latham's FALCONRY OR The falcons Lure, and Cure: IN TWO BOOKS.  
The First, concerning the ordering and training up of all Hawks in general; especially the HAGGARD FALCON GENTLE.  
The second, teaching approved medicines for the cure of all Diseases in them.  
Gathered by long practice and experience, and published for the delight of noble minds, and instruction of young Falconers in things pertaining to this Princely Art.  
By SIMON LATHAM. Gent.  
THE HAGGARD FALCON IN OPEM ME COPIA FECIT  
Printed at London for Roger jackson, and are to be sold at his shop near Fleetstreet Conduit, 1614   

TO THE HONOURABLE and worthy Knight, Sir THOMAS MUNSON Baronet, Master of his majesties Armoury, and Master of the Hawks to his HIGHNESS.  
Honourable Sir:  
ALthough I am not so well experienced in the art of book-making, I cannot but know that the Author of any work, doth by no one thing commend his judgement more to the world, then by the choice of his Patron: for, as there are many and differing respects, that concur to that act of election; so he that useth the fewest and simplest, hath the least opposition to withstand his judgement: I therefore know no person of quality in this kingdom, to whom I can offer these my labours for judgement, before yourself in fitness, as well for your dexterity in discerning, as place of employment, to which, when my love and observance towards you is added, you will (I doubt not) with favour and alacrity receive him to protection, that calls you not to the succour, or defence of his errors, but the judging of his pain.  
Your Worship's true honourer, and to be commanded, SIMON LATHAM.   

To the Reader.  
I Hope thou meanest to be a learner to, else thou wilt not read much of me; for I profess profit to thee, though perhaps thy end be pleasure. Thou wilt not here find terms only to make thee able to talk, but things fit to do; and those told thee that true and reasonable way, that as thou hast a will to prove them, thou wilt both praise and thank me. The practice and experience of many years is here given thee in a few leaves (not drawn from traditions in print or otherwise taken up, on trust; but out of certain and approved conclusions) if thou please to use it: if not, thou art left to thine own liberty. I will offer to instruct no man against his will, nor go about to deserve well of such as understand me not. Every book hath his Fortune to the Capacity of his Reader; and I have mine in thee. Farewell, I could have used a more mountebanque preface. But that which judges truth, labours least with show.   

Verses in commendations of the work.  

MAn for the glory of his Maker made,  
Must with his first and best of powers invade.  
That sacred office; and it so fulfil,  
As him to serve, who doth preserve him still.  
The limits of this just circumference,  
Kept with a fair and just obedience:  
The Storehouse of God's treasure open stands,  
And with his goods fills our unworthy hands.  
These riches jointly strive to satisfy;  
Some our delight. some our necessity.  
Pleasure itself hath still unchidden stood,  
To them allowed as good, whose selves are good;  
Love to our countries public welfare shown,  
Without neglect of our domestic own.  
Delights may lawful seem; fair mirth and glee,  
If sin and error separated be.   

'mongst all those pleasure's approbation have,  
To which wise Nature inclination gave:  
Art made the Die, an instrument of chance;  
Art painted papers, that made purses dance:  
But to the Hound or Spaniel Nature sends,  
A different vigour; that the one intends:  
To hunt the lightfoot beast; the other strives  
To spring the winged fowl: and them retriues.  
Art serves; but Nature is the powerful Queen  
By which all things given or inclined been.   

Seeing a fowl high mounted; he that now  
Would bring me forth a bird, and tell me how  
To make this catch, that other to my use:  
Had I not known this, I should strangely muse:  
And think, his news juggled with show of fairness;  
Or being done, admire it for the rareness.  
They from whose eyes these things blind ignorance sunders,  
May well admit them place 'mongst the world's wonders.  
To make the Haggard tame unto your fist,  
To come, to go, to do even what you lift.  
And when beyond a mountains height she's flown,  
To cast an ensign up, shall fetch her down:  
To circle in her flight unto your call,  
And force her to your voice and luring fall:  
Is strangely artful; and if pleasure be  
In these inferior things it's here to see.  
Go then thou little volume, that reports  
The documents of reason to these sports;  
And spread thyself before the general eye,  
That some may read them with delight; some try  
The rules thou givest, and by experience raise,  
Their own content with the just Author's praise.  
This life be to the labours of his pen:  
They are well judged of, by well judging men.   

If any Critic into censures break,  
he's but a Buzzard, we of Hawks do speak.  
T. A.    

 depiction of falcon on stump  

S See how my Haggard huffers in the air,  
I It is a Falcon far beyond compare.  
M Mount up thy feather, with the flight of any  
O O're-sore the fairest be they near so many:  
N No Falcon to my Haggard I may see;  
Nor may compare, though many Falcons be.  
L Let me extol a Falcon more report;  
A A Falcon is a Princes pleasant sport:  
T 'tis sport and pleasure delightful to the eye,  
H Haggard Hawk with mounting lark to fly:  
A Amidst your pleasures then, take this delight:  
M Maintain the Falconer, and his falcons flight.    

A TABLE OF THE Contents of the chapters contained in this Book.  

AN Introduction to the discourse, setting down the occasion of writing the work. page 1  
Of the Haggard Falcon. Page. 2  
Of her wildness. Page. 2   

CHAP. 1. Contents.  
A collection of the names and natures of Hawks, especially the Haggard Falcon. Page. 3  
Of the Ramadge, or Eias. Page. 4   

CHAP. 2 Contents.  
A description of the Haggard Falcon▪ with the manner of her life being wild and unreclaimed. Page. 5  
Of cawking. Page. 5  
Of Brants and Wild-geese. Page. 6  
The practice of the wild-Faulcon. Page. 6  
Of rest for old Hawks. Page. 6  
Of no rest for young Hawks. Page. 6  
Of reasonable rest for sick Hawks. Page. 7  
Of losing breath. Page. 7  
Glutan imperfection of the stomach Page. 7  
A necessary observation. Page. 7  
Of good or bad mutes. Page. 7  
A note for young Falconers. Page. 8   

CHAP. 3 Contents.  
The manner of reclaiming your Haggard, and of entering her to the lure. Page. 9  
The use of a feather to stroke with. Page. 9  
When to unhood your Hawk. Page. 9  
A good Caveat. Page. 10  
Of the Hawks stomach. Page. 10  
Fullness takes away subjection. Page. 11  
A rule to be remembered. Page. 12   

CHAP. 4 Contents.  
Ordering of Hawks in the time of luring, and how to keep them from carrying, with other ill qualities. Page. 13  
What it is that makes Haggards carry. Page. 14  
That kindness draws love. Page. 15  
Of accustoming Hawks to live Doves. Page. 15  
Stirring of the Dove makes the Hawk jet for joy. Page. 16  
What to use when you practise luring. Page. 16  
Which is the stomach in Hawks. Page. 16  
Ignorance in the Falconer oft spoils the Haggard. Page. 17   

CHAP. 5 Contents.  
An observation concerning the several conditions of Hawks and how to alter any ill quality in them. Page. 17  
Of making your Hawk. Page. 17  
The first rule. page 17  
Which Hawk is not for the River. page 18  
Not to give your Hawk any affright. page 18  
Of care in cleanly feeding them. page 18  
The outward action shows the inward disposition. page 19  
The second Rule. page 20  
The third Rule. page 20   

CHAP. 6 Contents.  
How to order any wild hawk, or other that comes not from the mewe. page 22  
A great fault it Falconers, page 23  
When a hawk will be ready to enter. page 23  
Not to give great but small stones. page 24   

CHAP. 7. Contents.  
How to know the dispositions of Hawks, as well by the plume, as by observation, and the Falconers behaviour toward his Hawk. page 24   

CHAP. 8. Contents.  
The manner of bathing of Hawks. page 29  
Of feeding of hawks for bathing. page 30  
Of fire after the bathing. page 31  
Sound hawks bathe seldom, sick hawks often. page 31   

CHAP. 9 Contents.  
The manner how to weather hawks. page 32  
Difference between the Haggard, and the Eyas. page 33  
Air and exercise preserve health. page 33  
Of the Eyas. page 33  
The knowledge she hath of food and relief. page 33  
The familiarity which is bred in them. page 34  
The manner of hawks in losing their young. page 34  
Of the Eyas. page 35   

CHAP. 10 Contents.  
How to know the time of setting down your hawk, and when to leave flying. Page. 36  
Before our Lady day the best time. Page. 37  
Of the Passenger, or soar hawk. Page. 37   

CHAP. 11 Contents.  
Necessary instructions to be observed of every Falconer, before he put his hawk into the mewe. Page. 38   

CHAP. 12. Contents.  
How to put your hawk into the mewe, and how to order her whilst she remaineth there. Page. 42  
Order when you take her forth. Page. 42  
Other necessary observations. Page. 42  
A good caveat for idle Falconers. Page. 43   

CHAP. 13 Contents.  
How to take your hawk from the mewe and enseam her, and make her ready to fly. Page. 44  
A general course for all sorts of hawks. Page. 44  
Of casting, and when to give it. Page. 45  
A special order in inseaming. Page. 46  
Labour makes a Hawk clean. Page. 47  
Hawks subject to lose the benefit of stones. Page. 47  
Many sound Hawks love not  casting. Page. 50  
Give not stones, when a Hawk is unquiet. Page. 51  
When a Hawk desires stones. Page. 53  
Ignorance in giving stones. Page. 55  
Order after a toiling flight. Page. 57  
What discommodities belong unto a fat or full Hawk. Page. 59   

CHAP. 14. Contents.  
How to know when your Hawk is not thoroughly enseamed, and to prevent the evil enseaming thereof. page. 61  
To know when her inward parts are fowl. page. 61  
The fruits of hastineste. page. 63  
Signs from the heart and liver. page. 64  
Of giving trains. page. 64  
Of cleansing the inward parts. page. 65  
Much carriage good. page. 65   

CHAP. 15. Contents.  
How to avoid slime, glut, or the like imperfections in Hawks. page. 65  
Of glut. page. 65  
Measurable moisture good. page. 65  
An observation for health. page. 65  
The virtue of industry. page. 66  
The prevention of medicines. page. 66   

CHAP. 16. Contents.  
Of the gerfalcon. page. 69  
She will forget her own strength. page. 70  
Bee favourable to them the first yeeere of their making page. 72  
And ever be careful at their drawing & enseaming. page. 72  
She knoweth her own advantage. page. 73  
She ought to have her rights in all points. page. 73  
She is more subject to die through heat, than any other Hawk. page. 73   
The end of the first Table.   

The second Table containing the best approved medicines for the cure of all diseases in hawks.  

CHAP. 1. HOw to avoid many infirmities in Hawks, when they are newly taken out of the mew, with a description of natures working in maintaining health in all sound Hawks. page. 77 

Care in washing Hawks, newly drawn from the Mew. page. 73  
Nourishment of Hawks contrary to nature. page. 78  
Hawks to remain in moderate state of body. page. 79  
The readiness of nature to cure infirmities. page. 79    
Chap. 2 A precedent of the wild Hawks practice for the preservation of her health, drawn from the observation when the Hawk is in the mew. page. 80  
Chap. 3 How to preserve and keep your Hawk in health without any scourings, or medicincs at al. page. 82  
Chap. 4 How to help and recover a Hawk that casts her stones disorderly, and to make her cast in due time. page. 88  
Chap. 5 An advertisement touching scouring and purgations. page. 91  
Chap. 6 How to prepare a strong hawk, and make her fit to be purged. page. 92  
Chap. 7 How to order a hawk that shall be found weak and unable to abide any violent dealing by medicines. page. 93  
Chap. 8 A scouring to be given to any Hawk that is full of flesh and strong, yet imperfect & unclean. page. 95  
Chap. 9 Another scouring to be given to a Hawk, that is but in reasonable estate of body, foul and unclean. page. 96  
Chap. 10 Another excellent scouring to be given to any Hawks of what state soever, that hath any inward misfortune, or any other cold or stopping in the head. page. 97  
Chap. 11 An excellent scouring to give unto a full Hawk, after she hath been lured and her grease heat, and stirred in her before she be thoroughly inseamed. page. 98  
Chapt. 12 Signs of inward sicknesses and the cure. page. 98  
Chap. 13 How to temper and cool the heat of the liver, and to stay the inflammation page. 104  
Chap. 14 Of the liver and the gall. page. 105  
Chap. 15 How to comfort the heart from any infirmity that proceeds of heat. page. 106  
Chap. 16 How to kill worms, to heat and quicken a cold stomach, and to take away Fellanders, and other gross humours in the panel. page. 107  
Chap. 17 Another good scouring to give any imperfect Hawk troubled with Fellanders, or grief proceeding from the weakness of the stomach. page. 110  
Chap. 18 Another to purge the body, preserve the liver, reins and kidneys, to help a short breath, to prevent the pantas, or wasting of the lungs, and to purge away glut, and kill worms. page. 110  
Chap. 19 To purge a Hawk after she hath cast her gorge, or that she stands long on her meat before she puts it over. page. 111  
Chap. 20 To stay the casting of the gorge, and stay the weakness of the stomach, whence it proceeds. page. 114  
Chap. 21 A very good medicine for the cold page. 115  
Chap. 22 A very good water to give to any Hawk, that is subject to any drought or heat inwardly. page. 116  
Chap. 23 Of the frounce. page. 117  
Chap. 24 A medicine to kill the frounce, that eats either into the mouth, tongue, or throat. page. 119  
Chap. 25 Of the Pantas. page. 121  
Chap. 26 Of the Crock, and the Cramp. page. 122  
Chap. 27 For the Cramp. page. 123  
Chap. 28 To cure a Hawk that hath the Crock in her flying by any accident. page. 124  
Chap. 29 Of diseases in the legs, or feet of Hawks page. 127  
Chap. 30 A medicine for the Cramp in the feet. page. 129  
Chap. 31 Another remedy for the Cramp page. 129  
Chap. 32 To cure a swelling in the legs or foot, or any part thereof. page. 130  
Chap. 33 How to burn salt. page. 133  
Chap. 34 Of the pin in hawks feet. page. 133  
Chap. 35 To cure the pin. page. 134  
Chap. 36 To cure a strain in any part of the foot, page. 134  
Chap. 37 To cure any new swelling, coming by blow or bruise, or any accident to the legs or feet, page. 136  
Chap. 38 For the falling sickness in hawks page. 137  
Chap. 39 To cure the biting of a mad dog. page. 137  
Chap. 40 Another medicine against the biting of a mad dog page. 138  
Chap. 41 To cure any new wound coming by accident. page. 138  
Chap. 42 To kill the itch in hawks bloody feathers. page. 139    

An Explanation of the words of art contained in this Book.  

B  BAthing 
is when you set your Hawk to the water, to wash or bathe herself, either abroad or in the house.  Batting, 
or to bat is when a Hawk fluttereth with her wings either from the perch or the man's fist, striving as it were to fly away, or get liberty.  Bousing 
is when a Hawk drinketh often, and seems to be continually thirsty.   

C  CReance 
is a fine small long line of strong and even twound Packthreed, which is fastened to the Hawks leash, when she is first lured.  Ceasing 
is when a Hawk taketh any thing into her foot, and gripeth or holdeth it fast.  Check or to kill, 
Check is when Crows, Rooks, Pies, or other birds coming in the view of the Hawk, she forsaketh her natural flight to fly at them.  Casting, 
is any thing that you give your Hawk to cleanse her gorge with, whether it be flannel, thrums, feathers, or such like. To cast a Hawk, is to take her in your hands before the pinions of her wings, and to hold her from bating or striving, when you administer any thing unto her.  Cadge, 
is taken for that on which Falconers carry many Hawks, together when they bring them to sell.   

D  DRopping 
is when a Hawk muteth directly downward, in several drops, and jerketh it not longwaies from her.  Disclosed, 
is when young Hawks are newly hatched, and as it were disclosed from their shells.   

E  ERie 
is the nest or place where a Hawk buildeth and bringeth up her young ones, whether in woods, rocks, or any other places.  Endew, 
is when a Hawk digesteth her meat, not only putting it over from her gorge, but also cleansing her panel.   

G  GOrge, 
is that part of the Hawk which first receiveth the meat, and is called the Craw or crop in other fowls.  Gurgiting, 
is when a Hawk is stuffed or sufforated with any thing, be it meat or otherwise.   

I  Ink, 
whether it be of Partridge, fowl, doves, or any other pray, is the neck from the head to the body.  Intermewed 
is from the first exchange of a Hawks coat, or from her first mewing, till she come to be a white Hawk.  Jesse's, 
are those short straps of leather, which are fastened to the Hawks legs, & so to the lease by varvels, anlets, or such like.   

L  LVer 
is that whereto Falconers call their young Hawks by casting it up in the air, being made of feathers and leather in such wise that in the motion it looks not unlike a fowl.  Lease 
or leash is a small long thong of leather, by which the Falconer holdeth his Hawk fast, folding it many times about their fingers.  Lice, 
are a small kind of white vermin, running amongst the feathers of the Hawk.   

M  MVting 
is the excrements or order which comes from Hawks, and containeth both dung and urine.  A Make-hawke 
is an old staunch flying Hawk, which being enured to her flight, will easily instruct a younger Hawk to be waning in her prey.  Managing, 
is to handle any thing with cunning according to the true nature thereof  Mew, 
is that place, whether it be abroad or in the house where you set down your Hawk, during the time that she raseth her feathers.  Mites, 
are a kind of vermin smaller than Lice, and most about the heads and nares of hawks.   

P  PLumming, 
is when a Hawk ceaseth a fowl, and pulleth the feathers from the body.  Plummage 
are small downy feather which the Hawk takes, or are given her for casting.  Pelt, 
is the dead body of any fowl howsoever dismembered.  Pill, 
and pelf of a fowl, is that refuse and broken remains which are left after the Hawk hath been relieved.  Plume 
is the general colour or mixtures of feathers in a Hawk, which showeth her constitution.  Perch, 
is any thing whereon you set your Hawk, when she is from your fist.  Pray, 
is any thing that a Hawk killeth, and feedeth herself thereupon.  Pannell, 
is that part of the Hawk next to the fundament whither the Hawk disgesteth her meat from her body.   

Q  QVarrie, 
is taken for the fowl which is flown at, and slain at any time, especially when young Hawks are flown thereunto.   

R  RVfter-hood 
is the first hood which a Hawk weareth, being large, wide, and open behind.  Reclaiming 
is to tame, make gentle, or to bring a Hawk to familiarity with the man.  Raised in flesh, 
is when a Hawk grows fat, or prospereth in flesh.  Ramage 
is when a Hawk is wild, coy, or disdainful to the man, and contrary to be reclaimed.   

S  SLiming, 
is when a Hawk muteth from her longwaies in one entire substance, and doth not drop any part thereof.  Stooping, 
is when a Hawk being upon her wings at the height of her pitch, bendeth violently down to strike the fowl or any other pray.  Summed 
is when a Hawk hath all her feathers, and is fit either to be taken from the Cry or Mew.  Setting down, 
is when a Hawk is put into the Mew.  Sore-hawke, 
is from the first taking of her from the eiry, till she have mewed her feathers.   

T  TRussing 
is when a Hawk raseth a fowl aloft, and so descendeth down with it to the ground,   

V  unsummed 
is when a Hawks feathers are not come forth, or else not comed home to their full length.   

W  WEathering 
is when you set your Hawk abroad to take the air, either by day or night, in the frost, or in the sun, or at any other season.    

Errata.  
PAge 18, line 18, for lust read last. Page 27 l. 22 for a small copplé r. onen couplen. p. 38. l. 3. for found r. flown. p. 47. l. 16. for liberty r. benefit. p. 52. l. 19 for houses, r. rowles. p. 56. l. 10. for and r. but. p 71. l. 12. for it, r. is. p. 71. l. 18. for lure. r. take. p. 72. l. 28. for flew, r. fowl slayer. p 37. l. 6. for coming, r. cunning. p 73. l. 26. for thereafter, r. therefore. p. 84. l. 6. for seek, r. soak. p 85. l. 22. for remain, r remove. p 85 l. 30. for rest, r. choose. p. 90. l. 4. for lust, r. taste. p. 73. last marginal note line 11. for leave, r. death.   

 depiction of falcon on stump  

S See how my Haggard huffers in the air,  
I It is a Falcon far beyond compare.  
M Mount up thy feather, with the flight of any  
O O're-sore the fairest be they near so many:  
N No Falcon to my Haggard I may see;  
Nor may compare, though many Falcons be.   

L Let me extol a Falcon more report;  
A A Falcon is a Princes pleasant sport:  
T 'tis sport and pleasure delightful to the eye,  
H Haggard Hawk with mounting lark to fly:  
A Amidst your pleasures then, take this delight:  
M Maintain the Falconer, and his falcons flight.    

AN INTRODUCTION or preamble to the ensuing discourse, wherein the Author sets down the occasion of writing this work.  
BEing requested by a friend of mine to put down in writing, the manner, and way how to rule and order his Hawk, after he had drawn her out of the mewe: And to make her ready, and fit to be flown. I consider red with myself, that it would not be much, more labour, or amiss for me (hwing some spare and idle time to spend) even to begin with her first, as she is wild, living in the air. And although it hath been affirmed, that the ways and coasts of birds, and fowls of the air, are altogether uncertain, and not to be distinguished in certain: yet do not I take it to be meant, nor spoken generally, of all sorts, but only of such as live and abide near men, and little fear the sight or conversation of men. for they care not, neithrr covet to be constant in their flight, nor secure when they do rest, but even as it happeneth, so are they in safety. And because the Haggard falcon is the bird, and hawk, that (in these days) most men do covet and desire to prepare, and make fit for their pleasure. And whereas all other hawks, and of all sorts, have heretofore had their particular praise and commendation, for the most part) bestowed on them by diverse writers, and only she that hath evermore deserved the most: 
The Haggard Falcon.  hath had either none at all, or else the very least. Therefore I do intend here in this treatise, to appoint her (as she is wild) to be a great part of the subject of my discourse: and so according to my simple understanding, to show of her nature and disposition: 
In her wildness.  And after how to alter and change the same into love & gentleness, with subjection to the man, and so to rule, and govern her.   

latham's Faulconry The first Book.  

CHAP. I. A short Collection of the natures and names of Hawks, but especially of the Hawgard Falcon.  
WHereas I remember in turbervile his book of Hawking, amongst others of his collections, there is a description of seven kinds of Falcons, and for the frankness of her metal and courage. He prefers the Falcon gentle, as chief amongst them all: and also sets down his reason why she is so called: which is as he affirms, for her loving condition and behaviour to the man. Also he shows that she is venturous and strong, and full of courage: able to brook and endure all times and seasons, no weather doth come to her amiss, and so as from his Author, he gives her his absolute commendation and praise. The second as he placeth her, is the hawgard falcon, otherwise called the Peregrine falcon, and in the same place is so termed, which title he might as well and as fitly have given unto the passenger soar falcon, for she is likewise a traveler, though not of so long continuance, But concerning the Haggard, the author of his work, affirmeth amiss of her, for he affirmeth that she is a very choice and tender hawk, to endure wind and boisterous weather. And whereas he there showeth a difference between them, in calling the one a Falcon gentle, and the other a Haggard falcon: I take it, his meaning was, that either the eias, or the ramage hawk, of the same and one kind, should be the falcon gentle, and the Haggard falcon, that was taken wild, having prayed for herself. And it must needs be so, howsoever I know the Tassel gentle is the male and make unto them both: and therefore he needed not to have made any such difference between them, but rather to have called or termed them Falcons gentle together, or slight Falcons, and to have Preferred & placed the Hawgard first in his book, 
Either ramage or eias  which place indeed she far deserveth beyond the other: for she is more able to endure both wind, weather, & all sorts of other extraordinary seasons, as I could show you more at large. But because I have a great matter to accomplish and perform, I will leave to speak any more of this point, or in this place of any of them, for it would but little or nothing at all avail us, to search or know any more of their titles or names than we do already: but even to call them by such as in our memories and at this present are most familiar, and ordinarily used amongst us.   

CHAP. II. A perfect description of the Hawgard Falcon, with the manner and course of her life, while she is wild, and unreclaimed.  
THis Haggard Falcon slight or gentle, which you list to term her, hath for the most part all places both by Sea, and Land, left unto herself, where to rest and have her abiding, & where she best liketh, there she continueth certain; like a Conqueror in the country, keeping in awe and subjection the most part of all the Fowl that fly, insomuch that the Tassel gentle, her natural and chiefest companion, dares not come near that coast where she useth, nor sit by the place, where she standeth: such is the greatness of her spirit, she will not admit of any society, until such time as nature worketh in her an inclination to put that in practise which all Hawks are subject unto at the spring time: and then she suffereth him to draw towards her, 
Tc cawke,  but still in subjection, which appeareth at his coming, by bowing down his body and head to his foot, by calling and cowering with his wings, as the young ones do unto their dam, whom they dare not displease. and thus they leave the country for the summer time, hasting to the place where they mean to breed.  
While th●se Hawks here mentioned, be remaining with us in the heart of England, they do pray upon divers and sundry sorts of fowls, as brants, wild-geese, etc. but they are especially the Passenger-soare-Faulcons, or the young Hawgards of great metal and spirit, that for want of understanding their own harm, 
The brants and wild. geese.  do venture upon such unwealdy pray, who not withstanding will afterwards learn to know their own error, & by being brushed & beaten by those shrewd apponents, will desist and leave off to meddle with them any more. Also the Haggard doth pray upon green foul, where she espieth her advantage; the green plover, the bastard plover, and of divers other fowls that might be named, but most of all on housedoves, for they are most rife and common to be found, and not of anything but what she laboureth and takes great pains to get at all times, and yet-speeds not at all times of her purpose, but working herself up into the air, passeth aloft until she espieth something that she likes, and then she stoops, some days often, and misses of her prey, and then rests herself till breath and courage be regained, and then to her task again.  
Thus doth she rest no day, but toil continually, unless the extremity of foul, and tempestuous weather do let and hinder her, 
The practice of the wild Falcon. Rest old and stayed hawks after toiling but to the young hawk till she be stayed and blooded, give no rest, or very little if it be possible.  when no other fowls are able to stir abroad to seek their food. This proves what hurt we do unto our young hawks (being full of metal, sound, and courageous) when as for two or three days flying, we do commonly determine of two or three days resting: this we learn not from the wild hawk, whose course and order (with reason, and as near as we may) we ought to imitate and follow. She, when she hath laboured three or four days together in boisterous and bitter weather is not the next day one jot the worse, but rather the better, for by the daily use of her body, and exercise of her wings, she is preserved & kept in perfect health. 
Sickly or crazy Hawks must have rest in reason. The loss of breath. Glut & imperfection in the stomach.  she gathers no glut to decay her stomach, nor wants no breath to maintain her courage, which be two principal things we ought to care for: the one, if we rest we cannot prevent: and for the other, no remedy but to feed with hot meat, and very clean, to wash hard, to give stones, a few, and often, and all will hardly serve: for when we purpose to rest one day or two, we are forced (many times contrary to our expectation) to rest one week or two, so that whosoever he be that can fly his hawk every day, shall have every day a good & a perfect hawk: And contrary wise he that covets to fly upon rest, shall seldom have a perfect or stayed hawk, beside other dangers that may grow to the great impairing of her health. 
A necessary observation  Further if the Falconer be not quick of apprehension, and diligent, much harm may ensue: he must therefore be always present with her, to observe the manner of her flights, the greatness of her suppers, how she hasteth her meat out of her gorge, how and what she casteth in the morning, whether she muteth seldom and sliceth, or often and dropping, 
Good. Bad.  which signifies some danger is like to ensue, as by catching heat, after her drawing, while she is in her grease, or by some tedious flight, flown before she be thoroughly clean, by receiving a great gorge after the same: also these occasions of extraordinary and untimely heat, may breed the Cray, and engender the fillanders▪ which although they proceed of the cold & dullness of the stomach, not kindly digesting, what it receiveth: yet may this untimely heat forenamed (the stomach being oruer charged) so choke and kill the appetite, that suddenly (even of one gorge) this infirmity may grow. 
The fillanders. How to attain unto the perfect knowledge of the cunning & skill full art of Faulconry.  He that will be a Falconer, must be no sluggard, he must be up early, and down late, or else he shall never see how his hawk rejoiceth: neither must he be tempted or drawn away with other mutabilities, or wandering affection, but remain and continue constant in the art he professeth.  
I have already spoken of her chiefest physic, as she is wild, which is the labour of her body, and the exercise of her wings: Now will I show you what she actually addeth to the former for the preservation, & continuance of her health.  
When she hath slain and seized on her prey, if it be a dove, so soon as she hath broken the neck, then presently she goes unto that place which we abhor our hawks should so much as touch, which is the crop, and thereof she taketh her pleasure, and of that which is within it, as especially of the Mustard seed, or Carlock, which soever it be, and of this she will not fail to to cast great store in her casting every morning under her stand. And surely I think she takes great delight to eat it, and useth it as physic for her health. When she hath well fed, and filled her gorge and body full of meat: she leaveth that place, and flieth unto some solitary and secret place, where she sitteth all the day in the air, and hath the water and what she liketh to benefit herself withal. When night draws near away she flies unto the place where secrely within herself she hath purposed and appointed before to rest all night.  
And thus omitting to speak any more of her in the kind of her wildness, I will now according to the order and method used by myself in mine own practice, show how to reclaim, and make her subject to the man.   

CHAP. III. Hear followeth the manner of reclaiming your Haggard, with the means how to enter her to the lure.  
WHen you do take one of these Hawks, or shall have one of them newly taken & brought to your hands, most commonly here in England their bodies will be full of meat, then is it best after her taking (assoon as you may) to set her down, and let her sit where she may rest quietly for the first night, either seeled, or in a rufterhood: so shall you prevent many dangers, that might otherwise ensue, as the frounce; or surfeiting on heat. Likewise if she be taken when she is empty, it is your best course to use her as before, for they are upon such occasion subject to anger and fretting, and thereof may the like imperfections grow, the next day easily take her upon your fist gently, and cease not to carry her the whole day continually, using a feather in steed of your hand to touch and stroke her withal, and when you find her gentle and willing to be touched without starting: 
A feather is more gentle than your hand, & she will endure it better. Who'd her first in the morning.  then may you alone by yourself pull off her hood, and quickly, and gently put it one again, holding this course until she begin to feed: than you must proffer her meat often, suffering her to take but a little at once, even to please her withal, never pulling of her hood, nor putting it one without a bit or two, both before and after, to quiet her, and draw her love unto the hood and yourself, not forgetting to use your voice unto her, before you take it off, and all the while she is a feeding and no longer: that as she reclaimeth, and her stomach groweth or increaseth, she may learn to know that when she heareth your voice, she shall be fed. Then, when through your diligent pains, and this prescribed order in your practice you have brought her to feed boldly: then will it be fit time to teach her to jump to your fist, which you must do in this manner.  
Set her down upon a perch, about your breast high, or otherwise if it be a low perch, than you must be on your knees, because your Haggard will be fearful, and ready to start and bate from you, when she shall see you so high over her at the first, until she be better acquainted with you. Then unstrike her hood, and lure her using your voice, with a bit or two of meat bestowed on her as she is hoodded, for that will make her eager, and to love your voice, because she sees nothing to cross that humour in her: whereas otherwise it may be as yet her coyness, or her perceiving of one thing or other may provoke her to take dislike, or to bate from you, and thereby catch some sudden fear, 
* A good caveat.  which at the first you ought to be careful to prevent, for it is hard to work that out again, which she is suffered to take at the first, and most commonly she will be subject to it ever after, whether it be good or evil. Therefore it shall be your best course to hold this order, until you shall find her familiar, and her stomach perfect: for it is that only that guides and rules her, 
The stomach  it is the curb and bridle that holds and keeps her in subjection to the man, & it is the spur that pricketh her forward to perform the duty she oweth to her keeper, and that which he requireth from her to be effected: and without that one only thing be preserved and carefully kept ripe perfect, sharp, and truly edged, there is no subjection to be gained; nor no content to be received: 
* No subjection when the stomach is full.  but scornful disobedience, and altogether offensivenesse.  
Now by this time you may be bold to pull of her hood, and let her sit bare faced▪ keeping yourself as as yet close by her: and as you shall perceive her to have any untoward humour in her, (as to stare about, or wry herself to and fro) proffer her a bit of meat with your hand, and use your voice withal to draw her strait unto you, which when you have effected, and that you do find she will boldly attend, willingly receive bits at your hand, and jump readily to your fist: Then will it be a fit time to set her to the lure: which order and practise (because I know the simplest Falconer is not ignorant of) I will omit.  
But to proceed, so soon as your hawk will come readily in the creyance to the lure garnished with meat, stay not long in that kind, for she will soon begin to scorn it, and look another way. Then will it be convenient to let her see a live dove at the lure, and lure her unto the same: which when she hath killed, and eaten the head, take her up very gently with a bit of meat, and put on her hood: then lure her again unto the dead pelt, and so use her two or three times and no more: for she will quickly begin to perceive your intent, and will grow loath to be taken off, and her desire to keep it still in her possession will cause her to drag it from you: and thereby her love will rather abate, than increase.  
Often luring at one time and at her first entrance is good to make her perfect, and to hasten her withal: but use it not long, nor no longer than I have directed. Also it is worse in a field hawk, than it is in a river hawk, in regard (as you have heard) it moves her to carry, which is a great fault in any hawk And therefore now it is full time to lure her lose unto live Doves, which you must let her see at your lure to draw and hasten her to come unto you with love and courage.  
Also you must let her seize upon them and kill them, even at your foot, one after another, for half a dozen days together. being sure he that holds her, may have skill to let her in with her head right towards you, and lure not far until her stomach be perfect, & herself very ready to come: for otherwise she may espy something out of the way that she hath more liking unto, and so for that time be lost, which would be very hurtful unto her, although she should be recovered again.  
Likewise forget not all this time of her making (while she is on the ground, either pluming or feeding to walk round about her, 
Remember this rule.  using your voice, and giving her many bits with your hand: And leave not off this course, but every day use her unto it, until you have won her even to lean and bend her body to your hand, and to bring what she hath in her foot towards you-so far as she is able, or otherwise to show her love and desire unto the same.  
By this time it will not be amiss to spring her up some live Doves as she comes unto you, betwixt the man and the lure: and be sure they be given in a long Criance, that she may not kill them far from you; but always that she may truss them over your head, and fall near you; for otherwise it may be a special cave to stsrike a timorous conceit into her, and make her sit and stare at you, and to drag and carry from you, and some time to leave and forsake what she hath and go her way, when she shall sit and see you coming so far from her. I have heard of some Hawks that would not be taken up again without striking or rapping in the creance: but whensoever they have been flown, and not killed a fowl, they would surely have been lost without such a device, which is a great fault in any Hawk, & it doth greatly redound unto the discredit of the Fawlkconer, that through his default and negligence, she have caught such an ill property in her first making, because he had no more care nor skill to govern her aright: For there is many a one that takes in hand to keep a Hawk, that having neither skill nor judgement, do not deserve the true title of a Falconer. Therefore beware of this one thing, which I may justly term an error in divers keepers of Hawks, who have by this oversight spoiled, and utterly undone many a brave Haggard.   

CHAP. FOUR How to order and govern your Hawk in the time of her lureing, and how to keep her from carrying, and other ill qualities incident to Hawks at that time.  
Having bestowed half a dozen Pigeons upon your Hawk, in the manner formerly mentioned (always remembering to use your voice) you may now be bold (at a convenient hour in the evening when she heareth your voice, and hath you in her sight) to hold in your lure, and suffer her to fly about you, holding her with your voice and lure as near you as may be, to teach her to do her business, and work it on your head. Then cast her up a Dove with a loud voice: I have heard of some men that have disliked this course, affirming that Doves will make Haggards carry: which is not so, 
* What it is that makes Haggards carry.  for that is idleness and want of skill in their keepers, that causes them to Carry: and beside he that can get nothing else, must of necessity be pleased with what he hath: And might I have never such variety of other fowls, yet would I use the Dove, (although some other things would not be hurtful) for I never had Haggard, but I could make her sit with the doves head in her foot (which is something lighter than the body) and never carry it. Therefore experience tells me in this case what may be done: And I am persuaded that many do deceive themselves in this respect, and do never find out the true cause that makes their Haggards drag and carry from them at their first luring unto live doves: which is not the lightness of the dove as they suppose that provokes her unto it, but it is (as I have said before) either the unskilfulness or negligence in their keepers; who have not painfully and with diligence ordered them aright in their reclaiming and first making, neither have they taken due time therein, nor used them with that respect of love and gentleness, whereby they might win and draw their love unto them, but contrariwise have dealt rashly and roughly with them, which the Hawk quickly perceiving, doth for the most part reward & requite her keeper's unkindness, with strange behaviour, and disdainful coyness. Another cause of their dragging and carrying is, that their keepers have given them little or no content in their lureing: but have sought to draw them unto them by constraint, and have given them at their coming a very slight reward, or none at all, it may be sometimes upon the pelt of a pigeon, or some other dead thing, in which she takes no delight neither are such slight matters any thing worth, to win a Hawgards love withal, for as you do teach her the way to come unto you, so must you by your art and industry giver her full assurance of her 
* Your kind dealing with her, does draw her love to you.  content and welcome when she is come unto you, which assurance cannot be made with dead things only, but with such as are living, which she is naturally inclined to love and like of, for if the pleasure which she takes in her reward, be the only cause that moves a hawk to come unto the man (which every Falconer must confess is true) you must needs think when she misses that content in her reward, and finds it not to her liking, if afterwards she be far from you, her haste will be but small in repairing to you, likewise when she hath been thus badly rewarded, and long debarred of her natural desire and delight, and after you shall come to lure her to a live dove, it is most likely at her first ceasing upon it, she will be loath to let you come near her, for fear you should deprive her of her unaccustomed yet long desired pleasure, which she having obtained will be unwilling to leave, and therefore will offer to rise, and carry it away: whereupon some men suddenly (yet simply) impute the cause thereof to the doves lightness, which indeed is nothing so, for if there be no fault at that time in the falconer, 
Before she be well accustomed to live doves.  that through his rashness or unskilful demeanour he gives her no occasion (which he * as yet may easily do) then is it nothing else but the very pleasure▪ and delight which she does take in the life and motion of the dove, for when she feels it stir and flutter in her foot, 
* The stirring of the dove which is then strange makes her jot for joy.  the▪ novelty of that from which she hath been so long estranged, makes her jocund and so overcomes her, with sudden joy and gladness, that she knows not for the time how to sit, or behave herself, she will be so hot and eager on it, for the preventing of which coins and fugitive desire in your Hawk at her first luring unto live doves, you must restrain her and draw her gently to you with your lure or creance, not s●ddenly or rashly, but by degrees, and give her some bits of meat with your hand, being on your knees, to please and content her, and by this loving usage you shall find your first dove, to be the worst dove: and the more ofter that you do use her unto them, the quieter she will be and the better pleased both with them and yourself, loving your 
* Which you must always be careful to use in your whole practice of luring your Haggard.  voice, and you the better for their sakes, and by using this course you shall find such a sudden alteration in her, that at the first she did not drag so fast from you, but now she will bring it with as much speed towards you: yea she will meet you with it, and be willing to change a whole dove with you for a bit of meat at your hand, and what can you desire more: and whatsoever he be that carefully observeth this rule, and doth painfully practise the same, (with due respect unto the 
* Which is the stomach.  main point) shall not fail of his expectation, but in the space and time before limited shall be sure to have his hawk loveing inward, and ready whensoever time shall serve to be let into any hawk, or to be thrown of upon a beaten fowl, as the Falconer in his discretion shall see and find it meet. And because in these days every one that professeth Faulconry, taking the charge upon them to keep a hawk with a desire to be accounted Falconers, yet have not had time to obtain experience, and therefore of necessity must needs want the knowledge of judging and discerning the true nature of their hawks, the 
* The want of skill to know the nature & condition of the hawk, doth cause the Falcon to commit many errors in the reclaiming of the Haggard: many times to her great danger and utter overthrow.  want of which knowledge makes them commit many errors in managing and reclaiming their Haggards, for whose help and instruction I will proceed, to the setting down of some necessary observances, concerning the qualities and dispositions of divers Haggards, the Knowledge of which cannot choose but be much beneficial to direct the courses and practices of such young men, as do intend industriously to labour to attain to the readiest, safest, most profitable and commendable course of manning, reclaiming, and luring the Haggard, Falcon gentle.   

CHAP. V A necessary observation concerning the several conditions of Hawks, and how to alter any malignant humour, or hurtful quality in them.  
ALthough the Falcons gentle, or slight Falcons, are by nature all of one kind; yet in quality and condition they do differ far, which difference, you must by your knowledge, together with your painful practice; seek to learn and find out in the time of their luring and making, at which time if you do with attentive diligence, mark and observe your Haggards disposition, it will be an excellent means of attaining and performing your purpose with much facility, and content.  
For example, you shall sometimes meet with a Hawk that when you have well lured her, and given all the good content you can devise unto her, yet upon the least scope or liberty which shall be offered, she will no tarry with you, but go her way, then may you be sure she as it were longeth, and her mind standeth another way; therefore not only to prove her inclination, but also to reclaim her from so bad a condition, you must take this course.  
Abate her pride somewhat, yet with reason and respect unto the weather, which being done, if you have never a make-hawke of your own, then must you obtain the benefit of one by friendship, then be sure to take a fit hour in the evening upon a convenient and easy place, and one couple of fowl with your make hawk, flown and stooped once or twice, or as you shall see cause in the managing of your flight, for your best vantage in landing, 
If this course stay her not, there is no hope of her, for the river her love is not to fowl, but is addicted another way.  but when she is coming for the lust to kill it over land, be sure to stand under the wind with your Hawk, and let her see the fowl overthrown and go into the quarry: and if you perceive she flieth in with a courage, and ceaseth with love and heat on the fowl, make in apace to cross the wings of the fowl, and make that safe, suffering them a while to take their pleasure together, which done with meat cleanly dressed 
* Be chary lest you fray your young hawk with your haste.  take up your old Hawk gently, and let the other have the quarry unto herself, and take her pleasure thereon with your own help on your knees to please her, and beware she takes no pill nor pelf, to glut her withal, and so reward her with 
* Be careful to feed clean the benefit whereof few takes notice.  cleanly seed, giving her supper unto her as she sits upon the fowl, use her thus three or four times together, but let it be with good meat, clean washed, and well dressed from your own hand.  
When you have used this course, at your next coming to the brook, let your make-hawke be flown, and when she hath stooped, and is wrought to her place again, at your next showing let your hawk see the fowl thrown in, and fly for the killing thereof herself with the other hawk, then mark the manner of that flight with circumspection, for by it you shall have a great guess of your future hope, and what will ensue; for if she hotly and kindly entertains the benefit of the advantage offered unto her at that time by the other hawk, and doth with attentive eagerness follow the fowl, which she saw thrown in, flying round upon that and upon yourself, and with good hap enjoys the fowl; it shows her love and disposition is agreeable to your desire, and no doubt (with good usage) may make you an excellent hawk. And although this is the only means to reclaim and recover any mettled Hawk, that hath as it were straggled, and killed check from her Keeper at random. Yet may you fail in this prescribed order, although you observe and perform it never so exactly, unless you likewise be careful to keep and maintain her stomach good and perfect, which must be done with clean feed, stones, and casting, for of this be assured, if her stomach be imperfect, and defective, neither love of man, love of fowl, love of hawk, nor one thing, nor other, will hold her in subjection, but do what you can she will fall off from you, 
Her inward disposition of wildness, is made known by her outward action of departure  and take any occasion to bid you farewell, utterly disclaiming and renouncing all former familiarity, and acquaintance betwixt you, and will betake herself to her former course of wildness, from which your art hath neither won nor yet forced her haggardly inclination.  

The second rule.  There is a Hawk of another disposition, which in her making hath not once offended you, but hath proved inward and lovingly disposed towards you. This Hawk you may presume to be more bold withal then with the other, for when you have a couple of fowl, that lie fit for your purpose, throw off your make-hawk, & when she hath once stooped them upon her point, or before, at the setting in of the fowl let in your young hawk: If she fix her eye upon the other hawk, and work her, then need you not to doubt, but suffer your young hawk fly till she hath almost reached the other, but then be sure to show the fowl, and then if she stoop it with the other hawk, and work it again with her, then if it be possible let them kill it at the next down come, for so shall you please your young hawk in due time. For the only content you can give to those kind of hawks, is to let them have their desires speedily, before they begin to be weary, and while their courage is in them, and until they be soundly in love and blood, for there is not any thing that puts a young hawk sooner out of conceit with the man, or withdraws her love, and drives her sooner away, then to suffer her to fly too long before she be served.  

The third rule.  There is yet a Hawk of a third disposition, or quality, that also in the time of her making, hath given or showed little or no cause of offence unto her keeper, yet in his observation he hath perceived her to be of a working humour, desirous to climb, and of an aspiring spirit, but through his care and skill he hath kept her down, and held her near about him, which course I hold expedient to be used, for in my youth I learned and observed it, and ever since in my labour have found the same to be the most certain and best rule to be noted, that in the time of her making no scope be given to the Haggard, neither to fly high, nor wild, but to be held down and near you: For whensoever she shall come to be welblooded on Fowl, and perceives what she should do, if ever she were a flyer you cannot hold her down, now when you shall come (according to the foresaid manner) to let this Hawk into another hawk, you shall see her go to her business without ever respecting or looking towards the other hawk, but working upon you as if she were wild, then doth it behove you to fear her, and be careful to let her see fowl in due time, lest when she comes to her wont place, she goes her way. For it is the manner of such great mettled and self wild hawks, not to abide nor tarry at the first no longer, than they be where they may command their prey. Therefore for such a Hawk as a man shall find to be self conceited, not caring for nor regarding the company of another hawk, you ought until she be very well quarried to be careful, & suffer her not to fly too long at the first, before you show her fowl: and so the shorter work you make with her, the greater content you give her, and shall thereby win her love unto you for ever.  
With the first of these three orders, I have reclaimed an outrageous unstaid hawk, and so besotted her with the love of fowl, an other hawk, and the man: that she hath fallen clean from her upwardnesse and high flying. Insomuch that I have been enforced to fly her single, and kill fowl with her on easy places, and otherwise with a good stomach put unto her, have thrown her off on great waters, and amongst many Fowl, yea, and have had much ado to rouse and stir her up from that submiss and dreaming disposition which she had caught, yet in the end have by the foresaid means awakened and recovered her, brought her to perfection and made an excellent hawk of herself, or otherwise.  
And whosoever doth keep many hawks, may sometimes meet with such a one, which if he doth; it shall be meet and convenient for them to take her from the help of any other Hawk, and put her to service herself, adding to the same the assistance of his own labour and sikll, with great respect unto her stomach, with a steady and certain hand to be held on her: For he that observeth not these things, shall hardly be able to keep and govern his Hawk aright, as he ought to do.   

CHAP. VI How to order any wild hawk or other, that comes not from the mew.  
IN regard the making and reclaiming of a wild hawk newly taken, doth something differ from that of the hawk which is drawn from the mew, both in respect of her fatness, and divers other causes; I have also thought it fit to set down an order to be used in performing the same.  
At such time as you have reclaimed and made your hawk familiar, and so gentle as that she will endure to sit bare faced, in the evening or night amongst company: then is it meet for you to begin to give her stones, and let her have them by night, and every night, until you do find her stomach good, and then you may proffer her casting, which she will not refuse but take it willingly; and I would wish you to be very careful at your first giving of her casting, that it may be with her love and liking, for otherwise I have seen divers hawks beaten out of love with the same, 
* A great fault in the Falconer.  so that they would never take it willingly after. Likewise if she should take her casting before her stomach were sufficiently prepared, it were to no purpose, neither would it avail any thing at all; for it is the stones that must first prepare the way, by stirring and dissolving such grease and glut, or what beside she hath in her, and make it fit to pass away in her mutes downward, and also to be brought and drawn by her castings upward. Therefore for this time and according to the foresaid order, and rules set down for the time of lureing, and labouring your hawk, when as you ought to carry an even and a steady hand, feeding clean, and (with discretion) short withal, when you are disposed to give stones, it shall be your best course, when she hath put away her supper from above, then before you go to bed to give her half a dozen stones, ab●●● the hand, if you have the art, if not then otherwise 〈◊〉 you like best to cast her: Let her have them as often as you can, until such time as you come to give her such things, whereon she shall take plummage in her living or training, 
By this time your Hawk will be ready for casting & it will prevail.  and then to follow her in that kind, * adding unto the ink of a dove as much clean washed flannel in quantity, as may make her a reasonable casting, bearing this old proverb in your mind, that whereas washed meat and stones makes a hawk to fly: so great casting and long fasting maketh her to die, after as you shall find just cause, and perceive by her that she hath need, 
●iue not to our hawk great stones and many, but small & often, for such physic there is not any.  let her have stones again, and let her not be long without: but give them after the foresaid order, which you shall be sure to have again in the morning betime, and shall not be enforced to tarry for them: whereas otherwise to be given in the morning to such kind of Hawks, it breeds many inconveniences, of which I will wright more at large hereafter.   

CHAP. VII. How you may know the nature and disposition of your Hawk, as well by the plume, as also by observation: and that being found, how to order and behave yourself towards them accordingly.  
WHereas in my former rules I have given notice of the variable disposition of Hawks, though of one kind and generation: which as I have showed, must of every Falconer be carefully sought for and found out in the time of their reclaiming and making. The knowledge of which being once attained unto, you must be very careful to order and govern them according to the same,  
For example, when you shall find your hawk to grow suddenly familiar with you, and quickly, and lovingly reclaimed and inclined unto you: as diligently to listen and give care to you, and to your voice, to learn speedily to come unto you, and when she is come to seem eager and hot to cease upon that which you shall throw or give unto her, & be familiar with yourself, without starting or staring about her, or otherwise to be coy or wayward: and when she hath done your will upon the ground close by you, then to look up for your fist, & willingly and readily to jump unto the same. To such a Hawk may you with reason be kind unto; and let her find the reward of her gentleness by the sweetness your fingers.  
Most commonly these loving qualities are to be found in your blank Hawks, for by experience I have ever found them to be the kindest and lovingest hawks of all others: and I have observed that these kind of hawks are much subject to a little bot, or grubworme, which do breed in the guts, and will appear in her mutes, crawling from forth the same, then shrinking on a heap, and so they die. These worms abounding may by medicine be corrected, but are not utterly to be destroyed: for they by nature do breed and increase in those kind of Hawks, and do little harm, and that Hawk who hath them, is never bad in her kind, unless she be wronged by her keeper in the manner of her usage. The colour of the worm while it liveth in a slight Falcon is red, and in a Barbary Falcon it is white, but being dead it is white from them both.  
There is a kind of Hawk that you shall find more sullen and dogged of disposition, not caring for you, nor your voice: but looking behind her, or some other way when she should be lured and come towards you. This Hawk although you must of necessity love her, yet must you take good heed how you let her understand the same; but deal with her according to her deserts, looking straightly unto her: I mean in her feed, and manner of her diet: but otherwise outwardly in your behaviour towards her, that must be most loving and gentle, although you get no more than you do wring and extort from her perforce. Therefore be sure to lessen her pride by ordering her diet with measure, and respect unto the weather, which falling-out mild and temperate, you need not fear to hold her down, until you have quarried her in such sort as is before appointed for a hawk of her condition: and so by degrees as you see her alter and amend her manners, so may you alter her diet, adding to her strength with reasonable expedition, which will be quickly gotten, if she be sound, and the weather reasonable: but if the weather shall fall out to be violent and frosty, than you must beware and take heed how you abate much flesh, and especially how you keep it off too long.  
These kinds of awkward qualities are for the most part found in your black and swarthy plumed Hawks: for although there be many of them that be good mettelled Hawks, and high fliers: yet are they also hard of ward, and very evil and uneasy to be reclaimed and brought in subjection. Therefore the greater care must be had of them, and of necessity a straighter course be taken with them, then with other Hawks, that be of a more mild and loving disposition.  
And whensoever you do fly one of these hawks, and have no good success in your flight fail not to take her down unto some live thing, to draw & hold her love unto yourself: for if she have not her will and pleasure from you, she will assuredly seek it an other way. Therefore it is a very special and singular good thing when your young Hawk hath stooped foul, and failed to kill, then to have a live fowl ready to take her down withal, although it be a tame one, yet let it be as near the colour of the wild fowl as you can, being sure to make it safe from struggling or striving.  
There is another kind of plumed Hawks, between a black & a tawny, as it were of a suddy colour, which be as great mettelled Hawks & as sprightful as can fly. Also loving and kind of disposition, if they be well and artificially reclaimed and made. And these kinds of Hawks, being let in with another Hawk will be presently won with two or three quarries: if not, and that means be wanting, then must you take the greater pains with them in training to make them Hawks of themselves, which they will quickly be, after you have made them to fly right and true upon you, if you observe and keep this ensuing order: They must want no strength when they have not the assistance of an other Hawk, neither must their stomach be wanting to put them forward to perform their service. Then must you take a fit hour at evening when all check be past, with fair weather: for fowl weather and check will breed offences divers ways: then must you have a small couple of Fowl conveniently in a hollow brook, where they may shroud themselves from you, and you from them: for great waters and many Fowl cause too much toil for young Hawks, then throw off your Hawk as near them as possible you may with convenience, that you be not enforced to draw your Hawk on her wing too far, nor tarry too long before you show the Fowl unto her: for young Hawks must not be suffered to fly too long at the first, but must be taught & brought unto it by degrees: then the place being for your purpose, if your Hawk will fly right, you may at the second stooping overthrow one of them, if she will come hard & close for such a Hawk as comes with vehemency at the first doth more terrify and amaze a fowl with once coming, than another that cometh coldly and with small courage shall do in three or four times. If you do fail of your expectation, and that it be not suddenly effected, miss not to take her down to a hand fowl, before she hath laboured and beaten herself out too much, and therein may you please her well and give her great content. This course take with her so long as she is of herself, wanting the company of another Hawk to help her, and so you shall be sure to hold her still in love: for there is nothing more hurtful or displeasing to a young Hawk, then at her first making to suffer her to toil, and make many stoop before she be served. That breedeth dislike and causeth her to fly wide and carelessly, yea, and many times to go her way in great displeasure.  
There be other kinds of plumed Hawks, and more than as yet I have made mention of, but whatsoever they be or shall be, I hope I have formerly in this discourse, provided, showed, and plainly expressed, a several order or rule for their usage, according as they shall be perceived (and through the Falconers skill) found to be in their several natures and diversity of humours disposed and inclined.   

CHAP. VIII. Here follows the manner of bathing your hawk.  
Having here spoken particularly of the Haggard Falcon gentle, & discoursed of her life as she abideth and liveth wild in England, and as I have showed that amongst all other birds and fowls, she is a commander, so likewise have I displayed and set forth the greatness of her courage, for the excellency whereof she deserveth to be called and accounted the Queen of all other hawks, who having the whole circle of the earth, and compass of the air wherein to range, pass, and peruse at her pleasure, yet being by the art and skill of man taken from the air, it hath also been taught how by your skill and industry to abate (though not the haughtiness of her courage, for that remains yet) the greatness of her wild and furious stomach, and to alter and change the settled order and course of nature, and by your artful endeavour to draw her as it were by constraint and yet willingly, to yield unto you, and to your directions, being content to submit herself unto your custody, and enure herself to your company with great boldness and familiarity: and likewise how by diet, stones, and casting to prepare her stomach, whereby she may be made fit to fly, and so to guide and rule her according to the course of her condition, during her flying time. Now it will not be amiss for me to speak something concerning the order and manner of bathing and weathering your haggard, wherein I will briefly show you my advise and counsel.  
First as concerning bathing of your Haggard, I myself have had very few that would ever bathe at all, so long as they have continued with me sound, but whensoever I have proved them barefaced abroad, having fitted them with a reasonable 
* Neither so little as hunger should provoke them nor so much that superfluity should prevent them.  gorge for the purpose, they would be so displeasing to me with their unruliness and extreme bating, that before I could conveniently take them to my fist again, I have perceived them to receive more harm that way, than they would have been the better for their bathing: therefore when trial shall be made of any such hawk, and that you find she is not disposed thereunto, it shall be better for you to keep her on your fist, 
* The air.  then to wrong her to no end: for those kind of hawks although you labour them the first year truly in their making, and have by your diligence wrought them to your own content, having made them so familiar, that they will sit abroad bare faced hard by you, when they are empty, yet if you shall absent yourself for trial, you shall find they will be unquiet, and so distemper themselves, that when you shall appear and come into their sight again, they will strive and do themselves great harm: and surely I had rather my own hawk should fly two or three flights, being empty, than she should bate or strive once in her lease, her body being full of meat. These kind of hawks being fittest for the river, and most commonly flown thereunto, are oftentimes with kill Fowl drawn into the same, being wetted many times with waters and rain, likewise the time of year being winter, wholly and sharply inclined to cold and wet, all which are great impediments, and hindrances unto the bathing of Haggards, and it is in vain to offer it unto them in that season; otherwise I have observed often that after two or three mews, and towards their declining age, through extraordinary actions of untimely heats or surfeits, they have desired and sought for bathing, and grown to more quietness abroad barefaced; which inclination in them will be easily found and descried: then is it meet for you not to neglect occasion, but when the weather will permit you show her the water, if she do bathe, let her dry herself abroad, if it be fair and the weather temperate, otherwise let her have the air of the fire with measure, and come no more abroad that day nor night, but set her upon a very warm perch, and from the air, otherwise it might be very hurtful to the hawk, for indeed there would be no mixture of fire and air both, in the drying of their hawk: for 
* The hawk that is sound baths seldom, yet is she hot by nature, the hawk that is not sound baths often, being more than naturally hot by reason of her infirmity.  the one, it is natural and kind, it drieth the feathers, tempereth and seasoneth the body and cooleth the same, being hot by nature, but much hotter by distemperature, which appeareth by the bathing of some, 
* The fire.  and is proved by the not bathing of others whereby the difference between the sound hawk and the unsound hawk is discerned. The other of necessity must needs be hurtful, because in her first creation it is affirmed of her and all other fowls, that their residence and continual abode was allotted them in the air, as a place and element most fit and correspondent to their natural compositions: and therefore the fire being their opposite element, cannot choose but be very hurtful, in regard it doth not only dry the feathers of the hawk: but also pierceth into the body, and heateth it most unnaturally: therefore when it is used upon necessity there ought great heed to be taken, as I have said before; for certainly it is neither good nor wholesome for your hawk, either wet or dry to receive much heat from the fire.  
Thus (for brevities sake) I omit to speak any more of bathing these kind of hawks, and do refer the same to every man's particular opinion, and generally to the judgement of all good and ancient Falconers, whose long experienced practice I would not draw with in the limits of prescription: but leave them to use their own hawks, as they through observation and just occasion shall find it convenient.   

CHAP. IX. The manner how to weather your Hawk.  
THus having spoken somewhat concerning the bathing of your Haggard, I will now speak some thing of her weathering, where you must note by the way that many Hawks of the * same kind, are taken out of the next very young, 
Falcons.  whereby they do altogether forget their natural dam that bred them, and betake themselves to love, and grow fond on them or him that do foster or bring them up, also there be others of a more base and bastard kind, that out of the same nature will very easily be brought to familiarity with the man, not in the house only, but also abroad, hooded or unhooded, nay many of them will be more gentle and quiet when they are unhooded, then when they are hooded, for if a man do but stir or speak in their hearing, they will cry and bate, as though they did desire to see the man: Likewise some of them being unhooded, when they see the man will cowre and cry showing thereby their exceeding fondness and fawning love towards him. These kind of hawks may you do with what you will, using them at your pleasure, hooded or unhooded, 
* Mark the difference between the Haggard & the Eyas.  and while she is in your hand she will be always best, and most quiet when she is full gorged, and bore faced. These hawks being unseasoned in their bodies (by reason they are debarred not only from the continual benefit of the air, but also from other natural courses of feeding, flying, and the like exercises, which they use in their youth, by which they become not only strong, but also sound and perfect in their constitutions,) 
* For want of the air to cool and refresh them: together with continual exercise to keep them in health.  are much subject unto heat, and therefore much addicted to weathering and bathing, and almost will never refuse the water: which notwithstanding you must not impute to their unsoundness, or evil disposition of her body, (although there is, and ever will be some of them diseased) but unto the alteration & change of their nature and kind, which by their bringing up with the man, is much different from the nature of those that are nourished and fed by their dam.  
For example, 
* The Eyas.  these kind of hawks be all (for the most part) taken out of the nest very young, even in their down, from whence they are put into a close house, whereas they be always fed, and familiarly brought up by the man, until they be able to fly, when as the summer approaching very suddenly, they are continued and trained up in the same, the weather being always warm and temperate: 
* She knows no other dam to feed her, nor no other means to relieve her.  thus are they still enured to familiarity with the man, so that of necessity they must be both fond and loving towards him, not knowing from whence besides to fetch their relief or sustenance. When the summer is ended they be commonly put up into a house again, or else kept in some warm place, for they cannot endure the cold wind to blow upon them, which manner of education or bringing up, doth make them to differ much in the natural inclination of their bodies, from the Haggard, who as you shall hear is fostered after another fashion, therefore you may boldly set abroad these Hawks unhooded, as well to take the air, (the benefit whereof cannot choose but give a cooling comfort to their supernatural imbred heats) but also in regard of their 
* Which is bred with them.  innated familiarity they will take no occasion to bate or strive, thereby to hurt themselves when they are full gorged. But leaving to speak any more of these kind of scratching Hawks, that I did never love should come too near my fingers, and to return unto the courteous and fair conditioned Haggard Falcon, whose gallent disposition I know not how to extol, or praise so sufficiently as she deserves.  
She for the most part Eyrees and breeds on the tops of high rocks in the cold air, where she continues for a time, never setting eye nor seeing any man, but there is nourished and brought up by her natural Dam, until such time as her feathers be at home, 
Because they should no longer devour her pray, which she takes great pains to get, she beats them away, or leads them into some strange country and looseth them  her joints & body strong, and able to rear herself from the stones and mountains into the air, where she is entertained and tutured by her dam, and by her trained up, and taught the way to pray for herself, which when the young ones have learned, she suffereth them to abide no longer in that coast: but rebuketh and chaseth them out of that country, or else leadeth them herself into this or some other Country, (as we daily see by experience) and there she departeth from them. From that time forward they live and continue wild, being forced to shift for themselves, by getting their living with their own labour, which they do continually both in wet and dry tasting and enduring of all times & seasons, calms and storms, their bodies being tempered and seasoned, with all sorts and changes of wind and weather.  
Now must it needs be that these kinds of Hawks have, and evermore will have some wildness in them, which disposition, although I have formerly showed you how to alter and change, and to keep them loving and familiar with you: yet that being wrought & effected by art you must beware that nature do not get the upper hand, or bear the greatest sway, for if it do, than your skill fails you, and your art deserves no commendation.  
Therefore when you shall determine to frame your Haggard to the fashion and form of your other hawks (of which I have already made mention) It will not be so suddenly nor easily effected, as (it may be) you expect: for if you desire to set her abroad unhooded to weather her, as you do your Eias, it will not be: for your Eias may be set abroad at any time of the day, 
The Eias.  yea and the better when her gorge is full: but as for your Haggard, you must take another course with her, for if you intend to weather her, you must do it in the morning, or else in the evening before she be fed: also you must remain close by her, with meat clean, & ready dressed to take her to your fist withal: otherwise no sooner is her appetite sufficed with meat, but she being abroad unhoodded suddenly forgets all her former subjection, and falls to striving and bating to be gone, especially she will be most earnest and unruly when after you have been absent she shall see you come suddenly unto her, which temerity and wild behaviour shows, (for the time) your art is abandoned, considering she had rather do herself a mischief by bating and striving, than she would willingly come into your hands again. Now who for pity to hurt and wrong this poor, loving, and kind Bird, would set her abroad unhooded, and alone by herself, knowing that nature hath a superiority and working in her above art, whereas she may be otherwise safely preserved, kept, and well weathered in her hood; which course I would wish all Falconers to take in weathering their Haggards: for seeing she desires no more but what she is used unto, her standing hooded can do her no harm, but is rather a means to prevent her bating & striving by which her spirit and courage is taken away, with which in the evening she should be able to perform her business.   

CHAP. X. How to know the time of setting down your Haggard, and when it is convenient to leave flying them.  
IT is now a convenient time for me to speak something concerning the setting down of your Haggard Falcon: for in regard the time of their flying, as something different: it will not be impertinent to my present purpose, to set down some needful observations concerning the same.  
About our Lady day in Lent is the time when these kinds of hawks do leave these countries, and all other estranged places: and they do begin to draw together, and to dispose themselves thereunto a month before that time. Wherefore then it will not be amiss either to set them down, or else to be chary and careful of those times you fly them in: for they will be very subject and apt to be lost, on little or no cause at all. And as they differ in the eye of man, and their ages disagree: so is the one more subject to be lost then the other, by reason of their difference. The deed of generation is the very cause they leave these countries for: whereby they are provoked to repair into those places of the world, that be most fit and convenient for them to breed in.  
The old Haggard being taken there, or elsewhere, having formerly bred and brought up many young, must needs at that time beset down, and fed up with hot and bloody meat, 
Somewhat before our Lady day.  because nature (having long had his course) provokes her with greater violence to prepare herself unto her kind, with purpose to be gone: which course of nature, if you should restrain, and seek by force to make her serve your turn, she would with a longing languishing desire, consume herself to nought.  
The intermewed Haggard is more able and strong to resist the course of nature: because it is not so violent in her as in the former: yet is she subject to the same at that time of the year. Nevertheless you need not scare the loss of her so much, in regard she is not moved so much to increase her kind, for want of years to increase the same: therefore you may boldly fly this hawk something longer than the other, and hold her subject to your will.  
The passenger soare-Faulcon is a more choice and tender hawk, 
Of the soar Hawk.  by reason of her youth and tenderness of age, and therefore she must be more carefully kept and better fed the● the other mewed hawks, because they are more har● of ward; yet she will be as soon reclaimed and made a certain hawk, and rather sooner than the other, if she be well used, and respectively handled. And in those places where flying may be had, she may be found longer by a month then any of the other.   

CHAP. II. Hear followeth certain necessary instructions to be observed of every Falconer before he doth put his hawk into the Mew, which is a preparing or making ready of your Hawk for the same.  
THus flying time being past, it will now be convenient to prepare your hawk for the Mew, for the performing whereof, this ensuing rules will not be found unprofitable.  
You must beware and take heed, at the first, (when you do purpose and also begin to feed up your hawk and covet to fill her full of flesh, that she be not her own carver in her diet, nor that you do give unto her no great gorge yourself: for if you do, it is ten to one she will overfeede and surfeit on the same, as you shall plainly perceive if you will mark with observation that which followeth.  
Whereas you have perceived that your hawk all her flying time hath continued with you sound and healthful: and by the mending of your hand a little towards her with good mean something more than ordinary, she would always thrive of her flesh, and increase in health to your liking: yet now at the setting down, and time of rest, you do (out of your love, and to the intent to fill her full of flesh) give her good meat, and full gorges every day▪ for the space of a seavenight, or a fortnight together, it may be longer, and yet in all that time find small amendment or none at all: this no doubt will make you wonder that your cost and care takes no greater effect, but that you find your Hawk rather worse then better by it: for unless you know the reason of it, it cannot choose but seem strange unto you. I have had this question propounded unto me diverse times concerning Hawks in this estate, which although I am well assured every good Falconer of time and experiecne, can judge sufficiently, not only of the cause, but also of the remedy, and how to prevent it: yet in regard there are many keepers of Hawks do lack that knowledge, and for want thereof have spoiled and surfeited many good hawks: I will for their instructions speak more at large concerning this matter.  
Whereas before during the time of her flying, your Hawk did by chance, now and then meet with some good meat more than ordinary, as sometime the flesh of Fowl, or the like taken by herself; or otherwise bestowed on her by you, in regard of her good deserts; upon the which it may be you have seen her feed hastily, or with greediness, and yet you have not perceived that she hath been the worse, but the better for the same. From whence you must understand that she commonly did win that with labour of her body, and the use and exercise of her wings, which was a great help and furtherance to her disgesture: besides the Falconer (being expert in his art) will out of his discretion, either in the morning, or at evening, after such extraordinary feed, consider what danger it might procure, and so give her stones to prevent the gathering or engendering of any superfluous glut or humour, which might thereby offend her, and so with diligent care continue a moderate and mean diet after.  
But now you cease and leave off from all those practices and observations of the flying time, and your only pretence and purpose is to give rest and good seed unto your Hawk, to the end to raise and fill her full of flesh, whereby she may be made ready for the Mew. And to the'nent she should prosper and be brought to that perfection, you do at her first setting down, give her as much as she list to take into her gorge, thinking thereby to effect your purpose the sooner: but therein you shall soon find that you have deceived yourself, for your Hawk being newly taken from flying, at which time you kept her with a good stomach and sparing diet, being now suffered to take what she will, doth out of the heat and greediness of her stomach, fill herself full upon the sudden, that for want of digesture, (which she must needs lack by reason of her continual rest, (having no exercise, nor other means to procure the same) her sudden fullness doth so suffocate and stop the pooers which are then open, and other passages of nutriment, that she will be presently stunted by those obstructions, and not only be forced to stand long at a stay, before she can be recovered, but many times she will languish & fall into many surfeits and diseases, by reason of the same.  
Therefore to avoid these inconveniences, you must keep your Hawk all the flying time as clean as possible you may, then at her setting down keep your wont course in feeding twice a day, and as near as you can with hot and bloody meat, and no more in quantity than you shall find her well able to endure & put away: and be sure to take heed of suffering her to glut herself too full at the first: and by using this order you shall find that if she be sound, she will thrive of her flesh in a short space, which if you perceive, that within the week or the fortnight she is amended, to your liking, them may you be bold to begin to feed her once a day, and if it be possible let her have young pigeons at the first, because it is a more moist and delicate feed, and easilier to be endued then any old seed: but if there be none of those to be had, than you must be content to take what you can get, nevertheless be sure that her first gorges of the last kind be reasonable and easy in quantity for a while, because at that time of the year, old seed is more dry and hard of disgesture then at other times, or then young pigeons be.  
Thus having used this course, and by your own discretion finding the time fit, to leave feeding twice a day, also observing how she likes and mends by her feeding once a day, how the eagerness of her stomach doth abate, and according to these observations to rule and order her with art and discretion, you shall be sure to have your hawk raised in her flesh, increased and settled in her health, being thereby made ready and fit for the Mew, into which she may be put shortly after, and no doubt there continue safe and sound, while she remains there. Contrariwise if you do put your hawk into the Mew; without any such preparation, or while she is abroad to suffer her to eat as much as she will, or to give her at one time a whole old dove, dry and tough, you shall find it will suddenly put the soundest hawk that is unto a stand, and by this only means, surfeited and spoiled many a hawk: and there are very few that scape which are so used; and than it is imagined they have taken some blows or bruises in their flights, or have been wronged some other way, when (indeed) there's no such matter, but even are destroyed by hasty extraordinary feeding, and by superfluous and unreasonable kindness.   

CHAP. XII. How to put your Hawk into the mew, and how to order her while she remains there.  

When you do take her forth.  NOw will it be good time if your mew be ready to put your hawk into the same, and before you do it, be sure that she be free from mites and lice, which if she be then infected with, may trouble and hinder her thriving in the mew, by reason they will then grow and increase upon her: also it is necessary that you take of her old iessis, and put her on a pair both new and strong that they may if it be possible continue and last until the time of her drawing; so that you be not at that time enforced to hold her, and strive with her too long, because then when she is in the prime of her grease, the least heat she can take is all too much, and it may do her great harm: also it is very convenient that your mew be kept always sweet and clean, with sweeping, for your Hawk will rejoice in the pleasant air, and otherwise will droop with the noisome savours that will daily possess her inward parts and senses contrary to her kind, which is always to have the benefit of fresh and sweet air. Also you must be mindful to see and observe 
* Where it is said that you must observe when your Hawk thrives you are admonished to mark what usage she then hath for of this be sure, that usage which makes your Hawk to thrive & prosper, is fitting and answerable to her nature, which when you have found, be sure to continue it.  when and how your Hawk doth thrive, and what estate she standeth in, both by her casting and mutes, and any other way by which you may discern the same. Likewise you must not fail to let your hawk have always fair water standing by her, which must be often shifted, and be sure never to let her be without stones lying by her in gravel, that although you have taken her from her natural liberty, and forced her to take a course contrary to her disposition, whereby many offensive causes may be bred in her; yet that she may have those means always at hand, by which nature hath taught her to seek a remedy, by the taking and casting of which stones, you shall be much directed in the knowledge of her estate; and you must not fail to mark what stones she casts every day, which you must gather up, and then having washed them lay them in the place fit for her to take again. That meat which you do kill for your Hawk with a piece, be sure to search, and cut out the black and bruised flesh, which proceeds of the gunpowder; for there is no gun, but after one shoot or two, (and especially in moist and wet weather) but sends forth the shot as black as ink, which I refer to your own judgement, whether it can be either good or wholesome for any Hawk to take into her body, considering it is a thing so evil and contrary to her kind: and how is it possible that those Hawks should escape and miss the same, that never have their meat cleanly dressed, but through the idleness of their Keeper, 
A good caveat for all idle Falconers.  it is thrown into the mew feathers and all, without any care of cleansing, even as it hath lain battered and ranckeled from the time it was killed: and yet I have heard some of them say, that they never saw nor heard of any hawk that ever died by any such kind of feed, which speech doth not only bewray their ignorance, but also their negligence, and shows that they never had the wit to observe, nor the skill to prevent so great a danger. Notwithstanding it is too manifest that many excellent hawks have been utterly destroyed by such undiscreet Keepers.   

CHAP. XIII. How to take your hawk from the Mew, and how to inseame her and make her ready to fly.  
WHen the time comes that you intent to draw your Hawk out of the mew, it doth behove you at the doing thereof to be very careful, 
This course ought to be taken with any Hawk, of what kind soever she be.  that you be not too long a striving with her; whereby you should give her any cause of forcible motion of her body by ba●cing; struggling or the like, but with all possible expedition set her down upon a perch, to the end she may there rest quietly, till her anger and turbulent humour be assuaged, thereby to prevent and keep her from taking any heat at all, and so let her sit amongst company and in their hearing, without any occasion of disturbance so near as you can. Then when you think it convenient take her gently and fairly unto your fist, and carry her up and down, stroking her with a feather lightly and gently, and if you do perceive her begin to stir, and grow unquiet, set her down again, and thus use her, until by degrees you have drawn her to some reasonable familiarity; which when you have gained, and that she will begin to feed, then give her more carriage, and use her unto it more and more, and be sure still to keep her as quiet as may be, and seek by all means to prevent her bating; for there is more danger in some one Hawk, that is to be reclaimed and inseamed from the Mew, then is in many other Hawks that have been newly taken in England or from the cage, or any other place whatsoever, for they that are newly taken here in England, do come from the labour of their bodies and exercise of their wings, pair not fat (if I may term it so) therefore they in their reclaiming and making cannot so suddenly heat themselves by bating or otherwise, but they may be better preserved from any hurt, and if it do chance that they miscarry thereby, yet may they then be more easily cured. Likewise those that come from the cage, and were taken beyond the seas and have been tossed and tumbled up and down, I do hear few that buy them, complain of their fatness or overmuch fullness, and therefore they are also so much the more from that danger, but that hawk which is mewed and kept therein by the man, she is wholly restrained of her liberty, and kept up in a narrow room, where she feeds with ease, and gets her fullness with sitting still, 
If your hawk come full from the mew give her no casting till the third week, many will think to have their hawks ready to fly in that time, but many times their hasty affections do frustrate and make void their unskilful intentions.  so that there is no one crammed fowl or bird, that will be more fat and full than she, and therefore no one of the other sort of hawks is in a quarter of that danger in their inseaming that she is in, unless she be most carefully kept, & curiously used until she be through inseamed. Thus not fearing but this short admonition will be sufficient to every careful Falconer, concerning this one material and necessary observation, I will proceed.  
When you have brought her to eat, you must feed her twice a day, and so order and diet her continually, and it must be with new and good meat, which you must dress and wash clean, wring out the blood with fair water, that she may the sooner come unto a stomach, and for the quantity thereof let it be as much as the wing of an old dove at once, or as you shall find her to put away the one meal, and make herself fit and ready for the other: and for the first week, or ten days after, she begin to feed, give her neither casting not stones; but the week after give her half a dozen stones every night, after she hath put away her supper from forth her gorge, 
You must take this course with any manner of long winged Hawk that is drawn from the mew.  which you shall find she will cast & render unto you again in the morning very early. The third week approaching, you must give her every night a casting, still bearing in mind your former manner of diet or feed, which you must continue until your hawk be flying, and all her flying time, only adding unto her meals somewhat in quantity, and forbearing to wash altogether so hard, with respect to the hardness or mildness of the weather, and as your own discretion shall lead and direct you in finding her to fly and grow subject to your demand my reasons for disposing of her usage in these several sorts are these.  
The first week or somewhat more, she will be altogether unfit and unready for stones, or casting, by reason of her ramagenes, beside she will be possessed with fretting angry humours, which will not so soon be wrought out of her: likewise if either of them should be given her, being in her full pride of grease, she may keep them, and never cast them, as I have (for a certain truth) both seen and proved: otherwise she may fall sick with stirring or removing her grease too soon.  
The second week by means of the Fawlconers' skill and pains taken, the week before her anger and fretting will be somewhat assuaged, she will be gentle to sit unhooded, and will have well emptied her bowels, and scoured forth some of her lose dross and relics of imperfection, and then she will be fit to receive stones, and apt to cast them again.  
This being effected the second week, then against the third week she will be prepared with a reasonable stomach, to take her casting willingly, and not be curious to do the like afterwards, which she must have every night, 
* Until your exercise be with labour you can neither make her clean, nor keep her clean.  it may be as yet you shall not find by her casting, nor her mutes, much grease to come from her, nor that she inseameth, nor yet reclaimeth according to your expectation, yet let not that trouble you, but now prepare yourself to lure her, and let her exercise and have the benefit of her wings: Then try with stones now and then to stir her again, and as near as you can by night; for I have learned by experience that stones given once by night do more good unto a hawk, than twice by day, for speedy inseaming or removing any glut or evil humour, which the hawks body is subject unto: for in the morning, although she have need enough to keep them, yet a greedy appetite (which naturally she hath at that time of the day) often times provokes her to cast them before they have half exercised there virtue and operation in her, so that she receiveth little liberty or none at all by them: and contrariwise according to her necessity she will sometimes keep them all day and all night if you would suffer her, for you shall perceive that she will even resolve as it were with herself so to do by growing unquiet, and by begging and craving meat of her Keeper for her dinner, the stones being still in her; and in my conceit, who so suffers her not then to have her will and desire; but striveth to contradict her, doth her much wrong, for if at the present she have hers, the next morning he shall have his, I mean his stones with her health increased.  
I have observed that most men can be well content to give unto their Hawk a piece of Flannel or Cotten, although foul and slurred, which being received into her body, she finds it so far differing from her natural desire, as sometimes she will cast it up in the morning all black and tawny, and sometimes with it meat undigested, which showeth how loathsome it is unto her, especially when it is given without perfect scouring and washing, yet we never so much as dream that this ever offendeth any Hawk; but surely it doth either a sound hawk clean, or an unsound Hawk whether she be foul or clean. Therefore seeing it hath been, is, and ever will be given unto Hawks for casting. It is meet that you consider, and take notice how and when it is fittest and best to be given. First of all you must be sure that it be perfectly and well washed, and so kept, for there is no such thing, nor any other thing, that passeth into the body of the hawk; but the stomach worketh and striveth by nature to digest it, as do evidently appear by the hard bones she eateth, from whence it sucketh all the marrow, and other moisture, so doth it in like manner from the woollen whatsoever is possible to be withdrawn, which is unnatural, and therefore must needs be unwholesome: wherefore to give it when your Hawk is inseaming, and foul in her grease, and that also broken in her, it is more tolerable; for than her stomach is not so apt or inclined to savour or taste it, (being then coied and pestered with gross humours) as it will be after, when it is freed and cleansed from them: Also than it often times (through the annoyance of the hot & greasy savour) doth provoke your hawk to cast in the morning before her hour, or that she hath perfectly endured her supper which will appear and plainly show in the tawny colour of her casting unwrapped, and the like colour and muddiness of the water within it, therefore if there be no remedy but we must use it, let it be as it is before appointed; and when you give the easiest and lightest suppers, and some plummage with it: but otherwise never upon a great gorge: no not unto the soundest hawk that is: also in a morning when your hawk makes a lose, and unwrapped casting of plummage, it is good to give a little knot with stones, to bring away lose or straggling feathers out of the panel; or else at some other time with stones in the morning, and view the colour of it, whereby you may judge the state of your hawks body, for by it you shall gather and perceive whether she be hot and dry, or moist, and in good temper; or greasy, or clean. If she be hot and dry, the casting will be even as it were scorched black, yet nevertheless it may be wrapped, and the water in it reasonable clear, which if you find, let her have no more casting of that kind; but in stead thereof give her plummage, and she will do well so long as the water is so good: for it is nothing but her dislike of the unkindness of the cotton: But there is more danger to be doubted, when as the casting appeareth as I said before blackish and tawny, and no water, but a roaping froth in it, which showeth and signifieth more heat and drought then in the other, yet if it be wrapped you need fear the less: and commonly this is found in such Hawks, as are not made through clean at the first before they be flown, but are hot often in that estate: nevertheless if she be well ordered and carefully attended after, those imperfections will easily be wrought out of her, which to effect take this course. Give her one week's rest, and feed her with good meat, and easy gorges of the same: also give her some very fair and clean water with it, and cease for that week to give her any casting at all, but every night after she hath put away her supper, give her half a dozen small stones with the stump of a wing: then at the week's end because you cannot prove her estate so well, by the colour of the casting of plummage, give her a little supper, and after that is put away, wash her a flannel casting very well, and give it her. Then if you do find in the morning, that it is perfect, than you have your desire, if not use the same course again, until you have accomplished your purpose, giving her rest, and using her as hath been showed before, and with this order rightly observed, you shall not fail in a short time to recover your Hawks health, whereas otherwise death ensueth, as may plainly appear to every Falconer of understanding, if they do but call to mind what discommodities have followed their rash & hasty desires: for when they see their hawks begin to shrink and droop on such occasions, will not be contented, nor cannot bridle their affections, staying till they have restored and wrought their health by degrees, which time and diligence would easily accomplish, but most undiscreetly will think by extraordinary courses to recover them on the sudden, and so whereas they should suddenly cure them, they quickly kill them: But let every one (that of his own experience knows not a better remedy) use the forementioned order, by which they shall not fail to obtain their purpose (their Hawks health and their own credit) which being attained, and that you perceive your hawk to be changed to your liking, 
There be many sound Hawks will never brook a woollen casting.  leave of to give her any more unnatural casting at all (but as I have showed sometimes for trial) and give her only casting of plummage, so shall you be sure (if she have no other deadly infirmity) to preserve and keep her safe and in continual case to do her business according to your desire.  
Now then to return to speak of stones again, and first as concerning the giving of them by night, my reason why they should be given more by night then by day are these, your Haggqads, & your coy & right Ramage Hawks by kind, 
It is not good to give your Hawk stones at that time when you know she will be unquiet.  will not in that short time (spoken of before) be so well reclaimed, but that they will have pride, and a stirring humour in them still, and especially in the morning after their night rest. Therefore for this one cause of their unquietness, to which they are much addicted in the morning, and also for the time of their inseaming & reclaiming, the night is best: for then your Hawk is addicted quietly to take her rest, without bating, stirring, or straining of her body, being charged with stones. But some will say the night is too long, and that they do over heat her: but by due observation I have found; it is not so, whensoever she hath need and desireth or deserveth to have them: for certain it is I have seen a Hawk in the time of her flying, that hath taken a dozen or more of stones herself in a morning, and hath kept half of them till the next morning. Also I have known the same Hawk when they have been given unto her by the man at the same time, would not miss at her feeding time, or at the sight of meat to cast half of them, and keep the rest till the next day, which Hawk I have recovered and brought to perfection, & orderly casting, only with a moderate diet, and stones given her in the night without any trouble or distemper unto the Hawk at all, which otherwise she might have received through bating, striving, and such unquietness in the morning after her rest, all which most Hawks of metal and courage are subject unto at that time, which is often a great cause that Hawks do keep their stones in the morning. All which do manifestly prove that the night is best.  
Also I have seen Hawks many a time (for want of orderly government) have kept their stones the most part of a day, and some of them till the next day, and not miss to do the like whensoever they were given them in the morning. I had also one Hawk myself where now I dwell, which my master bought, and I received her with stones in her, which was made known unto me, and that it was her accustomed order to keep them, or her casting, or both together, and that she did use to fly with some stones & her casting in her. This p●evish custom I altered and quickly changed, and brought her to cast them all, and orderly, only by keeping a steady and careful hand in the quality and quantity of her diet and feeding, not giving her sometimes too little, and some times too much, but keeping and observing a mean, and especially upon such occasions. It is the careful feeding of your Hawk that makes her serviceable: for there is no Hawk but will fly according as she is ordered and governed, as if her stomach be right, she will fly with spirit, courage, and attention to the man, otherwise if it be cold and dull, she will fly wild and carelessly, and on plains and houses, all which is discommendable in a Hawk, and shows the Falconer faileth of his art, and such occasions give cause to any Hawk to cast at adventure, and not at any certain time. Also in curing of the foresaid Hawk, as I used a certainty in her diet: so also I have evermore a care to feed very clean, which is an other especial note to be marked by all Falconers, for in so doing, they shall be sure to keep their Hawks in temper and clean: for thereby they cannot retain any superfluity of glut, or any other thing, which otherwise might hurt the stomach, and breed sickness, in the body, and is a special cause to make them cast either stones or casting disorderly, and out of course.  
Another order which I took for this purpose, was that I continually used her unto stones at night, & never failed to give her few or many every night (with most conveniency for the number) until I had changed and altered her disordered kind of casting, and fully accomplished my desire, which I the sooner brought to pass, by reason of this last practice of giving her stones by night: and to prove that it is the best time to give any Hawk stones in, but especially such as shall be perceived to have the like need, 
* Her desire to the stones is known by her long keeping and detaining them.  and * desireth them in that manner before rehearsed, I will set down one example more of mine own experience.  
I have an other Hawk, which was a Haggard-slight-Faulcon, that when I came into the Mew with her dinner, did cast up some few stones at the sight of the meat, and when she had eaten up the same, (being a young Pigeon) she presently took above a dozen more, which she kept until the next day.  
Likewise where now I live, and in my time, there was a Tassell-gentle, that after he had eaten a whole young Pigeon, took presently 15, or 16. stones unto the same, for proof whereof I have many of the best in Bletshoe house to testify the same) he also made it something late the next day before he did cast them, which apparently showed that he naturally loved them, and that they did him good, and quickened his disgesture. These stones were every morning after laid by him, being fair and clean washed, which he never miss to take in a month together, yet at the sight of his meat, he would not fail to cast some or all of them, which is a common thing that may be marked in Hawks, not only in the Mew, but also in their flying time, the which proveth that Hawks may be by many occasions provoked to cast those stones which are given them in the morning, before they have wrought to any purpose in them, and it was nothing else but that distempered and untimely casting, which made that Hawk continue so long before he could cure himself, whereas otherwise if he had been undertaken by his keeper, and used unto them at nights, though not so many at once, yet would he sooner have been cured. Also this adviseth, that men should be so skilful, and withal so careful as to espy when their Hawks have need of stones, and then not to let slip opportunity from one time unto an other, & to give them now and then by chance as on the holy day, or at times of best leisure, but they must apply them by day or night continually with discretion, until they be cured, and shall cast in due time. And whensoever you do find your Hawk to fit long in the morning before she doth cast, and in the end also doth keep some of them still, then be sure to cease to leave of quite in the morning, and use her only unto them at night, and assure yourself if she have no other deadly infirmity in her, they will work a true effect, and cause her to cast orderly at all times, If she doth cast as she should do, it must be within an hour and a half: if they be given in the morning: for if she doth not, either her health, or her government are imperfect.  
Also when your Hawk is in her best case, and prime of her flying, and as clean as may be, yet then forget not (when you may conveniently) as specially after frank or good feed, or in time of rest, to give stones with judgement in her wants: for as they do work to cleanse & purge any thing that is bred in her stomach: so likewise are they of operation to prevent any evil that is there to be engendered or bred, if it be of substance to be wrought upon: for indeed there is no such physic for a Hawk, as to give her stones in due and needful time; and little do young Falconers imagine how kindly their natures do agree the one with the other. I heard one say that after a tedious flight flown with his Hawk, he would give her stones to cool her withal, which act of his though I did well allow of, yet did I disallow of his opinion concerning their effects, for indeed he knew what he did in action, but not in operation: for no doubt he thought those stones with their coldness would not only cool her for the present, 
He knew he gave her stones, but he knew not their effects.  but also that they only wrought a cold effect, and so continued all the time she possessed them, which opinion of his was altogether untrue, for if it were possible to have such stones, they would do no good at all: and because I know that many do deceive themselves and others in this respect, I will here show you my opinion concerning the same. First, although it is most certain that after she doth cast her stones, and those ill humours as before possessed her she is cooled, and the extreme heat (bred by reason of those superfluous humours) much allayed, yet during the time that she enjoyeth them, she is made more hot by them, and they by her: and for more confirmation of the same, let me ask you one question, wherefore do you give stones to that Hawk which you have newly taken and drawn out of the Mew, and do intend with reasonable expedition to make ready to be slowne? It is not in plain terms to melt and waste that glut and fatness that she hath gathered, and is engendered and grown in her panel, with her full and frank feeding in the time of her rest and mewing and to make the same ready, and fit to pass away & scour through her downward in her mutes, as also to ascend and be drawn and purged upwards by the same stones, and her casting, that so she might be evacuated and emptied of those gurgitive and stuffing humours, and be inseamed and made clean and ready to be put to labour so much the sooner. If this be true? wherefore then should any man think that it is possible for stones with their coolness to work a cooling effect at their instant being in the Hawk? or why should any man give them for that purpose, seeking thereby to procure that, whereof there is no need? for there is no sound Hawk gently taken from the Mew, that is over hot, and moderately hot and cold, and in a mean temper, in respect of her natural heat and coldness, unless afterwards she be with ill usage over heat and wronged. And also on that occasion, if the virtue of stones were present coldness it would hazard present death to give them: for present heat and sudden cold cannot agree together; and therefore although I do not allow to give them to some, after drawing out of the Mew in the prime and extremest fullness of flesh, (for the reasons which I have formerly alleged) yet in convenient time after the same, as I have advised, and always after long and tedious flights and toiling: for thereby you shall keep them in a temperate heat and prevent sudden cooling, it will consume their grease, and remove slime and glut, and by them the whole body will be brought into good temper, being possessed with no other but natural heat, with the like kindly coolness: for as you may perceive, your Hawk by nature and kind is hot, as plainly appeareth to every Falconer. And by her long and tedious flights & labour, she is made more hot, all which heat if it should cool suddenly would no doubt bring her into no small danger, but much more if the stones should likewise be of a cold operation, she must needs by all these sudden contrarieties be brought to her death: but contrariwise stones do prevent the same: for they being by her heat made hot themselves, do so continue in her, 
After a toiling flight at evening, if you mistrust either grease or uncleanness, let your Hawk have time to plum & give good blood for contentment but little meat or none set her up warm, and give stones so soon as may be.  and by virtue of their heat do not only keep her temperate but also do dissolve any superfluous humour incident to Hawks already engendered, & do prevent the breeding of any other that may grow by reason of her long labour the sudden cooling of her grease, or any other accident or chance whatsoever. All which being means to breed many imperfections in the stomach (whereof ariseth heat, slime, and whitish froth appearing in the mouth of the Hawk) are by virtue of their heat clean evacuated & forced from their receptacles, and places of abode, whereby the Hawk is afterwards cooled & brought into a temperate disposition of body. So that you see although the stones do yield a heating operation, while they remain in the Hawk, yet afterwards there is a cool effect wrought and produced by them.  
Furthermore do you of long practice and experience but remember; that whereas sometimes you have perceived your Hawk by all signs and shows to be free from any extraordinary heat at all: nevertheless upon your forbearance a while, before and after to give stones: Then when you did give them the next time, let me but ask you whether you have seen your hawk oftentimes at her beginning to cast before the stones, in the midst, and at the end of them, even to streane and gush out abundance of waterish and yellow greasy slime and glut from forth her body, or no? which as it is most true that every observing Falconer have, or might have seen so much; then must it necessarily follow that stones and the property of them being in the hawks body, is first to heat and purge before they cool. I make no doubt when you gave no stones, you failed not to give casting every night, but yet you perceived not her glut to flow from her at any time, with her casting as with her stones, which showeth that stones are physical and cause her to purge upwards and through her: Furthermore observe this one thing, when you have your hawk perfect clean, do but forbear one week to give her stones, and all that time you shall see her make perfect and clean castings, and though you prove her with casting of cotton, yet it will be clean and white, then at the week's end for trial of the property of stones, give her half a dozen at night with a knot of flannel, or half a score in the morning with the same; and you shall see the flannel will be yellow and greasy, which showeth that the stones have even melted and dissolved that grease, which in that short time was bred and began to grow in her: all which do apparently prove that they do never cool at the instant, but heat and purge that coldness may grow thereon.  
Likewise if sloth and idleness with other mutabilities, did not (often times in some of the best of us) cross and prevent both our skill and diligence, but that we might with clean feed and stones keep our hawks free from all uncleanness, they would never be overhot, neither is it possible to overheat such a hawk with flying that is perfect clean, and in breath; for if you should fly her out of reason, which is not meet, yet when she is weary she will go to a stand and rest her, as the wild Hawk is oftentimes compelled to do, yet never troubled with heat so long as she keepeth herself clean. Therefore let me advise you to be careful evermore to keep your hawks clean, for it is your suffering them to continue in their uncleanness, and for want of giving them stones often enough to purge them withal, that causeth and provoketh heat to grow and arise fuming in them: And this may suffice to confute the opinion of those that being asked wherefore they do give their hawk stones, and do think the night is too long, do answer that it is to cool them, and verily believe that they have no other operation or working in them but to cool: but here by reason you may see how much they are deceived, and how void of true understanding this their opinion is: and of this be sure, 
Remember that a fat Hawk makes a lean horse, a weary Falconer & an empty purse: three discommodities befitting every man to beware of. The wild Hawk will sometimes attend.  you shall find it an easier matter when your Hawk is clean, so to keep her, then when she is fowl to make her clean. Therefore it is meet for every man at the beginning to make his hawk perfectly clean, and so to keep her without pampering, with great meals to make her sit, and seem fair upon the fist, for thereby doth sundry evils grow, besides disobedience towards her Keeper, which is the greatest evil of all: yet some men will seldom take any care at all, either to keep their Hawks clean, or to have them empty when they do fly them; but do presume that their love to the man, fowl, and their own metal, will cause them to fly and kill without any stomach at all, which I will not deny but by chance may so fall out, but assure yourself it will not continue long: for there is no Hawk being put to labour, and forced to stretch and strain her wings, when her bowels be filled and charged with meat, but is in great danger of her life; and beside she will never fly with regard and attention to her Keeper, because her stomach is not perfect; which (as I have formerly showed you) is the principal governor of her in all her actions, for proof whereof mark this in suing observation.  
Take any younger Hawk out of the nest (though newly disclosed) and breed her up as familiarly as you can devise: yet when you shall come afterwards to fly her, she must be altogether guided and governed by her stomach: yea she will be kept and also lost by the same: for let her fail of that never so little, and every puffed of wind will blow her away from you; nay if there be no wind stirring, yet she will wheel and sink away from him and from his voice, that all the time before had lured and trained her up. Contrariwise if it be his hap to find her again, when she is hungry, although she would starve before she would pray for herself, yet will she then own him or any other man; nay, she will be ready to take his cap from him, before she will leave or lose him.  
This shows how much they do deceive themselves, that because their Hawk doth at some time by chance fly well and Kill, being full or unclean, do never after make any care to have them empty or clean when they are flown: they do not remember that the wild Hawk (as I have formerly showed) will sometimes attend, although with coy and strange behaviour: which strangeness you will soon find your manned and reclaimed Hawk to be possessed withal. If you do often use to fly her without a perfect stomach, of which I would wish you to be very careful: for if there should not be a great difference to be discerned betwixt your Hawk and the wild Hawk, as well in their flying, as all other properties of service and subjection: it would be an evident sign either of much negligence, or small skilfulness in her Keeper: neither is there any pleasure or content to be received from that Hawk; which for want of good government flieth wide or uncertain, going as it were at passage, and stooping here and there without care or respect to her Keeper, as if she were wild.  
There is not any Falconer can appoint, or justly determine how long, or how short his flight shall be; but it may fall out longer or shorter than he expecteth, and it often happeneth to be longer than he looks for, and every such long and tedious flight, is unto a full or an unclean Hawk a bitter pill, which cannot well digest, whereas your clean and perfect stomaccked Hawe, may fly herself weary, but never take harm. This observation many men lightly pass over without so much as one thought of these errors, of fullness and uncleanness, which notwithstanding have been the bane of divers good Hawks.   

CHAP. XIIII. How to know when your Hawk is not thoroughly in seamed, & how to prevent those evils that do ensue by reason thereof.  
WHen your Hawk is disposed to much bousing or drinking, it is not to be liked, but showeth that her body is possessed with heat, and is much distempered by the same, which heat may proceed of several causes, and through the discretion of the Falconer, and his due observation the certainty thereof, & the cause from whence it proceedeth may be perceived, as when she is not made through clean after the drawing, but is flown and put to labour in that case: than you shall see it appear white in the mouth and throat of the Hawk, her breath tasting sour, and strong withal.  

* When her inward parts be not cleansed clean feed, casting, and stones, and her body inseamed by other outward means  Likewise when she is put to flying, and toiled before she be through inseamed of her body, it causeth a more dangerous heat then the other, and you shall soon discern that by her continual bousing and drinking, and by the colour of her Mutes, which will be like unto stolen skimmed Milk, inclining to a blue & watched colour, but more thick than milk when she is kept from the water.  
Also you shall perceive them to be mingled with a curdeled matter, dipersed, and in show white, which is a spice of the Cray, and the differences in these two causes is this. Some man after he hath drawn his Hawk out of the Mew, and finds her to be fat and full, then for haste and desire he hath to see her on her wings, takes no reasonable time with her, that she may inseame inwardly, and outwardly together (as I may term it) but suddenly with short and disorderly feed doth abate and take of the prime of her flesh, whereby, as that abateth, so doth the fatness generally in all parts of the body most certainly waste and consume away unto a washie or waterish substance: but whatsoever he is that thus taketh away the flesh of his Hawk outwardly, and hath not the skill nor knowledge withal to purge and make clean the entrails and inward parts, which be subject to other bad and hurtful humours as well as fatness, that ought also to be expelled and cleansed forth, but doth put her to labour in that estate, which engendereth and causeth heat extraordinary in the stomaek, which will appear in the mouth, throat, and other parts as I have formerly showed.  
Moreover when as you shall draw a full Hawk, and have not an especial care to take sufficient time to inseame her in the other parts and fleshly substance of her body outwardly, as well as to purge and cleanse her within, you shall do her as much wrong, for although the panel will be sat in the highest degree, having as it were a leaf of the like fatty substance within it, yet hath the Falconer a means and direct course with clean feed, casting, and stones continually to practise and work withal, whereby (in a reasonable time) he may dissolve, stir, and remove the grease, glut, or any other imperfect humour the stomach is subject unto. Yet, although in the view of your own eye, and in your own knowledge, by her mutes, castings, and other signs, you do perceive that she is perfectly clean in her inward parts, if you do then suffer her to take any heat at all, it is as much as her life is worth: therefore take heed of it, & remember that the whole solid body is of greater substance than the panel is, and harboureth a great deal more fatness than it possible can do: neither can it be inseamed nor that which is troublesome taken from it so soon nor by such means as the other may, but you must tarry for it, and give it moderate labour in luring and training it easily and gently at the first to temper it withal, and so by degrees you shall well inseame her in all parts, and breathe her: and with clean and good feed keep her full of flesh, and free from all diseases, & have her ready and altogether fit to do you service.  
By this you may plainly perceive how much some men are deceived in the inseaming and flying of their Hawks, who think that so soon as they will feed with a good stomach, and make good castings, that then after two or three times luring, 
The fruits of hastiness.  they may be bold to put them to service: but it is not so. And let them understand that most commonly hast and rashness breed repentance: for there is no man that can make a Hawk that is drawn from the Mew) ready to be flown under five or six weeks if she be a full Hawk: for if he do, he deals not artificially with her, but shall hazard her greatly, and what folly is it in that man that to covet and get one fortnight at the beginning, will endanger himself to lose all the latter end, and his Hawk for ever; for it is most certain, and doth commonly fall out so: And although such Hawks do escape and live that year, yet are they never worth any thing after: 
The substance of the heart and of the liver will be black, & the body in divers places will have white specks  And if they so chance to die, you shall find that their grease was over-het: for it will lie baked blue to their sides, and other places of their body: and their heart and liver will be hoary; and the places where they lay, which will sufficiently testify the nature of the grief.  
Therefore note thus much, that what show of cleanness soever you do find in your Hawk, by her casting, mutes, or otherwise, although you have taken never such pains with her, by casting, clean feed, and stones, to purge and cleanse her inwardly: 
You must give no such trains that may cause your Hawk to labour too much at the first. Neither must lose her before she have breath and lightness.  yet do not believe that she is perfectly inseamed, nor will not be, until she do come to the exercise of her wings and labour of her body, after which she will break grease, and by degrees inseame thoroughly: and be sure that her labour at first be not immoderate, for if it be it will engender grief; but it must be in a mean and moderate manner; Also you must give her liberty by degrees to stir her wings, and use her body, that there may be no heat excessively taken, until she be thoroughly inseamed, and then (as I have showed you) she may be weary with flying, but she will never take harm.  
This may show unto him that is experienced plainly, and give instruction to the ignorant as truly, that the inward parts and bowels of the Hawk may (by the skill of man, and those means which art and nature hath provided) be wrought and brought to perfection, before the body be answerable or ready, 
The inward parts and bowels may be purged & made clean with washed meat, casting, and stones. The whole and fleshly substance of her body must have carriage on horseback, & on foot, & be laboured with luring and training to inseame it withal, & make it light before she be flown or put to hard labour. Measurable moisture is natural and kind for all Hawks to have. A good observation evermore to be mindful to preserve health.  and therefore as they in substance and kind be all one; so must they not be divided by the Falconer in his art and practise, but used and prepared (though by several means) yet altogether as one: for otherwise one part or member may be made a preparative for destruction to all the rest.   

CHAP. XV. How to avoid slime, glut, and the like imperfections in your Hawk.  
WHereas all Hawks are evermore subject unto moist & waterish humours, engendering & increasing in their inward parts, which humours do proceed, and are derived partly from the element that raineth over them, or otherwise hath most mastery in them, which kind of glut or slime (being of the nature of water, and in taste altogether waterish) is the chiefest thing that groweth and increaseth in her inward parts, and so long as it continues in a moderate and temperate quantity, it is natural and good; but when it overfloweth and abounds too much, than it is bad and engenders sickness.  
Therefore as the wild Hawk by nature doth know her remedy, and how to stay and correct the increasing of that humour, which if it were suffered to abound, would hurt and overcharge her, therefore she defers no time to preserve and keep her health; but every day saith, or may say unto herself, Physician help thyself, or else thou must perish: and so she detracts no time; but this day provides for the next: And when she feeds with the most greediest appetite, even than she remembers to day, that she must purge to morrow. And therefore as she eats no meat, whereof proceeds not something inconvenient, that in time may hurt and annoy her stomach, so doth she also never fail carefully and moderately to take plummage with it, 
We ought to miss no time with our best endeavours.  for casting to cleanse herself of some part thereof the next morning: thereby staying the superfluity and abundance of that natural moistness, and glut, which would if it were not corrected stayed and kept in order, breed, and cause to grow in her many infirmities.  
Likewise this her example may give advice unto all Falconers, that when they have taken these poor birds from their liberty, and as it were from themselves, into their own custody: that then they be not sparing of their best endeavours towards them, but be always diligent and watchful to order and govern them according to their natural kind, and inclination, using them lovingly and kindly, and giving them their dues rightly and in due time. For as whatsoever it be that is performed in good order, and at convenient seasons, is likely to prove successful in the end: so that which is undertaken rashly without order, 
Then we should have no need to use any medicines at all  and at a time unfitting, seldom or never comes to good, nor deserves any commendation, but rather the indiscretion and folly of such harebrained and witless attempters will be scorned at, and despised by every understanding and skilful Falconer. And to conclude this point, as there is nothing more hurtful to man's life, then to follow the counsel of an unskilful Physician: so likewise there is nothing doth sooner cast away and destroy your Hawk, then to commit her to the custody of a Keeper that wants art and discretion:  
I have not hitherto set down any thing which I have received, either by advice or instruction from any man this thirty years, but out of mine own practice and experience, neither out of any book written or printed, although I never met with so vain a one; but I could find in myself a will and desire to read it, though all my profit by it after, were to bless me from being of his humour that writ it: And so likewise shall I myself be contented to have this my pains and labour perused, and by them more ancient and experienced then myself, both censured and corrected.  
Thus have I written and discoursed of the Haggard Falcon gentle. First of the manner of her life, or course of living, while she is abroad in the open air, either here in England, or else where, during the time of her wildness, all which I have spoken by that experience which I have won and attained unto, not only by serious observations; but also by great and continual labour and industry, which I have used in seeking to find and take them: And I have likewise showed you the means how to use them at the instant: when by cunning and subtlety you have beguiled and taken them: and how by skill and art ever after to order and govern them, changing (by your wit and watchful diligence) their natural timerity and wildness into love and gentleness. Further you have been taught how you may by skill teach them to fly, and make them pliant and serviceable for your use and pleasure.  
And lastly those (whose self conceits do not hinder them from being ruled by reason) may here be sufficiently instructed how to keep and maintain them in health, without any medicine, scouring, or other inward appliments, unless it be by such means and remedies, as nature and kind hath taught them for the helping and curing of those griefs and infirmities which they are subject unto.  
Notwithstanding, being certainly persuaded that these my friendly admonitions, being grounded upon the absolute truth, of unfallible experience, will not relish nor taste kindly in the stomach of many young men; neither will it sink into the heads of such, whose working brains are never at quiet, till like unto the experienced Physician, they have tried conclusions, though it be with the loss of their poor patients lives. I do intend therefore partly for the satisfaction of such: but especially for the help and instruction of all those, who shall have Hawks come into their hands, that by former bad usage, are made subject unto many infirmities, hereafter to set down in the most exact manner my skill and experience will permit, such and so many kinds of medicines and scourings, as I have found by mine own practice (being produced to use them by the foresaid occasions) have wrought effectually in curing all diseases, incident to Hawks inwardly, together with a rehearsal of such accidental imperfections, as I have observed to come and grow upon a Hawk, with their several remedies how to cure them outwardly.  
But before i do proceed any further in the same; it will not be amiss that I do speak a little of one other kind of Hawk in particular, and show you of the excellency of her nature and disposition, and how she ought to be ordered and governed according to the same.   

CHAP. XVI. Of the gerfalcon.  
THe gerfalcon is the Hawk I now intent to write on. A Bird stately, brave, and beautiful to behold in the eye and judgement of man: more strong and powerful than any other used Hawk, and many of them very bold, courageous, valiant, and very venturous, next unto the slight Falcon, of whose worthiness I have already sufficiently discoursed.  
The Haggard of that kind is most commendable, meetest to be accounted on, fittest to be dealt with all, and easiest to be made for any pleasure that can be thought upon: for the which any of that kind hath been used, and to reclaim and make her fit to be set to the lure.  
You must take the same course that I have set down for the Slightfaulcon, being sure to make her very gentle and familiar with you, in the house and abroad, before you enter, or set her to it, which with pains and gentle usage will quickly be gained; for they are for the most part very kind and loving Hawks, and will suddenly be reclaimed and made to love the man. After which time that she shall come to be lured lose, and to other things, than would she first of all be taught to come unto the pelts of hens, fowl, Hearnes, or any such like things so it be dead, for thereby she will not be over hot, or eager of it, neither must you suffer her to touch any part of the flesh, to draw as yet her love from your voice and your hand: but to spend only her time on that in pluming: all this time you must be close by her, about her, and on your knees, using your voice unto her, with her dinner or supper clean dressed, and washed, giving still unto her some part thereof in bits with your hand, that from thence only she may be satisfied, and in that to be her whole delight, accounting the other in her foot but as a stand or means to stay her by you, while she receives her full reward and welcome at your hands, and in using this course often unto her, she being a Hawk of never such strength and ableness to carry, it will in the end so reclaim and win her to yourself, that she will quite forget the same: 
She will forget her own strength.  and after if you list to train her with Doves she will not carry one feather from you, but draw towards you, and ever desire to have her content at your hand: for example, I myself did know one gerfalcon that was as good as ever did fly to the Hearne; nevertheless whensoever she did pull down any one, her love was so exceeding great to her keeper, that if he did come in to the fall, before the Hearne was dead, she would presently forsake the quarry and fly to him for her reward, which he continually with great care and skill had given and used her unto at her first making: so would she do; also although she had killed it, and taken blood thereon. This proveth what a special point it is in a Falconer to take good time at the first making of any Hawk: for as she is made then, so shall he ever find her after, and if she be well made, she is twice made, nay she is everlastingly made, whereas contrariwise to post and hast forward to put her to some thing before she be well ready in all points to go to any thing, it showeth want of discretion, want of skill, want of judgement, and he whatsoever he be that so doth and useth, is no Falconer: no, in plain terms he is but a bungler. And let this one note (learn him to amend that error. But to return, before you do spring her up any Doves, it is meet you let her kill half a dozen at your Lure, close by your foot, having a pair of short Creyances at your Lure, for it may be at the first seeing the Dove to stir and flutter she may come roistingly to twitch or take it away, so far as she is able, which if she should so do, yet you have a remedy to restrain her gently withal, so that there shall be no offence committed, but you shall have your will, and she her will also, then ought you gently to get in to her, and as beforesaid with bits of meat cleanly dressed and bestowed on her, you shall please her at the full, and lure her to the fist again. This kind of order and course diligently observed and followed, will artificially reclaim the haggard-gerfalcon, and make her love you, and ready for whatsoever you shall put her unto, as to fly well, to kill Fowl, to make flying, to lay, and leave beaten Fowls for other Hawks: but as I take it the Hearne, and the stately flight, and mountie thereunto is the thing for the which these Hawks are most accounted off, and desired in these days, therefore as your entermewed Hawks are coveted and sought for, for that purpose, and held to be of the most esteem, as so they are in very deed, as especially in respect of their age, for that they have not then so strongly confirmed themselves in their love and desire to any kind of prey more than other, nor so much as elder Hawks have done, But that they may be easily reclaimed and taught to do your will: 
Remember to be favourable unto them the first year of their making, & ever after at the drawing, & take good time with them in the inseaming: for this is the only and special note to be observed in these kinds of Hawks: for these times as yet have ever shortened their lives and destroyed them  so likewise you ought to be so much the more careful of them, and take this course following with them, the first year of their making: for many of those Hawks are often overthrown at that time with rash and hasty dealing, and do never live to be drawn from the Mew, but if they do escape, yet they are never after of power, nor able to climb to the mounty again: therefore as I have advised you before, you ought not the first year to put them to any toil, but to train them gently with Hearns and such as you are sure cannot go from them, nor cause them to take much labour before they do master and enjoy them: for these two causes the which you ought to understand and observe in all young and aged Hawks.  
First for your young Hawks when as they are newly taken from the Air, and also from their liberty, delicate and full feed, you ought not so suddenly and earnestly to alter their course of nature, but by degrees in their ordering and manner of usage to govern them so, that their labour may not be unreasonable, or their diet over hard, until you have once mewed them: for otherwise it is ten to one they will not hold out and last with you.  
Likewise you ought to have this consideration with you, and know that there are not any kinds of Hawks seek to win their prey carelessly, & through disadvantage as they list, but altogether through great labour and the best advantage, and she that is the best wild Hearnnor that ever flew, or flew sleare, and doth by nature prey and love to feed on them in the time of her wildness, I say that by the same nature and kind, even she is taught to understand and know the difference, and when she is fit and findeth the time, 
Between her advantage and disadvantage.  she will omit no moment to take her best advantage, whereas otherwise she will make no show to see that thing she most and chiefly desireth: but content herself till better opportunity serveth: this order and course of hers will no way give content or satisfy our delights to fly upon advantage, and coming for her own ease and safety: therefore it appears that we must put her upon a high pin, and set on her a new edge, and without great heed in all points, a greater than she is in any sortable long to endure: if this be so in all young Hawks, than ought you to be most careful of the young gerfalcon, whom you intent to make to the high mounty, and stately flight of the Hearne: for of your other flights, as to the brook, or to the field, which you may also make her unto, and a special Hawk for the same: you may order and manage their time with length or shortness at your pleasure, according to the ableness and estate of your Hawks body, because your flights thereunto most commonly lie obscurely, and in safety until you list yourself, and at your own disposing.  
But for your flight to the Hearne, it is wrought, flown, 
She ought therefore to have her rights every way. These kind of Hawks are more subject to take their leave through heat, than any other kind.  and maintained by the eye and view of the Hawk, and there can be nothing in it ruled or disposed by the will of man either in the length, or shortness of the time, until the strength, ableness, or unableness of the Hawk, and her own will concludeth the same. Thereafter as I have said unto you, if you will or would have an excellent Hawk to the Hearn, of this kind, and to continue with you long, deal with the entermewed gerfalcon the first year, as I have advised you: play with her gently, for that time, for they will not endure, nor are able to brook such an edge and spur, as aught to be put unto them, to cause them maintain so long and laborsom a flight  
Secondly, for the other old or young Hawk, whether she be: but if she be a fresh Haggard or there about she will be so much the more able to abide some hardship, both in her diet and labour: Nevertheless at the first you know not whether she hath formerly disposed herself some other way, and settled her love & desire on some other thing quite contrary to your expectation, and therefore you ought to be careful at the first of these former observances, and also to know that then nature must be changed, and she herself new made and framed to your will: for which cause you ought to be careful of your course, and expert in your Art: for although nature presenteth the subject, yet oftentimes Art doth, and must of necessity perfect the same.  
And let me further advise all young men, that either are, or would be Falconers, that they do not dedicate or dispose themselves awry to other exercises, or variety of pleasures: for if they do, they shall never be expert in this curious art of Faulconry: therefore they must be no Table or Card players, or other kind of gamesters, they must be no excessive drinkers or Tobacco takers, but when their Hawks be lousy.  
This time of making and flying being ended, then ought she to be fed up, and filled full of flesh by degrees, and after the same manner as is before appointed in such a chapter of the slight Falcon, and also mewed with attentive and continual careful heed; whereas she may evermore stand on sods or turfs often shifted, that they do not grow too hard and dry under them; but may remain somewhat moist and soft: for they be very heavy Hawks, and subject unto infirmity in the bottom of their feet, which is the cause it is not thought meet to put them into houses lose: which kind and manner of muing is far better for them then the other: so that their perches of stand may be well lined, and made soft for them, to fall and rest upon: for there she shall be at her own disposing, as if she list, to fly from place to place, she may, and it will do her much good to use herself unto it: Also she may go to the water if she be disposed, and take stones at her pleasure. She may do all things at her own likes, and she can do nothing at the stock when she would, and is at your disposing: neither can you give her that which is fitting to her own contenting, but by guess and imagination, wherein many times we are altogether deceived.  
But to return to the place where I concluded, with the stock there ought also great care to be taken, to have special kufter hoods to cast easily through, either plummage, bones, or stones, the which she ought to have very often given unto her, to purge and cleanse her, as also to prevent the engendering or growing of too much glut and fatness in her inward parts, which may be very hurtful unto her, and hazard surfeitings and her life. All this performed and herself preserved until she be mewed: then ought you at the least three weeks before you do take her to your fist: to inseame her with washed meat and stones; for than is the danger, and the cause that doth shorten many of their lives. For there is no man can make one of those Hawks from the Mew, ready to be lured under six weeks at the least, but he shall hazard her life, if she take any heat at all: and contrariwise to be careful of that time, and these former courses set down, they are as hard as the Lanner, and will last as long. And I myself have known one of them an excellent Hearnor, and to continue her goodness very near twenty years, or full out the time: which showeth that it is the true care of the Falconer, the right order and method in the managing of his business in due time, that bringeth it to right perfection and causeth it to continue in the same: and for the further ordering of her from the Mew, and time of her rest till she be ready to fly: And for your better instruction look back unto the chapter of the slight Falcon, whereas I have written of the same matter and estate of her in that kind, and there you shall find a sufficient way and direct course to serve your turn with all. And if you be disposed to frame and make this bird to the river, there also you shall find a chapter to lead you the plain path way to that delight, and give you full content: For they are very singular and special Hawks for that purpose.    

latham's approved Medicines for all Hawks. The second Book.  

CHAP. I. How to prevent and avoid many infirmities which Hawks are subject unto when they are newly taken out of the Mew, with a true description of nature's effectual working, in keeping and maintaining health in all sound Hawks.  
WHen you do draw a fat or full Hawk out of the Mew, that proveth unquiet in her inseming. Then may you easily breed in her many and divers diseases. First by heating her in her grease, and by sudden cold after; which is the more dangerous if it be procured by spouting, or washing her with cold water, after she hath bated and heat herself. 
Beware how you do wash your Hawk newly drawn from the Mew.   
Therefore when you have such a Hawk, that you perceive to be of a stirring bating humour, if you will needs wet or wash her, let it be done before she do bate or heat herself; for by that means you may keep her quiet, and prevent her unruliness. Also it is not good to make too much haste in the inseaming of such a Hawk, but to take reasonable leisure, and not to break or disperse her grease too soon, for that takes away her stomach, which prolongs and increases her unquietness, and being overheat by the same, it causeth her to cast disorderly, and to keep either stones or casting out of reason and due time. It will also cause her to lose her flesh, which will breed weakness in her body: whereof cometh the Crock and divers other diseases: and for any of them so taken while she is in her grease, there is no recovery to be expected, unless by some extraordinary work of art and nature she chance to be cured.  
Every Falconer shall find that it is an easier matter to preserve health in a sound Hawk, then to recover it when it is decayed. And seeing it is known and certainly affirmed that the wild Hawk lives and continues many years: it may be a question why we think it well, and are content if we can keep our Hawks alive but a few years, and yet it cannot be denied but the wild Hawk, takes greater pains by far than the reclaimed Hawk doth, for she never eateth but she sweateth, she gets her living by her labour●, and her wings are all the fingers she hath to feed her fat withal. And for aught that I can perceive, this is the cause that makes her live so long, for whereas the reclaimed Hawk sits often at her ease, and feeds herself fat with that she never takes pains for, whose ease and idleness cannot choose but breed ill humours, which do no doubt surfeit her body, and shorten her life. Besides she is often times debarred from the benefit of the fresh and sweet air, she is fed many times with meat contrary to her constitution, she is forced to participate of many 
* 〈…〉.  occurrents which are opposite to the same: she hath sometimes her flesh puffed up on the sudden, and as quickly abated, all which being opposite and contrary to nature, cannot choose but destroy nature: for where the qualities are different, there is a continual strife, and where strife is continued, there must needs follow a victory to the one part, which brings a ruin to the other, so that these differences being continued (unto our reclaimed Hawks) must needs cut the thread of their lives before their time. But on the contrary the wild Hawk lives and keeps herself abroad in the open air, feeds on good meat, 
* He is not sometimes very fat, and sometimes very lean, but most commonly in a mean betwixt both. Inmediostat virtus.  and is her own carver at all times, takes and leaves what she list without control; she hath no physical medicines: nor Apothecary scourings given her: but with good seed she keeps herself from being too lean, and with continual I exercise from being too fat. Thus for the most part she remains in a moderate estate of body, being seldom cumbered with contraries to impair her health: and if at any time she find her stomach glutted or overcharged, she presently repairs to the water, stones, or gravel, with which (together with the help and benefit of the air and good diet) she doth purge and recover her 
* She doth not as many Falconers, do when they know their Hawk is diseased, delay the curing thereof from time to time▪ but she presently seeks to amend what she finds amiss.  lately lost health.  
For to speak plainly and in a word, Nature turns Falconer, and teaches her by these materials, and self sought helps, not only how to prevent ensuing dangers, but also to cure those encumbrances which precedent mishap had caused her to fall into: and thus she makes herself ready and fit, for her future labours. All these things do we never think of, having taken them from their liberty, and made them subject to our custody: we do never remember ●●●ame our courses according to their kind: but w●●●●●●ough our disorder and undirect courses, we have wrought their unsoundness, we forget to look back, or once to think upon nature's healthful remedies, but as by means contrary to nature, we have bred their diseases, so by as great contrarieties, we think to cure them.  
But if my counsel may prevail, when you find your Hawk distempered in her estate, let the wild Hawks practise be your precedent, and fail not to use those physical appliments, by which, that skilful Falconer (Dame Nature) hath taught her to work her own welfare. That is, good meat, fair water, stone's well ordered, and a moderate diet, as occasion requireth. For if these things will not cure the diseases incident to the stomach of your Hawk by nature, then persuade yourself all the unnatural medicines, and sophisticated potions, that you can procure will do her no good.   

CHAP. II. A precedent of the wild Hawks practise, for the preserving of her health, which is taken by observation while your Hawk is in the Mew.  
WHat is the reason that many men do never so much as think of nature's course in the managing of these matters, which do concern the health of their Hawks so nearly but when the date of their flying time is expired; whereas before they followed their own courses and affections, never thinking of the time to come, so now when they have put her into the Mew, they take no further care while she is there, nor do not think there is either art to be used, or experience to be learned during that time. For although in her flying time any one, that hath either skill in the art, or love to his Hawk, must needs find out and perceive any thing that is amiss about her, because than she is seldom from his fist, or out of his sight, and (yet it may be) knows not how to remedy those infirmities he finds. Yet when they have once put them into the Mew, than they are committed to the keeping of such a one (as if he can give her meat once a day, and water once a week) is thought sufficient, which lose practice doth show how much many men do wrong both their Hawks and themselves. For whatsoever he is that hath attained so much skill, as in flying time to find a fault, if he will diligently attend and observe at due times, may in the Mew learn to mend a fault: for there he hath a pattern of the wild Hawks practise; and as it were a looking glass to behold and see how she doth order and govern herself when she is amiss: there he may mark how often and many days together without ceasing she will take stones, and go to the water, and how sparing she will be of her diet, eating but little, and making choice of her feed, wherein she must be assisted by the diligence of her Keeper, who must provide meat of several kinds for her, until she hath her liking, and not to feed her with one kind of meat, and because she refuseth that, so to give her over: likewise you must carefully mark what meat it is whereon your Hawk hath surfeited, or hath eaten so much of that she is sick with it: for she will be sure to loath that & hate it during the time of her sickness; and it is not fit that you do proffer it unto her any more before she be thoroughly recovered: for if you do, and that she chance to distaste it again, it is ten to one she dies for it.  
These things during the time of her mewing being carefully observed, will afford good instructions fitting for their kind: And unto him that is ignorant, and wanteth experience, it will being present understanding, and make the way to further knowledge how she should be ordered afterwards, when she is drawn from thence.   

CHAP. III. How to keep and preserve your Hawk in health, without any scourings, or medicines at all.  
I Have in times past been of opinion myself, that if I might give my Hawk a new devised scouring, that it were not possible she should die in a long time after. Although I had not so much understanding as to know the true operation of any one of those simples it was compounded off, neither whether it went, nor which way it passed, but only in at her mouth, and out with her mutes. And no doubt, at this day there be some of the same mind concerning the one, and of the like wisdom in respect of the other. Therefore I will not stand as yet to teach or instruct which way to make a scouring: for I think they are as common as they are vain, and used to little purpose & as many & divers as (almost) a Hawk hath feathers, which they poor wretches find to their utter destruction. But here I think it first fit to be considered what effects these scourings do work when they are given, and in what parts of the Hawks body they be contained, and what can be there harboured for them to purge or work upon, whereby any good or benefit should be procured to the Hawk by their means.  
First when a scouring is given to any Hawk, it is conveyed into the gorge, where it rests not, but passeth down into the panel, which is the stomach; which place every Falconer of understanding knoweth is emptied and made clean every morning when she hath cast, but if by his observation of her casting he perceives the contrary by the foulness and imperfectness of the same: or that there is any relics, as straggling lose feathers, superfluity of glut, or other impediments of her health remaining or left behind: then he hath her natural physic ready, which is stones and fair water: Also if he be disposed, he may use a little knot of fair white flannel, well, and clean washed together with them to cleanse her with all, which flannel although it be unnatural, yet being wrapped close, it remains firm in substance, and being perfectly clean, returneth again with the stones in the same manner, removing that which is bad, & leaving no cause of offence behind to annoy the Hawk withal.  
Now then seeing you do sufficiently perceive by experience that the panel which is the stomach of the Hawk is thus far searched into, and by the skill and diligence of the Falconer carefully kept and preserved, and every day curiously cleansed, what should any scouring do there where there is no need: or what effect can it work unless to take away her life that would feign live, if her keeper would suffer her:  
For you must note that when a scouring is given, and received by the Hawk into her body, then by her natural heat that strives to digest it, it is forced to use the virtue it hath, and doth draw unto it one humour or other, that it hath power over: for there is no medicine but it hath a certain power (according to the virtue of the simples contained in it) to draw something which is contained in the body of the Hawk. Now when this is given unto a Hawk that is clean, and hath no corrupt or superfluous humours, upon which the force, and vigour of it may work, then must it needs exercise the same upon the blood & entrails of the Hawk, which it doth seek, waist, and consume with such unnatural vehemency, that it must needs put her whole body out of temper: therefore it is far unfit to give unto your Hawk any medicine, unless it be upon extremity, and that there be manifest show and peoofe of a deserving cause.  
But now let us go a little further to see and find where and how this scouring which we give our Hawk so often) may pass to prevail better in any other part of the body than it hath done in the panel, or stomach already mentioned. The next admittance, or passage it hath from thence is into the small guts, which place is ordered or disordered by the stomach, which being governed, and carefully preserved and kept in health, the other cannot lightly be distempered: for both health & sickness of that part depend upon the estate of the stomach, and from thence especially do grow all other annoyances, either upwards, or downwards: now if the guts be furred or fraught with dross, as with such as we term fellanders, or any such like imperfections, I do allow they may easily be scoured forth: but as I have heard some affirm and say, that they could not only give a medicine to expel them from their places of being: but also with the same they will prevent the engendering or increasing again: I am altogether incredulous of it, and do know that no man in the world can maintain it: for if the stomach be in health, the bowels will be clean and free from any such matter of imperfection, especially in their flying time, when as they be fed clean, and well ordered in their diet, nor are not clogged, nor cloyed with unreasonable gorges, contrariwise if the stomach be imperfect, and that it do not digest and endue well, then must needs sundry evils follow, and such as have been named, and for curing thereof with scouring it cannot be, for they will grow and increase again: But you must look back, and find out not only the Fellanders that are apparently to be seen with the eye, but also the original and principal cause, from whence they spring and proceed: for if by your judgement and skill you do not duly consider that; if you do attain to your desire, it is more by good luck than any cunning at all: for the stomach is the place (as you have heard, and may perceive) that you must return unto and seek to cure; for it is the coldness and dullness of that only, that causeth evil and imperfect digesture. And although it be never so sound and perfect, yet it may, on the sudden, be dulled and cooled divers ways: as sometimes after great toil to give unreasonable gorges; also to feed frankly with cold and stolen meat which her stomach abhorreth: Likewise, for want of stones in due time, to remain and purge those gross humours, which she hath been suffered disorderly to retain for want of them.  
Therefore, to prevent these, or such like infirmities before they do come, you must be careful of the stomach, to feed it choicely, and to keep it from any annoyance, suffering nothing to come there by your good will but sweet and good meat, and such as the wild Haggard doth take and rest to prolong her life with all, so shall you preserve your Hawk from the Fellanders, and all other inward diseases that Hawks be most subject unto.  
When you do perceive that your Hawk is sick, and mourneth on the Fellanders (for so you may term it very fitly) she will be of a heavy cheer: and you shall also confirm the same by your own view, in beholding them in her mutes, to show and appear in raw and fleshly threads and such like matter undigested, then is it not fit for you so soon and rashly to intend to scour her, and by that means seek to disburden her of them, which will suddenly after engender and grow again. For it is the rash and hasty humour of some men, that presseth them forwatd to use such means for remedy, as serveth but for the present time, nor hardly then neither; but rather by the unnatural effects of their scour, their is left behind in the body of the Hawk some unsavoury annoyance, whereby the stomach is made more unfit for quick and perfect digesture than it was before. Contrariwise, if men would but tarry a time convenient, of all other diseases the Fellanders would be easily cured and soon rid away, which to effect you must look unto the stomach, and by orderly and clean feed, with the best meat you can get, seek to cleanse and make that perfect.  
And fail not every night, instead of casting, to give her half a dozen small stones out of fair water, which you shall find will so work, and in small time so temper the stomach, that it will be made fit and brought to quick and good disgesture, and the Fellanders will soon be rid away. Also, be sure that you feed with good and light meat, such as is easy to be digested, and let it be hot and the quantity thereof reasonable.  
And to prove that the Fellanders may be taken away without scouring, do but remember whether the soundest Hawk in the world will not have them, while she is in the Mew, of which there is no question to be made: for it is most certain that all Hawks of that kind, will have them with a continuance of rank and frank seed. And whosoever shall observe it, may often perceive such a Hawk never cease taking stones and going to the water for a month together, besides keeping of sparing diet, eating but little meat at once until she hath purged and cleansed her body, and bowels again. Also do but call to mind whether (after her drawing out of the Mew) you have not perceived the Fellanders or other relics of gross and drossy substance will not wear away in due time only with good meat and stones, and a well ordered diet, without the assistance or help of any scouring or medicine at all.  
All this allowed and well considered of, I find no more reason why the one part of the Hawk should be scoured with medicine any more than the other, considering they work no such good effects as should move us to use them, and that better remedies may be obtained and effected without them.  
Whereas in this last discourse (touching the panel of the Hawk which is her very stomach) I have showed you that the other parts belonging upwards and downwards, are governed and kept in health, and likewise subject to infirmity by reason of the same; which appeareth more plainly by a prerogative power, which nature hath bestowed on it above the other parts, by which it is able to make a division of such mixtures, of things contrary in kind contained in the same, which is either taken by herself, or given unto her by others; suffering the principal substance to pass for the nourishment of her body; and withholding that which is hurtful, working and drawing it together into a little knot or bundle, very curiously enclosing all things within it, and not leaving so much behind as the least feather, corn, or grain of seed she taketh into it, all which she than returns back by casting it into open view, in which is to be discerned the signs of health or grief to ensue.  
Therefore if the stomach of your Hawk be imperfect, it is ten to one all the parts both upward and downward, will be annoyed and grieved by the same. If the parts downward be grieved, you shall perceive it by her mutes in that manner which I have formerly expressed. If the upper parrs be distempered you shall perceive it by her heat appearing in her mouth and throat, which will be more apparent by her stirring and flying, and will appear and show itself in white and curdeled froth, which will be drawn into the wind pipe, and cleave or stick to any other place, if it be not corrected in time, before it begin to do so, which may easily be done in that manner, which shall be showed hereafter.   

CHAP. FOUR How to help and recover a Hawk that doth cast her stones disorderly, and to bring her to cast them in due time.  
WHen you have a Hawk that is slow to cast her stones, and will keep them longer than she should, you must be very careful in her usage, and especially to keep her full of flesh and strong: for as you do seek to break her of that bad custom, she will be subject to some hard and rough dealing. The cause thereof proceeds many times of heats taken in their grease before they be inseamed, and present cold after it. Also at other times by their bad usage, and by divers infirmities incident to the bodies of Hawks this ill property is caught and caused.  
Now for the recovery thereof, you must use stones out of fair water, and them to be given at due times and often: But whatsoever he is that thinks, by this course, to cure his Hawks infirmity he must not give them in the morning, for if he do he shall be constrained to tarry so long for the casting of them, as she will lose her flesh with fasting, and he shall be forced to desist from practice, and then will he be further from his remedy than he was at the first And to provoke her to cast them by any means, speedily before she is willing, is in vain, for than you do but hinder and wrong her: for she will soon do the like again, and to practise that course often will make an end of her. For the stones being kind and natural (as every man may understand) there is no Hawk will take them herself but when she hath need: And as she hath need of them, more or less, even so she will keep and detain them, for they do agree with her nature and kind, and she loves them as may appear by her taking them herself, and keeping them so long. I do not persuade you to give stones to any Hawk, that being sick, or ill disposed, is thereby so weakened, that she is not able to return them back from whence she had them (neither will any such Hawk of herself take them) but unto a strong Hawk. And when you do perceive her to keep them as she loves them, and somewhat longer than you desire she should do, then to content your mind, you do presently devise to give her something that may compel her by force to cast them: or it may be you will first show her some live or dead thing to provoke her thereunto, and if that will not serve; although you may perceive thereby that she desires to keep them: yet will you not rest but assay further with Selandine, or such like, to provoke her to it, which she abhorreth, and the unnatural lust thereof doth so much offend her, that she is enforced to cast up, as well that which she would have kept and loved, as that which was contrary to her kind and therefore hated, which course is very unfitting to be held with such a Hawk, as you do find disposed to keep her stones very long, for it will take no effect with her but only for the present time. Therefore if you will needs use it, it were fit to be given to such a Hawk as doth cast orderly, thereby sometimes to purge herself of superfluous glut on the sudden, which you suspected, or may find her stomach to be cloyed withal, through your own, or others neglect, or forbearance to give stones.  
But for the other slow casting Hawk she will not be cured on the sudden, but it must be wrought with practice and by degrees. Therefore when you shall have such a Hawk, and that you shall (notwithstanding the council which I have given to the contrary) resolve to deal with her from her recovery in the morning, it is your best course not to give her many stones at one time; neither let them be of the biggest, but about eight or nine of the smallest that Falconers do use to give their Hawks: and then if she do cast any of them within two hours, let her fast no longer, but feed her on the rest. Also, if she cast none of them by that time, yet give her her dinner, and also her supper at night; yet I have seen a Hawk that hath cast them between her dinner and her supper; but howsoever, two to one, she will cast either all or the most part of them the next morning, and therefore let her not fast long before you feed her at any time. And by following this course, you shall find that in the end it will recover her, and bring her to cast in due time. And thus much have I written for their sakes that think the night too long, and are wilfully humoured to give stones in the morning to such Hawks.  
Nevertheless, for those that are not so much self-willed, or settled in their own conceits; let me withdraw them from the day, and persuade them that the night is best to deal with such a Hawk: and it offers me occasion of disquiet, or distemper unto her, as the morning doth, but quietness and rest, and therein she hath the length of time to receive the true operation and virtue of the stones. diverse other reasons I could show and allege, but they are needless; because in the forepart of this book I have written more at large upon the same occasion.   

CHAP. V Advertisement touching scouring and purgation.  
EVery Falconer ought to be most careful, to take special note of the estate of that hawk, the which he doth determine and dispose himself to give a scouring unto; and also, that he do compose and make the same, according unto her necessity, the strength and ableness of her body, and thereafter to bestow it on her: also, it is as requisite that he do rightly understand, at what time it is best and fittest to be given. For so far as I have ever perceived, it hath been the opinion of most men, and thought the best course upon any occasion, or unto any Hawk, of what estate soever, to purge and scour her in the morning, which order sometimes, and in some hawks may be amended: as it cannot be chosen, but those Hawks that are brought and come from the cage, or other places whereas they have been fed continually, with base and wild meat, must needs have all sorts of imperfections abounding in them: Wherefore then for such Hawks it will not be amiss, if the Falconer will not stay the time and benefit thereof, by his best endeavour and practice, with good meat clean dressed, fair water, casting, and stones, to purge and cleanse her with all; then to give her a through scouring, and such a one as I shall appoint and set down hereafter, and at what time, and in that manner as I shall declare and show you.   

CHAP. VI To prepare your strong Hawk, and make her fit to be purged.  
IT is meet you labour your strong, and full Hawk with carriage, with clean feed, with stones and casting, at the least viii days to stir her body and make it fit to be scoured; then you must feed the same Hawk in the morning, and in that manner that she may be through empty, by eight of the clock at night.  
Also you must be sure that you give neither bones nor feathers, nor any other thing, but only good and clean meat: then before you go to bed, give her the scouring, and set her up very warm all night: for otherwise she may take great cold by means of her emptiness, and purging medicine: Then must you have a water readily provided and made in this sort. Take a pint of fair running water put into a glass, whereunto you must put half a dozen bruised cloves▪ as many thin slices of irish, and a little brown sugger candy: then must you rise betimes in the morning, and with a spoonful or two of this water give her stones altogether, and when she hath cast them again, give her her breakfast of good meat, with reason in the quantity; for she will be perfectly freed from the scouring, and will be ready for the same: For betwixt the stones and the sweet and comfortable water, she will be purged upward and downward, from all annoyance of the unnatural unsavoury medicine, and her meat will agree so much the better with her. This water is sufficient of itself without any other medicine, being given with meat to nourish and procure health in any poor Hawk, that hath not her deadly wound. And so much of the ordering and scouring any Hawk, that is strong and able of body to abide and endure the same.   

CHAP. VII. How to order your Hawk that shall be found to be weak, and unable to abide, or endure any hard or violent dealing, by medicine or scouring.  
IT is strange that any Falconer should have in his hand a Hawk full of flesh, any continuance of time, and that then she should be found to be both bare of her flesh, weak and also fowl within: it cannot be, unless in such a Hawk wherein no hope of life is to be expected: but is plainly perceived to be unsound and rotten. Therefore it must needs appear that such Hawks hath been euel●y ordered, and continued in unclean and unskilful keeping; wherefore perceiving their poverty to pinch them, it behoves you to deal more gently with them, then with the other: and to prepare a gentle and easy scouring according to their poor estate, and such a one as I shall show you hereafter: And appoint to be given unto such a Hawk on the like occasion. And whereas you disposed yourself formerly, and prepared for the night: so contrariwise you must do for the morning; because your sickly Hawk will not be able to brook and endure a cold winter's night, to sit empty in; but it will hazard her life: therefore you must feed her over night, with the best meat you can get, that she may put it kindly away, and be empty betimes in the morning: and then give her the scouring as early as may be, and set her on a hot brick wrapped in a double woollen cloth, and so keep her at the least three hours, or until she craveth for her meat; when as you must give her a little, and often of the best hot meat you can get, and never without some of the aforesaid water with it, and so order and diet her, with good and nourishing feed, and continual warmth, until she be able to return to her accustomed diet again.   

CHAP. VIII. A scouring to be given unto any Hawk that is full of flesh and strong, and is perceived to be imperfect, and unclean within.  
TAke a quarter of a pound of fresh butter and put unto it a saucer full of white vinegar, and boil them with a soft fire, and also clarify and skim it well, then put into it three or four bruised cloves, one branch of rue, one branch of wormwood, one flash or two of saffron, and a pretty piece of sugar candy. Then boil all these together a good space: and when you have so done, take out the rue, the wormwood, the cloves and the saffron, then when it is cold drain away what is left of the vinegar, and of the remainder make you pellets, which being rolled up in brown sugar candy, give two of them as big as reasonable Acorns unto your Hawk, after that manner and at such time as I have showed you before, 
If you fear any bruise you may add a ilttle mummy.  and if you find not this medicine to be of sufficient force in the working: then the next time take of allows the quantity of a fetch unwashed, and of the clearest and purest in show and convey it very curiously into the midst of a pellet, and so give it unto your Hawk, and it will pass gently away with the rest, and purge downward to your liking, This scouring is good to be given unto any Hawk, that hath been continued in foul and disordered feed, and hath surfeited on the same: for it strengtheneth the heart and purgeth humours from the stomach, and mightily refresheth the same, and bowels after large feeding, it killeth worms in the body, and resisteth rottenness, also t greatly respecteth the head.   

CHAP. IX. Another scouring to be given unto a Hawk that is but in a reasonable estate of body, and is perceived to be unclean and fowl within.  

Take forth the rosemary the cloves & the mace when they are boiled, & then after when it is almost cold put in the powder of rue.  TAke a quantity of fresh butter, and be sure it be perfect sweet, and boil it over a chafingdish by itself, and skim it well, then put into it two or three branches of rosemary, two or three cloves, a little mace, a little saffron in powder, and a pretty piece of brown sugar candy: then boil all these together again a good space: and in the cooling put in a little of the powder of rue, and mingle them all well together. Then take forth the rosemary and the cloves, and when you would use it role it up with sugar candy into pellets, 
You may give some aloes by itself handsomely conveyed into a bit of meat, that it be not tasted till it be in the stomach and it is a very good thing, but otherways I have known it to kill divers Hawks.  and fear not to give one or two of them unto your weak and impoverished Hawk in the morning betimes, and in that manner as I have appointed before for the same, and also for the manner of her diet and feeding, when her hour is come, and if you do think, or assuredly find that this scouring is not of force to work your will, then take of Allows washed, as much in quantity as of the other unwashed, and convey it into the midst of a pellet, and so bestow it on your Hawk: for although being washed it is not so violent in the scouring: yet is it meet for your crazy Hawk and is of operation and virtue to strengthen her stomach the more. Also it is an enemy to all putrefaction, and defendeth the body from corruption: this scouring is good to purge gently, it strengtheneth the heart and concocteth raw humours of the stomach, it preserveth the lights, and removeth obstructions or stops, and suddenly breedeth health and lustiness.   

CHAP. X. Another excellent scouring to be given unto any Hawk of any kind, high or low, or of what estate soever, that is perceived to have infirmity within her inward parts, also for any cold, or stuffing in the head.  
TAke a good quantity of fresh butter, well boiled and clarified, and then well washed in the best rose-water, and there close kept and preserved until you have occasion to use it, when as you must take it forth and put into it the powder of half a dozen cloves, the powder of two or three chewdes of saffron, and as much of the powder of rue, as the shells of one small nut will contain: then temper and mingle them all very well together, with good store of brown sugercandy, and so keep it close in a box until you have need to use it: and then if you be disposed you may give your Hawk very often of it in pellets, without offence or fear, and feed her within an hour or less after it: for I have had Hawks both long winged and short, that would have eat it very eagerly with their meat, and it would presently make them very full, haughty and proud. This scouring sweetly perfumeth the body, it wasteth and consumeth wind, it openeth and purgeth the head, it makes humours fit to pass away; it comforteth the heart and stomach: it is good for difficulty of breathing, shortness of breath, which proceeds of cold, and it is a good remedy against the pantas or the stopping of the lights or longs, and it is also a present remedy for the cry.   

CHAP. XI. An excellent scouring to give unto a full Hawk, after she hath been lured and her grease heat and stirred in her before she be thoroughly inseamed.  
TAke the powder of rosemary, the powder of box leaves of equal portions, and a little of the powder of horehound, and mingle them all very well together with sweet clarified butter, and brown sugar-candy, and give a pellet or two of the same unto your Hawk at night as you have been directed, and this will purge and scour the panel, and other inward parts of grease, and all other lose humours, and your Hawk shall insearne to your liking without any danger.   

CHAP. XII. Signs of inward sickness and the cure.  
WHen you do perceive your Hawk to sit broodely and crouching, with her feathers displayed and open, and withal do as it were start or jerk with her leg or foot, as sometimes a Hawk will do when she is touched on her panel with ones hand or finger, then may you be sure that she is not well in her body, and that she is either troubled with worms, or else with some other inward griping, or gnawing, which may proceed and grow of a cold cause: and for remedy of either or both infirmities, you must omit no time to give her some garlic at the night time, and use her unto it two or three times in the week, and always on the morning miss not to proffer her water in a dish, or porringer, wherein is a slice of rhubarb infused: and this will most assuredly cure and amend her: also if you do apparently perceive that she is troubled with the cold in her head, take a little of the juice of sage-leaves being stamped and strained, and put into her nares with a straw, and it will amend her in that place: for it is special good for the head and brain, and being conveyed into the nares, it draweth down slime and all other corrupt humours out of the head.  
Whereas I have heretofore showed you how behoveful it is for every Falconer, that as he hath right knowledge and true understanding of his Hawks, from other men's. So also that he should through his diligent and due observation learn to be as cunning and skilful in the diversity of their sundry natures and disposition, and thereafter to guide and rule them: and also for that they are birds subject unto sundry accidents and evils, it is meet they should be as exquisite and skilful to know one grief or sickness or other infirmity one from another, and accordingly to give and apply by sundry means a remedy: and not to seem or imitate the order and method of the quack-saluar or mountebank, that hath but one poor medicine in his budget, for every malady. Therefore as I have already here set down some few scourings, or medicines wholesome, medicinable, and by proof and experience are tolerable, and fit to be given unto Hawks on just occasion. I have also showed you the virtue and operation of such simples as are contained in them, and will further hereafter, instruct you of them particularly, and of every one's temperature and virtue, to the end that out of these already written, or any other that I shall wright hereafter, you may with judgement & discretion easily divide, add, or take from, whatsoever how much or little, and for what grief soever to serve your turn, and give instruction to those that wants the same, according as there shall be found and perceived any needful occasion more or less, as touching the nature of the grief.  

The stomach.  As for example to speak of the stomach that hath no good appetite to feed, and when it hath fed, cannot digest well: it is a disease that may grow divers ways: therefore it is not possible to cure it with one medicine: Also if that weakness of the stomach do come of a weak distemperature of itself only; then must you needs use some means unto itself to heat and quicken it again. Contrariwise overmuch heat in itself, may be the cause of that weakness; which if it be so then will it appear divers ways, and especially in the mouth and throat; for they will continually be furred with white, and curdeled froth, and her breath will be strong and sour: Also it will be perceived by the over much black and sanguine colour in her mutes, and burned casting, than you must of necessity cool it with some cool thing that is meet for it: But if that weakness do grow of any superfluous humour, that doth abound, or hath been there engendered; then must that humour of necessity be purged, upward and downward by some gentle medicine. Also this infirmity and weakness of the stomach may grow on extraordinary heat and inflammation of the liver, which may easily be perceived: for that Hawk that is sick of that disease, will hold at one stay, and will hardly rise of her flesh, but if she do it, will not continue, how well soever you do feed: likewise she will look very duly with her eyes, and her casting will seldom or never be good, and her mutes will be evermore filled with over much black and other signs which I will explain unto you more at large, and you finding this, than you must have respect only to that; 
The Liver.  especially in her diet, and some otherways that I shall show you hereafter: I could prescribe you here divers other ways how this weakness and decay of the stomach may grow, but let this suffice as yet, and approve that it cannot be cured with one medicine, ignorantly given.  
As I have here lastly a little touched and spoken of the liver, let me return back unto it again, and give you further assurance that many Hawks, from that only thing receive their deadly wounds, and at such times as it is never suspected or thought on: for wheresoever it falleth out that your Hawk continueth in a disordered kind of casting, either of stones, or casting, or both, and that out of your judgement and own knowledge, you are assured that your best means by practice, with good meat clean dressed, casting and stones, and all other good usage, hath not been wanting: for remedy of the same, then may you be assured she is unsound, and in great danger of death, if it be not suddenly seen and prevented, and in such a Hawk (as I told you before) you shall find her mutes commonly to be filled with black and saguine matter seldom dispersed abroad: but otherwise cloddered thick on lumps, within the which being stirred or removed, you shall find and perceive a raw and rank kind of fleshly substance: All which importeth and showeth unto you that there wants digesture, and that your Hawk hath been over het and strained, as in her flights for want of breath and cleanness, or by unquietness and toiling on the fist, in the time of carriage, or on shipboard with bearing and tumbling up and down, & ill usage as they are brought over, a matter little considered, yet certain it is, that with the same, & base feeding together a number of them are surfeited in their bodies, and also baned in their livers, which for want of understanding in many masters, the servant is after blamed and wrongfully condemned for it, without any cause at all: for the liver or the disease thereof, is so secret and unaparant that unless it be quite and clean shot and fallen or swelled (for that is the truth) with rottenness: and that every man may discern it by the feeling of his hand, it is never mistrusted nor thought of; when there is no other place within the Hawk more, nor so much or often infected. Also this sickness and grief of the liver will be easily perceived, by her castings the which will seldom or never be wrapped, or clean after any of the least large feeding. And, although the liver so far as you can perceive by your ordinary means, resteth right in the place, yet by these and such other signs as I have showed it is to be gathered, and you may be assured that there lieth her grief, and that with too much heat and striving it is infected. And for remedy thereof, and to stay the inflammation of the same, you must suddenly hold and keep her to a moderate diet and abstain from all kind of hot meats, I mean such as be hot and strong of digestion. I do not forewarn you of the meat hot and new killed, for such you must be sure to provide always, and betake you to, and of the coolest and easiest to be digested, as of hen's flesh, chickens flesh, young Pigeons, and of whatsoever you can find to be cooling in operation, and easy to be endured by such a Hawk as is perceived to be grieved in that place, and through the same wants quick digesture: and with one, or with any of these prescribed meats, you must not feed every day, but one day with one kind, and a little thereof at once, and the next day with another, and so one after another you must provide and give unto her, until you do perceive she gins to rise and mend of her flesh; and than you must not forget to give casting and stones moderately, and with discretion: to the end, that as by this prescription and course of diet, and nourishing-feeding, her grief may be cured; so otherwise by her winning and retaining unto herself glut, and such other like superfluous imperfections of the same, naturally increasing, her health may not be hindered.  
Also you must be mindful, and remember to give your meat with one cool water or other, and such as I shall set down, and appoint hereafter to be given for the preservation of the liver, and those inward and secret parts. Furthermore if you have rightly observed, you may remember that oft times your Hawks liver will be coloured green and yellow, when she is dead, which showeth that although the same were not before perceived in the highest degree to be baned, yet that it were much inflamed as by those colours appeared, 
The Gall.  which was the overflowing of the gall, a disease that most Hawks are subject unto; and is as dangerous and deadly as death itself, if it be not present lie foreseen and cured. This overflowing of the gall proceedeth of great heat, taken through disorder and ill usage, as by toiling flights in grease and uncleanness, or by hanging by the heels, or tumbling and tossing, and such other like abuses, whereby the liver and the same infecteth one and other, wherefore the cure must be in them both; for that they are both as one joined together; and how to understand and know when your Hawk is sick of this disease, you must omit no time in the diligent search and view of her casting and mutes, whereas in the one, the other or both, that grief is to be discerned: for they will be continually mixed with green and yellow colour, which will not be (by any ordinary means) altered or changed, having got the upper hand; but by skilful and cunning art must be stayed and cooled in the beginning, and so her life preserved,   

CHAP. XIII. To temper and cool the heat of the liver, and to stay the inflammation of the same.  
WHen you do perceive your Hawk to be ill affected in that place, and that you perceive her to droop on the same, then must you first call to mind and think on her diet, and the ordering thereof, according as you have directions before, than you must take some of the distilled water of the herb called Liverwoort: and when you feed her, dip your meat into the same and give it unto her, and in using this course every day once or twice for a while, and in time before she be too far spent, it will cure her be you assured of it. Also, if you find her any whit to distaste the water, then put into it as much brown sugar-candy as will make it sweet: Likewise, if you perceive any whit that her stomach do fail, as commonly that disease resteth not alone, but disperseth her branches into other parts. Then take the powder of three or four cloves, and now and then give unto her at Morning or night finely conveyed into a piece of meat; and that will strengthen the stomach, comfort the heart, and also have respect unto the liver and other principal parts.   

CHAP. XIIII. Of the Liver and the Gall.  
HOw I am entered into these inward and secret parts, 
The Liver and Gaul.  I think it good to wright somewhat more of the liver, and also of the superfluity and abounding of the gall, and to show you how to qualify the heat and outrage of them both: when as you do first perceive, by such signs and tokens as I have before noted unto you, that your Hawk is grieved and sick of this or these diseases; then must you defer no time to give something unto her, to cure and amend her withal, for if you be slack therein, and suffer it to run on and grow too much upon her, there is no way to stay it but death will have her due: Therefore, you must first be sure to have great respect unto her diet, that it may be of good meat, light and cool in operation, for that is a special thing and means for the recovery of any of these inward and secret sicknesses and otherwise without the same observation, it is not possible to cure or amend any of them, but what else soever you give for remedy, the same shall be a means to cross and prevent it: so much and many gross humours do grow and proceed, of giving rank feed, and great gorges unto crazy Hawks that want perfect di●esture, than you must provide some distilled water of endive, and succory; and of any one of them, or both, take a little, and into the same put a slice of rhubarb to infuse, and when you feed your Hawk, dip your meat into it, and feed her therewith, and it will cool the heat of the liver, and help the overflowing of the gall: also it comforteth, cooleth and refresheth the stomach that is overheated, you may give the rhubarb being dried in powder, about the weight of two barley or wheat corns and it is very good; but then after four days you must scour your Hawk with fresh butter, the powder of Rew, the powder of Cloves, and some brown sugar-candy: for the rhubarb being dried will leave a binding quality behind it.   

CHAP. XV. To comfort and preserve the heart, from any infirmity that proceeds of heat.  
WHereas at the death of your Hawks, you shall often find the skin about the heart to be covered with white and hoary specks, and also the place where the heart doth lie, likewise so infected, even so may you in her life time have a great guess, nay full assurance when she is possessed with the same disease: for you shall find and perceive such a Hawk to be most dry every way: as first in her castings, they will have seldom any store of moisture in them, but it will be frothy and roping her mutes will be thicker than ordinary, and she will be often dropping of them, and seldom slice from her, which is an evil sign, she will seem to be subject to the cry, and the frounce, her foot and sear will be of a dead colour, and her pounces will show the like: for the I●t and glassy die thereof will be vanished, and gone away: and she will be subject and disposed unto much bousing, weathering, and bathing. Nevertheless if this unnatuarall heat have not seated itself, or planted it in other secret places, about the lights, reins, or other of those privy parts, in white specks, or such settled kernels like unto the mazels of a swine; there is no doubt but it may be recovered. The which to effect you must take the distilled water or waters of borage and buglose together, into the which put half a dozen sliced cloves to infuse, and with the same water, on or both, you must feed with all, and give it once a day unto your Hawk with her meat, affording her quiet rest and ease withal, that she may have no cause to increase the disease: Also you must be sure as I have already forewarned you, to be circumspect in her diet, that it may be of light and cool meat, and small gorges thereof, and this will amend and help her: for otherwise there is no Hawk of what kind soever, whose grief proceeds of heat, but that one great gorge increaseth the same, and preventeth the best means or remedy that you can use for the amendment of the same.   

CHAP. XVI. To kill and destroy the worms in the body, to heat and quicken a cold stomach, that doth not digest and endue well; but through the same engendereth Fellanders, and other gross humours and imperfections in the panel and guts.  
THis remedy which here I do commend unto you, is an old medicine, the which hath been used a long time, and many years ago: and surely what observation or use other men have made of it, I know not, neither am here able to recite it: but for myself I have used and observed it, and have certainly found it to be a most special and present remedy, for such things as here I do commend it: and whereas it hath been advised to be given out of oil steeped for the same. I cannot commend it, because I have not used it, but for trial long ago, when as then I disliked it, and ever since have left it: But in this manner I have often and always secretly unto myself, given it when I have gathered by such signs, as I observed that my Hawk hath been in this sort diseased. At that time of the year when wormwood is grown up, 
If she will not bows, fail not the next morning after she hath cast her garlic to give her stones with a spoonful of fair water, and you shall see her to purge herself upwards of slime and glut very much.  and is moistest, then must you provide a glass full of the juice thereof, and into the same put a score of cloves of garlic, clean peeled, and pierced through in divers places, and there preserve them close, and when you have ocassion to use them, take forth one clove or two, and a little dry them outwardly, and so give them unto your Hawk at a night with her supper, using this order for a week together, and fail not to let her have water offered her in a dish every morning, or otherwise as you find her condition. Then leave of your garlic, and every night after when you do give her her supper, role two or three bits of meat in mustered seed and give her, and let her casting be ever of plummage, you may bruise the seed a little if you will, but I hold it more natural to give it whole, and it is a thing more precious than ever it hath been imagined to be given unto any Hawk: It purgeth the head, helps digestion, warms the stomach, provokes appetite, and prevails much against all cold causes of the body: and whensoever you give your Hawk any train newly taken from the field; be not curious to let her take her pleasure on the crop: 
The virtue of musterd-seed.  for there is the mustered seed most natural and kind, and there is no better physic: And whereas it hath been ever thought a thing unpossible at any time, or by any means to kill and destroy the worms of the back. I dare undertake that if it be possible for any man to know assuredly when his Hawk hath them, and for the number to guess what store of them, that they shall never increase together, nor grow after, but that garlic and wormwood shall forstall and correct them, nay altogether destroy and waste them; and that Hawk that is used often unto it shall never die of them: for if it be possible for any Hawk to draw by her breath in and unto her; any poisoned infection to rot and kill her: wherefore then should she not as well through the same passage suck up that which is of force to destroy the worms and so preserve her. I see no reason to the contrary, knowing that the bellows draweth so far as unto themselves savours, both good and ill, and from them by dispersed veins all along that leads unto the back, and other places whereas those worms do lie, is way whereby may pass a scenting remedy for to destroy that malady or infection of those worms: 
These worms are to be found in blank plumed Hawks  neither shall there be in any other place any worms able to abide or endure it but it will correct and kill them, unless it be those which are the least in show & substance, but greatest in strength of nature, and of whom I have already spoken in the former part of this book, and showed there unto what sort of Hawks they do belong, by nature and kind doing no hurt at all.  
The lungs do draw a breath whereby  
to cool the heart as it doth lie:  
Also the liver by that same air,  
preserved is both fresh and fair.  
But when these bellows do decay,  
than health from both doth fade away.   

CHAP. XVII. Another very good scouring to give unto any imperfect Hawk that is perceived to have Fellanders or other imperfections proceeding from the weakness of the stomach.  
TAke some clarified butter that hath been preserved in rose-water, 
In this is loofing and cleansing of humours, it comforteth and drieth superfluous humours, it killeth worms and resisteth putrefaction  then take the leaf of rue and of wormwood of equal portions, and with a sharp knife mince them very exceeding small together, then temper and mingell them together with brown sugar candy, and when you have so done, and rolled and made fit to be given, then into a pellet you must put a little of the powder of merry: and so give on unto your Hawk, morning or evening, according as you shall think it meet, and you shall find it a present and special remedy against such inward diseases, and a great preserver of health and lustiness.   

CHAP. XVIII. Another to scour and purge the body, to preserve the liver and reins, and place of kidneys to enlarge a short breath, to prevent the Pantas or wasting of the lungs, to purge from the stomach, glut, and all such superfluous humours that doth abound and to kill worms.  
THere is a thing called Agricke, the which you shall have at the Apothecaries, it is like unto a white mushroom or toad stool, and of this take a little slice and put it into white wine, there to infuse with a slice or two of the whitest ginger; and wash your Hawks meat a little therewith, and so with discretion give it unto her, much or little, as you shall see cause, also you may give it in powder, and it is very good.   

CHAP. XIX. To purge your Hawk after she hath cast her gorge, or stood very long on her meat, before she put it over.  
WHen you do perceive your Hawk to stand long upon her meat before she puts it over, and that it is like to grow sour and to putrefy in the gorge, than it is meet you miss not to offer her water, and if she do bows it may do her much good, but it she refuse so to do, and that yo● 〈…〉 have her put it away, then give her three or four little stones, if it be possible above the hand; and ten to one but they will cause her to writhe it away: for I have oft times made trial of it at nights when my Hawks have stood on some part of their meat, and have prevailed of my desire in due time (yet you must understand howsoever) that this meat with lying too long in the gorge, must needs putrefy and be corrupted, and therefore will be offensive and noisome unto the stomach and her other inward and secret parts, as also upward the fume and stench thereof must needs ascend, whereby those passages and pipes and the head will be stuffed with an ill perfume.  
And therefore it is necessary, for the avoiding of such evils as may grow thereon, both in body and head, that you do presently and thoroughly cleanse them both, and all the powers thereof of that corruption, and sweeten them again before you give her any meat, the which to effect, you must take some butter that hath been preserved in Rose-water, then take a little of the powder of Saffron, the powder of myrrh, and the powder of half a dozine cloves of mace, and mingle them all together with a little brown sugar-candy, and give one or two pellets thereof unto your Hawk, very early in the morning, and when you have perceived that it hath wrought with her, and that she is emptied and her hour come to be fed, be sure you give her but one bit at once, and of the best meat you can get, and so as often as you shall see cause that day, and the next morning fail not to give her stones with one pellet of wormwood, and when she hath cast them again feed her with sweet and clean meat, according as you find her disposed to eat, and with some of the aforesaid sweet water; and these things with this order will purge her clear of all gross humours, and sweetly perfume her body and senses, and set her free from all danger of sickness or surfeiting that otherways might have grown on that occasion: many men on these occasions do desire to provoke their Hawks to cast their meat, which if it could be effected to their liking, and as they would have it, it were very good, but it is a hard matter so to do without great hurt to the Hawk, as with striving and straining of herself with the uneasiness of her casting.  
Also, that which is given for provocation thereof, the body being amiss before, must of necessity add more vexation and offence to the same; and therefore all things considered, for mine own part, this is my resolution and ever hath been: I evermore rather desired to use all the ordinary means to cause her put it away, than the least extraordinary to make her to cast it: and whosoever he be that shall make trial of it, and can do it, shall find her easier to be recovered, then if she do cast it through such an occasion: if after he will observe and keep this order before expressed, and I dare warrant she shall be no whit the worse for it very quickly.  
Nevertelesse, if there be any man of the contrary opinion, or that will not stay the time for trial thereof, but resolutely will have his Hawk to cast, either meat that she hath kept too long, or stones that hath been given too soon after her drawing, or any other occasion that doth detain them, then to effect the same. Take as much of Roach-allum, in quantity, as a pretty button, or bean, and give it unto her and that will cause her to cast immediately, all such things as she hath within her, after which you must take a spoonful of the forenamed sweet water and give her, and so let it rest so long as you shall find it meet before you give her meat, this thing I think will not fail you on this occasion to work your will and all, though for want of experience and judgement, sometimes stones be given by young Falconers too soon in the fullness of grease, which time is unfittest and most dangerous. And also then they are most hardest to be removed, yet then at that or such time I have seen it constrain them to ascend back, and come forth from their place of being even wrapped, by two or three together in the same grease, which they themselves had with their heat and hasty working melted, removed, and dispersed too soon.   

CHAP. XX. To stay the casting of the gorge, and to strengthen the weakness of the stomach, from whence it proceeds.  
YOu shall have your Hawks stomach, sometimes, through the distemperature of gross humours there abounding, for want of natural and kind purging with stones and casting, to be grown so weak as that she will not keep her meat, but will cast either all, or some part thereof; or otherwise, on some other occasion of sickness will do the like, the which infirmity and weakness in her to cure and amend; you must first of all be careful to order her very curiously in her diet, and in these respects it is meet he should be no idle mate that should undertake such a business, but both painful and careful to order her as she should be. And first, he must provide the daintiest meat that may be gotten, and give her but a bit at a time, and as often as with conveniency he may, still providing change thereof, and as near as he can let it be of all manner of small birds, for they are meetest for that purpose, and easiest to be endued and always may be provided warm for her to feed upon. Then you must provide some of the distilled water of the herb called Mint-ryall, and as often as you feed, give some of it with her meat, until you see and perceive she doth mend, which soon will be if you observe well this order and manner of diet; for otherwise that being neglected and carelessly handled, all the medicines or other appliments in the world will do no good at all: Contrariwise, this water is special good for this purpose, and with good ordering will strengthen the weakness of the stomach, dry up all superfluous humours that was cause of the same, and at an instant will stay the casting of the gorge and make her keep her meat,   

CHAP. XXI. A very good Medicine for a Hawk that is stuffed in the head with cold.  
TAke Rosemary leaves and dry them, and make them into fine powder, also take the powder of half a score cloaves and mingle them well together, with clarified and preserved butter out of Rose-water and brown sugar-candy, and give it unto your Hawk in pellets in the morning, and be sure to keep her very warm until she be well, which will quickly be, for this is a very speedy and sure medicine.  
As I have heretofore showed you how necessary it is, that every Falconer do know what aileth his Hawk when she is amiss, & certainly what is her disease: so likewise ought he to be as skilful to know the virtue & operation of such things as he shall give unto her, for curing of the same. For otherwise, he may travel as a blind man without a guide, and run on quite contrary, doing hurt unto that the which he intended to do good unto: as for example, I have heard of some men that would give wormwood in a pellet, or knot unto his Hawk at a night with her supper, but for what purpose I have not certainly understood, neither will I give any consent or advice so to do, as to give it at that time with meat, or any other time on a full gorge, for the nature of it is clean repugnant and contrary: it is a thing in taste very bitter and full of juice, and it cannot choose but be offensive and distasteful unto the Hawk in the time of her digestion, and may cause a crazy Hawk to cast before her due time, and even to throw up her meat and all as most certainly I have seen it done.  
Therefore, as it is a thing very medicinable and powerful for those things, for which by nature it serveth, being rightly given; so also, it is as unmedicinable and hurtful if it be otherwise used: wherefore, understand you thus much of the virtue and operation of the same; this weed here spoken of, and called by the name of wormwood, it is of force to loosen, scour, and purge gross and abounding humours from the stomach, and is meetest to be given with stones when your Hawk hath cast in the morning, and is through empty, and especially after a great gorge that she hath stood long on, and that you fear surfering on the same: for it doth mightily refresh the stomach and body after large feeding, it killeth worms in the same and resisteth rottenness, and this observation ought to be held in any thing that is given unto those poor Birds, the grief should be certainly known in all things accordingly for remedy thereof.   


You may perceive this disease oft-times by croaking or hatling in the gorge, or throat. To wash your Hawks meat in hearhow●d, or woodbine water is also very good  CHAP. XXII. A very good water to give unto any Hawk that is perceived to be subject unto drought and heat in the stomach, or else where inwardly.  
TAke about an ounce and a half, or two ounces of french barley, and wash it well in fair water, and put it into a pipkin or posnet with some reasonable store of fair water, and let that boil three or four warms and no more, then cleanse away that water, and put to it as much more, and let that boil even so long; also then throw that away, than the third time put to it at the least a quart of fair water, and let that boil half an hour, or until it come unto a pint, than strain that through a linen cloth from the barley, and put into it as much sugar candy as will make it indifferent sweet, and let them boil a little together, then after when it is cold, as often as you do feed your Hawk, give some of it with your meat unto her, for three or four days together, and no more, for it will not last; and therefore then you must provide you of new after this manner, so long as you shall have cause to use it which will not be long, for certainly I have seen it with one making and using to cool and recover a very hot and dry Hawk that would not by any means be filled full of flesh, or thrive in a long time before.   

CHAP. XXIII. Of the frown.  
AS concerning the frounce or heat, or both so termed, that is, thought to proceed from forth the body of the Hawk, but cannot be directly known, until trial be made by the Falconer in the cure thereof, when as if he do then duly observe, he may with judgement find out the original cause and place from whence it doth proceed, and so to use a certain means for remedy thereof.  
As for example, when you do find your Hawks mouth and throat to be continually frothy and furred with white, than you may think and mistrust the same to proceed out of the inner parts, and therefore must needs be said out of the body: nevertheless as there is several places that through distemperature therein, may seem upward such and the like annoyance; so also you must out of your judgement and skill, use sundry means for remedy as occasion shall serve.  
And first for the stomach which is the panel, and is nearest unto you, & easiest to be searched: to begin withal it is therefore most meetest, and for trial of that place and to be thoroughly resolved, whether that infirmity of heat showing and appearing in the mouth, do grow from thence or no, use no other thing but stones out of fair water morning or evening, as you shall find your Hawk orderly to cast them, as if she use to sit long in the morning before she do cast, then leave of that time, and provide for the night to let her always have them, and assure yourself that in good time they will purge and cleanse that place of all superfluous heat, or other humours that were gathered in the same, and the fume and annoyance thereof will be gone, the which will show and be manifested in the mouth and throat: for they will be clearly cleansed of the same: but if you do not find this order and means to be answerable to your expectation very suddenly; than you may be sure there is a further and a more dangerous ground and cause of the same infirmity, which you ought more carefully to look unto, and provide for it another remedy, you may be assured it is the liver that is diseased, and as it is seldom or never mistrusted, so also it is a thing as little or no whit at all ever feared, but certainly in this case that must needs be the part that is amiss; for there are no other places but those two, which provoke that noisome and fuming heat to ascend in that manner up into the gorge, the throat and mouth. And for the stomach I have here set down a present and sure means with stones, and a well ordered diet how to cool and destroy it in that place; then of necessity it must needs depend of the liver, and the corruption thereof, which is the cause that stones take no effect in the stomach: and for the liver to amend and stay the inflammation and superfluous heat thereof, you must provide some of the distilled water of sorrel, and whensoever you do give your Hawk stones give them out of that water, and some of it with them, also give it with the meat you feed withal, the which you must have respect unto, and that it may be easy in digestion, and never on great gorge, until she be cured, but easy gorges and the oftener: Also if you be disposed you may put into the same water a little slice of rhubarb to infuse; for it is a very special thing to preserve the liver: and these things with this order well observed, will both cool the liver and the stomach, and free your Hawk clean from this disease. And so much of this grief or infirmity that some men do call heat in the stomach, others call it heat in the body or frounce, or the wet frounce.   

CHAP. XXIIII. A medicine to kill and destroy the frounce, that doth clean or eat into any part of the mouth, tongue, or throat, where you may come to dress it.  
TAke a sawcerfull of the best white wine vinegar that you can get or may be gotten, or more or less as you shall think good for the quantity you mean to make, and into the same put three or four red sage leaves, and boil them a prettied pace, then take the powder of  alum a pretty quantity and put into it, and let it boil even one walm or two and no more, then take it off and put it into a glass and there keep it: also if you do find the frounce to be very dangerous, take as much brimstone as two small nuts, beaten very small, and put that into a linen cloth and tie it fast, then let the same be steeped in the rest, a day and a night, which done, take it forth and crush it, or strain as much of the juice as you can into the vinegar, and throw the other away: and this will destroy any frown in the world, if the Hawk be orderly dressed: For otherwise the best medicine that ever was, is but of little worth: Therefore you must understand in what sort you ought to dress her, to the end to prevent the tediousness of the same, and the heating and turmoiling of the poor Hawk, which amongst many men have no end, but with the loss of her life: on this consideration you must remember in the cure of any such or other thing inward-inwardlie or outwardly, (wherein consisteth and dependeth the distemper of the whole body and hazard of life,) that as the one day you do apply your salve, or other medicine to correct the raging humour or infection of the infirmity, so must you the other day give rest, nourishment, and good usage, withal to comfort, preserve, and hold strong the heart and body: for otherwise your art is nothing worth, and your labour is all in vain. Therefore if the frounce be never so rank, or never so little at the first dressing, take of the scale to the quick, and with the tip of a feather lay on two or three drops of the water, being warmed in a spoon, and so the next day, and after but once in three days; and so use it being sure that you do never pull of any scale, or scal to make it bleed, if you can choose: but only that which will come gently away, for if you do, it will not heal, do what you can, but scab and eat in further and further, the mouth is too tender, and many Hawks are destroyed that way with often dressing, rubbing & fretting a thing so tender as a Hawks mouth is: but otherwise with this water and this order rightly observed, there is no frounce howsoever it groweth or is entered; but it will suddenly cure, and destroy it without all doubt.   

CHAP. XXV. Of the Pantas.  
THe Pantas is a disease that in all my life I have not had one Hawk infected withal, neither did I ever hear or know of any other man's that had it, that ever could be cured of it: and therefore if I should prescribe you any feigned or new devised medicine for it, I should both do myself wrong, and deceive many others in so doing, therefore it is best for every man to fear it, and ever to be careful to prevent and preserve his Hawk by good usage from it. The grief is very easy at the first to be discerned: for after a little bating she will begin to fetch her breath thick with panting; after as it more increaseth she will show it by labouring in her panel, even as she doth sit still: Also as it further groweth, her lights do dry or waste, she will be forced to gape for breath after she hath a little stirred, and then there is no remedy for it: but if at the first beginning, through the diligence and skill of her keeper, it may be descried there is no doubt: but it may be prevented and her life preserved. The which to effect, take a quarter of a pound of the best sweet butter, and put it into damask rose water, and there preserve and keep it very close: and as you have need to use it, which must be very often; take some of it forth, and with the powder of rue and the powder of saffron, and a little brown sugar candy mingled well together, make a pellet or two and give every morning unto your Hawk for a week together very early in the morning, and keep her very warm continually, and if it have not taken too deep root this will cure and help i●▪ For these things are special preservatives and remedies against the stopping, drying, or wasting of the longs, & other places from whence this disease or infirmity do proceed; you must keep your butter by itself continually in rose water, and your powder in a paper until you have need, and then mix them and use them.   

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Crock and the Cramp.  
THe Crock and the Cramp are two very dangerous eu●ls, and in the nature and condition of their griefs they are much a like; yet a difference there is, and also some hope of recovery, if they be taken in time. The Cramp may be taken at any time of the year when the Hawk hath been flown, and is perfectly inseamed and clean, only with taking cold after hard flying and toiling: therefore beware how you do set your Hawks in cold places, at such times, for more evils do grow thereon then is imagined or thought on: also, her body inwardly may be possessed of the same, and even foundered as it were or frettized with the like, and this one way may the Cramp be taken. And for the Crock, that infirmity also may be taken at any time through ill usage; but if you have observed it, it hath been most oftenest taken after their immediate drawing, before they be thoroughly inseamed and clean, as with taking cold after they have bated and het their grease, and with spouting and washing after they have stirred and haet themselves, or with over straining them in that case and by striving, and through negligence hanging by the heels. Also after, in the time of losing, being loaden with bells, a mettled Hawk may with great labour in seeking to prey take the same infirmity, but if it be not in grease it will soon be recovered: Again otherwise, they may have these infirmities joined together, and then the use of their joints will be taken from them, and they will only lie down: whereas then there is seldom or never any remedy but death, for it is in the highest degree of both the diseases: And if you will look back towards the midst of this book, whereas I have advised you to beware how you do spowte or wash your mettled Hawks newly taken from the mew, there shall you find necessary instructions how to prevent such evils, and preserve your Hawks from the like and other inward infirmities: and so much of the nature and condition of these sundty diseases.   

CHAP. XXVII. For the Cramp.  
IF you be well assured when your Hawk doth take the Cramp, that she is clean and perfectly inseamed, and free from grease, then must you resolve and endeavour yourself to cure her with continual moderate heat outwardly, the which you must provide and prepare for her in this sort. Take a large brass pot and fill it with fair water, into the which put two or three good handful of sage, both red and white, and also as much Polopody of the O●ke and boil them in the pot, the which you must cover with woollen clothes very thick: for otherwise your Hawk will be hot too soon, or cold too soon which must not be, but a temperate heat ought to be kept continually with the Hawk lying on it: also, it is meet that you do give one clove of garlic every morning, for one week together, to the end to open her pipes and veins, and to expel the inward cold from thence that hath possessed or benumbed her, and if you mistrust any grease to be in her that hath been overheat, than her body will be much windy inwardly; and it will be good for you to purge and consume that away, 
The Rue wasteth and consumeth ●●●de, it cutteth and digesteth tongue humours, the wormwood purgeth and cleanseth them away.  and other gross and tough humours as evil possessors of the same place, and doth increase that disease: for the which, take a little of the leaf of Rue, and as much of the wormwood exceedingly shred with a sharp knife, and mingle it with sweet-butter, and a little sugar-candy, and when you would use it make it into pellets and give one or two of them unto your Hawk, two or three mornings in the week, and with this course well observed and used, make no doubt but it will mend and make sound your Hawk. Also do you take out of the pot often times some of the Polopode and sage in their fuming heat, and lay it before the Hawk that she may taste it at her nares so long as it smokes, for it is a very special thing against that disease.   

CHAP. XXVIII. To recover and cure a Hawk that hath taken the Crock in her flying time through any kind of accident.  
WHen your Hawk hath taken the crock through any misfortune, as I make no question but you have seen a Hawk to scratch off her hood, and sitting abroad would so bate and strive in her lease that before she could be conveniently taken to the fist, hath even crockt again and again, all which proveth that through such accidents and disordered occasions, yourcoie Hawks may come by the like diseases. And for cure thereof the best remedy that ever I could find to be joined with rest and ease, is the spirit of wine, the which you must prepare and make in this fashion. Take half a pint of claret wine, or more or less as you shall see cause for the quantity you mean to make, and put it into a service dish of silver, if you have it, or otherwise into a dish of the best pewter that you can get, and cover it with another dish of equal proportion and bigness very close. Also into the same you must put a little sugercandy, three or four thin slices of the whitest ginger, as many browsed cloves, and boil all these on a chafingdish, over a soft fire, which you must keep with temperate blowing, and now and then take off the uppermost dish, and with a feather strike the moisture that hangeth thereon into some thing, wherein you may keep it safe, and always when you do feed your Hawk give her a little of it with her meat, being sure to give her quiet rest and warmth withal, and this will recover her without all doubt; but if she have taken this disease before she be inseamed, then is it so much the more dangerous; yet nevertheless if the Cramp have not also joined with it, and ceased on her and taken away the use of her external parts, she may with good usage be recovered and brought to health again. The which to effect, look a little back, and there you shall find a scouring made of Rue and Wormwood, with some other things the which you must purge your Hawk with all, at such times and so often as you are there directed; for it serves for both the infirmities when they be taken in grease, or as if they were united in one Hawk together.  
As you do boil your wine, you ought to have knowledge and perseverance when the heart and spirit thereof doth fade or decay, the which to understand, is as that do die, so the strength thereof ceaseth to yield any more plentiful store of moisture, and then you must provide you of new wine and other things to increase your store withal. And as this thing is special good for any Hawk that hath taken this forenamed disease, by overstriving, or straining herself or other misfortune, so is it also as good to be given unto any sick or weak Hawk to comfort and strengthen her withal, and to sweeten the inward parts after the casting of the gorge, or any other occasion that may cause the body inwardly and breath to be unsavoury: also it provokes appetite, and doth quicken digestion.  
Whereas heretofore I have showed that in all sorts of Hawks, how much more easier it is to preserve and hold health, that being safely employed, then afterward when it is lost and decayed to seek to restore or renew it again. The performance thereof I also do assure you must rest and remain in the dutiful diligence, and continual honest care and pains of the Falconer, his mind must seldom be off on them, his eye ever on them, and himself never from them at times befitting for himself and them. And then when other men that be of a more lazy & negligent disposition shall have their Hawks miscarry and decay, he shall be sure to keep his long alive, and safe from many evil accidents, and inward and outward misfortunes that otherwise may fall upon them, and often do, through sloth and ignorance in their keepers.   

CHAP. XXIX. Of diseases that happen to Hawks, on their legs or feet.  
IT is now meet and necessary that I do speak of such infirmities, as do befall oftentimes unto Hawks, on their legs and feet, and do appear outwardly in swollen knobs or knots, to the great torment and vexation of these poor birds that have them: also, it is as fit I let you understand which way, and of what they do proceed, and how you may prevent them. Then know you for certain, that for the most part they do only grow with taking cold, after your Hawks have flown and chafed their bodies and blood, and distempered both with immoderate labour, and afterward are not considered of their Keeper; but so soon as they are fed, and oft-times with cold and stolen meat, even up to their throats, which at an instant engendereth one evil or other in them; then they are set down (what weather soever it be) on the cold ground, to sit and trample and rest them: and whereas (they) poor birds, do take their utter destruction very often, both inwardly and outwardly, as sometimes it will appear by cold in the head, distemper in the body, and ill humours that do distill and fall down into the legs and feet, appearing in gouts, and such other things as I have before named.  
Also, at some other time when your Hawk is drawn into the brook with a fowl, after she hath flown and laboured and is hot inwardly; although she be presently carried away to be dried, yet afterward when night is come, she is no more cared for, nor thought on then the rest, but even set up altogether on some cold perch, and in some cold place where she receives her bane.  
I do speak it out of my own experience, and have been an eye witness of the same: for I have known divers Hawks destroyed this way, and through these occasions: Therefore let me advise every man to take heed, and beware how he sets his Hawk down on the cold ground after his flight to the brook in the winter time, if he do pretend and desire to avoid and shun such sundry evils, that proceed on this occasion, besides some other inconveniences that do belong to the same, as for such Hawks as you do use and are accustomed to be set down after their flying and feeding; to the end to trample and qualify the heat of their late desire; they will ever after unquietly look for it, if they want it, and will not be pleased not contented without it: but what hast soever the Falconer hath on his way, or how late it is, or how far soever unto his home, or what weather soever it be, yet they must be waited on while they are quiet, sitting on the cold ground, and thus must the Falconer attend on them, it may be one quarter of an hour, or if it be less, yet long enough for them to take their destruction; or else in riding of half a dozen mile, they will never be at rest, which from my own home hath been the easiest, and shortest of my journeys to & from my hawking, which untolerable toil in all seasons I do wish unto no Falconer, if he may with convenience shun, or shift it for his own sake, and also his poor Hawks, that after their labour and toil are forced quietly or unquietly to endure it, more oftener to their torment and utter destruction, than a number of masters can imagine or do ever think of, although it is the destruction and decay of many Hawks, I have had two or three cast of Hawks under my own government: nevertheless have used to quiet and cool them at such times on the fist; in which course I have divers ways received much content to myself, and the like in my Hawks, and so shall whosoever he be that doth follow the same in both.   

CHAP. XXX. A medicine for the Cramp that hath ceased only on the legs and feet.  
WHen you do perceive by your Hawk that she hath the cramp in her legs and feet, and that there only she is benumbed with the same, than you must provide some of the roots of peony, and dry them and beat them to powder, then make a little bag of fine linen, and put the powder therein, and all day as near as you can lay the bag, or hold it where the Hawk may taste or smell it at her nares: and when night doth come hang it conveniently with an inkle string about her neck, and in using this course it will help and amend her of that evil.   

CHAP. XXXI. Another remedy for the cramp which hath been credibly reported unto me to have cured Hawks that hath lain long on that disease, and could not be cured.  
TAke the root called Brianie, and cleave it that you may conveniently fasten it about the Hawks leg, and let her were it on that fashion: Also let it lie close by her beak that she may taste it, and it will cure her: also take the bone that is in the knee joint of a hare and on the hinder leg, and put it in the end of the finger of a glove, and so unto the bewit of the Hawk, and let her wear it there, and it will cure her: for most certainly I did of very late years cure one Hawk, with it myself that was very much troubled with it, and divers people have sent unto me for them, and have reported that they have had great ease by them.   

CHAP. XXI. To cure a swelling in the leg or foot of the Hawk, or any part thereof.  
SOmetimes there will arise and grow a kind of swelling on the leg or foot of your Hawk; which being suffered to continue long on some places thereof: will grow dangerous and hard to be taken away: which otherwise are very easy to be removed, yet I have heard of divers opinions to the contrary, that have given advice, not to meddle at the first with them, but to let them grow alleging that as yet, they be not ripe, because they can neither feel them very hard nor very soft, but assure yourself that is not the best course to be used, for so they may with continuance eat so near the bone and sinews, whereby the same may be afterwards perished in the cure or otherwise it may fall into the foot and joint, from whence all the singles do shoot and grow, which is the hardest place of all to be recovered, there is so many veins and sinews in that place for the humour to feed upon, wherefore even so soon as you do find and perceive any of these things to appear in any of these places, in swollen knobs or knots hard or soft, take a knife very sharp at the point, and slit the place all along and longways on the leg or foot, whereas you shall find the flesh to be within of a spongy and hollow substance, then if you perceive it to be so thick with corrupt flesh or skin, fear not to clip it away on both sides that you may come so much the nearer to the bottom, and when you have so done, take a little of the water that I have set down for the frounce, and warm it, and wash the place well with a feather until it do leave bleeding: then take out of the aforesaid water as much of a sage leaf as will cover the sore place and lay it on, and there use means to keep it, until it do dry and stick fast thereunto, and then every day twice or thrice with a feather do well moisten the leaf and place where it doth lie with the same water, if it be possible not stirring the leaf, but if you cannot force it to stick fast; nevertheless if you wash it well with this water it will surely kill the rank, and eating & swelling humour on what place soever it do grow: some men when they do perceive first these kind of things to arise, and grow on any part of the leg or foot of their Hawks, they do partly begin to dispose themselves to chafe, and anoint them with one kind of oil or other, hoping by that means to assuage and take away the swelling, but they were as good to practise on a stone and seek to mollify that; for as I have showed you these things do proceed of an unkind humour, whereby where it doth rest and settle, it corrupts the flesh, and being suffered, in time it converteth into white eating kernels increasing, and are even in the same nature as frownces be, and must be searched to the bottom, and destroyed with a sharp drying medicine, I have cured a number of these kind of swellings only with this water and the same manner of dressing, as of very late I cured a Hawk of my lord Compton's, a Goshawk, that I was enforced first to slit her with a knife, from her ear unto her nare, and close by her eye, and then to clip away all the skin and flesh to the bones, and to her throat and killed her rancour of the humour that was in the very nature and likeness of a garget, and also took divers white kernels out of it, whereof one of them was as big as a great bean, and had eaten clean through into the mouth; and this I clearly destroyed and healed again within the month only with this water.  
Also, if this kind of swelling do begin to grow on the very joint of the foot, either on the top, or on either side, or between any of the singles, so it be any thing upward, fear not to give vent unto it, being sure to have your knife set for the purpose, with the back of the point ground away, that you may carry it upward and go not too deep, yet be sure to pierce both the skin and corrupted flesh to the bottom: Likewise, you must have care to lance it longwaies as the sinews do run, for otherwise, to cross either the leg or the foot, you may endanger them and so spoil the Hawk: Thus with this water and order in the usage of it, you may kill and destroy any of these kind of infirmities that all Hawks are subject unto, and from whence doth proceed that which we term and call by the name of the gout, and from no other thing, and only with suffering and giving liberty unto the humour to plant itself too deep before it be corrected: furthermore, if any or such like swellings do begin to show under the sides of the foot, or under any of the singles where the warts do grow and the sinews run; and whereas it is very dangerous to cut or meddle with any such instrument, than you must take some bay salt burned and beat to dust, and put it into, as it were, a little bag made of purpose to hold it close, and by convenient means bind it unto the swollen place in time, even so soon as it is first perceived, and this will correct and kill the humour and dry it clean away.   

CHAP. XXXIII. To burn your salt.  
YOu must take a good handful of bay-salt and put it fast into a course linen cloth, than wet it well in water, and as you would roast a warden, so do you that, in the hot embers for half an hour; and than it will be as hard as a stone, then when you have cause to use it, scrape it, and apply it as is aforesaid, and it will destroy any of those moist humours.   

CHAP. XXXIIII. Of the pin in Hawks feet.  
WHereas for the pin, it hath been generally advised for the cure thereof, to set the Hawk grieved with the same upon salt, which medicine, of mine own knowledge is far unfit for such an evil, and also for the same; for salt is hot and dry and will destroy and dry up a moist and waterish humour: and contrariwise, the pin groweth in the bales of the feet of unquiet Hawks in the mew, who there doth batter and bruise them with flying up and down and falling on hard perches, until their feet be so sore that they dare not fly any longer, but are forced to rest for fear to fall; then in which time of quietness and rest which she is forced unto, through the same fear, the bruised flesh and blood doth dry up and grow to hard knots and cores in the flesh, the anguish whereof will quickly make the foot to swell: therefore, in this case it is not possible to do any good with any such thing that drieth; because this disease itself is dry, and dryness ought to be moistened, and moistness must be dried.   

CHAP. XXXV. To cure the pin.  
YOu must have your Hawk well and easily cast, and with a sharp knife search and pair out the pin, or core, or corn, for they are all one, the which if it have not planted itself to deep amongst the sinews, whereby to annoy and hurt them, it will easily be amended, the which to effect and bring to an end, you must have from the Apothecaries a salve, which he will make you at an instant of these things. Namely, galbanon, white pitch, and venus' turpentine, the which you must use in this sort. Take a little of the finest leather that may be got, 
If there be any hole in the bottom of the foot, dip a little lint into fresh butter melted in a spoon, and put into it under the plaster,  and make you plasters of the same with your salve to use at your need, as broad as the ball of her foot, and apply the same unto it, having provided of other soft leather, as a means to keep it on that it may not remain; and so dress it thrice in the week, and with all let her sit very soft and warm, and this will cure her out of all doubt.   

CHAP. XXXVI. To cure a strain in the foot, or any part thereof.  
WHen you do perceive that your Hawk hath caught a strain in the main joint, or in any of the lesser joints of the singles, which will appear by the heat and extraordinary burning that will be felt in the member and place where it resteth, then do you take a little of the oil of excetor, the which you shall have at the Apothecaries, after vi. d or viii d the ounce: and keep it in a little glass, and when you have occasion to use it, put two or three drops in a spoon, and at morning and evening rub and chafe it well into the place where the grief lieth: and when you have so done, moisten a fine linen cloth in the oil and wrap about the place, and wet another cloth also to keep it warm and suppell: for otherwise if it take cold it will not be cured. Also, if it fall out that the strain do happen on any of the talent or pownce joints, whereby you do perceive that place only to swell, take heed how you do lance or cut it, for that is a very tender and dangerous place to open, and amongst the sinews where it may prove a long continued sore: therefore, when any such thing doth light on that place, than first take your coping irons and cut that talon to the quick, and let out a pretty deal of the rank, and distempered blood that otherwise would conieale and settle in the place and hardly after be removed, then have some old knife ready hot in the fire, and sear it to stay the blood; which done anoint the pained place well with the said oil of Excetor, and wrap a cloth about it well oiled, than you must have like the finger of a glove of leather to pull over all with the talon out, and so make it fast with a drawing thread, that you may open it and convey in a little oil at the top to keep it moist and suppell withal: and so let it tarry on all the week, and this oil and this order well observed and Kept with warmth and rest, will cure her for certain: for this is a very special thing to comfort the sinews overstrained, and to cure & assuage the anguish of the strain, and bring it to right perfection again, as hath been often proved,   

CHAP. XXXVII. To cure a sudden or new swelling that cometh by a blow, bruise or any other accident unto the legs or feet.  
TAke some of the oil of bay, and some aquavitae, and beat them well together, and therewith anoint and chafe the swollen place very well, and when you have so done, wet well a linen cloth in the same oil, and wrap about it: Also with another cloth, or else a coat of leather to keep it warm, that no air may pierce or touch it: and this assuredly will assuage the swelling, take away the pain, and bring it to the right temper again: Also for the like grief, if you have not this oil of bay in a readiness, then in stead thereof take a little of your Bacon grease, that hath been skimmed and preserved from a pot, wherein Bacon was boiled by itself; and use it either by itself; or with Aquavitae, anointing and chafing gently and well the pained place therewith, and assure yourself it will amend it: for there is not a more better thing for any new swelling that cometh by accident: And furthermore do you remember that whereas in all these things I have advised you to keep them warm and give rest, so also you must be sure to do so long as there is any defect remaining, or left behind in the member. For otherwise if you do apply these things never so often, or any other whatsoever can be found, or imagined to be meet, and fit to be used to such purpose, and omit others the principals in the like cases: namely ease and warmeth, with good usage, your labour is ill bestowed, and whatsoever you have done, it shall profit you nothing at all: For these are but members and branches of the body, and have their particular nourishment and ease from the same. And therefore to distemper (that) you do hurt unto all the rest, and surely many Hawks are spoiled, and have their lives shortened only with ill government, and disorder in these cases in spite, of the best appliments in the world.   

CHAP. XXXVIII. For the falling sickness in a Hawk which you shall perceive by her dizimes.  
TAke a handful of the leaves of pellitarie of Spain and stompe it and strain it: Then take a spoonful of salad oil, and mingle them well together, & put into each ear three or four drops, and also some into her nares, and by and by suck it all out at her nares again, or as much as you can get out, and this will cure her of that disease: but be sure to keep her warm after in some dark place, or else in such a hood that will afford her no light at all, or otherwise if she will be quiet clean without a hood.   

CHAP. XXXIX. To cure the biting of a mad Dog.  
IF by misfortune your Hawk should be bitten with a mad Dog, as it hath been my own hap so to have a cast and in great danger of their lives, then at the very first be ye sure that you do make water as forcibly as you can into the wound, where you shall perceive and see the black and cloddered blood to lie, for that is the nature of the venomous infection thereof so to do, but thereupon you shall see it to bleed out fresh and kindly blood, which if it so fall out, it is a special means of the cure; whereas otherwise if it have but any time to rest, it will so disperse and spread itself into every part and member, as that it will be uncurable: then when you have done and clipped away the feathers, that you may come conveniently unto the place, you must apply unto it twice a day as much of the perfect balsam as the wound shall deserve to have: Also you must give her inwardly for three or four days, with her meat a little of unicorns horn in powder, or otherwise of Heart's horn: and with this I have most assuredly cured a cast that was most cruelly bitten and torn.   

CHAP. XXXX. Another very good medicine against the biting of a Mad dog.  
Be sure at the very first to make water into the wound: Then take some of the keenest onions you can possibly get, and beat them as small as may be, then take some salt and honey and put into the same thing to the unions, and there beat and mingle all together, and make thereof a salve, and apply it unto the bitten place, and this will take away the pain and soreness, and destroy the poison, and the Hawk shall do well.   

CHAP. XXXXI. To cure any new wound that may befall unto your Hawk by accident.  
TAke the down that cometh of cardus benedictus when the seed is ripe, and apply unto it only, and it will cure it without any pain.   

CHAP. XXXXII. To kill the rankness and itching that sometimes will be in Hawks bloody feathers, which is the cause she pulls them forth in that estate.  
SOme Falconers when they find their Hawks or hawk thereunto disposed, will presently to prevent the same ill quality that she is provoked unto, all to balm or anoint her feathers, and place where they grow, with some kind of bitter and noisome thing; but that only will not serve the turn, because as I showed, she is unkindly urged thereunto through a rank and itching quality that the same feathers are possessed withal, by means of some blow or bruise they have by mischance taken in their breeding and growing: and to cure the same take a pint of vinegar of the best, and into the same put two raisins of ginger grated to dust, and let that boil a good space with two or three branches of rue, and when the vinegar is much wasted, put in as much Allam as a wal-nut, and half a spoonful of honey, and let them all boil even a little: Then take it of, and whensoever you have occasion to use it, warm a little of it, and with a feather lay it on that, or those feathers that is amiss: And this will take the rankness and itching quite away; besides if the feather have been much bruised or crazed, so it be cross cracked it will heal and make it so sound that it shall shoot forth and do well again.   

Here followeth a note of the temperature and virtue of those those things that I have written of before, and commended unto you to be powerful & medicinable, and fit to be used in physic: for the amending and curing of such infirmities and diseases as do belong unto all Hawks.  
ALoes that is to say the juice which is used in physic is moderately hot, and that in the first degree: but dry in the third: extreme bitter, yet without biting: It is also of an emplastic or clammy quality; and something binding. Aloes, is of the number of those medicines which are purging, and it purgeth such excrements as be in the stomach, the first veins and the nearest passages, for his purging force passeth not far beyond the stomach, and it purgeth more effectually if it be not washed: but if it be washed it strengthens the stomach the more: Also it is an enemy to all manner of putrefaction, and defendeth the body from corruption.  

Rhubarb.  
Rhubarb is hot and dry in the second degree, and is of a substance and temperature partly binding and drying, and partly thin hot and purging.  
Rhubarb is abstersive and purging, and doth chief respect the diseases of the liver, and place of kidneys, opening the obstructions thereof, and is good also for all gripings, and inward gnawing of the guts, the infusion thereof in some distilled water, is more to be commended, and rather to be used then the substance: because the substance leaves a binding quality behind it.  
Rhubarb though it be of nature hot; yet it may be very safely given in those diseases of the liver, which proceed from heat as well as those which proceed from cold.  
Agricke is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second; it cutteth, maketh thin, cleanseth and taketh away obstructions and stops.  
Agricke is abstersive and purging, it is good for the oppilations of the liver and Kidneys, for the shortness of the breath, physic, and decaying of the longs, it purgeth from the stomach gross and tough humours, and killeth worms, you may give it in this manner, infuse it in white wine with a slice or two of ginger of the whitest, and draw your Hawks meat thorough it and feed withal: you may also give it in powder, and it is very good: you may also infuse it in fair running water, and so use it when you have need, or in any of your former cool waters.   

rue.  
Rew is hot and dry in the latter end of the third degree, it is of thin and subtle parts, it wasteth and consumeth wind, it cutteth and digesteth gross and tough humours.  
Rew is good for the gripings in the body, pains in the stomach, difficulty of breathing, shortness of breath which proceeds of cold, and it is a good remedy for the stopping of the longs.   

Saffron.  
Saffron is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first, it is a little a stringent, or binding, and yet it hath a certain force to concoct.  
Saffron strengtheneth the heart, concocteth crude or raw humours of the stomach, it openeth the lungs, and removeth obstructions, or stops.   

Myrrh.  
Myrrh is hot and dry in the second degree, it is the gum of a tree that groweth in Arabia, it is abstersive and exsiccative, it killeth worms, it is good for the stomach, and resisteth putrefaction, this is to be given in powder.   

Mustered seed.  
Musterd-seed, is hot and dry in the fourth degree, it healeth, maketh thin, and draweth forth.  
Musterd-seed purgeth the head, helps digestion, warms the stomach, provokes appetite, and is good for all shortness of wind and stops in the stomach with tough fleam that falls from the head and brain and prevails much against all cold causes of the body.   

Wormwood.  
Wormwood is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third, it is of a nature loosening, cleansing and comforting.  
Wormwood purgeth humours from the stomach, and therefore it is good to be given after a surfeit; for it doth mightily refresh the stomach and bowels, after large feeding it killeth the worms in the bowels, and resisteth putrefaction.   

Cloves.  
Cloves are hot and dry in the third degree.  
Cloves strengthen the stomach, the liver and heart. and helps digestion, it is to be given in powder.   

Liverwoort.  
Liverwoort, is of a temper cold and dry, and something binding.  
The water of this herb is to be used, and is a singular remedy against all diseases of the liver that proceed of heat, for it doth mightily cool all inflammation of the same.   

Sorrell.  
Sorrell is moderately cold and dry: the distilled water of this herb of the juice is to be used, it is specially good for all heat in the stomach, it moves appetite to meat, and tempers the heat of the liver, and opens the stops of the same.   

Mints.  
Mints is hot and dry in the third degree.  
The distilled water of this herb is to be used, it is special good to strengthen a weak stomach, drieth up all superfluous humours gathered in the same, and is a special remedy for the casting of the gorge.   

Borage and bugloss.  
Borage and bugloss are of temperature a like, moist in the first degree, and in a mean betwixt hot and cold.  
The distilled water of these herbs are to be used, and are especially good for all infirmities of the heart, and doth quicken and revive the spirits.   

Heart's tongue.  
Heart's tongue is of temperature cold, and dry in the second degree, it is of a binding and drying faculty.  
The distilled water thereof is to be used, it doth open the hardness and stops of the liver, and is good for all griefs proceeding of oppilations or stops whatsoever.   

Rosemary.  
Rosemary is hot and dry in the second degree, and is of an astringent or binding quality.  
Rosemary is to be given either in powder, or in the distilled water, the powder thereof mingled with butter is special good for the stuffing of the head that proceeds from cold, the distilled water is good for all infirmities in the head that proceeds also of cold.   

Sage.  
Sage is hot and dry in the beginning of the third degree.  
Sage is good for the head and brain, quickeneth the fences, strengtheneth the sinews, taketh away shaking or trembling of the members, & being put into the nostrils deaweth down slime and phlegm out of the head, it is also good to be put into losiens for the canker in the mouth or throat.   

Hoarehound.  
Hoarehound is hot in the second degree, and dry in the third, it openeth the liver, cleanseth the stomach and lights, 
The distilled water is to be used.  and is special good for all stops in those places, and against all shortness and difficulty of breathing.   

honey suckle or Woodbine.  
Honiesuckels are of nature hot, and do attenuate, or make thin.  
The flowers thereof boiled in oil, are good for any numbing that comes of cold, the decoction of the leaves with honey and alum are special good for all sores and cankers in the mouth and throat, the distilled water of this, and also of horehound is much cooling and very good to give unto any hot and dry Hawk.   

Cardus Benedictus.  
Cardus Benedictus, that is to say, the blessed thistle: which for the operation and virtue that God hath given unto it, may well be so called; the properties whereof have been diligently and carefully gathered out of the Hearbals of divers and sundry learned writers.  
This herb being very small and finely minced, or shred, mingled with sweet butter and sugercandie, and now and then given in a morning unto your Hawk in a pellet, or pellets; freeth the head of dizines, and purgeth the same and whole body of all cold infirmities.  
The powder thereof also now and then given in the same manner, or cleanly conveyed into a bit of meat, preventeth the same, or driveth it away when it is gotten  
Also, it helpeth the weakness of the stomach and causeth a good appetite to meat, it doth ripe and digest tough slime or glut that cometh of cold, and bringeth up that which is in the panel, scouring the same of all gross humours, and causeth to fetch breath more easily: it is a special thing to prevent the infection that cometh, or is taken from one Hawk unto another: or after it hath ceased or is entered into her body: if suddenly the powder be given and often while she is strong, it will expel the poison from the very heart: It preserveth the liver, lungs, and all other inward parts of the body: The distilled water thereof hath the same effects, and wasteth and consumeth all evil humours, and preserveth those that be good: and it is special good to give unto any Hawk immediately after a blow or bruise.  
You may give this herb any of these ways, and shall have good proof of their virtues: First in the green leaves: secondly in the powder: thirdly in the juice: and four in the distilled water: and also in the licker wherein the herb is boiled: For the most part the virtue that is in the one, is in them all: so that in divers diseases for the which the herb is medicinable: for the lack of the one, you may use the other, and all are special preservatives almost against, all inward and outward diseases, Also you must understand that the powder, and water of the herb is most to be regarded, and especially the water: for they may be longest kept and preserved, so that you may have them always in a readiness to use as need shall require: when as you cannot have the juice or the green leaves: and the water which is free from bitterness, may be given with meat by itself alone, for the stomach and taste will bear it, and like of it as well as of any other sweet water,  
As touching the quantity of it, you need not be so careful as of other things that do purge strongly; for in them there is great danger of death in giving too much, otherwise no good done in using too little: but in this herb it is not so, you may use your own discretion with reasonable judgement and cannot do amiss: And thus much of this herb called Cardus Benedictus, the which is so special and powerful, that it is meet for every man to have it always by them in a readiness to use on any occasion for which it serveth, and also not to think it sufficient to give it once but to use it often times together.   

Herb Angel: or the Angelical, or Angelic herb.  
Angelica is another excellent thing, and as it is affirmed by divers learned writers that the properties and virtue thereof is much like unto the other, and that if the one be lacking, the other may be taken. The learned men of Germany writ thus of it, that if any man, or other thing be suddenly taken with poison, or other evil air of infection. Let the powder of the root mingled with some of the distilled water be given inwardly, and it presently helpeth. Also the powder of the root being given with the distilled water of Cardus Benedictus is of the like virtue, and will cleanse the body of any poisoned infection newly taken.  
They say also that the leaves of Angelica beaten with the leaves of Rue and honey will cure the bitings of mad dogs, or any other venomous thing, also with all some of the water wherein the root and leaves of Angelica is boiled must be taken, or given into the body of either Hawk, or whatsoever it be that shall have the like misfortune. (* ⁎ *)    
FINIS.