and the menstruis floweth much in quantity and thin. Dryness is known by the contrary signs to moistness. The rest of the causes may be known partly by sight, and partly by the telling of the party, or other about her. For the cure commonly to both, as well the man as the woman: Cure of both to men and woman commo●. It is convenient for them to keep the whole body very temperate, and to keep a mean and measure in labouring, eating, drinking, and bathing, and in all other exercises. Men therefore that have their seed corrupted through naughty and evil kind of diet, if they use a more ordinate diet and healthful, their genitors will have fecundity and fertility. Let the woman neither weary herself with to much labour, nor let her not be altogether idle: for idleness doth fill and stuff the whole body with superfluous humours, and excrements: but great labour drieth up the blood, and consumeth the menstruis. Let her use meats and drinks easy of digestion, and such as the stomach may well comprehend and consume. And you must specially observe in their order of good diet, that neither the man nor the woman be made fat. For they that be fat, are unapt to procreate and beget children, because their genitors can not touch together, and also because they sand out little seed. Moreover it is convenient that you give unto such as desire to get children, some accustomed and pleasant thing to eat or drink before meat, which be most apt to provoke carnal lust, & to engender seed: as those be that do heat measurably, & puff up with wind. Therefore wine in this case measurably drunk, is to be preferred afore water. For as the proverb is sine Cerere & Baccho friget Venus. (that is) If you have not bread & wine: carnal lust will cool & pine. For potherbs they must use rocket, orminium, it is an herb like unto horehound, erisymo, & other such like which we have rehearsed of them that cannot use carnal copulation. Rew, calamint & mints must be eschewed altogether: for calamint & mints, although they engender much seed, yet, that which they engender, is feeble & weak: but rue doth altogether corrupt & destroy seed. If a woman do not conceive through the vice and corruption of certain humours, Cure of a woman full of corrupt humours. it is good to empty her with a purging medicine, & to amend her with a good diet. Particularly for women, it is good for them to take as good heed as can be to those things that chance to the matrice, and that their menstruis may flow without any, impediment. Therefore when the purgation of their menstruis is nigh at hand, let them keep a measure in eating and drinking with all their dilgence. And let them take some of those things, that can provoke and stir up the purgation of the menmenstruis, as be herbs that be odoriferous and sharp, as is, Cerefolium, fennel, apium, lovage & such like, whereof you shall found plenty in the chapter of stopping of the menstruis. After the purging of the menstruis, both the right side and the left side of the matrice is open. If cold distempure doth cause barrenness, you must correct and amend it by foments, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Cure of a cold temperature of the womb. Cataplasms, and suffumigations, and other medicines that have virtue to heat: as those be which are made of motherwort, poniroyall, sage, rue, anise seed, cumin, gladon and such like. Also it profiteth her to drink Castoreum, and odoriferous seeds, coming, anise seed, and juniper fruit, and other things that be rehearsed in the Chapter of stopping of menstruis. Curatio. You must amend and correct a hot distempure of the matrice causing barrenness, with such things as do cool & moisten: as these herbs be, lettuce, mallows, gourds, puslaine, & orach with such like. Also she must drink wine that is thin, white & allayed. Also it profiteth her to sleep, and to bathe in sweet water. Also you must apply to the loins and about the privities such things as do cool, as juice of nightshade mixed with oil of roses, which also being laid upon will, may be put well into the matrice. They which do not conceive through moistness of the matrice, it is good for them to use a drier diet. Also they must exercise themselves much, A●er. Cure of a moist distempure. & they must be rubbed in the upper part of the body. Also to th'intent to purge out, and turn away humours, let them vomit sometime after dinner, and sometime fasting, and you must dry them with scarcity of meat, and let them eat flesh of middle aged beasts roasted, and give them pure wine, that is mighty to drink, but give it them seldom. Also it profiteth to apply restrictive things to the matrice, as be roses, leaves of brier, galls, sumach, myrtles, knotgrass, pomegranate rinds, and such like sodden. But you may not do this, unless the whole body be first purged. A dry matrice must be cured by the contrary to that which is aforesaid, as with baths of sweet water, Cure of a dry distempure. Cure of gross humours. anointings, & meats that do moisten, Let her use wine that is allayed, being not very old. And if a woman's conception be impedited and stopped through gross humours, if they be gnawing it is good to purge the woman well with hierapicra in whey: & she must use a more exquisite diet, & meats that do engender good juice: but you must consume the fleugmatike humours with much labour, with sweeting, vomiting or by purging by the neither parts: & all other things which be rehearsed in the chapter of stopping of menstruis, which it behoveth not to rehearse here particularly. Also windiness engendered in the womb, Potus. Cure of windiness. doth let the fertility of conception, & causeth barrenness. Such women therefore as have this, must first be amended with a straighter diet. Then you must minister both outwardly, & inwardly to them, such medicines as can dissolve, disperse, & consume windiness, as is coming, rue, dill, seed of apium, & such like, which be rehearsed in the chapter of windiness of the matrice, and in other places. If shutting up of the matrice doth cause barrenness, you shall open it by casting in of odoriferous clysters, and by using of foments, & incessions made of fenugreeke, linseed, mallows, & such like rehearsed in the chapter of straightness of the womb. And afterward you must proceed to stronger medicines, as motherwort, calamint, pennyroyal, & maioram. They which have the mouth of the matrice gaping much, Cure of an ap● matrice. it is good for them to use a drying diet, and drying foments. And it is good also to use restrictive medicines, as be the decoction of galls, bremble roots, myrtles, & such like rehearsed before in the cure of a moist distempur. Last of all, if crookedness of the matrice do cause barrenness, you shall direct & make strait the matrice with mollifying foments: for foments can do that best: B●lurum. Cure of a writhed matrice. but yet you may conveniently put in mollifying pessaries. But specially the decoction of pennyroyal, & motherwort, & castoreum drunk with posca, are wont to be good for a writhed matrice. Paulus saith, that then carnal lust used backward is good to conceive. We here have generally comprehended the cures, only by other chapters. For the particular cure of each cause, must be sought out his proper chapter. CAP. LXIIII Of sore travail in child birth. DE DIFFICULTATE PARTUS. SORE travail in child birth doth chance either through default of the parent, Difficilis partus. or of the child, or of the secundine, or through some outward cause. Of the parent if she be gross & fat & faint hearted, & unskilful of pain, or if the whole matrice be small, or if there be inflammation of the whole womb, or of some part of it, or that it be vexed with some other diseases, or if she be naturally weak, so that she can not drive out the child: or if that she do labour before her time. Also if the neck of the mouth of the matrice be crooked, or if there be some piece of flesh engendered there, by reason of a boil or ulcer going before. But default of the child is, if it be of an unaccustomed greatness, or small and of a little weight, or if it hath a great head, or if it be monstrous, as having two heads, or three feet, or if it be dead, and so doth not labour to come forth, or if it swell, or being alive, if it be weak, so that it can not proceed forth: or if they be two or more, and do all rush suddenly together into the neck of the matrice, or if the child be fashioned contrary to nature. For the natural form of a child coming forth is, first with his head, (his hands being stretched out upon the thighs) & with his head declining to the neither parts, but straightly directed to the mouth of the matrice. the best form in coming forth, next unto this, is, first with his feet, having the hands stretched upon both the thighs, and so descending strait up. All other forms in coming forth, except these two, are contrary and abhorring to nature. The travail is made difficile through the Secundine: if it be not pulled away, because of the grossness or thickness of it, or if it break before it should do, because of the thinness of it. For then, the humour that is gathered together in the matrice, is sent out before the convenient time. Therefore the privities be without moisture, and be dry at the time of the travail, when moistness were necessary, which should make a slippery, & easy, going out of the child, and so through dryness, the child slideth out hardly. Also difficulty in childbirth is engendered of outward causes: as of cold, which thickeneth the matrice, and maketh the passages straighter, or through a great heat, which dissolveth and weakedeth the strength. But outward causes are known by the telling of the patient, or of them that sit by her. Weakness of the woman that laboureth, as fatness may be known by the state of the body. Also by diseases, that she hath had before, you may readily come to the knowledge of weakness, and of many other evils. Weakness of the child is known by feeble and slow moving of it. Which if it be dead, it moveth not, and there is coldness of the belly, and great pain about the navel. Also a stinking breath is breathed out, & a naughty colour of the face. Greatness of the child may be conjectured by the constitution of the parent's body, and by greatness of the woman's belly. Grossness and thickness of the secundine may be gathered & known thus: if none of the aforesaid signs be present, and the woman strong and lusty, and the child moveth quickly and easily. As for the cure, it varieth according to the diversity of causes. Therefore you must place a fat woman downward in a little bed, that is, hanging downward with her head, and her face toward the ground, bending & inclining her knees to her thighs, that the womb stretching to the Abdomen, may be right with his mouth. You must with your fingers anoint the mouth of the matrice, with butter, oil, duck's grease, hen's grease, & such like, & you must spread it abroad, & open it wider by little & little. You must comfort & encourage a fearful woman. And if she be unskilful of pains in travail, Cure of a fear full woman. admonish her to hold and stop her breath strongly, and let her thrust it out to the ilions with all her might. If sore travail in childbirth be caused of adstriction, & binding, or astonishment, or, as it were, adarctation and pending in of the child, you must help it with dissolving & releasing, by pouring in largely sweet wine & hot. Also the decoction of fenugreeke, or mallows, or linseed, or also eggs are good, because they are of a losening & mollifying virtue. Afterward you must nourish the parts about the privy members, & the belly & loins with the aforesaid decoction, or with some other losening & mollifying medicine. Also it profiteth to use hot incessions & evaporations, & to have the air of the house inclining to heat. Also it is good to use insusions & anointings, with oils that be hot in touching & virtue, & convenient cataplasms be good. And if neither a fever, nor any thing else do let it, she must use releasing & dissolving baths, & you must move her, with bearing her in a chair, in an air that is meanly hot. Many do use to such violent shaking of the body. And if any woman be weak, and have sore travail in child birth through resolution of the body, you must comfort and refresh the body, with medicines that do thicken, and draw together, and with such meats and drinks, as do recreate, restore, & ad strength to the body: as be incessions & sprinklings with myrtles, vine leaves, pomegranates, roses, smelling to vinegar, and annointinges with wine, mixed with cold oil of roses. When the infant is over great, you must apply those things which can make wider, stretch out, and loosen the mouth of the matrice. If sore travail do chance through an innaturall form of the child in coming forth, you must bring him to a natural form and figure, as much as is possible, partly by putting back, partly by drawing to you, partly by turning, and partly by making it strait. And if the head or foot, be sent out first, you may not draw out the child taking hold by that member: but put your fingers to the shoulders or haunches of the child, and thrust up that again, which is come forth into the convenien place, if there be two or three, or more children, and do thrust altogether into the neck of the matrice, you must drive back the rest into the bottom of the womb, and bring that out first, which seemeth to be most ready: but if it do not come forth, because the infant is dead, or hath a very great head, or through some other cause, you must come to drawing out of the child, or to cutting, which is taught abundantly of Aetius, lib. 16. cap. 23. and of Paulus lib. 6. cap. 74. For it is not our purpose to teach handy cure hear. Moreover if the tunicle or secundine of the child be thicker and stronger, then that it may be broken, you must cut it. Those that have the humour, which is contained in the tunicles or secundine, flowing and running out before the convenient time, so that the places be dried up, you shall wash it all about with whites of eggs, with the decoction of mallows, and fenugreeke strained, or with juice of Ptisan warmed. A medicine that doth universally help all that have sore travel in child birth, is this that followeth. ℞. Cinnamon chosen. pulvis optimus. ʒ. ij. myrrh, casia lignea. ana. ℈ i white ambre. ʒ. j.ss. beat them together and make a fine powder, whereof minister in wine that is odoriferous, the weight of one drachm. Moreover the child being borne, oftentimes it chanceth that the Secundine doth stick fast in the womb, which if it chauceth, than sometime the mouth of the matrice is found open, and sometime shut, and the secundine many times is still joined to the bottom of the womb, and many times it is separate. If therefore the mouth of the matrice be open, and the secundine which is left therein do cleave to some part of the womb, being wound up together like a ball, it may easily be drawn out. To draw out the secundine. You must draw out the secundine with your left hand being warmed, and anointed with some fat thing, and put into the womb. If the secundine be fastened and knit to the bottom of the womb, you shall likewise put in your hand, warmed and anointed with grease, and take hold of the secundine, and draw it out: but you may not draw it strait forth, jest the matrice come out with it: nor pull it very vehemently, but softly and easily, first pulling it crooked, bringing it this way and that way: then after that, you may draw it somewhat harder, for by this means you shall loosen it from the fastening. But if the mouth of the matrice be shut, you shall use perfusions, & with the fingers of your left hand you shall labour to open it easily, and to make it wider by little and little. Which if you cannot bring to pass, it is good to apply about the privities, fomentes, perfusions and ointmentes that can mollify, dissolve and release. If she be strong, you must put into her nosthrilles at that time also sneezing powder, made of Castoreum, pepper and such like. For Hypocrates in 5. Apho. 49. writeth thus: that the secundine may come out, give her sneezing powder, and let her stop her nose and mouth. Also you must minister unto her, potions that can provoke menstruis: which things aforesaid, you must do the first and second day. Moreover she must use suffumigations, seething in a pot, motherwort, yreos, saveine, pennyroyal, calamint, dictamus and such like. Then put the pot under a close chair, upon the which let the woman sit, being compassed in round about with clotheses. After that, if you find the mouth of the matrice opened, put in your hand and labour to pull out the secundine, as is aforesaid, but if it will not obey to come forth, you may not rend it, for within a few days after being rotten and turned into atter, it will fall out. But because through the evil savour and smell, when it is rotten, it filleth the head and marreth the stomach. They that are troubled with this evil, must be continually perfumed. For which purpose these things are good: Cardamonies, bdellium, with saveyne, frankincense, storax, lapdanum, wood of Aloës, and such like. Also a perfuming with ●eate by a pipe, which is put into the mouth of the matrice, doth profit marvelously. Also simples, such as provoke menstruis, be good: as decoction of mootherwort, and laurel bereys, with vinum mulsum. Also make Pessaries of myrrh and Cyclamminum commixed with oil. CAP. LXV. Of the Sciatica. DE ISCHIADE. ISCHIAS in Greek, properly is called a most grievous pain, which is wont to chance about the joint, which the Greeks do call ischion, the Latins, Coxa, in English the huckle bone. The Latins call this disease Ischias, and they that are afflicted with this disease, are called Ischiadici. The barbarous sort call this disease, Sciatica, & they call them that be diseased with it Sciatici. It is caused through a gross & phlegmatic humour, Plagues from God. Causae. which being congealed, abideth in the joint of the huckle bones. Therefore continual crudities and rawness, and unmeasurable using of venereous acts do not a little help the engendering of a Sciatica. Also sometime swift deambulations and walkings, and suppression or stopping of the hemmorhides, & custom of vomiting being omitted, & purgation of menstruis, or also other familiar, & accustomed emptyings being impedited & stopped, & neglecting of exercises. For each of these do engender abundance of phlegmatic humours. Signa. There goeth before this evil sometime pain of the muscles that be nigh unto it, and specially of the loins, sometime the beginning is in the buckle bone itself. Also sometime it chanceth (that the pain of the huckle bone being taken away) there remaineth grief only about the hams: & to some about the ankles, but in some all the leg is equally vexed with pain. Also in many, there is pain about the privy members, & then also the bladder being vexed, doth engender difficulty in pissing: & then chief the whole leg, Curatio. from the haunches to the heels suffereth pain. Let the cure be begun with voiding and purging of the humour that doth afflict the patiented. And if the body do equally abound with all humours, before all other remedies, cut a vein in the ham, or the outward ankle, or also in the arm, on that side that is diseased. For sometime the Sciatica is cured in one day, by this emptying out of the legs. But if the body be stuffed with a fleugmatike and gross humour, you must begin the cure with purging of that humour. For the which purpose, you must minister Clysters often, made after this sort, or in like manner. ℞. of century, Clyster. sage, Verbasculi odorati, rue, chamaepityos. ana. M.j. roots of gladon. ℥ i stechados. ʒ.iij. seeds of anise and fenuell. ana. ʒ. ij.ss. agaric of the best. ʒ. ij. root of polipodie. ʒ. v. seethe these in sufficient quantity of water, until the third part. Then take of the liquor of that decoction. ℥ xiij of hierapicra. ℥. ss. of electuarium nidum maius. ʒ.ij. of oil of lilies. ℥ two oil of rue. ℥ i the yolks of two eggs, salt. ʒ. j.ss. commix them all and make a Clyster. Also vomitings doth help them, that have the Sciatica, much more than the purging downward by the belly, Vomitus. for that doth repel and put back the humour downward suddenly. Therefore you must provoke vomits in the beginning by and by after meat. But afterward you must minister vomiting medicines, beginning first with them that be easy. They that have humours vehemently compact and thickened together, which can difficultly be dissolved and loosened, caused through Physicians using sharp medicines out of time, such be helped by fastenning on of a very great cupping glass with scarifications. But in the Sciatica, we do not use such medicines as can repress and stop the flux. For seeing the disease is placed in the bottom of the huckle bone, blood is expelled from the veins and muscles that be nigh adjoining to it, and is sent thither. Therefore in the beginning of this disease, there is need of medicines that can mitigate and assuage which neithr do cool much, nor that do heat vehemently. For as those things which do cool, do thrust the humours violently to the ankle bone: so those things that do vehemently heat, do draw more matter out of the members adjoining. Moreover you may not come to the using of sharp medicines, till after blood letting or emptying by purgations. When sharp medicine may be used. For if any man apply sharp medicines to the diseased member, before the body be emptied or purged, he shall make the disease hard to cure, because of a multitude of humours so thickened there, that they cannot be dissolved. For besides other things it is made gross and viscous, and through the heat and dryness of the sharp medicines, it suffereth as it were roasting, or burning. First therefore you must irrigate and sprinkle the aggrieved place with oil of rue. After you must apply more effectuous medicines, which do heat and can draw humours from the bottom to the top, as be oleum nulpinum, oil of pepper, oleum costinum, oil of juniper, unguentum aragon, martiatum, and agrippa. Also sage, rue, Simples. laurel leaves, elder, root of wallworte, peniroiall, sauine, opoponax, bdellium, ammomacum and such like. Of the which you may make fomentes, ointmentes, emplasters & cerotes. But if the grief be extremely painful, then use this, which followeth, for it is most excellent against this evil. ℞. rosin of the pine tree lib. j ss. Galbanum. ℥ .v. melt them with a soft fire, and then strain it through a cloth, Signifying of botches. and put unto it of the powder of mastic. ℥ i and then spread it warm upon dogs leather, or lambs leather, and strick it a good thickness, and before you apply this plaster to the pained place anoint the place with this ointment following. ℞. fresh hogs grease. ℥ .j ss. and take sows or monks peason in number, twenty, and beaten them both well in a mortar, till they be well incorporate, and therewith anoint the place and the plaster, and warm the plaster against the fire, till it be soft, and lay it to the aggrieved place, and let it lie nine days. If there be hears upon the place, you must shave them of first, and roole it well, lest it slippeth away, than every day, morning and evening at each time, let the patiented take. ℥ i of this electuary. ℞. of the roots of Acarus, or gladian, being made clean. lib. j stamp them very small, Cucurbita. (as possible you may do) then take of clarified honey. lib. iij. and put in the roots by little and little, ever stirring it: and when it is well sodden, put into it of cynnamome. ℥ i made in very fine powder, which being well incorporate, keep it to your use, and at the end of the nine days, if the pain be not clean gone, lay to, the forenamed plaster, other nine days, using the same electuary, and procure vomit, as before, every sixth or seventh day, for that doth greatly revert the humour. But in the beginning of the grief, apply to the aggrieved place again and again, sponges wet in the decoction of juniper, or sage, or elder leaves. Afterward, use this ointment. ℞. of unguentum martiaton. ʒ.iij. oil of yreos, Alexiteria. Aliud vnguentu●. and lilies. ana. ℥. ss. juice of rue, and chamaepityos. ana. ʒ. ij. honey. ʒ. j.ss. sage, peniroiall, pepper. ana. ʒ. ss. pellitory, stavesacre. ana. ℈ i wax as much as is sufficient, make and an ointment. Also the using of this cerote profiteth. ℞. oleum costinum, Cera●●●. & vulpinum. ana. ℥. ij.ss. oil of pepper. ℥. ss. opoponax, bdellium, storax. ana. ʒ. iij. root of bryony, salt peter, leaves of elder. ana. ʒ. ij. aristolochia rotunda, rue, ana. ʒ. j.ss. Euphorbium. ℈ i dissolve the gums in very sharp vinegar, and with turpentine and wax, as much as is sufficient make a cerote. And if the evil do remain still, you must use clysters, again: and then fasten a very great cupping glass with much flame to the huckle bone, making good deep gashes with scarification. And if that the disease be not ended so, you must use again purging vomits, and the other remeadies aforesaid, which being done, you must ●ome to the using of Dropaces, and Synapismes, and so to the use of burning medicines: amongst which, the root of the herb called iberis, is not the worst, being new, digged up in summer, and diligently brayed, and mixed with a little old swine's grease, being laid and bound to the joint of the huckle bone, or to the whole shank or leg. Also the leaves of it will do the same thing. And being so applied, let it lie not passed two hours to women, but let it lie four hours to men, if it be possible for them to suffer it: for it raiseth swelling with burning and redness, as a Synapisme is wont to do. Afterward bring the sick into a bath, in the which, when he hath sweat a little, bid him sit down in the vessel, because of the biting heat, and compel him to suffer it strongly. For in the beginning, it is wont to bring biting and gnawing with burning heat, then bring him out: from which always almost (as Aetius witnesseth) although they be carried in of other, they will go out alone upon their feet. After the bathing, commix much oil with a very little wine, and shake them together, & anoint it: then wipe of the humour with a sharp cloth, and cover the leg itself with very soft wool. And truly (this being done) it hath been wont to need no other remedy for the cure. But if sometime it chance any part, or remembrance of the evil to be left still, within a few days after, you may use again the same remedy. And certain days after, you may lay on the cerote, which is a little before described. Moreover, among burning and blistering medicines, this is good. ℞. Mel anacardinum, leaven. ana. ʒ. j. cantharides, (the wings cast away) ʒ. ij. vinegar, as much as is sufficient: Sudor. and commix them together. Acris correctio. Or this is good. ℞. Euphorbium, salt peter. ana. ℈ two soap, quick lime. ana. ʒ. j. mel anacardinum, as much as is sufficient, so that all being mixed together, may be of the thickness of honey. Vict●● ratio. Let his diet be such, that his meat may be meanly thin, and easy of digestion. Let his exercise be walkings, continual writhinges, leapinges, or dancings and running. It is good always to have the body soluble. And if the disease hath endured long, and cannot be driven away with the aforesaid medicines, you must use burning in three or four places, after that sort, as Paulus teacheth in lib. 6. cap. 76. and Aetius. lib. 12. cap. 30. CAP. LXVI. Of the gout in the feet and joints. DE PODAGRA ET ARTHRITIDE. PODAGRA & arthritis in Latin, be diseases of one kind. And therefore they differ not, but in places diseased. For in both of them there is weakness of the joints, and an unnatural humour floweth to them. And if that the flux of the humour do flow to the feat, that is called Podagra in Latin. But if the humour flow to other joints, Podagra. Arthritis. it is called in Greek Arthritis, in Latin, articularis morbus, the joint sickness. Sometime, this evil doth rush in suddenly, being equally dispersed throughout all the joints. But for the most part, the flux is wont to fall in privily, and by little and little. For in some, pain doth invade the joint of the great toe, but in some the end of the heel is afflicted. Again in some other, the hollowness of the foot is grieved, either through chafeing of the shoe, or some such like thing. The gout taketh his beginning at the feet, whereupon it taketh the name, and it proceedeth upward by little & little to the knees, & also to the joints of the huckle bones, & the thighs. Afterward to the hands, every joint particularly being grieved. They that are taken extremely with this disease, they have pain in the backbone joints, and in the joints of the ribs, and eye lids, and to some pain in the throat also: neither is there any connexion or knitting of bones, Epithema. Causae. which is free from this evil. This disease is engendered of continual crudities and drunkenness, and of immoderate using of lechery, through vehement and swift deambulations and walkings, through long standing or often riding, by suppression and stopping of accustomed excretions and fluxes, and through intermission of familiar exercises. Sorrows, cares, watchings, and other perturbations of the mind do not only engender this evil, but also do breed hurtful and corrupt humours. Also many times the colic being noughtly cured, is wont to be a cause, why the joint sickness should follow. But, for the most part, a disposition to this kind of disease proceedeth from the parents to the children, and their posterity. Also universally abundance, of all raw humours is the cause of this disease. The humours that do abound, and do fasten themselves in the joints, either be sanguine, or choleric, or phlegmatic, or melancholious. 〈◊〉. Signa. Also sometime this evil is engendered of commixion of humours. The outward causes may easily be known by the telling of the sick, or them that be about him. The difference of humours you shall know by the signs following. The humour of blood, if it be much in quantity, Cure and medicines. Signs if blood do flow. it causeth fullness, and great swelling, not only of the veins, but about the skin of the whole member that is grieved, and maketh it read in colour. They which are afflicted with this evil, cannot suffer remeadies to be applied that be very cold, or very hot, and they are continually vexed with pain, because the flowing of the blood doth chance continually and equally. Their urines are yellow and mean of substance. Also their veins do abound with blood, and are puffed up and swollen. The convenient age for this evil, is youth. Also meats that engender good juice, and nourish abundantly were eaten before, and exercises were neglected. The time of the year in the which the patiented is most afflicted is spring time. Signs of choleric flux. If the humour, that floweth into the joints, be choleric, you may know it by the yealowish colour of the skin. Sometime redness is mixed with the yellow colour, that is when choler is commixed with blood. Also there is sensible heat and sharp pain like lancing. Also moistness suddenly bursteth out of the skin, without evident swelling. The patiented is eased with cooling medicines, and rejoiceth, but with hot things his pains augment. In the state and strength of the fit, a fever taketh him, and a very great thirst. His urine is cytrine, and sometime also it is sharp. There is wont to go before this disease, great cares, and wrath watchings, and wermes, and a diet, that was apt to engender choler. The age, complextion, and time of the year, that is hot and dry, be apt to 'cause this choleric flux. And if the humour, that floweth into the joints be phlegmatic, Signs of phlegmatic flux. the swelling will give place to the thrusting of the finger, and it is lose and moderate. The collar of the member afflicted, is white. Old age is most afflicted with this humour, and a complexion cold and moist, and it chanceth in the winter time. His urine is thin and watery. There went before it idleness, rest, and a diet that engendereth phlegmatic humours. If it be salt phlegm, great ich, and gnawing, or biting doth trouble the diseased members. If the flux to the joints be of melancholy, which chanceth but seldom, Signs of melancholy sto●ing. the colour of the swelling is blackish. The age, which doth most engender this flux, is the declination of middle age. Also the complexion is cold and dry, and the time of the year, harvest, a country that is cold and dry, and like state of the air, and a diet that engendereth melancholy. When the humour that floweth into the joints, is blood, by and by you must let blood, not once only, but often taking it away by little and little: for if you do omit bloudletting, Cure of blaud fl●●ing. and do use repercussive medicines, you shall be an author of great evil. For the blood being, driven back from the unnoble members, it rusheth up to the principal members, and that be necessary to life. Therefore in fluxes of blood, letting of blood is very necessary, specially in them that abound with blood. You must cut a vain in the arm beneath, right against the leg that is vexed with the flux. And if the right hand be vexed with pain of this disease, cut a vein in the right leg, about the ham, or the ankle, or the sole of the feet: for a vein being cut right against the member that is afflicted, is of great efficacy and strength. Then specially must bloudletting be used, when this evil beginneth first to invade any man. For they that be vexed often with this flux of blood, do feel more hurt, then help of bloudletting, specially if their body be weak and cold. Emplastrum suppuratorium After blood letting, you must apply remeadies to the aggrieved member, which do neither cool greatly, lest they should drive together, and thicken the humours, nor heat vehemently, lest they should draw more humours unto the diseased member. Therefore you must sprinkle the grieved place with old vinegar, and oil of roses mixed together, specially if the cause of the pain do seem to be deep within. For vinegar of his own proper thinness, going into the depth, maketh a ready way for the oil of roses, which naturally can ease pains. But if the pain be aloft, nigh the skin, you shall help it geatly with oil and wine, applying it in summer warm, in winter hot. afterward also you must use cataplasms, which can ease, and cease pain, without any provoking of fluxes, Cataplasma●a. made of the meal of fenugreeke, barely, beans, lupines, chammomill and such like: and you must see that those things be ever hot, which may well be, if they be continually changed, and covered over aloft with will. Also this medicine profiteth not a little. ℞. goats milk. ℥ .v. the yolks of two eggs, oil of roses. ℥ i saffron. ʒ. ss. crumbs of bread as much as is sufficient, that it may have the form of a cataplasm stamp these, till they be well commixed together, and then apply thereof to the member that is grieved. Also you may make an emplaster or cerote of oil of roses, vinegar, resin, wax, galbanum, gum ammoniacke, frankincense, saffron and such like. You must give him meats, Victus ratio. which do extenuate, and that do nourish but little, as be potherbes. Let him abstain altogether from flesh, except it be birds of mountains. Let him use fishes that breed in stony waters. Wine if the intemperance of the sick may suffer it, must altogether be taken away: for it is almost the only reason, whereby health should follow: which, seeing among a thousand, scarce one doth observe, it is not marvel, Why few be cured of the go●●e at these days. though there be very few which be delivered from this disease at these days. In steed of wine let him use water, wherein cinnamome, annyse seeds, or such like hath been sodden: or that drink, which is called foolishly now adays hippocras: the making whereof you may find before in the chapter of the Palsy. Let the sick diligently avoid fruit and carnal lust. Also he aught to have a soluble belly always, that can avoid out the ordure readily alone: which, if it do not well, Cure of a choleric flux. wash it with some easy clyster. If through flowing of choler, the disease in the joints be caused, than your labour must be to void and purge out the humour that doth vex the patiented, which you must do, aswell by vomiting, as by the belly down warn. Therefore you must surely purge them that be thus afflicted, by medicines that draw out choler. After that, until the full state of it, you must apply medicines that have virtue to cool and restrain, as be those that are made of singreene, green roses, sharp sorrel, nightshade, plantain, and such like, often before rehearsed. In this kind of flux, many times, because of the vehemency of the pain, you must use such medicine, as can 'cause astonishment. S●●pefaecio●●●. For the which purpose, it is good to apply the medicine which we described before, of goats milk, crumbs of bread, saffron, and yolks of eggs, with the which, you must commix poppy seeds. ʒ. iij. or opium. ℥. ss. or more, or less according to the pain. Also, for the same purpose, leaves of hemblocke and henbane do profit, being applied and laid on. Suffi●en●a. Not●. But, you must note, and take head, that, when you be compelled to use stupefactive things in fervent, and vehement pains, that afterward you do recreate and nourish those members by such things, as do heat. For unless you do so, you shall make those members weak, and intemperant, and so they shall be subject to a perpetual flux, and shall soon catch hurt in their actions. Heating medicines be origan, savoury, mustardseed pepper and such like. Also you must help to provoke sweeting with heating and rubbing of the body: but so, that you touch not the aggrieved member. Moreover, you must minister in drink those things, that do provoke urine: for such do void out choler by the urine. Also such things ministered, as do cause sleep, are wont to do good, because the flux is stopped and dried up by them, specially, if they be ministered after a purgation. You must give them meats, that do cool, but not that do moisten: for moistness increaseth the flux. Let them not suffer hunger, for that maketh choler sharper. Of fruits, let them use restrictive apples and meddlars, and other, that do cool, & stop, or let the flux. Let them abstain altogether from wine, as is aforesaid. They which are diseased through flowing of phlegm, you must begin the cure of them with purging of phlegm. A pomander. The phlegmatic humour is avoided by vomiting, but nevertheless also downward by the belly. But the best purging in this evil, is downward by the belly, whither the disease strick about the hands or the feet: and so much the more, if the flux be in all the joints of the body. For the way, that is most familiar, and least perilous for phlegm, is to go out by the guts. For if it were drawn by violence upward to the stomach, & not purged out, it causeth peril. Therefore it is more safe, and healthful to purge it downward. But before you minister purging medicines, you must minister those things, that have virtue to cut, extenuate and divide, that by this means the gross humours may be preparate, and made apt to purge. If emptying may not be done by purging, than they must use hunger and famine, Phlegmatic folk can suffer hunger easily. many days, for they, that be phlegmatic of nature can suffer hunger easily and without hurt. Hereupon Hypocrates saith, 7. Apho. 6. It is good for the bodies, that have most flesh to use hunger: for the hunger drieth the bodies. Also they must use discussive & dissolving frictions, & strong clysters & medicines that provoke urine: but you must apply outwardly such medicines, as can ease, and cease pain, and which can dissolve and dry moderately, of which we spoke a little before. But in the beginning of the disease, you must mix with them some things, that have virtue to restrain & bind. After the beginning, you must use only dissolving and discussive things. The gentlest is this: of leaves althaea, sodden & beateh alone, or with flower, or barely meal applied to it. Also, the root of it sodden in aqua mulsa, and stamped and applied, is good. And this ointment is good. ℞. of the oils of laurel, unguentum. and yreos. ana. ℥ i old swine's grease, butter ana. ʒ. iij. the warrow of a heart. ʒ. ij. fine turpentine. ʒ. v. galbanum, dissolved in vinegar. ʒ. j. Isope, root of althaea, fenugreeke seed. ana. ℈ two wax as much as it sufficient, and make an ointment. Moreover let the meats that you give to nourish him, be dry of nature, & small of nourishing, as is juice of rice, roots, and such like: but yet flesh of the birds of the mountains roasted is not hurtful to them. Capers with acetum mulsum. doth marvelously profit. Give unto him wine, in very little quantity, at certain times, and let it be thin yellow & old. They that are diseased through flowing of melancholy, Excretion. Cure of a melancholy flux they must be emptied either with bloudletting, or by purgation. Use boudletting, when the blood is infected with melancholy. And use purgations, when the patiented declineth to melancholy: but if both these abound together, it is not sufficient for you to use one of the aforesaid things. But first, cut a vein, and then use a purging medicine: which thing you must also do in other evils that have need of double purging. In the beginning of the disease, and in the very time of emptying and purging, you must use such things as can repress, stop, and also heat sensibly. After purging, use those things that can gently heat, attenuate and dissolve or discuss, as is afore taught. But because knobs, Cure of knob●▪ and hard swellings do engender afterward in the joints, aswell, because of the grossness, and earthy hardness of the humour that hath flowed thither, as also through the using of immoderate discussive, and drying medicines, without mixing of such with them, as have a mollyfiing virtue. Therefore to take those knobs away, you must use those medicines, which be declared of us before in the chapter of hardness of the spleen. But specially very old and sharp cheese, brayed in the decoction of very fat, and old swines flesh, is good to be applied. Also, for this evil, figs brayed, and laid on, are good. Also Althaea, twice sodden, oats, nettles, briony root, round roots, dill, sothernwoode, maieweede, horehound leaves, mixed with pitch, sulphur and wine. Also you must commix fat, and greaces of swine, goats, calves, and geese. Also all marowes and other things, that have virtue to mollify and soften. And also bathings, Bathe●▪ after the inflammation is ceased, is most commodious, and profitable to all that have the gout. While they wash them, put sponges wet in vinegar, and salt mixed together, round about the diseased places, that they may remain safe from humours flowing to it. They must wash themselves, not once only, but often, in an air that is altogether mean and moderate. But they may not tarry long in hot water. It is beast therefore, that they be sprinkled, & wet with hot water, poured on them. Also it is profitable, that all the body be rubbed with dry linen clothes. Moreover, they that be cured of the gout, shall defend themselves afterward from it, by this means. First, twice in a year, that is, A defence for the gout. at spring time and autumn, if nothing do let it, let him blood largely. Also about those times, and oftener, let him use purging medicines. Also it is necessary for him to eat little meat, and to abstain from fullness. Also you must use meats that be easy of digestion, and which readily be distributed into the members of the body and be without excrements. Let him abstain altogether from wine, or let him use it very scarely. Let him use exercise very often, and that before meat: for labour (as Hypocrates saith) must go before meat. And to conclude, they, that desire to be free from the gout, let him remember this short, and most wholesome precept of Hypocrates: the way to help and preserve health, is not to be filled with meats, and to be unslouthfull in labouring. Also let his sleeps, and venerous acts be in a mean. As for remeadies in this case, let salt be brayed small in oil, and the joints rubbed therewith, for it helpeth greatly all those, that will be free from this evil, except they be of a wonderful dry temperature. And he must use anointing with that, morning, and evening all the days of his life Libri tertij finis. The fourth book teaching the cure of fevers. CAP. I An exposition of fevers. FEBRIUM EXPLICATIO. Febris q●●●d. FEBRIS in Latin a fever in english, it is an unnatural heat, which taking his beginning at the heart, is spread by the arteries, and veins into the whole body, and doth hurt, and let the operation of it. For although a man be whotter now, then ne was before: it followeth not, that he hath a fever, unless, (the heat being immoderately increased, do offend the man, and hurt his operations, and actions. Moreover, as there be three things, (Hippocrates witnessing) which do ordain and constitute our body (that is to say) things contained, things containing, and things, that flow about violenlie, (that is) the hard and sound members in the body, Three principal kinds of simple fevers. the humour, and the spirit or air: so also, there be three kinds of simple fevers. For if immoderate heat be kindled in the spirits, and air of man's body, it is called in the Greek, Ephimera, and in Latin Diaria febris, and in English it may be called one day fever. 〈◊〉. Diaria. This fever is like to hot air or wind, included in a bladder or bottle: for, like as the air heateth the bottle, that it is in, even so, the spirits of a man's body, being heat more than they should be, do heat all the whole body. There chanceth in this kind of fever, but one fit, and for the most part it endureth but one day of his own proper nature; whereupon, it is called Dairia febris, (that is) the one day fever. Note. For they cease after the first fit, If they be rightly handled. But you must note, that there be fevers called Diariae, which last until the third day, as those be, which are engendered of thickening and stopping of the conduits and passages. For although that this word, Diaria, be not of the very substance of such fevers, yet because they lack a convenient name, to the intent, that our teaching should be brief & evident, notwithstanding that the word repugn against it, seeing that they be of the same nature, that true diaries be of, they may most rightly be called Diariae, (as Galene showeth aboundanlie in lib. 9 therapentices cap. 1.) Hereupon it is evident, Diariae simple●. Diariae plurium dierum. that there be two kinds of diaries: Or, which is named Diari simply and without adjection or putting to of any word, which fever doth not extend above the space of a natural day (that is) 24. hours. another kind there is, which is called Diaria plurium dierum, (that is) a diary of many days. It is called by an other name of Galen (that is) Synochus non putrida. The second kind of simple fevers is, when as immoderate heat is kindled in the humours, and it is called putrida (that is) rotted, Putrida. only because the humours, in this kind of fevers do putrefy and rot. It is like unto hot water: for as that doth heat a cold vessel, that it is poured into: So also humours, heat above nature, do heat the body. The humours do putrefy and rot either within the vessels or without. If they rot within the vessels, then either all the humours do putrefy together, or else one alone. If all the humours do putrefy equally and a little within all the vessels or veins, or specially within the greatest: it causeth a fever called Synoca putrida, which, to the intent you may perceive what it maeneth: you must note first that the Physicians of Grece do call that fever Synochos, in the which one fit remaining still continually from the beginning to the ending, extendeth and continueth many days. Or, it is a fever which is with out any great mutation until the end of it. This fever may be called of the Latins continent febris, and is in English a constant or continual fever. But although there be one form and likelihood of such fevers, whereupon they name them Synocus, yet, there nature is not: all one. Two kinds of Synochus. For some of them have manifest signs and tokens of rottenness: and some again have none at all, which (as we said a little before) be of the kinds of Diaria. Synochus putrida non putrida. We to the intent that our doctrine maybe the more evident, do call the first Synochus putrida, and the last we call, Synochus non putrida. And in this place you may not follow the barbarous sort, which call the last of them Synocha, and the first Synochus: seeing the Greeks (as Galene witnesseth, containeth them both under the name of Synochus. Of those fevers, which are named Synochi, there be three sundry sorts or differences: Three sorts of Synochus. for some of them do endure of an equal vehemency, and force from the beginning until the ending: those the Greeks call homotonos, and acmastic 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, (that is) remaining still in the same force and vigor. Some always increase and augment by little & little, those the Greeks do call, anabaticos, & epacmaticos, (that is) increasing and augmenting more and more. Some do decrease and diminish by little and little those the Greeks call paracmasticos, (that is) decreasing. Moreover, if one only humour do putrefy and rot within the vessels: it kindleth a fever, which the Greeks do call Synechis, and the Latins, continua febris, A perfect definition besides nature, taken out of the writings of Galen. The division of a tumour besides nature into his species after the opinion of the later sort. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. What a continual fever is. in English a continual fever, which is, when the fever doth not leave the patiented, but it hath a certain remission and slaking in every fit. Whereby it is evident that the fever Synochus and Synechis (that is) a constant fever and a continual fever do differ much a sunder. For in a fever Synochus, there is no remission or slaking of the heat, Apostemata. Difference between 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Three kinds of continual fevers. Tertiana continua. Quotidiana continua. Quartana continua. Likeness between continual and intermitting fevers. but in the fever Synechis, there is sensible remission and slaking in every fit. Also the fever Synochus, hath not one only fit: but in Synechis there be many fits. And they two agreed in this, that neither of them doth leave the patiented sometime. Of fevers, that are called Synechis, or else continued febres, there be three kinds: for if choler do putrefy and rot within the the vessels, it causeth a continual tertian, or a burning fever, which is called of the Greeks, causos. If phlegm do putrefy or rot with the vessels, there engendereth a continual quotidian. But if melancholy do putrefy and rot within the vessels, there engendereth a continual quartain. And these continual fevers be somewhat like to the intermitting fevers, of the which we will speak strait way. For a continual tertian, agreeth with a true intermitting tertian, in that, that it hath a fit, aswell as it, every third day. And a continual quotidian agreeth, with an intermitting quotidian, because each of them hath a fit every day. Also a continual quartain agreeth with an intermitting quartain, because both of them causeth a fit every fourth day. But yet these fevers do differ two ways, notwithstanding that they agreed in the humour, that causeth them. First they differ because in continual fevers, the putryfied humour is contained within the veins, but in intermitting fevers, that humour is dispersed into all the members of the body, whereupon it chanceth through violence of spreading of humours, the fevers are purged out by themselves. Hereby also they differ another way, Difference between continual and intermitting fevers. (that is) the intermitting fevers slake between the fits, but the continual fevers do not cease at all between the fits. Hitherto we have rehearsed what kinds of fevers humours putryfied within the vessels do cause and engender. Now we will expound, what fevers humours putryfied without the vessels do conceive, engender, and kindle. If therefore an humour do putrefy and rot without the vessels, it causeth an intermitting fever, which is so called, Intermittens febris. because the fit doth not endure continually, but it hath a slaking or ceasing, and leaveth of between the fits. It may most aptly be called in Lataine febris interpolata, Causae eff●cientes. 〈◊〉. because the fits come and renew at their times: some call it deficiens febris. Of this fever there be three kinds, (that is) a Tertian, a Quotidian, and a quartain. A pure and exquisite Tertian is caused when choler doth putrefy and rot without the vessels. It is so called because it ceaseth one day, and cometh again the third day. An equisite Quotidian, which in Greek is called Amphymerimon, it is caused of sweet phlegm being putrefied and rotten without the vessels, and it is so called because it returneth every day. We did not rashly say sweet steam: for if glasen phlegm do putrefy and rot a little, Epialos. it causeth a fever called Epialos. And this Epialos is a fever, in which the patiented is both feverous, and fervently cold, and doth feel both heat and cold immoderate in all parts of his body, both at one, time together. Callidi tumores. Lypiria. To the aforesaid fever doth belong a fever, in Greek called Lypiria. In this fever there is heat felt within, and in the bowels and entrails: but in all the outward parts, Tumores frigidi. Quart●n● intermittens. there is cold felt. An intermitting Quartain is engendered of Melancnolie putrefied and rotten without the vessels. It is so named because it ceaseth two days, and returneth again the fourth day. The third kind of simple fevers in general is caused, when heat is kindled in the sound, hard, and fleshy parts of man's body, and it is called both in Greek and Lataine, Hectica febris Hectica febris, and in English the fever ethicke. This fever is like to a hot vessel, for as the vessel doth heat the water that is poured into it: so also the fever Ethicke, which sticketh in the sound and fleshy parts of the body, and is infixed in them, is able to heat all the humours of the body. And if this fever doth so increase, that it doth melt and consume the whole body, and all the hard, Marasmus. and sound parts of it: than it is called Hectica marasmodes, and marasmus. And this (as Galene witnesseth) is uncurable. For although you might quench the heat, yet the dryness which is left, being proper to old age, will kill the pateint. Besides the fevers now of us rehearsed, there is an other fever which is caused of breathing in of pestilent air. But seeing this fever (as Galene witnesseth libro primo de differentijs febrium, Pestilent fever. capite quinto,) is engendered of rottenness, for the air about us, being corrupted with a putrefying, and rotting evaporation, causeth also the humours of the body to rot. Therefore it may be contained under the second principal kind of fever called putrida. Moreover in this place, we may not let pass to tell, that some fevers be engendered without disease or grief in any member of the body, and some fevers be kindled through the inflammation of some member. Therefore, Fevers engendered by inflammation of some member. as the former fevers have their names: so also each of these that follow have their proper names. For that fever, which is engendered through inflammation of the film or cawl, that girdeth in the ribs, it is ca●led pleuretica febris. That which engendereth through inflammation of the lounges is called, peripneumonica febris. That which chanceth through inflammation of the stomach, the liver, or the longs, is called in Greek typhodes (that is) inflaming or burning. Likewise all other fevers, which engender through inflammation of any member, have diverse names, according to the diversity of the member. Therefore in every sick person you must diligently discern fevers, which come without disease of other members, from those fevers which engender through inflammation of some member. Of the aforesaid fevers, some be Typicae, (that is) certain and ordinate: and some be, erraticae, (that is) uncertain and unordinate. Typicae be such fevers, whose fits and slakinges from them do come justly at their appointed time. Erraticae are such fevers as be contrary to these, for they keep no certain and just time, nor any order of fits, nor the intermission between them, as be those fevers, which engender of melancholy, which is moved in cetaine members, and in some it remaineth unmovable, in other members it putrefieth, or beginneth to boil. Hitherto we have rehearsed the kinds of simple fevers: it remaineth therefore, that we declare briefly the kinds of compounds and mixed fevers. Therefore compound fevers are caused two ways: The kinds of compound fevers. first, because these fevers aforesaid (that is) a Tertian, Quotidian, and Quartain, may be mixed together without the disease of any member. Secondarily, because these fevers, which be engendered through inflammation of some member, may commix together. The fevers that come without the inflammation of any member, are sometime complicate and joined together, and sometime they are altogether confounded. Complication (as Galen witnesseth) is when the fevers invade the patiented at diverse hours. And confusion is, when they begin at one time. There be four complications or joining together of the fever Tertian and Quotidian (as Galene witnesseth.) One, when a Tertian and Quotidian are mixed together being both intermittig fevers. Another is, when an intermitting Tertian is joined with a continual Quotidian. This is called by a peculiar name of the Greeks Hemitritaeus, Erysipelatos● tumores. because all his nature hath the half part of each of the said fevers. The third is when an intermitting Quotidian is mixed with a continual Tertian. The fourth is when a continual Quotidian is joined with a continual tertian. To be short, fevers of one kind are complicate and joined with fevers of the same kind, as continual with continual, and intermitting with intermiting fevers, and tertians with other tertians, and one quartain with an other quartain. Also it chanceth many times, that fevers of diverse kinds are coupled together as quotidians with tertians and each of them with quartans, and sometime intermitting fevers are mixed with continual fevers. Moreover after the same sort, fevers which are engendered with inflammation of some members, are sometime mixed together, as if diverse members do each of them kindle a fever, proper to themselves, or the affection, where they engender be mixed. Seeing therefore, that fevers are compounded and wixed many sundry ways: first the kinds of simple fevers must be with great diligence perfectly learned of them, that study Physic: for unless they know them very perfectly, it can not be that ever they should know well compound fevers. Therefore seeing the knowledge of them is very hard, in so much that often times cunning Physicians are deceived in judging of them: you must seek the signs and tokens, whereby you may know them, diligently out of Galene, who hath taught this thing more exactly than any man. We, to help the memory of the studious have comprehended all the kinds of simple fevers in this table following. TABULA FEBRIUM. Of simple fevers, there be three principal kinds. For unnatural heat is kindled & engendered either in the etc. Spirits or breath, and doth cause Ephemera, or diaria, whereof be two kinds, that is to say. Ephemera simpliciter, or Diaria, one day fever. And Diaria, plurium dierum other wise called Synochus non putrida, enduring three or four days. Or in the humours, and causeth putrida febris, a rotten fever, they do rot in two places, either. Within the vessels and that two ways for either. All the humours do putrefy and rote equally, and 'cause a fever called Synochus putrida. Or one only humour putrefieth, and so causeth a continual fever and if there be putrefaction of. Choler it causeth a continual tertian or a burning fever. If phlegm do putrefy it causeth a continual quotidian. If melancholy do putrefy it causeth a continual quartain. Or they putrefy without the vessels, and 'cause an intermitting fever. For if there be putrefaction of etc. Choler it causeth an intermitting tertian. If phlegm that is sweet do rot, it causeth an intermitting quotidian. Exquisite and pure. Glasen, it causeth Epialos. If melancholy do rot, it causeth an intermitting fever quartain. Or in the fleshy parts, and causeth either. Hectica febris. Or Marasmus. CAP. I. Of one day fever. DE DIARIA. DIARIA Febris in Lataine: Ephemera, in Greek: in English one day fever. It is that which hath one only fit, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. q●●id. finishing for the most in one day, at the most, of his own nature. For it endeth after the first fit, & doth not exceed, nor pass a natural day, if it be rightly used. And that, because of the matter, wherein it is, (that is) the spirit or breath which is easily dissolved and dispersed. Therefore Galen doth most worthily call this, the most simple fever, because it is the shortest, & the most gentle fever, being nothing malignant. Therefore if any thing in this fever be committed either by ignorance of the Physicians, or through intemperance of the sick, or by errors of the ministers & assistants, whereby it turneth into another kind of fever, Causae. that doth not chance through the nature of this fever. Diaria febris is caused, when as the spirit or breath is inflamed & heat above nature without any putrefaction or rottenness. And that chanceth many ways: sometime through constipation binding or thickening of the skin, which stoppeth & keepeth in, the vapours or spirits which were wont to flow out by the poors, which because they be hot and sharp, therefore they engender a fever. Sometime it is caused through weariness, and vehement defatigation. Also through watchings, crudities, and lack of digestion, sadness, fear, ire, vehement care of the mind, burning of the Sun, cold, hunger, dronekennes, and swelling of the carnelles in the throat, Pustulae. Signa. and such like, which can heat the spirits and inflame them. The Signs whereby diaries are known, are of two sorts: for some signs be common to all diaries, and some be proper and peculiar to each cause. Lepra. Ps●ra. Lichene. Common signs six. The common signs be six in number, whereof the first is the pulse. For all the diaries, as much as in them is do change the pulse in greatness swiftness, and oftnes. But it keepeth exquisitely that order, softness and equality, which is according with nature. The second common sign is the urine, which in diaries is altogether according to nature, or doth little turn from a natural state. An urine, that accordeth with nature, Four kinds of impetigo. A natural urine. is subrufe in colour, mean in substance, having in it a residence, white, light, and equal. The third token is the equality of heat which in all diary fevers is gentle, pleasant, and easy. The fourth sign is the manner of ending of it, for all diaries are loosened and ended by a breath or vapour, which cannot be perceived, or by abundant vapours or moistures, or sweet sweats. The fifth is the wanting of evil symptomates and accidents: as be vehement pain of the head and stomach, and other parts, abhorring of meats, unquietness, unsatiable thirst, and such other like. The sixth common sign is, that all diary fevers be engendered of an outward cause, which the Physicians at these days call a primitive cause. But the particular signs, whereby each Diaria doth differ from other, Particular signs of diaries. be these that follow. They which have Diaria fever, caused through watching, there chanceth to them a naughty colour, and swelling of the face, heavy motion of the eyes: Signs of watchings. for they scant lift up the eye lids, there is moistness of the hears of the eye lids, and small pulses. For watching (as Hypocrates saith) seeing it letteth digestion, it engendereth abundance of crude and raw humours and vapours, it diminisheth the natural heat, and unlooseneth the body, whereupon there followeth the tokens aforesaid. To be short, watchings do revoke and pull back nature from digesting: therefore they 'cause great crudity and rawness, aswell in the brain, as in the rest of the body, whereupon also doth chance the tokens aforesaid. The signs of a diary, caused of care and sorrow be these, Signs of care and sorrows. leanness of the body. If sorrow be the cause, it is clearer, if care, it is darker. Also hollowness, and drienes of the eyes doth signify both the said effects: but in thoughts and congitations it is lest, because the spirits and humours are less consumed. And it is most evident in sorrow. Also there follow these effects, a certain unaccustomed paleness or swartnes, so that the skin is destitute of her natural colour. They which have a diary through, wrath or furious anger, they have neither hollowness of eyes, Vitiligo. Signs of anger. nor evil colour of the face, but rather their eyes seem to stick out further and their face is red, and there is loftiness of the pulses. So also the signs of the rest of the diaries, being engendered through perturbation of the mind may chiefly be known by the pulses. For in sadness the spirits are carried inward, Signs of sadness. Signs of fear and therefore the pulses be small, feeble and rare. In fear new begun, the blood and spirits run inward as it were to the spring head, and the mind is troubled. For nature being vexed driveth the spirits hither and thither, which through moving are inflamed, whereby the pulses are made swift, necessity compelling them, and the mind being chafed maketh them unequal and sharp. In old fear (the spirits being dispersed and virtue being feeble), it causeth such pulses, as we spoke of before in sadness. They which have a Diaria fever, Signs of sunburning. through burning & heat of the Sun, their skin is hot and dry, their head seemeth to them to burn, because of the spirits inflamed in it. Their eyes wax redder, and sometime the veins in their eyes, temples and forehead, and in all their whole face are stretched and puffed up. They, that have this fever through cold, they are taken with heavy distillations, and rheums, because cold bindeth, and withholdeth and keepeth the fumous excrements within the skin. Moreover the skin is less hot, and all the body showeth to have a greater moisture, because the wont flux is restrained and stopped through cold. Moreover there is no filthiness in the face for the same cause. They which have this fever caused of weariness, their skin is made drier, Signs of weariness. than it is in other diaries, because exercise drieth up the body, and draweth out the moisture of it: also their pulses be unlike: for they, that have used great exercises, and be wearied above measure, they have small pulses, because of imbecility and weakness of strength, but they that have used but small labours, their pulses be great, because their strength is no● diminished yet. Signs of drunkenness & hunger. Signs of swelings about the throat. They which be taken with a Diaria fever through drunkenness or hunger, they need no signs to know the cause, for such causes may be known by telling of the sick. They which have this fever through kernels, swellings, or impostumations about the throat or mouth, or otherwhere: they have very great pulses, & because of the feverous heat, they be swift & often. Also there is equality of their pulses because the instrument of moving is not letted neither by obstruction, nor through abundance of humours, nor of sharp vapours, nor by pressing together, unless the inflammation be very great. Their face is altogeater read and swollen, because of the abundance of heat. And their urine appeareth pale, because the choler that should colour the urine is tranferred to the botch or impostumation. The cure of all diary fevers is brought to pass by diet, whose chief point in all diaries that be simple consist in this: that you minister unto them meats that engender good humours, and that be easy of digestion and apt to be distributed about the body. Give unto them that are burnt in the Sun, and to them that be angered, a diet which doth cool and moist. And unto them, that are cold, give a diet that nourisheth less, and that doth heat moderately. Against watchings or sadness, or consuming with over much care, use a diet which can both moisten and provoke sleep, that it may deliver them from the dryness that those evils have caused, and also that it may recreate & refresh their strength. They that have a fever of weariness, you must allow them to eat as much meat, as they can digest: for you must always eschew crudity and rawness of the stomach. For the substance of the body being dissolved and dispersed with labour, must be repaired with much meat, being easy of digestion. You must measure the quantity of taking of meat by the patientes strength, age, natural temperament, and custom of the sick. Moreover by the time of the year the region, and such other like. But those, whose temperature of the body is very hot and dry, those you must feed with meat by and by at the first beginning of the fit. For in them the diary▪ fever will change very swiftelie into an acute and rotten fever. Chiefly above other, they may be fed with a thin diet, which have a diary caused of a botch or impostumation, for in them, the substance of the body is not diminished. Sudamina. Planta noctis. Wine good for diaries. Wine that is white and thin is good almost for all diary fevers, those, which be properly named so, and do endure but twenty four hours. For besides that, it helpeth digestion, it also provoketh urine and sweat (as Galene saith) But you may grant it more abundantly to the feaverous through watchings sorrow or care, because great abundance of spirits is spent and consumed in them, which wine will easily and quickly restore in them again. But to those that have headache, whether they have watched, or be feaverous by any other occasion, they must refrain from wine, because it pierceth the head quickly. And they that have this fever engendered of great anger and fury, unless they be altogether quiet from that perturbation, they may have no wine given to them, for the spirits, and blood is marvelously chafed, and boileth sore. Also you must drive from wine those that be feaverous, through the swelling of botches or kernels in the throat until it be loosened: not, that it is so unprofitable for the fever, but that it hindereth the cure of the botch. For it increaseth the flowing of the humours into the grieved place, and so causeth inflammation, and thereby augmenteth the fever. You must cure all simple fevers that be diaries (as Galen witnesseth) with baths. Curatio. Therefore whosoever hath this fever, in the declination of the first fit, you must bring them into a bath. But yet all may not be bathed alike, nor all must use the same parts of a bathe. For they that have this fever caused of botches, or impostumations they may profitably tarry in the air or fume of the bathe, because it both rarefieth and maketh thin the skin, and also it provoketh and enticeth sweat out of the body. Neither doth it hurt those patientes with dryness, as it would do those, that have this fever engendered of weariness, watchings, cares, and other perturbations of the mind. For seeing their body is dried up altogether by those causes, they must be kept from the air of the bathe, lest it augment their grief. therefore such may tarry the longer in a bath of sweet water being made hot, that through the moisture of it, they may recover the humidity that is lost, and is decayed in them. afterward soft hands must rub them gently, with plenty of warm oils, wherein there is no manner of restriction or binding. For this friction and rubbing doth moisten, loosen, and soften the hard and fleshy parts, and it dissolveth and disperseth those things which are contained in the poors and conduits of the body. They that have this fever caused through burning of the Sun, you must cure them by and by in the beginning with cooling, and with many bathings of sweet water, and only with pouring on a little oil without friction or rubbing of it, for it raiseth heat. Things that do cool the head being applied to it, be oil of roses, and of unripe olives, and other which be rehearsed in libro primo. These being first made cold, and then received with wool, and holden up aloft, you must press it with your hand, and let it drop down upon the forepart of the head, and that continually, while the fever doth decline: then afterward bring the sick into a bathe. If any person have this fever through cold he must also be brought to a bathe in the remission of his fit, and his head must be nourished both before and after the bathing with oil of yreos and oleum nardinum, and such like. For they that have a fever through this cause, have need of medicines that can heat, and remove constipation and binding. They that labour of a Diaria fever through hunger, in the inclination of the fit, you must bring them strait unto a bathe, and pouring upon them much sweet oil warmed, rub them softly, and you must keep them long in the water of the warm bathe, that thereby the dryness, which hunger hath caused in the body, may be corrected and amended by the oil and the bath. When they be come out of the bath you must recreate and refresh the strength with convenient meats, & then you must bring them again to a bath, and when they come out again, (the perturbation with their bathing being ceased) you must give them hot water to drink, and by and by you must minister juice of ptisan, and sometime they may take luttuse, and they may eat fishes taken out of gravely places, & being light meat sodden in a white broth, which, what it was in old time, Galen showeth in lib. 4. de sanitate tuenda. If the fever Diaria do chance through crudity or rawness of the stomach: you must first consider, whither the womb be soluble, or else costive. If it be soluble, and those things only which be corrupt, do seem to voided forth, than you must wash him and nourish him in the remission of the fever. But not unless first you diligently behold and foresee all things chancing to the Stomach. For if such abundant emptying hath been already, or doth now continued, so that, the virtue and strength of the sick is wearied, it is better to give him meat, and wash him both together. But you must diligently behold first those things that be about the stomach. You must use about the sick, if the emptying do endure no longer irrigations and sprinklinges of the stomach with oil and wormwood and other things which are rehearsed before in the third Book in the Chapter of weakness of the stomach. Note. But those things that be applied to the stomach, let them be well heat. For those things that be applied blood warm, do dissolve and loosen the strength of the stomach. If the belly be altogether costive, handle, and feel the sides, and then the whole belly, & consider, whether the meat is descended into the small guts, or into the colon. And if the meat abide yet still in the stomach, let the sick drink much warm water, & put his finger or a feather down into his throat, and vomit up all that vexeth and troubleth him. Then you must foment and nourish his hypochonders and sides, and let him rest. But when the food is descended already into the bowels, you must bid them lie with their face and stomach downward, and you must nourish the belly & provoke sleep: for that digesteth crudity marvelously. Sleep digesteth. After sleep to bring out excrements from the womb, you must put in a suppository or cast an easy clyster to loosen the womb. They which have a fever caused through swelling of the kernels of the throat, in them you must first cure the boil or botch that caused the inflammation, after that sort, that Galene teacheth in his books de medendi ratione. When the fit declineth, they must be washed. Also they must be nourished with a thin and scarce diet, because in them, the substance of their body is not lost. Also they must be kept from wine, for the causes aforesaid. And this sufficeth for the Curing of a Diaria Fever, being so called simpliciter, without any addition. CAP. II. Of a Diary lasting more days. DE DIARIA PLVRIVM DIERUM. THERE is another kind of Diaries, which is named Diaria plurium dierum for no other cause, but because it extendeth and continueth unto the third day. It is otherwise called Synochus non putrida. The ancient Authors have called this fever Diaria, because it is of the same nature that right Diaries are of. For it endeth after the first fit, if it be rightly and well handled. This fever is caused of thickening or stopping of the poors, & passages of the skin. Pliny lib. 26. Causae. That thickening (as Galen witnesseth) doth chance either because the small poors are stopped up, or because they wax narrower, or also because the body itself is moderately thicked, which is wont to change through cold, or after a bath, or by a medicine that is very sharp and restrictive: or through burning of the Sun, and other such like which can dry the skin. This fever may be known first by touching: for in them that have it, the skin is felt harder, Signae. and more compact together, than it is wont to be: Secondarily you may know this fever by moving of the heat, for at the first touching it seemeth gentle, and easy, but afterward, if you hold still your hand longer, the heat is sharper. Thirdly you may know this fever by the urine, which is not much altered from his natural substance and colour: for the blood doth not boil very much, neither is there much choler engendered, whereby the urine should be made higher coloured. Fourthly, you may know it by the bigness of the body, which keepeth one state and doth not fall away, because the thickness of the skin doth let the dissolving of the vapours and moisture, and therefore also the eyes are not hollow, nor dry, but more swollen and more moisture, than they should be naturally. Fifthly, you may know it by the pulse, which is equal, great, swift, frequent and vehement. They that be taken with this fever, if you will cure them rightly and truly, you must let them blood, and you must draw out so much blood, M●rbus Neapolitanu●, & venereum. Curatio. as the strength of the patient will suffer. And know this for a surety, that unless you use this remedy to those, which by nature have their body unapt to breath out vapours because of abundance, it will come to pass that either they shall be choked, or be in danger of often swooning, unless great strength or much sweeting, or large flux of blood do deliver them from death. Abstersive medicines. The body being emptied by blood letting, shortly after minister meats and medicines, which can cleanse and scour. The meats which can do this in fevers (as Galene witnesseth) be Ptysan and mulsa. The medicines be Ptysan, oxymell, and things sodden in mulsa, as be calamint, hisope, origan, Serpillum, yreos and apium. But all these be hotter, than they aught to be, and therefore they inflame and kindle fevers, Pustulae albae Oxymell. as also wine doth. Oximell doth only scour and cleanse strongly, and doth not inflame and kindle fevers, so that it doth dissolve those things that be glutinous, clammy, tough and gross, and it delivereth the conduits, poors & passages from obstructions & stoppings. Observe & watch how much of the feverous heat is diminished by this diet. For if the third day in the morning, you see very little of the fever left, & if there be no signs of rottenness of humours in the pulse nor crudity or rawness in the urine: if the suspect hour wherein the fever took the patiented the first day be after noon, you may boldly wash the patiented quickly long before six of the clock, but it is sufficient, if you end the washing three hours before. Likewise if you suspect the tenth hour, you may wash him until the seventh hour, for three hours or four is space enough between the bathing and the fit. When the body hath been heat in the bath, being first anointed with sweet oil warmed, and rubbed very moderately and easily, then by and by it must be wiped without and washed. These things following do scour and cleanse most moderately (that is) meal of Eruum, and of barley, and also of beans. Moreover mulsa which is watery doth the same. Stronger things be yreos, root of panax, and aristolochia, and mulsa, which is of a mean commixtion, but that mulsa scoureth most of all, that is pure, which is when there is but a little water mixed with the honey, so that the melted honey may easily enter into the small pores of the skin. Stronger scourers than these, be the froth of salt Peter, the salt Peter itself, and then aphonitrum, soap is one of them that is able to scour most of all. Moreover after a bath, you must give the patient no thing, but water, which hath had a little apium sodden in it, although there be three hours space between the bathing and the suspected hours. But if the fit doth invade the patiented in the evening, or two hours sooner, than you may wash him in the morning, and give him meat, but you must give him only, juice of Prysan. Then if the suspected hours bring nothing with them, than you may wash him again, if you will and give him meat, but you must have respect to the urine and the pulse. But if there chance any thing in the suspected hours, you must confer it with the fit, which you had the first day, and then you must consider the urine, and also the pulses. For all these will appear to be in a mean temperature, when there is left but a little obstruction. Wherefore you shall wash him the fourth day, and give him meat, having respect to the aforesaid considerations: and you shall hope that nothing will be left the fifth day. But if there be great obstruction caused, that fever is not of the kind of Diarie Fevers. CAP. III. Of a rotten Fever called Sinochus. DE SINOCHO PUTRIDA. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. SYNOCHUS in Greek is a Fever, wherein one fit continuine perpetually from the beginning to the ending, remaineth many days, or else it is a fever which is without all great mutation until the end of it. Hereupon it is called in Latin continens febris, Continens febris. and in English it may be called a constant and stable fever. There be three sundry differences of these constant fevers, as appeareth before in the exposition of fevers. This fever Synochus putrida or continens febris is caused when all the humours do putrefy and rot equally together within all the vessels, Spatium. Causae. and specially in the great vessels, which be about the armholes, and the share, which is wont to chance, when a feverous heat is retained and kept in of a vehement binding and stopping, which is within the body. For whatsoever things be hot and moist, and may hardly breath or fume out, they putrefy and rot quickly and readily. Therefore this kind of fever is not engendered nor kindled in folk that be lean and slender, nor in them that have a thin and rare state of their body, nor in a cold temperament of the body, nor in a cold age: but for the most part it engendereth in them which do abound with blood, and in those, that be hot as well by their age and nature, as by exercises and diet, and specially it kindleth in them that be fleshy, gross, and thick bodied, Causes of congestion. Signa. or else in them that be stuffed with hot excrements. They which have this fever, their pulse is very great, vehement, quick, frequent and equal. The constitution or substance of the arteries is neither harder nor softer, than it should be by nature: but the quickness and frequency of it, is according to the greatness of the fever, and these signs are common with the signs of the Diaria plurium dierum. But particularly in this fever, there is signs of rottenness, and that aswell in the urine, as in the pulse, and by the quality of unkind heat. The Cure of this Fever must be begun with letting of blood. How a hot de fluxion provoketh a tumour. Curatio. And if virtue and nature be strong, and no other notable thing do stop it or let it, you must draw blood till he do faint and swoon. For if the patiented be strong, this is the chiefest remedy for this kind of fever (as Galene sayeth.) For first the body is turned into a contrary state, for it is cooled quickly through the fainting and swooning. As for cooling of the body, nothing can be found that is more pleasant, nor more profitable, either for the sick, or for nature. Moreover in such bodies there chanceth of necessity, looseness of the belly, or a lask, And oftentimes also vomiting of choler. Which things, moisture or sweats do gather from the whole body. Therefore you shall do best by and by in these fevers, not to mark the number of days past, but only to consider the strength of the patiented. For if that he be safe and strong, you may let blood not only the 6. or 7. day, but also in the days following. But, and if you are compelled at any time to cure a patiented, to whom not only the remedy of bloudletting hath been pretetmitted & kept back, but now also either through ignorance of Physicians, or through fear of the sick or his assistants in process of time, you are forbidden to let blood, you must come to the ministering of cold things. But you must diligently discern & consider before, how much hurt may chance by it. For if the hurt willbe small or none, When cold thing 〈◊〉 be ministered. minister very cold drink, as much as the sick will drink. And you may be the more bold to do it, if the patiented hath been used to drink cold drinks. But if you fear that great discommodity would arise through it, you shall abstain from it: and use other remedies whereby obstructions may be taken away, and abundance avoided, and that, the burning heat of the fever may be cooled and eased. discommodities of cold drinks. The discommodities and hurts which do follow cold drinks ministered immoderately and out of time, be these: first because it prohibiteth and letteth gross & clammy humours to be attenuated & digested, whither they have engendered obstructions or rottenness, or inflammation, or impostume, or knobby hardness, or such like affects. As often therefore as a fever is kindled of such humours cold things are not good for their avoiding: but to this fever it bringeth much ease, because it quencheth the fever that is already kindled. But yet seeing the cause of the fever remaineth still, of necessity another fever must be kindled new again, and many times a worse, then that which went before, because that the body is thickened through cold. And this is one discommodity not to be neglected. Another is, that cold things hurt many weak members of the patiented, whether they be weak by natural distemperature, or by some vice that they have gotten. So in some, it hath been found that their throat hath been so hurt, that they could not swallow, in some, the stomach, that they could scarce digest. In some the mouth of the stomach, or the liver, or the gut colon, or the longs, or the midriff, or the reins, or the bladder, or some other such like member is so stricken with cold, that it is made weak and unable to do his proper action and office. Many by immoderate drinking of it out of time, have by and by been taken with difficulty of breathing, & with cramp and trembling, and have had hurt in all their sinews. Therefore to be short, in them that have any swelling of phlegm or blood, or any knobby hardness: you may not give cold water unto them, nor yet to them, Of cold water. that a raw humour doth hurt with obstruction of rottenness. But if there be no such swelling as is aforesaid, & then you do perceive evident signs of digestion and concoction in the urine, & if then there be no member so given to a cold temperature, that it might take hurt: than you may boldly give cold water. Also if the sick have used to drink cold water, you may the more boldly minister it, for all the members have learned before by experience to suffer it familiarly without hurt. The drinking of cold water is perilous in them, that have but little blood and flesh. Therefore by these things before rehearsed, it is evident to all men, that the chiefest remedies of these kinds of fevers called Synochus putrida, be these two: blood letting, and drinking of cold water: but blood letting may be used at any time, if the strength of the patient will suffer it, and drinking of cold water must be used when evident signs of concoction are seen in the urine, when the fever it greatest, and when you are compelled to leave blood letting. You must note well the time, when you should let blood, and mark what went before, You may not let blood on a full stomach. and what followeth. For if crudite and indigestion of meats do go before, you must refrain so long time from blood letting, as will suffice as well to digest the meat, as that the excrements may descend down. But if there will follow of necessity any flux or emptying, you must leave so much blood still, as will void by that flux, Therefore if at the time of bloudletting, the menstruis do chance to flow, or also that the hemmorhoides do open and burst out, if you beholding the vehemency of the flux, shall think it to be sufficient to purge and empty out that which you require without any help, than you shall let nature work alone. But if you think it contrary, draw out so much blood, that thereby under them both conjoined together, you may bring to pass your request and expectation. Diet. Let the diet in these fevers be chiefly this that followeth. In them that have been let blood, minister to them two hours after blood letting, juice of Ptisan, and command quiet and rest. And when they are awaked out of sleep, minister again Ptysan broth. In this diet the patient must persist and continued until the third day. You must note, that in these fevers called Synochi, Of the four natural humours: are engendered four lawful and 〈…〉. What tumours 〈…〉 of unnatural humours. When the sick should be fed. the patientes must be fed at such time as hail folk are wont to eat, and when they feel most ease: for so they shall the easilier suffer & bear their food. And if they be strong and lusty, and you look for the vigour and state of the fever strait way, the patient must use a most thin and scarce diet. But contrariwise if he be weak and feeble, you cannot minister a thin diet to him without peril. Therefore in giving of meat to the patiented, you must diligently foresee, and ponder his strength and ability. He that desireth to know more of this kind of fever as touching the Cure of it, let him read Galene in lib. 7. therapeut. meth. cap. 5. CAP. FOUR Against continual Fevers. DE C0NTINVIS FEBRIBUS. Febris continua FEBRIS continua in Latin, Synechis in Greek, in English it is called a continual fever. It is a fever that leaveth not of altogether between the fits but it hath a certain sensible slaking of heat between the fits. Causae. A continual fever is caused, when one only humour doth putrefy and rot within the vessels. And there be three differences of this fever according to the diversity of the humour that putrefieth in the veins: Three differences of continual fevers. for if choler do putrefy within the vessels, it engendereth a continual Tertian, which the Greeks call causoes, in Latin it is called arden's febris, in English a burning fever. If phlegm do putrefy & rot within the veins, it engendereth a continual Quotidian: but if melancholy do putrefy within the veins, it kindleth a continual Quartain. Signa. There is not a more certain sign of a continual fever, then that, none of them do come to intermission and slaking altogether between the fits, until the fever be quite ended & quenched. Their other signs are common with the intermitting fevers: for an exquisite burning fever or continual Tertian, hath all the other signs of an exquisite intermitting Tertian: differing only in this, that it doth not invade and begin with vehement cold & stiffness, neither doth it end in quiet and rest. Likewise a continual Quotidian hath all the signs of an exquisite intermitting Quotidian, but it only differeth from it because it doth not intermit and slake between the fits. In like manner the continual quartans have the signs of intermitting quartans, but that they come not to quiet and rest between the fits. Seing it is evident by that which we have said, that continual fevers be of the kind of rotten fevers. It is necessary for him, that will cure them commodiously and rightly, first to stop and let the putrefying and rotting: Therefore two things must be taken heed of at the first, whereof one is the fever, another is the rottenness. And in the fever you must also regard two things, the one that the portion of the fever, which is now kindled & inflamed, may be cured and quenched: the other is, that the portion of the fever which is not yet kindled may be letted & stopped. Also two things must be considered concerning the rottenness, one is, that the rottenness already engendered, may be healed, the other is, to let and stop that which is ready to engender putrefaction. That which is ready to engender, is caused through perspiration and breathing out, if it be impedite and letted. So that of this other two considerations do spring: first that the humour which is withholden, may be purged and emptied out: secondarily to prohibit and keep in, that which is to be with holden and kept back. It will be prohibited with those remedies, which do heal obstructions. Again note, that the obstructions, which are engendered, must be cured, and they which are to come must be letted & driven back away. You shall cure that obstruction, which is already engendered, by those things that do loosen, deliver and open obstructions. And you shall drive away and stop the obstructions, which are to come, if you bridle and stop the flux of obstructive and stopping humours, whereby it appeareth evidently, that the last thing which we have found in this Compendium of curing, that must be done first in the working of the cure. There be five things to consider in feuer●. Seeing that therefore (when we have examined the matter particularly) there be five things in continual fevers, from the which, considerations in curing be gathered (that is) the fever, rottenness, perspiration impedite and letted, obstruction and abundance of obstructive humours. What abscessus Galene thinketh to be. Curatio. You must begin the Cure with the last consideration. Therefore seeing that the abundance of humours, that cause obstructions, doth require purging and emptying out: in the beginning, if virtue be strong in the patiented, and if time of the year, and his age, and other things do agreed, you must let him blood. Bloudletting. You must then specially let him blood, when the whole body swellleth more than it was wont to do, or when the veins be swollen up, or stretched out, for that doth signify abundance of blood. When the multitude of humours are voided and emptied out, you must next come to the curing of obstructions, and you must minister medicines, whereby obstructions may be taken away. But because most of those medicines be hot, it is to be feared, jest they should increase both the rottenness, and also the fever. How obstructions ●hould be healed. O●ymed. Therefore you must use to minister those things that can deliver the patiented from obstructions without heat. What those things be, we have declared before in the second Chapter of this Book. When those humours that caused the obstructions be divided, cut and scoured, you must assay to void and empty them out by the womb or guts, by the urine, and by sweattes. But seeing those things, which should bring this to pass, be hot, of necessity the rottenness and the fever must be increased by them. Therefore as much, as we may, we must labour to choose such a thing, as doth heat but little, or, if we can find any, that doth not heat at all, (as in this case a Bath,) you must use that. Galene teacheth in libro tertio de tuenda sanitate, capite tertio, that a bath can do this. Bathing doth cool. For he sayeth, that the strength of sweet waters made hot, if they be temperate, be hot and moist, but if they be warmed, they be cold and moist. And a little after he sayeth, A bath, if it be discreetly used, it mollifieth the hard, and stretched parts, and it bringeth forth excrements or moltinges, if any stick within the skin. These things being done, and those humours scoured out, which were compact together in the skin, so that the obstruction and perspiration impedited be taken away, you must come to the Cure of the rottenness. Cure of putrefaction. Therefore at this time you must first corroborated and restore the strength, whereby it may exuperate, and overcome the rottenness, and be able to digest the humours. And you shall heal the putrefaction and rottenness, if you do void and empty out by all means, that which is corrupted & putrefied. That which is left still within, you must bring it to an exqulsite mean by moderate motions, and cool breathings, and you shall work the emptying out of the humours by urine, egestions, vomiting, and sweattes. Last of all you must proceed to the curing of the fever, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Cure of the fever. which must be done by cooling things. For every fever, inasmuch as it is a fever, must be remedied by cooling and moistening things. But to know, how each of these things should be rightly done it is partly rehearsed before, and partly it shall follow here after. In continual Fevers, whose state or vigour of the disease will come at the furthest within seven days, if their strength be lusty, and their age agreeing to it, you must ordain them a very exquisite and thin diet. Diet. But in the continual fevers, whose vigour, force, and state is longer than seven days after the beginning, or if virtue be weak and feeble, at the first you must feed them liberally, when the vigour and state draweth near, their diet must be more scarce, but in the state and vigour of the disease you must feed them most thinnely and scarcely. Afterward again, augment his diet, and feed him most, increasing his diet, in like case as the vigour and state of the fever doth minish, as Hypocrates sayeth in the first section of his Aphorisms. Aphor. 10 CAP. V Of a burning Fever. DE ARDENTE FEBRE. General signs of tumors above nature. Continua Tertiana. ARDEN'S febris in Latin, Causos in Greek, in English it is called a continual Tertian, or a burning fever. It is of the kind of continual fevers, as is declared in the former Chapter. And it is caused when choler putrefieth and rotteth within the veins. Therefore it agreeth with an exquisite intermitting Tertian, because it is engendered of the same humour that the other is. But yet it differeth from it in that, that in an intermitting Tertian, the choler is carried all over the body: but in a burning fever the choler is contained in the vessels together with the blood. Hereupon it cometh that the fits in a burning fever do not intermit nor slake. But when the choler in them is stirred more vehemently, and is driven about, by nature waxing strong, then there is wont to come vehement cold and rigour, & the fever endeth. Which Hypocrates declareth 4 Aphoris. 58. saying, he that is taken with a burning fever, if vehement cold and rigour come upon it to him, he is delivered from the disease. judicia. Signa. A burning fever is known by these signs, their tongue that have this fever is dry, gross, rough and black, there is gnawing of the stomach, intolerable thirst, watchings, and also many times raving, and egestions of the womb be liquid and pale, Lib. de diffe. 〈◊〉. Diet. which signs Hypocrates rehearseth in libro quarto Vict. Acutorum. They which have this fever let them lie in a cold place, and in a sweet air, from whence pure wind cometh. Also let them lie in a soft featherbed, which must be made often, let the coverings be very thin and clean: which must be continually changed, and let his bed be of a great wideness, that he may easily move his members that be hot to other cold places of the bed. And if the air be quiet, stir it with a fan, or such like. You must give him meats that have virtue to cool and moist, as is, lettuce, gourds, sorrel, ptisan broth and such like. Let his drink be water, wherein a little cinnamon hath been sodden, or verjuice. If the sick have used it, or if no other thing do let it, after meat give him cold water a spoonful or two, or mix julep of violets, or some lulep of roses, or such like, with decoction of barley. Moreover the stomach must be refreshed with juice of roses. And other coolinges must be used, as strewing of the floor with green vine leaves, and with the leaves and flowers of roses, water lilies, and violets, and by sprinkling & pouring often of cold water in the floor up and down. For the Cure in the beginning straigh way, you must cut a vein, if age, time, virtue & strength will permit it. Heruppon Hypocrates saith in the Aphorisms thus. In great burning fevers, if blood be drawn till the heart faint, by and by the state of the whole body is cooled, and the fever is quenched. In many also a lap is caused, Outward medicines. and sweats flow forth. Afterward let the breast and stomach be nourished with dates brayed with oil of roses, or of quinces, or of water lilies. Also other cooling medicines be good, as be, vine buds brayed, endive, succory, knotgrass, lettuce, sorrel, vine leaves and such like. Also a fine napkin folded together, and dipped in oil and water made hot, and applied to the breast and stomach. It ceaseth the burning of fevers marvelously. Also a handful of will soaked in water, & oil of roses bet greatly, & being holden up aloft to drop upon the breast doth easily quench the vehemency of the burning heat. These things must be hot, for warm things do dissolve the strength, and vigour of the members. Neither shall you rashly also commix vinegar against vehement burning fevers. You may not apply epithemes nor other cooling medicines in the beginning and increasing of the fit: for at that time the affect of the body is driven above, & the heat is in the inward members: therefore cold things applied do drive the heat to the innermost parts, & be an occasion of greater hurt, for fiery heat being oppressed and stopped within, it raiseth a more vehement & burning heat again. Therefore in the force, strength & vigour of the fits, when the heat is already spread over all the body, these cold things may well be applied for then the residue of the unnatural heat which remaineth about the inward members may readily be quenched. Hereupon the patient will begin to breathe better, & shallbe troubled with an easier thirst. Also some by breathing out of a dewy vapour do fall on sleep. Principium. Epithema. The epithemes which you must use in this fever, is this, ℞ of rose water, & lettuce water, ana. ℥. iij.ss. waters of endive & succotie, ana. j ss. good vinegar. ℥ i all the three sanders of each. ℥. ss. seed of purcelaine. gra. iiij. commix altogether & make an epitheme. Moreover when the vigour & strength of the sickness is at hand, you may safely minister pure cold water, When cold water ma● be ministered. if none of these things which be rehearsed in the third Chapter, do let it. And if fear of any hurt, although it be very little, do let it, you shall minister the first draft refrained after this sort. Take one cupful of temperate water, & commix five cupsfull of pure cold water with it, and so minister it to suspect bodies. To conclude in the curing of burning fevers, you must needs bring to pass one of these things, that either the choleric humours may be voided and emptied out, Not●. or else that they may be quenched within. They may be voided & emptied out by sweats, vomits & egestions. They may be quenched by drinking of cold water wherewith very often great burning fevers have been cured quite and clean. Status. To whom a bathe is good. A bathe of sweet water is good only to them which have a burning fever without any swelling, tending to the nature of an inflammation or Erisipela. But & if signs of concoction do appear in the urine, it is much more convenient for the patiented. Let the sick which in a vehement burning fever desireth to use a cold bathe be young & of a moderate state of the body, as also Hippocrates witnesseth and monisheth. Neither let it be done to him in Summer time, & in hot times of the year, and in the vigour and strength of the fever, and let it be one, that hath used to wash in cold water in his health. But when the fever waxeth more moderate, and virtue is stronger, and if there be signs of concoction together with it. A bath of sweet and temperate water is sufficient and doth good. For annointinges, oil of camomile doth good, specially if the weather be cold. Unctions. But the abundance of matter, whereon you should make competent remedies against burning fevers, you shall found in the chapters following. CAP. VI Of a pure intermitting Tertian. DE EXQVISITA TERTIANA INTERMITTENTE. EXQVISITA tertiana febris intermittens in Latin, an exquisite and pure intermitting tertian fever in english. Causae. It is caused of choler carried by the sensible parts of the body, and by the proper nature of it, it remaineth pure, sincere and unmixed. Therefore seeing it is engendered of choler that is sincere and pure, and not commixed with any other humour, it is called of the Physicians exquisite. Gal. lib. de inaequali intemtemperie. Signae. This fever engendereth in persons that be choleric by nature and in their flourishing age, in summer time, in hot and dry regions, and when the weather is hot and dry, and in bodies oppressed with labours, watchings, cares, deep thoughts and burning of the sun. Also this fever by and by in the beginning, and in every fit causeth a vehement cold, rigour, and stiffness, and by this means it differeth from a burning fever, as is before rehearsed. And the cold in this fever differeth from the cold in a quartain fever thus, because in this fever the patiented thinketh his body were pricked, and as it were ulcerated. But in a quartain the cold seemeth to the patiented like the cold that hail folk feel in winter time. Therefore a tertian fever doth not chance without vehement rigour and could, pricking and wounding in the flesh: but a quartain fever doth not by and by the first day invade the patiented with vehement rigour and cold. For as it proceedeth forward and increaseth: so also the rigour and cold increaseth, and the patiented doth not feel pricking, but rather feeleth great cold, and as it were nipped to the bone with it. There is in a tertian fever an exact and perfect order and equality of the pulses: but yet in the increasing of the fits, the pulses are raised and provoked to vehemency, greatness and fregnencie. Moreover in the vigour and force of the fever, it causeth thirst, and burneth up the patiented, so that he casteth of the clotheses, to make him bore, and naked, and he breatheth largely and often, and he bloweth out as it were a flame of fire, and requireth to drink cold water. Afterward the heat spreadeth equally all over the body, so that the breast is no hotter, than the extreme parts and members. And when you lay your hand upon him, at the first touching you shall feel much gnawing, and biting heat, bursting out as it were with a certain vapour & moisture: but not long after your hand will vanquish it, if you do hold it still. Moreover there followeth this fever vomiting of choler, and the belly is laxative, and they piss urine that is choleric, subrufe, and somewhat yellow and moderately thick. Also their urine hath by and by a white cloud, or a laudable sublation in the mids. If the urine be redder, and if in the first fit there do appear, neither sublation in the mids, nor cloud, the fever will extend and remain seven fits. Moreover this fever leaveth of till another fit, when the fit hath endured the space of xii. hours at the most. For this is the longest time of a fit in true and pure tertians. But sometime the fit is shorter than the aforesaid space of time, having difference more or less according to the quantity and quality of choler within, or because of the strength of the patiented, or through the present affect of the patientes body at that present time. Therefore we name that an exact and pure tertian fever, which endeth his fit within twelve hours: but that which hath a longer fit, that is not called an exquisite tertian, but an extended and stretched out tertian. And if the fever doth invade the patiented daily with vehement rigour and cold, and with the signs aforesaid of the urine and pulses, as also of other things afore rehearsed: than it is called duplex tertiana, Signs of a double tertian. a double tertian. But as for an exquisite tertian, because it is engendered of pure choler moved about, you must moisten it and cool it, as much as you may possibly by all means. For this humour (as Galen witnesseth) is the hottest & driest among all the other that be in the body. Let the sick lie therefore in a cold place against a sweet and pleasant air. Also you may not suffer many to be in the house, because they should make it hot with their breath. Let the floor be sprinkled often with cold water, and with rose water, violet water and such like. And streve on the floor willow leaves, flowers of roses, violets, water lilies and such like. Victus ratio. Let the patientes use meats that have virtue and power to cool, and moisten. And you must give him so much of them, as he can very well digest. Let his potherbs be orache, beats, spinach, mallows, lettuce, gourds, sorrel, endive, succory, & such like. Also give him ptisan broth, and soupinges made with alica. Of fishes, let him eat such as live in gravelly places: for such, besides that they do cool & moisten, they engender good juice, and are easy to digest. Of fowls let him eat them that be soft of flesh, as be chickens and partriche, doves, young sparrows, feasauntes and such like: but of those, that have not soft flesh, let him eat their wings, which are without excrements, because of their often exercises. Also he may eat cocks stones, and sows feet, for they be without excrements, because they are exercised: and their brains, specially if they be well sodden. Also, if you minister the flesh of pigs well sodden, you shall not hurt, for so it may the easilier be consumed of the stomach. Also rear eggs, which be but only hot through, may be suffered specially the yolks of them: for they be easier to digest then the whites, and they do cool meanly. You may suffer him to eat fivictes, which be not very hard to digest, as be chearies, prunes, mulbearies. He must abstain from honey, because it will easily turn into the choler, Potus. and from mustard, salt meats, and all sharp things. Also you must keep the sick altogether from wine, until the disease be digested, and let him drink in the mean season, water, wherein a little cinnamon hath been sodden. Or let him use to drink this, ℞. julep of violets. ℥ four water wherein a little cinnamon hath been sodden. lb.j.lb.j. commix them together, and power them out of one vessel into another, often. But when the disease beginneth to digest, you must give him in the beginning a little wine, that is thin and allayed with water, and give him more liberally of it, when the end of the disease is at hand. This is the order of diet for many, but not for all men: for they that are not daintily brought up, but do live hardly, and are strong of nature, you must ordain for them a thinner diet (that is) let them be contented with ptisan broth until the judgement of the fever. No sleep in fits. As for sleeping they may not sleep in their fits, but rather let them watch, that thereby the blood and spirits, and natural heat may be letted, & stopped from creeping to the inward members, and contrariwise may thereby be drawn to the outward parts: for otherwise the fevers will scarce be dissolved, and they will come very slowly to their state, and fluxes will increase and be multiplied: when the fit is ended sleep is not hurtful. The patient must eschew exercises, and all other vehement motions. Also let him refrain perturbations of the mind, specially, anger, fear, sorrow, and such like. Curatio. But you may not only use the diet before prescribed, bu● also you must minister medicines to the patiented which can cool and moisten. In the beginning to quench the boiling of choler, and to mitigate the cholerous heat, let him use this decoction, ℞. of flowers of violets, borage, and read roses, Signs of Abcession already present. A decoction to digest choler. ana. Mj. flowers of water lilies, M. ss. endive, succory, lettuce, ana. M. j.ss. of raisins picked. ℥ i damascene prunes, number two seeds of endive, succory lettuce, purcelaine, gourds, ana. ʒ. iij. of the root of succory, ʒ. uj. seethe altogether in lb. ij. of well water, until the third part be consumed, then strain it and make the liquor of that decoction sweet with sugar, and purify it with the white of an egg, then add to it syrup of endive, with the broad leaves, and julep of violets, ana. ℥. ij.ss. commix them together and make a potion, & let the sick drink thereof every morning fasting. ℥. iiij.ss. But and if the sick be more delicate, & do abhor potions, M●sturae. let him take daily of this medicine, ℞. of conserves of violets, borage, roses, water lilies, and succory, ana. ℥. ss. electuarium de prunis damascenis without diagredium. ʒ.vij. diarrhodon abbatis. ℥ i diatrion santalon in powder. ℥ two of julep of violets as much as is sufficient to commix them and make a loche. Moreover you must remove the cause of the fever, which you shall do, if you empty out the choleric humour. Therefore you must empty out the choler which is crept into the stomach by provoking vomit. Aph. 41. lib. 6. By what means you may provoke vomit it is declared in the former books. The choler which is carried downward, it is best to empty it out by a lask of the womb: which also is wont to come sometime of itself in an exquisite tertian. Vomiting should be provoked chief in the beginning of the fit, for at that time, nature is wont to thrust in choler thither: as in the inclination & slaking of the fit, nature thrusteth it to the neither parts & to the skin. Therefore at that time you must cast in an easily & soft clyster, that they may both bring out the choler easily, & that also by their gentleness, the sharpness of the choler which is wont to vex & gnaw the guts, may be stopped & broken. Make therefore such a clyster. ℞. of mallows, leaves of purple violets, mercury, Indicis abscessuum. Clyster. endive & succory. ana. M.j. seed of purcelaine & of melons. ana. ʒ. ij.ss. seethe them all in sufficient quantity of water, till the third part be consumed, strain it, & add to the liquor of that decoction, the marrow of casia fistula newly drawn. ℥ i oil of violets. ℥ three common salt, ʒ. j.ss. commix them & make a clyster. Also you must emptor out choler by provoking of urine & sweattes specially, if it be carried thither by nature. This thing you may well do by medicines that provoke urine, Provokers of urine. but not by all such, but by those that can do it without drying. Therefore you must provoke urine with potions wherein apium or dill hath been infused or wet. And if signs of concoction do appear, than you may minister wormwood softly, which is a special remedy for the stomach, when it is vexed with choler: specially if you take of the ●●ppes of it as much as is sufficient, and infuse it in ●●●licratum, that is, wine & honey sodden together: for it purgeth choler out of the womb and stomach by egestion, and out of the veins it purgeth it by urine. You shall provoke sweeting with this, and such like medicine. ℞. roots of apium, To provoke sweat. sperage and succory, ana. ℥. ss. of the seeds of percely, fennel, bruscus, and lovage, ana. ʒ. ij. black cicers. ʒ. iij. dill. M. ss. seethe all in sufficient quantity of water that runneth unto the third part, then let it be strained, and make it sweet with sugar, adding to it oxymel compositum. ℥ two and make a potion. Or beat all the aforesaid things into powder, and minister of it every time. ʒ. j. or ʒ. j.ss. with ℥ three of oxymel simplex. These medicines which provoke sweated, must be ministered in the declination of the fit, or on that day, that the sick hath not his fever. For this purpose also annointinges with oils of chammomil, dill, and such like, are not a little profitable. Moreover hot baths of sweet and potable water do profit two ways, Baths of so●●ie water. both because they provoke out some of the choler, as also because of their qualities, they do much good: for such baths do moisten and cool. But baths of Sea water, salt water, salt peter water, and brimstone water, they bring out more choler, but they profit much less than potable waters. Therefore it is best not to call them profitable, seeing they do more hurt by drying, than they do good by emptying and voiding, for the remedies must have contrary, qualities to the humours that have invaded against nature: for that doth more commodity, than the emptying by any means (as Galenus witnesseth ad glauconem,) by the which words it is evident that emptyinge and purginge in an exquisite tertian doth but little please Galene. Specially those emptyinge that are done by blood letting, and by a vehement purging medicine, for all such kind of purging medicines be of a hot faculty and quality. But seeing this fever is the hottest of all other, therefore it rather desireth to be cooled and moistened, then to be vehemently purged. It rather permitteth and requireth emptyinge by other means, and specially when nature laboureth and assayeth to drive out the humour. Also nature must be helped, if of itself it be not able to perform her intent. As for a bathe this is the effect and scope of it, thereby to have the body wet and moistened. Therefore you must strew in, neither salt peter, nor salt, nor mustard seed, but it is good to pour much oil, being made hot, The common order of curing of tumors ●aintum. upon the patiented, & to bring him into the bathe & to wash him. And if he will swim in it, you may suffer him to do it as long as he can. And they that are delighted in bathing if you suffer them to wash twice in a day, you shall not do amiss. But you must have this in memory, that it be opportunately, and done in due time, for if signs of concoction do now appear, then if you wash him oftener, you shall not err from Galenes' doctrine. CAP. VII. Against a bastardly tertian. DE TERTIANA NOTHA. A Bastardly tertian is caused, when choler is mixed for the most part with phlegm. Causae. Hereupon it cometh that all the signs of this fever, do not declare the nature of pure and sincere choler, Signa. as in an exquisite tertian they do. In this fever also the time of the fits doth exceed 12. hours, neither is this judged in seven fits, as an exquisite tertian is. Moreover in this bastardly tertian, the signs of concoction do appear more slowly, neither is there such great heat in the vigour and state of this fever, as in the exquisite tertian. Besides all these, it doth not end with abundance of sweat, Diet. as an exquisite tertian doth. Therefore the diette in this fever must not be altogether cooling and moistening, as it is in an exquisite tertian: but let it have some power and virtue to heat, cut and divide: for the choler in this fever is grosser, neither is it so hot. They therefore that have this fever, may profitiblely take broth of ptisan, wherein some pepper is put, and you must give them mulsa to drink, wherein hath been sodden hisope, origan, and spikenard. Also you must give them soupinges and broths easy to digest. Moreover seeing the time of the fit is long, and so endureth a whole day, you may not give him meat daily but each other day: for by this means we shall beware and take heed, that nature be not called away from her office and work, and so the disease should be increased: for you must only take heed that the disease doth not increase, and that the strength of the sick, which must strive and fight a great while, be not weakened, debilitate and cast down. But it is hard to keep and save both, because hunger look how much it profiteth to the digestion of the disease, and so much or more it hurteth and debilitateth the strength. And meats, look how much they increase the patientes strength and so much they hinder, and let concoction and digestion. To conclude therefore, you must use hunger to them that be strong and lusty, and their disease hard to digest. And you must feed them more largely, whose strength is debilitate and weak, and their disease not stubborn for to digest. Potus. Let their drink be water, in which a little cinnamon and some hyssop, or origan hath been sodden. Quiet and rest is good for them, but exercises do hurt them: for this doth call fourth outwardly nature, and natural heat, which should concoct & digest crude matter within. For the cure, if you may let the patiented blood, you may not fail to do it, Four things to be considered chief in the nature of affected members. Curatio. but by and by in the beginning, if the age, time, region, and state of the body will permit it, you must draw out so much blood, as the present state of the body requireth and will suffer. Blood letting. By the present state, understand the state aswell of the patiented, as of the disease: for the sick, if he be strong, may suffer blood letting, if not, the contrary: if the disease remain, and be caused through abundance of humours, it requireth blood letting not a mean quantity, but according to the abundance of them. But when the disease will endure long through crudity, and lack of digestion, you must draw out but a mean quantity of blood, that the strength of the patient may be kept and endure until the end of the disease. Also you must cast into the belly not very easy clysters, Clyster. that they may bring fourth the sluggish and hurtful matter, and make them thus, ℞. mallows, mercury, leaves of violets, origan, and hyssop, an. M.j. seed of cardamum. ʒ.iij. seethe altogether in sufficient quantity of water, and add to the liquor of that decoction, benedicta laxativa, hierapicra, an. ʒ. iij. mel rosarum. ʒ.uj. oils of violets and chammomill, an. ℥. j.ss. common salt. ʒ. ij. and make a clyster. Also you must minister to the patiented decoctions made of such things as can cut, and divide, Decoctum. and also provoke urine without any great heating and drying. As this is, ℞. roots of apium, fennel, and succory, an. ℥ i endive, succory, origan, and hyssop, an. M.j. lettuce. M. j.ss. the four common cold seeds, an. ʒ. j. seeds of fennel and apium, an. ʒ. j.ss. seethe all these in two pounds of water, until the third part be consumed. Then strain it, and make the liquor sweet with sugar, and purify with whites of eggs the strained liquor. Then add to it ●●rupus acetosus simplex, mel rosarum clarified, oxymel simplex, an. ℥. j.ss. and make a potion, whereof minister daily every morning ℥ four After these you must minister such medicines, Purgatio. as do empty the belly gently, as is infusion or rhubarb, electuarium e psillio, and diaphanicon and such like, which are able by themselves, or mixed with other to bring & purge out choler together with phlegm. Whereof we have rehearsed many in our former books. After the seventh day you may minister continually decoction of wormwood: also oxymel ●ronke alone helpeth many. Also vomiting after meat is so healthful, and profitable to these old and inveterate fevers▪ that many (as Galene witnesseth in lib. 1. ad glauconem) have been cured with this one remedy. For a fever which hath continued long, doth engender and breed many phlegmatic excrements in the stomach, which being cast out by vomiting, the patiented is delivered from the fever. Also the sides must be nourished with hot medicines, that thereby the winds and bolning, which stretcheth them out, may be dissolved and dispersed. Among other this foment is very good, ℞. flowers of chammomill, melilote, and dill, Antispasis. Fomentum. an. M.j. wormwood. M. ss. read roses. M.j. linseed and fenugreeke, an. ʒ. iij. boil these in sufficient quantity of water, unto the third part, then dip a sponge in it, and nourish the sides therewith. Also it profiteth to anoint the stomach with this, or such a like ointment, Tertius scopus unguentum. ℞. oils of mastic, roses and chammomill, an. ʒ. iij. of cloves. ʒ. j.ss. wax as much as is sufficient, and make an ointment. Moreover bathing in this fever is not healthful, before that, signs of concoction do appear, because crude and raw humours, which should be digested within, are brought out by it to the skin, and so it doth increase obstructions. CAP. VIII. Of a quartain fever. DE QVARTANA FEBRE. AN exquisite quartain is another kind of the intermitting fevers, Causae. which is engendered only of a melancholy humour, putrefying and rotting without the vessels. Signae. This fever doth not by and by in the beginning invade the patiented with vehement rigour and cold the first day, but it is like to them that are cold in winter through vehement frost: but when the fever hath continued and proceeded forward and is increased, then also the rigour and cold increaseth with it, and waxeth greater and stronger daily, till the whole disease be come to his full increase and force. And the cold doth not seem to the patiented as it were pricking and vexing the skin, as it doth in an exquisite tertian, but there is caused vehement cold, and as it would break the bones. Their pulses are very rare and slow in the beginning of the fits, but when the fever is in his full force, or also when it is increased, then of necessity the pulses are swift and often: but yet they do keep their natural slowness and rarity, if you consider the swiftness and frequency coming in the fits. But the moving of the heat, the increasing, and the vigour, and force of this fever is clean contrary to that in tertian fevers. For in this fever the melancholy humour is kindled and inflamed by little and little, as it were a stone, or a shell, or a bone, or some other such like cold and dry body. And when that any flame or heat is kindled in it, then in the fit it leaveth nothing fumous or smoky, but it burneth and consumeth it. And therefore there is longer ceasing and intermission of this humour, cause of long intermission ●n quartain fits. between the fits, than there is in phlegm. And the intermission and ceasing between the fits seemeth to be exquisite and pure without any grief at all: because in this fever, look how much melancholy is kindled and inflamed, and so much in the time of the fit is dispersed, consumed, and drawn out clean. Moreover in a quartain fever there followeth not vomiting up of choler. Their urines are thin, white and watery, and as it were strained from a grosser matter. Also this fever beginneth specially in Autumn or Harvest, coming after erratike fevers. But you must behold both the nature of the patiented, and his temperament, also his diet used before, his age, the region, and other such like. For if those things de cold and dry, than you may look more surely, that a quartain fever will ensue, specially if at that time, quartaines be rife among the people. They that have a quartain fever, in the beginning they must be handled and ordered moderately and gently, neither may they be vexed with any vehement medicine, or by vehement emptying and purging: for the humour which causeth the quartain, is stubborn to be drawn and handled. Therefore in the beginning, and before it be digested, it will hardly and scarcely follow the medicine that draweth it: and that because of his grossness and coldness, and also because it stoppeth the narrow ways, by the which it should pass out. Blood letting. Yet if blood do seem to abound much, than you must take away that. And if when you have stricken a vein, the blood that cometh out, do appear black and gross, as for the most part it doth in diseases of the spleen, you may then boldly draw it out. For great abundance of such blood being drawn out, nature will get the upper hand in digesting the rest of the humour, and will make the fever shorter. You must cut the innermost vein of the left arm, which is called lienaris vena, the spleen vein, or mediana: for this vein emptieth out the melancholy humour, specially from the spleen, which is wont to be diseased in a quartain fever: but if, when the vein is stricken, the blood doth appear thin, and yealowish, you must stop it by and by: for such an humour is not unprofitable in a quartain, but it correcteth and amendeth the gross and cold humour, aswell because of his substance, Frigida rep●imen●●a. as also with his quality. You must ordain for the patiented a very good diet, such one as is not windy, and engendereth good juice. Therefore you must keep the sick from swine's flesh, and from all other meats that be gross, tough and clammy, and slow of digestion. Moreover, let him abstain from all things which do cool and dry the body. He must eat birds that live upon mountains, and do engender good juice: for those that do live in fens and marshes, they be unwholesome and full of execrementes, and do engender a gross humour. He must use fishes of gravely waters, which be soft and without toughness, but in this fever salt things and mustard must be ministered in meats, that they may extenuate, cut, and divide, the gross and clammy humours, and that they may consume and feed up the superfluous humidity and moisture. 〈◊〉. They must use wine, that is white, thin, and meanly hot: for that by the thinness of it doth extenuate the grossness of the melancholy humour, and by the mean heat that it hath, it heateth the body by little and little, which is cooled with the melancholious humour, and it helpeth digestion and also provoketh urine. They may not altogether be kept and refrain from frictions, deambulations, and other occustomed exercises (that is to say) you must suffer them to use exercises, but not so much as they did in their health. Neither may they use frictions, deambulations, and other exercises of the body so often, nor so vehemently as they did in their health, for that would 'cause peril and danger of obstructions. But if exercises be used moderately, and that in the time of intermission between the fits, they will void out excrements and bring other commodities which Galene rehearseth in lib. 2. de tuenda sanitate. They must altogether abstain from bathing if they can, and be content only with frictions and rubbinges: for although bathing, because it doth heat, doth profit, yet, because it calleth forth humours outwardly, it bringeth peril of obstruction, specially when the body doth abound with excrements. And if the quartain be short, and not violent, it is not hurtful in the intermission between the fits, when the patientes hail days be, if he use his wont exercises. As for the belly if it can be by any means it must be kept soluble, either with his accustomed meats, or with medicines mixed with them, or with clysters first gentle and easy, and after sharper: for you must increase their strength and sharpness by little and little, as the matter of the fever doth concoct and digest by little and little: for at the beginning (as is said before) you must handle and order these fevers gently and easily. You may seek examples of easy clysters out of the former chapters. Callida repellentia. Clyster. A clyster somewhat sharper is this that followeth ℞. mallows, chammomill, mercury, leaves of black violets. an. M.j. leaves of seen, the roots of polipodie. an. ʒ. v. hartistonge. M. j.ss. seethe all these in sufficient quantity of water until the third part. Then strain it and commix with the liquor of that decoction, the marrow of casia fistula. ℥ i diasena laxativa. ℥. ss. common oil. ℥ three mel rosarum. ℥. ss. salt gem. ʒ. j. and make a clyster. Within certain days, give to the patiented diatrionpiperion: but because it doth heat vehemently, you may not minister it daily, whose making and virtue you must seek out of Galene in lib. 4. de sanitate tuenda. Also (as Galene saith) the patiented shall do rightly, if be drink daily, only pepper with water: Gal. 2. ad Glauconem. P●per. for it heateth and dissolveth the grossness of mindie spirits and vapours, and it extenuateth and digesteth the crude and raw humours, which are heaped and gathered up together in the hipochonders and sides. And these things must be done from the beginning of the fever, until it come to the vigour, force, and state. And if the sick seem now to be in the vigour and state of the disease, than he must use a thinner diet, than he did before, or must do afterward, and you must command long quiet and rest to the patiented, lest nature being occupied about digesting of the matter of the disease, should be called from her office and work. Afterward you must provide and foresee the entrails which are wont to be swollen & stretched out with viscons, Provision f●r the mira●●es. tough and gross humours and also with abundance of windy spirits and vapours, which being dissolved and emptied out, the bowels wax soft and are loosened. Therefore you must anoint them with those things which can mollify and loosen, as be ointmentes which are made of barley meal, seed of apium, roots of ireos, rue and such like. unguentum. Among other anoint the left side with this ointment. ℞. of oil of capers. ℥ three oil of ireos, and of sweet almonds, an. ʒ. ij. seeds of apium, and of coming, roots of ireos, an. ℈ i wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment. After these things you must minister medicines, which have virtue and power to provoke urine, & not before this time: for if you minister such things before the inward members be free from obstructions, because those medicines be hot, they carry the humours down with them, and do increase the obstructions. For to provoke urine you must minister mulsa, wherein dill, or rue, Emplastri●●. C●c●●bicula. 〈◊〉 canon generalis. Provokers of urine. or else apium hath been sodden. If signs of concoction do appear, than you must strait way use purging medicines, which can purge out melancholy, Purgation of melancholy. and you may not purge him once only, but oftener, if the matter seem to require it: for that melancholy cannot be brought out all at once, seeing the body is not able to suffer and bear so strong a purgation, as should purge out all that stubborn humour at once. You may seek examples of such medicines as do purge out melancholy, out of the first book in the Chapter of Melancholiousnesse. But yet above other things Aetius praiseth sweet wine infused in the inward part of coloquintida, but so that you commix with it some apium or daucus, to make it pleasant. After meat, Vomitus. you must provoke vomit (if nothing let it) with white hellebore first commixed with radish as is declared in the other books, which if it work little or nothing, you must minister hellebore by itself. And if any man abhor from hellebore, let him use this or such like medicine. ℞. juice of radish, Vomit. or distilled water of it. ℥ three oxymel simplex. ℥ two commix them & make them warm to drink, but they which cannot vomit, must be purged downward, such be they that have a strait and slender breast. After purging you must give them theriaca, or somewhat that is of like virtue, as is this. ℞. Liquoris cyrenaici, fine myrrh, pepper of each a like much, beat them by themselves, and commix them with juice of rue, and make pills thereof, and minister the weight of. ℈. ss. They that minister any of these medicines at the beginning of the sickness, or at all, before the vigour, state, and force thereof: they make of a simple quartain oftentimes a double quartain, or without doubt they make the single quartain greater and more vehement: and of a double quartain, they make a triple quartain or else the double one is made greater. CAP. IX. Of a quotidian fever. DE QVOTIDIANA FEBRE. QVOTIDIANA febris intermittens (that is) an intermitting quotidian fever. It is engendered of putrefied and rotten phlegm being thrust of nature by the sensible parts of the body. Ex lib. 4. Therap. meth.. It is called of the Greeks amphimerina, because it causeth a fit every day. But if glasen phlegm which is the coldest of all other phlegms, do putrefy by itself the one half of it (that is) if the whole substance of it do not putrefy equally, but some parts of it do putrefy and some do not, than it engendereth a fever called Epialos febris: When Abscessions are chief to be cut and opened. Epialos febris. in which the patiented is feverous, and vehemently cold together, and at one present time he seeleth immoderate heat, and immoderate cold in all the parts of the body together. For part of that humour, which is not putrefied nor rotten as yet, being spread by all the veins, or in the rest of the body, engendereth the rigour and cold, but, Signa. the other rotten part of the humour engendereth the fever. A quotidian fever doth not invade the patiented with rigour and vehement cold by and by the first day, but in process of time, it cometh rather like a cooling, then like a rigour. The pulse when the fit beginneth is inordinate and unequal, slow, little, and weak. Neither also in the augmenting and increasing of the quotidian, is there swiftness of moving of the pulses, nor greatness, nor vehemency. The heat in this fever is not so sharp and vehement as it is in a tertian: for it neither burneth them, neither are they compelled to make naked their bodies, and to throw of their clotheses, neither doth it compel them to breath much and often, and to blow out of their mouths as it were a flame, nor to desire to drink cold water, but it is moist and smoky, and commixed with much vapour. Also it is hardly kindled, and it consumeth a long time, until that, by increasing, it come to the force and state. Moreover, they that have this fever, do not thirst, because not only the tongue, but also the whole body in this fever is most moist. The urines in quotidian fevers either be white, and thin, and watery, or thick, and troubled. There bursteth out no sweat at all in the first days, neither is there any exact and perfect rest from being feverous. For the fever remaineth each time almost the space of 18. hours. There chanceth also to them vomiting of phlegm: and those things which are sent out by egestion, are colder, moister, cruder, more watery, and more phlegmatic. Also a quotidian fever doth chief, vex them that be moist, and phlegmatic of nature. Also it chanceth in a moist season, specially in winter that is cold and moist, and in old folk and children. Hereupon Galene writeth, that he never saw a young man that was choletike and dry by nature, taken with this fever: but they that be older, and most phlegmatic, having a gross substance of the body, and do live an idle life, serving their belly and given to drunkenness, using bathing often and specially after meat, they are soon taken with this quotidian fever. Let the diet in this fever be altogether extenuating, cutting and dividing. Therefore you must now seek such places, wherein we have declared abundantly, what kind of diet, it should be. In the first days (that is) when signs of crudity and indigestion do yet appear, the phlegm must be divided and cut, and the poors & passages that be stopped, Curatio. must be scoured and cleansed. And therefore you must minister oxymell, because it doth scour mightily, it cutteth and divideth the glutinous and clammy humours, and it delivereth the poors from obstructions. And you must minister those things which provoke urine, that (the phlegm being already extenuated and divided) may the more readily pass by the conduits, and be emptied out. Therefore it is good to minister decoction of the root of apium, percely, ireos, fennel, and such other like often rehearsed before with sirupus acetosus compositus, and mel rosarum, and sirupus è duabus radicibus, and other that have the virtue and power to extenuate, cut, and divide. About the vigour and force of the fever, you must take heed and have regard to the stomach, and specially to the mouth of it. Therefore you must prepare those things, which (being applied outwardly,) may add strength to the stomach, such as be, mastic, spikenard, wormwood, and such other like. unguentum. Therefore before meat use this ointment. ℞. oils of mastic, wormwood and narde, ana. ʒ. ij.ss. mastic, cloves, and wood of aloes, ana. ℈ .v. cinnamon. ℈ i with wax as much as is sufficient, make an ointment, wherewith anoint the region of the stomach. The stomach being strentgthened, you must compel vomiting, first by ministering of radish, then after, meats must be eaten for so it lifteth up the meats, and causeth the easier vomit. After he must use medicines, that do purge out phlegm: for phlegm when it is digest, may conveniently be purged. What medicines those be that can purge out phlegm, it is evident in our other books, and this here sufficeth to cure a quotidian fever. CAP. X. Of a fever ethicke. DE HECTICA FEBRE. HECTICA febris in Latin, the fever ethicke in English. Hectica febris. It is a fever wherein an unnatural heat is not only kindled in the spirits and humours, but now also it is kindled in the massy, sound, and fleshy parts, and members. This fever knoweth no pain, and they that have it, do think that they have no fever, neither do they perceive or feel any heat, seeing all the membres of their body be equally heat, (as Galene declareth abundantly in his book the inaequals intemperie. The fever ethicke is engendered and caused two ways. First, Causae. for the most part of burning fevers, which have continued so long, that in process of time they consume the humidity and moisture, that is contained in the body of the heart, or also, if it resist more abundantly, than those fevers are not only ethics, but also marasmodes (that is) consuming & melting fevers: for fevers being engendered, (the humidity yet still remaining) when they have caught and occupied the body of the heart, hereupon they are specially kindled and inflamed like the flame of a candle with a match. And this is one way of engendering of the fever ethicke. Another way of engendering of them is this, when they begin of themselves by and by, being engendered as diary fevers be, either of sorrow, or anger, or overmuch weariness, together with burning of the heat of the sun. The fevers that be thus engendered, be not very hard to cure: but such fevers of these, as be turned into consuming and wasting, which the Greeks do call marasmos, through the negligence and ignorance of physicians, if those fevers be in their force and strength, and not as it were beginning still, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. it is not only hard to cure these, but it is also impossible to remedy them. For the nature of them is hot and dry, so that the heart is in like ease, as the snafte of a candle, when it is very much burnt. For when it is much burnt, it will break and dissolve, and through dryness fall a sounder, so that although you power abundance of oil to ●t, yet you cannot 'cause a geater flame to be kindled: for the flame being small and weak panteth always up and down in it, and waxeth continually less and less, till it be altogether quenched out. Even such is the fever which is altogether marasmodes (that is) consuming. Signa. The fever ethicke which turneth into marasmus or a consumption, is very ready and easy to know: for before you do consider the pulses and heat by touching them, you may see the eyes wondered hollow, as though they were hid in some ditches or furrows, for then all the moist substance of them is exhaust and consumed, so that you may see the bones of the eyebrows stick out. Also there hangeth on the hairs of the eye lids, dry gum and filth, and uncleanly affects, as is seen in them specially, that go a long journey in the dust, when the sun burneth hot. Also the vital flower in them perisheth, and the skin of their forehead is dry and wretched out, and their eye lids wink often as though they were sleapy, but their disease is not to sleep, but is rather impotency and debility to watch. Also the flesh of their temples is consumed, so that they seem hollow places, for what other thing have they but skin and bone? for if you look upon their bore belly, it shall appear to you, that neither bowel nor film is left. The hypochonders and sides are pulled upward to the breast. And if you touch their skin, it is very dry, which if you take hold on with your fingers, and pull it up, it is like the hide of a beast. The pulses be thin, hard, weak and often. The heat when you lay your hands first on him doth seem weak: but a little after it bursteth out sharp and gnawing more and more, if you hold your hand long upon him. Also this shallbe a great and undubitate sign to you: when you do give him meat, the heat is inflamed and increased, and the pulses are augmented in greatness and swiftness. Hectica febris. It is called a fever Ethicke, so long as natural humidity and moisture is kept and reserved: but when it is to be doubted that there is left no more humidity and moisture in the body than it is an absolute & perfect consumption, which is called in Greek marasmos. For the cure of a fever ethicke before it come unto consumption, you must by all means cool it. And therefore the effect and sum of the whole cure doth consist in these points (that is) to cool and moisten aswell with those things that be outwardly applied, as also by them that are ministered inwardly. Therefore let the air that the patiented doth breath in be cold and moist. And if it be not so by nature, make it so by art, as is taught before in the 6. Chapter, Diet. in the cure of the tertian. He must also use meats, that do cool and moisten, as broth of ptisan, bread steeped a little in cold water, the flesh of kids, feasauntes, birds of the mountains, cocks stones, capon's flesh, rear eggs, new cheese without salt, and fishes of gravelly waters, lettuce, endive, succory, gourds, spinach, mallows and such like: cherries, proynes, pomegranattes, melons, figs, and such like. He must also take milk, Auicenn●● in fine tracts. 1. ●e●. 3. lib. 4. L●c. for that profiteth him marvelously so that this fever be not compounded and mixed with another fever, that is engendered of rottenness of humours Let his drink be cold water, but specially if the sick have been used to it before. Let him drink thereof moderately, or let him drink water wherein a little cinnamon hath been sodden, or wine that is watered and thin. Moreover it is good to them that have this fever, to eat meat often in a day, that by that means they may beware and take heed that they eat great abundance of meat at one meal, which virtue being weak should not be able to overcome and digest. They must eschew immoderate moving, and all things that can resolve and weaken the strength. Note. You may not minister any purging medicines to them that have a fever, ethicke: for purgations are hotter and vehementer, than they are able well to suffer: but if the belly be more bound, than it aught to be, you must loosen it with easy clysters, that can cool and moisten, adding to them marrow of casia fistula. You must minister such things within the body, as have virtue and power to cool and moisten. As among the compound medicines be these, syrup of violets, of water lilies and of tame endive, sirupus acetosus and such like. Also diarrhodon abbatis, diatragacanthum frigidum, diapapaver and such like. Of simples these be good, the juices, and distilled waters of lettuce, purslane, tame endive, and poppy. Among those things that are to be applied outwardly, baths at all times are convenient, and profitable to them that have this fever. I mean baths of sweet waters, to the which the sick must be carried in a bed, or in a fine sheet, and let there be four to carry the sheet, at each corner one. The water of the bathe must be most temperate: and also the patient must tarry in it not long, lest any of his moisture within him should be drawn out by it, therefore in no case must he sweat in it. There be some that use to seethe in the water of the bathe, herbs, as violets, mallows, lettuce, flowers of water lilies and such like: some other do seethe calves feet, or lambs heads, until the flesh be sodden from the bones. Also you must beware, lest any thing be poured on his head, seeing it is sufficient for it, to be dipped twice or thrice in the water with the whole body, the sheet being let down easily, and then again lifted up by four young men, which must carry him. Strait, when he is brought from thence, he must be dipped all over once in cold water, and he may not tarry in it any time at all. They that have this fever, and be brought into a bathe, unless they be dipped in cold water, is helpeth them nothing (as Galene saith.) By and by, assoon as he is drawn out of the water, let another sheet be ready, and cast him into that, and then into another. Then lay him in his bed, and first wipe him with sponges, and after with soft linen clotheses. And let them not handle him violently, that do wipe him, but as easily, as they can possibly. To conclude, after this, he must be anointed with cold oils, and with other moistening things. Among other this lineament is good, Linimentum. ℞. oil of violets. ℥. ss. oil of gourds. ʒ. iij. new butter without salt, swine's grease, ana. ʒ. j.ss. commix them, and make a lineament, wherewith anoint the whole body. Or add to it musculage of tragacanthaes. ʒ. ij. marrow of calves shanckes. ʒ. iij. wax as much as is sufficient, and make an ointment. Also oil of water lilies, and of poppy, are good, and specially oil of roses, which (as Galene saith) doth marvelously moisten dried bodies. When he is anointed & clothed, you must bring him again upon a bed, or a sheet, into the place where he is fed, and you must nourish him with meats. Also, it profiteth him to have his heart cooled, and moistened with epithemes: as is this, Epithema cerdis. ℞. waters of violets, water lilies, and lettuce, ana. ℥ three strong vinegar. ℥. ss. read roses, all the sanders, ana. ʒ. j. powder of diamargariton. ʒ.ss. seed of purcelaine. G. iij. ●affron. ℈. ss. commix them and make an epitheme, and apply it to the region of the heart cold. Epithema iccoris. Likewise it is good to cool & moisten the liver thus, ℞. water of lettuce. ℥ two vinegar. ℥ i diarrhodon abbatis. ʒ.j.ss. scraping of ivory, ℥. ss. purcelaine. ℈. ss. commix them & make an epitheme & apply it to the liver. Also for them that have the fever ethicke, medicines are good which can cool & moisten, with their odour and savour, as be flowers of water lilies, purcelaine, violets, roses, Odoramentum. and such like. Also you may found more things, that are good for the cure of the fever ethicke, in the second book, in the Chap. of the Phthisic or Consumption. And in curing of the fever ethicke this only must be your study and labour, that the body may not only be cooled and moistened with those things which be ministered inwardly, but also by things that be applied outwardly, and specially by anointing with oil. How much oil applied and anointed outwardly, specially doth help to the conservation of the body, and to the restoring of strength, We are taught by the notable example of Pollio Romulus, Pollio Romulus. who being above an hundred years old (as Pliny telleth) divus Augustus his host asked him, by what means he kept that vigour, force, and strength of body and mind: he answered thus: Intus mulso, foris oleo (that is) I keep me moist with mulsa within, and oil I anoint upon my skin. CAP. XI. Of an hemitrice fever. DE HAEMITRITAEO SEV SEMITERTIANA. ALTHOUGH there be diverse kinds of compound fevers, as is declared in the beginning of this book in the explication of fevers: yet in this place we will only speak of that fever, which is compounded of an intermitting tertian, and a continual quotidian. And it is called in Greek, haemitritaeus, and in Latin semitertiana, in English half a tertian. Hemitritaeus quid. It is so called because this whole fever hath half the nature of the said fevers, each of them: by the example of this compound fever, you may learn to cure all other compound fevers. Causae. Therefore an hemitrice fever is caused, when putrefied phlegm is commixed with rotten choler. It is declared before that a tertian invadeth the patiented with rigour and vehement cold, Signae. and a quotidian cometh with cooling of the extreme parts. Therefore the fever which is compounded of them both causeth horror and shaking for cold, which is less, than the rigour of a tertian, and greater & more vehement than the cooling of a quotidian: so that it is a mean between them both. It is engendered two sundry ways: for either two fits are joined together by and by at the beginning, and do invade the patiented together both at once, or else each of them cometh separate from the other. Therefore when the tertian doth exceed the other, it causeth a more horrible fever, and also it hath much rigour and vehement cold in the augmenting of the fit, and there is present greater heat and more burning, and choler is driven out either by vomiting, or by egestion, or it breatheth out a moist vapour, but when the quoditian exceedeth the tertian, then cold is in the extreme parts, & but a little shaking, and neither burning nor thirst doth vex him. But when the intermitting tertian, and the continual quotidian be equal and of like force and greatness, the fit doth come with horror and shaking for cold. And when the quotidian is of greatest force, the pulses and horror wax less and gentler: but if the tertian prevail, by and by the pulses and horror increase and wax greater. Note therefore, when a fever is engendered of an intermitting tertian, and a continual quotidian being equal of like force, greatness and strength, than it is called an exquisite hemitriteus ague: but if one fever do exceed the other, 1. Praegressa. Exquisitus haemitriteus. Non exquisitus hemitritaeus. Curatio. than it is called an unpure hemitrice. You may understand by the former Chapters, how this fever should be cured. For seeing an exquisite hemitrice fever is engendered of two fevers equally commixed (that is) a tertian and a quotidian: you must also use a cure convenient and agreeing equally to a tertian and a quotidian. But in an unpure hemitrice, when there is most of choler, or most of phlegm: you must also vary and change the cure, according to the humour and fever that aboundeth. For if choler have the upper hand, you must chief use the remedies, which we have declared in the cure of the tertian. But if phlegm abound most, use the things most that be declared in the cure of the quotidian. To conclude you must most covet the cure of that which hath most need, and doth most abound, but so, that you do not altogether neglect the other. Therefore we need not in this place rehearse the remedies, whereby this fever should be destroyed and cured, seeing every man may learn the cure of them, more readily according to the diversity and nature of the humours out of the Chapters of curing of the tertian and quotidian. Therefore if any man do first learn to know exactly and perfectly the curing of simple fevers, he shall also know how to cure compound fevers without any more labour: for the cures of simple fevers being known, and considered, it is most ready to any man to cure compound fevers, so that here we shall not need to writ severally of the curing of compound fevers. CAP. XII. Of the Pestilence. DE PESTILENTIA. SEEING that at this present time and day, there be every where treatises of the Pestilence made of diverse new Authors: I need not now long dispute here of it: but it shall be sufficient, if we do briefly declare the causes, signs, and curing of it, Causae. as we have done in other diseases before. There be two especial causes of the Pestilence (as Galene writeth in lib. 1. de differentijs febrium. cap. 5. The one is, an infected, corrupted and ro●●er air. The other be humours gathered through naughty and corrupt diette of the body, which humours be ready to putrefy and rot, when a man taketh any light occasion to kindle a fever of the corrupted air. Therefore the chiefest cause why men are infected with the Pestilence, is breathing in of air, without which no breathing thing doth prolong their life. For it beginneth for the most part of breathing in of air which is corrupted of a putrefying and rotting evaporation. Wherens rottenness beginneth. The beginning of corrupted air, and of the rotten evaporation, is either a multitude of dead bodies not burned or buried, as it chanceth in wars, or the evaporation of some pools, fens or mareshes in the Summer time. It chanceth also sometime to come before immoderate heat of the air, when the temperature of the air is changed from his natural state, to immoderate heat and moisture, of necessity the Pestilence must follow. Notae. Hereupon Galene sayeth, that of all temperaments of the air, the worse is that, which is hot and moist. Also oftentimes (as is afore said) naughty and corrupt diette engendereth humours in the body, that be easy and ready to putrefy and rot, and so is the cause why such bodies are infected with the Pestilence. And then truly they specially have the Pestilence, which use a naughty and corrupt diette, and so be full of all kinds of superfluities. Therefore it need not seem marvelous, if sometime some one among many (which yet doth very seldom chance) be infected with this disease, the air yet not being pestilent and corrupt. For they that keep a good and heathfull diet, and be without superfluities in their bodies, they take no hurt at all, or else very little hurt, although they be in the corrupt and pestilent air and may easily return and be brought to their natural habit & state. Hereby it is easy to answer them that ask, Note. how it chanceth that all men are not taken equally with the Pestilence, seeing every one is constrained to breath in the pestilent air. The first cause why some remain unhurt, is because they be not full of superfluous humidity and moisture, but do use moderate diet and exercises, and have their body easy to breath out vapours. Another cause is, because all men's bodies be not of like disposition and affect. For dispositions of men's bodies are of many sundry forms, for some bodies are quickly overcome and infected, and do most readily suffer any cause: but some again be insuperable, & can not be overcome, nor will at all suffer the infection, or else very hardly. And therefore the greatest portion of engendering of diseases, is the disposition of the body of him that suffereth the disease. For else all men, that tarried long in the burning heat of the Sun, or that used overmuch moving, or that were laden with wine or inflamed with anger, or affected with sadness, should fall into a fever. Also we do not deny, but that sometime great plagues and Pestilence be sent of God for the grievous sins and horrible offences of men, wherewith he punisheth the great offences of us: whereof there be many evident testimonies in the Prophets, and specially in Ezechiell. cap. 5. The time of the year in the which chiefly by nature the Pestilence is rife and flourisheth, The time of the Plague. is the end of Summer, and the beginning of harvest or Autumn: for then both the air and men's bodies are most apt to putrefy, corrupt, and rot for many causes. Ca●. 5. Signs of the 〈◊〉. There be many and divers signs of the Pestilence to come rehearsed of the new Authors: among which signs: the first is the changing of the times of the year. The second is often phaenomena in the air, specially in Autumn. The third is, when bushes, pocks, and measils do not only vex children, but also young folk of perfect age. The fourth is, when the winds are often in the south and in the west in Autumn. The fifth is a dark and troubled air in Autumn threatening rain, but yet it doth not rain at all. The sixth is, if women conceived with child, do suffer aborsion for every light cause. The seventh is, when in summer after rain suddenly a great abundance of frogs of diverse colours do gather together on a heap. The eight is, a great multitude of flies, worms and creeping things. The ninth is the dying of four footed beasts and fishes. The tenth is the flying of birds from their nests, leaving their eggs there still. The eleventh is the dearth of victuals and corn. The twelfth, (which is the most certain sign) is a hot and moist temperature of the year. There be many signs, Signe●●f ●he infected. that declare when one is already infected with the Pestilence. The first is if the outward members be cold, and the inward members burning hot. The second is heaviness, weariness, and sloth of the whole body, and difficulty in breathing. The third is pain and heaviness in the head. The fourth is carefulness of the mind and sadness. The fift is a marvelous inclination for the most part to sleep, for sometime watching and raving do vex him. The sixth is a diverse and frowning look of the eyes. The seventh is loss of appetite. The eight is immoderate thirst and often vomiting. The ninth is bitterness and dryness of the mouth. The tenth is a pulse, frequent, small, and deep. The eleventh is the urine, for the most part rroublous, thick, and stinking like beasts urine. Although sometime the urine of them seemeth to differ little from the urine of healthful men, therefore by such an urine, they that are unskilful of the other signs be quickly deceived, suspecting no hurt, because of the good colour of the urine. The twelfth, which is the most surest token of all is, if there do arise & engender botches, behind the ears, or under the armholes, or about the share, without any manifest cause, or also if carbuncles do suddenly arise in any member: for when they appear, they betoken strength of nature, which being strong and mighty doth labour to drive the poison out of the body. Also they do declare, which members of the body being affected above other, do thrust out from them the venomous humours. For if they do appear in the neck, they do declare that the veins be chief vexed: if under the armholes, the heart: but if they appear in the share the liver is most affected. But seeing that botches do not always appear, (which is most perilous and dangerous, for it betokeneth that nature is weak and feeble, and is not able to expel and drive out the venomous humours) you must have respect to other signs and tokens, which be rehearsed a little before. Curatio. Venae sectio. As for the Cure if the aforesaid signs do appear, then if nothing do let, by and by you must cut a vein on that side, in which the pestilent botch doth appear. If the botch do appear behind the ears, or about the chin, or in other parts of the face and neck you must let blood out of the Cephalica vein on the same side. If it appear and come out under the armehoales, you must cut the innermost vain of the arm, on the same side, it is commonly called basilica: or if that vein will not appear, take the middle vain. If the botch do appear in the share, you must draw out blood from the ankles of the same side. But if there do appear no hotch potch, you must draw out blood from the same side, where there is felt greatest pain and heaviness. But out of which vain you must let blood, the pain and grief of the members afflicted, will declare to you well enough: for if the members above the breast be grieved and afflicted most, cut the Cephalica vain. But if the parts beneath the neck be most grieved and afflicted, cut the basilica or the middle vain: and if the neither parts be most vexed you must cut the vain of the ham or ankles. And if nature be strong, and other things not letting, you must draw out blood abundantly. But if through age or for other causes, you may not use bloudlettinge, you must fasten cupping glasses to the neck and the shoulders, or to the back, or to the legs. And if the Pestilence do invade any man at his dinner time or supper time, 1. The first intention is an order in diet. Vomitus. when the stomach is filled with meat, then, he must vomit strait way. At the last, when the body and stomach is emptied, you must by and by minister some medicine, that can resist poison, that it may draw the poison to it, and call it back from the heart, for that is the property of such medicines. Among a great number of the which, Res non naturales. Electuarium de ovo. this is praise worthy, which is called Electuarium de ovo, which once a good and wise Emperor called Maximilianus did use. Why I do prefer this almost before all other is, because of his marvelous effect, and virtues, which have appeared often in diverse sick persons: and because it is easy to make, except the root of white diptayne, which can not well be gotten, for the which it is better to use the leaves of true diptayne, which may well be come by. Minister of the aforesaid Electuary to them that be of perfect age. ʒ. j. and to them that be younger sometime. ℈ two will suffice, you must dissolve it in water of roses, or endive, or scabious: Also this medicine used is good to preserve a man from the Pestilence, if he take thereof daily the weight of a grain or two of barley, or the quantity of a pease. Also the taking of this Potion doth help much. ℞. Theriaca Andromachi. ℈ two Mithridatum. ℈ i Bole armorniacke preparate. ℈. ss. waters of roses, Potis. Bolus armenius. scabious and bugloss. ana. ℥ i Commix them. What power and strength is in bowl armoniac to drive away the Pestilence, Galene teacheth abundantly in libro nono, de simplicium Medicamentorum facultatibus. Where he writeth that in a great Plague that was in Room, as many as drunk this medicine were quickly healed. Wherefore this medicine aught chiefly to be used in the time of the Pestilence. pulvis optimus. Moreover this powder doth profit very much. ℞. the leaves of true diptaine, the root of turmentill, the root of pimpernel, zedoary, gentian, root of Betonica altilis, commonly called tunica. ana. ℥. ss. Bole armoniac preparate. ℥ i terra lemnia. ʒ.iij. Aloes epaticke, myrrh. ana. ℥. ss. saffron. ʒ. j. mastic. ʒ. ij. and beat them all to very fine powder, and make a Tritura. Whereof minister to the sick. ʒ. j. in rose water or sorrel water. When the Patient hath taken some of the aforesaid medicines, lay him in a warmed bed being made with soft sheets, and well covered with clotheses, that he may there sweat four or five hours, or longer according to his strength. But and if by this means you can scarcely provoke him to sweat, you must say tiles being heatte at the fire, to the feet of the Patient, for these by reason of their heat will readily provoke sweat. And in all the time that the sick doth sweat, you must only take heed, that he do neither sleep, eat, nor drink. After sweeting you must diligently wipe of the sweat with very clean and fine linen clothes. Then afterward let the sick rise from his bed, if he will or if he can, and let him eschew the open air. Let the air of the chamber in which the sick doth lie, be corrected, anmended and purified with odoriferous things, and with sweet smelling perfumes, daily four or five times. It is best for the sick to change from one chamber to another. Because the air of one chamber by the continual tarrying of the sick in it, is much corrupted, and can not easily be corrected and amended. Let the air of the chamber into the which the sick shall remove, be first corrected and purged with perfumes. What those things should be, we will declare afterward. Two or three hours after the patiented hath sweatte, give un-him the broth of a chicken, and, When meat should be ministered. that you must do often afterward according to his strength: for the sick must be nourished and refreshed by little and little. Therefore it is good for him to eat often, and but very little at once: for they that are thus fed, will sooner recover again then other. Also he may use to eat the flesh of chickens, sodden with sorrel, or with juice of lemons, or else verjuice. Also the sick must be kept altogether from sleep the first day by talk of the assistants, Of sleep. by rubbing of the extreme parts, by pulling of their ears, nose, and hair. For the which purpose it is not unprofitable to dip a sponge in very sharp vinegar, and hold it to the nose. If the Patient have vehement thirst, Potio. he may use this potion. ℞. julep of violets. ℥ three syrup of the sharp juice of Citrons. ℥. j.ss. syrup of sown Endive. ℥ two of the decoction of sorrel, scabious, and flowers of bugloss. ℥. ten, or so much of their distilled waters, commix them and make a potion. Also you must take the wa●er wherein barely hath been sodden a little, and commix with it juice of roses, or sorrel, or lemons or of unripe grapes, and minister it in steed of drink. And you must minister medicines (speciall●e if the strength be feeble) which can strengthen and comfort the heart, and other principal members of the body, as this is. ℞. conserves of violets, roses and bugloss. ana. ℥. j.ss. Bole armoniac preparate. ʒ. j. red coral. ℈ i barks of the Citron apple. ʒ. j.ss. Camphire. ℈ .v. with syrup of the juice of sharp Citrons, as much as is sufficient, make an Electuary or liquid antidote. Also you must lay upon the region of the heart, (specially if the sick do yet feel heat about the breast) this Epitheme. ℞. waters of roses, bugloss and sorrel. ana. ℥ four powder of Electuarium de g●mmis. ʒ.j. would of Aloes, read sanders, the barks of a citron apple, beaten to powder, the bone of the Heart's heart. ana. ℈ .v. saffron. gr. 6. commix them all and make an Epitheme. But you must note that the Epithemes may not be applied, except they be made hot: and as soon as they are cooled, you must take them away strait way: for than they constrain & shut up the poors, and so do bring unto the patient no small grief. Therefore it is better to use cordial gabs, as this is, ℞. flowers of read roses, water lilies, and of violets. ana. ʒ. ij. of all the sanders, coral, white and read, spodium, pearls. ana. ʒ. iij. cinnamon, cloves, the bone of the heart's heart, wood of aloes, barks of the citron apple, saffron. ana. ℈ i seed of sorrel. ℈ two seed of purslane. gra. iiij. beat all these into a fine powder, and make two square bags of silk, & apply each after other being heat. Moreover you must altogether covet & labour, that the venomous humours may be enticed and drawn to the place, where the botches appear and burst out, and you must do it by setting to of cupping glasses, or by medicines applied, that have virtue and power to draw those humours, as this is. ℞. fat figs in number vj. great raisins. ℥. ss. salt gum. ʒ. ij. honey. ℥ i with oil of chammomill, make it into the form of an emplaster, & apply it hot to the botch. Or apply this plaster, Emplastrum. which is much commended of all men. ℞. a great onion, and cut of the head of it, and pick out all the core within, then fill it with Theriacha Andromachi, adding to it juice of rue or sage, which done stop the hole fast that is in the top of the onion with lute, and set the onion in the imbres to roast. And when you do think that it is roasted enough, pull of the barks of it, and then bray it in a mortar, until it be thick like an emplaster, and apply it hot to the botch. You need not to be afraid to apply theriaca to the botches, because of the authority of Gentilis and Valescus and some other authors. For theriaca, and such like medicines against poison do not work their operation by driving the poison from them (as they being in a wonderful error do affirm) but rather they work by drawing the poison to them (as Galene teacheth, in his book de theriaca ad pisonem.) Also this emplaster is good, Fen. 3. lib. 4. trac. 1. cap. 3. Error of Gentilis and Valescus. for it helpeth much to the rotting of the botch. ℞. meal of fenugreeke, and linseed, of flowers of chammomill. ana. ℥. ss. roots of althaea and white lilies. ana. ʒ. ss. figs in number six, leaves of true diptaine. ʒ. iij. roots of valerian. ʒ. ij. mustard seed. ʒ. j.ss. doves dung. ℥. ss. oils of chammomill and lilies. ana. ℥. j.ss. make them into the form of an emplaster or pultise. Aliud. Also this is praised. ℞. of emplastrum diachylon simplex. ℥ two of gum armoniac, & galbanum. ana. ℥ i bray them together, and bring them to the form of an emplaster. But if the botch will not break of himself by applying the aforesaid things, you must then lay upon it goose dung dissolved in the common oil, or in oil of chammomill. And this is sufficient to speak of here as touching the cure of them which be taken with the Pestilence. A preservation from the pestilence. Now we will briefly expound, by what means a man may preserve and defend himself from the infection of the Pestilence, which vexeth and infecteth in some certain place or region. And seeing (as we have declared in the beginning of this Chapter) it is evident that the pestilence is not caused, but through the breathing in of pestilent and corrupt air: there can not be a more present remedy to preserve one, Flight is the best remedy. then flying from the corrupt air. For there is no other means to avoid the pestilent air, because whether we will or not, we must draw in such air, unless we get us away into some other place, where the air is not corrupted nor infected, but pure and good. Which you must the rather and more quick- he do if the evil be greatly infective. And you must flee far of into such a place whereas the air is known to be pure and good, and destitute of corruption, neither must you return home again from that place very soon. hereupon it is not rashly said of the Common sort, that these three adverbs Cito, long and tarde, in the time of the Pestilence, do more pleasure and profit then three shops very well furnished. Therefore they, that may conveniently for their business, flee away let them not suffer themselves to be persuaded by any means, to tarry in the pestilentayre: which if they do, they shall foolishly put themselves in danger of Pestilent death: but if you may not flee for urgent business, and just causes, then let your first care be, that the house in which you must tarry, be without all kind of stink, and kept clean from all filthiness and sluttishness. Let the windows of it be just shut, specially in cloudy and rainy days, that the pestilent air enter not in. But if you will open them, see that they open upon the east or north quarter, and do it, when the Sun is risen above the earth some hours. You must come abroad but seeledome, and not except the element be clear and bright: neither come then, unless you have first taken some medicine, which is able to preserve you from the infection. You must make fires daily in your houses, with oaken wood, juniper, tamariscus, laurel or such like, that thereby the corrupt air that is in the house, may be corrected and purged. For there is a marvelous virtue and strength in fire to amend and correct the rottenness and corruption of the air. Also you must strew often upon coals this powder following. Oil of roses a present remedy in the increase of phlegmone. ℞. rosemary. M. ss. sage, betony, wormwood, mergerome, origan. ana. M.j. bray all finely and make a powder. Or use this powder. ℞. of juniper berries. ℥ i myrrh. ʒ. iij. frankincense and mastic. ana. ʒ. iij.ss. root of benedicta. ʒ.j. rue. ℥. ss. Cypress barks. ʒ. j.ss. root of Angelica, lavender. ana. ʒ. ij. beat all together, and make a powder. Let poor folk lay upon quick coals, juniper cleft in small sticks, or the berries of jupiter. Let richer folk use wood of Aloes, or powder of Gallia moschata, cloves and such like. When necessity constraineth you to go abroad, carry this or such a like pomander with you. ℞. Lapdanum. ʒ.iij. storax calamitae. ʒ.ij. cinnamon, mace, cloves, nutmegs. ana. ʒ. j. would of Aloes. ℈ i spikenard. ℈. ss. myrrh, mastic, frankincense. ana. ʒ. ss. musk and ambre. ana. gra. iij. powder them, and searce them, and with storax liquida, and water of mergerome, as much as is sufficient, commix them & make a pomum odoratum. In summer time, let the air be purified and corrected with cold things, as with flowers of roses, violets, water lilies, vine leaves, and branches, willow leaves, & such other like. Also sprinkle the pavement or flower with water of roses, sorrel, and such like, or with cold water, wherewith some vinegar is commixed, also it profiteth to smell roses, vinegar, camphor, sanders, & such otherlike. Or to smell to this pomander. When remedies must be used in the decla●ation of phlegmone. Pila odorata. ℞. Lapdanum. ℥. ss. storax calamitae. ʒ.iij. flowers of water lilies, roses, & violets. ana. ʒ. j. barks of the citron apple. ʒ. j.ss. all the sanders. ana. ʒ. ss. of maces & cinnamon. ana. ℈ j mastic. ʒ. j. white poppy. ʒ. ss. camphor, ℈. ss. ambre, musk. ana. gra. ij. bray all & commix them with storax liquida and rose water, & make a pomander. But seeing Galen saith, that one of the chiefest things, Diet. which they that would be preserved from the pestilence, aught to regard and take heed of, is that their body be for the most part without superfluities and excrements, and may well breathe out the vapours. Truly there is nothing more to be eschewed at such a time, then overmuch devouring, and swallowing in glotonously of meat & drink. Therefore let their meats be altogether easy of digestion, & such as engender good blood, and be not ready to putrefy and rot. And always commix with the meats, that be eaten at that time some vinegar, or some other sharp juice, as verjuice, or juice of citron apples, or of lemons, or oranges. In summer time he must use for potherbs, bugloss, endive, succory, & lettuce, and in winter let him use sage, parsley, apium, mergerome, balm, and hyssop. He must abstain from all fruits, unless they be sharp, as be pomegranates, citrons, lemons, oranges and such like, which are good for him to use. Let his drink be wine, that is thin & watery. Let every man beware of strong wine, that is unalayed and new. To conclude, let his diet be altogether cooling & drying. Therefore he may not use exercises, Exerciti●●n. but in a mean and in a temperate place, and in an air being first purified, amended, and corrected by medicines and perfumes. Therefore you must eschew common dancings openly and also runings, leapings, and whatsoever such like exercise there be that requireth often breathing in of air. Therefore because of this also in the time of the pestilence, he must eschew companies gathered, together by magistrates, by some open commandment for matters of the common wealth, as courts, sessions and such like. Let his sleep, watchings and all other things be moderate and in a mean. But he must sleep in a chamber that is close, well stopped and shut, jest the pestilent air should enter into it: the air of which chamber must be purified and corrected with some perfume aforesaid, morning and evening. He must use sheets that be pure and clean, and that have been laid up a while with odoriferous things. When he is awaked from sleep, let this be his first care and work to empty the body of superfluities and excrements. And you must only take heed and beware that the body be not costive at any time. Therefore if it do not of itself void out excrements daily, you shall provoke them out with pilulae rufi, or with a soft clyster, or with a suppositary made for the purpose. When the body is emptied from superfluities & excrements aswell by the guts as by the bladder, he must take some medicine, that can preserve him from the infection of the pestilence, for the which there be many things before rehearsed. And if necessary business do constrain you to go abroad openly, you may chew zedoary, or root of angelica, or pimpernel, or you shall smell to rue. For the savour of it doth marvelously resist the pestilent air. He must eschew all carnal lust, specially immoderate using thereof. After copulation, he must keep him out of the open & infective air. Baths must altogether be abhorred, as a most present poison, specially common baths, because when the poors of the body are opened by the heat of it, the pestilent air doth readily creep into the body. They that will use a private bath, let them preserve and defend themselves most diligently from the corrupted air, when they do go out of the bath. But it is better and more wholesome to use frictions at home in a rectified air, and let baths alone, but yet you may wash the head weakly with lie, wherein hath been sodden asarum, maioram, lavender, rosemary, betony, sage, camomile, & such other like, but young men and such as abound with blood, must in the time of the pestilence use bloudletting: & that, not only once, Bloudletting. but (if nothing let to the contrary) bloudletting often doth profit much to preserve them in health: because it doth much cool the state of the body, & bringeth it to a moderate heat. Also you must purge the body (if need require) with purging medicines, Purgatio. & that specially in the spring time & Autumn. As for perturbations of the mind, he must eschew sadness, anger, hatred, fear, great cares, & heavy thoughts, and he must use joy and mirth in a mean. Now it remaineth, preservatives that we describe medicines, which can keep and preserve us safe from the infection of the Pestilence. Among which the pills that are called pilulae rufi or pestilentiales, or else communes, pilulae communes. are principal and chief. ℞. aloes epatick, two parts, saffron oriental, myrrh. ana. one part, with white wine, or with water of scabious, make pills of which minister daily. ℈ i and more, or less according to the age and strength of the patiented. These pills because of the Aloes and myrrh in them, which do most resist putrefaction, they have a marvelous efficacy and virtue against the infecting of Pestilent air. Pi●●le. Also you may use these Pills following. ℞. Aloes epaticke. ʒ. iij. myrrh. ʒ. j.ss. agaric preparate. ʒ. j. saffron oriental. ʒ. ss. bowl armoniac preparate. ℈ i seed of Citron apples. ℈ two mastic. ℈. ss. root of pimpernel. ʒ. ss. with rose water make 13. pills of ʒ. j. of which minister one or two. Electuarium de nucibus. Also you may use that medicine, that is commonly called electuarium de nucibus. ℞. of walnuts in number 20. of fat figs in number 13. rue. M.ij of wormwood, cotula foetida and scabious. ana. M.j. root of aristolochia longae. ℥. ss. root of aristolochia rotunda. ℥. j.ss. of turmentill, petasitis, and pimpernel. ana. ℥. ij.ss. leaves of true diptaine. M.j. of laurel berries. ʒ. iij. of heart's horn burnt. ʒ. ij.ss. maces, mirth, bowl armoniac, true terra lemnia. ana. ʒ. iij. salted of the sea. ʒ. j.ss. nux vamica. ʒ.ij. flowers of bugloss. M.j. beat them all, and commix them with lib. ij. of clarified honey, and make a liquid medicine like a Loche. Also this powder is very good. ℞. leaves of true diptaine. ℥. ss. of the roots of zedoary, Recursus ●ateriae ad interiora. pulvis. tunica, pimpernel, and turmentill. ana. ʒ. ss barks of the citron apple. ʒ. iij. terra lemnia. ʒ.uj bowl armoniocke. ℥ i myrrh chosen, aloës epatick. ana. ℥. ss. saffron. ʒ. ss. mastic. ʒ. j.ss. lycorace, ʒ. j. scabious and sortell. ana. ʒ. iij. read sanders. ʒ. j. scraping of ivory, and anthera. ana. ʒ. ss. the bone of the Heart's heart, read Coral. ana. ℈ two seed of purslane. gran. 5. bray all finely, & make a powder. If you will, you may make of these, lozenges, with sugar, & waters of roses and scabious, and minister daily of them. ʒ. j. or more, or less according to age & strength. Also only bowl armoniac taken with vinegar, is notably praised. Likewise theriaca, mithridatum, and such other are good, whereof there is plenty named of them that have written of the Plague. We therefore here will make an end of speaking of this kind of evil. Libri quarti finis. THE FIFT BOOK CONTAINING THE CURING OF TUMOURES WHICH HAP ABOVE NATURE. CAP. I What that swelling is, which happeneth besides nature, which commonly is called by his general name Apostema, and the sifting out of the true definition, and of the division of the same, according to the opinion of the neoterics. THESE tumors which have their being besides nature, the later sort both of Physicians and Chirurgeons, and not they only, but almost the uniform consent of old writers have comprehended under this name Apostema: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. whereas indeed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, both by Galene, and all other Grecians, hath been reputed, but as one kind of those swelling tumors, which commonly are said to chance besides nature, which the Latins have very fitly termed abscessus, Abscessus. and the crew of younger Physicians do call it exitura, deriving the original of the word from the interpreter of Auicene: of the which, and of all other kinds we will entreat particularly in his several chapter. Although in deed it hath pleased some of the later sort to make Apostema as the species or differentia of those tumors besides nature: appointing it to be diverse from that which they call exitura, and also from that other kind pustula. For under the name of Apostumes, they will conclude and place those tumors only, which being lifted up into a great bigness, do fetch their procreation from the influence of natural humours (as they term them) whereupon they call them vera Apostemata. Therefore when Apostema is taken for the genus, comprehending under it all the tumors besides nature by Auicene and his followers it is thus commonly defined. An Aposteme is a disease compounded of three kinds of maladies, all aggregated into one bigness, The common definition of Apostema. which definition they do affirm to be essential, consisting (as they say) of genus and differentia, which do very sufficiently explain the nature of that, which is defined, appointing this word disease to be the genus, and the other words which are annexed, do stand to manifest the difference of other the like infirmities, which do happen by the composition & construction of the instruments: All which distinctions and diversities, Galene doth recite in his book entitled de morbo & symptomate. But these three kinds of sores, Three kinds of diseases appointing the essence of tumors besides nature. which in that swelling besides nature commonly called Apostema, do concur establishing the essence of one only disease, are these: intemperature, which they also call an evil complexion: immoderation, whereby they intent a sinister composition, and the solution of that agreeing unity which nature affordeth to every body. To which three kinds, the Greeks have assigned three apposite and fit terms, calling the first, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the second 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the third 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: but they bring also many other descriptions rather than definitions of this Apostema: for definitions I dare not term them, when as they do not convert with that which is defined, neither do they serve either to the sufficient explication of his nature, or the constitution of his essence, which they very wel● knowing, are content to let them go under the name of accidental definitions. One of them they have desumed and taken out of Galen his book which he wrote de tumoribus praeter naturam. An Aposteme or tumour besides nature, Accidental definitions. is one of those things which happening to the body, doth inflate that part which it occupieth, to the extremest dimension. This definition they have extorted out of Galene his words, which he set not down as an exquisite definition, but as an ordinary assertion. You may fashion (if you please) many such definitions, as this for one. Definitio prima. Secunda. Tertia. An Aposteme is an increment exceeding natural constitution: or this: an Aposteme is a tumour, in the which the parts have departed from their natural state and habit in quantity, and bigness. Whereas Galen in his lib. 13. therap meth.. hath these words: in this thirteth part of our whole work we will begin to discourse of those tumors happening besides nature, in which the parts have forsaken their natural constitution by becoming more big, so that you seeing the slender weight of these definitions, you must annex this Particle, actiones laedeus, hurting the duties of the body, or thus, inducing an evident detriment to the actions, or else they will not be absolute or essential: for every tumour making distension or swelling in length, breadth or profundity, beyond the ordinary constitution of nature, other in all the body, or in any part thereof: or every excrement or greatness exceeding nature, must not according to the vulgar acception be named either Apostema, or a swelling besides nature. For (as Galene saith in his book de tumoribus praeter naturam) such like augmentations may befall not only to the diseased, but also to the healthful, as well in the whole body, as in any member of the same. For gross men, although they be enlarged, 1. Vlcus crustosum. and as it were distended both in breadth and profundity: yet they have not this distension besides nature, but (as he saith) only not naturally: for they have not yet passed the bounds of nature, neither are the actions and duties of their part maimed or annoyed, which is the border of those increments which are besides nature: and those tumors which abide in those parts, which are yet sound and without the taste of grief, may well be said to be above and beyond nature, but not besides nature, as for example: if both the teats, or one of them only be marvelously increased, or inflated, yet so that his substance be free from all annoyance, this cannot appositively be said to be besides nature, but only beyond nature. Therefore if you desire on absolute definition of this tumour, which happeneth besides nature, collected out of the writings of Galene, you shall thus define it: A swelling besides nature is an increment surpassing the ordinary habit of nature, bringing with it a maim to the actions thereof. But such like tumors besides nature are wont to be divided into three kinds by Guido, and those of his age, into impostumes, abscessions, and pushes or ulcers. Impostumes they call great tumors, in which the matter, whereof it springeth, doth offend in plenty or quantity: Pustulae. pushes are those little tumors (which they call bothor) in which, the substance whereof they arise is troublesome rather in quality then in quantity, yea & in them there lurketh a poisonous venom (as they say) but the abscessions are those tumors which the Latins call Abscessus, and of the Greeks may well be named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as we proved before: 5. Grievous pain. Exiturae. but let it be lawful for every man to impose what titles or names they will, so that (as Galene saith) they do not serve or stray from the natural meaning of the things themselves: but leaving all the scrupulous and scholarlike contentions, which some do use in the entreaty of this subject, as impertiment to our purpose. I will orderly set down the branches of all the tumors or imposthumes, (if so you will term them) which happen beside nature: and first we will begin with inflammation. CAP. II. Of the differences of those tumors which happen besides nature. DE DIFFERENTIIS TUMORUM, QVI PRAETER NATURAM INCIDUNT. THERE be many and sundry differences of tumors besides nature, which commonly are called by this general name Apostumes: the difference whereof, The division of a tumour in it his differences. From whence the differences of tumors besides nature are taken of the latter sort. S●●stantiae. of the later Chyrurgians are observed to proceed, either from the substance of the sore, or from the matter thereof, or from the Accidents, or from the affected parts, or else from the efficient causes. The differences, which they desume from the substance, are supposed by Auicene and his sect to be two, either the greatness of the swelling, or the littleness thereof. Amongst the big tumors, they do reckon phlegmone (which appear commonly in fleshy places, which are fit to be distended) and aedema, erysipelas, and schirrhus, which all do grow up to a great bigness & quantity. Little tumors are called of them little eminences or appearings, or breakings out called pushes, which are commonly seen in the skin, and the uttermost parts of the body, as the Greeks leprosy, the scab, the ringworm, and such other like, of the which we will speak more at large hereafter. The matter of the aforesaid tumors are the four humours, Materia. as well natural, as not natural (that is to say) phlegm, melancholy, choler, and those humours which are altogeater besides nature, sometime the soundness of certain bodies, and sometime a yellow or pale humour, the handling of all which differences we will refer unto another place. The symptomates or accidents, which are commonly incident to these tumors are, Accidentia. grief, heat, softness, hardness and such like: from the which they will derive some differences: but those which they take from the members and from the affected parts, as ophthalmia, the inflammation of the eye, the squince, the inflammation of the throat, 11. 〈…〉. Pars affecta. phyma, phygethlum, and those inflammations which we term glandulae and bubones. But the efficient causes from the which certain differences be borrowed, are congestion and flux, and crisis (that is to say) judgement thereof which happeneth in diseases: there be also certain other causes both internal and external, whereof we will dispute more copiously and earnestly in that which follow. But yet truly all the diversities and differences of these kinds of swellings chancing above nature, From whence the difference of tumors above nature do come and arise. have their beginning from the nature and substance (which provoketh the swelling) of that which floweth (as witnesseth Galen in his book which he wrote of tumors happening above nature.) Likewise in his second book that he wrote unto Gluco. cap. 13. meth. med. in which places he declareth that the variety of all swellings which are above nature, doth arise of the nature of that which floweth: for when (saith he) a flatuous matter hath more free access, than also the tumors are made more flatuous: but they are more like unto phlegmone when as blood aboundeth: as likewise Erysipilas, when melancholy hath his course: and they be also more vexed with aedema, when phlegm or rheum descending from the head doth reign. Also they be grieved with the disease Scirrhosis, when either a thick or too cold a humour is settled in some part thereof. Therefore all tumors do chance (as Galene affirmeth) besides nature which proceed either of humours, or of a flatuous and windy spirit, which is gathered sometime under the skin, sometime under the thin films that cover the bones, sometime in the belly, sometime in the entrails, oftentimes in the midst of these, and of the peritonaeum. The Greeks call it Emphysema: Ephysema. Auicene termeth it a windy apostema. If such swellings happen of humours, than they are either hot, or cold, or mingled together. Hot tumors come of the best blood (that is to say) which is perfectly ruddy, and of a mean soundness and moderate quality, and then the Greeks call it phlegmone, the Latins, inflammatio: or they proceed of yellow choler or of burning and thin blood, or else of those things which be hotter than blood or choler. They term this evil Erysipelas, but these name it Sacerignis. But cold swellings are provoked either through thin phlegm, and then the Greeks call it aedema, but our Physicians term it laxus tumour: the interpreter of Auicene undimia, or else it is caused through the humour of choler, or through thick, cold, and clammy phlegm. They call this Scirrhon, the Latins, durities, the Arabians, sephirus. Flux in a Caerbuncle cannot be turned away, neither aught it, Lib. 14 Ther. Tumores serosi. Also swellings sometimes do chance by reason of a late taking away of superfluous blood, as hereafter shall be declared. tumors are said to be mingled, when such kind of humours are tempered together, and if one mastereth the other, from that which exceedeth in the mixture, Tumores complicati. One evil seemeth to have some affinity with the other. is the name given to the swelling, as in blood ruling choler, we will call phlegmone the principal, to be Erysipelatodem, and also because of melancholy governing, Erysipelas is said to be phlegmonôdes. Now of other mixtures there is the like interpretation, both Scirrhus phlegmonosus with phlehmòne scirrhosa: and aedema phlegmonosum with phlegmone aedematôsa. And after this example you shall name the other tumors, although there chanceth commixion together of three or four humours at once. Moreover, if the humours be of like force, and equally incorporate, so that the one can not overcome the other, than we will name the tumors by the coupling together of those humours, which they stir or raise up. As if blood be equally mingled with choler, that evil may be called, by reason of their joining together phlegmone and erysipelas, or (as Galen hath it) it may be termed a mean in the kind and nature of phlegmône & erysipelas. The chief tumors that are caused of flowing of humours. These truly be the chief swellings and tumors, which are recited in Galene by the flowing of humours: (that is to say) phlegmone, erysipelas, aedema, scirrhus: unto the which innumerable other tumors, exceeding the measure and bounds of nature are reduced, and comprehended under them, although they have choosed to themselves diverse names according to their sundry causes. Therefore, there pertaineth unto a kind of phlegmone, phygethon, What tumours do associate phlegmone. which is called panus (Celsus being the author) but of our men phymas and tuberculum, also it is named of the same Celsus terminthon of Oribatius, the kinds or species of phymas, but of Aetius, phigethlum: also they be called dothienes, which Celsus doth call furunculi, felons. Likewise gangrena of some member, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (that is to say) mortification but not absolute, and also sphacelus, which is called of the Latins syderatio, & of Auicene ascachilos. Carbunculus also called of the Greeks Anthrax: whereof Auicene writeth in the chapter de pruna & igne persico. But unto erysipelas are referred herpetes, which in kind be two manner of ways (that is to say) miliares and exedentes, biting and gnawing, which the Greeks do call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. He which expoundeth Auicene hath called both the kinds formicae, A common cataplasm used in Paris. Consolida maior 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. but he being deceived with the likeness of the name, hath mixed them in the same chapter by great oversight, with those verrucae, which the Greeks call mirmeciae, the Latins formicae. Celsus seemeth to have comprehended those herpete under the name of ignis sacer: but the Chirurgeons of later time have numbered them among the choleric pustules (as they term them.) There cometh also of choler almost those diseases called of the Greeks phlyctaenae, and therefore they belong unto erysipelas, What things do resolve the crusts of ulcers. O●dematos● tumores. whereof Auicene doth entreat in his chapter de vesicis & inflammationibus. Unto the tumors caused of phlegm, that is, unto aedemata, are referred certain tumors, comprehended of the Greeks under the name of apostema which be called of Auicene nodi, of Haly abbess, selaa, and dubeleta phlegmatica, of the Latins abscessus: whereof there be diverse kinds according to the diverse matters contained in them. Moreover in Galene there be three such kinds of abscessus chancing very often whereof everyone hath borrowed his proper name of the Greeks: those be, atheromata, steatomata, melicerides, which in deed be called after the likeness of bodies contained in them, as we will hereafter declare more at large. There is also a kind of apostema, that is, of abscessus, wherein are other things contained, which do represent not only the proprieties of humours: but also of certain sound bodies: but these (saith Galene) chance very seldom. And of these also we will speak hereafter, when we shall entreat of abscessions. But now unto the said kinds of abscessus, there appertain certain names of tumors being devised of the latter sort, Polyida Postill●s. Certain new names of tumors given of the latter sort of Physicians. Testudo. Talpa. Nata. Ganglium. and never as yet found out amongst ancient writers, as testudo, which is a soft swelling cleaving to the whole head of a man, and talpa: the one seemeth to belong unto atheroma the other unto melicerides. But unto stratomata doth belong a certain swelling without pain, which they call nata, or napta, whereof we will speak in his place. Hitherto also do pertain the evils called of the Greeks ganglia, of Auicene glandulae, which do differ from the aforesaid nods. There cometh also of phlegm that which the common sort call scrofula, and therefore they are reduced unto aedemata. These be called of the Greeks charades, of the Latins, strume. Notwithstanding Galene in a certain place amongst the diseases named scirrhi, Strumae. doth take it for durities. Also unto aedema is referred in Galene that kind of Hydrops, which is named of the Greeks, leucopblegmatia, and hyposarca. Sydenatio oss●●●. leucopblebmatia. Scirrb●si 〈◊〉. Cancer. Carcinoma. But the swellings or tumors which pertain unto choler, and which be comprehended under the said schirrbus, are cancri, which of the Greeks be called carnici, & carcinomata: Notwithstanding Celsus maketh a difference between cancer, and carcinoma, that he might say, that it did come and proceed by little and little of those things which do chance outwardly, & that it is engendered within (some member being corrupted). The same Celsus divideth cancer into many parts or kinds (that is to say) into erysipelas, Elephantiasis gangrena. & ulcus nigrum of this kind also is elephantus or, elephantia, or elephantiasis, called of the common sort of Physicians lepra, & of some sancti lazari morbus. Therefore the name of lepra signifieth with Auicene and with the unlearned company, a most grievous and deadly disease, when yet with Gal. Paul. Aegineta, and with other grecians it is counted but a light grief not much differing from that which we call scabies, which is called of the same writer's psora. Among this hard swelling kind of tumors, are accounted the diseases called in the Latin tongue of the interpreter of Auicene, verrucae, which be swellings like unto little hillocks appearing in the skin, Verrucae. whereof they have this name, being called of the common sort porra. Porra. Myrmeciae. Acrochordones. Clauus. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Thymion. To this kind also may be referred myrmeciae, as if one should call them formicula, and acrochordones, which of our countrymen are termed pencils verrucae and clauus also, which in form is like to a hard round pillar called of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of Auicene they are called almismar, Thymion, or thymon representing the knobbie tops of the herb thyme. Auicene seemeth also to have given it this name tusium, or (as another translation hath it) tarsecum. Also among the diverse kinds of verrucae, there be evils called of Auicene cornua, so called, because they being very long, are turned again crooked like unto horns. After scarification you must wash the place with salt water. Medicines putrefactives. Cornua. Calli. In like case also there be calli which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, these are engendered by means of the skin being obdurated & hardened through much labour. Unto choler also there seemeth to pertain this evil, which the grecians call dracontion, Dracunculi the Latins dracunculus, according to the lively similitude or likeness of that name, Auicene calleth it vena medeni, Haly Abbas, vena saniosa. Whereof Paulus Aegineta entreateth cap. ultimo lib. 4. This disease is not great rife with us. Besides these tumors which we now have rehearsed, there chance other also, affecting oftentimes the superficial parts of the body (that is to say) certain small appearings, which they call pustulae, and bothor. Which although they differ both among themselves, and also from those tumors, which we have above recited, yet they are caused of the same humours, of the which also they are now called great tumors. Therefore they only seem to differ from them in respect of their greatness and smallness. But that such little tumors (which truly a chirurgeon aught not to be ignorant of) might appear more manifest, and easy to be conceived of every man: I have thought it expedient, and a thing worthy the labour, to set down in this place the names of them, both in Greek and Lataine, and also their barbarous title, with a certain rude description thereof, as we have already done in the greater. Therefore that we may enter into the matter itself, there are of the kind of pustules or bushes, lepra, so called of the Greeks and retaining the same title amongst the Latins, and psora called of the same writer scabies, being truly diseases very near of affinity among themselves: for there is roughness and sharpness of the skin with itching & pritching in the body, coming of the same humour (that is to say) of choler. Notwithstanding they differ in this, because lepra doth consume the skin with manifest scales somewhat deep, as it were in a circle: but psora doth only hurt the outward part with diverse forms and doth unlose a certain scurf of the body. Hitherto also doth pertain that light infection of the skin, called of the Greeks licene, of the Latins impetigo, in English the ringworm and commonly of some (as Manardus reporteth) they be called volatica. This chanceth by reason of the mingled putrefaction of wild blood being thin and sharp, with other that be thick: and very often and easily it doth turn itself (Galene affirming the same) into the aforesaid evils (that is to say) into lepra and scabies, which they call psora. Yet there are some which think, that that, which the Greeks call lepra, is called of Celsus impetigo. But truly, seeing he doth writ specially of impetigo, appointing four kinds thereof lib. 5. suae medicinae, it is evidently apparent, that he meant some other thing by this word impetigo, then licene amongst the Greeks, seeing that truly we never read in any Greek author, that there were so many kinds of licene ever agreed of or acknowledged. Therefore if we will with Galen speak properly lepra & lichene or impetigo, cannot be one and the same evil: Impetigo. otherwise the same should be changed into itself. That I may therefore draw the whole matter into few words: when the skin is lightly infected, with an only roughness and itching, that is called in Greek lichen, but in Latin impetigo. But when the grief waxeth worse, it changeth the name together with the form. But if lichene doth cause manifest scales, and doth pierce the skin somewhat deeply, it is properly called lepra. But if it be stretched out only by the outward superficies, and doth cause brannie or scaly bodies it is called psora of the Greeks, Lepra. ps●ra Scabies. of us it is called properly scabies. Although this word scabies doth extend very far commonly also among the Physicians of late time, who do name all the evil of the skin to be scabies. But they speak very improperly, for the pure and true scabies, so called of the Latins, is without all doubt that disease which is called of the Greeks psora, of Auicene also albara and morphea, clean contrary to the opinion of some. For that which is said of him and almost of all the Physicians of Africa to be albara, is named of the Greeks & of Celsus also leuce. But 'mongst them it is called morphea, among the Greeks alphon, Albara. Leuce. in which disease the whole flesh is not affected, but only the external parts of the body, even as though (as Galene saith) it were set about with certain scales. But these alphi (as it is in Galene) in their kind are of two sorts (that is to say) white, Alphon is of two sorts. which come of phlegm: and black, which proceed from a melancholic humour. But these things we now have spoken of being led by the consequence of things. For neither leuce, nor alphi themselves are accounted amongst the tumors besides nature, but rather among the evils of the skin. Which things although they hurt very little yet because they do dishonest and bring shame, they are wont to be for the most part a greater heaviness and weariness (especially unto women). than many other diseases which truly do hurt, but yet they be secret. both these evils (that is to say) rucae and alphon, Celsus hath comprehended under the name of vitiligo (making three kinds thereof) although other students of Physic, turning Greeke into Latin, do convert lucae in all places into vitiligo, which would more aptly agreed, if it were put with his epithet or addition, as to say alba vitiligo. Vitiligo therefore, if we will comprehend it under any certain head or kind, is a filthy colour of the skin, proceeding of an evil habit of some part of the body, which could not well receive any nourishment to itself. For this evil chanceth through the default of the nourishing faculty, whereof some do constitute two kinds, the one, which doth infect the skin only with certain marks, which do cleave fast unto it like unto little scales, the other which goeth in some what deeper, so that it toucheth the very flesh, and coloureth the hairs: for in it there ariseth grey hairs, like unto a certain kind of moosynes: this is gathered together of viscous & glutinative phlegm, but both of them do defile and stain either with their white, or especially with their black colour. The first species, which is aloft and superficial, whether it be white or black, it is called of the Greeks alphuns, by the same name (as before) because it changeth the colour of the skin, for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (whereof 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is derived) signifieth amongst the ancient Greeks to change. Auicene calleth it morphea. But the other kind, which we have declared to pierce somewhat deeper, is called of the Greeks, and of Celsus also leuce, and of the rest of the Latins alba vitiligo, of Auicene albara. Haly Abbas only among the Arabians calleth lepra, a filthy disease, which is hard to be cured, yet he doth not declare it to be pernicious and deadly, who hath not accounted it altogether as a light thing (as the Greeks affirm it) and little differing from a scab: neither (as Auicene thought) pernicious and grievous, but only loathsome and filthy. Whereby we may conjecture, that little credit is to be attributed to words or names, unless the matter be thoroughly discovered. Small credit to be given to words of names. For one and the self same word by variety of authors hath enforced to uphold many diverse & different significations, as in their commentaries doth every where appear. But we have spoken by the way of the evils and defedations of the skin, only that the confusion of things might be eschewed, which happeneth by words misunderstood. Therefore omitting these things, we will return unto out purpose, and with as much brevity as we can, we will dispatch the discourse of the residue of swelling sores, amongst which, besides those, which we have rehearsed and touched already, are reckoned by the Greeks ionthi, epinyctides, hidroa, psydraces, exanthemata, celsi papule, and Plinij mentegra. jonthi. jonthi are little swellings and those hard which arise in the outward skin and superficies of the face (as Paulus and Galene thought) proceeding from a gross humour, which are either resolved, or else rypened by a little matter which springeth with it. The Latins call them vari: Galene maketh mention lib. 5. de medica. secundum locos, of an affect, which he calleth ionthosus affectus, which he saith is the foundation and beginning of elephantiasis, under the which disease he seemeth to comprehend the third and fourth kind of that which Celsus nameth impetigo. Epinyctides. Epinyctides, (as Celsus supposeth) are pestilent bushes either of pale colour, or of a black colour, or of a white hew, not exceeding the bigness of a bean arising either in the legs or in the fet. About them there is always a very vehement inflammation, and when they are opened, there is found a very thick and clammy exulceration within. His colour is like unto his humour: but the grief greatly surpasseth the bigness of the sore, which in quantity surmounteth not a bean. They borrowed their title from the night, Why they be called epinyctides. either (as Celsus thought) because that in the night time they pricked & molested more grievously, or because they most commonly arise in the night. Pliny termeth them bluish bushes, disquieting specially in the night time. The Arabians call them essere, sere, or saire, which words explain the forenamed nature of the sore. Those which are called of the Greeks hidroa, the Latins term sudamina, and Plynie papule sudorum. Auicene planta noctis, & almansorus, & alhasaphum: whereby it cometh to pass that epinyctis doth much differ from Auicene his plantanoctis, although the Greek word epinyctis doth draw his original from the night. But these sudamina (as Galene saith) lib. 4. Apho. Aphor 21. are reckoned among those kind of bushes or whelks, which sticking in the very superficies of the body, do prick & shoot, not unlike to our common ulcers, and they come (as their name doth declare) by many bilious sweats, which biteth the skin and maketh it to itch and prick like ulcers. But this affect is common to boys and young men, and to those which are choleric, but in the time of heat: but it is so easy to be cured, that of itself without any aid it will heal, ripening with a white top. But Auicene thinks that these desudations, by their description, agreed ratheir with Celsus his exanthemata, then with Galene his sudamina. But he, who will observe the nature of the words, Desudationes Auicene. will think, that Auicene his desudations may well be the Greeks hidroa, which the Latins call sudamina. But we must not follow the names so much among the Barbarian and Arabian writers, but the genuyne and sincere descripitons of the things themselves. Psydraces or psydracia, Psydraces. are bushes which abiding in the very uttermost part of the skin, are resembled to bladders excited by fire, which are called phlyctane. These rise specially in the head. Psizacionis not truly read in Celsus for psydration. Those bushes, which grow in the skin first coming by thick humours stuffed in the skin, which are commonly called morbili and variola, of Galene because they swell, and wax big, as it were the bud of a flower they are called exanthemata, but of Hypocrates, Morbili. Variolae. Exanthemata. Ecthymata because they do break out of themselves, they are termed ecthymata. For 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, whereof exanthema is derived, signifieth a flower, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, whereof ectyma cometh, signifieth to burst out. Plynie calls such pushes, whelks, and the eruptions of phlegm. But these are of two kinds: for some of them are steipe, and some go out into breadth those which are steipe, do grow of a more thin and hot humour and doth excyte itch. But those which are broad, do flow, and proceed from a more cold & thick humour, and do not a whit procure itch. The first sort, of the common Physicians are known by the name morbile: the second by this name variole. But the French men preposterously abusing the names have called the low and broad kind rubeole, but the higher sort variole. Hypocrates. lib. 3. Epi. doth divide these kinds of bushes into little and great ecthymata, in calling the steeper kind magni herpete, either because (as Galene saith) they occupy a great place, or else because they happen with a vehement gnawing. For in deed these sometimes appear great in height only, sometimes both in height and breadeth. Cornelius Celsus lib. 5. medicinae suae in his treatise of impetigo remembreth two kinds of whelks: the one some what small, Papulae C●lsi. which if it be daily rubbed with fasting spittle, it waxeth whole: the other somewhat greater, wherein the skin is made more sharp, and is exulcerate, and groweth very vehemently, and looketh read, and is hardly cured. He saith, that this is termed of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, in Latin fera. But in both these kinds he confesseth that there is less impediment or corruption then in impetigo, so that he affirmeth, that that evil, whose cure is hard, except it be taken away, doth change and turn into impetigo. The Frenchmen (if I may judge thereof) do call both these kinds, but especially the first, dartrae. For that evil beginneth to be very round, and after the same manner it cometh (as it were) into a circle, and creepeth slowelie. Dartrae Galinae. Which whelks or pushes do agreed in all things to be those, which are said of Celsus to be of the first kind. Some do constantly affirm that these whelks so named of Celsus do nothing differ from lychene among the Greacians, or the impetigo among the Latins. And we have read that that only author among the Latins hath turned lychene into papulae. Mintagra a Latin word used of Plynie, wherein he seemed in the beginning lib. 26. to have altogether meant another thing from impetigo, Mentagra. and that it was far a way a worse evil, then that which the Greeks comprehend under the name of lichene, although in his Physic he hath interpreted sometime lichene among the Greeks to be impetigo, and the like disease called mentegra, he termeth also in the same place lichene. Furthermore the same Pliny reporteth, that this evil crept first into Italy in the reign of Tiberius Caesar, which grief in all the time before was unknown to all Europe, much less unto Italy. It was of so great filthiness and corruption, that any death was to be preferred or wished before it, and also of so great infection, that by the swift passage thereof only by kissing one another it infected the people but chiefly those that were governors and rulers among them. This evil began almost at the chin, for that it did chiefly affect and annoy, whereupon it took this name mentagra. This perhaps is that scab, which certain of the Frenchmen call mala dartra. Galene also seemeth to acknowledge this disease: Galene acknowledgeth mentegra. for in his first book de medicam. compos. secundum locos, he remembreth a most vile kind of impetigo of the chin, which (as he rehearseth, out of Crito (provoketh itcheing, it afflicteth also the patientes, and bringeh them into no small danger. For sometime (saith he) it runneth over the whole face, and goeth up to the very eyes, and it causeth the greatest deformity of the body almost that can be, which description of impetigo doth consent in all things with the mentagra of Pliny. But they do greatly err, which do think that this most contagious lichene called of Pliny, mentagra, is that disease which at this day commonly some do call Gallicum malum, Motus. Animi affectus. Venus. some Neapolitanum, other some not bearing any hate or injury to their countries do call it venereum. For this infection was altogether unknown to the ancient Physicians, and also of the former age, and first of all it crept into Neapolis in the year after the incarnation of Christ. 1493. At which time Charles the eight, that most invincible king of France did overcome and win the Alps, going abount also to invade Italy: although not long before, it had spread itself abroad through the countries of Spain (as some report). wherefore having as it were the original & beginning from thence, it began to be called Hispanica lues, the spanish pestilence, which plague being sent upon the earth as it were by the just revengement of God (as we may think) for their filthy and abominable whoredom forbidden of God, hath corrupted and overthrown with the contagion thereof a great part of human kind. For the same sickness the magistrates and officers tasted of, the prisoners and captives felt, the heads of their countries sustained, & the common people also were infected withal: so swift was the passage thereof from one to another, and now also it strayeth and wandereth through the countries of Spain, France, Italy and all Europe to the great annoyance of the people. There are also certain pushes besides these, Pustulae glandosae. rehearsed even now out of Auicene lib. 4. called glandosae, which do seem to differ nothing from the disease called ganglion, but in respect only of the lesser or the greater. There is mention also made by the same Auicene. lib. 3. of certain whelks, which he calleth in the same place, bothores iuncturarum, & in lib. 4. he calleth them almatim, which, because he showeth that they be black, & resembling green corn, they must doubtless be those which the Greeks call terminthi, In phlebato●y and purging the chirurgeon must be taught by the Physician. Terminthi. which a little before we accounted among the species of phymas. These Celsus seemeth to compare unto vari, which be spots in the face, who also judgeth them to be called of the Greeks helcodes, that is, ulcerosae, full of scabs or sores. These white and milky bushes, so called of Rasis and Serapion, and of Auicene lenis bothor if their descriptions be thoroughly considered, they will seem to pertain unto the whelks called of the Greeks jonthi, which we in Latin have named vari: although the self same remeadies, which Auicene hath set down for them, be taught of Dioscorides for the disease ephelide (that is to say) for the roughness and swartnes of the face, being caused by the heat of the Sun. Hitherto have we entreated of the differences of tumors above nature, which chief have their residence outwardly above the body. Now let us proceed to declare the causes of them. CAP. III. Of the causes of tumors above nature appearing universally on the outside of the body. THERE are two causes of tumors chancing besides nature, agreed of among the latter sort of Physicians and Chyrurgians: Ceratum. The causes of tumors besides nature. that is to say, general and special causes. General causes are these, the flux, which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the congestion or heaping together of humours. Again by the same writers there are appointed to be six causes in number of this flux, Fluxionis causae. that is to say. 1. the strength of the repulsive member. 2. the weakness of the retentive. 3. the abundance and plenty of matter. 4. the looseness or fullness of the poors of the body, through the which the flux happeneth. 5. the straighnes of the repulsive parts. 6. & the lower situation of the place retaining the flux. But these may be reduced unto four heads, as unto the repulsive member, the part that retaineth, the state of the humour that floweth, Part propelleus. Particula excipens. 〈◊〉 fluens. & the place or course, through the which the flowing chanceth. But the flux is provoked either by the means of the expulsive member, or because of the fortitude of the expulsivever tue, or by reason of the natural knitting together that it hath with the retentive member, or because of the straightness of the particular poors, but some part receiveth the flux because it is either painful, or hot, or somewhat weak, or seldom, and base, or settled in the neither room. Furthermore by means of the humour there is a defluxion or flowing down into some part of the body, because it is in abundance superfluous, of nature troublsome, and of substance thin. But the space or place is a cause of the flux by reason of the largnes of the passages, as of the veins, arteries and poors. But of congestion, (which is the other general cause of tumors which chance above nature) there are assigned two causes: (that is to say) the fault of the virtue nutritive, and the imbecility of the virtue expulsive. By the which things we gather, that hot tumors happen for the most part through the defluxion of humours, but cold tumors are rather provoked by their congestion. But after what manner a hot flux exciteth the tumour, Galen doth declare plainly and wittily, in that little book which he entitled inaequalis intemperis, writing after this manner. A hot descending of a flux (saith he) assoon as it hath once placed itself in the muscle, first the greater arteries and veins are filled & stretched out, then by their means the lesser are distended, and so it proceedeth until it cometh to the lest of all. In them, when a flux is strongly compact together, and can no longer be contained, part thereof issueth out through the extreme parts of them, and part is strained out through the holes of the tunicles, and is speadily sent forth, and then those void places are filled with the flux, which are between the best and chiefest bodies. Thus all things proceeding of the humour do wax hot in every place, and also are still poured forth. And these are they the sinews, the bindings or ligaments, the small silmes, the very flesh, and besides these, the arteries and veins, which truly being the principal, are diversly and many ways afflicted above the rest. For inwardly by reason of the flux they are both made hot, and also are stretched out, and torn and pulled a sunder. And outwardly also, they are not only made hot, but also are suppressed and made heavy. But the other parts of the body, some truly are only made hot or kept down, and some are affected with both. And this disease is called phlegmone. Hitherto Galen. Therefore in such kind of tumors chancing besides nature, which are caused of the flowing of humours, something already (at the lest way at the beginning, and before the flux did begin to strive) is made and engendered, and something is yet to come, and resteth in the generation. That which doth happen as yet, is the matter which went before, which as yet abideth in the flux: but that which is engendered already, is the joined matter, which hath already flowed: and is compact in the aggrieved place. Hereupon therefore there must be used a diligent care of the Physician in such kinds of phlegmone which as yet remain in generation (as in all other tumors also, & diseases, which are yet in begetting, neither as yet have obtained perfection) as Galen lib. 13. meth. med. doth declare them to be known & perceived, both by that which foreseeth, There is a twofold declaration, of all those evils which are yet in begetting. Special causes of tumors above nature. Praegressae. Antecedentes. Which are said to be natural humours. & that which cureth: but these things pertain to an other kind of study. But it is convenient, that we set down the special causes of tumors which are above nature, to the which these three are commonly appointed: Primitive causes, which we call both praegressaes & evidentes, & causes antecedent, which we name antecedentes, & joined causes, which we term coniunctae or continentes. These be called of the Greeks, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The primitive causes are said to be these, which while they do work any disease are separated, as a fall, a stripe, a blow, a bruise, a tumour, or a solution, or that evil which is committed by admitting a dissolute diet. Antecedent causes are those, which of themselves are fit & material to beget any disease or affect, as are four humours both natural & not natural. Natural humours are those which serve to nourish the body, & have their being with the bloods, & are comprehended under the name of blood. Which if they be sent out from the veins & arteries, they do suddenly congeal & gather together, whether they flow without the body, or do remain still in the place wherein they be contained. But they call those unnatural humours, Which are said to be unnatural humours. which are found severed from the blood with the which the body is nourished, and by reason of their corruption and naughtiness by their own nature, are not nutritive, the which do sometime grow although they remain in the air which compasseth us. And these as it were by a certain kind of providence of nature, being destined and ordained for some use, are demitted and sent into certain receptakles, either into the uttermost parts of the body, and so engender unkind swellings called abscessus, or whelks, scabs, defedations and alterations of the skin, and unnatural sweats: or sometime by an insensible air inwardly infused they do excite sweatinges. Sometime also they putrefy within, and beget fevers. But such like (say they) are improperly termed humours assuming to themselves the names of natural humours. For they hold this opinion, What juices are properly termed natural humours. that only those juices, which come from the liver in the generation of blood, and of nutrition and moisture, are properly to be termed natural humours. Such are sincere and pure blood, choleric also, phlegmatic and melancholic, by the which four kinds all the parts of the body are generally, nourished and maintained: some parts with a more pure, and (as I may say) a more bloody humour: other with a humour more choleric, other with a phlegmatic, and other with a melancholic, as the nature of every part requireth. Therefore all the humours are contained in the veins and arteries, the which may appear by their variety of colour and consistency (as Galene hath expressed in in libro de atra boil. Furthermore of those four tumors which are called natural, four especial tumors are engendered, which are commonly called apostemata. In the which the swelling is very big, and the matter doth offend rather in quantity then in qualiltie. They are called by their proper names, phlegmone, erisypelas, aedema, scirrhus. Of tumuors not natural (as it pleaseth the latter Physicians) do proceed abscessus, which they also call exiture and pustule, which they think cannot well be called apostemes. To the which they will add and reduce two other kinds also, flatuous and watery, which proceed of a fluible substance, and are commonly called apostemata ventesa & aquosa (that is) windy and waterish apostemes. There be therefore six titles attributed vn●o simple tumors, (that is) phlegmonosi, erysipelatosi, adematosi, scirrhosi, flatuosis, & aquosis. But the compound tumors are not all called according to the concourse of humours, (because a great many may happen in one disease) but they are named by the predominant humour especially as we have manifested heretofore, and will hereafter more plentifully in his own place. But coniunctae causae or continentes of those tumors besides nature, De herpet●. Coniunctae causae tum●rū prayer naturam. which they commonly call apostemata, pustule and exiture are matters and several substances, which are found to be aggregated and stuffed together in the affected part, and which do yet remain after they have excited the swelling: and while they increase the tumors also do greatly augment, and when they decrease, the tumors are diminished, and when their substance is utterly spent and extinguished, the tumors also of themselves do fall away. And this cause called coniucta or continens causa, of all the maladies and sundry dispositions of the body, is after this manner by Auicene defined, What it is which is called continens causa. that, when it is present, his disease always accompanies him, and also when it is taken away, his disease also vanisheth. But for all this, some Physicians of our age, and those very well learned, do contend that Galene would admit but two causes (that is to say) an external, and an internal (or as they say now) a primitive and an antecedent. Of the which that (he saith) doth happen to the body outwardly, which altereth and changeth the same greatly, the which always is separated, until it hath established his malady, as heat, cold, the biting of a Scorpion. But the internal hath his being within the body, and doth presently procreate the malady, as are humours affected besides nature. But they do constantly affirm, that he never so much as dreamt of that, which they term causa coniuncta, when as according to his opinion, every affect which letteth and hindereth the actions and duties of the body, is a malady itself, and not the cause of a malady, and that coniuncta causa, which Auicene and his sect have invented, according to their own description, which they assign unto it, is nothing but a certain kind of affect letting the execution those duties pertaining to the body: which is the very definition of a malady itself. And therefore they prove that it nothing differeth from a disease itself, which is wont to prejudice those actions which agreed with nature. Some think that coniuncta causa nothing differeth from the malady itself. But because one, and the self same opinion hath occupied all men's minds of this latter age concerning this triple kind of the causes of all such diseases, it shall not seem altogether absurd, if that I throughout all this treatise of mine, for plainness sake, shall divide and distinguish these three causes, into these three kinds and titles:: I mean primativa, antecedens and coniuncta. And thus much for the causes of tumors happening besides nature. Now the course of our treatise doth exact, that we should add the signs and tokens of the same, if that before, we shall entreat somewhat of the nature and generation of the abscessus. Abscessus therefore, called of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of the common Physicians exiture, are called of Galene (libro de tumoribus praeter naturam, & secundo ad Glauconem) dispositions, in which the parts of the body do departed one from another, which before did touch and meet: for the matter which doth excite these tumors, being thrust out without the flesh of the muscle, doth bring the parts out of their places, and maketh them part and fever. Therefore saith Galene, there must of necessity be a place void in the midst, which borroweth either some flatuous moist, or tempered, or mixed substance from the parts, which in length of time is altered, into many and sundry substances. But there is a double kind of these abscessus, one is, when as the inflammation being turned into matter, Two kinds of abscessus Gal. lib. 14. Thera. meth. & lib. 2. ad Glauconem. the matter itself is packed up together in a corner or hole: the other is, when as no inflammation proceeding or going before, a certain humour either vaporous, or else a substance mixed of both parts, is in some part collected together which also happeneth two ways: for either in the space lying between the severed parts, such like substance is engendered, or else it runneth into the parts themselves, and that either in the beginning, or else that way by the which those diseases happen called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: which (saith Galene) then do chance, when as humours which before have infested and grieved some one part, do thence remove, and are enforced into another. And this substance, which begetteth this abscessus, worketh himself a place between the skin and the flesh. And in time it doth flea of all the skin, either because it is very vehement, or else because the plenty of matter doth putrefy, and so break the skin. But if those humours, with the which, the space situated between the severed parts is filled, do continued any time: they have (as I said before) many alterations, and are changed into many substances, which do represent the proprieties not only of humours, but even of solid and hard bodies. For you shall find sundry matters within these spaces, some like unto stones, What things may be found in abs●essus. some to gravel and sand, some to wood, some to coals, some to dirt, some to the foam of oils, some to the dregs of wine, the variety of substances, some ignorant men have thought to proceed from the force of incantation. CAP. FOUR Of the signs of tumors besides nature generally appearing together with the judgements thereof. TUMOURS besides nature, being resyaunt in the extremest parts of the body (the examining and speculation whereof doth appartaine to the chirurgeon) being surveyed by the judgement of the senses, & the affected parts being touched and felt with the hands are easily descried and known. For in every part of the body there appeareth a certain kind of increasing exceeding the natural state, and distending above the measure of nature that part which it affecteth, and it letteth the duties or actions thereof, because either some humour, or some such substance proceeding of the humour, or which do favour somewhat of the nature of the humour, or a vaporous spirit hath excited it, there also must needs happen a tumour besides nature. But the tumors which they call true Apostemes, are discerned by their swelling, by their pain, & by their heat, being stretched out more or less. But they are not counted to be true apostemes in deed, which we have termed pustule & abscessus, besides that tumour, which malady the Grecians call cacôethia, and also in the greater or lesser sequestration, determinata. But the signs of every particular difference, Particular signs. & of their matters whereof they be engendered, shallbe declared in their due place, in that which followeth. In the mean time we will handle the simple differences of those tumors, which are above nature, by the which the compound differences shall also be easily known. But we must not come unto particular things, before we have thoroughly discoursed of universal, for that order is wont to be observed in the institutions of the Arts neither truly unworthily or without cause. For those universal and common things are more manifest unto us then particular, because these particular things are more confused and more mixed one with an other (as Aristotle teacheth lib. 1. Physicorum cap. 1. Let no man therefore marvel, though every where in this treatise of chyrurgie, we always begin of more common things, and of those which comprehend many things under them. But let us return to our purpose, & let us prosecute the judgements of tumors consisting above nature. In the which first of all we must note, that all those tumors which they call true apostemes (if we will credit Galene and Auicene) are greatly complicate and folded together, neither can any of them be easily judged or found, out to be pure and sincere: for (as Galene saith) with phlegmone (that is) with an inflammation coming of blood, there is something chief mingled which doth preserve the nature either of erysipelas, or aedema, or scirrhus. But erysipelas, because it representeth a kind of phlegmone, or aedema, or scirrhus, and so likewise consider & mark in all the rest of the tumors. But truly those tumors besides nature, which they term not true apostemes, are very often found sincere and pure. But we will handle the cures of simple and sincere tumors in those things which follow, by the which the remeadies also of compound & intricate tumors shall manifestly appear. For I think it good to discourse of all the kinds of tumors, and also to dispose aright that which shall seem superfluous. For if a man shall know all the simple tumors, and learn after what manner they be compounded together, he shall be furnished sufficiently to exercise himself particularly in the rest. But now let us set other opinions and judgements generally concerning the tumors themselves. Periodi, paroxismi, and the crises of tumors besides nature do follow the analogia of the humours whereof they be conflated or engendered (Guido affirming the same) which analogia, we here declare to be a property, or proportion, a nature, or a likeness of substance, which they call forma specefica & occulia, a special and hidden form. Such kind of tumors, especially they which be wholesome, & which are caused of the flowing of humours, Four times of tumors besides nature. are distinguished by four times (that is to say) by their beginning, by their increasing, by their state, and by their declination. The sign of their beginning is, when the member beginneth to be stretched out, and when the beginning of flux is present, but yet with small grief. We may also judge augmentation to be present, when we see the tumour to be raised: like a heap or pile, and the place affected to be filled, Augmentum. and the symptomates, which are wont to follow every tumour, to be manifestly increased. But the token of their state is, when all the aforesaid things (that is to say) the tumour, and the symptomates of the differences of every tumour, hath his own proper force and vigor: neither can they any longer admit any increasing but the matter causing the tumour doth degenerate and change itself into another kind of substance. Declinatis. But their declination is then known to be present, when the pile of the tumour, and the proper symptomates thereof are decreased and diminished, or when the matter which provoketh the tumour beginneth to be transformed into another substance. Therefore such kind of times do receive their differences from three kinds especially (that is to say) from the essence of the tumour itself (that is) from the greatness or smallness, Herpe tum curatio. Three things to be marked in the cure of herpes. The times of tumors do take their difference from three things chief. from the disposition of the matter, and from the accidents, which do very much altar the declaration of the cure. But these four times, sometime do seem to happen altogether, because of the short hardness of every one of them, which almost cannot be perceived, (as it chanceth in venomous inflammations,) yet not mortal or deadly, which strait way do flourish and increase. Tumoures above nature are contained under 4 modes. Furthermore these kind of tumors, which do chief happen through the influxion of humours, except they be hindered by repressing the matter that floweth, or except they lurk secretly within, either of their own accord, or without any manifest cause (the flux having recourse thither:) it is necessary that they should be comprehended under one of these four either under insensible exhalation or resolution, or under suppuration, or putrefaction, or induration & hardening. But of all these ways the best and the most to be desired is that which is made by an insensible dissolution, & next to that, that which cometh by suppuration or mattering. But that which is caused by induration & hardening is said to be evil, & that which happeneth by the corruption of the affected part is to be thought the worst of all, the which Galen doth insinuate in libello de inaequali intemperie, writing on this manner. Therefore of the two, we must of necessity follow the one, either that the body be putrefied and corrupted, because fluxion is predominant, or else we must grant, (that this putrefaction being resisted and overcome) the musckle must return to his natural habit and constitution. Let us therefore imagine that all fluxion is withstood and impeached, than you have two means to cure it, either by digesting those humours which were in the affected part, or by dissolving or loosening them: of these the dissolution is best. But in the concoction of the humours, these two things are specially required: vi●●. the perfect generation of the matter, and also his abscession into some space by itself. And a little beneath he addeth also these words. But if that fluxion do make the parts as it were subject to it, than they do fall to so great an intemperature, that their ordinary action perisheth and in process of time they are corrupted and putrefied. Thus far Galene. The tokens of dissolution and loosening of the humours are these, Signs of dissolution. Signs of putrefaction. Signs of induration. Signs of the regression and lurking of a tumour. the softness of the sore, and the little throbbing and beating thereof. But the signs of predominant fluxion, and of the putrefaction of the part itself, are the black & blue colour, to which also sometime happeneth an odious stinch. But the tokens of a stony hardness of the tumour are, the imminution of the tumour, and also the extreme hardness thereof. The notes & signs also of the egestion and lurking of the tumour, are the sudden diminution thereof, which chanceth sometime by to much refrigeration and coldness, sometime by reason of a secret venom, which lurketh in the place. And this same sudden and often imminution of the tumour, succeedeth commonly some fever, and also other evil simptomates. And thus far of the signs & tokens of these tumors. Which our common Physicians have comprehended under this name Apostema. The tokens also of those tumors which we call pustulae, shall not be forgotten, when we shall have occasion to handle them. But the tokens and signs of the abscesses, commonly called exiturae, either these which do foreshow their coming, or else those which do manifest their presence already, are these. When thou seest (saith Auicene) pulsation and beating, or hardness to have continued a great time, Signs of Abscession to come and also that the grief together with much heat doth augment, than you may imagine that the next event that followeth is, that the apostume willbe turned into matter and suppuration, and so consequently to be an Abscession. But when thou findest that the place is soft, and that the grief is somewhat assuaged, and the heat mitigated, and that one place of the tumour is supereminent above the rest, and again if by thrusting it with your finger, you shall perceive a waterish inundation to subsist, and again that the colour of his top shall wax white, than you may well think that the tumour is mattered, and also that it is turned into Abscession. And therefore it was very well judged of Hypocrates, that Fevers did oftenner happen, Aph. 47. lib 2 when that the matter was in ripening, then when it was already come to his maturity. Moreover the marks & tokens as well of the present Abscession, as also of the Abscession to come are comprehended in these common verses: Durities longae, pulsus, dolour, & calor aucti, Signant pus fieri: sed factum, dictae remissa. Sub digitis undans, albescens pars & acuta. which may be thus Englished: By hardness long, by pulse and grief, and eke by heat increased, We know that matter doth approach: but made we judge indeed, If that it yields to finger weight, and whiteness doth appear, — and painful be also. But you must be very attentive and vigilant in discerning and judging of the matter itself. For the manifest knowledge of the matter and suppuration is sometime withholden from the Physician by reason of the thickness of the skin in the which it is included, (as it is proved by this Aphorism of Hypocrates. Sumach. These things do accomplish the second intention. ) Whosoever is ignorant of the suppuration which is in the body, his ignorance proceedeth of the thickness of the matter, or of the place, wherein it is comprehended. And thus much for the signs of Abscessions. Now of the judgements of them, these things are delivered unto us of Auicene and his sect. The cure of the ulcer in herpes 〈◊〉 our 〈…〉 must be dried up. Lib. 2· ad Gla●. How exulcerated places must be looked to. Abscessions which are planted near unto any strong member or unto any juncture or joint, and in those places where there are most veins and sinews, and again in a weak part, having gathered his debility by the defect of natural heat, being indurate also and covered with a thick skin, containing also thick matter, and so the more slow in motion, the outward place being plain also, and even, not ascending like a little hillock, I say, such a like sore is greatly suspected, and very hardly and slowly ripened, and such a one as is every way by description opposite and contrary to this, What abscessions may easily be digested. is of good and laudable habit, for both soon and easily it mattereth, and oftentimes also (no outward medicine aiding or assisting) of itself it gapeth and openeth. If therefore the abscession do grow up into a sharpness, and the substance of the matter be thin, and the skin not thick or hard, of his own nature and power it will expel and thrust forth the conceived humour without any foreign aid, unless a man by making incision will antevert and prevent his voluntary opening. What abscession may soon be ended through resolution. Such like Abscessions are digested sometime by breathing or wind (no solution being made subject within the skin,) but that happeneth when the matter is small in quantity, good, and thin, and not sticking very deep. But if there be any emissary, or way made into the tumour either by nature or by Art, the humour conceived within doth break forth oftener than digest. But that opening or apertion which is made by nature, is a great deal safer, then that which is made by the hand: but if it be so, that it must be mollified by Art, Abscessions are saflier opened with a 〈◊〉 then with ruptor●ū medicamentum you shall saflier do it by a sharp pen knife, or other clear and bright instrument of iron, then by that medicine which they call ruptorium medicamentum. And therefore (as before I said) every apertion, which is made and enforced by Art, is worse than that which nature affordeth of itself, because such like manuel openinges to make the matter rank, may perhaps turn into Fistula. But when necessity urgeth, and when we can not use a better remedy, we must boldly attempt that. And by this means you shall eschew those discommodities, which before I named, if (when the matter so requireth) you do seasonably make apertion, and by that means hasten the ripening of the other baggage which lurketh in the tumour. Hypocrates in his last Oracle of his first book of Predictions hath expressed the very notes and marks of the worst matter, The notes of the best and worst matter, out of Hippoc. and of the best, speaking after this manner. That matter it esteemed best, which is of colour white, and every way like itself, and soft, and gentle to the toucher, and as little unpleasant to the nose as may be. And that which is every way contrary to this, is the worst of all. But the tokens and signs of all the other humours and solid substances also which are included in these abscessions, shall be manifested and showed in their particular Chapters, as they shall by consequence and order ensue. CAP. V Of the general method of curing of all tumors besides nature, but of those especially which proceed from the influxion of humours, as Apostemes, and Abscessions commonly called Exiturae. OF all Tumoures above nature, as well those which are already engendered, as those which are not yet in generation, there is one common and principal order of curing (as it is in Galene lib. 13. and 14. method. Medic.) namely that that, which is above nature resident in any member, and raiseth the same into a Tumour, The common method of curing of tumours do change according to the difference of the tumour and the member affected. should altogether be emptied out. But those which are yet in begetting, in them there is a certain obstruction of the humour that floweth to the aggrieved place, before the evacuation. In them therefore there is required a diligent and singular care of the Physician, to declare the cure of them. But these common manifestations, according to the difference of the Tumour itself, and the nature of the affected member, do very much differ and altar. For truly in all tumors already engendered, and in every part of the body, the evacuation of that which annoyeth, and infesteth, is in no case to be used and ministered, as Galene teacheth libro 2. ad Glauconem, and in the places above recited, which also shall manifestly appear in that which followeth. But we must not cure those tumours with such remedies, which are yet but beginning and occupying every member, or empty, out that which is already engendered in them, but we are enforced (if we intent to follow the right order of curing) to use sometime one remedy, sometime another, which is of force to stop the flux, and avoid out that which is engendered, so far forth, as the kind of the tumour and the nature of the affected member doth require. Verrucae. Porra. The order of curing of tumours is chief taken from two things. Galene therefore chiefly draweth the demonstrations of the cure of tumoures above nature from these two things. vidz. from the disposition itself or essence of the evil, and from the nature of the affected member. Moreover the disposition of the evil (which we have now in hand, or the essence thereof doth comprehend three things in it, according to the judgement and consent of the later sort (that is) the quantity, the quality, The essence of a tumour doth contain three things in it. and the matter or substance which provoketh the tumour. By the means whereof that chief and common declaration is changed, and from them is taken also the particular order of curing. For a great tumour is cured one way, and a small tumour another way. For the difference of them is known by their greatness and smallness (as some suppose.) And one way is a mighty phlegmone, & another way a little herpes healed. Otherwise also is that Tumour remedied, which is caused by flux, and is yet in begetting, then that which it procreated through congestion, or is already engendered and congealed. Also a hot tumour as Erysipela● is otherwise cured then a cold, as is oedema and schirrus. The quantity therefore which in a tumour above nature varieth the cure is either great or small. The quality is the flux, or (as some term it) the derivation and congestion. The Matter thereof is the humour, be it either hot or cold. But in the nature of affected members four things chiefly are to be considered. vidz. their temperature, their form or fashion, their situation or place, and their power and strength. To the which also may be added a fift thing, which is the facility (as I may term it) and difficulty of the senses. Except you will with Galene comprehend and contain it under the last thing, which is the virtue and strength of the tumour. These things therefore also do much altar that general order of curing, which is commonly observed throughout all kind of tumors above nature. It is therefore requisite, that, in curing those tumoures which chance besides nature, we remember all those declarations which are taken from them. For Phlegmone, or any other tumour which hath his abode in the fleshy parts of the body, is otherwise cured then those which are situated in the sinewy places: otherwise in the eye, then in the knee or neck: and otherwise are the kernels in the throat cured, than those which are resident in other parts of the body. But to be short, the temperature, the fashion, the situation and the strength of the member that is affected, and beset with the tumour, do change all those operations, which we shall attempt and prove in their cure: retaining still that general intention, Libro 2. ad Glauconem. The order ●f handling that which followeth. which Galene hath taught to be always taken from the disease. Therefore first we have here decreed to set down a common & general method of curing of tumors above nature▪ especially of those, which are caused through the influxion of humours, taking their manifestation from the affect or evil itself, nothing respecting the affected part. Afterward we will teach the universal cure of them, but chiefly of inflammations, when as they shall degenerate and change into abscessions. Then moreover we will declare the particular order of curing all differences, especially of those which be simple, by whose proportion or Analogy, the cure of compound tumors shall easily be learned. And in the mean time, as the place shall require, we will rehearse out of Galene certain things concerning the order of curing, which have their assumption from the parts which are affected, & as it were besieged with a tumour which things being rightly weighed and considered, it shall be easy for any reasonable Physician or Chiruigian▪ by our certain method & order, Acrochordon pensi●●● verruca. The finding out of the 〈◊〉 is the beginning of the cure of tumors above nature. to cure all kind of tumors which are incident in any part of the body. We therefore imitating Galene, will draw the beginning of the cure of tumors which are said to be above nature from the flowing of engendered humours and from the invention of the cause of the very evil, that so both the causes which excite the same, may be prevented, and that which is already engendered in it may be taken away. Therefore by the example and analogy of one difference of tumors, which are caused through defluxion (for here we mind to entreat only of them) we will understand also other differences, Phlegmone quod. which do grow through the flowing of humours. And here we will set down a brief and compendious curing of one kind of phlgemone, which chanceth very often, and procureth fevers and other very dangerous evils and simptomates. But in this place under the name of phlegmone, our intent is not to comprehend every hot and flaming disposition▪ which the Greeks call phlogosis, but that only which proceedeth by the means of a bloody flux, chiefly incident to fleshy and fat bodies, wherein is vehement pain, & redness appearing in the outward parts, and as it were a burning heat, a stretching out, and a striving or thrusting, and when the evil is increased, there is sense of the pulses beating. For this inflammation with Galene and other Greek writers, as Paulus, Aetius, and Oribasius, which do follow him as their best guide, Gal. lib. 13. me●h. med. The common engendering of every phlegmone. we properly call phlegmone. That we may therefore come to the matter itself, these are the very words of Galene. The common engendering of every phlegmone cometh by the influxion of blood, and that more abundantly than was wont to happen to that member. For blood doth flow very abundantly (sometime one or other member sending it forth) and that part doth entertain and receive it, which beginneth to be affected with phlegmone: but sometime that member which is afflicted doth draw it unto itself. But the parts which sendeth it forth do drive out the juice, being either superfluous by reason of the plenty thereof, or grievous because of the quality, or else because of both. But they which are attractive, do draw or pull with a sickly heat or grief. But to these also are adjoined certain helping causes. vidz. the weakness and baseness of the member, the fullness of the conduits and passages through which the flux passeth, the straightness also & narrowness of the poors & expulsive parts, & the inferior place, Thymij magnitudo. The helping causes of flux. Three orders are set down for the cure of those tumors which are caused, through the influxion of humours. Primus scopus. P●ethora quod. as we have already declared. Therefore of all these, there are three intentions or orders of curing those tumors, which have their beginning of flowing, collected & gathered of the later sort of Chirurgeons. 1. The first is to turn away the flux, & prevent it altogether. 2. The second is, to mitigate the grief, & altogether to remove that cause, for the which, the member intertaineth or also draweth the flux unto it. 3. The third is to empty out all that humour that hath flowed to the aggrieved place. But how the first intention should be finished, Galen hath fitly taught li. 13. meth. med. where he declareth unto us all the ways to avert & turn away the flux, & the means to stop & inhibit phlegmone, which as yet remaineth in generation, writing after this manner: when humours are equally augmented amongst themselves (which the Greeks call plethora) yea also when all the body is voided of excrements & doth contain a mediocrity of juicy humours, (pain & the heat of that member also wherein phlegmone reigneth raising the flux) through the emission of blood we help and remedy phlegmone which now beginneth to rule. Plethora also is cured both with often bathing and with exercise, and also with much friction and rubbing. Furthermore it is cured by medicines that will digest, so that a fever be not present, and besides all these it is helped through hunger, & a good diet, although the sick be feverous. But when the body is stuffed either with melancholy, or choler, or phlegm, or with other clammy & viscous humours (which state of the body the Greeks call cacochymia) the evacuation thereof must be laboured by a purgation, Cacochymia. which is a fit remedy for every humour that reigneth. But of them we will speak more at large in their particular Chapters. Now Antispasis (that is) a revulsion the contrary way, is a common remedy against all these kind of tumors, while the flux doth yet strongly prevail, as in the beginning and increasing of the evil: but in the end of the state, and in the declination thereof, while the flux now remaineth and sticketh in the member, and the whole body is sufficiently emptied, the evacuation must be attempted and fetched either from the affected part, or from that which is next adjoined thereunto. Secundus scopus. The second intention containeth remedies to provoke sleep. vidz. which do mitigate pain, and also bind and prevent the flux. moreover it teacheth remedies, which are able to loosen and dissolve the natural poors, by the which the affected member is wont to be thoroughly purged. But the matter of all these shall be abundantly described hereafter. But we will handle the third intention, which is perfected with such things as do evacuate the matter that exciteth the tumour, from the affected place. And that matter is evacuated not only by medicines which do evaporate & dissolve, but also by such as do repel and repress such as the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And therefore in the beginning of these phlegmonous tumours, and other whatsoever do derive their beginning from the influxion of humours, we may rather use repressing medicines, than those which do evaporate: except in certain cases, of the which (saith Guido) Galene seemed to have appointed four. The cure of verrucae 〈◊〉 of Paulus. Cases in which we may not use repelling or repressing remedies. 1. The first is, when that such tumors be in clean and pure members. 2. The second is, when the subject thereof is venomous. 3. The third is when the matter is thick, and not pliable to repulsion. 4. The fourth is, when it is very vehemently packed together. Auicene excepteth only two causes, vidz. when it happeneth in any clean or pure part, or in any other place, out of the which it is to be feared that the matter will flow to some principal part of the body. Some other appoint only one cause, other six, other ten, other nineteen, other twenty three. But before we do establish any thing of this so doubtful a cause, we must know that there be two kinds of repulsives, both amongst the late Physicians & also the Arabians (that is to say) common & proper. Repellentia communi●. Common repulsives are such as do inhibit all flux keeping under & repressing the same, & that is done either by cooling it, or by thickening it, or else by stuffing it (that is) by reason of the thickness of his substance, by shutting & occluding the poors & ways whereby it would flow out, or else by confirming the parts affected These things following do repress flux by refrigeration & cold, sengreene, lettuce, psillium, cotyledon (that is to say (umbilicus Veneris, lenticula palustris, caphura. And these also do stuff & stop the passages farma called volatilis, the white of an egg, amylum, gluten, & the kinds of gums. To conclude all such things as do refrigerate with ease and without biting. But those things which do confirm and roborate (I mean such as do restore the natural temperature to the part affected) as oil of roses, oleum omphacinum, oil of myrtles, oil of chammomill, absynthium, horehound, nux cupressi, and such like things, which being applied do strengthen the affected part, and so do free it and defend it from all imminent flux. But proper repulsives are such, as when the humours do slide into some other part, Repellentia propried●●ia. do meet with the same, and do enforce them to retire again. And these are to be used then, when the member is grown thick, as attractive medicines are commonly applied to thin Tumoures. Of these many are of a cold quality, and many of a hot, but both sorts, (that is) both hot and cold are in operation astringent, and binding. The medicines repressing which of nature are cold, are these, vine leaves, plantain, nightshade dipsacoes, vidz. virga pastoris, or bursapastoris, Glaucium, balaustium, omphacium, sumach, terra c●●●lia, commonly so called, and terra sigillata, and others of that kind. Those be the simples out of the which many compounds are made, as oxycratum, the ointment of bowl, the ointment of Galene, and such like. But the hot repulsives are, alum, Cypress nuts, called galbulae iwens rotundus or odoratus, called of the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, called also blatta biz▪ intia, lupinorum farina, and certain austere and sharp wines, and many other such like things. But we will set down the whole order of applying of repelling medicines in the beginning of fluxions, prescribed by Guido in two several prologues. In the beginning of all tumoures, The first prologue of Guido in repressive things. which proceed from the influx of humours, but especially of such humours as are phlegmonous, it will be available to use repulsives as they are called, these ten causes only excepted, that is to say, when the tumour is in a fat member, or when it proceedeth of a venomous matter, or a substance which is very thick, and so unfit to be repelled, or else, when the humour is vehemently packed in the affected part, and deeply also, if the Tumour be inclined to suppuration, or descending from a primitive cause, if it be in a plethoric or full body and very weak, if it be seated next unto a principal member: to conclude, if it happeneth with vehement grief, for in these cases, we may better use medicines, which will mitigate the tumour and the pain thereof, rather than such as shall repel and resist the humours. The second Prologue is after this manner. The second Prologue. In the beginning of all tumoures, but chiefly of those which are phlegmonous, common repulsives are profitable: (three cases only excepted,) that is, if the tumour happen in those parts which are called glandulose, if they be inclined to suppuration, or if they proceed of a venimmous matter. And in all these cases, but especially then, when the humour doth stand, and when the fluction consisteth, and is almost made a tumour, it is behoveful to dissolve and scatter the matter, applying to the swollen place, diaphoretica, not biting or sharp, but mild, Prima scitè radicem versus abscind●̄da. Si ●umeri●● factus est. and gentle, being moderately hot and moist, but this must be done principally in the three last remembered cases, in the which we must endeavour to attract and draw the matter which is dispersed, to the head, where the tumour most appeareth, and we must increase the tumour as much as we can, and so inhibit the course and fluxion of the mixed humours. Which truly we may sometime do, by using attractive emplasters, and oftentimes by fastening cupping glasses to the aggrieved place, (as Auicene teacheth.) Let this therefore be a general rule or canon of art, In the beginning of all tumors, which proceed of the influxion of humours, (those three excepted which were named a little before) only pure repressives are to be used. But in their increasing we must mingle with these repulsives, some of those things which do dissolve and discuss. But in the state of tumors, yea and somewhat before the state, we must commix repressive medicines equally with discussive, and when there is declination present, or the end of the state, we may lawfully use only resolving and releasing remedies: to conclude, so long as the humour doth yet abound, we must labour to repel it, and drive it away: but if the flux doth still remain, we must seek to digest it. But if it dependeth upon both, (that is to say) that partly something hath already flowed, and cleaveth fast to the place, and partly some thing may yet abound and flow: than it shall be lawful to use commixed remedies, (that is) partly those, which can resolve & unbind, and partly those which are able to bring back, and repel. For (contrary diseases being gathered into one place together, we must use also compound cures, as Galene saith. 13. Therap. Furthermore, all these things truly are to be understood, as thus, if a tumour above nature is to be dispatched & cured by resolving medicines, or (that I may speak generally) by the way of resolution. But their cures, whereby we will finish all those intentions whereof we entreated before, according to their diverse matter that exciteth the tumour shall be described and declared in their particular Chapters, as by consequence and order they shall follow. CAP. VI Of the cure of abscessions generally. DE CURATIONE ABSCESSWM IN VNIVERSUM. Oedema quid. Of the cure of tumours which are turned into abscessions, which they call Exit●ra. BUT if Phlegmone, or any other Tumour doth degenerate and turn into Abscessus, the cure thereof in the beginning is finished and ended (as saith Galene lib. 2. ad Glauconem) by helps and remedies that do mitigate, which the Greeks call chalastica, (that is) by resolving and remitting medicines: of the which nature and force is that medicine, which is called of Galene tetrapharmacum, being very soft, and provoking sleep: with the which according to the opinion of the same Galene. lib. 13. Therap. there must be commixed a little honey. Tetrapharmacum. But Tetrapharmacum consisteth of four things, of the which there must be of every one a little portion or quantity (that is to say) of wax, of rosin, of the gum of the herb colophonia, which distilleth from the root thereof, and of bulls tallow. But in process of time, we must pass over unto those things, which are able to concoct and digest, or to ripen and bring to suppuration. But those, which are turned into another kind (that is) into another substance, and that altogether besides nature, they are to be removed and cured by the Art of Chirurgie. Moreover in removing them according to the counsel of Galene. 14. Therap. it shallbe requisite to consider, that among all the ways and means, whereby we intent to finish our purpose, we should always make choice of the best of them. The best order of curing is declared three ways. The best means and ways are declared and manifested unto us, three manner of ways: vidz. by the shortness of the time to cure in, by curing without pain, and chiefly by curing safely, & without danger. Again that thou mayst cure safely, there are three espciall things diligently to be considered. The first, & the chiefest is, that you thoroughly attain to the perfection of your labour. 2. The other is, that if you can not attain to the same, yet at the lest, that you hurt not the sick. 3. The third is, that the evil or disease may not easily return or come again. By these considerations, if you will declare the best method of curing, you shall found in all those tumoures before mentioned, when the cure is to be ended by the help of Chyrurgie, and when by the force of medicines. But truly the study of Chyrurgie in these chief, which how we do entreat of, (that is) in those tumors, which are altogether above nature, doth make and tend to the kill and destroying of them, and doth wholly declare, after what sort they may be taken away. But if it cannot bring this to pass, the next counsel is, to transfer the evil, as we use to do in those humours called Hypochyma●●, (that is to say) the web in the eye. But that which is fetched from medicines, doth first tend unto this end, that that which is above naiure, may both turn into matter, & also into putrefaction: but this he appointeth in the second place. These things hath Galene. Therefore when the parts, which are troubled with phlegmone, do beat very vehemently, so that now you begin to despair of their cure, (they being not yet mattered:) all the ancient Chyrurgians (sayeth Galene 4. Therap.) do minister and apply such kind of medicines, which do speedily procure matter: but before it be mattered, they use none at all. And although those parts which are annoyed with phlegmone, be anointed with a cataplasm, which may both heat them and moisten them, and bring them to suppuration, yet the same doth not appear by the first reason or way, that is, as the remedy and help of the evil, but as the mitigating & easing of the symptomate, that is, of the pain. For truly the remedies of phlegmone are of a drying nature. And the same Galene addeth moreover a little after, that a short and compendious cure of those parts which are affected with phlegmone is quickly ended & dispatched, by remedies which are able to dry and unbind, which truly do altogether either remove the affect, or else, if they leave behind them some little relict, which may turn to suppuration, it is needful to use some other sharp medicine, which is able to bring out the matter, or if the skin about the tumour be thin, and you willing, speedily to ease the sick, you necessarily must use incision. And this truly is that, which Auicene saith, namely, Auicene. that the cure of an Aposteme, (as it is an Aposteme) is the extraction & drawing out of the strange matter which raiseth the Aposteme. But to declare the remedies of them, wherewith it is expedient to draw and move the matter, & to manifest other things also, which we spoke of a little before, they are to be sought, out of their particular Chapters. Furthermore, the Abscession being already come to Suppuration, or changed, or strongly compact together, if the matter, or any other baggage therein contained, be not discussed & dissolved, or if, in convenient season, and while the occasion is offered, it be not opened without the labour of the hand, you must make an issue by incision for that, which otherwise will not be digested. But this thing chief is to be proved and enterprised, if there be feared any erosion or gnawing to ensue, A mattered tumour is more saf●● opened with a knife, than with burning medicines. Lib. 13. Ther. A section imitating the olive or myrtle leaf. Great heart cometh by wide incisions. Why ma●tered imposthumes about the share must be ●ut overthwart. Seven things to be diligently marked in the apertion of an abscession already ma●tered. or any other danger yea if necessity commandeth, it aught strait way to be opened, and the matter to be drawn out, as speadily & safely as is possible, for the cause before alleged. But Apertion is made more safely with a knife, then with burning and scalding medicines, if nothing do hinder it, and commonly such kind of phlegmonous tumors, being already turned into suppuration, are opened with a penknife. Moreover Apertion, or the letting out of the matter aught to be done, by reason, both of the abundance of matter there gathered together, and also of the affected place. But if any part of the mattered member, shall seem to be putrefied & rotten, it is needful to cut it of, to the form or likeness of an olive or myrtle leaf, that it may heal the more easily. But Galene commandeth to avoid & eschew always any great incisions, who did heal such kind of mattered tumors, both in the parts about the privy membres, and also in the armholes only by incision (as he used chief to do) and by medicines that were of force to dry: Now if need sometime required to cut of somewhat, by reason of the plenty not only of matter, but also of the corrupted parts, he used no greater incision than the breath of a great myrtle leaf. For by wide & large sections, when the member is brought unto a scar, besides that it is made most filthy, it also becometh very weak, and unfit to move withal. But these kind of sections imitating the myrtle leaf are used in those tumors especially, which do matter under the armholes, and about the share. And in those truly, the lenghtes of them must be drawn overwart, and not by the straightness or rightness of the leg or body: for when we bend the leg or the arm, the skin naturally doth apply itself with it. But in other places, we always almost do use simple incisions. Now in this apertion or incision, seven things are especially to be marked, according to the consent of the later Chyrurgians. First that incision be made in that place wherein the matter is contained. The second, that incision be made in the neither place of the tumour that the mattered and corrupted filthiness may the better be voided out. The third, that it be made next the wrinkles and process of the muscles. The fourth, that you do avoid and eschew the sinews, veins and arteries, as much as you can. The fift, that all the matter be not brought out abundantly together and all at once, especially in great abscessions, jest that, by to much emptying out and that suddenly, and also by the resolution of the spirits there follow weakness and faintness. The sixth, that the place be handled and touched very gently, and with as little pain as can be. The seventh, that apertion being made, the place be wiped very clean, and filled with the flesh again, Curandi oedematis scopus duplex, cum ad huc gignitur. Two things considered of Galene in the apertion of a 〈…〉. and brought to a scar after the manner of other ulcers. But Galene lib. 13. Therap. warneth us chief to mark two things in the incision of a suppurated abscession, writing ofter this manner. 1. If at any time the abundance of matter execeedeth & overcometh your medicines, neither do they seem unto you to be able to digest all the corruption, it is requisite to make an issue by incision for that matter which yieldeth not to digestion, in that place especially, where it is most high. 2. Moreover in the incision also of an other abscession, which pertaineth unto flux, & yet respecting both the kinds▪ you must not forget to cut and lance that which is already come to suppuration: and then apply some medicine thereto, Detergentis. which can dry it up without erosion or gnawing. But after the impostume be opened, you must use remedies that be of a scouring and cleansing nature, & fit to purge the filthy ulcer, as are soft floxe or lint, and soft linen, emplaistres, and ointmentes, which shallbe spoken of in their particular Chapters. At the first time, Guido did apply the yolk of an egg being thickened with alum zuccharinum, which medicine Guilielmus à Saliceto did also use. Four particular orders to be kept in curing a lawful oedema. Ointments are to be 〈…〉 is opened. But afterward you must come to the applying of mel rosatum, and inundificati●●m ex ap●o: and last of all, to unguentum Apostolorum, and Aegyptiacum, if the matter so requireth. But above without, you must minister ointmentes, as basilicon, diachylon, and diaphoenicon so commonly called, and other of that sort, which are appointed for ulcers. For when you have cut an abscession, it must be cured after the manner of other ulcers. Galene lib. 13. Therap. after the skin was cut in those phlegmonous tumors which chance about the arm holes & privy members, The use of Mamna & th●● after the incision, and the virtue of them. The 〈…〉 be eased. What things are to be laid to an ulcer. did fill the affected place with that medicine, which the Greeks call Manna, which is thuris purgamentum. For this hath a light adstriction or binding. But you must also (sayeth he) first assuage the lanced member, (as much as you see cause,) first with fomentes, then with cataplasms, & strait after with some moisting medicine, or else with such as do not much dry (all these being applied outwardly upon the ulcer.) For in the very ulcer, both of Manna (as hath been said) & also of those remedies which are taught & declared by using of lint, those things truly are first to be laid on, which do move and provoke the matter, and afterward those which do purge and cleanse. After the applying of which things, if there remain any hollowness, you must minister those things which may fill the same: but if it fall out otherwise, you must use things to bring it to a scar. Moreover if the sick will not suffer incision to be made either with some bright instrument, or with penknife, by reason of the softness thereof, than the apertion is to be finished with burning medicines. For this purpose Auicene praiseth the seed of line or flax, leaven, & doves dung, which you may make more excellent and forcible, if you mingle them with a little soft soap, or with the filthiness that cometh of mustard seed. But that medicine which is called ruptorium or causticum, which is made of lime, and soap, in this matter is most excellent, and obtaineth greatest fame. Hitherto have we spoken of tumors above nature generally, now it followeth that we entreat of the particular differences of them, as they follow in order. CAP. VII. Of a true Phlegmone, & of other tumors engendered of blood. HAVING spoken generally of those tumors, which consist above nature, it is convenient, that we entreat particularly of the differences or every one of them, taking our Exordium from Phlegmone, as a tumour, which chanceth very often, Phlegmone taken two ways. and exciteth (as Galene sayeth) very dangerous symptomates. Therefore Galene lib. 1. de morbis & symptomatis, taketh phlegmone two kind of ways. One way generally ofter the manner of the Ancient writers which were before his time (that is) for every kind of inflammation of any member, and for any heating or burning, Phlegmone taken for phlogosit. 2. Phlegmone also is taken for an inflammation coming of the best blood. Phlegmone. 2. 1. Vera. 2. Non vera. (that is) for every hot and flaming disposition, which the Greeks do properly call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Another way, both with Galene and other late writers, it is taken for a true and pure tumour engendered of blood, that is, the best, and that also, which retaineth but mean thickness or grossness. And this truly borroweth his name of the kind thereof, and of the Latins it is called diversly by reason of kind, Inflammatio, of the Greeks absolutely, Phlegmone. But this, after the mind and consent of the later sort is two fold, videlicet, Vera, & non vera. A true Phlegmone is caused of good blood, which is the best both in quality, and substance or essence, but yet more abundant then naturally should happen to the member. But phlegmone which is not a true and lawful phlegmone, is caused of naughty and unnatural blood. For blood is a hot and a moist humour proceeding from a more temperate part of the very Chylus, which is a certain juice that cometh of the meat in the first digestion. Sanguis quid. And it is two ways: Natural and not natural. Natural blood is a hot and moist humour, Sanguis quo●uple●. slender and mean in substance, but of a very read colour, in savour and taste it is sweet, gentle and good. But that blood is said to be unnatural, which differeth or digresseth from the former description of blood: yet notwithstanding containing itself within the bounds of his breath and largeness, which if it doth once pass, it is no more to be called a blood, but some other humour. But blood doth chance to degenerate from his proper nature two kind of ways. Blood 〈◊〉 degenerate 〈…〉 proper nature two ways. The first way is (as they term it) in itself, that is, in respect of itself, (his proper substance being changed without any commixtion with an other.) The second way is by an other, or in respect of an other. And yet it consisteth two ways by itself, (that is to say) either because the substance thereof is more thick, or more thin than it aught to be: or because it is burnt, and that which is thinnest of it, is turned into melancholy, but that which is thick into choler, and that without separation. But in respect of an other, blood becometh not unnatural, whenas an other humour is mingled withal. Which may happen many ways, according as the diverse kinds of choler, phlegm or melancholy may be commixed with blood. By which things it is manifest, that of blood, Four differences of tumors caused of blood. there are engendered four kinds or differences of tumors above nature. First, of natural and good blood, there is engendered a true phlegmone. But of blood, which is corrupted through the admixtion of other humours, there do grow three differences of that kind of phlegmone, which is neither true nor lawful: because that the three other humours (that is to say) phlegm, choler and melancholy may be easily commixed with blood. Therefore if melancholy be mixed with blood, it is called phlegmone Scirrhodes, if choler, (which then is conflated of both kinds) it is called phlegmone Erysipelatodes, if phlegm, is is termed phlegmone Edematodes. But of blood, which is filthy and corrupted through the adustion and corruption of his own proper substance, according to the manner of the thinness or thickness thereof, there are engendered either Carbuncles, which are called of the Greeks Anthraces, or else Gangraenae and Sphacelus, which we call Cancres. Of the which diseases we will speak of hereafter, in that which followeth. CAP. VIII. Of the causes, Signs, and judgements of Phlegmone. THERE are three causes of phlegmone: The causes of phlegmone. as there are also of all other tumors besides nature, which do chance through the defluxion of humours. videlicet. 1. Primitiva, which we call both praegressa and evidens: 2. Antecedens: 3. and Coniuncta. Evident causes of inflammation are outward causes: as, beating or belching, diruption, convulsion, breaking or bursting, a wound, a voluntary ulcer, a looseness, and other of that sort, which do provoke flux, by exciting pain in the affected member. The Antecedent cause, as abundance of blood, Oedema morbi accidens. 2. Antecedens. which is good and faultless, as when the veins touch much together to the moderate repletion of the Arteries. For than is blood provoked (as a certain superfluous thing,) to flow and descend to some member which is either weak, or immoderately hot, or affected with pain, where it is thrust, and abideth compact together, unless it be by and by repressed from the beginning, (as we have said before in our general Chapter:) to the which we must therefore have continual access, that we may attain to a more perfect knowledge of particular tumors, whereof we now entreat. 3. Coniuncta. The conjunct or continent cause, is the blood itself, which is already stuffed in the affected place. The marks or tokens of phlegmone are the tumour, or the augmenting of the member above the natural habit, Oedema morbus. Signs of a true phlegmone. vehement heat, so that the member seemeth to burn. There appeareth redness in the outward parts, such as is wont to come through baths which are made hot either with the fire, or by some other means. There is extreme pain, unless the member hath altogether a dull sense. There is also grievous beating, Lib. de Tumo. praeter naturam. & 13. method. and pulsation very vehement inwardly. There is also extension or stretching out of the member, which not only we alone have found out, but also the patiented himself may perceive by his own feeling. There is furthermore resistance of the member if it be touched, after the manner of extension. There be also other such like signs, which do testify that abundance of blood is present in some part of the body. Four times of phlegmone. Phlegmone hath four times, 1. the beginning, 2. the increasing, 3. the state, 4. and the declination: except at the lest way, flux hath recourse within, or it be strait way repressed by repulsive medicines. But when it shall lightly pass over these four times, judicia. it is needful, either to resolve and draw out the matter of it, or to bring it to suppuration, or else to putrefy and rot it, or to turn it into a scirrhous and stony hardness. And truly the signs of all these are to be sought out of the Chapter that entreateth generally of them: where the marks of all times, and the means to finish tumors above nature, (which they commonly call apostemata) be declared and expressed. Symptomates 〈◊〉 hinder 〈◊〉 cure of phlegmone. But phlegmone is accompanied with many other evil symptomates, which do alter and change the order of his cure, as are, vehement pain, which doth greatly occupy the sensible part, recourse of the matter from the kernels (which the Greeks call Adenae, and commonly they be called Emunctoria) to the internal parts. Also mortification of the affected member (which they call corruptio esthiomenica) proceeding of too much refrigeration, and of a strong compacting or stuffing of the matter, which did 'cause the inflammation. Also a stony and almost an indissoluble hardness, commonly called Sclirotica, which proceedeth through a certain overthwart and untoward dissolution of the thinner humour. Inflation●● causae. Lib. 6. de morbis et symptoma. Wherefore in curing tumors, which consist above nature, we must diligently oftentimes mark and consider, how far we mean to proceed in the matter, and what accidents may change unlooked for, that so, we may chief insist, and be occupied about that most, which appeareth, and is most urgent. Which Galene hath admonished us of very well lib. 2 ad Glauconem, and 13. Therape. speaking after this sort: In diseases, whose resolution is difficult, and hard, it is to be feared, lest some remnant of them be left behind which is very hard. Wherefore in every resolution, we must diligently consider, into what thing every tumour, whose cure is once begun, may be changed. For that cure which is attempted by medicines, that do mightily dry, doth leave very hard knobbs, which art hard to remove hitherto Galene. But the time requireth, that we now declare the cure of phlegmone. CAP. IX. The order of curing Phlegmone caused of the defluxion of humours, affecting the outward parts of the body. The method of curing phlegmone which is yet in generation. SEEING that inflammatio, which is called of the Greeks properly phlegmone, doth engender and grow through the influxion of blood, happening more abundantly to some member than nature requireth, and flux also (phlegmone being yet but beginning to reign) is partly in begetting, and partly begotten already: there must needs truly be a double consideration in the cure of the phlegmone being yet but beginning (that is to say) to empty out and avoid that which hath flowed already, and to hinder and stop that which is now a flowing. Moreover, By what means flux is stayed. we shall stop flux, if we shall draw back and repel the humour that floweth, if we shall add strength to the afflicted member, and if we shall seek to remove that which causeth the flux. We shall draw it back, Three intentions of 〈◊〉 inflations. 1. Retractio. and bring it into a contrary defluxion of other humours, by blood letting, if strength and age will suffer it, but if not, we shall do it by applying cupping glasses, or by using bindings and frictions, or by heating those parts which have a direct passage to the affected part. We shall bring back and repel flux, 2. Repulsio. by ministering those medicines, which are able to drive and turn the flux another way. Prima intentio 3. Causae su●motio. We shall also remove the causes that do bring or fetch defluxion to the member already infested with phlegmone, by confirming and strengthening the member, if it be weak, by using astriction if it be to loose, by cooling it if it be hot, as it is wont to be, by easing the pain if it be vehement, and by emptying the whole body with blood letting, if it doth abound with blood, and if it sendeth infection to the member: of all which things we will speak by and by. But we do empty out and avoid that which is flowed already, Cibus. Vacuation of that which is flowed already. Gal. Ther. 13. and hath gotten itself into the affect part, not only by those medicines which do digest, that is, which do discuss and resolve, but also by those remedies which do bind together and refrigerate. And truly in phlegmonous tumors now beginning, we must rather use (sayeth Galene) cooling and astrictive medicines, than those which do concoct & digest, and so much the rather, if that, which floweth be not of a thick substance. But if blood be greatly compact together in that part which phlegmone hath caught and taken up, you must not apply any longer repercussive remedies (as we said before) but than it is convenient to use those which can digest. Also in an old & inveterate inflammation, which after the evacuation of the whole body, & other some fit cure, hath left behind it a certain hardness and blackness in the member: it is not unprofitable (Galene also affirming the same) to take away the blood by scarification. Scarificatio. And these things have we spoken briefly and by a general method concerning the cure of inflammations that do happen through the defluction of humours, which the Greeks properly are wont to call phlegmone: which things may be sufficient to content a reasonable Physician, & one which is exercised in this kind of study. But because we have taken in hand to writ these things for the practitioners of Chyrurgie, and not for the learned only, it shall not be amiss, neither any thing from our purpose, if after this general and compendious method, we set down more particularly those things which not only the ancient Physicians, but also the later sort of Chyrurgians hath left behind them in writing. Drageta helpeth digestion Four intentions in the cure of phlegmone. Therefore above the general rule (as they term it) the Chyrurgians of our age are wont to reduce the order of curing phlegmone, into four branches or particular intentions: that is to say, into a just observation of a good diet, 2. the stopping of flux, or the turning away of the matter which went before. 3. the emptying out of the humour, which hath already entertained him self in the member (which they call materia coniuncta.) 4. and the correcting or amending of the simptomates. The first intention therefore is made perfect by the due using or administration of six things, commonly called unnatural things, and by the using of those things also, which are said to be annexed unto them. And these things, which are six in number, called of the Physicians res non naturales, (as hath been declared from the beginning of this treatise) are, the air, meat and drink, moving and rest, sleep and watching, emptying and filling, the affections of the mind or the accidents. All which things (because phlegmone doth commonly provoke fevers) aught to pertain unto coldness and moderate moistness. For which causes we have thought good to set down these precepts following. Let the sick be in a pure and clear air, & that somewhat cold. Let him keep a thin diet, cold, Lana succida. Aer. and moderately moist. Let him drink small ale, or beer or other small drinks. Cibus potus. But if a vehement fever shall have any access (which is wont often to happen) let him altogether abstain from wine. Let him not exercise, Mo●us. Qui●s. Somnus. Repletio. In●●●ti●. Animi pathem●●●. Venus. or move that member which is be set with phlegmone. Let him be quiet as much as he can, especially if there be very great abundance of humours in the body. Let him keep a measure in sleeping and watching: and let him shun sleeping on the day time especially about none. Let him diligently beware of drunkenness and gluttony. Let the belly be always kept soft and soluble, and now and then let it be washed with clysters, if need require. Let him fly, anger, cryings out, and wrath, as deadly enemies. Let him abstain from venereous acts, as a mortal foe. The second order in curing Phlegmone, which is the turning away of the flux, Proliximio Aphro●irum. Formnia tertia. 2. The 〈◊〉 of the flux is the second intention. is dispatched by letting of blood, if strength and age doth suffer. But in all members of the body, whether you intent to revel (that is) to draw back among an other way, or to turn it from that place at the side, A vein is always to be cut directly. either straight over against the place, or directly forth (which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) a vein must always be cut, although there be great abundance: but directly, the right sides do answer to the right parts, and the left to the left. Therefore if ophthalmia doth annoyed the right eye, or the squinancy doth affect the right side of the throat, the shoulder vein, or some other in his place (if that doth not appear) must be cut in the right arm, by and by at the beginning of the flux. But if a humour doth flow in the knee, you must cut a vein in the elbow either the outward or the middle vein except you mean to scarify the other leg, or break the vein a sunder in it, as Galene counseleth in a certain place. If the ●iddie vapour shallbe venomous. The choice of blood letting is declared of the affected part. Therefore the election of the cutting any vein, and the invention to turn the humour another way, (which Hypocrates calleth antispasis) is manifested and declared by the affected part, and by the place or situation of the member that is to be cured, as Galene 13. and 14. meth. med. and in other places, doth oftentimes teach. But that body, which phlegmone occupieth, not only when it is plethorike and full of humours, but also when the greatness of the evil doth exhort us to it, (though it be but meanly stuffed with humours,) we must empty and evacuate by letting of blood, if we will follow the advise of Galene, who lib. 13. meth. med. commandeth that, it should be so, thus writing. Pain truly, and the heat of the member wherein phlegmone hath settled himself, (although the whole body be voided of excrements) do happen by reason of the flux. But than it is expedient to do it but meanly. (that is) to draw fourth blood and to make evacuation, no further than it shall best agreed with the age and nature of the patiented. Further, you must have consideration both of the time of the year, of the nature of the air wherein the sick remaineth, and also of the former custom of the man. Also these do profit not a little to draw back the blood that floweth to the affected part, walkings, frictions, and binding of the apposite member, but first chief the detraction of blood, (as hath been said.) Therefore if phlegmone appeareth in the hands, the legs are to be exercised, bound and rubbed, if in the legs, the hands must be also so used. But these things belong more unto the Physician than the Chirurgeon. 3. The third intention is the evacuation of the 〈◊〉 or already compact in the member. We now dispatch the third scope or intention, in the beginnings of phlegmone, only by applying repulsive things to that member which laboureth with the inflammation (excepting these cases before rehearsed.) For that which is filled with corrupted matter (as Galene sayeth) is emptied out, not only by those medicines which do digest, but also by those which do bind and refrigerate: as be those, which are called repellentia and regerentia repulsives, and restrictives. But in the increasing thereof at the present intention, (that is) to empty out that, which is flowed, and also to stop, that no more doth abound, you must join digestive medicines with repressives: Repressives in the increase, must exceed digestives. but yet so, that the abundance and strength of the one may yet prevail with the other. But in the state they must be equally commixed together by even portions, and somewhat more mild and mitigating remedies must be applied, if pain be vehement. But in the end and declination of the state, it is requisite to evacuate by digestives only that which is compact together, if that phlegmone must be ended by resolution or discussion. If truly it doth turn into abscession, If phlegmone doth turn into abscession. and that it cannot be, that the gathering together and eruption of the matter should be letted, it shallbe lawful to use medicines which can both mattre, open, and cleanse the ulcer. Furthermore those remedies which do dry, are profitable in the end of both the evils (that is) of phlegmone and abscessus, for they do altogether consume that which remaineth of the humour, but when incision is made in the abscession which is already come to suppuration, you must lay on such a medicine as may dry without erosion or gnausing, Repulsives are to be used in the beginning of phlegmone. Oxycraton. (as hereafter shallbe said.) But in those phlegmonous tumors which now are but in the beginning▪ the most apteremedy to repel and drive back, is oxycraton in Galene, which the Latins call pusca aquosa. It is a mixture of water and vinegar, so tempered together; that it may be drunk: and then (a sponge being wet and laid in this oxycratu●, must be applied to that part, where phlegmone is. But in stead of oxycratum, by the counsel of Galene; we may take sharp wine, or apply cold things only, to the parts, which are about the sinews. Lib. 13. Meth. 〈◊〉. These are the words of Galene. In those members which are about the sinews, it shallbe sufficient, in the beginning of phlegmone, to lay on a sponge dipped either in cold water, wherewith a little vinegar is mingled▪ or in water only, or in sharp and sour wine. For the same purpose also this cataplasm of the same Galene very effectual, Indiciae. Ascites is caused of more 〈◊〉 than Timpani●e● What parts these tumuors do most occupy. Galeni cataplasma, lib. 2. ad Glau. made of sengreene and the rinds of pomegranates sodden in wine, of rh●, that is, sumach, and polenta. This, by restraining doth repel that which floweth, & by drying doth empty out that which is contained in the tumour, and both ways it doth strengthen and corroborated the affected parts. This remedy hath been described of the later sort: of Auicene ofter this sort, Aqu●si in●oris c●●atio. as followeth, ℞. of the juice of sengreene, lb.lb.j. of wine, that is thick of substance, and sharp in taste, lb. ss. of barley meal, one quart, of the rind of pomegranades, and sumach powdered, ana. ℥. ss. boil them and make a lineament. There is also another, which greatly availeth for the same purpose, invented of Haly Abbas, ℞. of santalum, white and read, Haly Abbas Linimeruum. ana. ʒ. iij. of memitha, which is called Glaucium. ʒ.ij. of terra cimol●a, and bowl armoniac, ana. ℥. j.ss. let all be brayed into very fine flower or powder, and well seared, then dissolve them in the juice of sengreene, or purslane, or lettuce, and make a lineament. Aliud. Another also in the beginning of phlegmonous inflammations, very common and much used, which is very profitable for green wounds, and bruises taken lately. It is made of the white of an egg, of oil of roses, and of the distilled water of roses, (that is) of rose water, wherein you must wet fine clouts, and lay them to the inflamed member, and let them be changed often. But there are many other medicines both simple and compound, which do profit in the beginning of phlegmone to restrain and repel flux, which are to be sought out of other Authors, which have written of this thing. But these shall content us for this time. Amongst the remedies which in the increase of phlegmone, Remedies to be used in the increasing of phlegmone. being outwardly applied do greatly help, oil of roses is marvelously effectual, (the Greeks call it rhodinon.) For this doth partly draw back, and partly doth digest through the vapour: because it perfectly holdeth a middle nature between the oil and the roses. Therefore in oil of roses there is a certain astriction, which cannot (sayeth Galene) overgo the weak parts of the tumour: Lib. 3. the 〈◊〉 medic. but when they have pierced somewhat deeper, it beginneth then to work outwardly according to the strength, both to thrust together, to draw into one place, and to thicken greatly, whereby it cometh to pass that in the augmenting of phlegmonous tumors, oil of roses, is a most excellent and ready help. In the augmenting of phlegmone there is another in Auicene very profitable, ℞. of the leaves of mallows. M.j. of wormwood, roses, ana. ℥. ss, of barely meal. ℥ i of oil of chammomil. quart. ss. seath them, and bray them together, and bring them to the fashion of a soft emplaistre. Another of the same, ℞. of wine boiled either to the half or the third part, (one we call sapa, the other defrutum.) quart. j rose water, and vinegar, ana. quart. ss. saffron. ʒ. ij. let them be a little het over a soft fire, then strain them, and dip clouth in the liquor of that decoction, which you must apply to the phlegmonous member after the manner of an epitheme. Moreover such kind of remedies, which are used in the increasing of the inflammation, and have their power and virtue commixed together of repressive and digestive medicines, aught seeldomer to be removed and changed, than those which repel the matter, being ministered in the beginning of phlegmone. Actius, in the vigour or state of phlegmone, and when there is vehement pain felt, Enumeratio abscessu●●m pitu●●os●rum. What things do help in the state of phlegmone. hath set down these remedies: as mallows, mingled with a little bread and with oil of roses. Also melilote boiled in the liquor called passum, and applied with a little bread, of the like virtue (sayeth he) are dates sodden in passum, and mingled with bread and oil of roses: Another also, which digesteth through breathing, in the vigour of phlegmone very effectual, ℞. pellitory of the wall, mallows, ana. M.j. fine bran the flower of meal, ana. p.j. fengreeke, dill, ana. ℥. ss. oil of chammomill. quart. ss. let them be boiled in wine, and well brayed together, till they be well incorporate, and make an emplaistre. Another taken out of Galene, Emplastrum Galeni. lib. 13. Therap. ℞. of the crumbs of bread made of corn. lb.j.lb.j. steipe it in hot water the space of one hour, then streigne it, and commix therewith of the best honey, quar. j. and make it to the form of a cataplasm. This doth dissolve and mitigate pain. Auicene counseleth to minister in the rigour of phlegmone, unguentum basilicon, & that which is made of the juices thereof called diachylon: but the one is good to mollify, the other to ripen and bring to matter: although notwithstanding both of them do carry with them a digesting quality. But these and other such remedies, which are ministered to dissolve that which is already flowed, and to ease pain, because they are of a very moist nature, must be changed very seldom. Furthermore, when as by the remedies before mentioned, the humour which is fallen into the member that is troubled with phlegmone, is dissolved and discussed, and the tumour together with the extension thereof is diminished, and the grief somewhat assuaged, than it is to be judged that the declination of the inflammation is at hand, at which time you must use only discussive things, as are wild mallows bruised anointed, raisins (the kernels being taken out▪) applied with bread and a little honey, and barely meal used also with honey. Also moist wool, flax, a sponge, or some such like thing, wet in hot wine, then streigned or wringed, you must minister it: for all these have an excellent discussive nature, and do not provoke pain. But if, by reason of the stubborness and hardness of the disease, the affected place doth contain too great plenty of matter and that such as resisteth resolution, you must not by and by (as some do) break forth unto Chyrurgie, that is, to make incision, or to sealed it and burn it, but you must labour by all means possible, that the humour collected together may be digested and dissolved by such medicines as can work this effect. For it is convenient to attempt the digestion of the humour by such medicines as can profit in that case, before you begin to cut the inflammation. But if the tumour will not yield to digestive medicines, and no further hope doth remain to dissolve that which is compact in it, but the matter seemeth rather to pertain unto suppuration, you must come unto those, things which can ripen & procure matter. What resolution is to be hoped for. And we hope that a tumour (although it degenerate into abseession) may through the vapour be digested, if the matter which exciteth the same, be thin and little, and fute to be resolved: or if it remaineth not any thing deeply within, and the skin of the affected member be thin. But if the humour be plentiful, and thick, and lurketh very deep, and the skin also thick, exhalation or resolution is not to be hoped for. Put 〈◊〉. Therefore you must come unto those helps which can ripen and provoke matter, of which force is this cataplasm, made of wheat meal, sodden moderately in water & oil: for this (Galene being our Author) doth speedily bring to suppuration those inflammations, Lib. 2. ad Gla●●●. which will not yield to digestion, and it hath also a heat like unto our heat, that is, temperate and mean, and by reason of the meal and oil (which have a certain clammy and glewish property, whereby in stopping the pores, they hinder the natural heat of the member) it hath the force of an emplaistre, which two things are most required in medicines that do ripen and move matter. There are some which do mingle with this cataplasm a little saffron to colour it. But if a tumour, by reason of the thick & viscous humours which are stuffed in it, be hardly brought unto suppuration, this cataplasm doth notably help which is made of the decoction of the roots of althaea, and of figs that be sweet and fat, which do resemble the thickness of honey, Haly Abbas remembreth this cataplasm. commixed with wheat meal, as followeth, ℞. of the aforesaid decoction, lb.lb.j. of wheat meal, lb. ss. boil them thoroughly together, and bring them into the form of a cataplasm. But if in stead of wheat meal, you use barely meal or crible bread, which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, it more availeth to discuss the inflammation then to bring it to suppuration (as Galene hath noted lib. secundo ad Glauconem. Allied. There is another also excellently profitable to provoke matter in the declination of phlegmone, which is commonly used of the common Chyrurgians, A common cataplasm. ℞. of the bark of the root of marsh mallows, that is, of althaea, of the root of lilies, grownswell, called in Greek ●rigeron, leaves of mallows, ana. M.j. wheat meal, quar. j. of the meal of the seed of flax. ℥ i fresh swine's grease, lb. ss. seath the herbs in sufficient quantity of water, and bray them with the other things in a mortar, and make a cataplasm. But if, (when the matter is gathered together and dispatched,) the abscession wherinto phlegmone is turned, doth not open of the own accord: (the members now being free from the inflammation) you must go about to evacuate and empty out the matter which cannot be digested, with a penknife, or some such instrument, or by some drawing medicine. Then you must bring the ulcer unto a scar, like unto other ulcers, which you must do by cleansing the sore, by filling it with flesh, and joining it together, which at the last will 'cause a scar. Moreover, if the matter be thick, which bringeth fourth the tumour, and very disobedient to resolution and digestion, and be exceedingly compact in the passages of the flesh (as is wont to be in continual inflammations which be noughtly cured, the thin part of the humour being resolved, and the thick part remaining still in the passages, than you must not be afraid to use scarification, especially (as Galene admonisheth lib. 2. ad Glauconem) when hardness, blueness or blackness do appear. The fourth intention, Lupus morb●s. Symptomatum correctio. which in the cure of phlegmone was propounded to the Chirurgeon & Physician, is the correction and removing of the symptomates, which do suddenly come upon the inflammation, and those are pain, recourse of the matter, whereof the tumour is raised, to the inward parts, putrefaction and corruption of the mattery member, and as it were a certain stony hardness remaining behind, by reason of some mighty drying & digesting medicines. Therefore if vehement pain shall happen to the tumour, Nodi. Dolour. you must labour by all means possible to mitigate and assuage the same, because, (besides that it weakeneth the strength, and hindereth the lawful duties of the body) it provoketh flux and draweth blood unto it. If pain therefore doth grievously torment in phlegmone, strait way you must lay on those medicines, Lenifiers of pain in phlegmone. which can lenify and ease the vehemency of the pain without any hurt, as is this of Galene, which is made of the liquor called passum, of oil of roses, and a little wax melted with them both: but this is to be taken in moist wool, which hath much oil in it, and to be ministered cold in Summer, and hot in Winter, Therefore such a medicine being tempered and applied (as is said before) doth rarefie, extenuate, digest, and evacuate: it maketh the humour that is sharp, viscous, gross, or plentiful, and which cleaveth to the aggrieved parts, to be equal constant and moderate, and it discusseth the thick vapour which can found no fit issue, and so it mitigateth pain: it bringeth no hurt with his hair, for it maketh dull or taketh away the heat of the oil of roses. Whereby it cometh to pass, that this remedy doth assuage pain without doing any hurt, and disprofiteth not the evil, as hot water, oil, and wheat meal, which things in an inflammation that happeneth with pain, cannot be profitable (as Galene witnesseth. Lib. 2. ad G●. ) For these do loosen and release through their heat and moisture, and do resolve the strength of the member, whereby it is made more weak, and more prove and apt to entertain flux. To the same use (that is to allay the pain in phlegmone) you may apply affectually oil of roses, yolks of eggs, crumbs of white bread steiped in hot water, and then streigne them, and commix them with oil of roses. These also are a present remedy, mallows sodden in water, and mingled with bran and oil of roses, or with oil of violets. Cr●cum. But Auicene in mitigating every pain useth saffron, which he profitably commixeth with assuaging medicines. Furthermore if the sharpness of pain be so great and vehement, that it cannot be eased with those things, which because they mitigate and lenify pain, (the succours of nature being stretched out) are properly called Anodyna & paregorica (that is) provokers of sleep and helpers of pain: you must pass over unto those aids which we call narcotia, (that is) stupefactives. Amongst the which we have tried by daily experience besides the authority of some writers, N●ta de s●. that henbane hath profiteth in this case marvelously, whose leaves you in must take, and bake them in the hot embers, then mingle with them fresh swine's grease and apply them to the place. This doth pacify vehement pain, and bringeth plegmonous tumors unto suppuration. But, while you attempt this thing, you must have a diligent care lest you apply to much moisture, because it is a thing, which in the beginnings of inflammations, when flux aboundeth with great grief, is very pernicious (as we said a little before.) But if you fear recourse of the matter, that exciteth phlegmone, to the inward parts, and that chief toward the principal members: you must 'cause him to come fourth by some drawing medicines, or else by applying cupping glasses, which do draw vehemently from the inward parts. Bocium. Durities relicta. But if by reason of vehement drying and digesting medicines being rashly applied to the inflammation, the relictes of the tumour do turn into Scirrhus: you shall boil in water the roots of wild cucumber (which is commonly called in herbaries and shops cucumber asininus) or of briony or of Asarum, seething them oftentimes alone by themselves (as Galene commandeth) and sometime putting to them fat figs. Then commix meal with water, Nacta. Galens' cataplasm for hard tumors. to the which also put a little suet, either of a goose or a cock, but if there be not plenty of these at hand add swine's grease and make a cataplasm. This doth notably heal that schirrhous affect which through mighty drying & digesting medicines in the member which phlegmone occupied, doth still remain behind. Also the aforesaid herbs together with the roots of althaea, being, after a moderate boiling well mingled with bread and suet, and then applied, do discuss and dissolve such hardened tumors: as Galene doth plainly teach lib. 2. ad Glauconem. Therefore if you fear, that plegmonous tumors, which are scarely, digested through their vapour, neither yet are easily concocted, be turned into Scirrhus: you must always commix with digestives those things which can mollify and soften. Moreover if any part of the mattering member shall putrefy, you must straightway cut it out, or else seek to cure it by many deep scatifications: Putrefactio. afterward you must sprinkle on it salt water, and then lay on it an emplaster made of the meal of beans or tars sodden in oxymel. There be other things also to be proved in this case, which we will by and by set down in the cure of Gangrena. But now it shallbe more profitable, if we comprehend the Chapters concerning the cure of such phlegmonous affects, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. What Bubo is with Guido and other late Physicians. Galen. lib. 2. ad G●anc. in some short sentences. And first we will begin to declare the sum of the cure of phlegmone, being yet but beginning, and not yet vexing with any grievous pain. 1. Let the whole body be emptied with convenient purgations, and especially by letting of blood, if nothing do let it. 2. Let the inflamed member be all to washed and anointed with such things, as have power to drive back the flowing of the humour. 3. Let the humour, which is contained in the aggrieved place, be emptied out by drying and digesting medicines. Of the causes signs & judgements of the aforesaid tumours. Causes of tumors which pertain unto phlegm. The matter of phlegmatic abscessions. The sum of the cure of phlegmone, when is 〈…〉 much pain. 4. Let the affected part, and those also which are about it, be strengthened and fortified. Now followeth the sum of the cure of the said phlegmone, when it tormenteth with a more grievous pain. 1. Whenas inflammation being caused through the defluxion of humours, doth vex with great pain, you must mitigate the vehemency of the same without any hurt doing. 2. Then, you must not minister those things, which do strongly bind, or unloosen through their heat and moisture, or resolve strength. 3. But you must apply to the inflamed place such helps, as, by meanly binding, can repel that which floweth, and evacuate that which infesteth the affected member. 4. Apply to the tumour, a sponge dipped in sharp wine or posca, that so you may prevent the passage of the humour that floweth. 5. If these things shall profit, and yet the matter appeareth not any where, you must use soft and gentle emplasters, and those especially, which are made as remedies against flux. 6. Amongst those things, which are of power to dry, and repel the flux of blood without pain, you must choose the best, as is that resolution with oil of roses, which it made of the stone chalcitis: then lay upon it pure wool dipped in sharp wine. 7. But when matter appeareth in the member, you must often apply the aforesaid cataplasm, or that rather, which is made of barely meal. 8. If the abundance of thick matter doth exceed the medicines so that there is no hope of resolution you must make an issue for that which yieldeth not unto digestion in that place especially, where it is highest. 9 After incision, you must dry the wound, if pain be not urgent, and cleanse it and scour it without grief. 10. If after incision, pain be vehement, you must first assuage it with fomentes, then with a cataplasm, strait after with some moist medicine, or with such a one as drieth not. 11. If the member be still inflamed, lay on a cataplasm made of a certain pulse called chittes, which doth empty out and drive back. CAP. X. Of a Carbuncle, and a Cancre, and of the malady named Sphacelus, all which they call sanguineae pustulae, 1. blood bushes. De Carbuncul●. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Gangrena &, Sphacelus do follow great phlegmones. SEEING that we have entreated abundantly, as much as pertaineth to a Chirurgeon, of Phlegmone, which is the first difference of inflammations, and most incident to man's body: it now remaineth that we speak first of Carbunculus, which is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: next of Gangrena, the Cancre, and last, of Sphacelus, (which with the expounder of Auicene they commonly call esthiomenon) for that hath his beginning of a bloody flux, as phlegmone hath, and doth provoke a most sharp fever, but these are wont oftentimes to acompanie great phlegmones, as Galene libello de Tumoribus praeter naturam, and in many other places hath diligently noted. Natura. The generation and description of a Carbuncle. A Carbuncle therefore proceedeth of the flowing of blood, which is black, thick, filthy, burning, and exceedingly hot, with the which if there be mingled but certain thin humours: there are raised up on the out side of the skin whelks or bushes, like things that be burned or scalded, Locus. Carbunclus de plex. Signs of a Carbuncle. and then this inflammation is called Carbunculus cum pustula, the Carbuncle with the push, which evil truly doth happen very often. In the mean time notwithstanding it beginneth (although seldom) without push or bushes: but then is caused a crusty or hard ulcer: I say without push or bushes, because sometime there ariseth with this evil one only push of some greatness, which being broken, the ulcer is brought fourth with a scurse or scab: 2. Some great whelks, some small. but oftentimes not one push alone doth break out, but many little and slender ones, sticking thick in the member like unto the seeds of hirse: which being burst fourth, there doth likewise arise a certain crusty ulcer, such as hot iron doth cause. But between their beginning, before that the bushes do appear, they trouble the member thoroughly. Victus ratio. 3. The colour of the c●ust either earthy or black. Now these scales or scurf do sometime receive an ashy or earthly colour, sometime blackness, and in that place the skin cannot be eased, but it is, as it were fastened to the inner flesh. The flesh also about it, is brought into an exceeding hot inflammation, which the Greeks call Phlogosis, and is black in colour, and shineth after the manner of lime or pitch, Aquae ●l●●inosae vi●. 4. The flesh black abou● it. as though there were a little black commixed with a great quantity of red. This colour is caused altogether of melancholy. And these truly are the signs and tokens of a Carbuncle drawn from the very affect itself, to the which also may be added a very grievous and vehement pain of the afflicted member, as though it were bound with strong chains. They also which are thus affected do necessarily fall into a fever, and that sooner, than they, 6. A vehement fever. which are vexed with Phlegmone Erysipelatosa. But if any poison doth lurk within (as oftentimes it chanceth) the sick persons are miserably tormented with parbreaking and continual vomiting, Vacuantia pe● alnum. pulvis Turbith. 7. Nauseae. together with a want of appetite and loathing of meat. 8. 〈◊〉. There are present also with them quaking of the heart, panting or moving of the stomach, and an often fainting of courage. 9 Wante of stomach. This evil is called properly of the Chyrurgians of our age, Anthrax, Razes. 10. Ca●dis tremor. differing from Carbunculus, by reason of the malice and cruelty of the evil (as they please.) Whenas in very deed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 among the Greeks is the very same, that Carbo, or Carbunculus is among the Latins. Therefore it is superfluous to distinguish, and to handle in diverse Chapters the signs and cure of them (which all Chyrurgians almost do use at this time. Provokers of urine. Po●● Guido●● à Ca●liaco. Carbuncle 〈…〉. 1. VV●en a Carbuncle ●s m●st deadly, (the judgement thereof being taken from the affected p●ace.) 2. Another judgement taken from the affected place. 3. judgement of the colour. 4. judgement of the accidents. ) But these Carbuncles do chief arise of violent causes killing the people suddenly, and they follow a pestilent plague. Wherefore there is required a diligent heed or care about them, neither in any case must they be neglected. Moreover although 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or every Carbuncle be a sharp disease, dangerous and contagious: yet the worst of all and the most deadly is that of Auicene, which doth arise in the purest places and near to the principal members. For it is to be feared, that this venomous matter which exciteth the Carbuncle, doth suddenly return to the inward parts, and to some principal member: which if it shall happen, the sick is in great danger of his life, especially if any evil signs shall bewray the same. But if the exhalation thereof be only filthy and corrupted with abominable poison, it is enough to kill the man. If a Carbuncle chanceth about the stomach, or about the cheeks or laws, it suddenly oftentimes (as Celsus sayeth) bursteth out the stomach. And less deadly is that Carbuncle in Auicene, which appeareth first red, and then yellow or of orange colour. But if it waxeth blue or black, it killeth almost every man, and there is none that is judged more dangerous of the one nature than it. If the Accidents, which are wont to accompany this disease, be very much remitted or released there is some hope of recovery. But if they be still more and more continually stretched out, and made more vehement, then truly the matter is in great despair. CAP. XI. Of the cure of a Carbuncle. GALENE lib. method med. 14. & secundo ad Glanconem, The kings of France do cure Strumae by applying the hands. The cure of a Carbuncle must be begun by blood letting. commandeth that the cure of a Carbuncle (having set down a convenient order of diette) must be begun with blood letting by and by at the beginning (if none of those things do let it, which are wont to forbid the cutting of a vein) who also willeth to draw blood even to the fainting of the heart. For it profiteth much those that be troubled with this evil: and this always is to be marked, Ven● è ●●●ecto secunda. that the vein be strooken directly against the ulcer. But the choose of the vein is manifested unto us of the affected member (as we have said in the cure of Phlegmone.) Therefore in that matter, even a skilfulll Physician must take counsel of the Chirurgeon, who hath the knowledge to declare, from what place and how much blood is to be drawn out. The vein (as it behoveth) being cut, if nothing (as I said) do hinder you, Deep scarification. it shall not be amiss to scarify the said tumour, using somewhat deep cuts or wounds by reason of the thickness of the malicious humour, (that is) such cuts as are somewhat deeper than ordinary (as it pleaseth Galene.) There are some, which would have scarification made in the crusty or hard ulcer only, and then they strait way sprinkle those incisions with hot salt water, Sprinkling of hot salt water. Arsonicum. Sanguisugae. that blood might not meet together in them or increase, but that it might be emptied out. Sometime also they apply some gnawing medicine, as is arsenic, which in this case among the rest hath the greatest virtue, but some do minister to the scarified place horsleches or blood suckers. But strong repulsives are in no wise to be used or applied to the aggrieved member (although refrigeration be needful which in deed doth belong unto the inflammation.) For you cannot so turn away the flux or prevent the malice hereof, because of the thickness of the humour. And if at any time you shall do it, you shall find some other naughty humour (as Galene sayeth) which is settled in the depth or inward parts of the body: but this humour must not be suffered to flow abundantly (the same Galene being our Author.) Therefore such remedies are to be sought for, as by a moderate repression can digest or disperse the humour. A Cataplasm good for a carbuncle. Such truly is that cataplasm, both that which is made of plantain, and also that which is made of lintels twice sodden. But with this you must commix crumbs of bread, which have been baked in an oven. Let the bread (after Galens' counsel) be neither altogether without bran, nor very full of it. But this kind of cataplasm is called of the latter sort Emplastrum de Arnoglossa, Cataplasms de Arnoglossa. which they make after this sort, ℞. of plantine, lintles, bread baked in the oven, of each a like portion, let them be boiled in water. To these Auicene putteth galls, who also for this purpose doth allow the cataplasm which is made of the two pomegranates sodden either in vinegar, Lupia curatio. A Cataplasm of pomegranates. Pa●●●●. or in sharp or tart water, and these they apply both to the affected member, and also to the parts about it. Of this mind also is Paulus Aegineta, who sayeth, that, if you will pluck up a Carbuncle as it were by the roots, and dissever it from having any society with the parts about it, you must seath in vinegar a sharp pomegranate cut in small pieces: when the sore is corrupted you must wipe it smooth, and cleanse it with a linen cloth, and when it waxeth dry, Lamina plumbea. Nux ●uellana. you must moisten it with vinegar. Also the kernel of the old filbert nut or of the young doth ripen and break Carbuncles. But the best remedy for the parts lying about it, is the ointment made of Bole armoniac, of oil of roses or myrtles, and of vinegar: which is used, because the humour, which hath flowed already, should not return back again within. There are some which do draw and allure the poison, Remedies to draw the poison in a Carbuncle. and malicious humour in a pestilent Carbuncle with sucking or drawing it, with cupping glasses, and with medicines that can bring the humour to the place which is be set with Carbo. Which thing truly I would also counsel to do, if 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 doth occupy the arteries, and the parts about the lesser veins, and if flux doth move but slowly. But if it rusheth or breaketh fourth strongly and abundantly, the rage of the humour must be tamed and bridled by medicines that can moderately repress (as of late we recited out of Galene) lest that there be caused too vehement pain through the flux that floweth so strongly in the affected member, and so the evil be made more painful and angry. What must be applied to a crusty ulcer. But upon this hard or crusty ulcer, especially when the member is putrefied, you must say some strong medicine both which can greatly dry (but not that which can concoct or digest) and also which can move the matter, (seeing that so, you shall favour the putrefaction of the member, A Cataplasm of the meal of tars & oxymel. ) of this nature is that of Andron Musu, Pusro, or Polyida: and it must be washed in some sweet wine, or in Sapa, by reason of the thickness of the filthy humour. That cataplasm also which in Galene is made of the meal of tars and oxymell, is rightly applied, when as the ulcer is malignant and corrupted. But commonly the ointment called unguentum Aegyptiacum is to be applied. But if these things do little profit, you must come unto more sharp remedies, unguentum Aegyptiacum. which have even a fiery force. Of the which kind are these, the root, of Dracunculus or Aristolochia broken and laid in vinegar, lime, arsenic, yellow ochre, and other of this, sort, Adurentia medicamenia. which do burn like fire. These do profit sufficiently, if they do throughlie resolve the corrupted member even from the quick. This being done, whatsoever is corrupted and dead within, you must by and by pull away and pluck it up by the roots. But when after these gnawing medicines there followeth a scurf or scar, which is drawn every way from the quick flesh, When adustion must be used. the wound truly, which is raised through them, must be diligently regarded, as in other sores that be burned. But seeing in extreme diseases (as Hypocrates saith) extreme remedies are perfectly the best, we are constrained sometime (our medicines not prevailing with the evil) to root out a malicious carbuncle by actual or manuel instruments (as they call it) that is, with a bright knife or some other such thing. But the end of burning is, Finis adurendi. while there is sense of pain every way, as Celsus hath taught very well. After these things the crust or scab, which is upon the ulcers must be resolved by such medicines as are meet for that purpose. But if the sick shall refuse to suffer adustion, the help of some poor and base fellow is to be used, who by laying hold on the carbuncle with his teeth may quite extinguish and pull up the same. As were in time past certain people in Italy named Psilis, Psilis. who did suck their wounds which they received by the stinging of Serpents, and that without any harm taking thereby. Moreover the carbuncle being thus taken away, or consumed any other way, the hollowness thereof (the inflammation now ceasing) must first be cleansed, and afterward being made pure and clean it must be healed with filling medicines (which the Greeks call Synulotica.) Which when it is thoroughly filled, neither doth there remain any hollow place at all in it, it is convenient to use those things which can bring it to a scar, as in other ulcers. But if the evil doth not rage very much, but shall seem to offer us truce and peace, Ma●urati●um Auicenne. it is ripened and opened (as Auicene sayeth) by applying figs commixed well together with leaven and salt. And when this Cataplasm or the like is laid to twice or thrice, the place is wont to appear altogether black and full of chinks or clyftes, and then the place is to be scoured and cleansed with mundificatives made of Apium. That medicine also, Mundifi●ati●um ex ap●●. which is made of the yolks of eggs and of salt, if it be often applied, it ripeneth and openeth a Carbuncle, (as Theodaricus writeth.) For the same purpose we use commonly at this day that medicine, which is made of honey, salt, wheat meal, and the yolks of eggs. Consolida maior, (that is) comfery (which the the Greeks call symphyton) being brayed between two stones, doth heal Anthrax very marvelously (as they report) and within the space of one day it quite destroyeth it, so that it needeth no other curing after any more, beside also it is a common help for other wounds. Some also do declare wonderful things of Scabiosa: because that, Diathyl●n Scabiosa. (it being eaten or drunk in wine) it thrusteth out internal tumoures to the external places, and it doth dissolve and discuss them without pain. In the ulcers of a carbuncle these do resolve the crusts or scurf, fresh butter, swine's suet, and other fat things of that sort. For this purpose also this emplaster following doth marvelously profit: for besides that it resolveth the scar, that is, the crust, more speedily, than the aforesaid things, it also assuageth the pain that is caused either of the sharp and burning medicines, or of the bright instrument, and it mightily discusseth the malicious humour, which exciteth the Carkuncle. ℞. of wheat and barley meal. ana. ℥ three of the which make a solid emplaster with the decoction of mallows, violets, Emplastrum eschar●m resoluens. and the roots of Althaea, and put thereunto of butter, and swine's suet melted. ana. ℥ two the yolks of two eggs, which must be put in, when they are taken of the fire: & all these must be diligently commixed & incorporate together with the aforesaid roots & herbs, which must be well beaten & brayed together the one with the other, & then sifted through a scarce. As concerning their diet, epithemes, cordials, and other of that kind, which are made to strengthen the heart▪ also Evacuations, if they be needful, they do altogether pertain unto that part of Physic, which cureth with diet and medicines. Wherefore in ministering them, you must ask the advise or counsel of some learned Physician. But commonly all men almost do use theri●ca, Theri●ce. which is wont to be ministered to the greatness of a bean, made of the water of scabeous, or if a very sharp and vehement fever be present, you must make it of rose water, or water of bugloss: which the sick must take six hours after meat. But because we have made mention before of the Trochiskes of Andr●●, Polyida & Musa (which Galene so greatly used) it shall not be amiss to set down here the description of them. Andronis Troch●s●●●. ℞. of Cytines' (that is) of the first flowers or buds of a Pomegranate. ʒ. x. of alum that may be cut. ℥ four of coperous or vittioll. ʒ. xii. of myrrh. ʒ. iiij. of frankincense, Aristolochia, and galls. ana. ʒ. viii. of salt ammoniacke. ʒ. iiij. ℞. of pomegranate rinds. ʒ. uj. of myrrh. ʒ. viii. of Alum that may be cut. ʒ. v. of frankincense. ʒ. iiij. of coperous. ʒ. iij. of the gall of a bull. ʒ. uj. let these be taken in sweet wine. Polyidae pas●●ctus 〈◊〉. ℞. of cut or cloven alum. ʒ. iij. frankincense. ʒ. iiij. of myrrh as much, of coperous. ʒ. ij. of the flowers of pomegranates. ʒ. xii. of bulls gall. ʒ. uj. Aloes. ʒ.viij. Take these in sharp wine. Musae ●●●hisku●. ℞. of cut alum, aloes, myrrh, coperous. ana. ʒ. uj. of saffron, and of the dregs of the oil of saffron. ʒ. iij. of the flowers of pomegranates. ʒ. iiij. Let them be taken in mulsum made of Faler●●um. CAP. XII. Of Gangrena and Sphacelus. What a Canker is, and whence it hath his beginning GALENE lib. 2. au Glanconem, calleth them Cankers, which by reason of the greatness of the inflammation be made and changed into mortifications, yet they be not thoroughly engendered and already confirmed. The force and tyranny of this evil is so outrageous, that except it be remedied very speedily, the affected member doth easily represent the habit of death (that is) it doth very readily draw together the extinction and quenching both of life, Gangrena pessimus tyramnus sense and moving. But when the member is so corrupted and so feeble, that it is altogether without sense, and as it were dead, so that whether it be strooken, or cut, or burned, the sick feeleth it not, than the Greeks call this evil no longer Cangrena, but Sphacelus, the Latins Syderatio, the later sort call it Esthiomenon: which name also they give unto Gangrena. unguentum Aegyptiacum. Diachylon. Diapalma. Sphacelus. But Auicene calleth it Esthiomenon, when as the corruption thereof doth pass to the continual parts, which term the Grecians do use in an other order. Some call this affect sometime Herpeta esthiomenon, sometime very improperly, Cancer ulceratus. But this affect chanceth also to the bones, when as the flesh being beset and compassed about with them, bringing forth and engendering filthy and stinking corruption, doth infect them with this horrible poison and consumeth them with most corruptible rottenness. Therefore when as the member shall altogether appear void of life, sense and moving, The benumbed member must straightway be p●●ed. you must by and by pair it to the quick as near as you can to the sound flesh. Sphacelus therefore differeth from Gangrena, because the one doth grow up in the bones (as we have declared) and not in the flesh and vessels of the body only, but the other cometh not to the bones. Not withstanding it is one kind of Sphacelus but it borroweth a proper and singular name beside the common term. This kind of corruption being perfect in the affected part, and altogether deprived of sense, is called commonly in France Ignis Sancti Antonii. In another place Ignis Sancti Martialis. But this mortification of the members, Ignis Sancti Antonii. Three causes of mortification or the extinguishing and destroying of the life in them, chanceth three ways. One way, when as the member can no longer receive the life that is sent to from the heart through the Arteries, by reason of the dissolving of the mixture and consent of the affected member. Which mixture and harmony of the member is dissolved and destroyed either because of too much cold, (as sometime it happeneth in sharp and boisterous winters) or by reason of immoderate, What things do dissolve the mixture of the member. rash, and unadvised refrigeration of the inflammation, or else because of the exceeding, and unmearable vehement heat, and poison of the inflammations, and malignant ulcers (as they call them.) Another way Gangrena and Sphacelus are caused, whenas the life being gotten into the member is choked and stopped, as it oftentimes happeneth in great inflammations, which sometime do so close up, and stop the veins, Arteries, and poors of the skin, that there the spirits, (the breathing forth of the vaporous streams, and the drawing in of the air, being altogether hindered) are strangled and choked. The third way, these mortifications and destroyinge of life are caused in the members, whenas the passage and flowing of the vital breath from the heart to some member is letted and forbidden, and that happeneth either by reason of a vehement and strong binding, or else because of some bruise received in these passages and poors, through the which the breath is carried. To conclude, Gangrena and Syderatio, which the Grecians call necrosis and sphacelus, do chance unto men's bodies, destroying either the member, or the vital faculty, Signs of Gangrena & sphacelus. or the natural heat and temperature of the body. But the signs of Gangrena and Syderatio, Galene in his little treatise of tumors above nature declareth to be these: First truly that flourishing colour is extinguished in them, which is wont to be in phlegmonous inflammations, than pain, and beating of the pulses (that is) the moving of the Arteries, which is felt of the sick, do departed a little aside, yet their natural disposition not altogether ended, but their sense altogether dead and mortified. Whereupon the member strait way appeareth black, and it is very soft, and full of corruption, it breatheth out a fithie savour and it is like unto a dead thing without life. Whereby it cometh to pass, that when it is touched with the finger, it easily yieldeth very deeply, neither after doth it rise up again or return, but the skin appeareth as though it were separated from the flesh. But this mortification of the affected member, (which the Grecians call Gangrena,) is of so great cruelty and madness (as Paulus sayeth) that except you presently seek a remedy for it without all delay, the affected member soon perisheth, judicia lib. 4 and then it invadeth the other parts that be next unto it, and killeth the man. Curatio Atherom●ti●, steatomatis & meliceridis. Lib. 5 But if (as Celsus reporteth) it yet hath but small power, but is now a beginning, it is not very hard to cure, especially in a young man's body, and so much the rather if the muscles be sound and whole, if the sinews be not hurt, or smallly affected. But when this evil hath taken deep root, and is turned already into sphacelus, it it uncurable, and very many do die of a cold sweat. CAP. XIII. Of the cure of Gangrena caused of great inflammations, and of the destroying or curing of Sphacelus, which is engendered of Gangrena. because abundance of blood doth engender a canker, Lib. 4. Curatio per digerentis. Emptying of corrupted blood. the order of the cure thereof must be strait way attempted by a plentiful & copious evacuation of the corrupt blood, which is packed together in the affected member. But in the mean season, you must not neglect those things which shall seem to belong unto diet, medicines, cutting of a vain (if need require) and strengthenning of the heart, in which things the Chirurgeon must take the advise of some learned Physician, who knoweth how to instruct him therein (as the matter shall require.) But there must be great plenty of that congealed blood (which causeth mortifications) drawn out from the affected part, either in the vain that is cut, if it appeareth any thing full, and swollen about the same member, or in the whole skin of the part affected, together with his substance either kept down and made obedient, or cut, or divided by many deep scarifications. Some to this end do apply horseleeches, and they do open the little veins that be next the sore, but those deep and often sections or scarifications are much more effectual to cure that Evil. But because of the greatness of the canker, we use very great sections, or often incisions (which we call Scarifications:) the one, when the eveill is near rotten, the other when it only beginneth to rot. For the greater the evil is, the greater remedy it requireth (as every man may know.) But when you have drawn out blood abundantly by those deep slashes or cuts, you must wash the place with salt water, that the thick blood which otherwise would abound there, may be brought forth. Then you must apply some medicine, that can let and dissolve putrefaction, as is the meal of tars or darnel, (which the French men call yuraia, because it doth provoke drunkenness after the manner of wine) or if there be scarcity of them, you must use the meal of beans with oxymel and syrupus acetosus. It shall be profitable also to wash the scarified place twice in a day with hot vinegar, but especially with mulsum. For these by reason of the dryness, do consume the filthiness and corruption, and do cleanse it, but because of their coldness they do challenge of putrefaction that, which is not yet defiled and corrupted. But when this fervent heat is now abated, and the fury of the evil somewhat remitted and slaked, you must lay above upon the sore that ointment which is commoly called unguentum Aegyptiacum, unguentum Aegyptiacum made of verdigris, alum, honey, and vinegar, of each a like quantity commixed and boiled together. This doth stop putrefaction and resolve it: and it doth dissever also the putrefied and corrupted humour from the sound and whole parts, and it doth 'cause it to fall and perish. Moreover it procureth a crust or scar, and preserveth and defendeth the whole parts from any infection. But if you will apply a more strong and effectual medicine, mingle salt with the aforesaid things: or if the evil shall increase yet more and more, B●●ning Trochiskes. minister some of the Trochiskes before mentioned, being thoroughly brayed and beaten together, and then washed in vinegar and wine: as that either of Andron or Polyida or Musa: or one of those which are called of the later sort, calidicon, Aldaron, or that made of Asphodelus, which by reason of the burning force do separate the corruption from the sound parts. In this matter before all other things Arsenicon is praised and allowed of, which they call sublimatum, Aetius lib 15. Arsenicon sublimatum. purum or correctum, which must be dissolved either in some powder or in wine, and taken in linen or cotton (which the French men call Coton.) And so applied between the sound and corrupted member. For this doth strait way stay the evil, and that truly without pain. But if necessity requireth, you must divide the good from the evil with a certain instrument called a probe, or sklise. But in ministering such medicines: that the matter may be handled more without care, you must be diligent to know the nature of the sick body, (as Galene hath well taught us saying.) If the body be rustical and hard by nature, Lib. 2. ad Glane. it requireth very vehement medicines: but if it be tender and soft, it requireth more gentle and mild medicines. Infant's also or children, and they which love to live at their own pleasure in idleness, must have gentle medicines ministered to them. Moreover the nature of the parts which are evil affected must be regarded as well as the whole body. When you do either cut of, or cut about that which is putrefied & corrupted. For there are some sores, which very quickly do come to matter, & corruption, if they be negligently cured: and some very slowly: some also do slowly feel the force and benefit of medicines applied, and some very soon. Scirrhus duplex. When adustion is to be used. Furthermore if (notwithstanding these burning medicines) the evil shall yet remain, you must burn that place which is between the whole and corrupted member. But all these remedies are wont sometime to profit nothing at all, and then this is the only help, If the canker turneth into sphacelus. although (as Celsus sayeth) it be a miserable help (that is) to cut of the member, which by little and little waxeth dead, that so the other parts of the body may be without danger. For that which is once corrupted, even with touching, it doth infect and corrupt that part which is whole and sound after the manner of poison. But if at any time you shall cut of this putrefied and dead member, or shall lance of that which is corrupted in any member even to the sound flesh, Lively 2. ad Gla●● then by the counsel of Galene for more quietness sake, you must sear or burn with some bright instrument that member, which as a root, is joined to the whole and sound body, for so you shall quickly stay the flowing of blood, and debar corruption. Lib. 4. Remedies that can losen the crusts from the seared members. Now adustion being done and ended, you must use the juice of leeks, or (as Paulus saith) you must apply salt with the leeks, or some of those remedies, which we have spoken of a little before. For these do dry and bind the corruption, and do also stop the flux of humours. But when by using these remedies rottenrennesse or corruption shall seem to cease: that the crusts and scurf may soon fall away, you must use a Cataplasm made of bread, or barley meal, or wheat meal boiled in hydraleon. Also that medicine, which they call Cephalicum, anointed with honey. These through their cleansing or scouring, do resolve the crust from the flesh which lieth under it. Moreover that medicine which is called Tetrapharmacum, and that also called macedonicum, by moving & mollifying the matter do bring the scurfs from the parts that lie under them, as all other things do, which do bring the sores unto suppuration. For these remedies do both mollify, & ripen or end the matter under the crust, which matter doth resolve it: (I mean that matter which lieth between the crust & the flesh. Bread also beaten & brayed with apium, or ocinium, through their cleansing doth mightily draw the crusts from the whole parts without erosion or gnawing, of the like virtue also is Iris, or the root of panax, or of aristolochia, Butyrum. or of acorus mixed with honey. But they are commonly wont to use butter or some other anointing thing to resolve the crusts. But when the crust is fallen of, they wash the place with vinegar, and then apply this plaster following, which is rehearsed by Guilielmus de saliceto. Melancholy cometh by the adustion of other humours. Emplastrum Guilielmi à Saliceto. ℞. honey. lb. ss. raw yolks of eggs iij. or iiij. of barley meal. lb. ss. mingle these together & bring them into the form of an emplaster. But two or three days after, that the mundification or cleansing may be the better accomplished, you may add to this emplaster of chosen myrrh. ʒ. x. But in tender and young bodies for the separation of the crust, and detersion of the filthy corruption, the meal of tars mingled with honey, Com. 29. lib. 3 predict. Hyp. Lib. 2. ad Glauconem. The sum of the cure of Gangrena & sphacellus. or frankincense (which was used of Galene) doth abundantly suffice. These things being rightly ordered, such kind of ulcers must be brought unto some soundness of health with such kind of medicines as can draw together the flesh, and procure a scar: the Grecians call them synulotica and epolotica. 1. Empty out abundantly the corrupted blood, which is stuffed in the affected member. 2. After scarifications or sections, wash the affected place with salt water. Then lay on a medicine appointed for corrupted sores. 3. When the fury of the evil is somewhat slaked, minister unguentum Aegyptiacum. 4. If the evil will not yield to these remedies, sear with a bright and hot iron that place which is between the filthy and corrupted member. 5. But if all these things shall nothing help, and now Gangrena is changed into sphacelus, cut of that member very speedily, which is so perished even to the whole, so that no filthiness remain behind. 6. When you have cut of that which was putrefied, you must use some hot burning instrument, that so you may the more quietly pull up even the very root of the evil. 7. After exustion, minister the juice of leeks, and other such things, which do dry, bind, and stop flux. 8. Make no great speed to resolve the crust or scurf by using burning medicines, or some hot instrument from the subject places (for then there is wont to follow abundance of blood.) 9 When rottenness or corruption is ceased, and you fear no more the flowing of blood, apply those things which can draw of the crust. 10. When the crusts or scurfs be fallen from their places, you must use the same cure, as in other ulcers. Apherisms 1· pertaining 2. to a physician 1. First appoint a thin and coling diet for them which are vexed with Gangrena and sphacelus. 2. If nothing do let it, turn away the flux by letting of blood: and draw it out aboundaunlie, if it floweth plentifully. 3. Purify the blood with the medicine which is called Catholicon, or with the black pith of Casia fistularis, or with the decoction of Tamarinds, of hops, and fumitory. 4. Let the sick take Theriaca, and other of that kind, which are able to defend the heart, (which is the fountain and beginning of life) from those corrupted and filthy smelling fluxes, which are mounted up from the putrefied member. CAP. XIIII. Of Erysipelas and other tumoures caused of Choler. ALthough phlegm in the genration of humours, doth follow next unto blood, 14. meth. med. phlegm in the generation of humours is next unto blood and there be greater abundance of that humour in the body next unto blood, them of other humours, yet because tumors above nature proceeding of choler (which they commonly call choleric apostems) do in many things greatly conspire & aagree with bloody humours, it followeth (after the determination of phlegmone, and of other tumoures consisting above nature, which proceed of blood) that we now speak of those swellings, which are caused of choler, and are called of the Greeks by this general name Erysipelata, Guido n●tas Cancri tribuit scirrho. Erysipel●● q●●d. but of the ancient Latins Ignes sacri. Erysipelus therefore is the branch or bud of choleric flux, most abiding about both the skins, (that is) both about that which outwardly covereth all the parts of the body, and also about that filmie and thin skin which inwardly compasseth the internal parts. But oftentimes also it occupieth some of the flesh that lieth under it, as phlegmone (which is the issue of bloody flux most incident to fleshy bodies) doth also possess some of the skin. Therefore when very thin choler, or hot blood which is thin also in substance, (called of the later sort cholera naturalis, but of Galene 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) is spread abroad over the skin only, nothing molesting the flesh under it, and yet somewhat raising the member into a tumour with a languishing inflammation and yellow redness, and altogether doth yield when it is touched. This affect is properly called of Galene, Erysipelas' exquisite. a true and exquisite Erysipelas. But this is for one consideration, or (as they say) it chanceth uniformly, and without ulceration. Auicene calleth it spina. The cure of a true & lawful scirrhus, yet not exquisite, & grown into a stony hardness, altogether insensible Three Intentions. V●ctus ratio. Euchyma. Panis. Potus. O●a. Carnes. Olera. Spina. But when a humour of bitter choler shall be more thick and sharp, then that it can return again naturally it doth exulcerate or fetch of that little outward skin, (which the Greeks call Epidermida) and sometime that exulceration of the skin in process of time pierceth somewhat deeply, so that it toucheth the inner flesh under it, and then that affect is called also Erysipelas but with ulceration, Erysepelas cum ulceratum. which (as Galene saith) is all one with Herpes. But if it be neither a choleric flux, nor a bloody humour, but equally congealed of them both, it is not then called Erysipelas only, but Galene termeth it a disposition thoroughly commixed with Erysipelas and the inflammation. Erysipelas non legiti●●●. But of that which is predominant in the mixture, is the title given to the evil. For when blood ruleth, it is called phlegmone erysipelatosa: but when choler reigneth, we term it Erysipelas phlegmonôsum. But when neither hath superiority, but the accidents of them both appear equal together in power, Medium 〈◊〉 than that evil shall be called a mean between phlegmone & Erypelas. Now also of other mixtures there shall be the like interpretation, that is, if much choler be mingled with a thin and small humour, either of phlegm or melancholy, it shall be called Erisipelas oedemat●sum or schirrbosum. Moreover when we speak simply of choler, or of a bilious humour, 〈◊〉. after the manner of Galene and other Physicians, we mean pale choler, yellow, and bitter, and not that which is sour and black. And this is called of others, naturalis & certa cholera, having his generation of blood that is thin and hot. But melancholy we never absolutely do term choler, but always with an adjection of the humour, which joineth the colour of the name. Choler therefore, which is called of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & commonly cholera, is a hot & dry humour, proceeding of the thinner & hotter part of chylus, or of thin and hot blood (as we said a late.) And this is two manner of ways according to the division of the new Physicians, Bi●is flena duplex. that is to say, natural and unnatural. Natural choler is a humour of power hot & dry, in substance thin, of colour yellow or read, declining unto a certain colour like orengetaunie, but in taste very bitter, & not sharp or sour (as some untruly have affirmed. Not natural. ) Unnatural choler is said to be that, which doth degenerate from the aforesaid bilious humour, and yet it keepeth itself within the bounds of his circuit, which if it doth once pass or go out of, it is now not to be accounted choler, but rather some other humour. Choler doth digress from his own nature. But this (I mean choler) doth happen to transgress the limits of his liberty or circuit two ways. 1. One way (as we may say) by itself, and in itself. 2. The other way by admixtion with others. By itself and in itself is also two fold. 1. one way, whenas that natural choler doth putrefy, and is burned within, and that is called adustae per putrifactionem i burnt through patrifaction. 2. The other way, whenas unnatural choler called vitellina, Bilis vitellina Porr●acta. Prassina. A●●uginosa is thoroughly concocted even with a fiery heat in the liver, or in the stomach, or in the veins, & it is made of the colour of leeks, which they also call prassina, or it is caused to be rusty or cankered, which truly are extreme griefs. But unnatural choler, or choler above nature, through admixtion, is caused, when as another humour doth come unto it extraordinarily. And this truly happeneth many ways. For if thin & waterish phlegm be mixed with it it is made yellow & like unto saffron, if thick & viscous phlegm be commixed therewith, it is made like to the yolks of eggs: but if burned melancholy be joined therewith, Crocea. Auicene. Haly. it is made bilis adusta per admixtionem. And so after Auicenes' mind & judgement, there are six kinds of natural choler with: Halyabbas, four only, for he maketh no mention at all of the two kinds of adusted choler. But Gal. lib. 2. de virtut. naturalibus saith that there is no choler besides nature, but that which is vitellina, very like both in colour & thickness to the yolks of eggs: for he saith that porracea & aerubinosa bilis are engendered oftentimes in the stomach, of naughty and corrupted humours, by reason of the crudity or rawness of meats and drinckes, as are, the herb called beet, oynions, coolewortes. And also sometime, when these things are not well digested, it is engendered in the very veins, by reason of sickness, or some other evil disposition. By these things therefore it is gathered, that there are four kinds or differences of inflammations engendered of choler (which commonly are called choleric apostemes). That is to say. Of true sincere, Four differences of inflammations coming of choler. Verum erysipelas. Three unlawful erysipelas. and laudable choler (which we call thin & hot blood) is engendered that kind of inflammation, which Galene lib. 2. ad Glauco. calleth a true and exquisite erysipelas, which is as it were a passion of the skin only: in Greek it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. But of unnatural choler, being mixed with other humours, there do arise three other differences, as erysipelas phlegmonôdes, erysipelas aedematodes, and erysipelas scirrbodes. And of choler which besides nature is caused of adustion, by reason of the thinness or thickness of the substance thereof there are engendered either herpetes esthiomeni (that is) excedentes, which are of the same kind with those erysipelata, Herpes exedens. Phagedaena. Can●ri ●●erati. which do chance with ulceration, or there are engendered phagedaene, which do somewhat deeply gnaw the flesh together with the skin, & there are caused exulcerat cankres, & other such gnawing evils, there are also engendered cacoethe (that is) malignant ulcers, which are called of the late chirurgeons pustulaa corrosivae. Therefore in such kind of humours, that is truly the most thin, which raiseth the exulcerated herpes: & that most thick, which provoketh the canker. Then that which pertaineth unto thickness, occupieth the next place, which doth engendre phagedene, as Galene hath noted lib. 14. meth med. The causes of a true erysipelas as also of a true plegmone be three. Praegressae, Causae veri erisipelatis. which are called also primative 2. antecedentes 3. and conjunct. But epysipelas is seldom caused of any primitive cause: notwithstanding violent frictions, the applying and ministering of attractive medicines do oftentimes excite or 'cause the same. CAP. XV. Of the signs and tokens of a true erysipelas. THE marks and tokens of a true and exquisite erypelas are gathered & known by conferring the same with phlegmone according to the doctrine of Galene 14. Therap. and 2. ad Glauconem: Signs of erysipelas. whereby it plainly appeareth that a true and lawful erysipelas is a certain species of plegmone (that is) of an inflammation, as it is generally taken. The signs therefore of erysipelas are these, a read colour to behold, declining somewhat to yellow, Medulla sena A yealowish redness leiding to the finger. a small 〈◊〉▪ vehement heat. Small pulse. Pricking pain. Indicia. which yellowish colour doth easily yield to touching or handling of it, (that is) by thrusting it down with the fingers, and then it slideth in again, a small tumour rather remaining in the skin, then descending deeply, vehement heat causing a more vehement fever then that which is accended of phlegmone: for erysipelas is far away more hot, then phlegmone No great or strong breaking of the pulses, which is the proper simptomate of a great phlegmone. A biting and pricking pain without any extension, as it chanceth in phlegmone, & many other like signs which do signify the dominion and rule of choler. But that which pertaineth unto the judgements hereof, erysipelas doth chief lay hold one the face, and beginneth commonly in that part of the nose, which is commonly called lepus. then straightway it spreadeth over the whole face, and that through a double occasion, that is, for the thinness of the skin, & lightness of the choler. But in the uncovering or laying naked of any bone, erysipelas is a sudden and marvelous disease, as Hypppocrates writeth lib. 7. Aporism. 19 that is to say, it is an evil symptomate, if the flesh lying round about the naked bone doth seem to be occupied of erysipelas, but this, as Galene witnesseth, chanceth very seldom. Again the same Hippo. writeth in the Aphorism following, that of erysipelas there cometh corruption, suppuration, together with the disease, which things (saith Galene) never do chance unto erysipelata, except it be to them, 14. Meth. med. 〈◊〉 A●eti. Erys●pedas followeth the order of a tertiam 〈◊〉. which are very malignant. A true & lawful erysipelas hath four times or seasons, as other tumors also above nature have: the signs whereof are to be sought out of those things which went before. An exquisite erysipelas is seldom ended by suppuration, but chief through an insensible transpiration or resolution. There happen sometime in erysipelas certain symptomates, which oftentimes by reason of their greatness do exceed the very cause of the evil itself and therefore they do hinder the order of the cure (that is) they do change and pervert the method of curing (as hath also been said before in phlegmone). Moreover erysipelas followeth the moving of a tertian fever, with whose matter it hath a certain analogy and proportion, for the matter of them both, is a choleric humour. But it is not good to drive or turn erysipelas from the outward parts to the inward, but contrariwise, from the inward members to the outward parts, as Hippocrat. hath written lib. 6. Aphoris. 25. But those erysipelata, 〈◊〉. Erys●pelata above the head are very hard to be cured. Erysipelas in the womb of a woman 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉. which do arise about the head do put us to more trouble, which (as Paulus saith) are wont to be so dangerous, that except they be helped with some effectual remedy, they sometime strangle & choke the sick. Hippo. also writeth that erysipelas is very mortal & deadly, if it chanceth in the womb of a woman with child, for erisipelas being thus engendered in the womb, the child of necessity dieth. For truly a sharp fever (as Galen saith in his commentaries) oftentimes destroyeth it without inflammation. CAP. XVI. Of the cure of erisipelas. Two general orders in the cure of erysipelas. SEEING that erysipelas (as is also phlegmone whereof we entreated a little before) is a hot affect, and engendered of the defluxion of humours: the method of the whole curing thereof shall also be two fold (: that is to say) refrigeration, and evacuation. And as in plegmone the order of evacuation did surmount and overcome the method of refrigeration: so in erysipelas refrigeration is more needful than evacuation. For the one doth trouble and molest in quantity, but the other (which is erysipelas) in quality. Therefore erysipelas must be greatly cooled and little emptied, whereas contrariwise an inflammation aught to be plentiefully evacuated, and little refrigerated. Although there be a common chapter and sum of curing both affects, as Galene saith, that is: the vacuation of the troublesome humour. And therefore after that erysipelas hath been cooled, we use those medicines which can digest or discuss. Furthermore that we may attain unto this universal method which we have said to be twofoulde (I mean refrigeration and evacuation of the noisome humour): Four particular intentions of curing erysipelas it shall not be amiss, if we declare this cure by four other particular orders after the consent of the Chirurgeons of our time. The first scope consisteth in the right observation of a good diet. The second concerneth the aversion of the humour that floweth to the affected member, which they call antecedens materia. The third consisteth in the emtying out of the humour, which hath flowed already into the diseased part, which they also call, materia coniuncta. The fourth & the last is busied & occupied about the correction and keeping back of the evil symptomates that may happen thereunto. Primus scopus. We shall easily dispatch the first scope, if the applying of all those things, which they call res non naturales shall belong unto moistness and coldness, as in a fever tertian, seeing that erysipelas hath his beginning of choler, air. which is of a hot and dry temperature. Therefore choose & prepare an air as near as you can, that is somewhat cold and moist. In summer let the sick be in a veri cold house somewhat within the ground, that is windy, and towards the North. But if there be no such place to be had, and the air very hot, make it ready for him yourself by art. Pour cold water very often out of one vessel into another sprinkle the pavements of the house daily with water that is altogether ye●e, and cold. spread upon the floor, roses, and violets, vine leaves and branches, fallow ●oughes, & other flowers and buds, which are of a cold and moist faculty. Let no great company of men come into the parlour or place where the sick abideth. Let him eschew all fat, sweet, sour, and hot meats. Let him eat luttuse, gourds, purslane, sorrel, Cibus. (which they call acetosa) rice, and other things of that kind, which do thicken and refrigerate blood. Let him altogether abstain from wine. Let his drink be Ptysan broth, Potus. or barely water. Let him keep a temperate diet. Let his belly be always soft and soluble. Let him abstain from all exercise, and moving, especially that which is vehement and immoderate. Let him eschew anger, contentions, and all vehement motions and perturbations of the mind as mortal enemies. Let all things be clean & handsome about him. Let him refrain from carnal copulation. And let these things suffice concerning the first scope. But we shall also bring to pass out second intent about the cure of erysipelas, Secundus scopus. if by convenient evacuation we take away that humour which is left behind in the body. Therefore in a true and lawful erysipelas not necessarily as in phlegmone, we must draw blood out of a vain, but we must also purge the belly downward with some medicine which can expel choler (called of the Greeks cholagogon) if that the affect be great, and the body doth seem to abound with choler. Therefore when erysipelas doth accend and kindle fevers, & those more vehement then phlegmone, those medicines which are exceedingly hot and the juice of scammonium, called of new Greece dacrydion) and that also which is commonly called in the shops electuarium de succo rosarum, are in no wise meet or convenient for this disease, and therefore you must use either rhubarb, or that potion which of Rasis is called aqua tamarindorum, which is made as followeth. ℞. damask prumes .24. tamarinds that be new. ʒ. x. of broken sugar. quar. ss. to the which things to make them more effectual, you may add rhubarb that is well washed. But if the evil be very little and small, these medicines called cholagoga shall not need, but it shall be sufficient to use at that instant some sharp clyster, (as it pleaseth Galene. 2. ad Glan●. In a Phlegmonous erysipelas it is good to let blood. ) But in a phlegmonous erysipelas your labour shall not be frusteate, if you shall begin the cure with bloudletting (if nothing do let it). For that kind of erysipelas doth often lay hold on the face, whereupon Paulus commandeth that by & by in the beginning you must cut a vain in the elbow especially choosing in it the shoulder vain. But if that doth not appear, you must take that which is most object to the sight. And if any thing do hinder the detraction of blood, he commandeth to use a purgation made of some medicine which is dedicated and appointed to drive out choler, yet Paulus doth not contend with Galene: for whereas Paulus hath commanded to cut a vein in that erysipelas which doth rise about the head or face, he meant that of a phlegmonous erysipelas, which very often molesteth the face: but Galene speaketh of a lawful erysipelas, wherein he used no detraction of blood. But in erysipelas aedematosum or scirrhosum, you must use a purgation which hath a mingled and manifold force, that is, which can purge, partly choler, partly phlegm, or a melancholy humour. And truly in all these things the advise of some learned and wise Physician is to be asked, from whose counsel and decree the chirurgeon out not in any wise to serve or digress. And let this be sufficient that once you have been admonished, that the chirurgeon aught to attempt nothing at all in those things which belong unto purging and blood-letting, without the counsel and warrant of some cunning Physician, except sometime necessity shall compel him, and when no Physician is ready at hand. The third intention is finished and performed by cooling and repelling medicines in the beginning of the flux, Tertia intentio. excepting those causes which we have mentioned in our general discourse. But the beginning being passed, and flux now remaining, you must empty that which cleaveth fast unto the member and is compacted therein, by applying outwardly digestive or evaporative medicines, that is to say, through the transpiration and breathing through to the sense. But of all these kind of tumors thus consisting above nature, there is a double evacuation. Gal. lib. 14. Therap. one truly of repulsives to other parts, the other of outward digestives, through that vaporous breathing, which doth fly the sense. But because erysipelas doth afflict and molest not only in quantity, but also in the very quality by reason of the vehement inflammation: it doth require a more often and greater refrigeration then phlegmone, Hic Guido depra●●●è citat. Gal. doth. Therefore after the emptying of the whole body, as we have said a little before, we will use repressive remeadies, cooling it as it is convenient) the afflicted member, or that part which sustaineth the skin: especially when erysipelas is engendered without any manifest cause. But the end of refrigeration is the mutation or change of the colour: for that which is a pure erysipelas doth by and by rest and cease with this, Ga●. lib. 2 ad. Glauconem. How much erysipelas is to be refrigerated. but that which is not pure, but after a sort phlegmonous, if you shall refrigerate it much, it maketh the skin black and blue, but if you shall desist from seaking to change the colour, it waxeth black, especially in an aged body: so that some of those refrigerated tumors cannot perfectly be healed, no truly not with digesting medicines, but that some scirrhous tumour will remain behind in the member. It is far better therefore (saith Galene) when you see the colour of the affected member altered, Lib. 14. Ther. to pass over from refrigerating and moderating helps unto their contraries (that is) unto dissolving or digesting and drying remeadies, before that the member be altogether blue or black. But you must always beware and take good heed, that those things which be anointed, be very liquid and moist, and that they be often changed, and that those things which be applied, be often washed with sponges dipped in some cold liquor. For the great heat of the member quickly bursting forth into a vapour, doth dry up these things. But amongst those things which carry with them a refrigerating and repelling force very convenient for this affect. Auicene chief praiseth among simple remeadies the sprinkling on of cold water. But Galene commendeth the juice of nightshade, Apho. 38. Lib. 6. Materia refrigerantium ex Gal. of sengreene, of purcelaine, of psyllium, of henbane, of lettuce, of umbilicus veneris (which herb is called of the Greeks cotyledon) of endive, and succory, of fen lintles, of gourds, and other of that sort. Also that cerote made of very cold water, An exulcerate cancre worst of all. which containeth four times as much of oil of roses with white wax. ℞. oil of roses with oil of unripe grapes made without salt, which being made very soft & pliable in a mortar, sprinkle on cold water, as much as you think good, with the which if you commix a little vinegar that is thin, and very clear, you shall make the medicine more excellent and more effectual. Moreover all these things must be ministered cold, and often changed, before they be any thing dried or withered. It profiteth also very much and that presently to anoint the member annoyed with Erysipelas with ceruse only, or mingled with vinegar and lycium, or with terra cimolia, or with potter's clay, with nightshade, or with spuma argenti with oil of roses, and with acatia with vinegar. To this purpose also this compound following helpeth much. ℞. juice of plantain. ℥ i oil of roses ℥ iij, A compound medicine. lethargy nutriti. ℥ i cerusae lota. ʒ.iij. of woman's milk. ℥. ss. let all be commixed together and brayed in a leaden mortar, and make a lineament. But lythargyrum and cerusa aught first to be beaten, and then the oil and juice aforesaid must be poured one them softly by little and little, until they be thoroughly incorporate together the one with the other. But if you desire greater coolers, you may commix with these and other remeadies before recited (according to Paulus mind) a little opium or cicuta, or mandrake. But I think it good to abstain from applying either of them or the like, which are of a stupefactive nature, except great necessity doth move you thereunto. But when the inflammation of the affected member is somewhat abated, & the heat of erysipelas slaaked, Galene (before that any blewnes did appear through refrigeration) did use to dissolve the humour gotten into the member (which they call coniuncta materia) by laying one a cataplasm of barely meal, Secundus s●opus. Humoris melancholi●●● ac●ratio. Epithymum. evacuation of the joined ●atter by evaporatives. or of cruda polenta (called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) & of other things before mentioned in the order of curing phlegmone. For even as the signs of erysipelas were desumed & known by the annalogie of the tokens of phlegmone: so also the remeadies of the cure of erysipelas are to be fetched from the proportion of the remeadies of healing phlegmone. Hiera Ruffi Hiera A●icennae. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Furthermore of such kind of medicines, which have a dissolving and breathing quality very necessary in this evil, there are very many, both simples and compounds, rehearsed of Paulus Aegineta lib. 4. cap. 21. and of Aetius lib. 14. de re medica. But now it shall be sufficient to rehearse among so many, one only remedy which of all the rest seemeth in my opinion to be most excellent. ℞. of the tender leaves of althaea lib. j boil them in hydreleum, Sanguinis ●ussio. Lib. 14. meth. medendi. Hydreleum is a mixture of water and oil. and being well boiled, bray them well together, putting thereunto of oil of roses. ℥ four of argenti spuma, and cerusae. ana. ℥. ij.ss. again plane or smooth them with the juice of coriander, of sengreene, or nightshade, than put thereunto a few crumbs of bread and anoint them after the manner of an emplaster. Silin●● 〈◊〉 locum occupari●. But if peradventure blewnes shall now occupy the place, (the skin being cut before) you must lay a cataplasm above upon it, and sprinkle the place abundantly, as Galene hath commanded, with hot water: for it doth digest & wash the wounds: also water and salt brine in the mean season shall avail to nourish or cherish the place, when it is somewhat thick, and gross, which things do scour and cleanse the thickness thereof. Quarta intentio. The fourth intention of the cure of erysipelas, which is the correction of the accidents, is perfected, (as we have said in the cure phlegmone) when as we shall return and drive black the recourse of the matter, induration, and corruption together with the pain and the heat. For these symptomates are wont to happen as well unto erysipelas, as unto phlegmone. Moreover the best remedy to assuage pain and vehement heat, is made of the leaves and roots of henbane, A remedy to mitigate pain and heat. which you must roll up in tow and seath them with prunes: then commix them with the ointment commonly called populeon, or with swines grease (as is said before in the cure of phlegmone). But if erysipelas shall chance to be exulcerated, If erysipelas be exulcerated you shall cure it with applying unguentum album or unguentum de lithargyro, with the which if you shall commix a little scoria, which is the dross of lead melted in the fire, you shall make the remedy most excellent and effectual. But it shall be more profitable to comprehend the whole order of the cure of erysipelas in some short sentences, after the manner of an Epilogue, that those things whereof we have spoken before somewhat at large, may take the deeper root in our minds and memories. Arp●●●● medicamentum. Seven Apho. out of Galene concerning the whole cure of erysipelas. For this cause therefore we have taken out of Galene these seven Aphorisms following, which summarily do contain the whole cure of erysipelas. 1. In an exquisite erysipelas make no detraction of blood. 2. If the body be full of choler and the affect be great, purge the belly downward with the medicine cholagogon. 3. If the disease be little & small and the body without choler, use no medicine to purge choler, but content yourself with some sharp clyster. 4. When you have purged the whole body (as you must) anoint the affected member in the beginning with medicines that can moderately repress and abundantly refrigerate, even to the changing of the colour. 5. When you see the cholour of the aggrieved member altered, and the heat of erysipelas slaked, and the inflammation ceased, you must pass over from refrigerating and adstrictive medicines before that the member be thoroughly blue or black, unto their contraries (that is) unto digestives or discussives and drying remeadies. 6. Those erysipelata which are caused of ulcers, and of other manifest causes you must first scarify, and afterward apply a cataplasm of barely meal. 7. If erysipelas be not exquisite or true, but phlegmonous: you may let blood without fearing any thing, especially if blood do abound in the body. CAP. XVII. Of tumors which do associate Erysipelas as Herpes both Miliaris and exedens, which are called of the late Chirurgeons choleric pushes. THOSE tumors above nature, which have any society with the above mentioned erysipelas, or any way do seem to pertain thereunto (for that they have their proceeding of unnatural, & hidden choler (that is) which is not mingled with other humours, both the latter sort of Physicians and also of Chirurgeons do call mala cholericae pustulae: but the Grecians, as Hippo. Galene and Paulus do call them herpetae, Pustulae cholericae vn●go appella●ae herpetes. which word doth almost sound and agreed with the Latins, as malum quod serpit, the creeping evil. For 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek is all one with serpo in Latin, whereupon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is called serpens, yet herpes doth not perfectly signify among the Physicians malum quod serpit, but a certain kind of disease whereof we now entreat, therefore the creeping evil extendeth and stretcheh further than herpes for phagedene are also called serpentia ulcera, creeping ulcers. But Auicene calleth all these kinds of pushes formica, and Galene numbereth them among inflammations, Formica Auicennae. but Celsus seemeth to comprehend them under the name of sacer ignis. lib. 5. cap. 28. herpes therefore is caused when yellow choler, When herpes is caused. unnatural, alone, and secret (that is to say) which is commixed with no other humour, doth flow into some member and there remaineth: whose substance if it be any thing thick and sharp, Two kinds of herpes. it exulcetateth the whole skin even to the flesh which lieth under it, and then this evil is called of Hippo. and other Greecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but of the Latins herpetes exedens or depascens, an eating or feeding herpes: & it is called 14. Therap. of Galen by this absolute name, To cease inflammation. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 1. exedens vel depasce●●. herpes. But if choler be some what thin and not so thick and hot, it exciteth small whelks outwardly in the superficies of the skin (for that it doth only as it were burn and scald) like unto the seeds of millet or hyrse: thy reason of which similitude and likeness the affect is then termed of the Latins miliaris herpes: but of certain of the Greecians after Hypocrates time it was called for the same reason 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, is called milium with us. And this kind of species of herpes (Galen witnessing the same lib. 2. ad Glauconem) doth borrow his name or title of the general word, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, some herpes 〈◊〉. seeing that the same Galen calleth it herpes simply and without addition. Not withstanding in another place by the name of herpes, Galene calleth it herpes esthiomenus (that is) exedens, Lib. 14. therap. as afterward shall be said. But this kind doth not altogether 'cause the ulcer, as the other doth which is called exedens, but as it hath been said, it exciteth little small pushes to the likeness of milium, which bushes in process of time, when they are broken out, do turn unto an ulcer. Therefore not without any great reason or cause did Oribasius and certain other also before Galens' time, judge and think, that in this kind of evil, A clyster mollificative. Ex Paulo, & Gal. there was mixed with choler some thin phlegm, which did bring forth those little pushes, whereupon it was called of some pustulosus herpes. But the other which is called esthiomenos, Lib. de 〈◊〉 praeter naturam. is not so mixed with phlegm, but seemeth to be a pure choler infected with no other humour: and therefore it chanceth with erosion, which continually affecteth the skin, whereupon this name is attributed unto it. For esthiomenos is all one with erodens' o● exedeus. And truly this evil is of one and the same kind with a pustulous and exulcerate erysipelas, from the which notwithstanding it some what differeth by reason of the thinness of that bilious humour (whereof both of them do take their beginning). That is that which Galene testifieth in these words. It is (saith he) a very thin humour which raiseth herpes, Lib. 14. meth. 〈◊〉. The choleric humour, which causeth herpes as very thin. and so thin truly, that it passeth through not only all the inward members, which are every where of a fleshy substance, but also through the very skin even unto the outward little skin (which is called of the Greeks epidermida) which only because it stayeth there, it both gnaweth and feedeth on: but if it should also pierce through this, after the manner of a sweat, it should in no wise excite any ulcer, for that is a common thing unto ulcers which do arise of a biting humour, which ulcers they call spontanea, because the humour which causeth them, is stayed and tarrieth still in their going out or issue. Hitherto Galene. When he nameth herpes simply and without any addition, he meaneth herpes esthiomenus, as it is easy to be known by the joining together thereof, by the signs and cure, and so in that place it borroweth his title of the general word, when it is simply and absolutely called herpes, as in that little book de Tumeribus prater naturam, where the same Galene writeth thus of that kind of herpes word for word. Herpes also feedeth and gnaweth upon those parts which are about it, Herpes exulcerateth only the skin. but the exulceration is of the skin only. But almost all the barbarous sort of Chirurgeons even they of late time do comprehend both these kinds of herpes videl. miliaris & exedens, under this title formic●, to whom both in this thing and in many other also Auicene first gave the occasion of error, who being deceived by the likeness of the name, Avicen conso●ndeth myrmeciae with herpetes. because the Greeks call myrmecia, that is, formica, a certain kind of verrucae hath through a marvelous oversight even in the same chapter confounded those verrucae with herpetes. Guido notwithstanding maketh a difference between herpes & formica, and confoundeth the name of formica sometime with verrucae, which the Greeks call mirmecia and acrochordonae sometime with herpes exedens, which (I mean herpes comedens) is sometime named of the same Guido herpestes, A clyster profitable against a hot humour gnawing in the bowels. Herpes esthiomenus and erysipel ulerratum are not all one. sometime absolutely herpes, who also thought this herpes to be nothing else, but a pustulous and ulcerated erysipelas, when this notwithstanding, as we have alleged out of Galene do differ from the other by reason of the thinness of the humour. For that choler which excitech herpes is thinner than that which causeth an ulcerate erysipelas. Furthermore erysipelas, which chanceth with ulceration, doth not only occupy the skin, but with it also, it annoyeth some part of the flesh under it. But herpes, whereof we now entreat, layeth hold on the skin only, and exulcerateth it. Therefore although these evils are of one and the same kind (as Galene thought) yet they are not altogether one, neither are they alike. Morbili sunt, ex herpetum genere. Those whelks also, which the interpreter of Auicene and the unlearned company of Physicians do term morbili, Hypocrates libro tertio epidemiarum hath comprehended under herpes. But these morbili are caused of a more thin and slender matter than those bushes which are commonly called variole. Variole. For these (as Auicene writeth) proceed of blood, but the other are caused through the admixion of choler and blood. But if any man doth long or desire to know what name the ancient Physicians did bequeath unto these pustulous ulcers: we have declared that in Latin they were called of Pliny papula, and sometime pituite eruptiones, phlegmatic eruptions: Papularum eruptiones. Ecthymata. Exanthemata but in Greek of Hypocrates libro tertio epydem ecthymata. Of Galene exanthemata. But the signs, judgements, and causes of both kinds of herpes, may sufficiently be known by those things which went before. It remaineth therefore that we now declare the cure of them. In curing these evils called herpetes, (as in other such like voluntary ulcers, which have their original of a biting and vehement humour) three intentions are to be observed and marked. The first is, that the confluxion of the homour into the affected part be stopped and letted. The second is, to make evacuation, of that, whatsoever is flown already into the aggrieved member and sticketh fast in the same. The third is to heal the ulcer. We do finish our first intent, by purging the whole body with some medicine that can bring forth the humour, whereof the evil doth grow, Primus s●●pus. and when the body is throughlie emptied, by repressing and driving back the humour that floweth. Therefore in herpes exedens we must use some medicine, which can provoke choler downward, Herpes requireth the medicine 〈◊〉. seeing (as we have said before) a pure and sincere biluous humour doth procreate this evil. It happeneth therefore that in respect of the emptying of the whole body, comedentes herpetes must be cured like unto erysipelata. Therefore because it is a thin & waterish humour which causeth this evil, Galen hath sufficiently declared to moilifie and soften the belly gently, or to provoke urine with those things, which can moderately 'cause the same. But in the other kind of herpetes, Herpes 〈◊〉 requireth a remedy which can purge both choler and phlegm. Reprimendi tempus. which by reason of the similitude which it hath with milium, we have said to be called in Greek miliaris and cenchria, there is required some remedy which is of a mixed faculty (that is) which can purge forth both choler and phlegm. For some have thought and that not without great reason (as Galene saith) that in this evil there is some phlegm commixed with choler. Furthermore that humour which aboundeth in the body, and causeth the evil, being emptied out (as it is required) you must apply those medicines which can repress and keep back the flowing of the humour, for then the ministering of them shall be more without danger, and more convenient also, Lib. 14. Ther●p. seeing that (as Galene saith) if one do thrust back but a little portion of the vicious humour, which after convenient purging, remaineth yet in the body, to the bowels and great veins, yet will not 'cause any sensible evil at all, that can be felt. Repressi●es a● not to be used if the humour be plentiful. Repriment●●●● materia. But if the quantity of the humour be great, it sometime coucheth itself in some principal member, whereas through the force of the purging nature the whole body is not evacuated either by purging downward, or by the urine, or by the skin, which includeth the whole body. But repressives and repulsives be not only those which do bind, but also those which can refrigerate without any adstriction. Of the which nature are these, as lettuce, bnottegrasse, fen or pond lintles, purcelayne, endive, sengreene, and other of that sort, which were very convenient also for erysipelas. But those medicines, Those remeadies which do cool & moisten are not meet for herpes exedens. which besides their cooling are also apt by nature to moisten, herpetes especially depascentes do in no wise require, but they do only admit those refrigeratives, which can also greatly dry up. For those remeadies which have but a mean and weak force to cool and dry as is nightshade, are not sufficient for them. Therefore by Galenes' counsel you must in the beginning lay upon them the young tender buds of the vine, Repress●●e● meet for herpes exedens. bremble leaves, leaves of rubum caninum, and plantain. After apply also with these, lentles, sometime honey and barely meal. Also minister that cataplasm sine semper●ino, which is appointed for those phlegmonous tumors which proceed of flux, for it doth repel that which sloweth, and it drieth up that which is contained in the affected member, and it strengtheneth the parts about it. The beginning of the evil being past, Cataplasma. this remedy availeth greatly. Make a cataplasm of the rinds of pomegranates sodden in wine, & of rhu or rhoe (that is) of the seeds of the shrub coriarium (which of the late Physicians is called sumach) and of the meal of barely. But by this cataplasm you shall very well accomplish the second intention or scope of curing herpes, because it is of sufficient power to digest that, which is flown already into the affected place, for it appeareth evidently, that those remeadies which have a repressing faculty, aught to exceed in the generation of the ulcer, but when the vicious humour doth cease to flow any more into the affected part then those medicines are requisite which do digest. As concerning our third intent which declareth the cure of the ulcer, The form of a potion. it behoveth you briefly to know these things following: videl. that every ulcer whether it cometh of the own accord, or be caused by some accidental cause, doth desire to be dried up by some medicine) as Hipp. saith) that is not sharp, biting, or vehemently provoking, except, when the ulcer be malicious and full of corruption, for such evils (saith Galen) require more sharp medicines, and those which have even the power of fire, as is, mysos and chalcitis, and arsenicum, and lime, and saendaracha, & other things of that kind, which burn as hot as fire. Those places therefore that are exulcerated in herpes exedens, must be tended with pills, & trochisks, written for the cure of herpes in those books, which are called pharmacentici: which remedies, when necessity compelleth us to use them, must be thoroughly washed in passum or in some other sweet wine, or if sweet wine be not ready at hand, in thin & somewhat sharp wine, which is not to old (that is which for age hath no sharp taste) or else in posca aquosa (which they call oxycratum. P●s●ae. Remeadies taken of Panius. Aliud. A● herpetes depascentes. Paulus in the cure of herpes, which annoyeth under the skin, useth these remeadies the scourings of lead steyped in the juice of smooth rue, or a cerote of myrtles in stead of rue. Another, of old will, washed and burnt about a torch. ʒ. xij.ss. of wax. ʒ. xxv. of the scourings of lead. ʒ. j. of goats tallow, trimmed and washed with water. ʒxxv, of myrtles. ℥ .v. But for those herpetes, which do gnaw and bite vehemenly called depascentes, he chargeth to use this remedy: ℞. of the rinds of sweet pomegranates. ʒ. uj. argenti spume. ʒ.uj. of washed wool cleaving to the torch or to some sweet wood, and that burned. ʒ. iij. of wax ʒ. xii. of ceruse ʒ. viii. of frankincense, alum scissible, ana. ʒ. j. let them be steiped in wine or in oil of myrtles. But now the ulcers being of long continuance, A dose under the form of a syrup for delicate folk. For inveterate ulcers. those trochiskes abovesaid, and other such like medicines which are appointed to cure herpetes, must be washed neither in sweet wine, nor in posca aquosa, but rather in wine that is some what sharp, especially in that which is black, and if that be not to be had, you must use white wine. But those medicines which are most effectual & most meet at that time, when ulcers be inveterate, are the pills of musa, andron, & polyida, whose descriptions are set down in the end of the cure of carbunculus, & those trochiskes also, which of Auicene and the latter sort of Physicians are called calidicon and aldaron. But those herpetes, What is to be done in p●stulae miliares if they turn into an ulcer. Lib secendo. ad Glaucon. which do only exulcerate the outward skin, as they be, which we have called miliares, must in no wise be enjoined to any of those medicines before hearsed (if we will credit Galen) For they be very vehement, and do greatly dry. But those medicines whatsoever they be, which have the nature and force of glaucium (that is) of memytha, shall suffice these ulcers, and you must wash them with this, but especially with water. But if these things shall nothing avail, you must also commix vinegar therewith. Also if you anoint it with juice of nighshade, or plantain, you shall help it greatly. Hitherto have we spoken of herpes. Now because in that which we have said, we have not as yet touched by the way any thing concerning the evils called formice, which both the Arabians, and the latter sort of physicians do erroniouslie, as we have said, confounded with herpetes: this present place doth require, that we set down a few words both of them and of other tumors and increasings appearing in the skin, which the Latins call verrucae. CAP. XVIII. Of the evils called Formicae, and of other differences of verrucae. THOSE little tumors, or low swellings, which are seen to appear in the skin like little hillocks, the Latins have fitly called verrucae, for verruca signifieth properly the highest part of a mountain or hill: but the common sort call them porra, leeks, because sometime they have certain threads lying between them not much unlike unto the roots of leeks. The decoction of an old co●k. There be diverse kinds of verrucae. The Greeks have no name, wherein they may comprehend all those kinds of verrucae, but they do call a certain kind thereof by proper names, which be these, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Verrucae therefore of them be called myrmecia, which are of a large foundation, and as it were sitting just to the ground, and when they be touched, Myrmecia. they are felt painful like unto the biting or stinging of an ant, whereupon their name is given unto them, for the Greeks do call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, formica. Wherefore the Latins applying the name thereof to the Greek word, have called formicae, verrucae, and for their form and fashion, Sessiles verrucae. sessiles verrucae. These evils saith Celsus lib. 5. do grow either in the palms of the hands or in the sooles of the feet: but these take deeper root, and are lower and harder than a wart, and do cause greater pain: and they sand forth more store of blood, and they scarce at any time exceed the bigness of a hop. But acrochordon is a verruca that is as it were hanging, and of a more narrow foundation (that is) a certain round highness or growing up in the skin, which hath the foundation (that is) the neither part very strait to the skin. It is so called because it seemeth to hung as though it were tied with a string. The difference between acrochordones, & myrmecia. By this difference therefore, acrochordones are distinguished from myrmecia, because they are very small at the neither end next the skin, but at the other end are very large and broad: contrariwise myrmecia, (as hath been said) are of a large foundation, but at the other end they are very small and slender. But these oftentimes are equal altogether with the skin▪ and acrochordones do always appear above the skin, (as Galene. 14. lib. de morbis curandis hath manifestly declared.) Besides these things, acrochordones (as Celsus saith) do grow up thick and many together, and do most trouble children, and oftentimes they fall again suddenly: and sometime they 'cause but mean inflammation, there are some also, which are turned into corrupted matter, but they seldom pass the greatness of a bean. They be called of Auicene clavi, but the Latins do term clavi, verrucae albae, Clavi. because they be like to the round heads of nails. These do chiefly happen in the fingers, and the soles of the feet, where they do cause great pain, the Greeks call them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Almismar. Thymion. but Auicene almismar. These be often caused of a bruise, and sometime otherwise. But thymion or thymon, in English a wart, is called of Celsus and of the Greeks verruncula, a little hillock, appearing above the body, which at the neither part next the skin is very small (as acrochordon is) but above it is more large: it is also somewhat hard, and very sharp in the top, which doth represent the colour of the flower time, whereupon the name is given unto it, and also it is easily spread abroad. Oftentimes it giveth forth some blood, and is almost as great as an Egyptian bean, seldom bigger, but sometime lesser: sometime there grow up one alone, sometime many together, either in the ankles of the feet, or in the hands, or in the sooles of the feet. Thymia in obscaenis pessima But the worst thymia of all are in the filthy parts of the body, where they do commonly bleed. Auicene seemeth to have named this kind of verruca, tusium, or (as another translation hath) tarseum. Of the kind of verrucae be those evils also, which Auicene calleth cornna, not much differing from the other sorts, Coruna. but that they be somewhat long and are turned crooked again like unto horns. The evils called calli, (called of the Greeks also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Calli. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. ) do not much differ from the aforenamed clavi, but that they be of themselves without grief and nothing painful, and of the cholour of the skin wherein they are resident, neither do they engender of themselves or of their own accord, but of the hardness of the skin caused by labour. CAP. XIX. The judgements and cure of verrucae. AMONG all these evils acrochordon and Thimion, are oftentimes (as Celsus reporteth) ended and do heal of themselves, Acrochordon. Thymion. Lib. 5. Myrmecia. Cla●●●. and the lesser they be, the sooner they be ended. But myrmecia and clavi do scarce at any time cease without curing. If acrocordon be cut of, it leaveth no root he hind it, and therefore it groweth not again. But where thymeon and clanus be cut of there riseth up underneath a little round root, which descendeth down somewhat deep into the flesh, and there abiding, it doth 'cause the aforesaid evils to grow again. Myrmeciae do hold fast with very broad roots, and therefore they cannot be cut of without great ulceration. It is very profitable to cut of clanus and then sprinkle it over with hot water, for so it doth wax soft and tender without any more ado, and if it doth bleed, it oftentimes dieth and ceaseth. It is also taken away, by cleansing it round about, and by laying on it rosin mixed with the beaten powder of lapis molaris. But the other kinds (as the same Celsus affirmeth) must be cured with hot medicines. Now the fittest remedy for the other evils is that, which is made of the dregs of wine, Myrmeciae. and that medicine is good for myrmecia, which is made of alumme and yellow oaker. Paulus Aegineta lib. 4. cap. 15. rehearseth very many remeadies, which do take away and utterly abandon these verrucae, especially those which be sessiles and pencils of the which kind are claterium (which is the juice of wild cucumbers) rubbed on with salt, the bark of frankincense with vinegar, rathe ripe figs, which are ripe before their time, with vinegar, meal and nitrum. Also the juice or liquor of the aforesaid fig tree anointed doth greatly help, the juice of tythymalus, in English spurge, the head of the fish smaras salted and burnt, the rust of some metal with quick brimestome, (that is) which is not thoroughly burnt in the fire, the leaves of ocymum with shoemakers bleache, (which the Greeks call chancalthum,) the water of the green twigs of the vine burnt in the fire) sheeps dung with vinegar, Aqua ex sarmentis d●st●ll●●s. goats gall anaointed, the fruit of the great herb heliotropium applied by itself, or ministered with wine, rue with nitrum and pepper, nitrum with the urine of a young boy not yet accustomed with venerous acts, Stercus bului●●. ox's dung ministered in vinegar. But these, which we have mentioned as remeadies for the extirpation of myrmecia and acrochordones, are greatly also effectual for those evils called claus and thymia. They do use also the head of a lizard to take away myrmecia, acrochordones, and clavi. There are some which do boil the heads of salted fishes in that water, Lacertae cap●●. which distilleth out of the green branches, while they be burning: which they do declare to be a most excellent remedy for the aforesaid evils. Othersome to extinguish these diseases do make a lynament of the rust of brass (which of the late Physicians is called virride aris & flos aris) of brimstone, and of the distilled water of vine branches. And this is the only methood of curing, which they are wont to use in racing out of verrucae, (that is) by gnawing and scalding medicines. But this one thing is most diligently to be observed in administering such kind of medicines, which Celsus doth admonish us of in his fift book: namely, that those parts, which are about the evils, aught to be covered with leaves, lest they also be exulcerate, for which cause some do anoint the places about the diseases, with ointment of bowl armoniac, with terra sigillata, with rose water and vinegar. Furthermore we abolish achrochordones, myrmecia, and thymia, not only with these aforesaid burning medicines: but also with the flame of the fire, or with some hot instrument rightly applied to them. Oftentimes also we cut them of. But sometime we do take them away and utterly destroy them by a ligature cunningly made and prepared for them, Other orders of curing. (as it happeneth in that true disease called ficus) or else by setting to the fore teeth, How verrucae are safely burned. as some at Rome in Galenes' time were wont to do. But if you shall apply fire or some hot instrument to verruca, you must provide, that a plat of Iron or some such thing being boored through be made ready for the burnt sore, the hole whereof must so fitly comprehend the same, that none of the skin about it may be seen Adustion being now made, you must resolve the crust with butter, The cure of myrmecia being equal with the skin. A new cure of myrmecia out of Galene. or with some other anointing medicine. Afterward you must cure the sore like unto other ulcers. But how mirmecia, which do not appear out of the skin, but are altogether, equal therewith, aught to be brought forth & cut of: Gal. teacheth very well lib. 14. method. med. where he maketh mention of one in his time at Rome, who devised a new order to cure these verruca, first he borough out the evils by applying his lips unto them or by sucking them, and then (which did seem marvelous) he plucked them from the root, afterward, setting to his foreteeth he utterly destroyed them. But acrochordones, Another cure of myrmecia Lib. 14. meth. med. Scalprion. Scolopomach●rion. Another cure invented by a quill appearing above the skin he straightway boat of with his teeth, and so quickly dispatched them. Galene also setteth down another double manner to cure these evils, saying: but a Chirurgeon being somewhat exercised in manuel practise, may easily cut of these verrucae, both with that instrument made to the form of a myrtle leaf, and with that also, which the Greeks can scolopomacherion: (this always provided) that the sore be kept and separated from the skin or parts about it. We also bring fort myrmecia, by laying some strong and stiff quill about the compass or circle thereof, the hollowness of which quill must be equal with the thickness of myrmecia, that it may pinch it round about in every place. Which being afterward turned about the sore and enforced downward it will quickly bring forth the whole myrmecia together with the very root, but you must mark, that the very end of the quill, which shall cut it in a circle, aught to be not only thin and slender, but also sharp and strong. The quill therefore of an old cock, or rather of an eagle is very fit for this purpose. But you must cut it of, only towards the root, seeing the hollowness of the other part of the quill may easily comprehend myrmecia,. And truly by this abscession, if it be done cunningly, you shall learn great art. Hitherto speaketh Galene. But the ulcer which remaineth, (verruca being thus taken away) must be filled up and brought unto a scar, as other ulcers be. CAP. XX. Of Oedama and other cold phlegmatic and flatuous tumors. HAVING sufficiently entreated of those tumors, which are engendered through hot humours: we are now again determined to handle those tumours which have their original of a cold matter, taking our exordium from that evil, which of the Greecians is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. For as erysipelas is caused of a choleric flux: so adema proceedeth of a phlegmatic humour. Oedema therefore (Galen defining the same) is a certain lose and unpainefull tumour, or it is a certain thin swelling without pain, rising of a phlegmatic humour that floweth into some member of the body, so that the same Galene lib. 14. The. thought of adema, that it was a disease and no symptomate. For truly we know (saith he) that ademata doth come otherwise then of the flowing of a phlegmatic humour, (that is to wit) of a phlegmatic humour, or vaporous spirit gathered into some member, and sometime engendered in the same, as in the legs and feet, which are troubled with a corrupted water running under the skin, & with the evils called phthoe, & cachexia, which are evil habits and deformities of the body. For in those dangerous dispositions, Oedema est 〈◊〉 adema is an accidental symptomate of that affect which oppresseth the man (that is) an accident necessarily following, which requireth no several or proper cure, (as afterward it shall appear). Oedema (as phlegmone and ●ryspelas also) is discerned of the chirurgeons by two differences (that is) by the true, or untrue or unlawful adema. A true adema cometh of natural choler, Oedema duplex verum. which truly is nothing else, but a raw blood not thoroughly digested, 〈◊〉. which is found in a lump of blood, very fit to nourish fleugmaticke members. An untrue and unlawful edema proceedeth of unnatural phlegm. What phlegm is. That we may not deal herein any thing obscurely, natural choler is cold and moist humour, in substance crude or raw, in colour inclining to a certain whiteness, but in ta●t, and (if I may speak it) in smell, it is sweet and pleasant: unnatural phlegm is that which doth degenerate and differ from that phlegm before described, & yet it keepeth itself within the bounds of his circuit & liberty, which if it shall once pass, it is then no more to be called phlegma or phlegm, but some other humour▪ But this phlegm chanceth to degenerate from his own proper nature two manner of ways. What and af●e● wh●● sort phlegm d●●h 〈◊〉 from his own 〈◊〉. One way is (as they say) in itself, when in his own natural & proper substance it is changed without any admixion with any other humour, which truly happeneth very often for it is turned either into a waterish substance, or into a flatuous substance, or into a very thin matter, and then it is called phlegma aqu●sum flatu●sum or ●enne: or it is turned into a thick and viscous substance, which maketh the phlegm very gross and clammy, and through a greater (or as we may say) through a further induration, it is caused to look like a plaster or like glass, or it doth putrefy and is altered, and then it is made both salt, nitrous, and corrosive. The other way, unnatural phlegm is caused through admixion, that is, when as some other humour doth happen to come unto it extraordinarily, as for example, either blood, or choler of melancholy. If blood be commixed with phlegm, it is made sweet: if choler be mingled therewith, it is caused to be salt, if melancholy, it is made sour and sharp. There are therefore eight kinds of unnatural phlegm after the opinion of Auicene. Haly Abbas appointeth four only. But Galen, saith Guido, seemeth to assign unto it two only kinds, Galene appointeth two kinds of fleam that is, salt and sour, although in his second book of the differences of fevers, and in his second book de locis affectis, and in many other places also, he maketh mention of the flame called vitreum, which oftentimes doth join himself with sour phlegm, by reason of that affinity and acquaintance that it hath with it. By these things therefore it is gathered, that of phlegm there are engendered eight species or differences of tumors besides nature. 8. Differences of tumors besides nature coming of phlegm. For first of phlegm that is natural, cometh a true and lawful aedema. Secondly of unnatural phlegm by reason of admixion there proceed three other differences of tumors, because that three other humours may be commixed therewith and these be they: aedema phlegmon●dos, aedema crysipelatôdes, and aedema schirrhôdes. thirdly of unnatural phlegm, through the alteration of his proper substance, there arise four other differences of tumors. For first of windy and vaporous phlegm doth come that tumour, which of the Latins is properly called inflatio, but commonly among the Phitisitions it is termed apostema ventosum, a windy apostume, secondly, of waterish phlegm there proceedeth a waterish Aposteme. Thirdly of raw, thick, and gross phlegm there are engendered those tumors, which some do call leaves nodi, and there are also engendered phlegmatic abscessions, which they do commonly call exiturae phlegmaticae. But these are called of the interpreter of Auicene dubelet frigida, of which sort are these s●ea●om●●a, atheramata, and melicerides, ganglia also, which be called of Auicene glandula, and other of that kind, which shall be spoken of in that which followeth. Now of hard or rather of indurated, and (as I may say) of caked phlegm, there do arise all those hard knots; which are most found in the joints, and those evils also called strumae, which are commonly called scrofule. Fourthly of corrupted and putrefied phlegm, the do come fistulae and other ulsers which they call scrufulosa. Three causes of aedema. The causes of aedema, as also of other tumors besides nature are threefold. 1. Primitive causes are these, a fall from some high place, a stripe, a naughty diet. 2. Antecedent, causes, as the abundance of a phlegmatic humour running down into some member of the body. 3. Coniunctae causae, is the very phlegm, which is already stuffed and heaped in the member that is beset with a tumour. Signa ●dema i●. The signs of aedema are these, a lose and soft tumour, which yieldeth to the weight of the finger, and is hollow after the manner of a ca●e or defy, it doth not rise up again at the removing of the finger, but it doth retain the very footesteppe or mark of that which presseth it. There is felt very small pain, or almost none at all. Very little heat, a very white colour, or as some will have it) a mean between whiteness and paleness, and other such like signs, which do testify the dominion and power of phlegm. judicia. Oedema (as other tumors also) hath four times, the beginning the augmenting, the state, and the declinatian of the tumour. This kind of tumour is most cured by resolution, or exhalation, but seldom by suppuration, very often by turning and changing them into knots or kernels called nodi, or into other increasing (as they call them) which are termed of the Grecians 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but of the Latins Abscessur. But the marks and tokens of the ending and finishing of these kinds of tumors are handled before in our general discourse of tumors. These oedomatous tumors are rather excited in the winter time, then at other seasons, for then very much phlegm is gathered together in men's bodies. These tumors also do greatly and very often trouble old men, and them which be given to gluttony. CAP. XXI. Of the cure of Oedema caused of a fleugmatike humour flowing into some member. BECAUSE oedomata, after the manner of other tumors, are raised through the flux of humours into some member the scope and order of their cure, shall also be two fold. 1. The one is to dissolve the substance of these humours which now do occupy the member. 2. The other is, to withstand & restrain the flux. And as the one scope doth excel the other, so the remedies of their cure must be commixed together, the one with the other, either somewhat plentifully or somewhat sparingly. When therefore the order of rastrayning shall overcome that, which counseleth us to use evacuating and digesting remedies, the force of restrictives must be augmented. But when there is more need of evacuation then of restriction, the nature and virtue of digesting or discussive and drying medicines, must of necessity excel in the mixture. moreover both the plentiful flux & the small deal of matter in the affected part doth tell us that in the mixture the virtue of restrictive medicines must be more effectual of greater force. Contrariwise you must use a greater measure of drying & digesting remedies, when matter aboundeth in the member very plentifully, & the flux very little. But in an old & inveterate oedema, & that which is already engendered, The order of curing an ●●de oedema. you shall not use any longer this order of curing which hath a mingled power, but you shall apply such things as can disperse & divide the matter. Which thing also is diligently to be observed in all other continual ulcers. But oedema, Oedematis 〈◊〉 symptom est curatio. which is an evil simptomat following other dangerous affects, as leanness of the body, the dropsy & an evil habit of the body, which the Grecians call cachexia) doth desire no proper, peculiar or several cure (as we have before mentioned) for it cannot be cured but by expelling that evil affect, whereof it first groweth. Yet somewhat is to be remitted out of it, if it doth debilitate the strength or increase the chief affect, or else hinder the cure. It shall therefore be sufficient (if it shall need any cure) to rub diligently the swelling place, sometime with oxyrhodinum, sometime with oil mingled with salt, or else with oxyrhodinum with salt. For this kind of friction doth slake the tumour, and doth mitigate pain, if it be provoked through to much distension (as sometime it chanceth.) Oxyrhodinum doth stay the flux, oil with salt hath power to digest & empty out that which is compact in the member. But oxyrhodinum with salt, doth partly digest & dry up, and partly restrain and stop the affluxion of humours. But our general method being before declared, let us turn our pen to declare the proper and particular order of curing a lawful oedema, which hath his beginning of the flowing of thin phlegm, which method according to the opinion of the Chirurgeons of our time, doth consist of four things, (as hath been said of Phlegmone and Erysipelus) that is to say, 1. In a just order of diet. 2. In preparing of the fleugmatike humour, which they call aequatio, an equal division, and in purging the same. 3. In repressing, dissolving and drying up the humour that is flowed already and now doth occupy the member. 4. And last of all in correcting and removing the simptomates or Accidents which do follow oedema. These therefore are the four particular intentions, by the which we dispatch those two general orders before mentioned. Prima intentio, The first intention therefore is perfected or finished by the dew and just usage of six unnatural things, which shall be well and fitly applied to the sick body, if they shall all decline unto heat and dryness with a certain attenuation or diminishing. Therefore choose and prepare a thin and dry air. A●r. Po●●s. Let him take for his drink wine that is fined and clean from dregs, clear, white, or some what read, which they call claret wine, which in his kind must be excellent good, and allayed a little with water. Let his bread be very well baked, Cib●t. and well handled. Let him eat the flesh of sheep, or the flesh of the birds of mountains and of the plains, and those rather roasted, then sodden. Let him use sparingly fat broths, potherbes, and other fat meats. Let him abstain from things that be unleavened, raw, & very moist. Let him not eat of any kind of pulse or cheese, nor of untimely and unripe fruits, nor of fishes (except they be those which live in gravely places, and those also either roasted, or boiled in wine.) Roasted meats generally are better than sodden, and better than those things also, Epitheme. Rep●●t●●. lu●●i●io. Mo●us. which the industry of the baker can provide. Let him eat little, and drink less. In all his diet let him eschew lechery, and gluttony. If the belly be bound, lose it with figs or with Carthamus. Take therefore five or six dry figs, & fill them with the pith of the seed of Carthamus, and eat them either in the morning, or before dinner. Let the body be exercised moderately, if so be, the affected member can permit the same without hurt. S●●●nu●. Balneary. Secunda intentio. Let his sleep be little and short. Let him altogether avoid bathing, and all other moistening things. The second intention is accomplished by preparatives, or by remedies equally dividing (which they commonly call digestives) and by medicines which can evacuate that fleugmatike matter, wherewith the body of the sick doth abound. Therefore you must give him some kind of oxymel, which can cut, divide, & purge forth the sleume that lurketh in the body. afterward the matter going before the expulsion being thus prepared, at the appointment of some cunning Physician, must be emptied out with some medicine, that can purge phlegm called phlegmagogon. But if (saith Guido out of Cauliacus) abundance be present in the body, you may safely open a vain, but yet not without the advise of some expert Physician. But in a plethoric and full body there are scarce at any time seen any oedemeta, especially, these which be lawful, for phlegm doth not abound in it more plentifully than other humours do. Therefore it being simple and alone, not commixed with other humours, it can seldom flow into any part of a plentiful body, wherefore letting of blood especially in a lawful oedema doth seem to be nothing profitable. A moist bag Tertia intentio The third intention is finished in the beginning by applying repercussives, and not by those remedies, which by binding vehemently with their natural coldness do repel and drive back, but by those which have power to dry greatly, and digest well, which they call provokers of dryness and resolution. But in the increase, by using discussive remedies somewhat more forcible. But in the state thereof, especially about the end, the flux being already stayed, by pure medicines, and by those which do very strongly digest and resolve. But in the declination by consuming and drying helps if the cure be to be dispatched by resolution. But if it doth degenerate & turn into Abscessions, which they call Exitura, it shall be cured by ripening medicines and by other helps, Remedies to be used in the beginning of oedema. which are set down for the cure of Abscessions. Moreover repressing remedies endued with a drying and digesting nature, which do profit in the beginning of oedema coming of the influxion of a fleugmatike humour, are comprehended under three special rules. The first is out of Galene libr. 14. Therapeut. & secundo ad Glauconem, where he saith, that if Oedema doth consist of a fleugmatike humour flowing into some member, a sponge wet in water wherein is a little vinegar, shall sometime abundantly suffice. But these must be so well tempered and commixed together, Posca aquosa. that they may either be drunk, or that they may not have much vinegar upon it. But you must bind the sponge to the place, beginning at the neither part, & ending above. Let the sponge be very new. And if there be not a new to be gotten, you shall cleanse and scour the old very diligently by washing it in nitrum and aphonitrum, and in lie. Auicene commandeth that in steed of a sponge, you sometime apply a double linen cloth, or some such like thing. The second rule is mentioned of Auicene himself. ℞. Baurach of the decoction of water (that is) of salt peter, or of the some of salt peter, of ashes, of vinegar, of each as much as shall suffice. The third rule is described of Razi● after this manner. ℞. Aloes, myrrh, lycium, acatia, sief, memitha (that is) of Glaucium, A plaistre for the hot distempre of the liver. Emplastrum Razi●. of Cyperus, of crocus orientalis, of bowl armoniac, of each a little quantity: powder them, and commix them with the juice of coleworts called Brassicae, and with vinegar: & make an emplaster. Furthermore those remedies which were of late rehearsed, Remedies to be used in the time of increasing. do also help much the increasing of this oedematous tumour, if you do put unto them a good quantity of vinegar, and a little Alum, especially in strong bodies, which have a hard skin, and when as aquosior posca shall not avail. Therefore if oedoma doth not cease or rest with these helps mentioned a little before, when you bind it to again, you shall commix a little more vinegar, that the posca may be the stronger: or you shall lay on a little alum, and apply a new sponge. For this doth help as an excellent medicine, and doth long continued very effectual, and with his substance it doth dry up the affected member. If there be no plenty of new sponges, it is better (saith Galene) to use that which the common sort call, Lib. 14. Ther. & 2. ad. Glau. elychnion. But above all things let it be soft, which kind is used at Tarsis, whereof if there be any plenty, you may boldly use: for you shall try it to be more profitable, than the using of sponges. But let it be wetted in Posca, & a little alum therewith. Then (as it is set down already) let it be bound to, and let the binding begin at the neither parts, and end aloft. Let the binding be mean and small, as in the setting of a bone. But truly the first casting about of the swathing band, which must begin beneath, aught to be tied somewhat straight, but all the rest, must be slaked by little and little, but yet not so, Remedies 〈◊〉 the state and declination. that any part of the binding be lose. Now the remedies which are to be ministered after the vigour of the state, when the flux is stayed, and in an universal declination (if oedema doth require resolution) are wont also to be described and contained under a three fold rule. 1. The first is of Auicene, which is a sponge dipped in lie, of the ashes of the fig tree, of the vine, and of the holine, which is a kind of oak, apply these to the member, S●●ng●a aqua 〈…〉 for truly in them there is great power and virtue both to dry and to cleanse. 2. The second is of Brunus which Theodoricus also used. ℞. of Alum, brimstone, myrrh and salt, of each a like quantity. Commix all these with oil of roses, and with vinegar, & make a lineament, Lini●entum. which yet doth dry more strongly than the former remedy. 3. The third is of Auicene likewise, whose description is this as followeth. ℞. of cows dung. lb. ss. of olibanum, of styrax, of Vsnea (that is) of the moss of trees, E●●●●asirum 〈◊〉. Vsnea 〈…〉 seu 〈◊〉 which is called of the Grecians bryon, of calamus aromaticus, of spikenard, of wormwood. ana. ℥. ss. apply all these with vinegar, and with the decoction of coleworts, and make an emplaster. And this truly is the way to cure oedema, which is finished by resolution. But if they do not yield unto digestion, but do come unto suppuration, you may apply and that very profitably unguentum è succis called diachylon, and that ointment especially which Rogerius was wont to make. To the same purpose also this emplaster following is very effectual. ℞. mallows, branke ursine, or hircina, which is called Achantus and achanta, root of Althaea, root of lily, roasted onions, snails, leaven, linseed, sodden and kneaded, and mingled with swine's grease, or with butter, bring them into the form of an emplaster, or rather of a cataplasma. Another for the same purpose very effectual. ℞. of the juice of elder, of walwort, of sorrel (which our countrymen do call lapatium acutum) of levisticum or ligusticum, & of fennel: of each of them, A Nasale to 〈◊〉 bleeding at the Nose. This is giue● to Theodoricus. as much as you think good, yet of an equal weight, boil them with dialthaea, with honey, oil, and butter, and of them make a cataplasm. The Aposteme being ripe, do not tarry till it open of the own accord, for that happeneth seldom, or peradventure never, but let apertion be made with some hot iron, or some burning medicine, Apertio. wherewith the matter may be purged out, according to the manner and form before expressed. Then let the filthiness be cleansed out and wiped away with that ointment commonly called unguentum Apostolorum, or with a mundificative of apium, & with the juice of wormwood, or with this ointment following which doth draw and cleanse the thick and gross matter. ℞. of galbanum, A mundificative ointment which is attributed to 〈◊〉 of Ammoniacum, of rosin, terebinthina, pitch, of bullock's tallow, of old oil. ana. a like quantity: dissolve the gums in vinegar, & let them melt or boil upon the fire with the rest, & make an ointment. Afterward let it be cured like unto other filthy ulcers. But we dispatch our fourth intention, according to the nature & quality of the accidents that chance very suddenly, Qu●rta intentio. as if pain doth hap, it must most especially be mitigated, by applying moist oil of will, (after the doctrine of Auicene) or by boiled wine, or by a cerate made of the oil of chammomil, of the oil of wormwood, of the oil of speak & of wax. But if hardness be present it must be dissolved & mollified with the marrow of the bones of bullocks, or with heart's marrow, or with some such like thing, Lively 2. ad Gla●● Oedemare 〈◊〉. C●pi●a curatio 〈…〉. as hereafter shall be said. But Galene in an inverterate oedema did anoint the sore with oil, & then ministered a sponge dipped in lie, and binding it somewhat just or strait did perfectly cure the evil. Now it remaineth that we set down the sum of the cure of oedema. 1. First therefore unto an oedema, which is a symptomate happening and coming suddenly with other diseases (as the dropsy, leanness of the body, & that evil called cachixia) apply such medicines as can discuss & dry up without grief. 2. Therefore rub the swollen place diligently with oxymel, or with oxyrhodinum, or with oil and salt, or else with oxyrhodinum & salt: for by this friction you shall both mitigate the pain (if any be caused through distension) & remit the tumour also. But to an oedema which cometh of the influxion of thin phlegm, if flux doth not yet cease apply those medicines, which can partly digest, & partly constrain & restrain. 4. Therefore bind to a new spong, or some other dipped in lie, or wetted first in allayed Posca, especially in soft and tender bodies, & (if the tumour doth possess the members of the body) bind about them softly some swaddling band from the neither part to the upper, as we use to do in setting of bones. 5. But if by these remedies, the tumour doth not slake or yield, put a little alum with posca. vidz. with oxycratum. 6. But if the affect shallbe of any continuance you must not use any more these remedies which have a mingled faculty (that is to say digesting and restraining) but rather digestives & discussives. Oedema i●●eteratu●. 7. Therefore, the member being first anointed with oil, you must minister a sponge (as we have said) dipped in lie, & bind it with swathing bands somewhat just and straight. CAP. XXII. Of tumors above nature, which the Latins call inflationes, but they are commonly called windy Apostemes, apostemata ventosa. IT is now very requiesite for us to dispute of the tumors called Inflationes, whose cure is diverse from the cure oedemata. The difference between inflatio & oedemae. For they (as Galene saith lib. 14. Therap.) have their original of a phlegmatic humour, and therefore do yield unto touching and handling, and our fingers being laid thereon do descend somewhat deeply into them. But Inflationes do come of a flatuous spirit gathered together, breeding sometime under the skin, sometime under the thin films, which are compassed about with the bones, or they do shut in and include the muscles, or else some part of the bowels. Furthermore sometime there is also not a little of this humour gathered together in the belly and in the inward parts, and also in the middle space of them, and of the peritonaeum, as in that kind of water (saith Paulus) under the skin (which evil we call a Tympany. Lib. 4 These also differ from oedemata, because they being touched with the fingers do not retain any mark, and they do give a sound like a tabor, and also because sometime, they are contained in a sensible hollowness, and that oftentimes very great. The cause of these kinds of inflations, is the weakness of the natural heat, which is placed in a phlegmatic matter to provoke windiness. For truly heat may take up such a vapour of a moist substance, but it can not divide nor discuss it. For even as (saith Galen) we see in outward things, that a very cold constitution (especially when the North wind bloweth) doth make the air very calm, and a very hot constitution in summer maketh the air pure & clear, but the middle constitutions do cause clouds, so it happeneth in living creatures. For heat, neither by extreme weakness, nor yet by vehement strength can beget wind, but when it getteth a mean between these affections. For this vapour is holden in some place (as Auicene saith) either because of the thickness of the member, or for the grossness of the vaporous spirit. Lib. 4. Which thing also Paulus after the opinion of Galene witnesseth in these words: saying, that the thickness of the members, and the grossness of the spirit or vapour doth cause, that the same vapour is not dispersed abroad. The signs of inflation are these, a tumour not yielding to any touching or handling, it appeareth very clear & bright, Inflationum notae. & when it is beaten on, it giveth a sound like unto a bottle, or timpany Moreover there is felt oftentimes windiness throughout the whole body, sometime running this way, Inflationum prognostica. sometime that way, which causeth extensive pain. But concerning the judgements and opinions hereof, a flatuous or vaporous spirit, which is not dissolved and dspersed, doth procure many discommodities. But a breathing and windy vapour▪ coursing up and down within the body with pain and great anguish, is greatly to be feared, because it doth seem to be drawn from some venomous matter. But now seeing these three things. vidz. the moist matter, the imbecility of the natural heat, Inflationum curatio. and the thickness of the poors of the body, do concur together to the generation of inflatio (as hath already been declared) the order therefore of the cure thereof shall be this, first to strengthen the substance of the heat, to extenuate the vapour and flatuous matter, & to prevent or open the thickness of the poors of the body (wherein this vaporous spirit gathered now together, is contained.) Now we make perfect and we finish the two later things, that is, the raryfying of the thick body, and the extenuation of the gross vapour, by one and the same kind of medicines, which is by using those remedies which do profit to the extenuation of the members and by applying those helps, which can heat either more or less according to the inflation of the afflicted members according to the thickness or thinness thereof, and according also to the grossness or thinness of the vapours. For according to the difference of these things, the power or faculty of those medicines, which are ministered, aught to be intended and remitted. The thin parts therefore, & the vapour or spirit which is not very thick, are but meanly to be dealt withal: but the gross members, & that vapour which containeth much thick matter, do require medicines, which may greatly extenuate & heat them. But if the substance of natural heat shall perish or diminish, it must be repaired again, regarding the greatness of the loss thereof. But if it shall be altered, you must bring it unto a certain mediocrity. But if grief therewithal shall vex or molest the sick, you must hasten unto those helps which can mitigate pain. Very well therefore have the Chirurgeons of our age declared, that the cure of Inflationes (which they call Apostemata ventosa) is dispatched by three intentions. The first consisteth of a just and due observation of diet. The second of a good concoction or digestion, and the third dependeth of the discussing and dispersing of the windy spirit, which is assembled in the member. Therefore let the institution of diet be after this manner. First of all you must abstain from all gross, viscouse, raw, fleugmatike, and windy meats: as are, sweet meats, all kind of pulse, raw fruit, rape roots, chestnuts, and other things of that sort, which do engender a flatuous vapour. You must use hot and dry things, and those remedies also, which can attenuate, and dissolve windiness, as is bread made of barley with a little salt and cumin seed. Let the patiented his drink be white wine, or claret wine, or vinum Graecum. Potus. Let him use the decoction of Cicers mixed with onions, let him take apium hortense (which is commonly called petroselynum, parsley) calamint, rue, cumin. Let the flesh which he eateth on, be rather roasted then sodden, and especially the flesh of birds (as hath been said in the former Chapter. Secunda intentio. ) But now that you may dispatch the second intention, you must strengthen and corroborated the virtue concoctive with some sweet and odoriferous savours, and by confections, and by electuaries appointed for this purpose, as be these, diacuminum, diacalaminthae, Aromaticum rosatum, and this confection following, which they call Drageta. ℞. of anise, of fennel, Caruus, daucus, commin, of laurel berries, beaten together. ana. ℥ i of liquorice, galingale, white ginger. ana. ℥. ss. of Cloves, cubebs, of long pepper, seed of rue. ana. ʒ. ij. of anise seed covered over with sugar. ℥ three of sugar. lb. ss. make a powder. But outwardly let the stomach be anointed with oil of speak, of Costum, and rue: or make an Epitheme of those things which can discuss wind, and which are appointed to help concoction, and let it be applied to the stomach. But these things do rather pertain unto Physic, then unto Chirurgie. Tertia intentio. The third intention is accomplished by applying some medicine, which hath a double virtue (that is) which can both concoct, digest, and moderately bind, neither will increase pain. But to the perfiting of these things, there are appointed three manner of remedies. libr. 14. Therapent. The first is mentioned of Galene in these words. In the arteries (saith he) and in the muscles, which are under the skin, or under the films which do cover the bones, when Inflatio is risen, if it be without grief, some liquor applied to the thinnest members shall profit greatly, of the which nature is lie ministered with a new sponge. But if grief doth also trouble him, you must anoint the member with some oil, Inflatio cometh of a bruise in the arteries, muscles, & films which cover the bones. which hath power to mitigate and remit the same. These diseases happen through a stripe or bruise, when as either the muscle, or the film, which compasseth the bone, is bruised or hurt, upon which film that goeth about the bone, the aforesaid sponge must be laid. 2. The second rule is described also in the same place after this sort: but unto the muscles (for they sometime are painful) you must apply some medicine which can mitigat pain in greater measure, so that to them you must apply not only lie alone, Sapa. but you must put into it both Sapa, and also a little oil. But it shall be more profitable in the beginning not to apply lie, but to use Sapa with wine, and a little vinegar, and to put to them a little oil, which things when they are mingled together, it is good to heat them, and lay on unwashed wool (which they call succida) dipped in them. But if there be no plenty of such wool, than the oil of wool is to be used with the former mixture, Oesipus but if oil of wool be at hand neither, you shall commix very well some Cerate, Ceratum e●t 〈◊〉. which is made of the oil of wool. For the bruised muscles must needs be lenified with some medicine which hath a double strength (that is) which can both concoct, digest, and moderately bind. But if the medicine containeth no astriction, it increaseth sometime phlegmone, and especially in those bodies, which are plethoric and full of humours. Being mindful therefore of these three indications already declared (that is, of concoction, digestion, and moderate adstriction) in the muscles which are inflated by means of some bruise or stripe, when great pain doth afflict, you shall the rather use a more mitigating remedy, and you shall greatly resist pain, by using more oil and wine, whose force I know to be mighty, when as pain together with the inflation doth speedily haste to an end. And truly the time is the shorter, if you minister those things, which have a strong and mighty effect, as are these, lie and vinegar, and next after them wine hath a mighty operation. As often therefore as you mind not to assuage pain, you shall cast into the mixture a greater quantity of lie and vinegar. Again when you intent to repel and drive back, you must put in more of wine then of other things, which wine shallbe the more effectual for this purpose if it be black and sharp. But if you please to digest, you shall minister the greater quantity of lie. But if you shall mingle vinegar with them, the mixture shall be profitable both ways, because that vinegar hath a double & mingled faculty. But when the muscle is not pained, you may lawfully for want of lie use Aphronitrum but it must not be gravely, but rather foamy. The third rule is an emplaster made of the filthiness which is wiped from the bodies of men that wrestle, and of vnslaked lime, boiled together in water and wine. These are the words of Galene lib. 14. Therap. But those inflations (saith he) which through negligence are inveterate and of some antiquity, you shall apply to them those helps which are made of lie (as hath been said before) and secondly you shall minister some emplaster. How an old inflation must be handled. But I will declare also the example or order how to prepare these things. First the filthiness that cometh of men's bodies must be heat, and thoroughly strained, that it may be clean and pure: then again take the lime, which must be brayed as small as meal, and sprinkle it in the vessel where the filthiness is, and tempter it together to the thickness of clay. That medicine also is very good for these inflations, which is made of Sycomorus, and other remedies of that sort do greatly help also. But if this flatuous spirit, which causeth the inflation, shall be smoky, wicked, corrupted, and excited of a venomous matter, with intolerable pain, and vehement heat, running up and down in the members of the body, no more safe or better counsel can be given, then that (when it is resident in some particular member) that member be straightway bound beneath and aloft, & in the midst the tumour be opened with a razor, or wi●h some hot instrument, so that the venomous vapour may easily come forth. Afterward the gaping wound must be filled with Aloes, and with bowl armoniac dissolved in oil of roses and vinegar. But within three or four days after, Victus ratio. Theriaca. The sum of curing of a flatuos tumour. you must fill up the wound with flesh, and bring it to a scar. But in such venomous inflations, a very thin diet must be observed, and the body must be emptied with some purging medicine. And if you minister Theriaca to the sick, it will help him greatly. Now there remaineth the sum of the cure of a flatuous tumour, which we mind to declare in these words following. 1. First confirm and strengthen the weak substance of heat that is in the affected member, restore the same again, and when it is altered bring it into some mediocrity. 2. Extenuate the vaporous and windy humour, which raiseth the tumour. 3. Open the thick pores of the skin, and of the whole affected member with medicines that are effectual for the thinness of the members, afterward seek to discuss the flatuous vapour. 4. But according to the difference of the affected parts, and according to the thickness of the flatuous vapour, or the thinness of the medicines which are applied, intent and remit aswell the matter, as the faculty & virtue of them. 5. Furthermore, if such a vaporous tumour shall chance with grief and with inflammation (as it happeneth in the muscles which through some bruise are stuffed out with wind) apply in the beginning mitigating medicines: but in process of time, use such remedies, as have power to dissolve, increasing by little and little the plenty thereof. 6. Inflations, through negligence are inveterate, first anoint them with lie, and then lay to some plaster, which can mollify, dissolve and discuss them. CAP. XXIII. Of a Tumour caused of a thin substance, which they call Aquosum Apostema (that is) a waterish Aposteme. IF phlegm doth universally abound throughout the whole body, that kind of disease (which is a waterish humour running between the skin and the flesh, called Leucophlegmatia) doth accompany the same, Leu●o●●●●gmatia. as Galene hath noted in his sixth book de symptomatum causis. But when this phlegmatic humour doth flow in one only member, there is engendered oedema: for so they call a lose tumour, which is without pain. But if waterish excrements do abound, they are wont to bring the dropsy (which they call ascites) which if they shall couch themselves in one only member, they do raise in it phlyctaenae (that is to say) pushes or whelks. Furthermore the latter sort of Physicians have been accustomed to call this kind of waterish tumors, Aquosum phlegma, as also they do term that humour to be phlegm, 〈◊〉. which floweth in the feet and legs of them, that are troubled with the dropsy, and aboundeth in the lean parts of the body, and in other members, which do labour of an evil habit, (which the Grecians call Cachexia. And these kinds of tumors which do proceed of waterish phlegm, or of the aforesaid serous increasing, they do also call unlawful and untrue oedemata. But in those dangerous dispositions or diseases they call it Tabes, which name Hydrope and Cachexia do require, Lively 2. ad Glau. 〈◊〉. & 14. Therap. but oedema (as hath been already declared out or Galene) doth not deserve the name of a disease, but of a symptomate, for that truly it needeth no particular or several cure. For the only rubbing of it with oxyrrhodinum, or sometime with salt and oil, or with salt and oxyrrhodinum doth stop it, and many other things or that kind do work the like effect. But the causes of these tumors are these, the altering of the virtue or faculty of the members through a cold and corrupted intemperature of the body, Causae. & the naughtiness of nourishment, declining to aquosity, as you may easily gather out of the sixth book de symptomatum causis. Signae. The signs and judgements are almost all one with a true oedema. Yet they differ in this, because in the waterish tumors the tumour is more lose, then in a lawful oedema: and therefore it doth not so resist touching, neither doth it sound like wind, but rather as water, and it doth seem to shine after a sort, when one beholdeth it against the light. Now concerning the judgements of this kind of tumour there is no doubt but that a waterish tumour proceedeth of a greater coldness than a flatuous tumour doth, as Galene declareth in the eleventh commentary of his fourth book of Aphorisms. But it seemeth (saith he) that a waterish Hydrops, which they call Ascites, is engendered of great coldness, but a Tympany of less cold, which disease is named of Hypocrates a dry water running between the skin. For a moist substance cannot be changed into a flatuous vapour without some heat. Moreover waterish tumors do happen oftener in the feet, in the stones, and cods, in the head, and in the joints, then in any other parts of the body, both because such a kind of humour doth readily rush into those parts, and also, because heat is very mean and little in them: for because they be far of from the hottest members. And as a flatuous vapour is seeldom found without a waterish humour: so a waterish or serous humour is scarce contained at any time in any member without a windy spirit. Hitherto have we spoken of the generation, the causes, signs, and judgements of a waterish Tumour: now we will set down the cure thereof. Seeing that these waterish tumoures are caused (as we have said already) of the flowing of a serous humour, there needeth no other means, especially no other general order to Cure them, than that method, which we have expressed already in the Cure of other tumoures, which are engendered of the influxion of humours into some member. Curatio duplex. The order therefore of remedying such kind of tumoures in the beginning shall consist of two points (that is to say) 1. to empty out that which is flowed. 2. and to stop and inhibit the flux of the humour. Wherefore, as in all other diseases, which are yet but a begetting, so also in these affects, the Physician must be careful and diligent, as well in curing them, as in foreseeing the danger following. (that is) both to remedy the disease, and provide for the flux. The first order therefore is subject to that part of the art of Physic, which cureth the diseases: but the second belongeth to that part, which preventeth the disease to come. But that we may profit and dispatch this doubt and general method, Five particular intentions in curing a waterish tumour. it is necessary to recite five other particular intentions, expressed of Guido out of Cauliacus for the cure of a waterish tumour in this manner & order, as followeth. The first consisteth in a just institution & observation of a good diet. The second in the helping & furthering of concoction. The third in purging out the waterish humour by the belly. The fourth in bringing out of the waterish humour through the passages of the urine. The fift & the last consisteth in the evaporating and drying up of that waterish humidity which is compact & contained in the aggrieved member. But because the four first intentions do rather pertain unto the Physician then unto the Chirurgeon, for whose profit we have taken this work in hand, and also because they may sufficiently be known by those things, which went before: we are determined to handle in this place the last intention only, which requireth some new invented remedies. The fift intention therefore is ended with those medicines which can dry up, and resolve these waterish and serous humours, which are contained in the affected member. But of these remedies there are commonly set down three rules or orders. The first is out of Galene lib. 2. ad Glauconem, and lib. 14. method. medendi. which is made of oxyrrhodinum and salt (as hath been before declared.) The second is out of the same author, which is a new sponge, dipped in lie, and to this purpose serveth those remedies also, which we have before set down for the cure of oedemata: with the which helps (that they may dry up and discuss the more strongly) you must commix, Aphronitrum, alum, and b●ymestone. The third rule is a certain emplaster described of Auicene for the cure of scrofule, which emplaster he attrybuted to Galene in libro suo de compositione medicamentorum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. But this emplaster (as he saith) within one week at the most, and oftentimes within three days doth resolve all the hardness of the evil. But although this emplaster cannot be found in the book before rehearsed to belong unto Galen: notwithstanding we may use the same very fitly to the dissolution of a waterish and flatuous hardness: whose description out of Auicene is this that followeth. ℞. of mustard seed, of nettle seed, Auicennes emplaster to discuss waterish tumors. brimstone, spuma maris, aristolochia rotunda, and bdellium ana. ℥ i of ammoniacke, old oil, & wax ana. ℥ two But if the hardness of the tumour be not discussed by this emplaster, you can devise no other more excellent or more present remedy, then to open it with some instrument, & then to cleanse it & scour it, & afterward to cure it after the manner of other filthy ulcers. Capita curationis aqu●si tumoris. The sum of curing a waterish tumour is this. 1. Appoint such a diet to the sick, as can attenuate, heat, & dry up. 2. Let him use a moderate exercise of his body, let him eat & drink little, let him not sleep much, let him oftentimes provoke his belly & bladder to avoid excrements. 3. Take heed that he digesteth his meat well, & that it begetteth not windines. 4. Purge out the waterish humour, wherewith the whole body of the sick doth abound by the belly, & by the pores of the urine. 5. Dry up, & digest through breathing that serous humour which is included in the affected member. 6. But if it cannot thus be discussed, put some penknife, or some other hot instrument into the tumour, if it occupieth the arteries, and open it in that place where it is most inclined downward, that so the humour may the more easily come forth. 7. Evacuate the humour, which did 'cause the tumour by some emissary, and then without delay dispatch all other things which do pertain unto the cure of other corrupted ulcers of the like nature. CAP. XXIIII. Of the diseases called Glandulae, Nodi, and Strumae, together with other Abscessions, which they call Phlegmaticae Excrescentiae. GANGLIA so called of the Grecians, Choerades (that is) Strumae, which they also call Scrofule, Bronchocêle, which they name Bocium, and Hernia gutturis, Melicerides, Steatomata, and Atheromata: also Testudo, Talpa, Nacta or Nap●a, which names given to tumors were invented of the late Physicians, and are not to be found amongst ancient writers: Those tumors also which Auicene calleth Fugille, also Nodi, and vulgaris Bubo, together with many other tumors of that kind, in what part soever of the body they do grow, they have their generation of phlegm, and for that cause they are justly referred unto phlegmatic tumors. But although certain of the above named Abscessions do degenerate into a stony hardness and into scirrhous diseases: yet the root and the original beginning of them for the most part is phlegm, (as Auicene declareth) yet we will not deny, but that some other humour may sometime be commixed with phlegm, whereof such kind of Abscessions do come, and so there do grow up those Abscessions which are both compound and of an other kind. But our intent is to speak here of simple Abscessions only, by whose proportion or analogy the knowledge of compound tumors shall appear most evidently: for the one must always be referred unto the other as it were unto certain rules or canons (as we have said else where.) Therefore all the aforesaid tumors are comprehended under the kind of phlegmatic Abscessions or (that I may speak after the manner of the common Chyrurgians) under the Genus of phlegmatic increasings, which diseases have certain special differences among themselves, (as it shall afterward appear.) For Glandula, (as Guido thought) took his title of the likeness of Glans, an acorn, which form he doth seem to understand in this place: This Glandula, sayeth he, is every where soft, one alone, movable, and dissevered from the other parts lying about it, oftentimes growing in the clean and pure parts of the body. Auicen● Glandule are a●l 〈◊〉 with Ganglia. But Glandule in Auicene do breed either in the hand, or in the foot, or in some other place joined to the sinews and cords of the body, and these Glandule he would not have destroyed, lest the sick thereby should fall into Spasmos, the cramp. They do happen also in the palm of the hand, and in the forehead, as Auicene sayeth, who also calleth them sometime Glandulosa Apostemata, sometime Nodi: for he doth entreat of these evils very rashly in diverse Chapters, as in his Chapter de Nodis even unto the end, and in his treatise de Glandulis. Therefore Auicens' Glandulae do seem to be diverse from Guido his Glandule, and Ganglia among the Grecians to be all one with Auicene his Glandule which thing Paulus his words next following do plainly testify. Ganglium (sayeth he) is a gathering together of the sinews, Cap. 16. lib. 4. Ganglium quid. which is caused of some stripe or of weariness, & that in many parts of the body especially in those which are always moving, as in the midst of the hand and in the feet. Aentius sayeth, that it seldom possesseth the elbow and the head, and it doth seldom also arise voluntarily. And again the same Paulus lib. 6. cap. 39 declaring what Ganglium is, how it doth grow, in what members chief it doth arise, & what signs or tokens doth accompany it confirmeth those very words which we spoke before saying: Ganglium is a convulsion of the sinews, caused of some blow or of labour, chancing for the most part in the joints of the hands, & of the arms, and in the ankles and joints of the feet, although also it ariseth in other parts of the body. These are the signs of Ganglium, the tumour is all of one colour, Signa Gan●●●. resisting touching or handling, and without pain, but if you do thrust it any thing violently, it is felt painful, being not deeply rooted, but lying under the very skin next the sides: but again, if you provoke it by force it doth so neither before nor after. Hitherto speaketh Paulus Aegineta de Ganglijs. Now we will discourse of other fleugmatike tumors. Those Abscessions which the common sort call Scrofula are nothing else, Scroful●. but hard kernels contained within the little films, videlicet, Glandula chief, appearing in the neck, the arm holes, and in the parts about the privy members, where Glandula are placed by the vessels of the body that lie under them: yet sometime (although seldom) they are caused by means of the flesh of the same places, which through a certain kind of affinity is turned into the nature of Strumae, and is increased by the addition of matter (as it pleased Laeonidas.) The Latins call them Strumae, Ch●rades Graec●rum. but the Greeks, Choerades, either truly because of the stones called Choerades growing in the Sea, or else because of those beasts called Sows that bring forth a great company of pigs at once (for these evils do rise up many together) which beasts are often infected with that disease. Sues. Struma. Cels●. For Scrofa, that is to say, Sues have thick and glandulous necks and commonly they be strumous and full of kernels. But Celsus sayeth that Strumae is a tumour, wherein under the congealed place there do arise certain things like glandule of matter and blood. But these do not only possess the neck, but also the nosethrills, the privy parts of the body, & the sides. The Chirurgeon Meges declareth also that he hath found them in the paps of women. Lib. 6. Paulus also speaketh thus of them: Strumae, sayeth he, do arise in the fore part of the neck, or in one part or other both at once, either two or more: But all are included within their films, Lupia. as Steatomata, Atheromata, and Melicerides. Lupia, sayeth Guido, is soft and round like unto a hop, and chief chooseth his place in hard and dry places of the body, as in the eye lids and in other sinewy members: the Frenchmen call it commonly une L●upe. Therefore if the description and cure of it, (which shall be afterward handled) be conferred with the description and cure of Ganglium amongst the Greeks: the diseases will appear not much different or unlike: but they do greatly err▪ which do make this evil called Lupia, to be all one with that disease called Lupus. For Lupus is a malignant ulcer quickly consuming the neither parts, but specially annoying the thighs and legs, and it is very hungry like unto a wolf (whereof it seemeth to receive this title) eating up the flesh that lie next unto it, which evil without doubt is of the kind of Phaged●nae. Diseases therefore are far diverse among themselves the one from the other, although in name they be somewhat acquainted. Nodus, (as the knot of a rope) is said of the same Guido, to be round, hard, and abiding in one and the same place, growing especially about the sinewy places of the body. Auice●●ae nodi. But Auicenne in a certain place defineth Nodi to be dubeleta a frigida, and he compareth this name with Steatomata, which are called adiposis & adipini nodi, fat ●u●les, and with Melicerides, which are called melli●ij nodi, and with Atheromata, which consist of a certain kind of matter like unto a pulse, which the Greeks call Athera. But because these three kinds of Abscessions, that is to say, Steatoma, Meliceris, and Atheroma, are most incident to men's bodies, and Galen also maketh mention of them in very many places: we think it convenient (having here gotten so fit opportunity to entreat of them) plainly to declare their nature and their marks whereby they may be known, and in what things also they do differ and descent, Atheroma. and in what things they do also conspire and agreed. Atheroma therefore is a tumour of one and the same colour and without pain, containing within the film or sinewy tunicle a soft humour like unto Athera, that is, a kind of pulse, which is made of boiled meal. Sometime also in Atheromata together with a soft humour, there are found certain stony and hard substances, and other things like unto small pieces of brimstone, oftentimes there are found in them certain things like unto the chewed bones of a hen, and like unto hears wound up together. This tumour Atheroma, appeareth in form and figure very long, and somewhat elevated in height, which being pressed with the fingers, by reason of the clammishnesse and thickness of the humour, it doth slowly yield or go back, and the fingers being removed, it doth slowly also return again. But Meliceris is a tumour, Meliceris. which is void of pain also, but yet it is round, wherein the humour, which is also included in some sinewy tunicle, (which they call Cystis) is found somewhat thin, representing the substance of honey: whereupon some of the Latins do call it mellifanium, a honey comb. Meliceris therefore doth differ from Atheroma in fa●●●ion; and in the substance of the humour: for both the form is more round, and the suspense of the humour more slender. This honey tumour therefore is further extended th● Atheroma, and by pressing it with the fingers it doth speadily give place, and when 〈…〉 are removed, it doth with the like celerity return to the former place. But 〈◊〉 is a tumour also besides nature, all of one colour, Stea●●●●. and very gentle to be handled in th●●eginning truly it is very small, but in process of time it increaseth and becometh 〈…〉, wherein is contained a humour very like unto tallow, which is also comprehend under the films of the body. This is distinguished from Meliceris and from Atherom● by reason of the hardness thereof, for it is both full and plentiful, and it doth so resist● aching, that it will in no wise yield to the thrusting of the fingers. But let us now proceed to declare other kinds of Apostemes, which are almost reduced unto these three, whereof we have now entreated. Testudo (sayeth Guido) is a great Abscession, Testudo. very humoral, 〈◊〉, and of abroad fashion, after the manner of a target, (whereupon it received the 〈◊〉 which evil if it groweth (sayeth he) in the head, it is called Talparia or Talpa: if in 〈…〉, it is called Bocium: if in the stones, Hernia: but sometime it is found with matter, 〈◊〉 with certain scales, or with a fistula accompanying it. But Testudines and Talpae, amongst the ancient Physicians, had neither any proper name, nor yet once entreated of. But 〈◊〉 of our days do define Testudo to be a soft tumour, or not greatly hard, yet some 〈◊〉 big, in the which is contained a gross matter lying hid in a certain tunicle, whic●●loth so cleave unto the whole head of a man (for it is a disease incident to the skin of the ●ead) that it oftentimes corrupted the same. This evil (no doubt) is to be accounted a●●ng the number of Abscessions, and comprehended under Meliceris, or Atheroma, but it there seemeth to incline unto Meliceris: but Talpa, Talpa. because it containeth a white matte● 〈◊〉 rather referred unto Atheroma, then unto Meliceris: Notwithstanding Guido affirmet●●hat it is a kind of Testudo, yea also that it is Testudo itself (as we said a late) as Hernia 〈◊〉 and Bocium, which he also nameth: but these affects have barrowed there diverse 〈◊〉 according to the variety of the places, wherein they are found. But that which the common sort call Bocium, the Greeks (fetching their title or name even from the very deep) do properly call Brouchocêle, but our country men call it Hernia gutturis, whereupon they also call them Gutturosi, which do labour of that diease. Broucho●l●e. Brouchocêle is a great 〈◊〉 chancing in the neck, very round between the skin and the wind pipe, wherein ●●ere is included, sometime dead flesh, sumetime a certain humour like unto honey, or 〈◊〉, or sodden meal, or water. Sometime also (as Celsus sayeth) there are found in such tumours certain hears mingled with little bones. Nacta (as Guido writeth) is a great tumour, full of flesh, like unto the flesh of a man's buttocks, of diverse forms and greatness: as are melons and gourds, and therefore it borroweth sundry names according to the variety of the fashion and member wherein it is placed. Moreover this tumour which of the lat●r sort is called Nacta or Napta, is void of pain, Nacta or Napta is referred unto Steatomata. except peradventure it be so great, th●t by the continual drawing of the parts of that member, it bringeth some grief to the pa●es about it. This also is of the number of Abscessions, and doth pertain unto Steatomaa (as we said before in the enumeration of tumors besides nature. Bubo. Bubo (sayeth Galene) is a disease of the lose members, or of Glandulae, (which the Greeks call Adenae) that is to say, a simple inflammation. Wherefore Guido hath either unfitly here rehearsed it among the number of phlegmatic abscessions: or else he understandeth some other matter than Galene doth. But Bubones, which are caused through a fall from some place, or by other ulcers & diseases, are without any danger: but those which are wont to happen in pestilent fevers, are the worst of all, whether they invade the thighs, or the nosethrills, or the neck. Fugilla (sayeth the interpreter of Auicene) is of the kind of glandulous Apostemes, and this term (sayeth he) is appropriated unto it, because it is a disease chancing behind the ears. Fugillae. By the which description it may easily be conjectured, that Fugille, so called of Auicene, is that tumour, which is called of the Greeks Parotis, that is, a glandulous disease growing underneath the ears. But some do think Fugille to be all one with Bubo: but then Bubo is far otherwise taken of them, then of Galene and Paulus, which is (as they say) a tumour that is deeply planted and rooted, and oftentimes not compassed with any skin or film, it is very hard also after the manner of the evils called Scrofule, & in that signification (as I iud●) is Bubo taken of Guido, because he doth register Fugillinus Bubo amongst the number of phlegmatic abscessions. But there are now found out very many titles given to these kin●●f phlegmatic abscessions. But we aught not greatly to stand upon the names of them, so 〈◊〉 we know and understand the only differences of them, because it falleth so out, that acceding to the diversity of their names, The differences of phlegmatic abscessions. their cures and judgements do vary. Therefore of 〈◊〉 kind of abscessions, some truly are included within a certain skin or tunicle (which 〈…〉 call Cystis) and some are deeply planted in the flesh: some have a slender foundation, or 〈◊〉 root, and some again are very large and broad. Also some are easy to be resolved, 〈◊〉 some are far otherwise: some great, and some little. Some also do come unto suppuran, and some do not. To conclude some tumors are scaly, fistulous, and cancerous, but 〈◊〉 do admit or suffer none of these things. The causes of these kinds of tumors are 〈◊〉 fold: videlicet. 1. Primitive causes, as a fall, a stripe, excessive or inordinate living, 〈◊〉 an evil diet. 2. Antecedentes causae, as are unnatural humours, especially those which be ●●●gmatike, and true oedemata, which do degenerate into abscessions. 3. Coniunctae causae, 〈◊〉 are the diverse substances, and properly the matters of every abscession, contained in 〈◊〉 affected member. But in these kinds of tumors there are contained certain humours, 〈◊〉 be either serous or waterish as is urine, or putrefied and corrupt, or filthy, or dirty, 〈◊〉 else humours, like unto honey, or sodden meal, or unto fat. But there are sometime 〈◊〉 within these abscessions phlegmatic, and waterish and glandulous flesh, sometime also stones, sand, shells, wood, coals, and other such like solid substances. Notwithstanding these three kinds of tumors do most frequent men's bodies (as we have said before) hereof every one hath borrowed in Greek his proper title: 14. Therap. as Atheroma, Steatoma, and Meeris, which are thus called by reason of the similitude of the substances contained in the●▪ For there is another tumour amongst these, like unto tallow, or some other fat thing, another like unto honey, Signa. another like unto a thin kind of meat, which they call Athera. Th●●ignes and judgements of such kinds of tumors, which belong unto phlegm, may easily bound out by their descriptions and differences before declared. But the mark, whereby 〈◊〉 may know whether they be covered with any vale or not, Notae abscessu● relament● 〈◊〉. is this, there is movablenesse 〈◊〉 inconstancy of the film or skin, called Cystis, which the ancient Physicians have 〈◊〉 tunica, and there is a separation of the skin: but when they be surely fixed, that is, ●iding in one place, and do cleave fast to the flesh, it is an evident token, that they are garde● about with no film or tunicle at all. Indicia abscess●●● pim●●s●●um. furthermore those tumors which are new and tractable, may easily be discussed, but they which be hard and inveterate can in no wise be r●●olued. Redness, pain, and increasing of heat do declare that those abscessions will either 〈◊〉 to suppuration, or else degenerate into a fistula or a Cancre. Strumae numerosae, which 〈◊〉 affect the outward members, and do often change their place, wandering here and there a●out the body, with a certain extraordinary heat, do testify and declare very plainly, that ●●ey will beget and breed those inward diseases called Chaerades, Arnaldus à villa 〈◊〉. as Arnaldus hath noted in a ●ertaine place. Those remedies therefore, which are outwardly applied to them, do profit li●e or nothing. But these diseases (as Auicene thought) are increased and do multiply by so●e fall, or by some hurt or bruise in the body. Auicema●. Now these strumous tumors are greatly helped by using purging medicines, diuretical potions, & electuaries, (as they call them) which can dry up. Also the change of age doth greatly avail in young children. In what ages and bodies Strumae do reign. But children, by reason of their excessive eating and immoderate diet, and the slenderness of body, are very often annoyed with Strumae. But old men by reason of the contrary causes, are seldom troubled therewith. Moreover they which have a narrow forehead, and strait temples, and great checks, are subject to Strumae. For in such, the matter is readily brought down to the neck, as one Henricus among the number of the late Physicians, hath noted very well. But Strumae (as Celsus sayeth) are wont commonly to weary Physicians, Celsus. because they procure fevers also, neither do they at anytime ripen easily, and they are cured either with some hot instrument, or with medicines, and oftentimes they do rise up again beside their scars, and a long time after they require medicines again, and moreover it so cometh to pass that they remain in the flesh along season. The incision, and corrosiving of such tumors is greatly to be feared about the belly, the neck, and the joints, by reason of the affinity and knitting together of the veins, the arteries, and the sinews, and also of the internal capacity. In the incision also of great Glandule, it behoveth greatly to eschew that vein, which lieth at the root of them, and doth bring nourishment unto them. For oftentimes it causeth great profusion of blood, whereupon there ensueth strait way no small danger. These evils called Strumae, do greatly differ amongst themselves both in greatness, nature, place, beginning, multitude, and joining together of the vessels (as Aetius hath gathered out of Leonidas. Therefore little Strume are sooner and more easily cured then the great, even as the gentle tumors are more tractable than those which are inflamed. Noisome Strume cannot be remedied. For seeing all such diseases called Strumae are cancerous, Magnitude Strumae. and do stuff up the vessels of the body, while they are curing, they must needs bring the danger of profusion of blood, besides that also, they are found very deep in the flesh and therefore they cannot any way be cut of. For a malicious and hurtful Struma doth possess the best vessels, (that is) the greatest veins and arteries (which are called Carotides) even as though it should hold by certain roots. The superficial Strumae are more easy to be cured then the internal by reason of their place, and those also are curable which do happen in the neck, where yet you must, be very diligent to eschew the loud and great sinews: for many by cutting Strumae about the windpipe, and by cutting other loud sinews have caused the sick all the time of his life after to remain speechless. For beside the excision of that senowe, the great vessels being laid bore, and cooled in the cure, do hurt the duty of the tongue. For the multitude of Strume, it appeareth, Multitude. Ortus. that one alone may easilier be cured them many together. And concerning the manner of their rising, it is manifest also, that they which hang downward are a great deal sooner healed, than they which are planted in the flesh. Thus much concerning Struma, which Aetius hath recited out of Leonidas. The cure of these kinds of Abscessions, which have their original of phlegm, Duplex abscessuum pituitosorum curandi ratio. 1. universalis. is of the late Chyrurgians appointed to be two fold (that is to say.) 1. General, and universally common at all, 2. and particular, which is proper in every difference. Therefore our general method of curing these tumors shallbe, to appoint such an ordinary and conuneient diet to the sick, as that the matter, which causeth such abscessions, be not heaped up together in the body, and by all means to prevent and turn away the antecedent matter (as they call it) which now is gathered together in the sick body, lest at the length it be united to the joined cause, that is, unto that matter, which now bringeth the disease. But we shall accomplish the first intention of our general cure, if the sick do diligently observe that kind of diet, which is prescribed in our former Chapters (this one thing excepted) which is, that they aught to keep a very thin diet, and that, which is more convenient to divide thick and clammy humours. Therefore if they will follow the counsel of Auicene, let them eschew all those meats which are of a gross juice, the drinking also of cold things, too much satiety and immoderate fullness, and those things also which procure vomit and abhorring of meats. But they must abide as much hunger as can be. They must chief procure good digestion, and avoid a moist house, that is either situated in low valleys, or in fens, or frequented with corrupted waters. Let his drink be wine that is excellent and of the best, or else let it be water of alum, or of brimstone. For such kind of mineral waters, especially those which do represent in taste the dregs of wine, do not only diminish & discuss these inward Strumours and phlegmatic abscessions: but those also which do outwardly affect the superficial parts of the body (as Arnaldus affirmeth. Antecedenti● materia evacuatio. ) But we do perfect the other part of our former proceeding (that is to say) to turn away the antecedent matter, lest it be mingled with coniuncta materia, by four kinds of evacuations, that is, by some medicine to purge phlegm downward, and sometime by letting of blood, also by those things which can provoke urine, and last of all by those remedies which can through their vapour both resolve and digest the humour which is gathered together in the inward parts of the body. To purge the body downward, the powder of Turbith is greatly commended, which is made thus in Auicene, ℞. of Turbith, ginger, and sugar, of each a like portion, but he taketh thereof two drams, and he affirmeth also, that (besides that it doth resolve gross phlegm) it doth neither heat, nor violently wrist the inward members. But Razes, who was very bold in declaring and using purging medicines, made this kind of powder, in his ninth Chap. de doleribus ve●●ris ad Almansorem, of twenty parts of Turbith, of ten of ginger, and thirty of sugar, Hierapicra. and ministereth of it at one time, ʒ. iij. Benedicta also and hierapicra, and pillule de agaric, and pillule maiores de hermodactylis do greatly help these diseases. To provoke wrine, Guido out of Ca●liacus was went to use this potion slollowing, which (he sayeth) he gathered out of the writings of many Physicians, ℞. of Scrofularia, parts iij. of phylipendula part two of pimpernel, mouseare, Tanacetum, of read coleworts (which of some are thought to be Brassica marucina) of rubia maior, ana. part i of the root of Aristolochia, of spathula satida, of the root of radish, ana. part. ss. put them altogether, and boil them in white wine and honey, until half be consumed, then streigne them, whereof every third day in the morning let the sick take three onces, and let it be drunk hot. But in the applying of all these remedies, (as also for blood letting, if at any time it be required) the counsel of some learned Physician is to be used, who may prescribe both the quality, quantity and use of them, But to resolve through breathing, Quae per halitum dege●a●●. and to digest the humour, which is gathered together in the depth of the body, and doth excite inward Glandule, (which also are the causes of outward diseases) Galene lib. 14. Therap. willeth us to minister Theriaca, Athanasia, Ambrosia, and that medicine also, which is made of cretica calaminthe: the Greeks call it Diacalaminthe: whose composition is to be sought out of the fourth book de Sanitate tuenda. Many other helps are appointed for the cure of these abscessions, as potions, electuaries, and oils, which are cast into the ears. There are also very many remedies called Empirica, consisting in practice described and celebrated of the ancient Physicians, the use whereof I do not allow, and therefore I think it good to pretermit the declaration of them in these our commentaries. Notwithstanding this one thing I steadfastly affirm that the Christian king of France is endued as it were by inspiration with so wonderful a gift, that with the only laying on of the hands he can restore them which be diseased with Struma or Scrofula, to their perfect health again. King Edoward also (as Histories do report) was wont marvelously to cure Strumous persons only by touching them which gift immortal, doth come as it were by inheritance to the kings that succeed. For the kings of England at this day, by laying on of hands, and rehearsing certain ceremonial prayers, do heal Struma. And these things truly are generally spoken in all the abscessions before mentioned. Now those things which follow, What things do ●●●er the particular cure of abscessions fleugmatike. Tempus quid insa●e●. do concern the particular and proper method of curing every difference: which method is made not only diverse, but also it is changed, both by the substance of matter, whereof they have their beginning, and by the quantity of them, whether they be great or small, and by the nature also of the affected member, and of the whole body. But the continuance of time, although it declareth not the cure, yet sometime it showeth us and it doth insinuate the quality of the disposition thereof, (as Galene hath set down. lib. 4. de morbis curandis.) Therefore although many indications and intentions of their cure may be gathered and learned by those things, which we have spoken before: yet, for our present purpose, we have reduced them unto six points, which we also have expressed in these six canons following. 1. The first whereof is after this manner: imprimis, let those phlegmatic abscessions that are soft and small, (which are commonly called Lupiae, & of the interpreter of Auicene, Glandule) if they be seated in the strong parts of the body, and (because they are not yet inveterate) have their thin Cystis, that is, their film to cover them, let them, I say, be appeased, suppressed, consumed, and afterward dried up. 2. Mollify, discuss, and consume the great abscessions which be not greatly hard, nor inveterate, after the manner of oedematous tumors whereof we have before entreated. 3. Ripen, open, and cleanse such fleugmatike, corrupted, and ulcerous Apostemes, which do pertain unto suppuration. 4. Those Strume which are not cured by the former remedies, and yet are movable, gentle, tractable, and obedient, cut them of and draw them out. 5. Those, which are unmovable, deeply rooted, inwardly planted, and wound about the veins and arteries, and broad at the root within, corrosive them about, and cleanse them thoroughly, 6. Those, which are fastened but to a thin and slender root, bind them about, & pluck them out. The first canon, Copress●o & artritio. according to Auicene his opinion is perfected after this manner, if, when you do consume and suppress vehemently these soft and little abscessions, (which Auicene doth call Glandule, and the new Physicians Lupie) you do lay on a plate of lead made fit for the tumour, and bind it very strongly in the mids, jest it slide from the place. For this doth digest these kinds of tumors. First therefore let Lupia be softly rubbed with the hand, until it wax somewhat hot, and until it be after a sort softer than itself. Afterward let the affected member be surely laid hold on with the hands, and let it be so often, and so vehemently strooken with the bottom of a saucer, or with some other solid thing, that it may be dissevered and that the inward Cystis thereof (which is the film wherein it is included) may be rend and broken, and so the matter therein contained may be dispersed. Which thing being done, apply the plate of lead upon the place, & let it be bound very strongly with a swathing band that hath two ends, neither let it be removed for the space of nine or ten days, but let the plate be of that greatness (as it was said a late) that it may answer to the proportion of Lupia. But there are some, which before the application of any plate of lead, do minister this ointment made of burnt lead, of the bark of the elder tree, or of the fig tree, unguentum Rogerij. with oil and vinegar. Other do first use an emplaster made of Aloes, acacia, myrrh, olibanum, scarcocolla putting to them a little vinegar, or the white of an egg, as much as shall seem sufficient to commix with the rest. Henricus was wont to lay upon them little flakes (as he & other Chyrurgians of that sect do call them) made of flax, dipped in the white liquor of an egg, with salt and alum zuccharinum unthicked. Ganglij curatio ex Philagrio. Moreover Philagrius almost after the same manner was wont to cure Ganglia (as it is in Aetius) which diseases are tumors unequal (as we said before) speaking after this sort. We deny (sayeth he) the labour of the Chirurgeon, that is blood letting, in Ganglia, especially if they chance in the hands or in the feet, but we must cure them only by medicines. For we anoint them by the fire with ammoniak which must be made pliaunt to the thickness of an emplaster: afterward we apply a plate of lead equal for the tumour and lest it should slide away from the place, we bind it in the midst with strait bands. But a few days after, when we know that Ganglium is mollified, we take away the bands, and (not saying any thing to the sick) while the place is yet hot, we fasten the thumb of our right hand upon Ganglium, and laying fast hold on the member with our other four fingers, we violently break it, and so Ganglium is presently dissolved. Hitherto Philagrius. Therefore by this our order of cure, it may easily be gathered, that Lupia amongst the late Physicians, Auicene his Glandule, Lupia & Ganglion is all on evil. Archigenes lib. 4 and Ganglion among the Greeks, is all one disease, which, the former descriptions of them do also manifestly declare. Archigenes in this disease, commendeth to lay our lime, with the fat of a goose, and with rosin Terebenthina, which is the right turpentine. The same Archigenes also did oftentimes use that medicine, which is made of the stone called Lapis achates, as Paulus reporteth. But Oribasius used very often this medicine, ℞. of ceruse, resinae piceae. old oil, Oribasius his medicine to mollify Ganglia. ana. ℥ i of ammoniake Thymiama, and Galbanum, ana. alike quantity, of wax. ℥ four The same medicine is to be seem in Aetius, but the quantity do vary in certain things, as thus, ℞. of ceruse, old oil, and resina piceae, ana. lb.lb.j. of wax. ℥ two of ammoniacum Thymiama, and of Galbanum, ana. ℥ i boil the ceruse with oil, till it looseth his staining faculty, then bray the ammoniake, and cast it into the ceruse with the oil, afterward cast in the resina picea, and the wax, and last of all the Galbanum, which first must be made very soft and tender. Moreover that famous Physician of Greece, I mean Oribasius, did not apply any plate of lead, as Philagrius, Auicene, and other late Chyrurgians were accustomed, but he did lay and bind unto Ganglium, a thick round piece of lead, like unto a wherue, Verticillum bl●●mbe●●. which do hang upon women's spindle's to make them turn round, which was more large and ample for the disease. For truly, sayeth he, with the weight thereof, it doth more speedily dissolve the evil. Therefore in the cure of Ganglia, it is far better to use such mollifying and discussing medicines, than the diligence of the Chirurgeon, (which is excision of the tumors) especially when they do grow in the legs, or in the arms, or in the principal parts of the body. For it is to be feared, that, if they be cut of, the member is made lame and unperfect. But those diseases which do occupy the head or the forehead, may safely be cured with the hand, that is, may be cut of, or plucked up by the roots. Ganglierum per chirurgeon curatio. Therefore divide the outward skin with a penknife, and then, (if the tumors be small) lay hold on the foundation of them with a pair of pincers, or some such like instrument, & cut them of from the root. But if they be great, thrust them through with a hook, and lift them up, and wind them round about, until you have plucked and drawn them forth; last of all, sow up the sides, or brimes of them together, and use those medicines which are appointed for bloody ulcers. But these things belong unto the fourth canon. Secundus Canon. The second Canon (because I will be silent in those medicines which are appointed for fleugmatike and oedematous tumors, which we have described already, and yet, together with these remedies following, they be very profitable and expedient for these Abscessions whereof we now entreat, and also for all kind of Hernia) is finished by the applying of a certain emplaster, Discussion by digestives. which is described of Galene libro sexto de compositione medicamentorum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: which emplaster (as he himself testifieth) doth digest through breathing, and doth repel Phlegmone, and is affectual against the diseases called Strume, Taxi, and Parotides: it is available also against the gout, and it benefiteth many other diseases. Emplastrum. The emplaster is this, ℞. of old oil. ʒ. 100. spumae argenti, picis sicce. ana. ʒ. 50. of Laudanum. ʒ.25. of aerugo rasa. ʒ.8. of Galbanum. ʒ.4. let Argenti spuma, which they call Lithargirum, be brayed, and boiled in the oil, and when they are somewhat thickened together, put in the pitch and the rust or scourings of brass, than the Laudanum, and Galbanum. Afterward power them out into a mortar and bray them and mollify them, and reserve them to your use. Some, to make it have a good colour, and to look somewhat brown, do commix with them also the offal of brass. ʒ. viii. for otherwise it would be very black. This emplaster is found otherwise described in Guido his commentaries, under this form, ℞. of old oil. ℥ twelve of the scourings of brass. ʒ. xiv. of dry pitch. ℥ uj of Laudanum. ℥ three of Lithargirum. ʒ.xij. of Galbanum. ℥ three For the same purpose Diachylon also, which is called Com●●●● & treatum, doth profit much, whereof you must take one pound, and commix therewith of the powder of the root of ireos. ℥ i The same effect likewise hath that Diachylon, called magnum Mesnes, whose description shall afterward ensue. Some do counsel us, for the digestion of these Abscessions, Siertus ●apri●um ve●u●. to apply unto the aggreived place, the old dung of a goat with honey and vinegar, which must be haet over the fire until they be well incorporate together & then brought to the form of an emplaster, also an emplaster made of fenugreeke, of the seed of flax, & of coleworts, with the scrapings of the root of Althaea, which medicine, (if there be any hope of suppuration) doth ripen it notably. Haly Abbas emp●astrum. Haly Abbas also for the same purpose doth greatly commend this emplaster following, ℞. of bean meal, and of barely meal, ana. ʒ. x. of the root of liquorace, of the root of Althaea, and of pitch, ana. ʒ. v. of white wax, goose's suet, ana. ʒ. x. Bray them, and mingle them together with old oil, and with the urine of a child, that hath not yet tried venus' sports, and over a soft fire make an emplaster. Emplastrum Auicennae. Another out of Auicene, which Guido used, ℞. of ox's dung. ℥ two of the root of coleworts, of the root of capers, of the fish called a shrimp, of fat figs, ana. ℥. ss. of hops, and bdellium, ana. ʒ. ij. of vinegar, honey, sows tallow, of the dregs of old oil, of each as much as is sufficient, Brunni & Theodorici emplastrum ad strumas. whereof make an emplaster. Brunnus approveth this remedy following, whose opinion Theodoricus also doth confirm, ℞. of ammoniake, bdellium, Galbanum, of each a like quantity. Steipe them three days in vinegar, whereto (when they be dissolved) you may add of small bran, as much as shall suffice, and make an emplaster. Rogerius was wont to use this remedy for Strume (which they commonly call Scrofule) ℞. of the root of brakes, Rogeri emplastrum. of daffodil, or of walwort (if you please) of each, as much as you think good, let them be boiled in the best wine, and then brayed in a mortar, and add to them a little quick brimstone, Emplastrum praeceptoris G●●d●nis ex L●●●cibus. and make an emplaster. Guido his master in monte Pessulano, hath often tried this emplaster to be most effectual, which, is made of xii. snails (which they also call Limaces) boiled in wine, or in lie made of ashes commonly called clavelata. But (that which is more profitable) he did minister every day to the sick to be eaten, one snail either dry, or otherwise prepared, and as they term it, made ready to chew. Paulus also was wont notably to discuss Strume with vnslaked lime, steiped in honey, or in the filthiness of men's bodies that do arise either in exercising themselves or in baths, or else in oil, or sows grease. The like virtue, sayeth Aetius, hath the filthiness of exercising places, scraped from the walls, which must be well beaten together, & spread upon a linen cloth, and applied after the manner of an emplaster. For the same purpose, this helpeth effectually, ℞. of lime, and nitrum. ana. a like portion, of Cardamomum, & fenugreek, four times as much with honey, & apply it after the manner of a mollifying plaster. Also the meal of bitter hops boiled, and anointed with oxymel doth discuss Strumae. For the same purpose also ox's dung boiled in vinegar, & anointed, doth notably avail, which being applied after the manner of a cataplasm, doth marvelously dissolve all hard and scirrhous tumors. Rathe ripe figs also, especially of the wild fig tree, applied with hogs grease, do discuss all kinds of tumors. Therefore by this our method in curing, you shall heal all kinds of Strumae, which are but newly begun, and not yet inveterate, aswell in children, as in them which cannot abide manuel practice, even by the applying of such medicines as can dissolve, digest, and discuss, But first you must labour to mollify, and afterward to discuss, or else use some medicine of a double quality, which can work both these effects together, of which kind are all those remedies almost, which are before described. Now if digestive medicines shall nothing prevail in these Abscessions, they must be either brought unto suppuration, or consumed, or else cured by Chyrurgie, (as it shallbe said hereafter.) But here we must not omit that thing, The using of vipers & serpents doth marvelously help them which are strumous. which is recorded of some very diligently, (namely) that they which are diseased with Strumae, and with any leprosy, are marvelously helped by the using of vipers and serpents, and by the drinking of the gum called Laser, every day fasting, to the quantity of a ciche pease. There therefore the dead serpent into a pot, and stop the mouth thereof very just with some plaster, and set it in the fire, then take the ashes of the burned serpent, & mingle them with the like quantity of fenugreeke, and use them in wine. For this doth excellently help them which be strumous. Also in them that labour with Struma, you must provide that the belly be made soluble, and a slender diet observed: you must daily provoke vomiting, and endeavour to purge phlegm upward, you must also dry the head, and apply cataplasms to the fore part thereof, which can raise little bushes in the skin, as is the root of capers with polenta, and other such like things. And you must also use purging medicines, and fine powders, that be of the like virtue. We also do generally dipatche the declaration of the third rule, by the use of the former remedies. For all mollifying and resolving medicines, Terta Canoris declaratio. if they find any place or matter disobedient unto resolution, they doubtless do ripen the same matter, and bring it to suppuration: especially if the said matter be gentle and tractable, or commixed with blood. But Haly Abbas, Suppurantia, ce● mararantia. that he might bring these kinds of abscessions unto maturity, ministered a plaster, made of barley meal, pitch, and olibanum, and of the urine of a young child, all well incorporate together. But Auicene, to repress the vehemency of the heat, willeth to commix the decoction of coriander with the aforesaid urine. But if these things do nothing help, and there be required a more effectual remedy: take of myrrh, pars i of licium, part two and mingle them with the aforesaid decoction. This medicine under written doth bring Strumae unto suppuration, Pauli medicamentum ad strumas suppurandas. Detergentia. which medicine is recorded of Paulus Aegineta Lib. 4. ℞. of myrrh. ʒ. x. of ammoniacum Thymiama. ʒ.vij. of viscus quercinum. ʒ.viij. of Galbanum. ʒ.iiij. of propolis. ʒ.j. beat them in a mortar. But when these abscessions be ripe, and brought unto suppuration (which you shall easily perceive by the tokens of the matter) they must be opened and cleansed within, which you shall do very well, if you do cleanse them after their apertion with that ointment commonly called unguentum Apostolorum, unguentum Apostolerum. which is an ointment of great efficacy in malignant and ulcerated Strumae. To this purpose also the ointment called unguentum Aegyptiacum is very profitable, and the Emplastrum de succis (which they call Diachylon) and Diapalma, (which the Greeks call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) whose descriptions are to be found in other places. But if these Abscessions shall possess any member, wherein there subsisteth any putrefaction, and corruption of the bones, or any evil symptomate shall have access to them: they must be cured after the manner of ulcers, with the which they have some affinity and acquaintance. Concerning our fourth Canon, you shall cure, gentle, obedient, superficial, and curable Strumae, very cunningly and shortly after this sort. First, The way to cure and destroy Strum●, one of Albucasis and Leonidas. command the sick to lie down: for that, when he sitteth, his heart will quickly fail him. when he is thus laid, bind his legs surely together, and tie them to the beadstead, and charge the servants about him to hold his head very hard. Then cut the skin that compasseth the tumour either with a right or a little overthwart section, but that incision, which is drawn overthwart in the neck, is altogether unprofitable, because in it the vessels and sinews are extended right forth. But you shall not cut the whole thickness of the skin hastily at one time without ceasing: for out mind is to use no violent thing in this our work. And truly in little tumors, that is, in small strumae, make but a simple incision, or divide them with a small line; but in great abscessions cut the skin to the form of a myrtle leaf: then those vessels which are uncovered (as the veins and arteries) put them softly and easily aside. After these things, distend and stretch out the sides of the section, or the edges of the divided skin, with pincers, or with other such instruments, and pluck out the films within, either with your fingers, or with some other instrument appointed for that purpose, and so by little and little pick out struma, where it appeareth bore and unfolded from the tunicles. But if struma shallbe wound about the vessels, you must handle the cure with great attention, lest through negligence, there followeth a copious profusion of blood. Therefore in dispatching this cure, draw one only side of the section at once with the pynsers, and so by little and little separate it with the point of a penknyfe from the other parts thereunto adjoined, and when you have drawn and loosed the connexion on the one side, do the like also on the other side, and then cut out the whole foundation or ground work because of the sinews and vessels lying underneath. But in those strumae, which do chance about the armholes, and about the privy members, you must make an overthwart incision by reason of the doubling of the skin. Moreover in that section, which is made in strumae that possess the neck, you must have a singular care, lest either the arteries, which they call carotides, or the quivering sinews be touched and hurt. But if by the cutting of any vessel when you make incision, the profusion of blood doth delay and hinder your work, either take up the vessel with a small cord, or (if it be not very great) cut it quite of (as Paulus counseleth) or else, (if it bursteth not out with great violence) apply such remedies, as are appointed to stench the blood. Afterward return again unto your enterprised labour. Therefore, when the foundation of struma is brought into a narrow room, cut it clean of, cunningly and handesomlie, and then put in the forefinger, and search the place diligently, whether there be any other strumae thereunto adjoined or not, which, (if there be any found) you must also draw forth after that manner, which we have before expressed. Moreover you shall easily repress a mean fluze of blood by applying those things which have power to dry up, as flax, sponges, or lynamentes made of cotton, infused in cold water, or in vinegar, or in a mixture of both, (which they call oxycraton) and afterward wrong out. But if the section shall continued without bloudeshead, fill it up with the powder of frankincense, and apply linymentes, and for the longer preservation of the lynimentes, What is to be done, of a vain be annexed v●to struma. bind to will dipped in win. But if any full vain worthy the speaking of, be connexed within the root or bottom of Glandula, or struma, or some such like tumour, it is not convenient to cut it of at the very ground, but to take it up and bind it with a small cord, that it may fall out of it own accord: piece by piece without any danger. In which fall the cure must be followed with lynimentes, But the cord must be of some matter, which will not easily putrefy, as are those threads which are called serica, cords made of silk. or small lute strings: for those bands which do quickly rot, do soon fall from those members whereunto they are tied. But if when the work is finished, some of the skin that covereth the matter of the former abscessions, or some other strange thing shall remain behind, Albucasis. Albucasis willeth it to be drawn out, first by filling the wound with cotton, or with some other like thing, dipped in salt water. But Guido, to draw out those relics which remained behind did fill up the gaping ulcer, first with the white of an egg, and with Alum sprinkled over it, afterward with unguentum Aegyptiacum, or with some of those corrosiving medicines which are describe in the antidotary. Moreover in all these operations, you must apply such medicines as can lenify pain, but among all other things we do commonly lay on flax dipped in the white of an egg, and in oil of roses. You shall finish the scope of our fifth rule after this sort: break the skin with some burning hot medicine according to the greatness of the Abscession, C●●r●sio & ●●●●dificatio. but while you attempt that thing, you must give diligent heed, lest the scalding medicine do touch the other parts lying about the tumors. You shall notably dispatch this labour, Casticum ex calce & sap●ne. by applying some hot medicine made of lime, of soap, which things do happily execute their effects with in the space of twelve hours, but though they remain somewhat longer, yet there will ensue no danger or discommodity thereby. The skin therefore being thus broken by some burning medicine, & crust procured in the place, you shall divide the tumour with a strait line all a long through the midst of the crust (but you must make incision somewhat deeply, almost to the very quick) and then lay upon the cut, or gaping wound, a lineament striked with some consuming or eating medicine, as is, the powder of Asphodelus. Moreover although many do apply a great number of medicines in these abscessions: Arsenicum. yet Arsenic in this case obtaineth the pre-eminence, so that a man know how to use it aright. But the certain quantity of using the same can not be described (as Galene hath noted. lib. 3. Therapeut.) It is not therefore to be used rashly, because it is a medicine vehement and violent without measure, exciting fevers, and procuring many other vicious symptomates. Besides that also the ministering of a small quantity doth perform a marvelous and almost an incredible effect, Quantit●s arsen●●●. notwithstanding the common measure or quantity thereof is the medietie of one grain of wheat, in a strong body, and in those members which are far of from the principal parts: but in weak natures, and in those places which are situated near unto the principal members, a less quantity must be applied. But to be short, it is better, and more safe to minister a little at once, and often, then at one time to apply an immoderate quantity. The operation or effect of Arsenic remaineth three whole days, in all which time the sick must use the diet of them that are feverous. But the affected member, and the parts lying about the same, both for the own defence, and to stop the flux, (which immoderate heat may 'cause) aught to be anointed and all to washed with the ointment called populeon, with water also, or with the juice of nightshade and with vinegar, and with other refrigerating remedies of the like kind. But when you are certainly assured, that Glandula is destroyed and wasted away (which you shall know by the hardness and swelling of the procured crust) than the crust must be resolved even from the quick, by washing it with butter, and by applying a little wheat meal thicked together, Quando 〈…〉 or by some other fat and unctuous thing that is not salted, as swine's grease and such like. But when the crust is fallen from the tumour, if any thing either of glandula, lupia, or struma do yet remain behind, it must be fetched out with some gnawing medicine, as with the powder of Asphodelus, with unguentum Aegyptiacum, or with some such like thing. But if there remaineth nothing behind it must be brought unto a scar after the manner of other ulcers. But now, that we may also accomplish the intention of our sixth canon: these abscessions which have very narrow bases or foundations, must be fast bound either with a cord of silk, or with horse hair, L●ga●t●r●e & 〈◊〉. and they must be bound daily more and more, either with the former bands, or with other new cords, until they appear very dry, and voluntarily do fall away of their own accord, (as we have said of those Abscessions, which are deeply planted, and folded, about the great vessels.) But the band must be aided with some consuming and drying medicine. The pain also must be assuaged with the white of an egg, with oil of roses, with unguentum populeon, or with some other remedy that can mitigate pain. But when the cords shall fall of alone of their own accord, the tumour must be cured after that manner, which we have before expressed. And thus much generally concerning those Abscessions which universally consist above nature, especially of them that have their original of phlegm. Now we have here thought it convenient, to set down the proper and peculiar method of curing Melicerides, Steatomata, and Atheromata, which diseases are always and often incident to men's bodies, and do comprehend under them other certain kinds and differences of tumoures besides nature, called of the late Physicians after certain new titles and names, which among the ancient sort were never heard of, as Talpa, Testudo, Nacta, and others of that kind, which we have expressed in our former Chapters. In those three kinds of Abscessions, which do most frequent men's bodies, (I mean in Steatomata, Atheroma, and Meliceris) there is one general order of their Cure, namely, that that matter, which is contained in that tunicle, which they call Cystis, may be discussed, or that the whole tumour together with the very tunicle, may be consumed by medicines, or taken away by section. But some of those tumors require a three fold method of Curing, Ho● many ways these abscession may be cured. as these, which contain a more liquid humour as is meliceris. Some again are cured two ways, as Atheroma, which is destroyed by section, and consumed by medicines. But Steatoma can neither be discussed, nor consumed: but it is cured by the only labour of the hand (that is) by section only. Moreover of medicines, which in these affects have power to discuss and disperse, you shall found plenty among those remedies, which we before have set down for the cure of strumae. But Paulus doth particularly and properly discuss melicerides with that medicine, which containeth, of pressed grapes (the kernels being taken out,) xx. of the scourings of brass. ℥ four which medicine must not be applied before the member be nourished with foments. Another emplaster appointed for melicerides, Lib. 15. which Aetius reported unto Leonidas. ℞. of pressed grapes, (the kernels being detracted. lb.lb.j. of coming seed beaten very small. ℥ uj of nitrum. ℥ three bray all together in a mortar, and bind them to the tumour. Another discussive medicine expressed of the same writer, very profitable against melicerides. ℞. salis ammoniaci, of the scourings of silver, and of Ceruse. ana. lb.lb.j. of wax, Terchinthina, chalbana, opoponax. ana. ℥ i of rubrica sinopica. ℥ uj of vinegar. ℥. vij.ss. boil the scourings of silver, ceruse, and salt beaten very small, altogether, then cast in the rubrica sinopica, which first must be steeped in vinegar, and melt them together, last of all, when they be all boiled together and cold, commix therewith op●ponax and chalbana, both dissolved in vinegar, and conserve them to your use. But if in such kind of Abscessions you mind to waste the humour by applying of gnawing medicines (which the Grecians call Septica) it is expedient first to uncover them (as also in struma) by hot burning medicines applied to the skin, Curatio per 〈…〉 4 whereof (saith Paulus) the best remedy is that, which consisteth of quick lime (that is) which is not yet quenched with water of soap, and of the ashes of lie that are made in a stillatory. There is another more diverse remedy, which may be kept a long time. ℞. of vnslaked lime. ʒ. iiij. of sphecle, (that is) of the burnt dregs of wine, of liquid nitrum parched in the fire. ana. ʒ. ij. of minium or rubrica sinopicae. ℈ i Let them be brayed with the distilled ashes of lie, and when you have brought them to the thickness of liquid honey, heat them thrice over the fire, that it may be of a mean substance, and lay on pixis plunubra, with the distilled lie above, left it dry up to soon. Therefore first break the skin that is beset with such medicines, as can procure a crust: but when the crust is fallen of, apply consuming remedies, among which this remedy following doth notably waste without gnawing and biting. ℞. of the offal of brass. ʒ. iiij of Sandaracha (that is) of read arsenic, A medicine to wa●● without biting. and of Helleborus niger. ana. ʒ. ij. apply them with oil of roses. Another remedy very effectual for the same purpose. ℞. of a burnt hedgehog, of Testasepia, and of orpine or arsenic. ana. an equal portion. Commix them with oil of roses. But the parts which lie about the tumour, and are adjacent thereunto, let them be first anointed with ceruse and oil. Curatio per Chirurgiam. But if we purpose to cure these kinds of Abscessions by making incision (that is) by chirurgery: truly in that method of curing (whether it be a mealy humour, or a honey, or a fat humour, or of what substance soever it be, which is contained in them) we must observe one only and perpetual intention, (namely, to take away the tunicle wherein the humour is included.) But in enterprising the same, we must be very attentive & wary (as we have said before of strumae) that we rashly hurt not and tear in pieces the film or tunicle, whereupon the humour, which was contained therein, gushing out plentifully, doth both hinder our operation, and some portion thereof also remaineth still behind. For if (when the tunicle is divided, and the humour issued) the tumour shall sink down, the tunicle will hardly be plucked away and cured. But if any remnant of the humour be left behind in the Abscession, it is to be feared, that the disease will grow again (as doth struma) when as any portion thereof sticketh behind. But if any such thing doth happen, it is not expedient to sow together the Abscession, but to draw out the relictes thereof either with those consuming medicines, which we have before expressed, or by some such like remedies. Now if steatoma hath a very broad top, and a very narrow and slender foundation, than (setting aside all other superfluous remedies) you must cut it up quite even by the very root, for so the labour of the Chirurgeon shall quickly be ended, the ulcer made plain and equal with the other parts, and the Cure shortly dispatched. CAP. XXV. Of hard and Scirrhous tumoures, engendered of melancholy. WE have hitherto discoursed of those tumoures which are caused of blood, choler and phlegm: of Verrucae also, and of those abscessions, which are excited through a waterish humour and a flatuous vapour: of those Apostemes also which have their beginning of a phlegmatic substance, and of other tumoures generally consisting above nature. Now it remaineth that we entreat of those Abscessions, which do proceed of a melancholic humour, as are scirrhous, indurated and cancerous tumoures, which they call Cancerosi apostemosi. To Scirrhus therefore (as also to phlegmone, Erysipelas, and Oedema) there is assigned of the late Chirurgeons a double difference, which notwithstanding is comprehended under the same title, vidz. Scirrhus verus, & Scirrhus non verus. But a true and lawful Scirrhus is said to proceed of natural melancholy. Also natural melancholy is the dregs of good blood, and as it were a certain slimy superfluity, and very gross blood, whose colour is black, Melancholia naturales. but the taste thereof sharp and sour (as it is not unknown to them that do vomit the same) it is lodged in a certain bloody corner, wherein all the humours are contained, and appointed of nature to nourish the melancholic members. Scirrhus illeg●●mu●. Melanchola non natura●is. But an unlawful Scirrhus after the opinion of the late Chirurgeons, is that which is engendered of unnatural melancholy. And unnatural melancholy is that, which differeth from the former description of the natural humour, and yet it keepeth within the precincts of his liberty, which if it shall once pretergresse (they say) it is no longer to be called melancholy, but some other humour. But melancholy (to enter into the general definition thereof) is a cold and dry humour, proceeding (as Guido sayeth) of a very gross portion of that which we call Chylus. Differentiae 4. non natural●● me●●ncho●●ae. But of unnatural melancholy there are commonly appointed four differences. The first is, when as that melancholic humour, which is called natural, and doth daily engender in the body, even when a man is in perfect health, is in his own proper essence, burned, putrefied and become exquisite melancholy. B●is a●ra exquisite. For that (as Galene sayeth) is engendered of a black humour, that is vehemently burnt, and it glistereth like unto lime and pitch. But this is sour, and being powered on the ground, it is hot like vinegar, and it riseth up like leaven. It is also very unpleasant unto all creatures living, so that neither mice nor flies will taste thereof. It showeth likewise, like unto abundance of salt, wherein no living thing can uphold his life, as the sea which is said to be dead. Furthermore this black kind of choler is then engendered, when as that slimy blood, Gal. co●. 21. (which we have said to be natural melancholy) doth continued long in the body, and is purged out neither by any sensible nor secret effluxion: but is transformed, corrupted, and rotten. For truly this humour (saith Galene) when it waxeth vehemently hot, either because of the corruption thereof, or because of a burning fever, it causeth melancholy: Lib. 4. Apho. Lib. 14. Therapeutices. which truly is cold because it resembleth the nature of the earth, but yet it is not void of heat, as is ashes and vinegar, and when it is purged downward (as it happeneth sometime to them which are diseased with Dysenteria) it appeareth more glistering and more black than that thick and black blood, which we do call a melancholious humour. 2. The second species or difference of unnatural melancholy is that, which cometh through the adustion of other humours, as that which proceedeth of choler vehemently burnt, which is of so great malice and rancour, that it raseth the earth, and lifteth it up on high, after the manner of exquisite melancholy. But the flies also do abhor it, as in a true melancholy. If blood also or phlegm shall be vehemently heated in the body, and burnt, there is also caused a melancholic humour, which Auicene because of the adustion termed to be unnatural. But these two last kinds, which do come of the adustion of blood and phlegm, Auicene hath thought to be very mild and gentle, yet Galene writeth, that that kind of melancholy, which is engendered of burnt choler, is a great deal more dangerous than that which hath his generation of gross blood, which is like unto the dregs of wine in the bottom of a vessel, or in proportion resembling the dregs of oil, for this is more gentle & mild, yea and especially when as it tarrieth not long within the body with any abundant heat exceeding nature. But before it be changed into exact melancholy, it passeth first into a yellowish form, secondly into a leekye substance, and thirdly into a rusty colour. 3. The third species of unnatural melancholy is that, which borroweth his original of a certain stony concretion, as when through the ignorance of unskilful Physicians or Chirurgeons, Erysipelas, and those inflammations (which the Grecians call phlegmone) or any other tumors proceeding of natural humours, are too vehemently cooled and bound by the applying of extraordinary remedies: or else when those medicines which do mightily draw & digest, are ministered to the same tumors. For then (the whole substance which was very small in them, being dispersed) the gross matter which remaineth, being exceedingly dried, will resemble the hardness of a stone, & be converted into a melancholious humour. 4. The fourth difference of unnatural melancholy ariseth, when as some other humour is mixed with natural melancholy, Melancholy through 〈…〉 humours 〈…〉 which thing, while it happeneth, it is made sweet, & doth wax mild, until such time as one burnt choler or other be commixed therewith, for than it waxeth sharp, and bitter, & is made partaker of immoderate gnawing. We may gather therefore by our former words, that the four differences of tumors above nature do proceed of melancholy: for first of natural melancholy (which we have said to breed daily in found bodies) there is caused a true and lawful scirrhus, called among the Arabians seph●ros, but of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (that is) scirrhus or scirrhus non exactus, seu non exquisitus, which kind of tumour truly is very hard, & voided of pain, but yet not altogether insensible: Auicene calleth it impurus. Yet Galene lib. 14. meth. med. pardoning them which do contend about the names of tumors, calleth it a tumour conflated of a melancholious humour, and then properly scirrhus, whenas notwithstanding it is expert of any feeling or sense, but if it be not yet made altogether insensible, it is rather to be called a scirrhous tumour, Scirrhus phlegmon●de●, oedema●●de●. Erysipela●●des then scirrhus itself. Secondly of unnatural melancholy through the admixtion of other humours there do grow three other differences of tumoures (that is to say) Scirrhus phlegmonodes, oedema●ode, and Erysipelatôdes, which diseases are here rehearsed for one only difference. thirdly of unnatural melancholy caused through a certain stony hardness, Scirrhus exquisited. and concretion, there is engendered an exquisite Scirrhus, hard, and void of sense and pain, it is called of Auicene purus, which evil admitteth no cure. Fourthly, of unnatural melancholy through deustion, are all the kinds of Cankers engendered, Scirrhus can●rosus. Scirrhus prop●●● quod. Cause● 3. scirrhi ●●g●●m●. as well ulcerate, as not ulcerate: of the which kind is Scirrhus canerosus. Scirrhus therefore properly is a Tumour very hard and without pain, but yet not altogether without feeling, proceeding of a natural melancholy, and uncorrupt humour, which definition the late Chirurgeons have assigned thereunto. The causes of Scirrhus, as of other tumors besides nature are three. First Primitive, as is an evil diet, engendering and gathering gross and melancholic blood. second Antecedent, as a melancholic humour collected in the body, which is drawn from the spleen (whose duty it is to purge the liver from that gross and muddy blood) and yet is not expelled without the body (as it aught to be.) third, Coniuncta causa, is the melancholic humour itself, Signae. compacted in the affected member. The signs of Scirrhus his presence (as Guido reporteth) are these, a hard tumour, & mightily resisting, a middle colour between a read and a black, which is a brown colour. This Scirrhus when it happeneth in the parts of the body, many of the Physicians (as Galen saith) do call it pelidnon, that is to say, black and blue. moreover if thaffected member hath any manifest veins appearing in it, you shall see them puffed up and swollen by the means of thick and black blood, such as is sometime purged downward in them which labour with the disease of the liver, but than it is called scirrhus impurus & cancrosus. For these signs which Guido doth here ascribe unto scirrhus, do properly agreed with the signs of Cancer (as Galene writeth decimo quarto methodi medendi.) And truly they may very fitly be attributed unto Scirrhus, if this one thing be excepted, namely, that Scirrhus hath not such swelling and full veins, as Cancer hath, except Scirrhus (as we have said before) chance to be cancrosus, for Scirrhus doth oftentimes degenerate into Cancer, & that not without great cause, seeing they both proceed of one matter (that is) of a melancholic humour. The proper signs therefore of a lawful scirrhus are these, a hard and stony tumour, very obstinate and resisting touching, wherein there is present a very dull sense. There do also appear many other signs which do testify the dominion of a melancholy humour in the body. judicia scirrhi Such tumoures as are truly scirrhi, in their beginning and first conception are wont to appear very small, but in process of time, they increase by little and little, and become great and mighty, whereof some do annoyed one only member, but some do leave that member, which they did first infested, and afterward do pass over to the possession of another, which thing when it happeneth, than Auicene calleth the evil ferinos. Furthermore, Ferinos. these kinds of melancholious tumoures, if they be rightly handled, they are commonly cured by resolution, oftentimes they continued indurated and hard, and many times (which is worst of all) they degenerate and change into Cancer. But now we will prosecute the absolute cure of these kinds of hard tumoures above nature, which are called true Scirrhis, and not exquisiti, by three special intentions. The first prescribeth a convenient order of diet. The second admonisheth to take away the antecedent matter, which is ready to procure the disease. The third warneth us to enterprise the vacuation of that conjunct matter (as they call it) which now causeth the evil. Therefore (to speak generally) you must appoint to them which are diseased with scirrhus a sober and a moderate diet, and such a one as declineth unto heat, and moisture in those things (which they call res non naturales) as before. Give him therefore meats of good juice, and which can engender good blood. Let his bread be made of wheat, well knodden and baked in an oven with a soft fire, and let it have some leaven, and salt, as much as shall suffice. Let his drink be thin, and odoriferous wine, eschewing that which is thick and black. Give him rear eggs, the flesh of chickens, capons, hens and the broths of them. Let him also eat the flesh of partridges, pheasaunts, quails, young kids, sucking calves, & of weather of a year old. For potherbes, let him use that which the Arabians call Aspa●ar, but we somewhat altering the name, do call it spinach, also lettuce, hops, borage, bugloss, and other herbs of that nature, which can purge forth blood, and make it more pure. To conclude, let him fly and avoid all those things, which naturally do engender melancholic blood, which things Galene libro tertio de affectis capite sexto, hath described unto us, as are, the flesh of goats, and of oxen, and of bulls, Carner. Limacet. but especially the flesh of Asses and of cammelles, of foxes and of dogs, of hares also and of bores. Furthermore snails, (if they be accustomed to be eaten) & the flesh of all terrestrial creatures seasoned with salt. The flesh also of fishes, as of the Tunie, of the fish called Balaena, the sea calf, the Dolphin, the dogge-fish, and of all kind of whales. But of potherbes, Pisces. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is made of vinegar and salt. Coolewortes is wont only to engender this kind of blood. The buds also of trees, when they are seasoned either with brine, or with oxalme, especially of the tree called a mastixe tree, of the Terebinth, of the brier, and of the wild eglantine brier which the Greeks call Cynosbatoes.) But of all kind of pulse lintles chiefly are accounted amongst the number of melancholic meats. Bread also made of bran, Legu●inum panis. Typhae. Vinum. and that which is made of Rye and of other corrupt and naughty seeds, which other Countries do use in steed of corn. Moreover, thick and black wines are very fit to engender a melancholious humour: especially if one drinking them abundantly, doth by occasion keep his body in great heat. Finally old cheese, when as by chance it shall be exceedingly hot in the body, Caseus. doth easily breed this kind of humour. These things have we hitherto recited out of Galene. Furthermore you must diligently beware of meats that are burnt, roasted, Sanguinem adurentiae. and fried, which do vehemently dry up, of salt meats also, and of those which are sharp and sour (as onions, garlic, pepper, mustard, and of other things of that kind, which do burn the blood. You must also eschew, anger, wrath, sadness, watchings, Animi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Exercitatio. heaviness, carefulness, and immoderate exercises. Quietness and tranquillity of mind, with mirth and gladness is greatly to be desired: and you must diligently endeavour, every day to empty the belly. Hitherto concerning the first scope. 2. Now that we may accomplish that, which our second intention doth propound: Vacuatio materia antecedemi●. let us somewhat consider the precept of Auicene, who willeth us to evacuate the whole body both by bloudletting, if too black & gross blood shall appear, and also by some purging medicine, which can expel melancholy as are these which follow, out of Mesua, Epithyntum, Seine, polypody, fumus terra (which of the Grecians is called Capuos or Capuios, of the Latins fumaria) lupulus, and the herb called volubilis. Also Casia fistula, myrobalani Indi, lapis lazuli, which the Greeks call Cyaneus, the Romans Caeraleus, Diasene, diacatholicon, hiera Ruphi, all which things do purge forth melancholic humours. But these things, which pertain unto Physic do exceed the bounds of Chirurgeons. Omitting therefore the professors of the art of Physic, we will hasten unto the third scope, which we shall very speedily dispatch, if we labour to empty out all that matter, which unnaturally is compacted in the aggrieved member. Which, truly is the general and principal indication of all tumoures which consist above nature: Vacuatio matr●●ae 〈◊〉. in which that leekie matter (as we have said before) is not yet engendered. But this is the only and proper way to evacuate them, about the which the Chirurgeon aught to be very circumspect and attentive. For truly the matter of such kind of tumors, is naturally so malignant and stubborn, that it will turn into a stony hardness if it be rashly resolved. Materia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Again, if it be mollified more than is requisite, it is greatly to be feared, that it will putrefy and corrupt, and that Schirrus will degenerate into Cancer. We must therefore in this case follow the counsel of Galene and Paulus (who wrote of this thing long before Auicene.) Namely, that in such schirrous affects, we must not apply any vehement, hot, and drying medicine, neither any thing else, which hath the power only to mollify and moisten. For that tumour, which hath a superfluous humour, it doth nothing at all dissolve: but that which hath a small flux, it doth more dry up then need requireth. Hereupon Auicene did well admonish us, to apply to these indurated tumoures by turns, sometime mollifying, Medicines 〈…〉 scirrhus. and sometime digesting remedies. But because that order was very tedious, and hard to be done, it pleased Galene to use for the cure of these evils, such medicines as h●d a mixed and a double faculty, which devise was more safe and less dangerous. For by this means we shall both mollify and digest the indurate and hard substance all at one time: yet in the beginning we must commix something with them which can moderately repress. For this purpose, Auicene hath set down many kinds of remedies, which, because they are rather appointed for those Schirri, which proceed of phlegmone and Erysipelas when they be exceedingly cooled (as we will declare in the Chapter following) we will omit them, 〈◊〉 medicamental ad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & di 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. making choice of that medicine which Razis libro septimo ad Almansorem hath described: using notwithstanding at the beginning some equal repression of the flowing of humours (by applying some moderate repelling remedy.) The form of the medicine is this. ℞. of Bdellium, Ammoniacum, and Galbanum. Of each a like quantity. Beat them in a mortar with oil de been, which the Greeks call balanum myrepfice, the Latins, Glaus unguentaria,) or with oil of lilies. Then take of the filth of fenugreeke, of linseed, and of figs: the weight of all the former things. Bray them altogether, till they be thoroughly incorporate the one with the other. Galene for this cure both greatly commendeth the bark of the root of Althaea, Ga●eni catap●asma. T●●rap. 14 (which the common sort, saith he, doth call Anadendromalache, as though one would say, arborescent malua) melted with the fat of a goose or of a cock, and then beaten together, and brought into the form of a cataplasm. But if the tumour doth belong unto suppuration, you must be very wary, I● scirrhus will m●●ter. jest the affected member be incended or stirred with hot medicines, or by any other means, for so Cancer should easily be procured. But if the tumour be opened, and the substance thereof already turned into matter, you must use the help of that ointment, which is called diachylon. Again, if it shall degenerate into a stony hardness, you must strait way repair unto those remedies which shall be described in the Chapter following. ●●rhus illegi 〈◊〉 & non 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. But now when as through the unskilfulness and ignorance of Physicians, those inflammations which, the Grecians call Phlegmonae) or Erysipelata are exceedingly refrirated, or else rashly resolved through the ministering of such medicines, as can vehemently draw, and digest by their vapour: then all that substance which is any thing thin and slender in them, if dissolved, but that which remaineth behind, being as it were congealed together, and marvelously dreyed up, doth take unto it a stony hardness, and at the last cometh to that disease, The causes of hardness in the parts of the body. which is called of the Greeks scirrhus. But it chanceth sometime that some member is hardened through extension of the flesh, which cometh by reason of wine or by some other waterish humour (as we have said before in our treatise of flatuous and waterish tumors.) Oftentimes also there ariseth up in certain members a stony hardness, caused of the privation of the moisture of the body and through too much dryness, as it happeneth in the hardness of the joints, and in the poors of the body when the gout or such like diseases do reign. But here we will only discourse of scirrhus, or of other hard tumors, which have their original from phlegmone or erysipelas or else from aedema, when as they be greatly refrigerate and cooled, which tumors we have termed not without some reason scirrhi ex coincidentia procreati, (that is) scirrhi proceeding of an unity, Scirrhi ex coincidentia procreati. The signs of an unlawful scirrhus. being as it were a double disease incident both at one time. The signs and tokens of an unlawful scirrhus, which is not exquisite or perfect, are these, a hard tumour, scarce sensible that is, as though it were with feeling and pain, parfitlie representing the colour of the body, drawing his beginning from unnatural melancholy. This evil is not altogether incurable, and yet it admitteth no easy cure, neither is it easily remedied. For that humour, whereupon this evil gathereth his force is clammish, glewish and thick, or (as Galen saith) a partaker of both kinds, judicia. which when it is stuffed in the hard members, it doth obstinately withstand resolution, and when the humidity thereof is throughlie resolved, then that which remaineth behind, is dried up, and made as hard as a stone. But an exquisite scirrhus, Scirrhus exquisitus curationem non ad 〈◊〉. and such a one as is altogether insensible, doth not receive any cure. But if it may be helped any way, it must be done by some moistening medicine. That hardness also which cometh through too much exciccation, and when the moisture of the body is clean extinguished, is also incurable, for it is sufficient if you stop it, that the dryness may proceed no further. But those scirrhis also, wherein there do grow certain hears, and which are great, and very hard, Scirrhi incurabiles. and do resemble the colour of the body are neither cured, not yet changed at any time into any other disease (as Auicene hath declared. The common and general declaration of curing these tumors, is in this order described (namely) to evacuate all that matter, which unnaturally is contained in the member. Summa curandorum scirrhorum. For the only way of evacuation (as Galen hath noted lib. 14. meth. med.) is this, even to cleanse and draw out that corruption, which stubbornly doth cleave to the humour. But if any man shall assay to make evacuation by those medicines which do vehemently draw & digest, neither shall mollify and soften with any drying and moistening remeadies, the cure shall seem to him within few days greatly to have prevailed, for scirrhus will manifestly appear to be diminished. But that which remaineth of the disease, will be incurable, for truly when the whole substance, which is very thin in the tumour, is digested or dispersed, then that which remaineth behind, is turned into a certain stony concretion. For this cause therefore there is no medicine that do vehemently heat or dry up, meet and conveniet for these hard & scirrhous affects, but such remeadies only, which can fitly both mollify, and also digest: as are these things following: the marrow of a heart and of a calf, also goats suet, bulls suet, the tallow of a lybard and of a lion. Among the fat of birds, Adipes. goose's grease is chief commended, next that the fat of a cock and of a phesaunt. Also ammoniacum thymiama, (videl.) suffimen, perfume galbanum, and bdellium of both kinds, Gal. 14. meth. med. Anadendromalache. but rather that which is called scithicum, because it is somewhat moist. Styrax also, which is something moist and fat. Moreover the rote of althaea, and of the wild mallow, which groweth almost every where, the leaves whereof must be moderately boiled with goose's or cocks suet, or if there be none of those at hand, you may use swines greac, these remedies are greatly profitable for this intention. But Auicene warneth us not to commix any hogs tallow that is salted, with the former things, and to use mastiche, laudanum, oil of wool, strygmenta gymnasiorum, (which they call the filthiness of baths) asses dung, and the dregs of oil of lilies, of oil of alchanna which they call cyprinum, and of cherna, which of the Greeks is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but of the Latins ricinium. Oleum reci●●● But that cure which is administered by vinegar is profitable for this evil, that is for scirrhus which is full grown, and when the member is prepared to receive mollyfing medicines, as Galene also hath declared, for truly saith he, the force of vinegar, if it be used moderately and in due time, is very wholesome for these diseases, because it doth divide and resolve the gross humours included in them: but if it be applied immoderately and out of a convenient season, it violently consumeth the thinner parts, and maketh that, which remaineth behind, to become very hard, also if it be used long, it will diminish and corrupt the very substance of the sinews. For this cause therefore, we must not very often nor at the beginning, nor any long time, apply those medicines to the great sinews or cords of the body, which are compounded and made of vinegar. Wherefore Galene did cure the child of one Cercilius, Historia. Lib. 2. ad Glauconem. Oleum sabinum. who through to much cooling, and vehement binding of erysipelas, had a hard and scirrhus tumour remaining in his thigh, after this manner. First he anointed his thigh, with oleum sabinum, which of all oils is most thin, in steed whereof they use in these days olenum sambucinum, oil of elder, which the common sort call iasminum. When he had thus washed & anointed the member, he applied amnoniacum thimiama, which must be gross and not very old, commixed with the aforesaid suettes and marrows. afterward he anointed his whole thigh round about with very fat ammoniacum, dissolved in exceeding sharp vinegar, and commanded the child to hop on the other leg, that so the more nourishment might be brought unto it. By such medicines therefore as could release and mollify the tumour, & by digesting or resolving remeadies also, and by the moderate and right use thereof, he perfectly cured the child. But in those great sinews and ligamentes of the body, The cure of scirrhous si●●●es & veins, out of Ga●ene and Pae●lus. Lapis milites. Lap●s pyrites. which are drawn together and covered with scirrhus, you must use vinegar after this sort, as Galene counseleth us. Take a stone, and heat it very hot in the fire, and quench it in very sharp vinegar, if it be possible, let the stone be that, which we call pyrites, but if there be no plenty thereof, take the stone called lapis molaris, which the Greeks call mylites, then let the affected member be holden over the hot vapour that riseth up from the ston● out of the vinegar, that it may receive the steaming vapour, which doth dissolve scirrhus: and afterward lay one again some mollyfying medicine: yet the affected part must be every day even from the beginning thoroughly anointed with oil and not with water, which oil must not be astrictive in any case, but of a thin substance, as is oil of savin. But sometime you may boil in oil the roots of althaea, and of the wild cucumber, Oleum sabi●ū. and other things of that sort, by this method of curing, many men truly have been perfectly healed in a short space, so that some have thought it (as Galene saith) to be done by the art of magic. 2. ad Glauconem. By these things therefore it doth plainly appear, that with that cure, which is accomplished by mollifying remeadies, aswell in the sinews, as in the ligamentes of the body, you must commix some medicine that can cut, dissolve and divide, Lib. 6. among which number vinegar is chief the principal. Now as concerning other medicines which can mollify the hardness of these tumors, we have spoken nothing hoping that they may easily be gathered out of our former discourse. Now followeth the sum of the cure of scirrhous tumour, The sum of curing scirrhous tumors. which we have drawn into a compendious form hereafter ensuing. 1. That kind of scirrhus, which having all his humidity and moisture consumed and wasted, is grown into a stony hardness, and is altogether destitute of sense (as is that which Galene calleth exquisitus scirrhus) of such a scirrhus, I say, attempt not the cure, but leave it as an evil incurable. 2. To scirrhus non exquisitus (which is not altogether insensible, & yet scarce feeleth any thing) apply such medicines as carry with them a marvelous heat, and a mean moisture (that is to say) which by mollifying, can also mederatly digest. 3. Unto such members as are infected with scirrhus, minister no remedies which do vehemently digest, and immoderately dry up, for in them their small humidity is quickly resolved, and then that which abideth still behind, is dried up and turned into a stony hardness. 4. In hard and gross members which are annoyed with scirrhus (as are the great vessels of the body) and in other places also, where the evil is inveterate, you must commix such medicines at have power to cut and divide, as is vinegar, with those remeadies which can mollify and moderately digest. 5. Also command, that this scirrhous member which is hard and gross, or any other part beside, which is affected with scirrhus, be holden over the hot vapour of lapis molaris burnt in the fire and quenched in vinegar, and let this be done often. 6. Furthermore let the aggrieved member be every day anointed with some thin oil, wherein either the root of the wild cucumber, or of althaea, or green and fresh dill, or some such like thing hath been boiled and infused, 7. Apply unto the aforesaid scirrhous members such medicines as can dry, divide, and resolve the gross humours moderately (that is to say) neither often, nor any long time, nor out of convenient season, that is, not at the beginning of the disease, to prevent the use of mollyfying remeadies. 8. To conclude, all such scirrhous tumors, as are not indurated and of a stony hardness, let them be cured with such medicines as can fitly digest and mollify. 9 Last of all commit the cure of a scirrhous spleen and a lapidous liver, to the wisdom of the Physician. CAP. XXVI. Of a Cancerous Tumour, which thy commonly call Cancer Apostematosus. THE name and title of the disease called cancer, among the Physicians & chirurgeons hath diverse and sundry significations: Cancer pertaineth unto two kinds of diseases. for the notifying or declaration thereof is extended unto two kinds of diseases (that is to say) unto a cancerous tumour (which they commonly call cancer apostematosus aswell that which is evident and appeareth in the outward members, as that which is hidden, and lieth in the in ward and secret parts of the body, as in the hips, the roof of the mouth and in the paps of a woman) the other significations pertaineth unto an ulcerate cancer. Of 〈…〉 engendered. Cancer fine ulcers. But both these evils are engendered of melancholy (that is to say) of such a humour, as resembleth the dregs of wine, & the filthiness of oil, which thing Gal. libro decimo quarto therapeutices, and in his little book de tumoribus praeter naturam doth plainly testify. Now this aforesaid humour, when it is quiet, mild, and gentle, it engendereth a secret or an inward cancer without any ulcer. But if it happeneth to be sharp, fierce, and malignant, it gnaweth the skin, and causeth a cancre with an ulcer. Cancer 〈◊〉 ulcere. But here we will only discourse of that kind of cancre which hath his residence in the outward parts of the body, & of that which is not yet exulcerate, which also sometime (as Galen affirmeth,) is said to be a privy cancre. That cancre therefore, whereof we here entreat, is a hard tumour, unequal, round, having the veins round about it, swollen and puffed up, Cancre 〈…〉. it is blue or browen, and (as Paulus saith) it is more black in colour then in an inflammation, it is also hot, but yet not so vehement as inflammations are, it suddenly increaseth, and greatly wearieth the sick, & afflicteth them almost with a continual grief: in greek it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Can●ri nomen à ●ancro aqua ●ico. which title aswell the Latins as the Grecians have assigned to this disease of the fish called a crab, because the veins about this evil are filled and it stretched out, very like unto the feet of crabs, descending from the round compass of their bodies. But some have given it this name, because it is very hardly pulled away from those members, which it doth lay hold on, as the sea crab doth, who obstinately doth cleave to that place which it once hath apprehended. Moreover this tumour doth also represent the colour of a crab, whose hue is very black. But the first beginnings of these cancres are sometime so confused and so small, Cancri notae per i●itia confuse, & obscurae. Lib. 14. Therap. that the common sort may be ignorant thereof: for when they do begin, they do scarce resemble the greatness of a pease or of a bean. Wherefore it is no marvel (saith Galene) though the common sort do not know them, for they be like unto the little roots that arise out of the earth, which are not discerned but of skilful husbandmen. But afterward they grow up into such a huge greatness, & do bring with them so vehement, great, & manifest symptomates, that a child may easily discern them. Let no man therefore doubt of the name thereof, seeing all men with one consent do term this kind of disease cancer, because (as we have said) the veins in this evil do swell one every side, and are greatly stretched out, and they do represent the form and likeness of a crab. Notae cancri ●urdentis non ulcerati. A cancerous tumour (as we have said before) is hard and unequal, which by the touching of it doth plainly appear. It hath a blue or brown colour, which is a mean between read and black, called of the Greeks 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. About the place where cancre is lodged, there is felt a certain beating or pulse, and as it were a pricking: sometime also (as Celsus saith) the tumour is a sleep, and as it were dead. It maketh the veins round about it to swell and rise up, like unto the cancre in the arms. Oftentimes also in some they are secretly hidden, and when the place is touched, it is felt in some very painful, but in other some it is contrary. This tumour also is marvelously stout, and resisteth touching. Moreover it hath in it a certain strange, judicia. Lib. 14. Ther. and extraordinary heat. Cancer or carcinoma generally is a grievous and pernicious disease, for it can scarcely be healed any way by reason of the grossness of the humour, neither can it be repressed or discussed, neither will it yield to any purgation, though it be throughout the whole body. The malice also of this disease is so great, that it contemneth all gentle and easy remeadies, putting forth but the middle finger to them (as the proverb is) but it must be stirred and chafed, and overcome with very vehement remeadies (as we wonted to do in the evil called crabro. Celsus lib. 5. ) This disease is wont to happen in every part of the body, but especially in the upper parts about the face, the nosethrills, the ears, the lips, and about the paps of women, and of those chief, which are not naturally purged of menstruis. But cancres do also commonly haunt men, whose accustomed purginges are suppressed through hemorrhoids growing in the fundament: for by them, that gross and thick blood (whereupon this evil taketh his first beginning) is wont naturally to be purged out. Moreover when this melancholious humour resembling in proportion the dregs of wine, doth descend and flow into any member, and there abideth compact together: it causeth sometime the disease called varices, and sometime it breedeth a cancre, as when the same is somewhat cooled. But when it is thrust out to the whole skin, it causeth that evil, which they call elephans. Cancer therefore is a certain particular elephantiasis, which the common sort call lepra, the lepry. But the thicker and the blacker the blood is whereof cancre proceedeth the more dangerous will the disease be. Now when cancre is full grown, as they say, and inveterate, it admitteth not any cure, except it be plucked up by the roots either by section or by adustion: but those cancres, which have their constitution in the inward parts of the body, do not desire any such kind of cure, as that ancient Hypocrates simply the prince of Physicians hath taught us very well in the Aphorism following: saying that it is not good to cure all inward cancres: for when they are cured, they do soon perish again, but when they are not cured they remain a long time. For experience hath taught us, as Galene witnesseth in his commentary upon this Aphorism, that they which enterprise the cure of these cancres either by section or ustion, do rather increase their fury then abate it, whereby they shortly destroy those men, whom this evil hath attached. Those cancres therefore are only curable which do stick in the outward part of the body, and which are exulcerate, and do so weary the sick, that they willingly desire the diligence of the chirurgeon: and these tumors also do consist in those parts, which a man may cut and sear of hard by the roots. Now when I name the roots of cancer, What cancre must be rotten out, and what not. I mean as Galene affirmeth, those veins which are full of melancholic blood, and which every way are extended toward the places lying about the tumour. But of an unulcerate cancre, there often proceedeth an ulcerate tumour, when as in process of time, the humour doth putrefy, and the disease is couched in the vessels of the body, or else when it is stirred and made worse by medicines unadvisedly ministered. This exulcerate cancre of all others is thought to be most vile, because it doth altogether resist that true cure, which attempteth and worketh all things to bring the sick member unto health, for this tumour, to cure it perfectly and absolutely, doth require gnawing, sharp, and vehement medicines: howbeit by such remeadies, as we have said, it is the more provoked and stirred to anger, and therefore it cannot be, that it should either be lenified, or cured by them. It shall therefore be sufficient to hinder the increasing of unulcerate cancres, which as yet do occupy the outward parts of the body, especially those which be great and inveterate, with drawing our skill from any perfect cure, which thing Hypocrates also hath admonished us of in his former Aphorism. For those tumours which do weary the sick without exulceration, What things do foretell exulceration. Galene also hath called them secret & inward cancres wherein both their vehement heat, and their great pulse or beating do threaten or foretell exulceration to ensue. The cure of a cancre which is not yet ulcerate, but newly begun, hath three principal intentions. 1. The first is to stop the generation of the melancholic humour. Curatio cancri non ulcerati. 2. The second is to empty out the melancholious humour dispersed throughout the whole body. 3. The third is to digest the humour which possesseth the affected member, and to strengthen, & confirm the diseased place. Primus scopus. The first intention is finished by a just and due observation of that kind of diet, which is before prescribed in the chapter de scirrho legitimo. But among other things this is chief and principally to be observed, (namely) that such nourishment be given to the diseased, as have virtue to refrigerate and moisten, Victus ratio tenuis sit & probi succi. and which do engender good and slender juice: as are these the juice of barely steyped in water & pressed, fishes of gravelly places, birds of all kinds, save those which live in fenny grounds, the yolks of eggs, but especially of rear eggs, (which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) & other things of that sort. But if any extreme heat shall infest the aggrieved place, and yet without a fever, you may safely give him bullocks milk, from the which the butter is taken, or else the whey of milk. Potherbes also, which have a cool and moist nature, as mallows, orage, spinach, & when time serveth gourds: citrons also and borage may be given him in meat. The second scope (which is to purge the whole body from that melancholic humour, whereof this evil proceedeth) is accomplished by the applying of purging medicines which are appointed to evacuate melancholy, whereof you may find plenty in the chapter of scirrhus: among the which epithymum (which the Romans cal● involucrum) as a present remedy doth obtain the pre-eminence, whereof you must take four drams styeped in the whey of milk or in mulsa, (as Galene commandeth lib. 14. meth. med. But this quantity of epithymum, or somewhat more, must be offered every third day, that the melancholic humour, which is gathered together in the veins, and causeth the generation of cancre, may by little and little be emptied and purged out, because it is impossible to evacuate all at one time. But we cannot always prohibit the flux, lest afterward the like humour be engendered in the body, and compact together in the veins. The purging therefore of the antecedent matter must be attempted at the beginning, as it were by turns, by the applying of some simple medicine: afterward, (if the matter so requireth and the ministering of simples doth little avail) you may use the help of some compound remedies, as is that medicine of Galene dedicated for the purging of melancholy, which consisteth of two and thirty simples, or hiera Ruffi, or hiera A●icennae, which is made of black helleborus. But you must not desist from those former rehearsed purgations, until the whole melancholious humour which is stuffed in the veins, be brought out, and until the member which is beset with this cankerous tumour, be thorowghly reduced to his natural state. But if nothing do let it, as age and strength, it shall not be amiss in these cancres to let blood, and then to purge (as we have said before:) and if they be women, you must labour to purge menstruys, if they be not above fifty years old (as Galene hath taught us lib. 2. ad Glauconem.) This second indication (saith Galene) is the first and chief of all, for that which is put in the first place, doth rightly challenge the second degree. The general manifestation therefore (saith he) of the cure of a cancre, consisteth in the speedy emptying out of that humour whereof this evil groweth, and in the prohibition and stopping thereof, and to foresee, (if it be possible,) that this melancholious humour be not collected in the veins by the means of another. But if that thing cannot be brought to pass, you must evacuate the humour by turns now some and then some, and you must also endeavour to strengthen the member, lest the abundance of the humours do plentifully flow unto it. 3. The third intention, which is general to all such diseases coming of the flowing of humours, T●rtius scopus. doth will us to digest the humour, which lurketh in the affected member, and to roborate the same, lest the humours abundantly have access thereunto: moreover you must appoint a convenient time to repel that which is flown, and that truly in the beginning, aswell in the very time of purging, as before, but now, when the whole body is thoroughly purged, then may you lawfully endeavour to digest, and if there went before but a small and mean purging, than you must apply some remedy which hath a mixed faculty, that is to say, Quod 〈…〉 cancris. which can both repress and digest. Now, that we may justly accomplish these intentions, we must make choice of those medicines, which are of a mean force, and of a gentle quality, for such remedies are most convenient for these diseases. For those which carry with them a weak and feeble power do work no effect (as Galen saith) but are easily overcome: Lib. 14 Ther. but such remedies as are strong and mighty, do vehemently either digest or thrust back the thin blood which lieth in the veins: but the gross and melancholic parts, which we have likened before to the dregs of wine, they neither purge forth nor repress: but rather do make them more obstinate and more hard to be dissolved and discussed. Therefore to cure these cancres, but yet beginning, you must use medicines of a mean & moderate strength, which neither their imbecility can be vanquished, nor for the vehemency can mightily thicken the blood. Furthermore you must apply (as it is said) such medicines as are gentle and which do not gnaw or bite: because the malignity of the evil through such vehement medicines is stirred, and provoked, and made more fierce and savage (as we commonly term it.) But when the matter, whereof these cancres do come, is for the most part gross and thick and disobedient to resolution, and partner also with many other vicious humours, we shall deal sufficiently in this case (especially, when we fear the danger of chirurgie, and that the evil cannot otherwise be cured) if we by the use of the former remedies, which are made of burnt and washed metals (as Galene counseleth) shall stop and hinder their growing and increasing, especially, if they be great tumors: or else after the opinion of Auicene, if we seek to defend them from ulceration. For the which intentions, Galene lib. 2. ad Glaucon. doth greatly commend the juice of nightshade, and that medicine which is made of pompholygoes, Su●●●s solani. Diaphompholygos. 〈◊〉 ●enicon s●●●ma unguentum 〈…〉 or that which consisteth of chalcites commonly called diapalma. Therefore Theodoriticus also for the same purpose, appointed the ointment named diapompholygoes, which is made of oil of roses, of white wax. ana. ℥ .v. of the juice of read pomegranates, and of nightshade. ana. ℥ four of ceruse washed. ℥ two of lead burnt and washed, of pompolygoes, which is commonly called tuthia, ana. ℥ i of frankincense. ℥. ss. Galene also reporteth libro primo de compositione pharmacorum secundum locos, which book is entitled of the ancient interpreter myamis, a certain ointment invented of Apollonius for ulcers appearing in the head, which the Greeks call achorae, which ointment he affirmeth to be very effectual against these cankerous tumors. The medicine is this. ℞. of oil of roses, or of unripe olives, hemina, which the Greeks call cotyle vidz. ℥. vij.ss. which must be infused or put into a leaden mortar, and stirred up and down with a leaden ladle, or else brayed with a leaden pestle so long till it waxeth thick and black, resembling the very colour of lead: then beat by the self alone, of lythargirum, lib. 1. of ceruse as much, and commix them with the oil, and make an ointment. Moreover how great the force of lead is in all such cankerous dispositions, especially that which is burnt and washed: The force of lead it marvelous in cankerous tumors. Paulus lib. 4. 〈◊〉 archigene. all men may sufficiently know, which have had some experience thereof, and which have studeouslie perused those things which Galene libro nono de simplicium medicamentorum facultate doth writ of lead, which he himself calleth in Greek molybdoes. For this cankerous disease Paulus and Auicene do greatly commend the emplaster made of sea crabs, especially if it be mingled with an equal quantity of the scourings of brass. Take therefore of sea crabs burned, and of the off all of brass an even portion, beat them to flower, & straw them upon the tumour, or else lay on the ashes of the crabs with a searce cloth or cerate. But the same Auicene willeth to pluck up these little cancres hard by the roots, or else to cut them of, and then to wring and crouse out the thick blood on every side, and afterward to sear the place with some hot instrument. For this doth dissipate the relictes of the matter, and consumeth them, it strengtheneth the member and stoppeth the flux of blood. Galene also before Auicene his time, did allow that cancres might sometime be cured by chirurgie. Lib. 14. Meth. med. But truly although Galene and Auicene do permit this manuel cure by chirurgie: yet to avoid the danger of immoderate flux of blood, and of ulceration, yea and of the life of the sick, omitting those things, we aught to follow that prescript rule of curing, Chirurgery not rashly to be used in cancres. which is only accomplished by gentle and mild medicines, as a more safe way and less troublesome, and to content ourselves with that only method: because that if such a cankerous tumour, which is grown to a mighty bigness, should be cut round about in those places, which are joined to the whole parts, the danger of immoderate profusion of blood would straightway follow, by reason of the greatness of the vessels and wideness of the arteries, which parts (saith Galene) if you should take up and bind them with cords, the other members by reason of their near acquaintance would be troubled and greatly grieved. Moreover Celsus saith, Lib. 5. that although carcinomata be cut of, and brought to a scar, yet they will return again, and give occasion of death. But if you intend to sear of the roots of this evil, yet truly you cannot do this neither without hurting of the next parts, especially if you make exustion near unto the principal members. Great cancres therefore, and those which are inveterate, must neither rashly be burned with any instrument, nor cut of with a penknife, but rather handled gently and mildly (as we have said before.) For many men not by the applying of any forcible or vehement medicines to take away this evil, but by the only ministering of easy and gentle remedies, which can as it were please or delight, have so hindered these tumors, that they could not attain unto any perfect age or ripenesss. Now followeth the sum of the cure of Cancer non ulceratus, which is yet but beginning, Capita curationis Cancri non ulcerati. and doth occupy the outward parts of the body, briefly in these words. 1. Imprimis in a canker which is but newly begun, and which consisteth of no very thick humour, nor causeth the veins to swell greatly: purge out the melancholic humour which causeth this evil universally throughout the whole body. 2. If age and strength doth suffer it, cut a vein in the elbow, and draw out as much blood as need requireth. 3. Afterward minister to the sick such medicines as can purge melancholy downward: in the beginning let them be gentle and easy, but afterward somewhat vehement increasing their force by little and little. 4. If the purging of menstruis in women before fifty years of age, or of hemorrhoids both in them and in men be so suppressed, that blood aboundeth not at times now and then, you must provoke them by all means possible. 5. In the mean time appoint unto the sick a thin diet, which can engender good juice, and cause no melancholic blood. 6. If you cannot avoid it, but that a gross and melancholious humour be gathered together in the veins: you must evacuate the same by turns, both with simple and compound medicines. But these former Aphorisms do pertain unto the Physician: now we will declare the duty of the Chirurgeon. 7. apply unto the affected member both before purging, and in the very time of purging, such medicines as can repel, and drive back: but when the body is universally purged, then use digestive remedies, but let them be such as are of a moderate strength and of a gentle nature. 8. Therefore minister to the aggrieved place juice of nightshade, or the medicine made of Pompholygos, or that which consisteth of Calcites, commonly called Diapalma, and oath remeadies of that sort. 9 But if by the art of chyrurgie you dare enterprise the cure of Cancer, you must first (taking the Physicians counsel) purge forth the melancholic humour, and then cut the corrupted tumour clean of, and suffer a good quantity of blood to come forth, and wring the thick blood out of the adjoined parts, and afterward cure the disease after the manner of other ulcers. Libri quinti finis. THE sixth BOOK TEACHETH THE FORM AND RULE OF MAKING REMEDIES AND MEDICINNES WHICH OUR PHYSICIANS DO COMmonly use at this day, and to know after what sort their proportion and quantity is distributed and noted with the names of each Medicine. CAP. I. Of Suppositaries. A Suppositary is a remedy whole, long & round, which is put into the fundament, that it may avoid the pricking, and move & provoke the virtue expulsive to the avoiding of the excrements compost, or ordure. We do use Suppositaries especially for three causes: the first is for bringing out of the ordure, which when it lieth in the right bowel, it requireth no clyster: the second cause is, when one or two clysters have been put into the body, & do not come out again at the fundament, as it doth chance in passions of the colic, them it is very perilous to put in other clysters: the third cause is, when the sick person is so weak, that he may better suffer a suppositary than a clyster. A suppositary is made of honey that is boiled so long, till it doth wax thick & hard, oftentimes common salt is mixed with the honey: A suppository to bring forth the ordure. but if you will make it more sharp & quick, take salt gem, the dung of a mouse, agaric, or else hiera simplex. ℞. a Suppotary made of honey, which if you think so weak that it will not move the compost or ordure, ad to these following. ℞. a common suppositary of sharp honey, ckmon salt. ℥. ss. or of salt gem. ℈. ss. or of mouse dung. ℈. ss. or ℈ i or of hiera simplex. ʒ.ss. Also make suppositaries of white soap, tallow of beasts, fat of bacon, candles, the stalks of beats or mercury, or their roots anointed with oil or honey, & strewed with powder of salt specially for children & sucking babes, A suppository against the ●urmes called L●●brici. for whom one corn of salt put in is sufficient. ℞. time, or cyclaminum, or wormwood, or sothernwood, stamped in a mortar. ʒ. j. or ss. of boiled honey so much as sufficeth, & make a suppositary. Suppositaries are good against the Palsy made of pellitory, pepper, napy (that is a kind of rapes called a navew) century, bitumen (that is a kind of of lime) the root of panax, hyssop, galbanum mixed with dry rosin, or pitch & wax. Let a suppositary be round and 6.7. or 8. fingers in length. We do use no Suppositaries to them which have the hemorhoides, or any other swellings in the fundament. CAP. II. Of making Nodulus. NODVL● be those which are called of Aetius in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, they are good for those which have clefts and swellings in the fundament. These do avoid and take away the hardness of suppositaries, because sometime we are compelled to use flocks in their steeds, their matter is the same that suppositaries be. ℞. flocks mingled or beaten with honey, & put it into the tuell, & truly that nodulus is best and sweetest which is made of salt & the white of an egg in cloth or will, made in the form of a bean, and put it into the tuel with a thread hanged at the end, that it may be drawn out again. CAP. III. Of mabing Pessaries. A pessary is a medicine which is made of soft will, or such like thing, and it is put into the privities of women. The figure or shape of it is like a suppositary, but that it is longer and thicker, because it must be put into the womb. It is made of wax, or of cloth or cotton, or of lint first dipped & wet in ointment, or in a medicine meet and convenient for the cure. Afterward wind them in silk, and hung a thread thereon, that it may be drawn out the more easily. It is put into the tuell and into the womb, to cease the inflammations and ulcers of them both. Privately it is put into the womb to provoke the menstruis and the secundine, or to stop immoderate flux of menstruis or to mollify the hardness of the womb, or to cure other diseases of the womb. ℞. a pessary dipped and wet in unguentum rosatum, and put it into the place. To this sometime is added opium, that is, where the inflammation causeth great pain. Opium by his coldness maketh astonished, therefore his quantity aught to be small, as from half a scruple to a scruple, and let it be holden a little time, lest through his coldness the parts which are senowy be not hurt. It therefore may be holden half an hour. ℞. a pessary dipped and wet in unguentum pompholygos, put it into the tuell, To dry ulcers. or into the matrice that is grieved. Pessaries to bring forth menstruis are made otherwise. The medicines are taken in silk cloth, that is as thin as sindall, and let the form & fashion be thicker, To bring forth menstruis. which may bring out with his power, as thus. ℞. hierapicra composita. ℥ i of euphorbium, and the apple of coloquintida. ana. ℈. ss. mix them and make a pessary. Anoint it with oleum nardinum, or with the juice of herbs that provoke menstruis. Such pessaries be made oftentimes of brayed herbs provoking menstruis, as, ℞. mercury, neppe, or mugwort or sothernewood. M. ss. bray them and roll them in silk, and make a pessary. If the menstruis have endured with swelling and pain, first make a bath, for that doth mollify and moist, the paunch aught first to be emptied and the bladder to be unloaden, because the matrice is in the mids between them: for these being filled, and pressing the matrice, the menstruys for overmuch straightness, may be retained, and made slow in coming out. If immoderate menstruis do flow, do thus. ℞. a pessary wet in unguentum comitissae, and put it into the matrice, or thus. ℞. of plantain or knotgrass, or brere, or mirte, or other, To mollify the hardness of the womb. that can stop menstruis. M. ss. bray them and role them in silcke and make a pessary. Pessaries mollifying may be made of the marrow of a calf, and a heart, of rosin, terebinthine, fatness of a goose, or pork, and of gum armoniac dissolved in water. CAP. FOUR Of Clysters or Enema. A Clyster or Enema, is a kind of medicine the which is cast and put into the bowels by the fundament liquid and thin, and it is profitable for eight things. 1. to mollify the womb restrained with hardness. 2. to provoke the violence detestable and astonished. 3. To avoid any kind of humours. 4. To put away ventosities. 5. To cease dolours and pains. 6. To bind and restrain the belly. 7. To make clean ulcers of the guts or bowels. 8. To make sound the same. There may be also added to altar or change: as here followeth. ℞. of lettuce, scarioll, restrum percinum, leaves of sallow. ana. M.j. flowers of violets, and nenuphar. ana. p.j. make a decoction of one pound, in the straining let one ounce of Casia fistula be dissolved, oil of violets and of nenuphar. ana. ℥. j.ss. camphor. ℈ i and make a clyster. ℞. the four kinds of remollitives, or mollificatives, pellitarie of the wall. ana. M. ss. the roots of the mallows called althaea, & white lilies. ana. ℥ i seed of flax, fenugreek, & anise. ana. ℥. ss. of fat figs. 4. make a decoction of lb.lb.j. in weight. In the straining thereof dissolve therein Casia fistula, mel violatum, and fresh butter. ana. ℥ i oil of violets. ℥ three and make a clyster. If you will make a clyster mollificative lacking the things aforesaid do thus. ℞. of oil made warm. lb.lb.j. and make thereof a clyster, or thus. ℞. oil & fresh butter. ana. lb. ss. & make a clyster. ℞. the four remollitives. ana. M.j. seed of Carthamum. ℥ i of anise, A clyster provoking and making void the violence astonished. fennel, and careum. ana. ʒ. iij. and make a decoction of. lb.lb.j. and in the straining dissolve hiera simplex, or benedicta, or diaphenicon, or electuarium de succo, or electuarium Indi maioris. ℥. ss. of clarified honey, or juice of squill. ℥ i or common salt. ʒ. ij. or salt gem. ℈ ·j. or. ʒ. ss. Many do add to clysters. ℥ i of the juice of beets, which do move and grieve the belly, or juice of beets & coleworts. ana. ℥. ss. of common salt. ʒ. ij. or ʒ. j. which bite & gnaw the belly, or less, but the just weight, must be as you conjecture to be easy or hard for the sick. Also such a clyster expulsing the detestable faculty or matter, may very well be made only of honey, or honey with juice of squilla, or other things decoct. And if that the virtue expulsive be astonied & dull through the hardness of the ordure, then make a clyster partly of mollificatives, and partly of expulsives aforesaid. Clysters which avoid humours are made so, A clyster 〈◊〉 humours. that they vary according as the humours differ. For when the humour is gross and cold, evil disposing the bowels, let it be made thus. ℞. the four remollitives. ana. M.j. camomile, the tops of dill, organ, calamint, sothernwoode. ana. M. ss. anyse, careum, coming, ameos, seseleos. ana. ℥. ss. berries of laurel, seed of rue. ana. ʒ. ij. make a decoction. In the straining dissolve catholicon, and diaphenicon. ana. ℥. ss. or diaphenicon, or benedicta. ʒ.uj. or of both. ℥. ss. of read sugar, and mel anthos. ana. ʒ. iij. or. ℥. ss. oil of dill & camomile. ana. quar. ss. or oil of rue. ℥ i oil of dill. ℥ two or oil of lilies. ℥ two make a clyster. If ventosity be present, add carmmatives, if pain be present, take a medicine releasing grief by provoking sleep, as hereafter shall appear by axamples. If a choleric and gnawing humour must be brought out with a clyster, then let the clyster be made of such things as will avoid that humour, and mix it partly with such helps as do cease inflammation, as thus. ℞. mallows, bismallowes, violets, pellitory of the wall, endive, succory, lettuce, purslane. ana. M.j. and if there be so much need of coldness, take the four great cold seeds bruised. ana. ʒ. iij. or ℥. ss. of whole barley. p.j. make a decoction of one pound. In the straining dissolve casia fistula, & common sugar. ana. ℥ i the white of one egg or two, oil of roses or of violets, or common oil. quar. j make a clyster. If such a passion cometh of a meladcholike humour, make it thus. ℞. the four mollificatives, the leaves of bugloss and borage, the tops of dill, lupuli, and fumitory. ana. M.j. melilote and chammomill. ana. M.j. seed of charthamum, & polipodie of the oak. ana. ℥ i anise, and fennel. ana. ℥. ss. make a decoction. In the straining dissolve hiera ruffi, which is not in use, or confectio hamech ℥. ss. or catholicon. ℥ i read sugar, or mel rosatum, or violets. ℥ i oil of dill, lilies, and violets ana. ℥ i make a clyster. ℞. mallows, A cl●ster to put and drive away vent●si●●es. bismaluae, pellitory of the wall, organy, calamint, camomile the tops of dill. ana. M.j. of anise, carecum, coming and fennel. ana. ℥. ss. or. ʒ. uj. of laurel berries. ʒ. ijj. or ℥. ss. seed of rue. ʒ. ij. or iij. and make a decoction. In the straining dissolve benedicta, or diaphenicon, or electuartum indi maioris which we do not use here ℥. ss. confection of laurel berries. ʒ. iij. or. ℥. ss. read sugar. ℥ i oil of dill, cammomil & rue ana. ℥ i make a clyster. Into these clysters which put away ventosities, oils of nuts is wholesome to put in, and also (as Galen saith) vinum maluaticum cretense may well be mixed with such a clyster as is aforesaid. The signs of ventosities and wind contained in the bowels, be often farting and noise in the guts, because it chanceth as often as burbles are broken in the bowels. Bowels wherein be burbles (as Galene teacheth Particula 2. Aphorism. strangulati nondu●s morivi etc.) be caused of air shut and enclosed with the humour. A clyster to cease pains. Clysters to cease pains are made many ways, for if the cause be a hot gnawing humour, the example is showed afore by cold things, where he entreateth of a clyster to avoid humours, if the pain be of a cold cause, take the same that is given against ventosity last before, if the pain do come of more causes, make a clyster of many of those things, which are meet for the causes, & when the cause of the pain is not known, make it thus: ℞. flowers of chammomill, mellilote, the tops of dill, ana. p.ij. make a decoction in milk. In the straining dissolve therein white sugar because the red is biting & pricking. ℥. j.ss. whites of eggs two oil of dill and chammomill. ana. quar. ss. and make a clyster, or thus: ℞. oil of camomile dill and violets. ana. ℥ three cast it in with a clyster, and when we want such oil, we make it of quar. iij. or. lb.lb.j. of oil olive. ℞. milk sodden. quar. iij. or. lb.j.lb.j. amylum sive amydum. ʒ.ss. or. ʒ. j. at the most, A clyster restraining. gum arabic or Tragacanch or both a little burnt. ana. ʒ. ss. or. ʒ. j. or. ʒ. ij. bowl armoniac and Sanguis Draconis. ana. ʒ. ij. oil of roses and camomile. ana. ℥. j.ss. make a clyster. ℞. the juices of plantain, Arnoglossa, (that is) a kind of plantain, knottegrasse and purslayne: let these juices be cleansed either by seething or residence, take of all these, or of one of these, as much as sufficeth for a clyster adding of the powder aforesaid, and with those oils make a clyster. Note, that when there is need, than you may make clysters of those herbs sodden, or of the waters distilled out of them adding rose water, as. ℞. the water of Arnoglossa, of plantain, of roses, of purslayne, of knottegrasse, as much as sufficeth, and dissolve some of the aforesaid things therein. It is to be noted that sometime there are put into the aforesaid decoctions, seeds and fruits that be stypticke to make hard and to bind, so that they lack sharpness, because else they would prick, provoke, and expulse, therefore we can mix together, the seeds of mirte sorrel, of purslayne, plantain, cypress, cauda equina, horsetail and such like. Moreover note, that oil must never be put into clysters, if the bowels be ulcerate, as they be in Dysenteria, (which is a flux in the body) yet many do neglect that, not knowing that oil is an enemy to ulcers (as Galene entreateth 3. and 4. Methodi.) Truly wine is a special friend, the cream or cured of a hare or goat in weight. ʒ. iij. Sorbus, prunes, meddlars, quinces, ana. ℥ two more or less do restrain and bind. ℞. whole barely. p.ij. of red roses and commomill, A cl●ster is secure and cleanse ulcers in the guts. and of plantain if pain be present. ana. p.j. make a decoction. In the straining dissolve therein Mel rosatum. ℥ i the white of one egg or two, make a clyster. Such a clyster is to be given always before clysters restraining, binding and consolydating, by means whereof the thing is made prompt and easy. A clyster consolidating is made when the filthiness of the bowels is not purged and tried out, because that is deadly, A clyster ●nconsolidating (that is) making ●●unde of ulcers. and therefore there needeth no clyster, but that prognosticating is sufficient. ℞. juice of plantain, Arnoglossa, and purceslayne. ana. ℥ three of bowl armoniac, Sanguis Draconis, and Amylum. ana. ʒ. j.ss. or the tallow of a male or female goat. ʒ. j. or ℥. j.ss. and make a clyster. And because goats tallow, cannot well dissolve, but almost always it congealeth and hardeneth together in the bowels of the sick. Therefore it may be and aught to be dissolved with a little oil of roses, and then it need not to be feared for ulcers. Also ointments consolidating (as is unguentum album) sometime are made liquid and mixed, and specially, when the ulcers be nigh, or in the great guts. Sometime in the steed of juices may clysters be made of milk very well for his whey portion, which doth restrain and consolydate. Oftentimes both in these and in restraining clysters, the whites of eggs hard sodden are dissolved. And thus finisheth the making and use of clysters or Enema. CAP. V Of making Syruppes. A Syrup is of medicines, a juice with sugar or honey melted therein, decoct and boiled unto the measure of that sagar. Practitioners do put a double understanding in syrups, (that is) simplex, which is called usual, and compositum, which is called magistral. Simples or usualles be these, sirupes of violets, roses, of endive, of nenuphar, of maidenhair, of wormwood, of mynts, oxymell squilliticum, syrup of eupatory, of epithymum, and of byzantijs. They are called simples, aswell because they consist in one simple medicine, as also because they are ordained for one sickness & one use. Syrupus compositus which is called magistral, is compounded of diverse medicines, being good for sundry diseases, as in example: if any man compound together Syrup of wormwood and stechados being taken in even portion or quantity, there would come thereof a Syrup good for the stomach, because of the wormwood, and good for the head because of the stechados. A Syrup is good & profitable to digest humours before a purgation, that they may the easier and better obey the purgation. Therefore they are used of many Physicians to be given before medicines, although we have not read, that old practisers did observe it, but they did commit the digestion of humours wholly to nature. Look the comment. Aphorism. 9 lib. 2. when any man will purge the body, it behoveth to make it flowing. Truly Hypocrates would do thus, saying, that the concoct and digest matter aught to be healed and moved, and not the crude and raw matter. And Galene ad Glauconem. lib. 1. speaking of the cure of Tertiana notha, would not have worm wood to be given till the seventh day. Therefore it doth appear for a truth, that syrups aught rather to be given for the humours left after a purgation, then for their digestion and coction. But many do observe and use, that humours being gross, clammy, and viscous, may by syrups that do attenuate, cut and divide, be preparate and made easy to avoiding and purging they call this digesting of humours. Cold and cleaving humours are preparate with syrups that be hot cutting and scouring, as to digest reumie matter, such as is a fever Quotidian, and to prepare it to the purging. ℞. the five roots apperitive, A syrup digesting of re●●y matter. made clean and tempered in vinegar four hours. ana. ℥. ss. or ʒ. iij or the rinds of the five roots, orygan calamint, hyssop betony and germander. ana. M. ss. of anise and fennel. ana. ʒ. ss. of raisins the stones pulled out. ʒ. iij both the stechados. ana. p.j. make a decoction. In the straining dissolve of good honey. quar. iij. of white sugar. ℥ four make a syrup perfectly sodden. minister three spoonful, with double as much of water of liquorace or with ptysan or with-water of raisins or anise. Humours that be movable and thin, must be preparate to the avoiding and purging by syrups that do make thick and let the moving, A syrup against thin and movable humours. which humours if they be carried to the ways of expulsion, or be kept and contained in the ways and conduits by which an apt and ready expulsion may be made of them, than they may be avoided without any preparative. But if those humours be restrained and kept out of the places aforesaid, than they shall be rectified and remedied with cold syrups, the making whereof doth follow. ℞. syruppes of purcelaine, A syrup to make humours gross and thick. julep. sorrel, endive, nenupharis, of rybes, of barberies, of agresta, of quinces, of roses, take of one of these or more. ℥ uj minister it with double as much of well water sodden: there may also conveniently be made a julep in this wise. ℞. syrups of roses, purcelayne and sorrel ana. ℥. j.ss. or ℥ two water of roses, Arnoglossa, succory or endive, or purcelaine or sorrel. ana. ℥ two water sodden or burnt, specially if flux of the belly be present. ℥ uj make a julep clarified, and aromatized with ʒ. ij. of cinnamon elect. Furthermore if those humours do not make and cause flux of the belly, Note. but being inflamed do begin a fever, than neither syrups styptic, nor waters are to be used, but rather cold syrups lacking stypticity, as be syrups of endive, purslane, violets, of nimphea called water lilies, of maidenhair. But if we do suppose that there aught to be a greater extinguishing and quenching, that the rotten matter may be driven out the more easily, we do use cold sharp syrups, as be Syrupus acetosus simplex, which is put in both causes as well hot as cold. Also oxizaccharum simplex, & Syrupus de acetositate citri, and of lemons, which if the flux diarrhea be present, being raised and caused of such hot humours, than syrups that be acetose and sharp are not to be ministered, because they excoriate, race, and slay, but syrups of ribs, barberies, quinces, and juice of sorrel may be suffered and given, because they have but mean sharpness and acetositie. But against hot humours make potions or syrups magistral in this wise. ℞. Endive that is young or new set, and not grown long, wash it not, adiantum, maidenhair, succory, puslaine, lettuce, singreene, scarioll, plantain, of all, or of some of them two or three. ana. M.ij the four great cold seeds. ana. ʒ. iij. the root of succory, the root of sorrel, of gramen and nightshade (that is) the less moral, called Solatrum. ana. ℥. ss. or ʒ. iij. make a decoction, to which may be added the juice of the herbs afore written, cleansed so much, and half so much, or half as much more as the third part of the decoction. In one pound of the straining dissolve sugar taberzet. ℥ uj of wine of pomegranates. ℥. j.ss. or vinegar. ℥. ss. make a syrup clarified and aromatised with. ℈ two of white sanders or read or both. ana. ℈ i But if thou wilt make the syrup perfectly concoct and sodden, ad to sugar, and let it be sodden to the perfection that it may be kept. The use and ministration must be with double as much of some liquor as water sodden, water of lycorace, or the water of some of the herbs aforesaid distilled, yet I do not much praise and allow the use of distilled waters. But if the syrup be not perfectly boiled (as is showed in the first example) it must be given by itself, and without the administration of any thing else, neither shall the juices be put in, which should be put in, A syrup for melancholy humours. in a syrup perfectly sodden. Like forms and uses may be made of syrups, rectifying or digesting cold matter. Syrup of Epithimum, syrup of fumitarie, which is made two ways: one way is of the only decoction or juice of fumitory, and then it is Syrupus de fumiterrae simplex: another way is according to the description of Mesuae, and such a syrup hath mirabolanes, cassia, & many other things, which syrup is called compound, for that cause, syrup of bugloss, syrup of borage, syrup of Heart's tongue, which openeth and looseth the stoppings of the spleen, and syrup of violets because it moisteneth very much. The simple medicines, wherewith these syrups are compounded, be these, borage and bugloss, fumitory, lupulus, Epithimum, and such like, that do help and aid the digestion of such an humour. Out of the aforesaid things, may be made syrups, potions, and juleps, decoct and boiled to the satisfying of these intentions and meanings. Oftentimes there be made syrups laxative for the purging and avoiding of martyr that is reumie and filthy, and also melancholic matter, when long continuing diseases be bred of them, partly to the digestion of raw matter or humours, & partly to the avoiding and purging of humours, which be rotten or half rotten, as is in long fevers. ℞. the toot of Apium, fennel & parsley scraped and made clean, ana. ʒ. iij, of hyssop, A s●rupe 〈…〉 matters, & fever: Nothae. origan and calamint. ana. M. ss. of seed of Carthamum. ℥ three green polipodie of the oak. ℥ two of anise, fennel and dill. ana. ʒ. j.ss. of liquorace scraped. ʒ. iij. of raisins, the stones pulled out. ℥. ss. of the three cordial flowers. ana. p.j. make a decoction strained to lb.lb.j. or. lb. j.ss. in the which infuse now trochiskes of Agaricke. ℥. j.ss. leaves of scene cleansed. ℥ two after ten hours make a straining, wring it strongly, whereto add syrup of violets, syrupi de bizantijs, and white sugar. ana. ℥ four make a syrup perfectly sodden and aromizate with ʒ. j. of cinnamon elect, and with one syrup. ℈ i ●iloaloes. The dross of this syrup by means of the things that are put into it, maybe. ℥. j.ss. which also the fourth or fifth day, may be given with double as much of hydromel (that is) water and honey sodden together, or aqua mulsa, or of some other docoction. By like means may the laxatives entering into this present syrup be increased or diminished by reason of the quantity making of the syrup, for this present syrup is ordained for 6. or 7. or more doses, therefore the form and fashion of the proportions being kept, it may be made for 1.2.3. or more doses. Moreover by like reason, a syrup laxative is made, for matter choleric and filthy (as one would say) vitelline, the which causeth fevers hard to be eradicate and taken away. ℞. the roots of Apium, and of fennel cleansed and scraped and tempered in vinegar one nights space. ana. ℥. ss. of hyssop, maidenhair, adiantum, politricum, A syrup laxative against filthy colerick matter. some call it wall fern, Heart's tongue, endive, succory. ana. M. ss. or M.j. the four great cold seeds bruised. ana. ʒ. ij. or ʒ. iij. Raisins the stones pulled out. ℥. ss. the three cordial flowers. ana. p.j. make a decoction in the which infuse agaric newly made in Trochiskes. ʒ. uj. the leaves of seen made clean. ℥ i in the straining dissolve syrup of maidenhair and violets. ana. ℥ three of white sugar. ℥ four make a syrup perfectly boiled putting in, in the end of the straining of it. ℥. ss. of rhubarb elect. infused as it aught to be, which thing after it be strained, let it boil on a soft fire without flame or smoke unto the perfection of the decoction: the does of it is. ℥ two or ℥. j.ss, with double as much of the decoction of endive, and succory, or liquorice, or with double as much of whey made of goats milk. This syrup is for 5. or .6. Doses. And if the first does will not satisfy your intent, than you must dissolve somewhat therein that hath power to purge the humour that thou wouldest have brought out: as in example. ℞. of the syrups aforesaid. ℥. j.ss. of whey made of goats milk. ℥ three make a dose. And if thereof do not follow th'effect that you look for, ad thereto either of casia fistula. ℥. ss. or of diae prwis laxatine. ʒ. j. or ʒ. ij. or diaphenicon. ʒ.j.ss. or also some rhubarb. You may also do the same in the example of the syrup made to avoid Rheum. A syrup against melancholy. ℞ the juices of lupuli (that is) hops, and of fumitory, but it is unpleasant, of bugloss, of borage, & of sweet apples cleansed. ana. ℥ three or ij. Let them be twice cleansed, either by decoction and clarifying, or by residence of green polipodie of the oak. ℥ two or ℥ three of fat tamarinds. ℥ i of Epythimum Cretensis put in the end of the decoction. ℥ two of adiantum, hartistongue, and the three cordial flowers. ana. p.j. make a decoction strained to quar. iij. in the which infuse the leaves of seen made clean. ℥ three make a straining, and mix it with the aforesaid juices: afterward add thereto, syrup of violets. ℥ uj syrups of bugloss and sugar taberzet. ana. ℥ three make a syrup perfectly sodden, and aromatizate with. ʒ. j. of cinnamon, and ℈ i of white ginger scraped. The dose is two ounces with water of bugloss, or hops, or fumitory, or whey made of milk. CAP. VI Of making juleps. A JULEP doth not much differ from a syrup, but that it is less boiled then a syrup is, and because also it is made without the permixtion of any other decoction with it, as syrups are wont to have when they be made. juleppes are made either of water of infusion or distillation, or else of the juice of some simple medicine, as thus. ℞. of the water of infusion of roses, or the water of infusion of violets. ℥ .v. sugar. ℥ four boil it easily, and make a julep: minister it with twice or thrice as much of sodden water made cold again. Or thus, ℞. water of roses. ℥ eight of sugar. ℥ four boil them easily and make a julep: Or thus, ℞. the juice of roses, or the juice of violets. ℥ uj Sugar. ℥ four boil them easily and make a julp. Likewise juleppes may be made of other things, that do either make warm and hot, or that do open and lose, or that do restaine and bind. But yet Physicians commonly do call a syrup, dissolved in sodden water, a julep, saying. ℞. syrup of roses, or the syrup of violets, or syrup of maidenhair, or of any other syrup. ℥ three of sodden water. lb. ss. mix them together, and make a julep. CAP. VII. Of Dolis, sive Potio. DOLIS otherwise called Potus, or Potio, is a medicine laxative dissolved in some kind of liquor and given in drink. There be of this many differences, because of the diversity of humours that they void and purge. The simple medicines do purge and bring forth rheum or phlegm, as be these, Agaricke, Turbyth, Carthamus, colocynthis, and other often sought out by Mesue. The compounds be Diaphaenicon, in forma opiatae, Diacarthami in the form of lozenges, electuarium de Citro, Electuarium Indum maius & minus, Benedicta, & Hiera simplex, Hiera composita, and such like. But these be compounded, not that they avoid only one humour alone, but being mixed with another humour, as choler mixed with phlegm or melancholy. Medicines are ministered in diverse forms and fashions. As first in the form of a Potion, for one only Dose, or for one time, in the form of a Bowl, whereof shall be spoken hereafter, in the form of an Eletuarie liquid, as opiatae, whole in form, as lozenges, in the form of syrups or juleps. Also in the form of powder and pills. ℞. Diaphanicon. ℥. ss. or ʒ. uj. if the sick be strong, dissolve it with water of the decoction of liquorace, raisons and anise, as much as sufficeth. Make a dose with syrup of violets. ʒ. uj. or ℥ i or dissolve it with common straining, and make a dose, or dissolve it with Hydromell or dissolve it with certain distilled waters, as waters of hops, bugloss, succory, or such like, or dissolve it with the decoction or broth of a chicken, or with whey of milk, or thus: ℞. the three cordial flowers. ana. p.j. of prunes damascene, iniubarum, and Sebesten. ana. four in number, liquorace scraped. ʒ. j.ss. anise. ʒ. j. make a decoction strained for one dose: in the which dissolve Diaphaenicon. ℥. ss. or ʒ. uj. syrup of violets. ℥ i & make a dose. If you will add to it another Electuary laxative, take of one a quantity away, and add to as much of another, as where it is said, take of Diaphaenicon. ʒ.uj. you may say take of Diaphaenicon and Carthamum. ana. ʒ. iij. and so likewise of other. ℞. raisons the stones pulled out. ℥. ss. seed of Carthamum and polipodie of the oak. ana. ℥. ss. or ʒ. uj. of anise, fennel, The form of a potion or dose, whose decoction doth avoid certain rheum and phlegm. Simples to avoid choler. and liquorace scraped. ana. ʒ. j.ss. leaves of hyssop. ʒ. j. make a decoction in the which infuse Agaricke newly trochiscate. ʒ. j. or ℈ four or ʒ. j.ss. In the straining dissolve Diacarthamum or diaphaenicon, or Benedicta. ʒ.iiij. or ℥. ss. syrup of violets. ℥ i and make a dose. These things avoid choler, juice of roses, violets, tamarinds, manna, diagredion (that is) scammony preparate, Psillium, rhubarb, and myrabolanes. Casia fistula purgeth as well choler as rheum, juice of roses and ireos do bring forth thin choler and yellow water. compounds to avoid choler be these Electuarium de succo rosarum, diaprunis laxatiwm, diaprunis simplex, trochiskes of violets, Compounds. which be seldom in use. ℞. offat tamarinds. ℥ i the three cordial flowers. ana. p. ss. liquorice scraped. ʒ. j.ss. of prunes damascene. number uj make a decoction in a little quantity of water, The form of a potiō●o sing & resolving choler. in the which let the tamarinds be strongly wrong out. In the straining dissolve casia fistula that is new. ℥ i or ʒ. x. make a dose. In the like decoction you may dissolve. ℥. ss. or ʒ. uj. of diaprunis simplex with. ʒ. j.ss. or ʒ. ij. of diaprunis laxative. If it be feared that Diagredion will do hurt, and if the sick be rich, in the steed of Diaprunis laxative may be dissolved. ʒ. j. or ℈ four or ʒ. j.ss. or rhubarb. Take heed and note, that such a potion is good in choleric fevers, and in those fevers, in which the frenzy is feared, and truly it is excellent good, for by it, is eschewed the aversion, and also the refrigeration and cooling. In the stead of this present decoction and colature, medicines laxative may be dissolved in a common decoction, or with water of fruits, or with hydromel, or with waters distilled, either with endive, succory, hops, or with the broth of a chicken, or with the whey of milk. ℞. raisons, the stones picked out. ʒ. iij. liquorace scraped, and anise seeds. ana. ʒ. j. prunes damascene. num. vj. tamarinds. ℥. ss. the three cordial flowers, succory, The form of a common 〈◊〉 in the beginning of choleric fevers specially in Tertian fevers young set endive. ana. M.j. make a decoction boiled for one dose, in the which dissolve new cassia fistula. ℥ i or ʒ. uj. after the straining infuse. ʒ. j. or ℈ four or ʒ. j.ss, of rhubarb elect as it aught to be, of syrup of violets. ℥. ss. or ℥ i make a dose. Let it be given in the morning before dinner 5. or 6. hours, on that day that he is least afflicted. If choler be mixed with phlegm, by reason of that mixture, let such things as do loosen choler, and such things as dissolve rheum be mixed together. Spikenarde which is wont always to be joined with rhubarb, is unpleasant to the belly, for it loseneth oppilations and stopping vehemently. Also it provoketh vomit, & in women with child, it provoketh menstruis strongly. Therefore many do think that it aught not to be mixed with rhubarb in medicines, that are given to women with child, or to those which be apt to vomit. For that cause, if it be mixed. ʒ. or 4. grains are sufficient for ʒ. j. of rhubarb. For delicate persons which do abhor all medicines, make a dose under the form of a syrup for two or three times, or for one dose after this sort, specially for Tertians exquisite and dainty. ℞. endive young set, and succory. ana. M. ss. the three cordial flowers. ana. p. ss. liquorace scraped. ʒ. i.ss. proynes damascene vj. in number, fat tamarinds, ʒ. 6. anise. ʒ. ss. make a decoction boiled to ℥ three or else you may make a decoction for one dose, in which dissolve syrup of violets and endive, ana. ʒ. uj. or ℥. ss. of white sugar, ℥ i the wring and straining of. ʒ. ij. of rhubarb elect, infused as it aught to be without spikenard, make a long syrup, that is as it were in the form of an Apozema (which is a decoction so called of the Greeks & used of them in steed of our syrups.) Let it be boiled upon the coals without any smoke long time together, wring the rhubarb strongly, being bound in a piece of linen cloth, clarify it, and aromizate it, and make a dose of. ℥. j.ss. it may be multiplied for two or three doses (the proportion of all being kept and observed.) But if you will make a syrup to last long, seethe it to the perfection, and of that syrup minister. ℥. j.ss. or ℥ two with whey of milk, or with the decoction that serveth for thy purpose. Also you may add some Seen in the infusion, specially if you do think that choler adust doth reign, A dose against bastardly fevers, specially Tertians. or if you desire a more full and quick effect of the medicine. ℞. of young set endive, of succory, of Adiantum, and of hearts tongue. ana. M.j. the four great cold seeds. ana. ʒ. iij. the seed of Carthamum. ℥. j.ss. polipodie of the oak. ℥ two fat tamarinds. ℥. j.ss. seed of endive, scarioll, and liquorace scraped. ana. ʒ. ij. of raisins, the stones plucked out. ʒ. p. proynes damascene 12. in number, the three cordial flowers. ana. p.j. make a decoction of lb.lb.j. or ℥ eight in the which infuse the leaves of seen cleansed. ℥. j.ss. agaric newly trochischate. ℥ i In the straining of the decoction dissolve syrup of violets, and maidenhair syrup. ana. ℥ three white sugar. ℥ two make a syrup boiled upon a leate fire, without smoke, putting into it the straining of. ʒ. uj. of rhubarb elect, infused as it aught to be, make a syrup perfectly boiled and aromatizate, with. ʒ. ss. of cinnamon, and ℈ two of read sanders, reserve it in an earthen or glassen vessel. The dose of the aforesaid syrup shall be the fourth part of it (that is to say. ʒ. ij.) the which may be dissolved with whey of goats milk, or water of the decoction of the common colature, or with the waters of the decoctions or distations of succory or endive. But Igorreus, doth not allow distilled waters, And if the aforesaid dose do not sufficiently move the belly and cause it to be soluble enough: an infusion may conveniently be added to the second dose. ℈ two or ʒ. j. of rewbarb elect, or some Diaprunis laxative, or Electuarium de succo Rosarum, as in example. ℞. of the aforesaid syrup. ℥ two the straining of two scruples of rhubarb elect, or Diaprunis laxative. ʒ.j.ss. or ʒ. ij. of whey made of milk. ℥ two or as much as is sufficient, and make a dose. It is to be noted that the aforesaid syrup aught rather to be given and ministered to those that have Tertianae Nothae (that is bastardly Tertian Fevers) rather then to those that have fevers exquisite, dainty, and lawful, for these be of lesser fits, and be ended in a short time. The other be long and of more fits, so that they remain many times and often from one Equinoctial to another. To this also the Tertians that be exquisite and pure, do come, and are caused of sincere and good choler: and the fevers Nothae and bastardlie do come of filthy and vile choler. Here note also that Carthamus and Agaricke which do avoid and purge rheum, the leaves of seen which do purge melancholy, and also rhubarb which doth purge choler, may be put together to the aforesaid syrup, whereby the matter that causeth fevers Nothae of long continuance, is avoided and purged. Also note that in one day, or in the third or fourth day, one dose aught to be given, but more days must be let pass according to the doctrine of Auicene de Cura Tertianarum Notharum. Simples to purge the melancholic humour. These do purge melancholy, hops, fumitory, Epithimum Cretensis, polipodie of the oak, the leaves of seen, lapis lazuls, myrabolani nigri or Indi, lapis armenius, black hellebore, and a thousand other are to be sought out of Mesue. The compounds that do purge melancholy, be Catholicon or Diacatholicon, diasenae, Catharticon imperiale, Hiera, Rufi, Confectio Hamech, pilulae de fumitoriae, pills of lapis lazulus, pills of the v. kinds of myrabolanes, of Epithimum, of Hellebore, pills, whereof the dose is. ʒ. j. We can or do seldom use the other compound medicines, for the bitterness that they have in taste: all electuaries (except catholicon) be evil in tasting, The form of a dose against melancholy. and therefore they are confect and made in form of potions. ℞. fumitarie, and the tops of hops. ana. M. j.ss. the three cordial flowers. ana. p.j. of raisins, the stones picked out. ʒ. iij. or ℥. ss. of green polipodie of the oak. ʒ. iij. of cuscuta, and epythimum. ana. ʒ. iij, of anise and liquorace scraped. ana. ʒ. j.ss. make a decoction in the which infuse the leaves of Seine made clean. ʒ. ij. or ʒ. iij. In the straining of the decoction dissolve diacatholicon. ʒ.j. or ʒ. x. syrup of violets. ʒ. j. make a dose. In this dose syrup of violets and the cordial flowers are put in, that they may temperate the dryness of seen, and epithymum. If we will more diligently purge melancholy, we do put in hiera rufi, whose dose is half an ounce, in which Hellebore is entered, which is not in use at Paris, or else take confectio hamech. ℥. ss. the which is exceeding bitter for the plenty of coloquintida that is therein. Remember and note that medicines loosening and purging choler or rather melancholic, may conveniently be dissolved with the whey of goats milk, or with the water of the decoction or infusion of the things aforesaid, putting in the dose afore written: as in example. ℞. of all those or of part of those good things which be written in the dose aforesaid, afterward make a decoction in the whey of goats milk, and in the decoction infuse the leaves of seen, etc. And with some of the aforesaid electuaries confect and make a dose, according to the nature and strength of the sick person: or thus. ℞. the leaves of seen, made clean. ʒ. iij. infuse them in the whey of goats milk, all one night, and in the straining of the decoction, dissolve catholicon. ℥ i or. ʒ. x. or ℥. j.ss. and make a potion. Note that epythimum doth sustain and maintain a decoction, and therefore we may writ thus. ℞. epythimum cretensis. ℥ i let it boil with wheie of goatrs milk, afterward strain it, and wring it out strongly, and with ℥ i of syrup of violets make a dose, which if it seem not to be sufficient, add to it some catholicon. Galene doth counsel to take this potion lib. 13. Therapeu. in which place he considereth, that cankres, and all melancholic diseases aught to be taken heed of before hand, and to be eschewed, but he putteth in, but. ʒ. iiij. which drachmas do show to be of none effect, because (as I think) we have not the good epythimum, and therefore we take an ounce for the quantity, whereby the working of it may be the quicker and the better. All authors do follow this sentence, which in their books of practises or abridgementes have remembered this against the elephantia, which is commonly called the lepry, and is now made for the cure of elephantiasis. Many do think and judge that the decoction of an old cock is very good and wholesome for diseases grown and begun aswell of melancholy, as also of Rheum and phlegm. The chief use of it is against the pains of the colic, caused of rheum, and partly of wind, and also against diseases of the breast, as difficulty in breating, and moreover against diseases of the joints caused of cold matter. It is prepared and made against the colic, caused partly of rheum, and partly of ventosity and wind. It is this, as followeth. ℞. of hyssop, calamint. ana. M.j. of raisins the stones picked out. ℥. j.ss. of anise, fennel, and carvi. ana. ʒ. uj. of the seed of carthamum. ℥ two of green polipodie of the oak ℥. j.ss. the three cordial flowers. ana. p.j. of the flowers of camomile. p. ss. and make a decoction, putting all together into the belly of an old cock preparate as it aught to be, infuse in the end of the decoction the leaves of Scene made clean. ℥. ij.ss. of agaric newly trochiscate. ʒ. x. make a decoction of two pound, and reserve it to your use. ℞. of the aforesaid decoction. ℥ four syrup of violets. ℥. j.ss. make a dose. Note that if the sick person be strong and stubborn, there may be put in the dissolving of some Diaphaenicon, as ʒ. j.ss. or. ʒ. ij. or as much benedicta. Take heed also: for agaric (as many do think and judge) is suspected, and thought to be hurtful to those that have the colic: because that if the substance of it be thrown in with a clyster, the lightness of his substance cleaving to the guts, doth prick them and grieve them, and doth provoke a flux also, and oftentimes doth cause one to desire to sit long on the siege, because that, it hath virtue and power to draw down humours from the far parts of the body, and therefore Democritus (as Mesue doth witness) called it medicinam familiae, the medicine of his family or household. Therefore it may not well be given to those that have pain in the bowels, because it maketh a flux, that would not be, except that caused it, and therefore I counsel in such cases, to take away agaric. Furthermore note, that chammomill may aptly, and well be put into these decoctions, although the use of it is rare, and seldom seen among Physicians, yet it is manifest, that the only decoction of it in the broth of a chicken or chapon, is excellent profitable against all inward griefs, and specially for those which have the colic & the nefresie, (as many have proved it, to the great preservation of their health.) The water of the distillation of chammomill is ministered for the same purpose, but yet the decoction thereof is of more and better effect, than the distillation of it. The bitterness of the decoction may be mitigated with sugar, if it be for delicate persons. Also the decoction of a cock may conveniently be given for diseases in the breast & of dispuras, if medicines pectoral be decoct with it: as ℞. of hyssop, & of caula campana. ana. M.j. the third part of savoury. M.j. the fourth part, horsehofe called ungula caballina, which is an herb called of some little clote, whereof you may take. M.j. seed of carthanum, and green polipodie of the oak. ana. ℥ two of anise and liquorace scraped. ana. ℥. ss. roots of ireos and roots of enula. ana. ʒ. iij. or ℥. ss. of fat figs not putrefied four or six in number, of fat dates the skins and films taken away, four in number, of juiubes and sebesten. ana. twelve in number of raisins the stones picked out. ℥ i the three cordial flowers, ana. p.j. make a decoction in the belly of an old cock, that is hunted preparate and dressed as it aught to be, putting into it at the end, of Agaricke and of the leaves of Scene, as much as you think will be sufficient for your purpose: but note that here agaric may conveniently be used and ministered. There are other medicines also which be made against all superfluities in other forms (that is to say) in the form of liquid electuaries (that is) ad formam opiatae: or in form whole, (that is) like an electuary made in logenzes or tables. CAP. VIII. Of making Bolus. BOLUS in English is called a morsel. It is a medicine laxative, in form & fashion it is meanly whole, & it is swallowed by little gobbets. It is made of diverse things by reason of avoiding and purging of diverse humours: but the plainest and simplest way of making it, is of medulla, casiae fistulae, new drawn out of a fat cane or reed ʒ. uj. or ℥ i of sugar so much as sufficeth: & make a bowl. But if it be feared that casia will do hurt, as if great pain be in the bowels whereby many times is provoked sounding, as some do that have but weak and tender bowels: to such casia is not to be ministered neither by bowl nor by clysters. And for that cause the sick person must be asked how he feeleth himself before casia be ministered to him. Truly many authors do think that this hurt which casia may bring, may be taken away if there be added to it some grains of barberies or sugar roset: for they are of this mind, that through their stypticity the belly and the bowels are strengthened, and the pain impedite and letted, which casia doth cause by his clammines and mollifying softness. There be other that do mix some laxative with casia, that it may quicken the slowness of his operation, & that it descending may the sooner slide away & be avoided. Bowls chief are thus ordained and made, being very profitable remedies against the diseases of the reins. ℞. medulla casiae fistulae newly drawn. ℥ i or ʒ. x. the grains (that is the kernels) of barbaries. ℈. ss. and with sugar roset make a bowl. Other do add. ℈ two or. ʒ. j. or. ʒ. ij. of diaprunis laxative, or electuarium de succo rosarum: as in example following. ℞. meduldae casia fistulae newly drawn. ʒ. uj. of diaprunis laxative. ʒ.ij. of sugar roset tabulate as much as sufficeth make a bowl. Note that many, because of the ventosity which casia doth engender in the bowels, they add to the bowl powder of anise. ℈ i or. ʒ. ss. which availeth much ℞. casiae fistulae newly drawn out of a fat cane or reed. ʒ. iij. or. ℥ i the soft matter of fat tamarinds. ʒ. j.ss. of chosen rhubarb. ʒ. ss. or. ℈ two or. ʒ. j. sugar as much as sufficeth, The form of a bowl purging choler. make a bowl. If the sick person be poor, in steed of rewberbe▪ make a bowl with. ℥. ss. or. ʒ. uj. of casia, and ʒ. ij. of diaprunis laxatine, and with sugar. ℞. catholicon. ℥ i or. ʒ. x. and with white sugar make a bowl, or thus: ℞. catholicon. ℥. ss. or ʒ. uj. of confectio Hamech. ʒ.j. or. ʒ. j.ss. and with sugar make a bowl. The form of a bowl against melancholy. CAP. IX. Of making Pills. PILLS are ministered for the avoiding of every humour: videl. against rheum or phlegm raining and also against Cholera Notha, which is vile and filthy choler having dominion in man. Pilula aggregativae after the description of Mesue, de agarico, de rhubarbaro, stomachicae, de hiera simplicli, de hiera compositae, which respecteth the head. Cocciae or cocchiae which is so called of granis cocci, and not of the head as some think. Pillulae aureae, Elephangina, sine quibus, de Hermodactilis maior & minor, de Serapina, de Sarcocolla. Truly the four kinds of pylles last recited are most appropriate and agreeing, against corrupt and stinking humours, of the which virtue also be Arthretica maiores and minores when rheum reigneth, but these when choler reigneth in the diseases of the joints: then also the pills of Hermodactylis maior and minor are dedicated and ministered. Pills that do only void pure choler and purge it, there are a thousand to be found, but many of them hath more respect to the avoiding of filthy and bastardly choler, or that which is greatly mixed with rheum: as, Pillulae de Rheubarbaro, de Hiera simplici, Aggregativae de Agarico, Ante Cibum, Imperiales. In a manner the chief dose of pills is. ʒ. j.ss. of which make nine pills, and with some convenient syrup, as syrup of endive, syrup of maidenheare, syrup of stechados, or also with Oxymel or Hydromel, or with some other liquor. CAP. X. Of making Apozema. AN APOZEMA is a decoction of medicines gently made for the concoction and digestion of humours, or for preparation of them, and sometime for evacuation and purging. It may be made diverse, and for diverse intentes and purposes: as to make hot and to make cold, to make moist, and to make dry, to loosen and open, to restrain and bind, to attenuate and make thin, to make gross and thick, to provoke menstruis and urine. Of medicines particular and convenient, and of their roots, fruits, seeds, (and other, as it shall seem meet and expedient for your purpose.) In effect an Apozema doth not differ from a syrup, but in boiling: for syrups are wont to be boiled long and to the perfection, but an Apozema is boiled easily & little. Therefore syrups may be long kept, and Apozemes may be kept but a few days. ℞. of succory, endive, Cuscuta and Adiantum, ana. M. ss. of the roots of sorrel, The form of an Apozeme against choleric humours. and of gramen, ana. ℥. ss. the four great cold seeds made clean, ana. ʒ. j. of the three cordial flowers, ana. p.j. make a decoction of. lb. ss. In the straining dissolve syrup of violets, or Syrupus acetosus, or syrup of Limmmons, or also of white sugar. ℥ three and make an Apozema, clarify it, and aromatizate it with. ℈ two or ʒ. j. of cinnamon elect for two doses. Likewise Apozema may be made against other humours, the matter and effect whereof must be sought out of the head of the syrups. Note that in the confection and making of Apozema: for ℥ two or at the most for ℥ three of the decoction it is sufficient to add. ℥ i of sugar or syrup. Also there may be made Apozemes laxative, as there be syrups laxative, adding to laxative things in that decoction, or infusing them in it after the decoction is made. Look in the title of syrups for the example, for they be like them, (this only excepted as we said before) that an Apozema after the dissolving of the sugar or syrup in it, aught not to be boiled any longer. CAP. XI. Of making Mulsio. MULSIO is made of seeds cleansed or of fruits or of both sometime to quench the thirst, and the inflammation of the breast and lounges, and against diseases of the reins and the bladder, or against Ischuria (that is) retention and withholding of urine, and for the strangury, (that is) the voiding of humours by causing the urine to issue out by drops with burning in the yard. ℞. of the four great cold seeds new and clean, The form of Mulsio. ana. ʒ. iij. or ℥. ss. of sweet almonds blanched in cold water. ℥ i beat all together in a stone mortar, with well water first sodden, and make a decoction of lb.lb.j. and reserve it and keep it in a glasen vessel. The aforesaid Mulsio is good against the burning of the urine, or the strangury, if. ℥ four or vj. be given in the morning three or four hours before dinner and two or three hours before supper, the same quantity of the premises, or a little less with one Lozenge of Diatragacantum frigidum, in which are put in the aforesaid seeds, and gums, and many other things. But if in the aforesaid cases we think that there be greater need of infrigidation and cooling: mix with your Mulsio the seeds of porcelain, of lettuce, and of white poppy. But in the diseases of the breast, add to new pine apples, sweet Almonds and fresh figs that be not putrefied, with one Lozenge of Electuarium Di●iris simplicis, or Diairis Solemnie, let it be ministered strait way without delay. Also with the aforesaid Mulsio, there newly conveniently be mixed some quantity of Sugar, or some Syrup apt and meet for the purpose: (as Ruellius was wont to make against the filthy matter, and corrupt blood in the urine of man:) as thus: ℞. the seed of white poppy, and the four great cold seeds, or sweet Almonds, ana. ℥. ss. stamp all these in a mortar with as much water of the decoction of liquorace as sufficeth. In the straining dissolve of Syrup of violets, of maidenhea●e, and of myrtles, ana. ℥ i make a Mulsio for two times, and let the grieved person take it in the morning four hours before dinner. CAP. XII. Of making Powders. A POWDER is made of Seeds, Roots and minerals powdered and beaten finely, and sugar put to them, that they may be the more pleasant. Powders be ministered for many causes and intentes, where of their most common ministration is after meat to help digestion, or to stop and keep down vapours, which ascend and are carried up into the brain, or else for both causes as it often chanceth. ℞. the seeds of anise and fennel, A powder to help digestion. ana. ʒ. j. the seed of citron cinnamon, liquorace, and roses, ana. ℈ i of chosen pearls and the scraping of ivory, ana. ʒ. ss. of sugar rosate, as much as sufficeth: make a fine Powder, whereof minister after meat, one spoonful: and look what powder is so made to stop and keep down vapours, even the same is good to help digestion: as is this that followeth. ℞. coriander preparate. ʒ. j.ss. the scraping of ivory, read coral, the horn of a Heart burned, ana. ℈ i of cinnamon. ℈. ss. of sugar rosate as much as sufficeth: make a powder which may be given after meat. Also they are good for many other things as for worms in children, for binding, in the belly, and for strength, and against the Plague coming of the own proper matter: These Powders are to be ministered before meat, some alone, some with wine, or upon tostes of bread wet in wine. Sometime they are given for the corroboration and strengthening of all virtues, in malignant fevers, and in great imbecility and weakness of strength. ℞. the scraping of an unicorns horn, gra. 4.5. or 6. the scraping of ivory, of chosen pearls, and of hearts horn, ana. gra. 6. seed of citron, and Cardus Benedictus, ana. gra. 4. and make a fine Powder, which may be given with convenient liquor as with white wine, distillation restorative, water of Scabious, or bugloss, or of some other such like. And such Powders for the most part are ministered about midnight, or early in the morning. There may also be made Powders laxative (as is) Diasene, and Diaturbithe, and the powder of Electuarium Diacarth●mi, to the which aught to be added three times or four times as much sugar, & they may be ministered being dissolved in the decoction of a chicken, or of liquorace or of ptysan. But yet these powders are seeldom used among practitioners. CAP. XIII. Of Electuaries, and Conserves: Of Lozenges, and Manus Christi. AN ELECTVARIE is ordained and made two ways (that is) either liquid, as in Forma●piatae, or whole as in tables or lozenges, or in fashion four square and long which they call Manus Christi. Electuaries truly are ministered to corroborated and strengthen, and for that cause they be called jonica, as afoording strength to the membres (that is to say) they roborate and strengthen the virtues natural, vital, and animal. If they be confect and made to strengthen the natural faculties and virtues than they must be ministered to a fasting stomach. lf the virtue digestive be weak through coldness, minister them after meat. But if any matter arise through moistness, then minister one hour or two before meat, that they may altar the temperature and dry up the unwholesome substance. But if the virtue vital requireth strengthening, you may minister them very well in a manner at all hours. But if you intent to strengthen the virtue animal, you may conveniently minister in the hour of sleep or about midnight. An Electuary strengthening the natural virtue. The forms of Electuaries are in this order as followeth, and first, of a liquid Electuary which is profitable to strengthen the natural virtue when the substance of the belly is made feeble by coldness and moistness. ℞. of the powder of Electuarium Aromatici maioris (which Gabriel describeth.) ʒ. ij. powder of Electuarium Diacalaminthi. ʒ.j. of Diatrion piperion. ℈ two of Conserua Anthos (that is) of flowers of Rosemary, and of roses, ana. ℥. ss. of sugar taberzet. ℥. j.ss. of syrup of mints as much as sufficeth, make a liquid Electuary in Forma Opiatae, and minister it before dinner or breakfast an hour or an hour and half, or two hours: the dose is. ℥. ss. or rather. ʒ. ij. Electuarium Aromaticum Rosatum, being ministered fasting taketh away all corrupt and rotten humidities, and being ministered after meat it strengtheneth the virtue digestive. An Electuary against hot distempure of the liver. Now followeth the form of a whole or hard Electuary made in Lozenges, or fashioned like Manus Christi, against hot distempre of the liver and against obstructions of the same, as thus: ℞. of the powder of Tria sandalorum. ʒ.ij. the powder of Diarrhodon Abbatis. ʒ.j. of conserves of succory and roses, ana. ʒ. j.ss. or sugar taberzet or white sugar dissolved in water of succory or endive, as much as sufficeth, make an Electuary in Lozenges of the weight of. ʒ. ij. or ʒ. ij.ss. or ʒ. iij. minister one before meat. Many times conserves are not put in, but only powders. The Apothecaries are wont for every drachm of powder, to put to. ℥ i of sugar. But if you will make the Electuary more strong, you may well take a drachm and a half of powder, for. ℥ i of sugar. An Electuary against Melancholi●. If the stomach be troubled with the presence of Melancholy abounding and flowing to it, either through the vice of the liver that multiplieth it, or by diseases of the spleen, as be stoppings, which hinder the receipt thereof: then make an hard Electuary, or in Forma Optatae, with things following, as in example, ℞. of the powder of Electuarium latificans Galeni. ʒ.iij. the powder of Electuarium Diamargariton Calidum, ʒ. j. the powders of the Electuaries of Aromatibus, or of Gemmis, or Diamusci dulcis, or Diambrae may be put in, seeing that they have the same virtue: of conserves of bugloss, and Borage, and Violettes, ana. ʒ. j.ss. the bark of Cytron seasoned. ʒ. j. of as much white sugar dissolved in water of bugloss or Borage as sufficeth: Make an Electuary in Lozenges, or in little gobbets, or like Manus Christi: in weight. ʒ. iij. or. ℥. ss. And if you will make it in the form of a liquid Electuary, put to it twice or thrice as much more of the conserves, and some powder of white sugar or sugar rosate (that is to say) ℥ two as is showed in the example aforesaid, with some syrup having respect to the Melancholy humour (as is) syrup of bugloss, of Borage, of Roses, of Hartistongue, of Epithimum, of fumitory, of which, add to as much as sufficeth: My meaning is, that it may be in a liquid form. An Electuary for the strong stopping of the liver or the spleen, wherein there is danger of the Dropsey, or in breeding of Cachexia, (that is) a spice of consumption: such an Electuary (I say) is made of the powders of the Electuaries Diagalangae, Diacucumeris, Diacapparis, Dialaccae, and of conserves, which if you will commix together, conserves of Succory may conveniently be mixed with them. Note also that Electuaries be made of Trochiskes, or of powder of Trochiskes, having respect to the disease, as in a hot cause take Trochisci Diarrhodon, trochiskes of Carolus, Trochiskes of Bole armoniac, of terra sigillata (specially if we would restrain or bind) trochiskes of Carabe, if we would stop the flux of blood. But if we would open or loosen the obstructions of the liver or spleen, we must bring this to pass with trochiskes of rhubarb, or of Capparis. Electuaries respecting the virtue vital, if it be aggreaved with cold, may be made of Electuarium Diambrae, An Electuary for the virtue vital. Diamusci dulcis, Electuarium de Gemmis, and Aromaticum nardinum, Aromaticum muscatum, Aromaticum Rosatum, maior Gabrielis, Latificans Galeni or Rasis, Electuarium Concialitoris, of Alkermes confection and making. Conserves for the same intent be these, Conserves of Roses, Buglose, Borage, Anthos, barks of Citron, ginger condite, oranges condite, and other of that sort. If the virtue vital be wearied, and laboureth of heat, take the Electuary Rosatanonella, Electuarium trium Sandalorun, and Diarrhodon Abbatis, Diamargariton frigidum, and Trochiskes of Camphora, use them often. These be the Conserves that be good, Conserves of Roses, of Violettes, of bugloss, and of Borage, and also of Nimphaeae or Nenuphar (that is) water lilies. If the cough be present, and if the humour contained in the breast be hot, flowing and thin, if you will 'cause it to avoid and come forth, minister Diatragacanthum frigidum: if the humour be clammish and thick, minister Diatragacanthum calidum, and Diaris simplex or Diairis Salomonis. And if there be suspicion of any venomous substance, then with the powders of Electuaries cold or hot, which do resist poison▪ we do commix maces, and musk, Zedoaria, saffron, Cinnamon, and Xiloaloes in cold causes. But in hot causes there may conveniently be mixed pearls, coral, crystal, roses and Camphora. In causes mingled one with an other either hot or cold, by a certain property, these do corroborated and strengthen, and defend, pearls, seed of Citron, root of Tormentill, Tunici, and Dictamus, the bone of the Hearts heart one in number, or if you will weigh it. ℈ i or ʒ. ss. as in this example following against a pestilential fever: ℞. the powder of the Electuary of Diamargariton frigidum. ʒ.j.ss. or white shining pea●les, elect and powdered in a marble mortar. ℈ i of Camphora. G. ij. or else trochiskes of Camphora. ℈ i or ℈. ss. the roots of Dictamus, of Tormentill, and of Tunici, and the barks of Citron, ana. ℈ i of conserves of bugloss, Borage, Nimpbeae, and Roses, take of these, one, two, or three, or all, to the quantity of two or three drachmas: of white sugar dissolved in water of Roses, or of bugloss or Borage as much as sufficeth, make an Electuary in Lozenges, or make a liquid Electuary in the form aforesaid. ℞. the three kinds of Saunders, An 〈…〉 virtue animal, in a hot cause. and Diarrhodon Abbatis, ana. ℈ i the bone of the Hearts heart one in number, sugar Rosate tabulate, or white sugar dissolved in rose water as much as sufficeth, make an Electuary, guilt it with leaves of pure gold in weight. ℥. ss. Also there be made Electuaries laxative against all superfluities and diseases, that together with the purging, we may also strengthen as in example, against long diseases coming of Rheum, or of some clammish humour breeding the cough. ℞. Cassia that is new. ℥. ij.ss. Diacarthami. ʒ.uj. new Penidios, An Electua● against disease's of the 〈◊〉, and against the cough. and Diairis simplex, ana. ℥. ss. of conserves of Violettes. ʒ. iij. of sweet anise powdered, and powder of liquorace, ana. ʒ. ss. syrup of violets as much as sufficeth: make a liquid Electuary, in forma Opiatae. The dose is. ℥ i or. ʒ. x. or at the most. ℥ .j ss. the which may be ministered an hour or an hour and half, swallowing it, or he may take it four hours before dinner, because it may not conveniently be given a little before meat, because of the Diacarthamum which hath Diagredium in it. Also you may dissolve it in the broth of a chicken, or in ptysan, or in a common pectoral decoction, and make a potyon, and minister it four or five hours before meat. And this note, that you must appoint the ways and means of the ministration of Physic, according as you see the nature and condition of the sick person. Such Electuaries which may be brought into a powder, are made in Lozenges or Bowls of laxative medicines that be pleasant in taste, the form and fashion whereof may be known in taking Diacarthamum, and Electuarium de Succo Rosarum, after which fashion you may make other very meet and serving for your purpose. CAP. XIIII. Of making Conditum, and Conserua. CONDITA be made as Electuaries be made to strengthen the might and the primitive and worthiest membres. They rather have respect to the substance and matter of breathing, then to the beauty and soundness of the flesh. But forasmuch as the weakness of strength, causeth sores and diseases to grow in their instruments, therefore is it ministered to them that begin to recover and wax strong, A Conditum to strengthen all virtues & powers. ℞. Conserua Authos (that is) of Rosemary, conserve of Borage, bugloss, maiden hear, and Succory, ana. ʒ. ij. the bark of citron condite. ʒ. j.ss. the powder of Electuarium plirisacroticon, the powder of Electuarium ducis, Diarrhodon abbatis, and Tria sandal, ana. ʒ. ss. the leaves of gold in number uj of white sugar as much as sufficeth, make a Conditum. Of the same powders of Electuaries is made a whole and a hard Conditum, as thus: ℞. the powder of Electuarium plirisarcoticon, the powder of Dianthos, the powder of Ducis, Diarrhodon abbatis, and Tria sandali, ana. ℈ two conserves of Roses and Succory, ana. ʒ. j.ss. white sugar dissolved in rose water, as much as sufficeth make an Electuary in lozenges or morsels, like unto manus Christi. of the weight of. ʒ. ij. In like proportion may condites or Electuaries be made to strengthen all kind of virtues: as in example. If only the virtue vital be weak, then take Electuaries and conserves either hot or cold, having respect to the virtue, according as the own distempure or the cause of it desireth: Hot Electuaries respecting the virtues vital. Cold Electuary. Condites respecting the virtue vita●●. now there followeth these hot Electuaries having respect to the virtue vicall: as Electuarium Diambra, Diamargariton Calidum, Diamuscum amarum, Diamuscum dulce, de Gemmis, latificans Galeni. Cold Electuaries, Electuarium Diamargariton frigidum, Diarrhodon Abbatis which is temperate, Tria sandali. Conserves respecting both the distempures (that is) hot and cold: as Conseruae Rosarum, Boraginis, Buglossae, Violarum. Cold conserves, Conseruae Nimpheae, Violarum. hot Condita respecting the virtue vital, as Cortex Curi conditus, which may be ministered in both causes, Confectio de Cinamoma, Confectio de Xiloalo, Confectio Alkeruces, which is common to the Physicians of Montispessulari, ginger condite, pears condite, apples condite, and so of other. Hot Electuaries for the virtue animal, be these: Plirisarcoticon, Dianthos, Hot Electuaries, for the virtue animal. Hot conserves. Hot Electuaries, for the virtue natural. Hot conserves respecting the virtue natural. Cold 〈◊〉. Cold conserves A Condition against the hot distempre of all kinds of veins. Another for the 〈◊〉 distempre. Diamuscum dulce and amarum, Mithridatum and treacle, which be opiatoe (that is) liquid. Hot conserves respecting the virtue animal be these, Conserua Anthos, Acori, Rosarum, which is temperate, almost all Opiatae (that is) liquid things, as Mithridatum, treacle, and aurea Alexandrina. Hot Electuaries for the virtue natural be these, Diacalaminthum, Diacuminum, Diatrion pipereon, Aromaticum rosatum maioris (which Gabriel describeth) Diarrhodon Abbatis, which is temperate, and necessary in both causes, Diairis Salomonis, or simplex, Dialacea, and Diacucurma, the which are good against oppilations of the liver and against the dropsy. Hot conserves respecting mightily the virtue natural, be these: Conserua Eringiorum, conserua Satyrij, Zinziber conditum, Cortex Citri conditus, meat of quinces condite, pears condite, and such like. Cold Electuaries, be these, Tria sandali, Diatragacanthum frigidum, Diarrhodon Abbatis, Diamargariton frigidum, Cold conserves▪ be these: Conserua Violarum, Cichoreae, Nimpheae. etc. ℞. the powder of Electuarium trium Sandolorum. ʒ.ij. the powder of Diamargariton frigidum, and Diarrhodon Abbatis, ana. ℈ two conserves of succory and violets, ana. ʒ. j.ss. white sugar dissolved in water of endive, or succory, or roses as much as sufficeth. Make a condite in lozenges in weight. ʒ. ij. or ʒ. iij. or thus, ℞. conserves of succory, of violets, of Nimpheae, and of bugloss, ana. ʒ. ij.ss. conserve of Roses. ʒ. j.ss. powder of Tria sandali, and of Diamargariton frigidum. ana. ℈ four the leaves of gold eight numb. white sugar as much as sufficeth, make a condite: the dose is one silver spoonful. Many in these condites, where there is suspection of some venomous matter: as in pestilent fevers, or in swooning, they do add to, the seed of Citron, the seed of Carduus Benedictus, the root of Dictamus and Tormentill. And for rich folk of the scraping of unycornes' horn (although there is no Author that maketh mention of it) but only the opinion of the common people: as in example, in the aforesaid Conditum take away some portion of the aforesaid Electuaries (that is to say) the third or fourth part, and then let it be in this order as followeth. ℞. of the seed of Carduus Benedictus, of the seed of Citron, of the root of Dictamus and Tormentill, ana. ℈ i or ʒ. ss. two or three of these may be added. Furthermore Trochiskes are added to Electuaries and condites, as in example: To stop the flux take Trochiskes of Diacorallus, Diarrhodon, of Terra sigillata, of bowl armoniac, and of Carabe. And to keep the temperance of the heart take Trochiskes of Camphora, of the which take as much in quantity, as the powders of the Electuaries be, when there is no sugar put into them. CAP. XV. Of making Pasta Regia or Mazapane. PASTA Regia is a confection, so called by the Physicians of late time, which is specially ordained for diseases of the breast, or to drive away the causes of leanness. The form and making whereof doth follow being very effectual against both the causes: (that is) the diseases of the breast, and the lounges, and against leanness: as thus, ℞. sweet almonds blanched. ʒ. iij. of new pines cleansed, and tempered ten hours in water of scabious, or of Enula campana, or in some other meet for this purpose. ℥. ss. of Pistacium, (that is) a kind of nuts, let them be new, cleansed, and tempered one day in some of the aforesaid waters. ℥ i of Amylum, Diaga●anthum, and of gum Arabic, ana. ʒ. ss. of the meat of dates, prunes damask, and sebesten, and raisins, one or else more of these to the quantity of one ounce, white sugar dissolved in well water, or in rose water, or in water of Enula, as much as sufficeth, make a Tasia Regia, and cut it in fashion like a wafer, or else make it in little gobbets. Also sometime the great cold seeds (the barks being picked of) are put into them. CAP. XVI. Of making a Lohoch or Ecligma. A LOHOCH or Ecligma is a medicine that must not be eaten or chewed, but it must melt in the mouth, and distill down to the stomach by little and little. It is good against diseases of the breast & the lounges, (as is) Dispneas, Apneas, short and hard breathings, sighings, and coaghes whether it cometh by heaping of matter together, or by falling down of some moist substance (as be catarrhs, A Lohoch against ●eume congealed together, clammish, hard, & thick. and rheums, which chance oftentimes.) ℞. Electuarium Diairis Salomonis, and Diairis simplex, ana. ʒ. uj. Lohoch de Pino. ℥ i conserve of Enula Campana. ℥. ss. oxymel Scilliticum, as much as sufficeth. Make a Lohoch and let the sick use it with a liquorace stick, licking or swallowing a little at once. If there be greater need of detersion and scouring, then there is of incision and cutting, you must augment and increase the quantity of the scouring receipts, and in stead of oxymel Scilliticum put to syrup of liquorace, or of Horehound called Prassium, or of jujubes, or else of hyssop, many do think syrup of Hisope to be abstersive, only for the saying of Auicene, which (Mesue declareth) is unlike to be true. Lohoch Compositum, Lohoch de Pino, Lohoch de caulibus sanum and expertum, Lohoch de Scylla, these may conveniently be ministered by themselves. But when a fever is present (as in the Pleurisy) then to avoid and bring out from the breast, the material cause that floweth, and partly for the matter that is already flown, we may make a Lohoch after this sort and fashion. ℞. Electuarium Diatragacanthi frigidi. ʒ.x. new penidies, A Lohoch in the beginning of the 〈◊〉 where the matter floweth. and white pills, ana. ʒ. iij. syrup of violets, or of Iniubes, or of both as much as sufficeth, make a Lohoch and use it with a liquorace stick, swallowing it by little and little. If the ma●ter be partly flowed, and partly flowing, you shall make a Lohoch to correct both after this fashion, R Electuarium Diairis simplex. ℥ i Diatragacanthum frigidum. ʒ.uj. new Penidies. ℥ three syrup of Iniubes, or Isope, even as you think good, the more to enforce the matter now flowed or flowing: & make a Lohoch. A Lohoch also may be made against defluxions and flowings of humours that be hot, and sharp, or gnawing, causing the cough: that the heat and gnawing of the humour may be stopped, and also that the thinness and subtility thereof may be made thick and gross, and the parts to which the flux cometh being subject and obedient, they may be made safe from any nocument or hurt (as in example,) ℞. Electuarium Diatragacanthi frigidi. ℥ i bowl armoniac washed in rose water. ʒ. ij. Trochiskes of Terrae sigillata. ℈ two syrup of poppy as much as sufficeth and make a Lohoch. In the steed of Diatragacanthum may be taken Diapapaver, or of each a like quantity. Also Trochiskes of Carabe in the which is put some opium, may be added to them, if there be no cause that opium be suspected to do hurt. These Lohoches are given against the Ptysicke in the hour of sleep, Electuarium Diapapaveris, Lohot of Popie. All the pills of Mesue for this use against diseases of Catarrh and Rheum, may be mixed and given the same hours, and for the same intent. CAP. XVII. Of making Balneum and Semicupium. BALNEUM is a bane: the use whereof was common and often among old practitioners, but now it is rare & seldom, and not at all used almost, except it be in certain diseases, as in an universal gout, in the palsy and in consuming fevers. But against the gout and the palsy natural bains are convenient, in the which, although there be penury and lack of things, yet we may make things artificially, and cunningly, prepared, with boiling together in water, herbs, roots, seeds, flowers, and also many metals, as it shall seem requisite for the disease. But Semicupium, which in Latin is called Insessum, is a particular bathe, which is applied for pains of the nefresie, for the colic, and for the iliacke, so that they come not by reason of an impostume. It is profitable against diseases of the belly and womb, for it is a convenient aid and defence to provoke menstruis, and to amend the distempre of the womb. Now followeth the form of a Semicupium, The form of Semicupium. when we would in the Nefreticke disease, have the poors and passages of the body enlarged and made soft and pliant, and also to cease the pain, as thus, ℞. the roots of Alt●aea. ℥ four the leaves of Maluae, Bismaluae, and parietary, the flowers of camomile, and melilote, the tops of dill, ana. M.ij of origan, calamint, betony, and sothernwood, ana. M.j. seeds of flax and fennel, ana. ℥ two of lean bran. p.iiij. put all these in a little bag, and make a boiling in sufficient water, for a Semicupium. Note also that one that hath the Nefresie may enter a bath before he hath received a Clyster. If the pain of the colic or the Nefresie seem to come of much ventosity, or of a cold humour, which seemeth to have need of calefaction, and attenuation or thinness with incision and cutting, Aloud Semicupium. make a Semicupium thus, ℞. origan, calamint, tops of dill, and of camomile, ana. M.iiij. fenugreek, caraways, anise and fennel, ana. ℥ two laurel berries. ℥. ss. And if there be more sicknesses and causes wrapped in with the aforesaid griefs, you may add to such medicines as be meet for your purpose, as if there be need of mollifying and making soft, the leaves of Maluae, Bismaluae, parietary and violets, will work that effect. If you judge it necessary to make incision, or to open the poors and passages of the body, add to, of the root of spinach, bruscus and Apium, knit them in a little bag and seethe them for a Semicupium. Likewise to provoke menstruis, make Insessus or Semicupia, putting in medicines meet and apt to provoke menstruis, as Muggworte, Savien, Horehound, nex, cypress, and iunipper berries, of all these there may be put in. M. CAP. XVIII. Of Epithema or Fotus. EPITHEMA is a medicine ordained, to say to the heart or liver to cool it: and Fotus is a medicine nourishing or keeping warm. They are made for many intentes and purposes, but chief to correct the hot distempure of the liver, the make whereof is this, as ensueth, ℞. the waters of endive, succory, roses, and petymorrell and night shade, ana. ℥ three of vinegar. ℥ i the powder of Electuarium tria sandali. ʒ.ij. or ʒ. j.ss. mix them for an Epitheme of the liver with a felt, or a piece of linen or woollen cloth, or a sponge, infused in the aforesaid liquor, and laid against the liver before meat an hour or an hour and half. Also there is made for the same purpose the like decoction of the herbs, as is of the aforesaid waters. If there be stoppings of the liver, together with his hot distempure, make an Epitheme after this sort, ℞. succory booth the root and the herb, young set endive, a grimony (which is) eupatory, ana. M.j. flowers of succory. p.j. the four great cold seeds, and little cold seed, ana. ℥. ss. of cypress. ʒ. ij. of lupines. ʒ. iij. all the sanders, ana. ʒ. j. of squinaunt. ʒ. ss. the tops of warmewood. M. ss. make a little bag, and boil it in four parts of water, and one of wine, and a little vinegar, with one only great heat in an earthen vessel, and make a fomentation in the manner aforesaid. Such an Epitheme is very good for diseases depending upon oppilation or stopping, and misfortune coming by oppilation and stopping, as is a flux, and for him that is diseased in the liver, and for those diseases for the most part which come and go by courses. Also it is good against consumptions, which cause distempres and stoppings of the liver. Moreover against the beginnings of knobs and kernels, to which (if they be come forth) there must be applied mollificatives, and things that do loosen and unbind. Also there be Epithemes that be made for many purposes of the stomach: First to strengthen the stomach that it receive not the superfluities coming from other places, and then the Epitheme is made of styptic things: Secondly to correct and amend the distempure of the stomach: And thirdly they serve to cease the pains, that are caused by the nature and condition of that grief: ministering duly to the contrariety of the matter, as the cause shall require. The making of the first intent, that the stomach may be delivered from flowings of humours to it, and may be preserved safely, that it shall not suffer inflammation, or course of evil humours. ℞. read roses. p.ij. of Arnoglossa and plantine. ana. M. ss. the tops of wormwood. M.j. the third part, all the sanders, ana. ʒ ij. read coral. ʒ. iij. put all these into a little bag, and make a decoction in sufficient quantity of water, with a little vinegar, to which may be added a little rhenish wine and make a fomentation. Coral (although it be Achymum) yet it is not put into the decoction without great cause, for it profiteth naturally against all diseases of the stomach, and therefore it aught rather to be beaten into powder. Epithemes for all other intentes and purposes may be described by particular and proper medicines, after the form of the late described Epitheme. There be Epithemes good for the stomach made of oil, as oil of roses, cammonill, wormwood, mastic and myrtles. Note that in all Epithemes, for what intent soever they be ministered, you must mix some thing with them that may preserve and keep the essence and strength of the member, that the Epitheme is laid to, as Galene commandeth and teacheth in many places, to be observed and done likewise in medicines taken inwardly. But Epithema and Fotus be all one, yet some do make a difference, saying that Epithema is only that, which is made of distilled waters, and powders mixed together: and Fotus is a more general thing, which is made of the decoction of any kind of herbs and roots. CAP. XIX. Of making Sacculus. SACCULUS, videlicet, a little bag. It is ministered for the same causes that Fotus be used for. It is made of herbs, flowers, seeds and other such like things. They be laid to, either dry, or else wet in some liquor. The dry be chief made of seeds and herbs: the wet must first be pressed, before it be laid to the place. ℞. milij ustulati. p.iiij. of orobum, A dry bag against the windy colic or Timpanites. (which some think to be tars) and of lean bran, ana. p.ij. flowers of Camomile, and tops of dill, ana. p.j. of cumin and carawaye, ana. ℥ two of laurel berries. ℥ three make thereof two little bags, and sew them in, into two linen clotheses of a competent bigness, and baste them thoroughly. Let them be so big, that they may cover the belly, and let one after another be laid hot to the belly again and again. Now followeth the form of a moist bag for the digesting, mollifying, and dissolving of raw humours as thus: ℞. the flowers of Camomile. p.ij. the tops of dill, melilote, and origan, ana. p.j. fenugreeke and flax seed, ana. ℥ i the leaves of maluae, bismaluae, and violets, ana. M. ss. make a little bag, or make two bags, & boil them in water or in cows milk, and of the decoction make a fomentation with a sponge, or a felt, or woollen clotheses, or two bags, let them be laid to the grieved places one after another. According to this form, you may make and apply bags, partly of things that can mollify and partly of things that can remove and discuss, and lay them to kdubbes, karnells, and hardness in the flesh. But if the person be strong, take other remollitives, or discussives, even as you shall find the matter, that causeth the hardness, to require. CAP. XX. Of making Scutum. SCUTUM in English is a target or buckler. Scuta are ministered to the stomach, and made for the same causes that ointmentes and Epithemes be. They are often made of the dry powder of medicines, to correct some distempre of the stomach, and to add strength to it. Furthermore they serve in the steed of ointmentes or emplaistres, when the patientes do refuse and abhor them for their tediousness. A Scutum against 〈…〉 distemp●re ●f the 〈…〉 with 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 substance. ℞. mints, maioram and wormwood dried, ana. p.j. or ʒ. j.ss. of cloves, galingale, and Xiloaloës, ana. ℈ two of cumin and read coral, ana. ʒ. j. make a powder, wherewith make a Scutum with a little cotton, sewed in between two little clotheses with stichinges between and bands as it aught to be, let it be bound to the stomach. Powders to Scutum aught not to be past an ounce and a half at the most, many times. ℥ i or ʒ. uj. is enough. CAP. XXI. Of making a Cataplasm. CATAPLASMA is a plaster, etc. Cataplasmata be made of herbs, roots, seeds, and meal sodden in water or milk, with some grease or oil added to them as the matter requireth. Cataplasmata be made for diverse intentes, sometime to cease pains, sometime to resolve and unbind, sometime to make ripe, sometime to mollify or make soft, sometime to consume, and sometime to dry up humours and vapours. In commixed affects and causes, diverse intentes and purposes are mixed together in Cataplasma, as remollitives with discussives, and discussives with such things as cease pain, as the examples following shall declare. And first of the form of a cataplasm for the cure of Oedema, (which is a botch of fleugmaticke matter, or an impostume without grief,) in the which evil it is necessary to have remollition with discussion, or (as they say) resolving, loosening and ceasing of pain, as thus, ℞. the leaves of maluae, bismaluae, and violets, ana. M.j. or M. ss. the root of Althaea, the root of white lilies, and the root of ireos (that is) flower de luce, ana. ℥. ss. or ℥ i flowers of camomile, melilote, & tops of dill, ana. p.j. seed of flax, and of fenugreeke, (or rather) meal of flax seed, meal of fenugreeke, and meal of barley, ana. ℥. ss. or ℥ i or you may measure it by little handfuls, coming. ʒ. j. laurel berries. ʒ. ij. saffron. ℈ i or ʒ. ss. of ducks grease, goose grease, the marrow of calves shanckes, fresh butter, oil of lilies, and oil of ireos, ana. as much as sufficeth: make a Cataplasm. In this plaistre are contained three intentes and purposes (that is) mollifying, dissolving, and ceasing of pain, as may be known by the matters contained in it. The quantity of mollificatives aught to be most, if there be greatest need of mollifying, and the quantity of dissolvers aught to be most, if there need to be great dissolving, & so likewise of ceasing of pain. Therefore in the beginning of Oedema, is also in the beginning of every abscession or course of ill humours, you must commix together with mollificatives some repercussive remedy, wherewith the member may be comforted. In the beginning of the augmenting, take most remollitives, and fewest discussives. In the end of the augmenting and state of the disease, take of both a like much. In the declination, take and apply only dissoluers, and looseners. In the making of this present plaistre, you must put into it no styptic thing: but if you do put in any, put it in at the beginning of the flowing of the humour. But what medicines they be that have styptic virtue, and which do comfort the member, and also which do mollify, and dissolve, you must seek them in the tables of Authors, as Arnoldus, and Savanorolla, and such like. Also there be plasters made without oil or grease, as is that common thing of crumbs of bread steiped in cows milk, and a little sodden together, with whites of eggs, oftentimes mixed with a little of saffron, as x. or xii. chives. And this Cataplasm we often use for the cure of the gout. CAP. XXII. Of making Emplastrum. EMPLAISTRES' are ordained and made for diverse purposes, and the making of them is common as well to Physicians as Chyrurgians. They are made of gums, oils, grease, and dry medicines, commixed with some sufficient quantity of wax, or without wax, if that the materials can thicken, and gather together of themselves. Emplaistres' are applied to all parts of the body, but chief to the stomach, for the same cause that ointmentes, Cataplasms, and Scuta are ordained. Now followeth the form of an Emplaistre for the stomach when it is afflicted with a cold distempure, by reason of the flowing of some cold substance, as thus. ℞. Ceratum stomachi canfortati●i Galeni. ℥ two of galingale, cloves, and read coral, ana. ʒ. ss. of wax dissolved, brayed all together, in a mortar with oil of mastic, or of wormwood, as much as sufficeth. Commix them and make a Plaistre spread upon leather like a buckler with a double linen cloth, well stitched and basted as it aught to be. Also an Emplaistre may be made of simples for the aforesaid intentes, in this manner, ℞. pure Lapdanum. ʒ.uj. mastic. ʒ. ij. frankincense. ʒ. j. coriander preparate, read coral, dry mints and galingale ana. ℈ ij Xilo aloes, and macies, ana. ʒ. ss. turpentine. ʒ. ij. wax dissolved with oil of spikenard, or wormwood, or mastic, or roses, or of two or three of these, as much as sufficeth. Make it in a lump together, spread it upon leather, and make it like a Scutum of double linen with stitches and bands, and lay it to the stomach as it is requisite. Warn the Apothecary to dissolve the gums with wine and oil, afterward let him commix the rest without the use of any fire. Ceratum stomachi confortatiwm Galeni is made of roses, wormwood, mastic, spicknard, wax and oil of roses. In hot causes and choleric vomittes, you may likewise make Scuta of cold simples, as is, myrtles, coriander, coral, mastic, which is temperate, Psidiae, balaustia, also oils, as of roses, myrtles, quinces, and of mastic. There are made Emplaistres for the liver, for the alaying of every distempore of it, to loosen the obstructions thereof, and to strengthen it also, as in this example following, ℞ Ceratum sandalinum. ℥ two meat of quinces. ℥ i of mastic. ℥. ss. of coral. ʒ. j. of wax dissolved with oil of roses as much as sufficeth. Make it in a lump, and spread it upon leather, like a moon when she is beginning to increase, with a double linen cloth, and with bands, as it aught to be, and apply it to the liver. Emplasters also are made to cease pains, and partly to ripen Apostemes, and partly to resolve them, as in example, ℞. Muscilaginis of the seed of Althaea, fenugreeke, and seed of flax, ana. ℥ three barley meal. ℥ four oil of white lilies, and the fatness of a hen, ana. ℥. ij.ss. butter. ℥ i saffron. ℈ i the whites of eggs in number two boil the Muscilagines with a soft fire, and with the meal, and put in the whites of eggs id the end. It doth soften and ripen all Apostemes congealed of a hot and cold matter, and it ceaseth their pain, in what part soever of the body they be resident. If you will appropriate this Emplaistre to all kinds of cold Apostemes, then add to it, Ammoniacum, Bdellum, storax liquida, ana. ℥ i and it will work a marvelous and profitable effect. CAP. XXIII. Of making Vnguenta. VNGVENTA in English, ointmentes: And those which pertain unto Physicians, are made to lenify and assuage pain, to represent, show, and assign alteration and changing, to mollify and dissolve knobs and kernels, specially in the liver, in the spleen, and in the stomach. The virtue of ointments for other purposes and for other members belongeth to Surgery, the form and making whereof is to be sought out of the Antidotaries. An ointment for the stomach. The form of an ointment to mitigate the pain of the stomach caused of cold, or by the presence of some such like substance, is in this manner, ℞. oil of masty, spick, and wormwood, ana. ℥. ss. cloves, Xilo aloes, maces, and Calamus Aromaticus, ana. ℈ i gallia muschata. ʒ.j. or ʒ. j.ss. if he be rich, because of the dearness thereof, of new wax as much as sufficeth, make an ointment for the stomach, and a Scutum with cotton, and with bands, as it aught to be, and lay it upon the stomach after the anointing. But to cease the pain in the stomach coming of a hot cause, Aliud. as of the flowing of choler, which often chanceth in fevers, use this ointment, ℞. oil of roses. ℥ i oil of myrtles or else of quinces. ℥. ss. white sanders, and read, ana. ℈ two or ℈. ss. new wax washed in endive water, or in rose water, as much as sufficeth, and make an ointment for the stomach. Also make a Scutum of cotton, and apply it to the stomach after the anointing. In ointmentes we do not exceed or pass the quantity of. ℥ i It is also to be noted that some do wash oils with the juice or the water of the distillation of cold herbs in a hot cause, or in hot juices, in a cold cause or disease. Moreover note, that many do think, that there should be no ointment nor cerote applied to the stomach without galingale, neither to the heart without mace or saffron, neither to the brain without Spica Arabica, nor to the liver without Spodium, or sanders, or wormwood, or other such like things, thinking verily, the nature of the member to be preserved with restrainers, but yet not always in the afore named medicines. For that law and method is to be kept in all causes of contrariety, which should be broken in medicines, if galingale were added to the aforesaid medicine, because galingale is hot. For truly the nature of the stomach is strengthened sufficiently by the commixing together or styptic things which are put into the aforesaid ointment, because truly they be temperate in heat, as it appeareth by their nature. Now followeth an ointment very profitable for hardness and knobs of the liver or spleen, wherewith these two members are most in danger, in this form, ℞. the roots of Althaea, and the roots of white lilies, unguentum. ana. ℥ i leaves of Maluae, Bismaluae, & violets, ana. M.j. of the flowers of camomile, melilote, and the tops of dill, ana. M. ss. meal of fenugreeke, and meal of flax seed, ana. ℥ i gum Ammoniaci, called Serapini. ℥ i Bdellum that is soft and whitish. ℥. ss. turpentine. ʒ. iij. gum of pine tree. ℥. ss. Storax liquida. ʒ.ij. or ʒ. iij. the marrow of calves or hearts shanks, if you can get it, hens grease, and ducks grease, oils of sweet almonds & of ireos, ana. ℥ j ss. or ana. as much as sufficeth. Dissolve the gums with wine and a little vinegar, and to the aforesaid oils add to new wax as much as sufficeth, than afterward take the said greaces and powders, or meals, or herbs first sodden and brayed, and mix them altogether, and make an ointment: in this said ointment there be more things that do mollify, than there be that dissolve, because the matter of scirrhous knubbes doth chief require the same. If you will minister the aforesaid ointment for the hardness of the liver, you may add to it of the branches of wormwood, of roses, of squinance, or of spicknard to preserve the strength and nature of the member. If you will minister it to the spleen, you may mixh with it some Tamariscus bark, the root of caparres, or such like. If you minister to the hardness of the stomach, add to wormwood, read roses, Calamus aromaticus, mints and galingale. CAP. XXIIII. Of making a Lineament. LINIMENTUM is an ointment that is soft and liquid, which hath in it little wax or none at all. It is also made for the same use that ointmentes be made for. The form of a Lineament to cease pain, (as in the Pleurisy) is after this manner, ℞. oil of camomile, and capon's grease, ana. ℥. ss. fresh new butter without salt. ʒ ij. a little wax washed, and make a Lineament. CAP. XXV. Of making Frontale. FRONTALE or Splenium be plaistres made to apply to the forehead, either to cease pain in the forepart of the head, or to cause and provoke sleep, or to cease pain in the head caused of a hot distempre, as it oftentimes chanceth in fevers. Against cold causes make a Frontale (as Galene teacheth) of read roses steiped and soaked in vinegar, laid between two linen clotheses of three fingers breath, and in length from one ear to another, or make it for the same intent, after this fashion, ℞. read roses. p. j.ss. flowers of water lilies and violets, ana. p.j. betony, and melilote, ana. p. ss. put all between two fine linen clotheses, (if the patiented be rich) or between two course linen clotheses, if he be poor: and make a Frontale well sewed (as it aught to be) for the forehead and the temples if you will provoke sleep, add to the aforesaid Frontale, the leaves of lettuce, or of new white poppy, or of mandragoras in the places and times, that you may have it, but there is but small store of these cold things. At all times you may put in the seeds of white poppy, or the barks of the heads of white poppy, or lettuce seed, or henbane seed▪ as in example, ℞. flowers of water lilies, violets, and melilote, ana. p.j. flowers of lettuce, or white poppy, ana. the third part of M.j. or of each of them. M. ss. seed of white poppy. ʒ. ij. lettuce seed, dill seed, and white henbane seed, ana. ʒ. ss. bray all together, and make a Frontale between the course or fine linen clotheses well sewed and baasted in right order. To the former Frontale melilote and dill seed is added to comfort the brain, that it be not hurt with cold things. In the diseases called Coephalalgiae coming of a cold cause, make Frontalia, of hot herbs and flowers, as sage, rosmary, camomile, betony, briony, mellilote and such like. Frontalia, before they be laid to the forehead, are wont to have some liquor powered upon them, or to be ayered with some vapour, as in example, ℞. the waters of roses, betony and balm, ana. ℥ i of vinegar. ℥. ss. commix them, and of the aforesaid waters, pour a little portion upon a burning tile, or some such like thing, and hold the aforesaid Frontale over the steam and smoke of the said waters. The foreheard is oftentimes anointed with many ointmentes serving for the same use and purpose, that Frontalia do serve for, as in a hot cause, unguentum populeon, rubea trochiscata dissolved in water, very meet for this purpose, and yet it is seldom in use with them at Paris. Many Physicians in the old time, in a cold cause did anoint with Mithridatum, and Aurea Alexandrina, and such like. In all causes (sayeth Galene, 12. lib. Therapeutices) you may conveniently anoint with Oxyrhodinum, which is made of oil of roses, and six times so much vinegar, as in example: ℞ oil of roses. ℥ i vinegar. ʒ. ij. commix them, stirring them in a plate, or else thus in hotter causes, whenas without foresight the frenzy will breed, than we commix cold things, as thus, ℞ oil of roses. ℥ i oil of nenuphar. ℥. ss. oil of popie. ʒ. iij. juice of Solatrum, or lettuce, or white poppy, water of roses and of vinegar, ana. ℥. ss. commix them together, stirring them very long in some piece of plate: and anoint the fore part of the head therewith, yea all the head, if there be inflammation of the brain. CAP. XXVI. Of making Cucufa, and Semicucufa. CUCUFA is made for the cure of the evil called Coephalalgia, which is a pain in the head coming of cold, and many times also to stop rheum, as in example, ℞. Sampsucus, (that is) marjoram, rosemary, stechados both, of Araby, and yellow, ana. p.j. of read roses. p. j.ss. dry cytron barks, grains of Alkermes, ana. ʒ. iij. macis, long pepper, quybibes and cloves, ana. ʒ. ss. Make a powder, and make a Cucufa, between two fine linen clotheses, with a little cotton baasted between, or with flax, or scarlet scraped, and give it according to the measure. And if the pain lieth most in the fore part of the head, put most of the powders or spices in that place: likewise if it be in the hinder part, do so also, and if the Cephalagia be in all parts of the head, then commix them equally. But it is called Semicucufa, when we provide but for one part of the head. If we will stop rheums, than we mix with it styptic things, or we make a Cucufa only of styptic things, either cold or hot as the cause requireth. Therefore we make a cucufa with milium burned, or not burned, myrtles, cypress nuts, and sandaracha (commonly called vernice) udz, yellow ochre, the bark of frankincense, and such like styptic things. CAP. XXVII. Of making Suffitus. SUFFITUS (in English a perfuming) is made of dry things to stop distillations which fall from the brain into the lower parts, and it is made of restraigning medicines, as thus for example, ℞. red roses. p.j. mastic. ℥. ss. vernic●s, that is yellow ochre. ℥ i mix them and make a perfuming for the head, or thus, ℞. Milium. p.j. read roses, p. ss. of vernice and Olibanum, ana. ℥. ss. Commix them and make a perfume for the head. Note that when the distillation falleth to the lounges, and thereof cometh spittle, then take no perfume by the mouth, because it shorteneth the breath, and letteth the spitting, and maketh the humours gross and thick: but you must perfume the covering of the head, or else perfume some will, and apply it to the head. CAP. XXVIII. Of making a Collirium. COLLIRIUM is a medicine, that is ministered in a liquid form to heal the ●yes Wherefore, because there be diverse evils in the Eyes, the Colleries are made of diverse fashions: for you must use one kind in the beginning of Ophth●lmia: another in the state or it, and another in the declination thereof as it is also commonly used in the inflammations of other membres. Therefore in the beginning you must make it of cold and styptic repercussives, as the whites of eggges, the sap of quince seed, and Psyllium, and other things of the like virtue: minister them alone, or else let them be first dissolved with convenient waters, and afterward applied, as in this example following: ℞. the white of one egg, A Collirium in the beginning 〈◊〉 Ophthalmia. and stir it with rose water, or plantain water, or with water of balm, or with all these waters, make a Coll●rie, and put it into the eye that is pained. Or thus: ℞. the sap of quince seed drawn out with plantain water, or rose water. ℥ i and mix them with the white of an egg, and stir it a long time with a spater, and make a Collirium. But if there be no pain nor redness in the eyes, but a certain uncleanness which aught to be dried up, than it is good to make Colliries of Tuttie preparate, and of Aloes washed, and of Lapis calaminaris, and other such like things, which aught to be taken with some convenient liquor, (except it rather liketh you better) to put into the Eye the powders of them: for so they dry up, and wipe away the filthiness the cleaner. CAP. XXIX. Of making Nasale or Erthinum. NASALE and Erthinum be medicines which be cast into the Nose for many causes and intentes, as to stop bleeding at the nose, to provoke sneesinges, to 'cause child birth, or to bring forth the Secundine which is retained within after the birth, and furthermore it purgeth the brain. It may be made many ways, as in dry powders, which must be snufted or blown up into the Nose, or it may be made liquid, and then you must anoint the nosethrills within, or you may make it whole and hard, and then it must be put up into the Nose. ℞. the hears that be in a Hare's belly. p. ss. the saweduste, or moosynes of willow. p. ss. bowl armoniac and Sanguis Draconis powdered, ana. ʒ. j. cut the hears very small and mix them all together, and blow them up into the Nose, or dissolve them all with some styptic water, or with the juice of some herb, or with the white of an egg, and add to them also (if you please) Balaustia, or the rinds of pomegranates, or Acacia, all powdered, and with a linen cloth make a Nasale, and dip it in the aforesaid medicines, and put it into the Nose. Sneesinges are provoked by dry powders, snufted or blown into the Nose, A Nasale to provoke sneezing. which be sharp and biting, as be these, pepper, pellitory▪ stavisacre, and root of flour deluce powdered. You may commix the said things with some liquor, and anoint the nostrils, or take cloth or silk wound up together, and dip it in the aforesaid liquor, and put it into one nosethrill, or into both. CAP. XXX. Of making Apophlegmatismus. APOPHLEGMATISMUS is a medicine which causeth one to vomit up phlegm: it provoketh rheum out of the brain into the mouth, and it is good to purge the brain. Mastic is commonly used in this case, which being long holden in the mouth and chewed, it bringeth forth rheum and phlegm. Also Sage ●eaues holden in the mouth doth likewise purge rheum by the mouth. Also make Noduli of Pellitory, pepper, stovisacre, root of Ireos, and Panax, and hold them in the mouth. Furthermore make gargarisms of the same medicines. Also there are ointmentes made of the same things, wherewith the roof of the mouth must be anointed, for they by reason of their heat and tartness, do draw phlegm and rheum into the mouth. CAP. XXXI. Of making Distillations Restorative. DISTILLATIONS be made to sustain strength and might, when the sick is so weak, that he cannot digest any hard nourishment. Distillations are of a mixed kind, (that is to say) they are partly food, and partly medicines. They are made for many intentes and purposes: for some be made to restrain, as in the flux of the belly, some to altar or change, as when they are ministered for fevers to refrigerate, or in cold diseases to make hot, and some do resist poison and malignant humours, A distillation restorative restraining. as in pestilent fevers, and they are made after this manner. ℞. conserves of succory, of roses, of Simphytum (that is) cumfrey, of Cornelus, of Miva, and of quinces, ana. ℥ two powder of Electuaries, Diarrhodon Abbatis, and Tria Sandalt, ana. ʒ. ij. trochiskes of Carabe, of Berberies, and of Terra sigillata, ana. ℥. ss. of read coral, & Lapis hematidis, ana. ʒ. j. water of the decoction of one capon or of two, altered with plantain, knot grass, moleyne, lettuce, seed of Berberies, Sumaach, and Omphacium, lb. vi●j. put all together in a Limbeck with the flesh of two chickens, or of two partridges, or of two turtle doves, or of one capon, or of more of these, and with the crumbs of one white loaf, or of two wet in rose water, Another. and make a distillation in balneo Mariae with a soft fire. ℞. of the aforesaid distillation. lb. ss. juice of pomegranates. ℥ i or ℥. j.ss. sugar roset. ℥ two cinnamon elect. ʒ. strain them (as Hypocrates teacheth) through a sleeve, and let the sick use it every hour. But if you will made a distillation to have a cooling virtue, always observe the same order and portion that is spoken of before, A distillation restorative cooling. and for the restraigning conserves, add to such as do cool, as conserves of water lilies, of violets, of roses, succory, and balm, and likewise cold Electuaries. as Diamargariton frigidum, and Trochiskes of Camphora, also altar the decoction of the flesh with lettuce, Against malignant and pestilent fevers. sorrel, purcelaine, scarioll, and such like. Moreover you shall make a distillation restorative against malignant and pestilent fevers in this sort. ℞. Conserves of violets, water lilies, balm, borage, and bugloss, ana. ʒ. ij. bark of citron condite. ℥ i root of Dictamus and Tormentill, root of Angelica, and root of gentian, ana. ℥. ss. powder of Electuarium Diamargariton frigidum, all the Saunders, bowl armoniac, trochiskes of Camphora, wood of Aloës, ana. ℥ two scraping of ivory, and hearts horn, maces, cinnamon, cloves, and seed of Cardus Benedictus, ana. ℥ i of old treacle. ʒ. iij. the water of the decoction of two chickens, or of capons altered with sorrel, scabious lettuce, borage, bugloss, quar. iij. put all together in a glassen Limbeck, with the flesh of some things, and with the crumbs of two white loaves infused in white wine, and make a distillation with a lente and soft fire, in convenient order as is requisite, Another. or thus. ℞. of the afosesaid distillation. lb. ss. Syrupus de acetositate Citri. ℥ two commix them together, and let the sick use it every hour. Finis Libri Sexti.