latham's NEW AND SECOND Book of FALCONRY; concerning the ordering and training up of all such HAWKS as was omitted or left unmentioned in his printed Book of the HAGGARD FALCON and GERFALCON, namely, the Goshawk and Tassel, with the Sparhawke, the Lanner and Lanneret, as they are divided in their generation: the Hobby and Marlyn in their kinds: Teaching approved Medicines for all such infirmities and diseases as are incident to them.  
¶ Published for the delight of Noble minds, and instruction of young Falconers in all things pertaining to this Art.  
AT LONDON Printed by I. B. for Roger jackson, and are to be sold at his shop near Fleet Conduit. 1618.   


FALCON  
1. book.  
GOSHAWK.  
sparrow-hawk  
latham's new and second Book of Falconry, concerning the training up of all HAWKS that were unmentioned in his first Book of the HAGGART FAULCON and GERFAULCON, formerly printed; teaching approved Medicines for all their diseases.  
By SIMON LATHAM, Gent  
AT LONDON, Printed by I. B. for Roger jackson, and are to be sold at his shop near Fleet-Conduit, 1618.,  
GERFAVLCO●  
1. book.  
LANNER.  
HOBBY.  
MERLIN.    

❧ To the right Worshipful and Noble-minded Gentleman Sr Patrick Hume Knight, Mr Falconer to the Kings most excellent Majesty: S. L. wisheth all increase of Honours in this life, and eternal happiness in the world to come.  
WORTHY SIR:  
THe wings of my undeserving Muse (improved on with the good opinion of her Patron) heretofore presumed to so are Hawke-hie; yet as then I spoke particular: but now (as well for the propagation of the noble sport, as for the explanation of the effects of nature) I presume to dedicate to your noble Judgement in that sport, a generality of definitions in Hawks, both in Names & Natures: the perfection of my pains (like a Diamond set in gold) rests in the truth of your opinion. And as in the natural motion of the heavens, the greater circumference ever moves the lesser; so (I make no question) if your deserving judgement give me approbation, all other censures will consequently level with your Aim: I so far took acquaintance of presumption to choose you for my Patron, being assured your Judgement will give a more lustre to my labours. Virtue I do make my Mistress; and finding her keep open house in your addicted inclination; I thought no toil laborious to attain rest in such a harbour. If your charity refuse to patronize this poor expression of a well wisher, I wish it had been still borne▪ but my hope is, your noble Nature will both give it life, and nourish it; for which I shall ever rest,  
Not more devoted then indebted to your virtue, S. L.   

To the Courteous Reader.  
IT is now four years passed (gentle Reader) since importuned by some of my special friends, I took upon me in satisfaction of their earnest request, to write my first Book of the Haggart Falcon Gentle; for which they then showed me many likelihoods and reasons how much the same might profit; and how well of divers sorts of people, especially of young men and learners, the labour might be accepted. Nevertheless, by advertisement of the Printers, and also through the report of others, I have understood the contrary; and that being but as it were a book in particular, treating of on Hawk, it was refused and slightly accounted of by many; whose wills and affections were formerly fixed on other subjects. For which cause I have here, although unskillfully and unwisely, undertaken a course quite contrary to my own disposition, and altogether disagreeing with my former will and affection; as unto things for the most part of little or no deserving, to prescribe rules of Art, words of praise and commendation. Yet on the former considerations, as also at the earnest suit and reimportunitie of my friends, I do intend to persevere in my purpose, and in a short Treatise once again to lay down a Hawk, not as the only subject of my professed Art, but a work of my device. And the Goshawk is she, the which I am determined to speak of, with show and declaration of her properties and nature; and generally of all such other Hawks as were omitted, and are amongst us ordinary at this present day, namely, the Tassel of the Goshawk, the Sparhawke, and her excellent properties; the Lanner, and Lanneret, as they are divided in their kinds, the Hobby, and the marlin; the one belonging to the young man; the other pertaining to the Lady. But first, I purpose to begin with the Ostringer himself, and with his Hawk as she is wild, compared with other fowls of the air; and of their natural awe they have of the man, and fearfulness above all other creatures. Secondly, of the spaniel, and the society there ought to be between the man, the Hawk, and himself. Thirdly, with directions to the Ostringer, and instructions to the novice. Fourthly, of the difference in the manner of flying of the Goshawk compared with the longwinged Hawk, which the Ostringer ought to observe. Fiftly, of the Goshawk, compared to the Lanner, for her soundness and long lasting; the which dependeth upon the well ordering and governing of her keeper. And lastly, how the best and skilfullest Ostringer ought to join both care and continual attendance with his best skill and knowledge, to preserve his Hawks health and life withal.   

An acknowledgement of the Author's love and thankfulness to his first Master and founder.  
ANd furthermore, let me condemn myself of former forgetfulness, and not be unmindful again of the right worshipful master Henry Sadler of Euerly, who was my first and loving master, and from whom I had my art and understanding kindly showed me, obscuring no rules or skill from me, wherein he was nothing inferior then to any gentleman whatever of his reputation or reckoning. He, I confess, it was that taught me the way to live, although I had had no other means: For which, in all love and thankfulness, I submit myself unto him, and (if he be yet living) ought also daily to pray for him, so long as it shall please God to allot him time in this world.   

In commendation of the Author and his Book.  
NAture a Table of delightful cates,  
Hath richly furnished out for all estates.  
He is a sullen guest, that when he may  
Feed at his choice, hungry departs away.  
Hawking is one fair Dish, if rich men would  
Use it, not as they do, but as they should.  
But because circumstances make or mar  
Pleasure, that in themselves indifferent are:  
Wrong not yourselves in that which you allow;  
Which to observe you may here study how.  
Consult it, practise it: and so you shall  
Well man your Hawks, manage yourselves withal.  
Never hath English man in public sort  
Given fairer orders for so noble sport.  
T. A.   

A TABLE OF the Chapters and PRINCIPAL MATTERS CONTAINED in this Book.  

CHAP. I.  
OF the Ostringer, and first of the Goshawk compared with other Fowls of the air, as they are unreclaimed and wild, and of the awe and fearfulness they have of the man above all other creatures. page 1   

CHAP. II.  
Of the Spaniel, and the society there ought to be between the man, the Hawk and himself. p. 3.   

CHAP. III.  
Instructions for the Ostringer to observe. p. 5  
He that gives not due attendance, shall never attain to perfect knowledge. ibid.  
A young man to lie long in bed, and be slothful, is a vice detestable. ibid.   

CHAP. FOUR  
Of the difference in the manner of flying of the Goshawk, compared with the other, which the Ostringer ought to observe. p. 6  
Difference in their flight. ibid.   

CHAP. V.  
Of the nature of the Goshawk compared with the Lanner for her soundness and long lasting, the which dependeth upon the well ordering and governing of the Keeper. p 7  
She is ever free of divers infirmities that other Hawks are subject unto. ibid.  
The power of her natural heat. p. 8  
Care in the Keeper preserveth life. ibid.  
The nature of the Goshawk. 9  
The gentle disposition of the Lanner. ibid.   

CHAP. VI  
Of the skilful Ostringer, and how he may through negligence as soon destroy and kill his Hawk, as one of more slender judgement. p. 10  
The fruits of carelessness in the skilful Keeper. ibid.   

CHAP. VII.  
Instructions for the young man from the Mew p. 11  
Of the Mew. ibid.  
Necessary instructions. p. 12   

CHAP. VIII.  
Of the Goshawk taken from the cage, with other observations for the young man. p. 13.  
If they rest long on the cage there will be great damage in the sudden dealing with her. ibid.  
Instructions for the young man. p. 15  
Of casting. p. 16  
The nature of the stomach. p. 16  
The casting. p. 17  
Disorder in the giver of casting. p. 18  
More of casting. p. 13  
The effects of woollen casting. p. 19  
The natural casting. p. 20  
Of bloody meat given to flying Hawks. p. 21  
The effects of gross feeding. p. 21  
Difference between the Hawk in the Mew, and the other that is flying. p. 21  
Order in the inseaming. p. 22.  
What she gets by the labour of the body, and use of her wings and thrives best with her. p. 22  
Frank feed with rest breeds imperfection and lets the stomach. p. 22  
Of the stomach. p. 23  
Of the Covart. p. 23  
The inconvenience of long fasting. p. 23  
That your Hawk be not kept fasting too long for her flying. p. 24  
Of cold meat. p. 24  
The benefit of good meat. p. 24  
Of setting your Hawk down to rest. p. 25  
Of taking her up again. p. 25  
The patience of the Ostringer toward his Hawk. 26  
An order to be used at the first reclaiming. p. 26  
An observation at the first entrance. p. 27  
The fruits of an imperfect stomach. p. 27   

CHAP. IX.  
Of a Hawk that will not endure or abide the sight of the hood. p. 28  
An error in the keeper. p. 28   

CHAP. X.  
To make the the Goshawk gentle, and to love the hood, that hath with ill usage been beaten cut of love withal before. p. 30  
An order to be observed. p. 30   

CHAP. XI.  
To reclaim the Hawk from the cage. p. 33  
An order to be observed. p. 34  
A good caveat. p. 35  
Observe the nature of the Hawk. p. 36  
Have care of her stomach. p. 37  
Mark well how she ought to be called. ibid.  
Over sight in the keeper. ibid.  
The fruits of hastiness. p. 38  
Of vainglory. ibid.  
The low and poor Hawk is evermore subject to infirmity. ibid.   

CHAP. XII.  
How and in what manner the Goshawk ought to be called lose, and taught to draw, and in what places for the better avoiding of such inconveniences as she is subject unto. p. 40  
The spoil of the Hawk. p. 41  
Flying to a town. ibid.  
An order to be observed at first teaching to draw. ib.  
Why you ought not to call her aloud. p. 42   

CHAP. XIII.  
To make love and unity between the Ostringer himself, his Hawk and his Spaniels, which is a special thing to be observed. p. 43  
The breeding love between the Hawk and the Spaniels, p 44  
To know when your Hawk is ready to fly. p 45   

CHAP. XIIII.  
How you shall first enter your Hawk, and teach her fly to the field, and to order and manage her there during that season. p. 46  
Of the Spaniels. ibid.  
Of the bush. p. 47  
Some words of custom ibid.  
Of the Partridge. ibid.  
An observation. p. 48  
An order to be observed. p. 49  
A necessary example. p. 50  
An ill quality to fall on the ground. p. 53  
How to amend the fault. ibid.  
A great error. p. 54  
A good condition. p. 55  
Faults in the Eyas hawk. p. 56  
Of the Ramage Hawk. ibid.  
A necessary example. ibid.  
An inconvenience belonging to the Hawk that will not take the hood. p. 57  
Often bating at Partridges sprung to other Hawks discomforteth and discourageth the Hawk. p. 59  
Of Hawks that have true mettle. p. 66   

CHAP. XV.  
How to enter the Goshawk to the Covart. pag. 61  
To teach the Goshawk fly to the Covart. ibid.  
Every one not fit to keep the Goshawk. p. 62  
The man cannot follow by view to serve the Hawk. p. 63  
It is the nature of a Hawk to have her prey in private. p. 64  
Of the Hawk and the Pheasant. p. 65  
Of the Hawk and the Spaniels: ibid.  
The time to enter a Hawk. ibid.  
To beware of the Spaniels. p. 66  
Showing of true love. ibid.  
Hawks must have no discouragement at their entering. ibid.  
A good observation for young men. ibid.  
A great error or oversight. p. 67  
More faults. p. 68  
Why Dogs are sent before. p. 69  
Halter fittest for thieves. ibid.  
A good observation. ibid.  
The Spaniels must know what they hunt for. p. 70  
There must be a continuance of careful usage. p. 71  
Hawks angry, and her keeper not well pleased. ib.  
To embolden the Hawk, and make her take the Pheasant from the perch with courage. p. 72  
To keep dogs in awe. ibid.  
To beware of strange dogs. p. 73  
A great inconvenience. p. 74  
An excellent dish. ibid.  
Of entering to the Cock. ibid.  
To seek out the nature of the Hawk. p. 75  
Of great indiscretion. ibid.  
A dastard Hawk will kill the hen Pheasant. ibid.  
What's worthy commendations. p 76   

CHAP. XVI.  
A note worthy of observation for the imboldning of any Hawk that hath been rebuked or discouraged by the Spaniels. p. 77  
An order perfectly to embolden her. p. 78   

CHAP. XVII.  
Of the Haggart Goshawk in particular. p. 80  
Of the Haggart. p. 81  
Of Crows, Kites, and other such vermin. p. 83  
Great inconvenience. ibid.  
A Hawk must be always pleased from the hand. 85  
Of the thick Covart. ibid.   

CHAP. XVIII.  
That the Hawk being well entered, and in love with the Partridge, ought not to be flone to the Covart at all. p. 86  
Of a tolling and tempting bird. p. 87  
Of the Pheasant. ibid.  
The true nature of the Hawk. p. 88   

CHAP. XIX.  
To teach the Goshawk to fly to the wild Duck or Mallard that frequents the ponds or private pits, which is a good sport, and a good prey when it is taken. p. 89  
The nature of the Fowl. 90  
Spurs to prick the Hawk forward: p. 91   

CHAP. XX.  
To fly to the wild Goose or Hearne, to the Rook, the Mew or any other such short flight; which are to be killed at the sudden sound by the policy of the Hawk that is not swift of her wing to take them otherwise. p. 93  
The Hawks love. p. 94  
An addition and example. ibid.  
Of the train. 96  
A good condition. p. 97   

CHAP. XXI.  
Of the Sparrow-hawk. p. 99   

CHAP. XXII:  
Of the Lanner and Lanneret. p. 102   

CHAP. XXIII.  
Of the Haggart Lanner. p. 104   

CHAP. XXIIII.  
Of the Ramage Lanner to the field. p. 106   

CHAP. XXV.  
Of the Ramage Lanner for the River. p. 111  
The novice or young Hawk. p. 113  
Neither too much at one time, nor too little at at another. p. 116   

CHAP. XXVI.  
Of the Ramage Lanneret either to the River or Field. p. 118  
Of the Partridge: p. 119   

CHAP. XXVII:  
Of the Eyas Lanner or Lanneret. p. 121  
Of Haggart or Ramage hawks. p. 122   

CHAP. XXVIII.  
Of the cold in the head, or the Rye. p. 129   

CHAP. XXIX.  
For the Rye, or stuffing in the head. p. 132   

CHAP. XXX.  
Of the Craye. p. 134   

CHAP. XXXI.  
Of the Eye. p. 139   

CHAP. XXXII.  
A medicine for the eye that shall have any hurt by accident, or otherwise be grown upon it. p. 140   

CHAP. XXXIII.  
Of the Hobby and the Marlion. p. 141    

latham's new, and second Book of FALCONRY.  

Goshawk.   

CHAP. I. Of the Goshawk compared with other Fowls of the air, as they are unreclaimed and wild; and of the awe and fearfulness they have of man above all other creatures.  
MAny an Osteringer accounts that so soon as he hath reclaimed his Hawk, taught her to draw and come again to his fist, that even so soon he may presume and be bold to go with her to the field or covert, and make her do his will; but it is not so. And he, whatsoever he be that so thinketh, shall be deceived in his expectation: for I have known myself divers and sundry of the best mettelled Hawks, with that slight and and simple conceit to have been utterly spoiled, even quickly, and for ever beaten out of love with their Keeper, his Spaniels, and the game he hath flone and entered them first unto; which shall hereafter more plainly appear, and be proved unto you.  
First, you are to understand, that all Hawks whatsoever in their own nature and kind, do of all other creatures, that God hath made and framed to perfection, most dread and fear the man. As for example, do but observe the wild Hawk, or other Fowls that are bred in strange or foreign Countries, where as few or no people be; let those birds that comes at passage into these parts or other places, and in their own desires being moved thereunto, do offer to fall or light whereas divers and sundry sorts of beasts or cattle be, yet without much timerity or fearfulness, they will very often and amongst them all even make their stay: on the contrary part, whensoever they do but fix their eyes on one man's very proportion, they will not abide; no, they will hardly by any art, with stolen annexed thereunto, be drawn or tempted to stoop within his view: which strange behaviour of theirs doth manifestly prove, and show how timorous and dreadful they be of him. Therefore if he do covet to have, or will have one or any of those kind of wild Creatures to be at his command and familiar with him, that by nature and kind are altogether shy and fearful of him; he must first when he hath them, draw and win them by his continual loving and courteous behaviour towards them, in his art and outward manner of dealing with them. For of all Hawks in the world (the Goshawk) as she is a stately and brave bird to behold; so is she also as coy, nice, and curious to be handled and dealt withal. And will as soon observe and unkindly except against any rough or harsh behaviour from the man, towards her▪ on the contrary, being artificially and kindly reclaimed and used, she will be as loving and fond of her Keeper, as any other Hawk whatsoever.   

CHAP. II. Of the Spaniel, and the society there ought to be between the man, the Hawk, and himself.  
THe spaniel is so kind a creature, that of all other, 
Of the Spaniel.  the man doth most respect & choose to attend & wait upon him every where, as well at home in his chamber, as at his table & trencher. And further, for his delight abroad in all other places, so well he doth accept & account of his company: & truly no marvel why; but that he should be of him so well esteemed and delighted in. For it hath been affirmed of him for verity, that if in the nighttime there hath been or should be, any evil thing near unto his master, whom he doth wait on, although he is not bound or tied unto him, but might therefore take to his feet and run quite from him, yet otherwise he will be so exceeding fond in his love towards him, as that instead of that, he will stay still with him, and with lamentable moan and whining, will even creep and crawl about his legs to give him warning. Furthermore, if in the daytime any evil fall through tempest of thunder, lightning, or any other evil blast, the poor loving spaniel is sure of it to taste, to set his master free. And therefore of all other creatures, I hold him in his own nature and kindly love, to be most near familiar and in true subjection with the man, ever desirous to be with him, and never willing to be absent, or out of the way from him, but still watchful and diligent to do him service. So likewise, of all other things, the Hawk in her own inclination doth as much fear, and is terrified at the sight of him, he being one so near as in continual society or company keeping with the man. Wherefore it behoveth every one that loveth and desireth to keep the Goshawk, to be so careful, that by his art and best endeavour, he do frame and fashion, as it were, a league of love and familiar unity, between them, I mean the Man, the Hawk, and the spaniel; the which to accomplish and bring to perfection, I will according to my own judgement and understanding hereafter show you.   

CHAP. III. Instructions for the Osteringer to observe.  
I Would have you understand, that as many a Falconer passeth over the time he hath with his Hawk, 
He that gives not due attendance, shall never attain to perfect knowledge.  & for want of true knowledge & understanding, never finds out that goodness in her, which in her own nature & disposition she is able to perform. So also oft-times the Osteringer with his Goshawk doth spend his time in vain, for want of the like knowledge & perfect experience in his art; 
For a young man to lie long in bed, and be slothful, is a vice detestable.  for there is very few of that kind, but through skill and painful practice may be made good: if neither for pheasant nor Partridge, the which are most men's usual delights, yet for some other thing, whereby her Keeper may be pleased, and she herself deserve a due reward. For all of them, as they are wild and unreclaimed, are able sufficiently to shift for themselves, and kill sundry kinds of prey to sustain their own wants withal. If that be so, wherefore then should not a skilful Keeper, by his art, pains and discretion, cause any of them to do the like for him?   

CHAP. FOUR Of the difference in the manner of flying of the Goshawk, compared with the other, which the Osteringer ought to observe.  

Goshawk.   

Difference in their flight.  HEre is further to be noted, that as in the observation of every Falconer, there is much difference in the manner of flying of their long winged Hawks to be marked: so also is there by the Ostringer with his shortwinged Hawk, as great a matter to be observed: for as some Falcon or long winged Hawk being flone to the field, is as it were, unable to overtake the Partridge at the first flight on forehead, but is taught by nature, and also enforced further by nurture, to climb and mount aloft upon the mark, for her better advantage, and after that manner kill it at the down come: so on the contrary there is some others, that only trusteth to their swiftness, to pray at their will and pleasures on what they listeth. Likewise for the short-winged hawks, they are as much different in their kind; for the swift and fast flying Hawk doth master her prey, when she is disposed, and forceth it to yield through the swiftness of her main wings: contrariwise, the flower flying Hawk or slug doth win what she gets most by her policy, wherein being reclaimed, she ought to be taught & furthered by the industry & art of her Keeper.   

CHAP. V Of the nature of the Goshawk compared with the Lanner, for her soundness and long lasting; the which dependeth upon the well ordering and governing of her Keeper.  
THe Goshawk is a Hawk of a hot nature, 
She is ever free of divers infirmities that other Hawks be subject unto.  & stronger constitution than any other Hawk that I myself have known, of what kind soever: for in my observation she is seldom, or not at all, subject to be liver shot, neither ever to have the fellanders, both which infirmities are very rife & familiar with our other ordinary Hawks, and also proceeds from much coldness, the one of the liver, the other of the stomach; from cold, but of heat from cold: because when the Hawk is once livershot, at that time the liver is both cold and rotten; which for the most part, first doth proceed of some violent heat taken by extraordinary means and evil usage; and therefore, I say, from immediate and present cold, and of foretaken or former heat. Also, when she is in the meanest and poorest estate of her body, what meat soever passeth thorough her, is ever converted and turned into a liquid and thin substance; which showeth plainly the power of her natural heat and strength of body, 
The power of her natural heat.  so long as life remaineth in her.  
The Lanner and Lanneret are accounted hard Hawks, & the very hardiest of any kind that are ordinary, or in common use amongst us at this present time: for whensoever commendations shall be by many men given of the Goshawk or Tarcel for their long lasting, or living; they will simply say they be as hard as the Lanner. But that ought not to be so affirmed or believed, but with some exception, as touching the judgement and skill of their Keeper, 
Care in the Keeper preserveth life.  to be performed towards them in good rule and order, at all times fitting for them; and then I will join with them, and say indeed, they be sound Hawks, and as sound and hard of ward as the Lanner; for you are to understand thus much of her natural inclination, which is, that she is a Hawk full of stoutness and courage, and will not incline herself, neither be forced to be conformable in any reasonable & mean temper unto her Keeper's will, in the time of her pride and fullness; when as she ought by labour and practise, to be inseamed and made ready for his purpose, but is and will be frowardly disposed, 
The nature of the Goshawk.  and prone to unruliness and extreme bating in that season; which is the cause generally that one of them requireth more labour and attendance of her Keeper, than any other Hawk whatsoever of contrary kind: nevertheless, ofttentimes through these extremes, and in those times, they do haste and shorten their own days.  
Contrariwise, as touching the Lanner, for the most part she is as meek and gently disposed, 
The gentle disposition of the Lanner.  and seldom or never will of her own accord, or through other provocation be made to bate, or forced to any extraordinary unruliness during the time of her inseaming; but will wholly dispose herself to quietness, and endure all things continually with patience; which is the only cause, and wherefore those kind of Hawks by all reason must needs overlast the other.   

CHAP. VI Of the skilful Ostringer, and how he may through his negligence as soon destroy and kill his Hawk, as one of more slender judgement.  
HEre is the difference in their several kinds, and it resteth to be confirmed, as I have said before; by the skill; and not only that, but also the care and diligence of their Keeper: for if he be never so good a Falconer or Ostringer, yet may be through negligence and mutable affections, oft-times suffer the soundest and hardiest Hawk to decay and perish for want of due attendance.  

The fruits of carelessness in the skilful Keeper.  For I have myself been acquainted with some special Falconers, whom, if I were disposed, I could name; who, for their skill and experience in their art, have been perfectly able first to reclaim, inseame, and make their Hawks to fly; and after with great skill and judgement to order and manage them in their flights during that season: but afterwards having finished and concluded the same, being returned to their home, would there set them down, and as it were, utterly disclaiming all former acquaintance had with them, would there let them sometimes sit, and other sometimes hang by the heels, betaking themselves for that day or night wholly, to Tables, Cards, Tobacco, or some other such vain delights, whereby and through which cause they have wanted their dues, their days have been shortened, and their lives even wilfully hasted on to an end.   

CHAP. VII. Instructions for the young man from the Mew.  
IT is meet the young man that wants experience should have such light and understanding showed him by rules and direction, as that in his first lesson he may be taught to discern and know what difference there ought to be in the diet and manner of feeding, with the order belonging to his Hawk in her flying time, as also when she is in the Mew, and during the time of her being there.  
Therefore, if she be a Hawk that hath been formerly stone, and is to be taken from thence, 
The Mew.  it is like she will be fat and full in the highest degree with rest and frank feeding; and there would be great danger in the sudden drawing of her, and it is unusual with men of any judgement so to do: wherefore it is necessary that she be fed in the Mew twice every day, with clean dressed and washed meat, for the space of sixteen or twenty days before the intended time of her drawing, to the end she may be at that time well inseamed of her body, 
Necessary instructions.  and have scoured forth of her panel and guts such glot and fatness, with other drossy substance, that was engendered and harboured there; by means whereof she will be perfectly freed from any danger that otherwise might have happened afterward unto her, through her bating or other forcible motion of body, as struggling, striving, or such like at her drawing, or other times. Then will it be good time to take her from the Mew, when as you must have a rufterhood in a readiness very fit for her; from which time forwards she must be continually fed on the fist, after the manner formerly prescribed; also to have casting every night duly bestowed on her.  
This course, with continual carriage on horseback and on foot, must be taken with her in her rufterhood some eight or ten days longer, and then take if off when you shall find her to be well reclaimed and inseamed, and free from all danger, and ready to be called: and with diligence and pains therein, the next week will be as ready to fly; and after two or three flights at her first entering, may be put even to hard flying, and she will receive no harm thereby, she will be so perfectly inseamed; whereas otherwise with more haste she may surfeit on heat, or with hard and short feed, lose her flesh, and so be spoiled for two whole years.   


Goshawk.  CHAP. VIII. Of the Goshawk taken from the Cage, with other observations for the young man.  
IF she be newly taken from the Cage, 
If she rest long in the cage, there will be great danger in the sudden dealing with her,  or those that fetches them from foreign and strange Countries, and takes no more care in their travel and carriage, but only to dispose and deliver them alive here amongst us, for their own benefit and commodities; There is very few or none of those Hawks ever so overfraught with fat or fullness of body, whereby she may take harm with any reasonable or ordinary bating, or stirring on the fist, for that she hath been formerly and usually acquainted with the same in her long and restless journey: wherefore you need not doubt or fear, but even so soon as your leisure will permit, after you have her, to begin to practise and deal with her, and by your art and best endeavour, together with your labour to man and reclaim her after the manner as shall be showed hereafter; only noting and observing by the way these things. First, you are to reclaim and make a wild Hawk and a bird of the air, that only fears you, to become loving and gentle unto you, and also, as it were, to be sociable and familiar with you. Likewise she being by unskilful and careless former bad usage, with unnatural diet and gross feeding, suffocated and filled full of uncleanness and imperfection; you are through your skill and painful practice, to purge and cleanse her of those gross and superfluous humours, and make her a perfect Hawk, and ready with fitness to be reclaimed, and framed for what purpose soever you intent to make her for.  
And that these things may well be accomplished and brought to perfection without any artificial medicine or scouring: you shall have the certain and sure way delivered unto you by rule and instruction: yet I know there be many men otherwise affected, and will hardly be persuaded to be thereto conceited. But let them be well advised, for I speak not by hearsay or imagination, or from any other printed tradition, but by my own experience and approved conclusion, as shall appear hereafter; yet I may imagine I should not need to use many words for persuasion, knowing that many experienced Ostringers understands the same: and for my own part I can justly affirm that I have kept some few of the kind, whereof one of them lived with me above a dozen year, and never had, during that time, any kind of physic given unto her; and therefore so far, as out of my own knowledge I may, I do wish the young man, that these following directions may be his direct and settled course in the reclaiming, inseaming, and keeping his Hawk.  
Use only a right and good order in her diet, 
Instructions for the young man.  with sweet meat at all times clean dressed, and reasonably washed, or according as he shall find her of gentle or stubborn nature; & also a measurable quantity to be given unto her so often as hereafter he shall be further instructed: likewise with casting duly bestowed on her, if he finds her to be sound, and to like of casting of woollen, then let her have it; but otherwise let it be such as agreeth best with her own nature; for there be many right sound Hawks of that kind, that will on every great gorge, through the long keeping of such woollen castings, much distaste them; the hot stench and savour of them will be so noisome and disagreeing with the stomach, that works and strives for the time to digest what it receives into it, 
The nature of the stomach.  until it finds, as it were, a certain contending or unnatural working against itself; & being in nature vanquished and overcome by the same, it is constrained to yield and free it clearly of it, by restoring or returning it back to him that gave it.  
And to prevent this loathing, or dislike of this kind of casting, or any evil that might engender or grow thereby: I have many years passed left off to give any of them to my Hawk at the nighttime, neither at any time to keep within her body above one hour, or two at the most, by my good will. Which course I have found to be very agreeable with any Hawk in health, or in mean estate, and to prevail as much with her, in scouring or cleansing the place that harbours or contains it, of all superfluous matter therein contained, to the desired wish or contentment of the beholder: for whose further satisfaction, I will here briefly make it plain unto you.  
If you have read over my other book of Falconry, you may remember, or if you do read it, there you shall find, that I have written and discoursed of Castings sufficiently; and showed the young Falconer, how he may at the first making of his Hawk, either make her therein to love her casting ever after; or otherwise for want of knowledge cause her everlastingly to hate the same, or at least always to be nice and unwilling to take it; which is one most vile condition, and doth condemn the Keeper, 
The casting  either in his judgement or carefulness, or both; for the best or skilfullest that is cannot govern such an Hawk as she ought to be. And because I have written so largely before, I will now briefly let you understand, that at the first reclaiming & making, is the time to teach her, when as with good meat clean dressed and washed, and reasonable gorges of the same, with the like time adjoined, you must get her a good stomach before you proffer her one casting, and then she will not be nice or curious to take it; always being mindful that it be no more in quantity, but that she may well and easily swallow; and then when she hath so done, presently put on her hood, and suddenly give her one bit or two of meat to please her withal; then make a little stay, until you perceive assuredly that she hath put it down into her panel; which being perceived put on her hood again, and give her a reasonable supper: and this course it is fit should be taken with her continually, as after the receipt of her casting, as you have heard, to let her sit in her hood until she hath put it into her panel, and you shall see it will not be long before she will understand what she should do; and in all love unto it, will hasten without any niceness to take it even of itself, expecting a present reward after she hath received it; also otherwise it is very necessary to hold this course. For I have seen myself some men, that before their casting were any whit down their Hawks throat, 
Disorder in the giver of casting.  would follow her so hastily with meat, that she hath been almost choked: but howsoever, it will oftentimes very much molest her in her putting over and imbowelling; the which you way perceive by her often writhing, and great trouble in traversing with her neck and whole body.  
On these considerations, after my Hawk is well in seamed, and in flying, I fail not, so near as I can, to give her plumage every night when I feed her up: contrariwise, when she doth rest from her labour, than I feed her very clean without any casting at all, and so do set her up to rest: 
Of casting.  then do I cut and fashion a casting of woollen to my liking, and lay it in fair water all night, and the next morning do rise very early, and do offer her the same, well soaked, cooled and washed; the which she will not refuse to take willingly, sitting still on her perch, being formerly wont and accustomed unto it, and will put it down into her panel; and within some hour, or thereabouts, when her stomach hath wrought upon it, and finds little or no commodity gained thereby, then doth her emptiness and eager appetite to her breakfast, naturally provoke her by casting to make her ready to prepare herself for the same: at which time, for your further experience, you may behold what a fair and delicate casting it will be, without any ill sign or show in it; which otherwise would have appeared, by the length of time continued.  
Thus in my own observation I have gathered, that this kind of casting is not fit to be given usually at the night time unto the soundest Hawk of this kind, especially with any store of meat that may give cause unto her to keep it long: for trial whereof, you shall perceive in the morning that it hath vexed her in her stomach, and hindered her digestion, and that she hath been weary of it with detaining it so long. For trial whereof, oft-times it forceth her to cast before her due hour, or that she hath perfectly endued her supper, 
The effects of woollen casting.  which will appear in the colour of it, that will be of a black burnt or tawny, and withal clammy, with muddy and bloody water in it very often, even in the soundest Hawk that is.  
Thus do I leave it to your considerations, whether it can be fit or meet to be given unto a sickly or crazy Hawk, or no, when the soundest that is cannot well nor always brook it. Therefore, by my advice, if any man will needs give it at the night, let it be but with small store of meat, and also let her have some plumage with it. There be some men that use to give stones with saliendine, and castings of hassel, that will swell dangerously, and grow too big without great care be had in the undersizing of it; the which many are much overseen in, and oftentimes overstraine their Hawks with too great castings of such kind, as will not with her inward and natural working be so fashioned and mollified, as that she may cast it again with any reasonable easiness, or without much prejudice to herself.  
Also others do use to give quills and such like unto these kind of Hawks, both in their inseaming and flying time: but for my own part I join not with them in the like opinion, but rather do esteem of them as vain and superfluous imaginations, and conceits proceeding from mutable and unconstant affections, then from any effects of certainty or probable conclusions: only this hath been mine own course, when I have found my Hawk any whit to distaste or dislike of such kind of unnatural cotton castings, I suddenly left them, and did betake myself to jukes, and sometimes to Hares or Coney's feet, the bones and wool well broken together; the which I never found to disagree any whit with her, 
The natural casting is best.  but always hath wrought to good purpose, and the like effects in her. And whosoever he be that is cleanly in his manner of diet or feeding, and for the quantity, with the careful ordering of the same, most assuredly shall never have any occasion to use such kind of extraordinary courses. Yet I know there be many men that would have their Hawks to fly well, and be at their command, with gross and bloody meat given and continued unto them, 
Of bloody meat given to string hawks.  even as if they were still in the Mew; and they will not through any counsel be advised from that course, although they plainly perceive what inconvenience belongeth unto it: as first, they will seem and make show to be, as it were, blind & careless, when they should be most careful & watchful to see & fly for their own reward, & content of their keeper: also they will loiter & sit drowsily behind, when they should be most diligent to attend & draw after them, 
The effects of gross feeding.  nay although they fall to raling or soaring quite away from them, yet they will be so shallow witted or otherwise selfe-wil conceited, as either they cannot or will not judge of the true cause of their idleness or disobedience towards them, which is nothing but the imperfectness of the stomach, that is grown so cold, & glotted with foul feed unwashed, & great gorges. I do not deny, but that hot and bloody meat is necessary & good, if he that gives it knows when it is fit to bestow it, otherwise it availeth nothing towards the effectual working of his desire. For example, take the wild Hawk from the Cage, 
Difference between the Hawk in the Mew and the other that is flying.  or otherwise from the Mew the Hawk that hath been flone, and continue your former wont manner of feeding with bloody meat unto her, although dividing the same with your best discretion, and taking away the fat and grossest substance from it; also to ply her with casting, carriage, and all the pains with watching, and whatsoever else belonging, until you have made her so familiar and gentle, as you can devise or desire, in the house in company, or abroad in hold. Yet nevertheless, if you omit, and be slack to take the blood away with well washing, you shall be new to seek; for your labour is all in vain, and she will not be reclaimed or forced to be subject to your will, but will continue in a manner towards you both wild and ramage still, whensoever you shall cross her lose abroad: and therefore I would have to understand, 
Order in the inseaming.  that the unreclaimed and unclean Hawk, of this kind or any other, aught to be reclaimed, inseamed, and made to fly, with good meat clean dressed and washed, and for these Hawks, the water dried out again with a fair cloth, and a continual course held in the same all their flying time, unless on due consideration and just cause being moved to the contrary; as unto a sick or crazy Hawk, with due respect unto the eyes, 
What she gets by the labour of her body & the use of her wings thrives best with her. Francke fed with rest breeds imperfection and glots the stomach.  or hot and eager mettelled Hawk; as also unto the soundest and hardest Hawk that is, as when she shall have continual hard flying, and kills often, then may you with boldness, and discretion in the quantity, give unto her bloody rewards, and three or four times in the week suppers of the same, as of Partridge or Pheasants heads and necks, or any other good meat; always being mindful in time of rest, that then you fail not to feed with meat clean dressed, hard washed and dried again, to hold the stomach right and sharp withal; 
The stomach.  for otherwise (that) being dulled and taken away, there is no content to be had, nor subjection to be looked for abroad, when she is at liberty and her own disposing, but altogether offensivenesse and vexation. For as I have often told you (that) is the only mark you ought to aim at, it ties and binds her to all other conditions you can desire to have her furnished withal. And on the contrary, it severs and separates asunder the one from the other, and makes her as a wild and untamed Hawk. Also it is very necessary that this one thing be well observed all the flying time, either to the field or covart, but especially during that time, 
The cou●●.  because then for the most part, the weather is disposed to sharpness and cold: for which cause you ought not to suffer any Hawk of that kind to be fasting too long; 
The inconvenience of long fasting.  for it breedeth much wind in them, the which they are all subject unto, and will appear often with a rising in the gorge, and a noise withal of croaking; the one may be felt with the hand, and the other heard with the ear; and therefore both are as easy to be judged of: likewise the rye and the cry very much attendeth on the same, and it is a special means, with cold adjoined, to take off her flesh, which at that time of the year will not very easily be put on again, unless she be a right sound Hawk: and on this impoverishment attendeth many other infirmities. Therefore to prevent these or any other that may grow thereon; you ought to provide for every Hawking-day a reasonable meal of clean dressed meat, the which you must keep in a fair cloth: then in the morning, 
That your Hawk be not kept fasting too long for her flying.  suddenly after she hath cast, give her one bit when her hood is on. Also if you chance to spend an hour more before you find your flight, give her another bit; and so after this manner in your own discretion. Afterwards, during the time of your recreation and sporting abroad, compare or equal so your meat with the length or shortness of time, as that she shall never be over empty, yet nevertheless shall ever have a perfect appetite, and good courage to fly after the best manner, and a well able and strong body to maintain the same withal, which otherwise through long fasting would soon be weakened and brought to poor estate. Also, as touching cold meat, 
Of cold meat.  whensoever you do feed with any of it, it shall profit you nothing to wash it, so be it be clean; for the blood therein being cold, the strength thereof for the most part is decayed, by which means it hath lost the principal force and vigour of it, through the which it would the better have fed and nourished: I will advise no man to use it, but as seldom as he may, for a continuance of it breeds poverty and many other diseases. On the contrary, to feed with hot meat, 
The benefit of good ●eate.  although at that time to be reasonably well washed and dried, it holdeth health and strength together, withal preventing the most, and continual striving against all manner of diseases. And forget not whensoever you set your Hawk down off your fist hoodded or unhoodded, to rest, to weather, to bathe, 
Of setting your Hawk down to rest.  or for what cause else soever, that you come not to take her up again to your fist, without using your voice in whistling or chirping unto her, also with some bit of meat or a stump to please her withal; for so shall you work in her an everlasting love and desire of your coming and company: whereas otherwise to come unto her stilly or silently, suddenly or rashly to take her up to your fist from her natural desire of quiet rest, 
Of taking her up again.  and to be alone without such kind usage and loving content, it stirs up in her, her own natural disposition, which is unto anger and fear, and to hate the society and company of the man, desiring always to be at libetie, and out of his possession.  
Also remember at all times you set your Hawk on her perch hoodded, that she may not have understanding or perfect knowledge where it standeth; for if she have, she will always have an unquiet longing to be there, and will not rest quietly on the fist after she is once within the doors; and especially until she be thoroughly reclaimed and made flying, and hath been well flone, your fist for the most part must be her perch, and she ought to know no other; for they be Hawks that in their first making, with a little rest will quickly forget what formerly they were taught, and return to their wildness again.  
Also, whensoever you shall perceive her to be untoward or frowardly disposed, 
An observation by the Hawk.  you ought not to resist her with the like behaviour, as many a choleric and hasty man will do; for she will quickly perceive and observe it, and her love will abate and be turned into disdain, 
The patience of the Ostringer towards his Hawk.  which at the present time you shall perceive to appear by her strange and scornful countenance in beholding you; but you must always be prepared and armed with patience and gentleness to endure her unquietness, and evermore have some stump in a readiness to appease her anger, and quiet her withal, when you shall see her addicted thereunto, until you have reclaimed and made her gentle indeed. And whereas I formerly advised, not to carry your Hawk fasting too long for her flying, but to distribute her portion unto her by bits, as time and occasion should serve: so likewise I do wish that in the time of in seeming and reclaiming, 
An order to be used at the first reclaiming.  you do not at any time give her, her dinner altogether at one time, for thereby you shall prolong and defer so much the more the time of her making; for so soon as her stomach is satisfied and filled, her appetite and desire towards you is choked, and until the hour of feeding grows near again, her mind and remembrance is clean off on you; whereas otherwise, as I have said, to divide it in the forepart of the day, and let her jump often to the fist for it, she will still be mindful on you, and never forgetful, but always, and inwardly in her mind attending and listening for your voice, and some other pleasing reward from you, and she will so much the sooner be made a perfect Hawk. There is no man that can at the first sight of his Hawk truly judge of her nature and disposition, but therein shall be much deceived, they are so different in their kind; wherefore it behoveth every one to be careful, and remember, at that time when she is first to be entered, 
An observation at the first entrance.  that then he sets or puts her upon the highest point or pin of hunger, doubting, as it were, the worst of her, or making question of her good or bad inclination; for thereby he shall suddenly perceive and plainly see, all the spirit and mettle that naturally is in her; for when she hath once taken her prey, whatsoever it be, although she should be of a dull disposition; yet by that means she will rather choose to die then forsake it, she will be so pinched with appetite and desire to enjoy it; whereas otherwise the stomach being unperfect, the least occasion that may be, 
The fruits of an imperfect stomach.  as the approach of her own Keeper, or any other man, the appearing either of horse or dog, or what strange sight else soever, will be sufficient to cause her to forsake it, and go her way; which ill condition she will remember afterward, and be always apt on the least occasion to do the like again.   

CHAP. IX. Of the Hawk that will not endure or abide the sight of the hood.  
EVery man, though he would never so feign, cannot be so exquisite, as to perform the slight and nimbleness of that art, by quick and cleanly conveying the hood on, above the hand, in regard that those kind of Hawks be naturally more coy and curious to be handled about the head then any other be; for which cause there be many men, that when they do assay to put on their hood, do either quite miss them, or otherwise put it half way or loosely on, 
An error in the Keeper.  which greatly offendeth the Hawk; nevertheless to add more anger and vexation to her, they will use the art of bobbing with their hand or finger, until they have even almost caused her to fall backward for fear, before she can be hoodded: this is a most vile quality, and unseemly to be used to any Hawk, and especially to one of this kind; for it will in the end beat her quite out of love with the very sight of the hood, or with the moving but of the hand towards her head, although she were never so gentle before.  
And therefore I do wish every one that would have his Hawk gently disposed that way, to forsake that one unseemly quality or undecent order, and accept of another rule at my hand, which here I shall express plainly and truly unto you; and with the which I have myself made divers Hawks, that hath been frighted and feared in the highest degree, to become most loving and gentle again.  
I doubt not but there be many will think this to be a very hard matter to perform, considering it nevertheless is a thing unusual, and hath seldom or never been seen. For trial whereof, let him that hath such a Hawk, if he cannot do it himself, send her unto me, and if I do not make her as gentle as he can desire she should be, then for twenty shillings I will forfeit unto him twenty nobles; and I will here show you the manner and way how to perfect the same.   

CHAP. X. To make the Goshawk gentle, and to love the hood, that hath with ill usage been beaten out of love with all before.  
Goshawk.  
During the time by day or night, that you do carry one of these kind of Hawks on your fist, that hath been bobbed with the hood, as we may term it: do you also carry a hood of some note, 
Observe well this order.  I mean for the colour, on your finger, that may well be seen and viewed by her, as it hangeth there▪ but beware that you do not show it as yet with your other hand unto her, but there let it rest daily for a week together in her sight, that she may also feed close by it: then this being so done, always after when you feed take it gently in your other hand, and move and stir it about her meat, that she may touch it as she eats; do thus another week: ever remembering, that after she hath fed, it may rest on your little finger again in her sight, till the next time, and yet not to be feared with it. You shall use this course, until you see that without any fear she will but thus endure it; which being perceived, you must then hold your meat in the hand that she sitteth on, and with the other hand hold the hood by the tassel upon her meat, moving and stirring it, as though you would keep her from feeding; but it must be done softly and gently, when as you shall perceive that she will then strive to feed besides it: then with less show or appearance of meat in the hand, you shall hold the hood by the tassel just over the meat, that you may see in your own discretion, that she must needs eat clean thorough it: do thus so long, as until you see that she will feed and search boldly clean thorough the hood for her meat, and eat it without any snatching or fear, always being mindful of the stomach, then may you be bold, as she feeds, a little with your hand to move the hood off and on the meat, and she will take no offence at all.  
Also, as she is feeding, and doth thrust thorough the hood for her meat, do you bear the hood a little against her, and she will hood and unhood herself as often as you will have her: then whereas before you ought to have restrained her, from taking too much hold of her meat; on the contrary, now when she hath with your assistance put on her own hood, let her cat freely until she hath done, and take it off no more until feeding time again; and in this manner, within the month and less, she will be won to hood herself with the least stump you do carry about you, as often as you shall have occasion.  
And for those Hawks, there is none that keeps them, but aught always to have some such thing about him: And then do but judge whether he were better to use this ready course that will never fail him, then to bob at her above the hand until he hath quite spoiled her.  
And forget not, that if she be a Hawk taken from the Mew, or otherwise, that you never begin to practise this course with her, until her stomach be perfectly come to her; for if you do, it will mar her for ever, and she will never be reclaimed again; for it is that especially that draweth, and also forceth her to become loving and friendly to that which she formerly hated.  
Thus have I heretofore in some sort showed you, how strange and coy a Hawk the Goshawk is; nice and curious to be handled; how apt she is to take dislike at any trifling toy: and therefore as I have formerly advised for other Hawks, so especially for her, you had need to to be more circumspect and careful with all diligent heed at her first reclaiming and making; for as she is then fashioned, she will ever after with reasonable pains and government frame herself towards you in all her actions. And I will here, according to mine own simple skill and order used in mine own practice, show you the way unto the same.   

CHAP. XI. To reclaim the Hawk from the Cage.  
WHen you shall have one of these Hawks brought first unto your hand, it is meet that by your art and best endeavour, you do then prepare and make her ready to be reclaimed after this manner.  
Give her a fortnight's carriage or more as she is in her rufter-hood, 
Observe this order.  always stroking and playing with her, with your hand, or a feather in stead thereof; and also in her diet, to be as careful to feed clean with washed meat, by which means she may be brought the sooner to have a good stomach, and be gentle and well pleased to be handled, which you shall find afterwards to be a great benefit and furthering in her reclaiming and making: then when you have so done and taken that pains with her, and that you do find her to be gentle indeed, and pliable to your will; (the which you shall perceive by her griping and listening to your voice, whistle or chirping, or eager feeding:)  
Then having one evening your water with pepper provided, and when you have, according to the order and accustomed manner, well washed and peppered her, take off her rufter-hood, being sure to have another that is fit and easy to be put on; and likewise afterward now and then, as you shall see just cause, when as you shall find her so meek and gently disposed, that you may do what you list with her: whereas otherwise without this former pains and preparation, she would altogether have wanted a stomach, and continued so much the longer, both rammage and wild, the which would have deserved much more pains and labour of her Keeper. But to return, as she groweth a little to be dry, put on her hood, and give her a bit of good meat upon it, to please and refresh her withal; and so holding this course to hood gently and unhood, now and then not forgetting her reward ever after it is on, until she be thoroughly dried, and afterwards the most part of the night; than you may set her down bore faced, to have two or three hours sleep or rest; and be sure it be in a special warm place, 
A good caveat.  and on a dry and warm perch on high, for those kind of Hawks be very subject to take cold, and apt to have the cramp on such occasions.  
Thus when she and yourself hath taken a little rest, then see that you do draw by degrees softly unto her, with show of meat in your hand, withal using your voice or tongue, with chirping and whistling unto her, until you have taken her gently to your fist; when as dividing one meal into several parts, bestow it so on her for the most part after her hood is put on: and to continue this order with her in the day time for a while, it will be very good, until you do find her well reclaimed; for it will cause her to look for the hood, and take delight to have it put on, when she shall find herself always so well rewarded and pleased afterward.  
And as I have heretofore given you to understand, that every Hawk is not alike in their natural disposition, but are much differing the one from the other: so also and therefore you ought to be the more careful to observe and mark diligently how she is disposed, and to order and rule her according to the same. For example, 
Observe the nature of the Hawk.  if you do find her to be tutchie or nicely addicted, and curious to entertain and accept of your hand and the hood to come near her head; then must you forbear to practise and be doing often in the day time with her: but as I have showed you, seldom, but at her feeding, or else late in the night time, when as you shall find her more willing to take the same.  
Thus having so well & perfectly accomplished your desire in her reclaiming familiarity and imboldening: it will now be good time to teach her to jump and come to the fist, ever being mindful of the stomach that it may be perfect; for as I have let you to understand, how coy and stately a bird the Goshawk is, and whereas other Hawks of contrary kind are used to come to a Lure, thrown some distance from the man: contrariwise, she being a Hawk of the fist, must, if she be used and taught as she ought to be, be made to come home close to the body of the man, with boldness to his hand, and stoutly with great familiarity, and without any fear to seize and sit upon the same, during his pleasure; which she will never be forced to do with all the art in the world, if her stomach be any whit imperfect.  
And whereas many a man glorieth and deemeth himself worthy of great praise and commendation, for his extraordinary haste and expedition: I do maintain the contrary, saying, there is no such cause of deserving, for he cometh on blindly and rashly, 
Vain glory.  without judgement or consideration of what mark he aimeth at; and when he thinketh he hath made a sound and a good conclusion, afterwards it shall be found imperfect, 
The low and poor Hawk is evermore subject to infirmity.  and he shall be new to seek, for his Hawk hath hardly been taught one good quality or artificial condition.  
Also he cannot choose but pull off her flesh, whereby her haughtiness is abated, which depriveth her of her mettle and courage, and absolutely spoileth the Hawk: for there is not any one of that kind that will fly well, how good soever she either was or is, being any whit impoverished or brought low; neither will they last healthful, but will be always subject to sickness, through one infirmity or other that ariseth thereon.  
Therefore whosoever coveteth to keep a Hawk of that nature and kind, expecting pleasure and contentment from her, with health and strength together to maintain the same, must not fail to take good time to teach her, and then by his art and diligent endeavour he shall not be any way deceived, but most assuredly shall find all the spirit and mettle that naturally was carried or bred in her.   

CHAP. XII. How and in what manner the Goshawk ought to be called lose, and taught to draw, and in what places, for the better avoiding of such inconveniences as she is subject unto, and may befall in that time.  
Goshawk.  
NOw will it be good time to let her be called lose, when as it is expedient that you do shun all places near unto your own home, other houses or towns, to avoid such inconveniences, as through temptations may grow thereon, as Powltering or Dove-houses, and such like places, the which all those Hawks be subject unto; and having once caught such an ill property, 
The spoil of the Hawk.  they will very sedome or never be reclaimed from it, but will follow it, how far soever from any town she shall be flone; yet if she be not suddenly served and pleased, she will not stay, but forthwith will fall to raling; never once looking back to her Keeper, until she cometh there whereas she will serve herself too soon. 
To a town.   
And thus to consider what a toil and vexation this must needs bring to him that shall follow her; it would make any man care and covet with all diligence to prevent such a mischief at the first, before it do come: the which to effect, this course you must take; walk with her to the young woods or groves betimes in the afternoon, having before prepared her stomach fit and ready for the same purpose, 
Observe this order at her first teaching to draw.  and there put her up into a tree, walking along from her into the wind, using your voice unto her softly, as though you had Spaniels with you, and spoke to them, but let it be especially with your tongue in whistling and chirping unto her; by which means to cause her draw and follow after you with little noise, which if she shall so do, as there is no doubt, but that she will frame herself according to your expectation; then suffer her not too long, but call her to your fist again, and reward her a little with some bit of meat to please her withal; the which it is fit you should have in a readiness wrapped in a fair cloth, unless you have either Pigeon, Rook, or some other such like thing about you, out of the which you may draw a leg, and so content her.  
After this, you shall put her up again, and so by your softest voice or whistle draw her along after you again; for it is not good, neither convenient to use a loud voice or noise unto her for divers respects. 
Why you ought not to call her aloud.  For first, it will be a means to teach her sit and loiter behind you, so far as she can hear you, which is one ill quality; otherwise sometime a man will go with his Hawk where he would be loath either to be heard or seen, as I must confess, I have done myself many a time; which he cannot do with such a one as first hath been taught, and is still wont to loud voices; but he must make, as it were, proclamation whereabouts he goes, and where he is: whereas otherwise he may go safely and securely, and his Hawk will draw and follow him, as diligently and attentively, by means she was at the first tutored and taught with a still voice or whistle.  
Also your Spaniels will hunt within your command, and so near you and your Hawk, as they shall never spring any thing out of her danger, but still where she may command it: whereas otherwise in hearing of loud noises they will range far off, and at random, springing out of the way far from you; which will be much displeasing both unto the man and the Hawk.   

CHAP. XIII. To make love and unity between the Ostringer himself, his Hawk, and his Spaniels; which is a special thing to be observed.  
Goshawk.  
NOw that you have after this foresaid rule and order prescribed unto you, taught your Hawk to draw diligently after you, & to come again as readily to your fist: It is as meet and necessary that you do provide you of such Spaniels as you intent to Hawk withal: and because this Hawk is a bird very observing, and will quickly learn to know her Keeper, and be familiar with him, and seem as strange and coy to let another man come near her: also to have such understanding of Spaniels, as to know and love one that shall be continually in company with her, and as it were to hate or be fearful of another that comes but seldom to her: also many of the kind will be very fearful, nice and coy of all dogs, and at the first sight will not abide or endure any.  
Wherefore now that you have formerly in all other points of perfection, by your art, labour, and discretion, accomplished your desire with her: it is now that you ought through all diligence, to practise and labour to breed a familiar league of friendship, love and unity between yourself, 
To breed love between the Hawk and the Spaniels.  your Hawk, and your Spaniels; the which to accomplish and bring to perfection, take this course. At every feeding time draw you all conveniently together, whereas you must let your Hawk feed amongst the dogs on your fist very oft; not one dog or two, as I have said before, for she will learn too soon to know him too well; but amongst two or three couple, or as many as you have, and also to have the dead pelt of a Pullet or Hen in a short cruse, and throwing it oftentimes from you in the thickest amongst them, that she may fly from your fist, and eagerly chop amongst them and seize upon the same; there suffering her to plume awhile, then take her up again with a stump to your fist, immediately throwing it, as before, again and again even in the midst of them: and this course you must use every day, until you do find that she will venture very boldly, and without any fear, 
By this you shall know when your Hawk is ready to fly.  amongst them all; and than you shall perceive that she will have pereeiverance and understanding by the dogs removing and giving way with fear unto her, that she hath even gotten the upper hand and mastery of them; whereas otherwise to have flone, or offered to enter her before, without these former preparations and necessary courses, it had been done rashly without judgement; and there is not one Hawk amongst twenty, but would have been beaten out of love both with the man, the Spaniels, and whatsoever beside he had flone her unto. And so I will omit to speak any more of this point in this place, because I purpose to enlarge it further, as I shall proceed hereafter.   

CHAP. XIIII. How you shall first enter your Hawk, and teach her fly to the field, and to order and manage her there during that season.  
WHen you have, as I formerly advertised, well reclaimed, emboldened and taught your Hawk to know and understand her own superiority and command over her servants: 
The Spaniels.  it will be good to prepare and make her ready to fly, & it is meet to enter her first to the field, when as she ought especially to be skilfully ordered, flone, followed, and assisted; for commonly a direct and perfect beginning, doth give proof and cause of good effects and conclusion. Therefore your surest course is, to provide, if it be possible, three or four hand Partridge, with a companion, friend, or servant, and one couple of staunch Spaniels; then go into the fairest field, having before prepared and armed your Hawk, with appetite and courage to fly after the best manner, for her own reward, and give content to the beholder; sand being there in a readiness, one of you shall go near hand from the other, 
The bushes.  to some bushes or other small covart of obscurity to be shadowed, whereas he shall spend his voice to the dogs, after the accustomed manner, using some blows with his pole, and beating his harmless enemy withal, as from forth the same; he shall secretly let the Partridge spring, with such judgement in the delivery, that the Hawk may discern and see it, and crying with a loud voice, How, 
Words of custom.  how, how, that she may have understanding, and learn to know the word of advertisement or warning, when she should at any other time look about her, or be watchful to take the best opportunity offered at an instant unto her, for her best advantage.  
This being well effected, and that the Hawk doth with spirit and mettle fly after and take it, 
The Partridge.  be ye sure with all expedition and swiftness, that your Horse, or own supporters may afford to get into her, and thereby stand and guide or guard her, that no dog nor other cause may fright or fear her, whereby to deprive her of the prey she hath so hotly pursued, so lately taken, and desireth so much to enjoy and keep within her own possession; but with your licence and good leave do suffer her to plume and take her pleasure on the same: And with your further aid and assistance, to take blood thereon, still having the Spaniels in sight close by her. All this well practised, than you must teach her to take the head in her foot, and eat it on the ground; and when she hath so done, and looketh about her: having your Spaniels by you, throw the Partridge pelt, as before you had used to do in her first teaching, once amongst the dogs, and let her take it, being in her leash, that she may not carry it from you; and whilst she sits there and plumes, make her supper ready; take her gently to your fist, and there content her: then walking towards your home, with joy in your success, and much good likelihood to have no worse thereafter, you may well consider and determine of the next opportunity, and after the same manner how to order and use her; by which means, no doubt but you shall very suddenly attain to your own expected desire, and have an excellent Hawk, and by all means fly her to the field all the first year, and let her not see the pheasant at all, for that will draw her love from the Partridge, and make her give them over; nay, he that will have a good Hawk to the field of this kind, 
Observation.  must never let her see the pheasant at all, nor fly one flight thereunto; for the best of them will take more delight in the one, then in the other, and grow quite out of love with the one for the others sake.  
Now when you have thus well and luckily entered and blooded her with these Partridges, and also killed some three or four more from the mark, at the reterive, and that you do perceive by her, that she once knows a Partridge by sight; the whoorr, and other accustomed terms used, and will go readily from the fist thereunto:  
Be ye sure after, that all the forepart of the year you let her go no more one flight in ten, near unto the rising of her game; for that will cause her to gird and master them, as it were, at the souse, within a short space, being no way able in that season to make wing, to hold out before such a Hawk; 
Observe well this order.  and also she will afterward remember and look for the same order, and without it will not fly towards the latter end of the year; no, she will make you believe she sees them not at all, neither will fly after such a Partridge as shall be sprung far from her, but to the next tree she meets withal, and being never so good a mettled Hawk, this course will spoil her; for she will as well understand the difference between the one and the other, as yourself; and what she cannot do at hand, she will never do.  
And therefore considering that this order and course held long at the beginning of the year, while Partridge be but weak, is sufficient to make slothful, and to mar the best mettelled Hawk that is, you ought to be more careful when you meet with another that is but of a dull disposition, and as sluggish of her wings: yet I have seen such a one, through the art and well ordering of her Keeper, hath proved a special Hawk.  

An example.  It was once mine own chance to have such a one in my custody, that in her falling I perceived to be very sluggish and heavy, which soon altered my opinion of her, and withdrew my former affection almost quite from her: yet on further consideration I began to think with myself, that seeing I had gone so far with her, I would not so leave her, for a little more pains, until I had had some further trial of her; and then this direct course I took presently with her.  
It was very early of the year when as I showed her marked Partridge, that I sprung, and suffered to rest long after: of the which, and after this manner, she killed me, in two or three days, some two or three brace, even at the catch, in a very little space; in so much as I perceived by her ready going, that she knew them well, and also was very hot on them, and as busily disposed with them, when she had any one in her foot: which also showed, as I deemed, some good love in her towards them, and gave me some further comfort beside, and hope of a good conclusion. Afterward in process of time it was my hap to show her divers Partridge, that were sprung further from me, than she was used to fly, to the which I offered my Hawk; but after the old proverb, Who so blind, as he that will not see? and so my Hawk would none, but cast her regards another way.  
After which, I began to call to mind and consider of her ill nature, and also of my own foolish and former error, how that I had too long at first taught her to snatch and catch them up at souse, and nuzzled her too much therein: Likewise, that I observed no times, but flew her at adventure and out of season, as too early, or in the heat of the day: neither had I any due respect unto her stomach.  
And thus all things being thought on, I determined to rest her two or three days: and whereas at the first, when she pleased me, I was too loving and fond on her, and also did too richly reward her (which hath been a fault in myself, I am sure, and, I think, in many another.)  
But to return, during the time of rest that I gave her, I fed her very clean, and soaked her meat all the day or night in urine, the which is a special. thing for a hard and dull mettelled Hawk of this kind, to whether a good stomach withal.  
And when I had so done, I showed her another covey of Partridge late in the evening, or towards the evening, for too late is as bad as to early for a Hawk to fly; but these sprung a great way from me, and went all whole together: she being at that time well armed with an eager appetite, and a good edge set on her, spurs sufficient to put her on, and prick her forward after the best manner; she well perceiving of them, thrust herself up from my fist a great height, and went after them, but altogether on plains, even Bussard like, yet nevertheless she did rightly mark them; and at my coming in to the reterive, the Spaniels sprung one to her, the which she flew very hard and killed: and after this, having good respect unto her stomach, and also for a while observing well the time towards the evening, she proved an excellent Hawk, yet never mended the manner of her first flights, but always slew them very jadishly, and made no haste at all: yet afterward, when Partridge were sprung, although she went a furlong behind, she would not fail to have one often in her foot, the which I imagined she did ever take coming cunningly; and especially after the leaf were off, you might have ventured ten to one, in the woodlands she would not fail to have one in her foot.  
By this appeareth, that this Hawk did know her own unableness, and that she were not fit nor able through the wightnesse of her wings, to make yield or master the fast flying Partridge, and that if she had been wild, to have shifted for herself, she must have used her policy to have caught her prey, or else oftentimes to have fasted.  
Also this showeth as plainly, how easily this or any other dull mettelled Hawk might or may be marred, for want of judgement and skill in her Keeper, or otherwise by his art and pains taking, be make and taught to do him right good service; although not altogether out of her own spirit and mettle, yet through his art and her policy.  
Also you must have this respect, and be mindful of one ill property that many of those Hawks be subject unto, which is, that when they have flone a Partridge hard to any covart, 
An ill quality to fall on the ground.  and takes it not at the first flight, there will they sit still on the ground, and will not get up to any stand for their better vantage; which is a most wild, foolish, and dull condition.  
Wherefore, as I have before advised at the first entrance, it is meet that you take but a few Spaniels abroad with you, and also to be such as you may command unto you after you have flone, until you have sought and found your Hawk again: for otherwise you shall never enter her; they will evermore retrieve the Partridge, that she shall never see it as she sits on the ground.  
Therefore, to prevent the one in the dogs, 
To amend this fault.  and to amend the other in the Hawk, take this course: when your Hawk hath flone a Partridge, make after with all speed that you can, taking your dogs with you, by your command, and when you have found her, be sure to take her up, but not on your fist by any means, if there be either hedge or tree near hand, but take her by the body or shoulders suddenly with both your hands, and throw her upon either hedge, bush, or tree, and then beat for the Partridge, when as it is unpossible but she must needs see it, if it do spring then; if she fly after and kill it after that manner, you can desire no more; for one so killed, is worth ten at the first flight, or otherwise from the ground. This course being well followed, will certainly reclaim her from that fault, & teach her to rise herself; for she will quickly learn to understand, that else she shall be caught and toast up; and so having some little fear of that one thing, and also knowledge that afterward she shall enjoy some pleasure and content thereby, she will so much the sooner grow perfect, and jump up herself.  
Some man when he comes in to his Hawk, and finds her after that manner, on the ground, will presently draw forth some meat or other, 
A great error.  to take her to his fist withal, and there will hold her, expecting the rising of her game: but surely it is great indiscretion in him so to do; for there he teaches her with encouragement to sit still attending his own coming to her, and also a present reward expected from himself, never minding the prey, she had so hotly pursued before: but without his future care and best consideration, doth clean forget the same: thus is she quite overthrown, and ten to one will never after learn nor care to know her best advantage.  
But some man may answer and say again, Why? this course to take and throw her up after that fashion, must needs fear her, and make her unwilling to come to her Keeper another time, when he shall be most desirous of her. But it is not so, for you are to understand that it is not the Haggart, or right Rammage Hawk, that I mean; for you shall not once in your lifetime know any of those Hawks to have that foolish condition.  
But if it should so fall out in some one eager and hot mettelled Hawk, 
A good condition.  that out of her exceeding love to the thing she hath flone, do at her first entrance a little sit, and hunt or seek for it; and therefore to serve her so, it will be no whit displeasing unto her, but she will so much the sooner (being luckily served and pleased after) rightly understand the fruits and meaning of the same, and also will love her Keeper never the worse, but learn to know her better advantage: and whensoever you shall find a right Ramage Hawk to have this quality, as at the fall of a Partridge to be down and up, to fly and to run amongst the dogs and men with business, you may be assured, that with care now and then to use her after that manner, with other good government duly extended towards her by her Keeper, she will most certainly prove a special Hawk, for in that kind of behaviour she truly shows her good nature; her hot love and eager desire to her game, and that in respect of (that) for the present time she owneth neither man, horse nor dog, nor any other thing, her mind is so bend of her pleasure.  

A fault in the Eyas.  But to leave her, and return to the Eyas, Brancher, or Puler, unless they be bred of the better cry; you shall have many of them, nay, the most part of them will have that one condition, lasting and continuing with them a long time; and without this one remedy or means lately expressed, even many years: which than I refer unto you to be censured, whether a man were better to terrify and fear her clean out of her wits, than so long to wait and stay, expecting her future and uncertain deservings.  
But to return back again to the Ramage Hawk, 
Of the Ramage Hawk. An example.  I will give you an instance by the example of (one) the which I had of late time in my hand, and kept under my own government at the least a dozen years, and free from any one ill property or condition, during that time; but as I made her at the first, so I kept her to the end, and she was a special Hawk for either Partridge or pheasant.  
And this course, which here I shall prescribe, I took with her in her first making, keeping, ordering and flying. In the beginning I perceived her to be very tutchie and coy to be handled, for which cause I took extraordinary pains with her, and made her very loving and gentle to the hood, even as any Falcon was: also to the dogs I found her, in my practice, inclined according to mine own desire and expectation: And so to omit other circumstances, course or order, as touching her calling, coming, or drawing.  
Also at the same time I had in charge at the least two cast of Rivar-hawks, and ordered them in their diet myself; for which cause I did very seldom fly her, sometime not in the week and more, during which time, she sat for the most part in a rufterhood; and if I had not a very convenient place both day and night in the same, nevertheless that time of rest being expired, having occasion to use her, either to the field or covart, and giving her but one hour or two to weather abroad in the air, though still in the Hood, with consideration always of the stomach, she would fly to content you. And this Hawk was so hot and eager at her first making, that she would at the reterine always be down among the dogs, as it were, scambling for the Partridge; and whensoever I came in, I would take her by the shoulders, between my hands, and throw her up; nay, over and above, when a Partridge hath sprung on the other side the hedge, where she could not see it, I have after the same manner thrown her clean over the same, and she hath killed it in the foot at the same flight. This Hawk very quickly proved very cunning, and as long as she lived, when she knew that she had mastered a Partridge, and that the dogs and men came in and took it, or else scambled for it, she would never fail to make one, and be a chief stickler in the combat; and what dog soever took it, he should be sure to leave it, with some taste of her displeasure and correction for it.  

Such hawks hath the true mettle.  Thus having, according to my best understanding, showed how to enter the Goshawk to field, and to order and govern her during that season, I will now proceed to the Covart, and out of the like knowledge appoint by prescription how she ought to be entered, flone, followed, and manned, during that time.   

CHAP. XV. How to enter the Goshawk to the Covart.  
Goshawk.  
ANy man whose skill and knowledge by time and experience is approved to be good, 
To teach the Goshawk to fly to the Covart.  may be fit and sufficiently able of himself to take the wild Hawk from the Cage, or otherwise to reclaim her and make her ready in due time to be flone; and also to fly her himself, or let her go from his fist unto her flight: nevertheless, when she is once gone or departed from him thereunto, he may be then as much unsufficient or unable to govern her during that time; for there be many men that are expert in their art, and through their own knowledge well able to teach one of those kind of Hawks to fly, yet afterwards is no way able to follow and man her in her flight: whereby and through which cause, as she was at first artificially and well made, so she will be then altogether as soon, or more sooner clean spoiled and marred.  

Every one is not fit to keep the Goshawk.  If this be true, than it appeareth that every one is not fit to keep the Goshawk, although his judgement be great; nor otherwise any one that hath not a well able body to follow her, as she ought to be.  
But some man may answer, and say again, that his body shall be well mounted and carried forward on horseback; to the which I allow also, so far as until he cometh to the Covart, but no further, unless he will always make choice of his desired or wished place, the which no man can ever do, to find his game with speed: neither in most Countries or places is there any choice to be had; but to that sport and with that Hawk, he must altogether trust to his feet, or else tarry behind; which, as I think, there is few men but would be loath so to do, that beareth any love to their Hawk, or the game they have flone her unto.  
Therefore it is most certain that there is no one man can order and manage the Goshawk to the Covart, but he that hath a strong and able body, with spirit, mettle, and courage adjoined thereunto, to follow her withal; and unto such a one, I will here according to mine own experience and opinion show the way, how and in what places is best and meetest first to enter her in, and how to follow and manage her, until he hath made her a perfect Hawk.  
You may well remember that you have already passed one good step forward on your journey, and as you would think, escaped all the danger in your further pretended way, in respect that you have so artificially reclaimed, framed and flone your Hawk all this long time to the field, and have ordered and governed her with good success in all your proceed: but you ought to consider nevertheless, 
Mark well.  that this hath been wrought, practised and brought to good conclusion, for the most part in the open and champaign fields, where was the assistance of men on horseback, and on foot, that might and have come in at their pleasures, to guard the Hawk, and prevent any ill accident that might befall by the Spaniels in their haste or rashness, or otherwise happen unto her.  
Therefore you are to consider, that now you otherwise intent to make her to the pheasant; and for that those kind of Fowls do altogether frequent and haunt the woods, 
The man cannot follow by view to secure his Hawk.  and other places of obscurity, the which must needs be a blemish and hindrance to the sight which should give directions in the flight; for the better effecting of your desire, you ought to make good choice and be chary of what place you do first enter her in, and especially that she may be there well guarded and kept from taking any dislike or offence at the dogs, the which if she should do in the beginning, she will never endure them again; for as I have said before, it must be considered that the former familiarity between them was bred in the field, whereas the Hawk for the most part might always see them before they came at her, and also (they) were rebuked and terrified by the man in such sort, as that they never came rushing or over rashly upon her, whereby she might take any fright or sudden fear, but had imboldening and encouragement to stand or sit still in her own defence. I have known divers coy Hawks myself, that through good following and well manning in the field, have proved very bold and stout, to resist the rash and hasty encounters of very rough and unruly Spaniels, that although through their own hotness, and also the lightness of the Partridge, they have caused her to carry it to some hedge or bush out of the way, 
It is the nature of the Hawk to have her prey in private.  to shroud herself from them, yet would never quite forsake it: nevertheless, the same Hawk at her first entrance to the Covart, for want of the like government, hath been so suddenly feared and frighted, that she would never after suffer any dog in a thick to come near her, unless her Keeper were first in with her. And therefore to avoid this inconvenience and ill quality at the first, it is meet that she be better manned, followed and governed, then formerly in the field she was, where most commonly she might look about her, and behold the dogs some space before they came at her; and also (they) might see and know her, and therefore so much the better shun and go beside her, for it is the rash and sudden rushing of the Spaniels upon her, their sight by means of the Covart being obscured, and having an uncertain and unknown mixture of scents in their noses, 
The Hawk and the pheasant.  and not discerning at an instant any difference between them, unless the bells give warning, that breeds this wild offence between those friends, that should be of one union.  
Therefore, if you will have her made a perfect Hawk, and to be bold, valiant, 
The Hawk and the Spaniels.  and venturous in the thick woods, with the man, dogs and her game, as she was in the plain champain fields, you ought to make good choice both of time, place, and dogs at her first entrance; for the time, that would be early before the leaf do stir, 
The time to enter the Hawk.  for then the pheasant flies not far: also afterwards, the nature of them is to forsake the young shoots and small groves, and draw to the high and thickest woods: also when the leaf doth fall, it is hard to reterive with many or few dogs, and those you shall use in number would be but few, and also very easy to be commanded.  
Then when you have made good choice of your place to fly your Hawk in, and that you have let her go unto her flight, you must be sure to command your dogs behind you, 
Beware of the Spaniels.  until you have found her; then if she have killed it, you have your desire; if not, and that you chance to find her on the ground, as it may well be you may, for many of them at the first entering will be very hot and eager of that sport, 
It shows her true love.  and oftentimes seeking for it on the ground: but if there be any tree nearehand, that she may well see from it, put her up into the same, otherwise keep her on your fist, and beat for it again; then if she do fly and kill it, you must be sure to make stay of the dogs until you have directly found her: which being done, you shall get conveniently and gently in to her, and if you dislike the place for the uneasiness or thickness, 
Let the Hawk have no discouragement at the entering.  you shall remove her gently, and draw her into a more open place, where she may with more ease quietly enjoy her prey, and there suffer her to plume and take her pleasure on it awhile; then call your dogs unto you, and walk and stir gently about her, with some moderate rustling and bustling in the bushes, the better to acquaint her with the same noise: then when you see it convenient, stoop to her on your knees, and rending the chaps, give her blood in the throat, whereas it will issue plentifully, to her great content; then paring the hard brainpan from the rest, and covering the body with your hat, 
Good observation for the young man  give her the head in her foot to eat on the ground; and having your Spaniels close by you; when she hath done, and beginneth to look about her, throw the pheasant, even as it it were in their very mouths, that she may (together with some words of rebuke from yourself) make them give way with fear unto her, yet drawing them into her sight again to remain, so long as she is on the ground, and while you make her supper ready: and when you see she hath taken her sufficient pleasure, exchange (that) artificially with her, and let her eat it on the ground where the quarry lay, only reserving some little thing to take her to your fist withal; and then put on her hood, not forgetting to bestow some reward on her afterward, which she will be well pleased withal, and take it for a kind conclusion at your hand, and will not be curious to show it outwardly, in her behaviour unto you, with feaking, jetting, rousing, and such like joyous shows and signs also of inward pleasure and contentment.  
Many a man, as soon as he hath taught his Hawk to draw and to come to his fist again, 
A great error or oversight.  never thinks or considers of any other point belonging, but only which is the next way to the wood, whereas he hopes to find his game, and unto that place he runs or rides on headlong in hope of some good success; and when he comes there, he may no doubt have such fortune, as to find his flight with speed: yet all this while he remembers not that he hath a strange and unacquainted Hawk, or a company of unruly Spaniels, but he is certain and knows right well that he hath good store, and also so many, as if there be but one Peasant in a reasonable Covart, one or another of them will spring him, or put him up, which is all he takes care for. And when he hath so done, and his Hawk hath flone, the next course he takes, is, he sends his dogs before, 
A great fault.  himself posting them forward, with a loud voice, and crying, Go ret, go to the Hawk go, as though they had as much wit as himself, and could manage all things so well as he: and then, Have after, he cries to himself, and away he follows as fast as he can, in hope to find some comfort; but when he cometh near to his Hawk, as he deems, he listeneth, and looketh, and findeth her sitting something low in a tree, looking downward, and prying to the ground in mournful wise, as though she were much displeased: at which sight, withal, he is something amazed, and then beginneth to look further about him, and searcheth busily and narrowly underneath, and round about her, mistrusting that all things is not well; at last he findeth a mention of ill fortune, as feathers, stumps of wings, legs or feet; but the whole body, that would have caused him to travel with a merry heart homeward; and also have served for a chief and choice dish at the table (that) is devoured: 
Why he sent his dogs before him.  then he beginneth to stamp, and in an angry mood to conceive of his own error, and that there hath been a hot skirmish between the Hawk, a poor pheasant, and a confused company of unmannerly tikes, wishing in his heart that the third part of them were all hanged: nevertheless there is some comfort, for there sits the Hawk still, as well as ever she was, she hath by good fortune not lost one member, she was too wise, and more afraid than hurt, as it chanced; she thought it not fit to bide the brunt at such a battle, nor never will thereafter, she will hold it rather better for her the next time to be gone, as soon as she heareth either dog or what else soever, but to rustle within a pole of her. And after this manner there hath been many an excellent Hawk and dog quite spoiled; for the Hawk will ever after, out of her fear, leave her prey; and the hungry and ravenous dog having tasted of the sweetness thereof, will follow as fast and cunningly to have it, so that they are both spoiled, and not one of them ever again to be reclaimed, 
A halter is fittest for a thief.  without a speedy course taken with a halter for the dog; for that is meetest for a thief, and such dogs be always called robbers of Hawks, and therefore are fittest to be hanged: and for the Hawk, although her warning hath been great, and her fear to trust such enemies to come near her any more; yet nevertheless, with good usage she may be taught and made to forget it.  
And after that manner and fashion, as hath been here formerly prescribed, as, 
A good observation.  with a judicial Keeper, and discreet follower, fair flying, and two or three staunch and serviceable Spaniels; and yet to make it more plain unto you, I say, he that doth haste on his dogs, before himself, after any young or strange Hawk, it is done rashly, unadvisedly, and without any discretion or judgement, and he taketh the clean contrary way; for it is his part, so soon as his Hawk is flone, to follow her as secretly as he may, without any noise, also as fast as he can, until he hath found her; when as, if she hath killed it, he is there then close by her, to guard and defend her, and may call for his Spaniels, and let them have understanding what is befallen, 
The Spaniels must know what they hunt for.  that their desires may also be satisfied; and they may come so near unto her, as he shall list himself, and no nearer, so that there shall be no offence at all committed, but all parts well pleased: on the contrary, if she have miss her flight, yet there he is ready to call his Spaniels, and say, in stead of Go ret, Hear ret: and although they have all lost him in his race of running, yet having their hearing and smelling senses, they will quickly be with him; so that when they do come and retetive it, he is ready to rate them, and govern all things to his own liking: likewise, if it be put to perch, also there he is ready to rebuke the dogs at the fall: so that these courses being well observed and followed, will make any Hawk, of reasonable mettle, excellent. And when you have made her never so good and perfect, yet in slacking of these things she will be as quickly marred; 
There must be a continuance of careful usage.  for the best of that kind that ever did fly, will continue in goodness, and alter from the same, according as she is ordered, flone, and followed.  
But all this while we have forgot the poor Hawk, she is left unconsidered of, let us return back and see what is become of her, she was not wont to remove or stir from the mark or the man, but diligently to attend and wait his leisure; and when he thought fit time to have her, she would come down most willingly to his fist.  
But now he cometh to make trial of her, and after his accustomed manner, calleth for her, 
The Hawk is angry, and the Keeper not well pleased.  but he perceiveth the case to be altered with her; for she no whit regardeth his call, she is so angry, and hath been so much offended, and even in the same temper away she goes, raling from one place to another, it may be a mile or two before he can by any means come by her, nay it is ten to one but she will kill a Hen or two before he can take her up again: which if she do so, I leave it to the careful Ostringer himself, to testify and consider, what a trouble, with vexation of mind he is fallen into, and almost knoweth not, neither can imagine, how or which way to remedy it. And therefore seeing that those kind of Hawks of all other, are so subject to take dislikes, and learn ill conditions, it behooves every one that loves to keep them, to be chary of them, and careful, especially at their first making and entering; for if they be then well made, well entered and emboldened with the man, the dogs and their game, it will be a hard matter afterwards to beat them out of love so much, but that they may with skill and pains taking, be reclaimed and recovered again, whereas otherwise there is little or no hope at all to be had of them.  

To embolden the Hawk, and cause her take the pheasant from the perch with courage.  I have yet omitted one course very requisite to be considered of, and that ought to be taken, to teach the Goshawk, and make her venture with boldness to take the pheasant from the perch, which ought to be practised and brought to perfection: before you do offer her to fly thereunto, you shall provide a young Capon or brown Pullet, and take with you to the wood; when you are disposed to call her for her supper, and as she is drawing and attending after you for the same, having a pole convenient, provided before for the same purpose, and fit opportunity and place, you shall call your Spaniels about you to make them bay, and suddenly breaking the neck of the Poultry, you shall at an instant lift it upon a bough, so high as the Hawk may well have sight; there stirring it, and withal, as before, crying Abay, abay unto her: at which noise, and as it were to see it flutter, no doubt but she will come in and pull it down; which if she shall so do, 
Keep the Dogs in awe.  be sure that the dogs may, with some rebuke from yourself, give her good leave, & make way for her descending; then suffer her to plume and take her pleasure thereon, and nuzle her among the dogs, as you have been taught before, and give her blood in the throat, and let her be well pleased and rewarded on it: and in using this course but a while, it will make her so bold and venturous, as that she shall no sooner see a pheasant go to perch, but she will as soon and suddenly have him by the ears, and pull him down.  
Also in using your art towards your Spaniels, with some words of threatening, and blows with reason; it will also make them so understanding, and in such subjection, as that you may boldly trust them with her alone in your own absence, 
Beware of strange Dogs.  always remembering there may be no strangers amongst them, for of that you ought to be most careful at all times; for one strange and unruly dog will put forward the best that be, and cause them to offend; and the Hawk also will suddenly know him, and give way with fear unto him, so that he is sufficient to mar the rest, and the Hawk also: yet there be many men that never once thinketh or considereth of what dogs it is meet they should Hawk withal, or suffer to hunt amongst their own that they have had proof on, and knoweth to be staunch and good: but certainly he, whosoever he be, hath not need to take more care for any thing whatsoever belonging to his art, then for that one thing; for three or four good dogs that be staunch, and knoweth what they should do, is at all times better than three or four couple that be unruly and riotous, as you may well understand, if you will but mark; when you shall suffer but one more to hunt with them, you shall see when as they will range and beat of very purpose quietly and cunningly for the pheasant, and challenge of no other thing: the other dog will hunt every thing, or any thing that he first findeth; and not only do so, but also draw the other unto him, and cause them to balk the pheasant, 
A great inconvenience.  that otherwise they would most certainly have found. If this be so, as most true it is, then do but consider what many such may do: as also I do not deny, but that they may all chance to spring together; yet if it fall out that they do meet at a bay, they will not only themselves be ready to pull the Hawk in pieces, 
An excellent dish.  but also tempt the other, and set on them to do the like, or at least to devour the pheasant; that otherwise would never of themselves have any whit offended.  
Thus having according to this one rule and prescription, taught your Hawk this necessary and needful lesson, you may be bold to show her the wild pheasant, when you find it convenient, and she will be in all points ready to fly at him, and courageously to make seizure, and prey upon him without any fear.  

Enter her first to the Cock,  Also you must be careful to enter her first to the Cock, for as I have often told you, all Hawks be not alike in their disposition, but are of contrary natures, 
Seek out the nature of the Hawk.  and therefore will require great and diligent attendance, and skill to find out their properties: and the same being perfectly known, you may order your Hawk accordingly; whereas otherwise you shall commit many errors, and seldom make a good Hawk. Therefore, if you find her at first to encounter boldly with him, you need not doubt, being well pleased and blooded on him, afterward to let her take her pleasure and chance in drawing, and to fly at what riseth first, be it Cock or Hen. Contrariwise, if you perceive her to be fearful and cowardly, as not to buckle and kill him boldly, then with two or three days rest, and hard washed feed, prepare her stomach sound, and put her to him again, and leave not off your pains and practice, until you have made her to fly at him spiritfully, and kill him as boldly.  
Some man before he hath used any manner of means, 
Great indiscretion.  whereby he may guess or judge of her, or what spirit or mettle is in her, will at very first put her up to draw the Covart, thinking thereby to give her some vantage towards her first entering: but many times he is deceived in his expectation, for the Hen pheasant is as easily found as the Cock; and the veriest dastard of that kind will seldom refuse to fly at her, 
The veriest dastard will kill the Hen pheasant.  and also to kill her, and then being well blooded withal, her Keeper thinks he hath done well, and his mind is pleased: but it is not so, for oftentimes it falleth out, that afterward with all the art and skill he hath, he shall never force her fly the Cock again.  
Thus with these rash and hasty courses, many Hawks are quickly spoiled, which although at first they have not so much mettle and spirit, with boldness appearing in them, neither by nature, as many other Hawks have; yet with good consideration of the same, and the careful pains and skill of their Keeper, with due time adjoined, 
Worthy of commendation.  they may be made very good Hawks: and he thereby shall justly deserve more praise and commendations for the perfect making of one such Hawk, then of ten other, that will at first out of their own spirit and mettle fly, and make themselves without, in a manner, any assistance at all from their Keeper.   

CHAP. XVI. A note worthy of observation for the imboldening of any Hawk, that hath been rebuked or discouraged by the Spaniels.  
 
Whensoever in your recreation and sporting abroad with your Hawk, it shall be your hap to meet with such a pheasant, as will not, or otherwise is not able to rise again after it hath been hard flone, but shall be there taken on the ground between the dogs and yourself; do not then by my advice, seek for any open or plain place to take your Hawk down upon, but otherwise and immediately it shall be your best course, to rebuke the dogs out of the way, 
This order will presently embolden her.  and withal to throw the pheasant up aloft unto her, using your voice withal, and there let her truss it 
GOSHAWK.  and fall with it to the ground, and if she shall chance, through any fear or other occasion, to lose or let it go by the way, as oftentimes it cometh so to pass; yet let her have it again, or else never to enjoy it any other way, until she will boldly do the same without any fear at all, and then draw in your dogs about her, and acquaint them well together; and for want of a pheasant, use her oftentimes after this matter to take her down with a pullet, amongst, or near unto the Spaniels, with such care, as that they may not any way offend her in the fall; and before it be long, this order will so well embolden her with the fall, and encourage her to hold amongst the dogs again, as that she will quite forget all former unkindnesses offered unto her, and truss her prey again boldly, without any fear at all, being evermore assured, that upon any such occasion, the stomach may be sharp in the highest degree, for that will sharpen also her talons, and cause her to hold fast indeed. And without that one thing, there is no other course to be taken, or means to be used with her, for she will never be subject to your will.  
Also to use your young Hawk at her first entrance after the same manner, it will perfectly encourage her to the like, whensoever she shall have occasion, without any manner of fear at all; for it is only at the first entering, being not acquainted, the falling to the ground or bushes, near unto men or horses, and the Spaniels baying with their several noises, that doth terrify her, and oftentimes after causeth the loss of prey from her foot: for of all Hawks, she is the most nice and choice, and therefore will ask and require more skill and attendance at her first making, than any other whatsoever; and for want of such necessary and judicial considerations and courses, at that time, there hath been many an excellent Hawk marred by her Keeper, before she have been half made.   

CHAP. XVII. The Haggart Goshawk in particular.  
● THE HAGGARD FALCON IN OPEM ME COPIA FECIT  
THus far have I written and discoursed of the Goshawk in general, and showed that of all other kinds, she is the wildest and most stout Hawk, and that it is more difficult and hard at the first to draw her into true subjection, and familiarity with the man, than any other whatsoever; and that it is altogether in vain at that time to commit her into the custody or keeping of any young or unexperienced Keeper, that is not able through his judgement and skill, to order her as she ought to be.  
FALCON 1. book.  
She is the absolute wildest Hawk of all, and will therefore deserve much more labour and skill in her reclaiming and perfect making, than any of the other: and therefore there ought to be had so much the greater care and attendance on her, with such or the like preparation against the time you intent to make her gentle, as I have before prescribed unto you.  
For whereas it is an usual course with most men upon the receipt of such a Hawk from the Cage, suddenly to make her gentle, by peppering, watching, and other such like accustomed uses, without any former consideration or imagination, how unfit her body may be, to be so suddenly striven withal and overheat with holding and turmoiling in the hot water, that hath been rested, and therefore most like is charged and overcharged with gross imperfect fatness, and other such like humours, which being so suddenly stirred and dispersed by immoderate and hasty dealing, may well hazard her life; and for certain many Hawks have been lost that way.  
Wherefore I would have you call to mind what order I have formerly prescribed for such a Hawk; and that being well effected, then may you go forward boldly after the same manner, and see there be no sparing of pains in carrying and other necessary courses, until you well perceive by all signs of her good behaviour towards you, that she is gentle and well reclaimed.  
Further, as touching her diet, feeding, calling or other manner of outward or inward dealing, until she be ready to fly; I shall not need to meddle withal, because I have before so plainly expressed the same, only I would have you to observe this one note; which is, that these kind of Hawks being wild, do all naturally love to feed on their prey in covart places, as where they may not be descried or seen, by other such birds of the air as loveth them not.  
Also, and otherwise being reclaimed by the man, whensoever they do take it in any champain or plain place, they will do the like, and carry it to the next place of harbour, to be shrouded or shadowed there; so much and so often they have been not only taught, but also forced unto it, 
crows Kites, and all other such vermin.  being abroad and shifting continually amongst their enemies, that would, but that they dare not, persecute them for their vigour and cruelty, such is their malice towards them; and therefore nevertheless, will not cease with open cry to rail and wonder at them while that they may be seen, and oftentimes causeth them to forsake their prey.  
In this regard, when any one of these Hawks hath after this manner safely shrouded herself, she will sit very close, and presently fall to feeding: which evil course she will continually hold, 
A great inconvenience.  to the great trouble and vexation of her Keeper, unless she be with great care and skill well reclaimed from the same.  
Wherefore, during the time of her calling, it behoveth you to take this course with her, although you do call and draw her by your chirping and whistle, along after you, thorough the thick and covart places, the which is meet you should do; yet do not there take her to your fist to be fully satisfied, but let her still attend and wait on you, until you come to some plain convenient place, and there entertain her in the best manner to the fist, and let her feed a little thereon; then put to her lease, and let her eat the residue on the ground close by you, and having reserved some stump or other such thing, take her to your fist again, and so conclude with her for that time. Also forget not, but that you do stoop gently to her on your knee, and quietly and softly convey some bits unseen far off unto her, that you give her no cause of unquietness, as to strike at your hand with her talons: for those kind of Hawks will not endure to have any such thing openly showed, or offered unto them; they will be so sharply disposed and eager at the sight of it, and therefore there ought to be much heed taken by the man in his behaviour towards them, and neatness used, with handsome and cleanly conveyances in all his outward dealings.  
This course being well perfected with quiet and gentle usage every day, so long as you do call her, will so embolden her, and work all manner of fear out of her, as that she will never after have any desire to carry any thing from you: she will grow so far in love, and be familiar with you; but will be well pleased, and account herself safely shrouded when she hath your company, and is close by you.  
Now when you have after this manner thus kindly reclaimed and framed her to your will, it will be good time to enter her to the field, and for that I have before so plainly set down and prescribed the order and manner how and which way to accomplish the same, I will omit to speak any more of that point, and proceed onwards to the next.  
When as she shall come to kill Partridge, then as I have formerly advised, you must be sure to get gently in to her, having before provided her dinner or supper ready dressed; and as she sitteth on the Partridge, bestow the same on her in bits, 
She would be pleased always from your hand.  with neat and handsome conveyance, which will prolong her time in pluming, and stay the sharpness of her appetite and desire to feed, which is not fit she should do; for it would cause her to love that better they yourself, and to be loath and unwilling afterwards at any time to be bereaved of it, 
In some thick covart.  and thereby will take occasion to carry it from you, hoping to enjoy it to herself more secret and quietly; whereas otherwise this course will so please her, and draw her love so certain to you, as that she will never after offer to carry one feather from you.  
Also, all this while give no blood at all, but with some reversion take her to your fist again, and there content her, and before it be long, she will be so constantly won and reclaimed to your will, as that she will never covet or desire to carry her prey any whit from the place where she taketh it; 
I speak this by experience, and on my credit.  neither will she ever break it, so long as there is one feather left on it, but still attend for your coming, and to have a reward only at your hand. And therefore, if you may choose, let her never take any blood herself, but when you have well nuzzled and enured her herein, and that you do at any time after find her with a Partridge in her foot: then after good time spent in pluming, take off the head and neck, and give it unto her with the most part of her supper together; which when she hath eaten, and doth look about her, take her to your fist, and so conclude with her.   

CHAP. XVIII. That the Hawk being well entered, and in love with Partridge, ought not to be flone to the Covart at all.  
IT is a rare thing to have a Hawk of this kind to be good to the field and covart both; and therefore if you perceive your young Hawk at her first making to be nimble and wight of her wings, and also to set her love on the Partridge, and thereon to take delight, which will easily be perceived by her eager and fierce flying, with the joy she will take in it, and jocund business she will have with it, when she hath the Partridge in her foot: then this being well approved, it were great pity to let her see the pheasant at any time, or at least to use her to that kind of game or manner of flight: 
He is a tolling and tempting bird.  for being a Hawk so eager and greedy of her prey, as they all in their own natures be, will desire and more delight a short flight, and to have it speedy, then otherwise to covet or be willing to pursue it, and hold out at length; which she shall be constrained to do, if she will have the mounting and styning Partridge to be at her command: and for the pheasant, by reason that he is a fowl in show and other appearance, far greater than the other: he seemeth also in the manner of his flight, to be so much the more unwieldy and heavy, and flieth not so far as the Partridge doth; all which are great provocations, and tempteth the Hawk to fly courageously with more eagerness and spiritful assurance to enjoy him, than the other; 
The pheasant.  therefore his sight is of force, and sufficient to withdraw her love clean away, although she hath been otherwise well entered, enured, and blooded before: for the best Hawk of that kind, being wild, and at her own disposing, coveteth not, if they may choose, to fly far after the thing she chiefly desireth to pray upon, 
The true nature of the Hawk.  but most commonly useth her policy by sudden and cunning stealing upon the same, and what she can win after that manner soonest, and with least pains, the same she most delighteth in; by which appeareth, when we have them in our own custody and keeping, the best of them all may be made bad enough through want of skill and knowledge, with other careless usage in her Keeper.  
Contrariwise, who hath a true care and understanding in the art he professeth, may through his labour and painful practice, make one of far more base mettle to do him right good service.   

CHAP. XIX. To teach the Goshawk to fly to the Wilde-ducke or Mallard, that frequenteth the ponds or private pits; which is a good sport, and a good prey when it is taken.  
GOSHAWK.  
AS you know right well, in most Countries there be many odd ponds that stand in close and secret places, as amongst shrubs, or bushes, or otherwise environed with wood growing upward, that hideth and obscureth the water from the fight and knowledge of any travelers that passeth to and fro, unless they be such as perfectly knoweth them, or otherwise, those that by chance doth light upon them. 
The nature of the fowl  In these kind of pools the Mallard, with the Ducks his loving companions, doth take great delight and pleasure, there to repose and solace themselves privately together, to their great contentment and safe assurance against any enemy, that shall by stealth draw near to betray them.  
Now whereas I have formerly delivered my opinion herein, that there is no Hawk of this kind, in her wildness, but is able to shift for herself sufficiently, and kill sundry kinds of prey; and afterward being reclaimed: wherefore then should not the man by his art, cause any of them to do the like for him? so that by this reason there is no excuse to be made for him that shall have one of them in his hand a long time, to practise and work upon, and shall in the end say she is a buzzard; she is of a bad carry, he can make her do nothing at all. To the which I answer, that such a one is more fit for some other calling, then to bear the title or name of either Falconer or Ostringer; for if she may be made but to kill meat for other Hawks, she is well worthy of her own, and there is some pleasure in it beside; and for such a one as will neither be forced by the art and industry of her Keeper, to kill the Partridge or pheasant, I will here show how she may be made not only to purvey for her own or other Hawks diet, but also to give good satisfaction and content to her Keeper: and to accomplish and bring the same to perfection, you must observe well this order following.  
When your Hawk is ready in all points to be flone, you must provide you of three or four hand-fowle, if they be not wild, yet be sure they may be of the same colour, or as near as you can, the which you shall let your Hawk only fly at, and foot out of one's hand one after another, day after day, and let her plume and be well rewarded of them; and when you perceive that she will do thus with an eager and hot desire, as no doubt, but she will very quickly do in the highest degree of love towards them; than you must provide you of a fowl or two more, as you may easily do, and also that will fly so far as you shall have need: and when you purpose to go abroad again with your Hawk, send one before you with a fowl, and also your directions, to some close place of plump of bushes, where he may be very safely shrouded from yourself, and also the sight of the Hawk; then shall you follow after yourself with her rightly prepared, 
Spurs to prick her forward.  with her stomach sharply edged for her prey: and when you come there close by the brim or border of the thicket or fore-pointed harbour, and having your Hawk ready for a sudden and delightful encounter, you shall strike hard on the bushes with your pole, at which foreknown warning, the still couched messenger, shall with all his might toss the fowl aloft upright; which if she do with courage take, an excellent catch-Ducke she will make.  
Then after this you may boldly go to the ponds or pits, where the wild fowl lies, and as before said, creep as near as you may, holding your Hawk as high as you can, and with your pole beat up the fowl, when as they shall no sooner begin to rise, but she will be as ready at the sudden souse to pull one of them back again; which if she do so, be sure to cross the wings of it, and let her take her pleasure thereon in pluming, and be rewarded of the same, and after that she will not miss one flight that she shall be flone to after that manner: also it will not be amiss to have a dog always with you, for sometimes after the Hawk is well acquainted with the sport, she will be so nimble and quick at the catch, that they will fall both into the water together, and by that means the fowl may go to plunge, so that then the dog may and will be ready to do you good service, whereby nevertheless the Hawk may be served and well pleased again.   

CHAP. XX. To fly to the Wild-goose or Hearon, to the Rook, the Mew, or any other such short flight, which are to be killed at the sudden souse, by the policy of the Hawk that is not swift of her wing to take them otherwise  
● THE HAGGARD FALCON IN OPEM ME COPIA FECIT  
THe most Hawks of this kind, doth naturally love to prey upon any of these things that I have here named, and therefore it is so much the easier to make one of them by art to fly thereunto: nevertheless, on this consideration, that they in their wildness do not altogether dispose themselves towards any one particular thing of them; nor settle their loves or desire only on them, nor no more than they do of the rest, or many other things that they also do use to prey upon, as well as they: therefore if you will have one of them to do you service therein, and to be constant in her flight thereunto, you must not use her rashly, as trusting wholly in her own natural disposition, or love to the thing you would have her to fly unto. 
Her own love.  But you must give a further addition and assistance to the same, by your own art and cunning practice, extraordinarily to increase and make it perfect withal; for there is no man of any understanding, that hath a business of any importance to accomplish, that will go rashly about the same, and without any consideration, 
An addition or example.  think even so to effect it, but he will bethink himself better of it, and cast which is the best way, and what course is fittest for him to take in it; and then he will arm and prepare himself with discretion, to put the same in practice and execution; and no doubt, but then he shall have all things go to his liking, and also good success in the conclusion.  
Even so likewise when you have taught your Hawk to go, and to come again unto your fist, and that as you think she is ready in all points to be flone, yet it is not fit that then you go with purpose to fly her, or to force her fly at what you list, or would have her to kill: but you must further consider what kind of things such a Hawk in her wildness doth use to prey and live upon, and is possible for the man by his art to make her unto.  
Then all this being well considered and thought on, you may make your choice, as of which one particular thing you would have her most addicted unto, and to love better than the rest, for your own delight and pleasure; so as if you think well even of the Rook, a fowl, which although there is not much worth in the thing itself, yet it will serve well for her own or other Hawks diet: and also through this order and observation, you may be instructed how to make her to other things of more importance and value, as to any of those other things I have formerly named.  
Therefore when you have your Hawk ready in all points to fly, you must provide you of some live trains, the which you may easily do, either in Summer or Winter; then when you would enter your Hawk, let one of them have the wing pulled or cut; and when you come into the field in some green place or slade, let the same be placed or set down there on the ground, and retire back yourself, with your Hawk, some forty paces from it, or as you shall see cause, for you may draw near unto it again at your own pleasure; then take off her Hood, that she may look round about her, and find where the train is very like, busily disposed, as stirring, walking, or such like: then if she do fly to it, and take it, let her plume and be well rewarded on it: and after this manner you must order her, until she will find the train readily as it is walking, so far off as she may well see it, and go as readily and take it after that fashion.  
Then the next time you intent to walk abroad, let your train be a flyer, and placed at one end of a long creance, with a peg put slightly into the ground, only to stay it, and no more, some yard or two from the end, whereunto the train is fastened; and at the other end of the creance a mark set whereby you may readily find it: then draw towards it, 
The train.  and unhood your Hawk, that she may see it; and when she hath found it, and is gone from the fist well towards it, be sure to pull up the peg, that when the train shall see her well near come at it, it may have some liberty to fly, although it be but never so little before she do take it.  
Thus if you can after this manner in your discretion, let her kill some two or three more, and so order the matter with the creance, that when the Hawk shall be almost at it, even than it may have some reasonable scope to rise before she can take it; it will so nuzzell her, as that she will not after miss the wild Rook or any other thing you shall after this manner make her unto.  
FALCON 1. book.  
There be many of these Hawks that be very large and strong, and withal as heavy and sluggish of their wings, and therefore will never hold out to any of the long flights, but altogether do shift and get their prey by subtlety and craft; nevertheless the most of them are very hardy to seize on any thing. And these be they that are most fit to be made and taught to fly to these short and great flights, and to catch at the sudden souse; which they will very quickly learn to do with your own art and assistance, because their own nature doth very much direct and lead them even unto it.   

CHAP. XXI. Of the Sparhawke.  

sparrow-hawk   
COnsidering that at first it was my special purpose to treat of short-winged Hawks; and also in my proceeding, with them to join some others, the which I have not forgotten to speak of: so also let me be no more unmindful of one demie creature, that for her spirit and mettle, is well worthy to march in the best company, and therein is nothing inferior: The Sparhawke I mean, which I have known to be of great worth and estimation, for the well performing her service, with great delight and pleasure extended to her Keeper; as by her spirit and policy to take any thing she shall be made to, and the manner how, as at the first sight of the thing wherewithal she intendeth to encounter, to behold how, and in what manner she first falleth flat to the fist, showing thereby her imbecility and unableness of body, for such unequal matches: withal, as it were with discretion and deliberation, findeth her best advantage; and so expecting the speedy presence of her Keeper, and his kind assistance in the skirmish, away she goeth courageously, close by the ground and nimbly, to the wild Crow, the Rook, the Mew, the Lapwing, the Ringdove, the Housedove on the lands, the Pie-annit, the braving and chattering lay; and there is none of all these fowls, besides some others that I have omitted, but after this manner she will make subject to her command, and yield to the mercy of her sharp and piercing talons. And for the Partridge, I have likewise known her as great a commander, and to hold out, and continue all the Summer time, as well as any other Hawks would do. And now on the contrary (she) poor pretty Bird, is of no request or reckoning at all, but is almost quite forgotten of all men: for the which they are much to blame undoubtedly; for by experience, I know, during that season, there is no better Hawk than she, if she be kept as she ought to be, high, lusty, and strong: but in these days the young man hath so deeply addicted himself to sloth and idleness, with drowsy sluggishness, and other wandering mutabilities, as that he had rather die then to meddle with a Hawk that will require either labour or attendance early or late, or any other time of the day, but will reclaim and make their Hawks gentle with bating and hanging by the heels, which is the cause, and for want of better guiding, that these poor silly birds be not able to perform their service, which otherwise they would do; for you must understand they be all but wretches, of little and small strength; and to have any part of that diminished or taken away, it is not possible they should be able to maintain their flight: but otherwise, to be strongly kept in the Hood, and always flone from the same, she is a most excellent Hawk, and will kill more Partridge in one day, than the best long-winged Hawk will do in two; and she is for every place, you need make no difference of thick or thin. And for her diet, that would be of the daintiest meat you can get, unless in other times of rest, and also then, not forgetting to wash it well and dry it again, especially if she be mewed: likewise against she is to fly, she must be prepared after the same manner, with a short cut to put a perfect edge on her, and then she will fly after the best manner; and no Hawk with more spirit and mettle than she. Also she would not be flone in the morning, unless she be prepared overnight with a short and clean supper for the purpose, and then she will fly for her own reward, and content of her Keeper. Likewise, you ought to have always a pretty box about you, full of fresh Butter, mixed with a little Saffron and sugar-candy, to give with her meat now and then, or to eat out of the box; which she will do with great delight, and it will keep her head evermore lose, and in good temper, and also prevent the Cray, and keep her proud and full of spirit.   

CHAP. XXII. Of the Lanner and Lanneret.  
LANNER.  
I Am now come to speak of the Lanner and Lanneret, which although they be a kind of Hawks, I never took much delight in, yet I will show you my opinion, and what otherwise I have gathered by my little practice and observation from them.  
Then first give me leave to let you understand, that in my observation they are all by nature and kind, of a hard and dull disposition, apt to do little good of themselves, nor otherwise, but what they are forcibly compelled to do, by their Keepers ordering of them. And for the Lanner herself, in my life time I have heard here and there one of them that hath been called or accounted good; but as one Swallow maketh no Summer, so one particularity concludeth no generality: also and otherwise, the best good showed by them at any time, in the little experience that I have had of them, doth always appear without true delight, after a tedious and base toiling kind of fashion, and in my opinion far unfit to give a Gentleman content in his sport and recreation: and so I will cease here to speak any more in general, but especially in discommendations of them, lest I should seem offensive to any, or to daunt the young Falconer, or him that most of all for their sounds and long lasting, desires to practise and be dealing with them: but what was it that I said before? did I say that I would even so leave them? surely that were not well done of me, I must needs confess; and it shall go hard nevertheless, but I shall find in my memory some cause, wherefore I should not altogether so forsake sake them, but rather to make some amends, it is otherwise meet I should do something in praise particularly of them.   

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Haggart Lanner.  

LANNER.   
AS the Eyas of this kind exceedeth other Hawks, towards their Keeper, in love and gentleness, even so doth the Haggart of the same nature, as far surpass the rest in exceeding wildness, and are very hard to be reclaimed; and therefore whose hap it shall be to meet with any of them, he must take extraordinary time and pains to make them gentle; and also all the luring time the like course must be used, and see that she be taught and made to come perfectly to the Lure, only garnished with hard washed meat, and that beside she may receive the better part of her reward in bits at your hands; even as you were to order the Falcon: and afterwards during her training, there must be much time taken, and otherwise the very self same ordering and outward manner of dealing, that I have formerly appointed for the Haggart Falcon, in any other book of Hawking: so that it were but in vain for me to set down any other particular prescription; and no doubt, but with such well governing, and good time taken, they may make good Hawks: it was never my hap, to my remembrance, to see any more than one Cast of them, and they never came to any perfection, but even were destroyed through their own coyness, and their Keepers over much haste and rashness, and also his hard dealing in their diet, and with too much stoaning: and so I will cease to say any more of them, but will proceed to the other of the same kind.   

CHAP. XXIIII. Of the Ramage Lanner to the Field.  
LANNER.  
THere be many of these Hawks that hath reasonable spirits and mettle remaining in them, and doth sometimes prove good Hawks, when it is their haps to light into their hands that hath judgement and knowledge to reclaim them.  
FALCON 1. book.  
On the contrary part, the Lanner, as she is nothing inferior to the other in ramage and wildness, so is she more hard of ward and of a far more strong and sound constitution, and yet will not be drawn by any gentle dealing to do any thing, or to be pleasing to the man, but will evermore deserve to have spurs put to her dull disposition, to prick her forcibly forward to perform her duty; and yet when you have done the best you can, as manned her, lured, trained and stayed her; all which to effect, I can prescribe no better course than the very same that I have spoken of, or taught in my other Book, for the Haggart Falcon only, and excepting her diet, for that must be considered of, with hard washed meat and stones, more or less, as you shall find her natural inclination; for you must understand that they are not all alike, but do differ as much as others do; and therefore aught to be regarded thereafter.  
Now when you have thus far forth effected your desire, yet have you not well concluded with her, unless you be mindful of this one thing, and also have well perfected the same; which is, that through your pains and skilful practice you do well stay her, and by your art also restrain her from dragging or carrying any thing from you; the which ill quality, there is no one Hawk more subject unto then she.  
Therefore, to prevent the same; first, you must beware, that if she but once only knoweth the Lure, that you lure her no more, but once at one time, and let that suffice, although you take the more time to make her, which shall be the more for her good; for otherwise it will hazard the spoil of her, or any other Hawk you intent to make to the field; for so soon as she once knoweth the Lure, she will settle her love on it, and desire to hold it, and will be loath to be taken up from it to be lured again, and will quickly grow fearful to let you or any other man to come near her, lest she should be deprived of that which she chiefly desireth to enjoy, and will drag and cover to carry it from you.  
Also during the time of her luring and training, you had need be careful to order the business so, as that she may have her reward, for the most part, at your hand in bits, only reserving some small quantity to take her to your fist withal: and all this while you must have your Spaniels close by you, as she is on the ground, and every day acquaint them well together; for they be Hawks of all other that be most coy and fearful to suffer any dogs to come near them.  
Also at her first entering you ought to have but few dogs, and such as be both cool and gentle, until she be well entered and also acquainted with them; and then she will be out of all danger, although she should afterwards at some times be put besides her prey, yet she will not be beaten quite out of love, or discouraged therewith, but even slightly will account of such an accident, because she had been so kindly used and nuzzled amongst them before; whereas otherwise for want of this kind of careful ordering and governing at the first, if she should chance to take any fright or sudden fear with a dog, she would never abide them again, being a Hawk so coy and apt unto it, and also strong and well able to carry her prey away: she were quite and for ever made; for she will too soon know her own strength, and whensoever she shall have a Partridge in her foot, she will suffer neither man nor dog to come near her, but she will carry it away and prey upon it; which if she should do but only once, that is as much as one hundredth, for she will never be reclaimed from it. And this is the only fault the Ramage Lanner is subject unto, and also the best end of as many as falls not into a careful, skilful, and painful Falconers hand.   

CHAP. XXV. Of the Ramage Lannner for the River.  
 
IT cannot be denied but that there hath been Hawks of this kind, both upward and high flying, and also stout and tough of their wings to maintain the same. And I have as often marveled with myself what the reason should be, that in my time no man (of my knowledge) hath ever made trial what perfection such a Hawk might be brought unto for the River, considering they be also hardy enough. Likewise I do very well remember, that when I was but very young of years my self, I heard an ancient Gentleman report, that in former times they were usually flone thereunto, and were held in great estimation for the same; and in those times the Haggart Falcon was not known: He likewise affirmed that he had a Lanner himself that would fly very high and very long, even like unto the wild Hobby, the which was bred in Molton Park: and in drawing through the young springs, himself and his Spaniels in a Forest where he lived, as he often used to do, with his Hawk high flying over him, he hath sometimes put up fowl unawares unto him that used to lie in plashie or watery places in the said Groves or bushy closes, the which she would not miss, but kill one of them at her down come. Also at other times the pheasant cock, the Woodcock and the Partridge; and for these things that I have named, there could not any of them come to her amiss, such was the excellency and goodness he had brought her unto through his plain and simple skill: for of my own knowledge he was no Falconer, although he had some love and little understanding, as many others have that likes well the sport. Now if this were true, as I do verily believe it was, for that he was a man, as I have told you, truly ancient, and of good reputation: wherefore then should not we in these days and times of more experience, & greater knowledge, in some sort, shake off this habit of sloth & idleness that we have been trained up and nuzzled in this many years? and summon our wits and devices together, not only to teach us tread the path of our ancient friends, and imitate their inventions, but also well to applaud them for the same with due respect to their instructions? But some man may reply and say, 
The novice.  Wherefore should we so much trouble ourselves with such dull mettled humours as they be, that will ask so much labour and pains about them, before they can be brought to any perfection? There is the brave spirited Haggard Falcon Gentle, she will be reclaimed and made with a trice; and she is of a loving disposition, and also as frank and free of her mettle: and therefore if we will bestow on her but one three weeks, or a months well luring and training with Doves to cause her to love us, she will be wholly wedded to us, and will not away. And moreover, she will as suddenly understand what she should do; for she will not require much instruction. And this is the bird worthy of due commendation. To the which saying I yield, and will say no less, for I can no way wisely dispraise her; for if I should, I must do both myself great wrong, and her also, that before I have so highly commended: but thus far give me leave to answer, as it is in some sort truly said, and may also be as well performed with some Hawk, so is it on the other side, as slightly and simply answered; and it is as common in these days with every novice of little or no understanding, that hath but newly gotten his art only in fit terms and phrases, and for any other reason they have or can allege about such a Hawk, or of what else belongs unto her, but only that common saying, by every one of well loving the Haggart. I have known in my time many shepherds resorting to Hawking places, that I durst have undertaken to have taught any of them with a few plain instructions in one fortnight to have performed as much so well as they, with some Hawk of the kind, although there be some other of the same generation that will put twenty wiser men than they to their shifts: but I would very feign hear of one of these self conceited young men that would somewhat withdraw his affection from these kind of Hawks that are so easily, and with little pains reclaimed, and will in a manner as they suppose, even make themselves. I would see him to undertake the Ramage Lanner, and with all his wisdom make her seem a Falconers Hawk to the brook, that will not make herself neither be framed by another without both labour and skill indeed: truly he should deserve much commendations for his well performing of this business; and more than for any such wherein as he deems is not required much Art, pains, or any great attendance. And for him that will bend his mind, and will be willing to practise herein, I will show him my advice, and the best directions from my author, or own understanding that I may afford him.  
It is not unknown but that the best mettled Hawk, and highest flier of any kind, may be abused and drawn down far from her wont gate, as either with too much flying, or too hard feeding, as to be wearied, or as it were tired out with too often and overmuch toiling, or otherwise with having too great an edge and appetite set on them with impoverishment, proceeding from too strait a hand kept on them in their diet and feeding. And for certain, the most of the Lanners kind are spoiled these ways, and drawn clean from their wings, and forced to fly about the man's head, and go to stand, and therefore although they be all of a hard kind, yet they are not all alike, but do differ in their natures as much as others do, which ought to be well respected, and especially noted, the difference between the good mettled Hawk and the bad, and to be ordered thereafter, and yet not in any sort it is meet they should be starved; for there is no Hawk, and especially of this kind, that is too much pinched, but will leave and give over that thing which she should fly after, and take pains for, and more willingly return back to him again that she knows well, hath, and also will, on little cause in the end reward her: and therefore when you have your Hawk full and in good temper, the best course is and will be for you so to keep her. And let her diet be such, and the quantity thereof with a hand certain and steadily kept on her; 
Neither too much at one time, nor too little at another.  as that it may maintain health and strength to preserve her; for he that hath not so much discretion as to consider of this order, and to govern and to use this Hawk thereafter, shall never have her to fly certainly, but even as she is fed disorderly, so she will perform her service as carelessly. And this one other thing you ought to take notice of, which is, that as you do first use these kind of Hawks in their luring and training to their diet and feeding, so shall you for the most part find by them in your further practice and dealing with them. Therefore when you shall have one of them to deal withal, and that in her making you do find her apt and forward to your liking, let her not be much pinched howsoever you do in her diet and feeding: and also be careful to take good time in her training, with Doves given in a long creance for a while, that she may kill them close by you until her coy behaviour and wildness be over, and she be grown familiar, and will suffer you without any coyness or staring to come in to her: Also let her be fed and rewarded of the same Doves she kills, or with some other such good meat, only it being hot, let it be a little washed as it were to give a Falcon, and no more; for you shall not need to carry so hard or strait a hand as if you intended to fly her to the field. And with this course of so well making, and other such necessary ordering, with casting and stoning, as I have formerly taught, belonging, you shall keep her full, and lofty of life and spirit to hold her wings withal. And also if by nature there were ever any upwardnesse or high flying in her in the time of her wildness, she will both show it and hold it, you may be assured of it; and than you may put her to the River, and having a good make- Hawk, you shall well quarry her, and then she will be worthy the accounting of; and the Falconer that hath so made her shall have his due praise and commendations for his labour and pains-taking so artificially with her: whereas otherwise if she prove not a high flyer, yet there is no labour lost; for she may quickly change her diet, and with a straighter order cause her to scratch amongst Spaniels for the Partridge, which will also well countervail his labour.   

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Ramage Lanneret for the River or Field.  
LANNER.  
THere is not much more to be said for the Ramage Lanneret, then hath been here prescribed, and is spoken of the Lanner; for what method or order soever is meet and fitting for the one, the very same serveth directly for the other, and he also being well manned, loosed, trained and made inward to the man, may be also flone to the River; for very many of them are very spiritful and upward Hawks, and being well quarried, proveth very sure & certain Hawks, and good fowle-slayers, and are very fit to be used as leaders.  
These Hawks ought to be kept as high and full of flesh as may be, nevertheless there ought special regard to be had to the stomach always, that with clean feed, casting, and stones often (that) may be held perfect to cause him maintain and perform his service after the best manner. But whosoever can by his Art and labour best reclaim and make them to love and be familiar with the Spaniels he shall use, and esteem of them as most meetest for the field, and the equalest match for the Partridge, but they are for the most part very coy and fearful of the Spaniels.  
Yet nevertheless of my own knowledge, if you can be chary of them at the first entering, and until they be well blooded and in love with their game, although afterward they should sometimes by an unruly Spaniel be deprived of their prey, yet they will slightly account of it, and remain nevertheless still constant in their love to the thing they formerly took delight in, if you will remember, 
The Partridge.  and always be mindful, as I have often told you, of the stomach, that it may be hot and fiery, which will compel them only to mind their service, and not to regard the sight of the dogs, or any other thing; for you must especially consider, and further be mindful, that the Partridge time is in the summer, which is always inclined to heat and hot weather, and therefore you must feed so much the cleaner, and wash the harder to hold him in true subjection withal; whereas otherwise the other sport is in the winter, when as it is far more sharp and colder: which must likewise be thought on, and your Hawk be ordered thereafter, and fed so much the better.  
And whoso will attain true understanding, ought evermore to be mindful of the difference of times and seasons, and well to observe them, and then he shall be well able to govern his Hawk by Art and discretion; whereas otherwise in being forgetful thereof, or having little or no understanding of those things, he shall not be able to rule them by reason; for being as they are birds of the air, which holds seldom certain, they must be dieted and governed according to the changeable or constant temper of the season, in summer or winter: and therefore if you do well bethink yourself, it is no easy matter, for every one to order and govern certainly, such (a body) and hold it always in temper, that is so mutable, and ever altereth as the wether; but he must be expert in his Art, and also his Craftsmaster: and so I will cease to say any more of the Ramage, and proceed to the Eyas, of the same kind.   

CHAP. XXVII. Of the Eyas Lanner, or Lanneret.  
LANNER.  
I Will now conclude with the (Eyas Hawk) by which appears a difference between them in their several natures, as well as in their contrary names or titles; all which I shall not need to speak of any further in this place, neither would it be any whit available so to do, but will proceed as brief as I may, and out of my own knowledge and understanding, gathered even by little practice and observation, show how she ought to be made ready to be flone to the field.  
And whereas I have formerly advised that in all sorts and kinds of Hawks you ought first to consider of their generation: Secondly in your further labour and practise to find out their nature, and how therein they are inclined: and thirdly, that being rightly and well perceived, then to frame and fashion by Art and discretion your manner of course and dealing with them, according to the same. Likewise for this Hawk lastly and particularly here mentioned, you must consider that she was taken out of the nest very young, and after closely kept, fed, and familiarly trained up only by the man, whereby of necessity she must needs altogether forget her natural dam that bred her, and become loving and fond on him that brought her up: Also this manner of breeding must needs cause her to differ much in the inclination of her body from the other, which as you have heard were bred and trained up by their dam after another fashion. Wherefore as your former drift and desire was only by your Art and industry to reclaim them from their wildness, 
The Haggart or Ramage hawks.  and draw their loves constantly unto you. So now on the contrary you must be as chary that in your teaching and training, you do not altogether besot this Hawk, that is in her own nature too foolish and fond of you already.  
And for that I shall not need to prescribe any rule or order for the reclaiming, luring, or any other thing concerning her first handling, I will proceed to the next instruction, which is this: when she will come rudely to the lure garnished with meat, and also fly about you for the same: then let her kill two or three live Doves at the Lure where they may have some little scope to flicker and stir about, whereby to give her the more cause & encouragement to come to them; which when she will do readily, & with an earnest desire prey upon them, let her have no more after that fashion; but the next time when she is prepared well for it, let her be lured from man to man, and as she is coming give her a field Dove in such a creance as you know it cannot carry quite away from you: then if she do rudely and eagerly fly after that and kill it, let her be well rewarded on it; but after that let her have no more upward trains given unto her, nor any other that she may see to come from the man; for they be such things only that besots, and absolutely spoils all those kind of Hawks. For in every man's understanding that hath any discerning or observing knowledge, their bodies be tempered with mettle of such induration, as that their own natures will afford and permit them even to live of any thing; which is the reason they want spirit and courage, and therefore are for the most part of a drowsy and dull disposition; and what they are first taught and brought unto, the same they will everlastingly cleave unto, whether it be good or bad, as to the very Lure and Hawking bag, with having or receiving too much kindness, although but in scraps from them; they will be so tied and entangled in their love and desire towards them, as that afterwards with all the pains, Art, and skill that a man hath, he shall never be able to withdraw their fervent love so deeply planted there, to be set on any other thing, or placed otherwhere.  
My meaning or intent is not to tie or bind you to this strict limitation with every Hawk, as justly to appoint how many Doves to give and no more; but still do desire that you should be mindful, and always remember the difference between the good mettled Hawk and the bad, and so to use them in their training and every other way; but how soever they shall appear to you, nevertheless by my advice give as few trains as possible you may to any field Hawk of this kind, for the foresaid occasions, but even so soon as they be taught to catch first readily on the Lure, let them have the rest given unseild with some few feathers drawn from them, that they may kill them always by the ground, without any mounting at all: Also from the fist, and out of the hood; and then so soon as she will fly and truss readily that way, leave off that course, and show her Partridge, and if it be possible, let her have some few from the hand, after the same manner: and there is no question but with this course rightly observed, and well followed, you may make even the veriest slug of the dullest spirit, to become a good Hawk, as well for the field and the Partridge, as otherwise to hold out and pursue a train to the end from the man's hand.  
I know there will be an expectation at my hand of some rules of Physic for these kind of Hawks, and the best answer that I need to make unto it, is this: First, there is no sound Hawk whatsoever, that shall have need of any such thing, unless it be to confound her, that otherwise would do well; and for these kind of Hawks, it goes hard with them when they shall have any such occasion: and therefore by my counsel, let every man that hath his Hawk sound and well, strive and be careful to keep her so; for it is far more easier to do so, then when he hath through negligence or evil order abused or put her out of temper, to amend her with Physic again neither can he ever do it, unless in some appliment for an apparent outward accident; but otherwise, for any inward medicine, let it be even clean feed, well washed, and stones with discretion, and once in a week to the full and hard Hawk; and on a resting day, join some salendine with them, to cleanse and purge her of such glit, and other imperfection as those Hawks be most subject unto, and have gathered, with rest or full feeding before.  
LANNER.  
And whereas I have heretofore discoursed & showed sufficiently of them in every respect, as how to take them from the mew being fat and full, or otherwise from the cage, or elsewhere, and how to order them accordingly without any medicine or scouring at all: And whereas many men holds an opinion, that when they have drawn their Hawk from the mew, it is not possible to make her clean and ready to fly without two or three scourings in the mean while: I think I have said enough for that before, and also showed far a better way, and therefore I shall not need to say any more in this place; and also let me advise every young man that wishes well to the sport, and would be a Falconer, that he do never give any manner of scouring or medicine to a sound Hawk, how fat or full soever she be; for there is an old rule or saying in Physic, which is, The whole needs no Physician: and for the Hawk I can maintain it, for I never yet knew that ever it did good to any one, but otherwise hath much distempered them, and hazarded their lives; nay otherwise taken it quite away, that else before were in no danger at all. Nevertheless, for that every one is not of the same opinion, but doth otherways dispose of himself, and determine to practise on very little or no occasion: I will here for such griefs as these kind of Hawks be subject unto, set down so many medicines, as through occasion I have found by experience to be most convenient and necessary to be applied or given unto them.   

latham's approved medicines, incident to all Hawks mentioned in this Book.  

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the cold in the head, or the Rye.  
OF all the diseases that belongs to these Hawks, there be only three that they be most subject unto, which is the Rye, the Cramp, and the Craye; and being once taken and continued any season, they will be very hard ever after to be recovered: Therefore the best way will be for the keeper evermore to be mindful and careful to prevent their infection, before any of them hath laid hold, or seized on his Hawk; which he may very easily do if he will be mindful and watchful over them, and through his foreseeing knowledge be careful to avoid the occasion. All these infirmities be in a manner taken one way, and proceed of one cause, which is cold, and after this manner they be engendered: the Cramp and the Rye followeth after the Hawk hath been hard flone and laboured, especially in the winter time, in wet and dry, when as afterward they be set up or down to rest the night time, in some moist or damp place, low, near unto some earthen floor; wherefore it is necessary that you be evermore careful to set them up as high as you can in such places, and upon some thing or other that they may rest warm upon, after their bodies and blood hath been extraordinarily heat and chafed, to prevent that danger; for they will not brook to sit in the night time near to the moist earth as other Hawks will do, and it hath oft times caused the Cramp to lay hold upon every joint and limb of the whole body; and for that I have already written so largely of the same disease, and what may be done for the recovery of it, I will here say no more, but that the best course is through care and diligence to seek to prevent the coming of it. Also for the Rye that is taken through the same occasion, and is a fast-setled grief & stuffing in the head; and will, if it be not quickly found, and as suddenly looked unto, grow either to a dry frounce or a wet, or otherwise a continual moist humour, which will hardly be ever cured; for example, I had a Hawk sent me the last Michaelmas from Sir William Wooddowes, winking of one eye, the which proceeded of a continual cold in the head as I plainly perceived; and after I had a little loosened it by one cover that was grown in the chest of his palate, and another close by his ear, on the same side that he winked on, which I took away; and also was enforced to burn one of his nares to open that which was quite stopped up, I used all the means I could to purge and cleanse it, and he ceased not every other day to throw and cast out some filth, and in time so much, as it is not to be imagined or spoken of, during the time until after the Christmas following, and then it ceased and dried up on the sudden. This plainly shows what a fault and over-fight it is in any man that will not when he may, so easily prevent such things before they do come, or otherwise when they are taken to be careless and unmindful to espy them, but to let them run and grow on until they be unrecoverable; therefore whensoever you shall by any means have such a Hawk that is any whit stuffed in the head, look that you defer no time to break it, lest further or the like inconvenience do grow thereon as I have showed you, and for recovery thereof, this will be your best course.   

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Rye or stuffing in the Head.  
FIrst, you must be very careful that she may always sit warm, and especially in the night time & also that she may evermore be fed with hot meat, and fire as often as may be, for it likewise give her now and then at evening with her meat, 2. or 3. bruised cloves of mace; the which is one very good thing against the same disease, and will also sweetly perfume her whole body and breath, and sharpen her appetite: also use her to fresh butter that hath been quickly gathered, and shall be well clarified over a chafingdish of coals, with a little Rue and Saffron in powder, and good store of sugar-candy well tempered altogether; let her have this with her meat evermore a little at a time, and it will presently loosen her, and cause her to snite and throw with her head; which when you perceive, then take the juice of Daisy roots, and with a straw blow it hard into her nares a pretty while before you intent to feed her; then afterward when she is at quiet again, let her have her dinner in her foot that she may liar well on it, and this will certainly amend her; for although this juice of Daisies is a common medicine, yet it will purge and cleanse the head being loosened before as well as any thing whatsoever. Blow into her nares with a straw, the juice of Sage three mornings in the week; it is very good to draw down tough slime out of the head. I could set down divers other things more stronger, but in them there is some danger; and in this there is none at all, but will work to good purpose, and cause a good conclusion.   

CHAP. XXX. Of the Craye.  
THis disease or infirmity that we call or term the Craye, is of an exiccative or astringent quality, drying & binding in the Hawk, which causeth her not to mute or slice from her according as naturally she ought to do, but otherwise to drop far short some part of it dispersed asunder from the other; & also passes not clearly with ease, but comes harshly and hardly from her; all which signs and shows are apparent and easy to be perceived. And therefore the keeper is so much the more to be blamed that shall defer any time, and suffer the cure thereof to be neglected; for by that means the grief is grown to be more dangerous and deadly: whereas otherwise it is of no moment, but may be very easily amended; for you are to remember that this particular infirmity proceeds also of cold, as the other doth that I have before named, but yet after another fashion: For I let you know before, that both the Cramp and the Rye cometh by taking cold: And this which now I speak of, is taken by a continuance of gross and cold washed meat that is given the Hawk to feed upon, which this kind will not endure or last withal; for it will consume them inwardly where it cannot be seen, as in those places, and after the manner as shall appear hereafter plain unto you. It is not unknown but that the gorge of the Hawk is the first place and only receptacle or harbour of such sustenance as she always takes to nourish her whole body withal, and is unto her as a main and clean conduit, the which being filled with pure & clear liquor, it is not tainted or made unsavoury there, but let pass in due time further into smaller vessels, more fine than it was before, to serve for other uses: Even so on the contrary it is with the Hawk; for if her gorge be filled with stolen and gross cold meat, contrary to her natural inclination, it will soon grow unsavoury there, and her stomach will abhor to entertain it, and also the other more secret passages will be annoyed thereby, which will quickly turn to her destruction. As for example, I have known divers Hawks that hath died on this occasion, whose inward and invisible infirmity hath never been mistrusted, but only hath practised and wrought on the tuel for remedy; nevertheless when she hath been opened, the very gorge hath been like unto chawke with the panel, and the next venting place into the small guts hath been even burnt & eaten with heat like unto the frounce, which was the cause her excrements wanted free passage: all which proceed from such unnatural stolen diet as the stomach could not well brook, and were repugnant to their natural disposition; for there is no such kind of gross feed given, although the gorge will with greediness receive it, yet afterwards the stomach will be choice and unwilling to taste of it, as you may well perceive when it hath been kept so long as that it gins to wax windy, sour, & distasteful, and by the course of nature would feign be eased and emptied of some part thereof, which doth so much annoy and offend her; as you may see by her often writhing and striving to remove it, and put it down into the panel: 
Her stomach.  and when she hath in some measure so done, through nature● violent forcing, yet it is also therein so long detained, and unkindly digested, as that by virtue of it, she doth not win to herself any natural or kindly comfort; but otherwise evil imperfections and humours of moisture doth arise thereon, which ascends up into the head, whereby all that part is molested: otherwise there is left downwards much unnatural heat and oppilations or stops that infects the body and secret passages; whereupon this disease which we call the Craye doth proceed, with many others. Wherefore it behoveth every man to respect his Hawk better, then at any time to cloy or clog her with such gross and unkindly feeding, but otherwise with care to give her her due as near as he may, according to her deserving and natural disposition; withal further observing other such necessary courses belonging in due time and season, as I have in many places appointed by prescriptions, and in so doing he shall never have need to take care for either scouring or medicine, but shall evermore have his Hawk according to his own liking, full lofty and strong, well able to perform her business after the best manner; whereas the other that shall be careless and forgetful, & is well pleased if he may pamper her with any thing, and is as unrespective of other wants or needs appertaining: he shall seldom or never have his Hawk perfect and healthful, but ever out of tune and unfit to do any thing; whereas before through ill diet and disorder your Hawk caught this disease, so now on the contrary, and especially, by means of better usage and good diet, with some other appliment, you must restore her to health again: wherefore so soon as it is perceived, you must remember that you are not only to destroy and kill the Craye alone, but also such other evils as waits and partakes with that in the unnatural working the poor Hawks desolation, which is cold and moist, raw humours ascending up into the head, and otherwise unnatural heat and drought, with oppilations or stops possessing the body and interior passages; all which ought to be particularly considered of, and your remedy prepared and applied accordingly. Then first you must bethink yourself of her diet, that it may be of light and cool meats, easy to be digested, as of Hen's flesh, Chickens, young Pigeons, Rabbits, new Sheepes-hearts, Pork, Pig of the shoulder and the heart: then must you provide the sweetest fresh butter of the newest gathering that may be, and boil and scum it well with half a score bruised cloves of mace in it; and when you have so done, in the cooling put in a little of the powder of Rue, and so keep it close in a box, and as often as you do feed, anoint her meat therewith, the oftener the better, so that the gorges be easy, according to the Hawks ability, and the power of the infirmity: and for certain, this will not fail only to open and loosen the head, but also disperse those other humours in the body, and scour them away that was cause of the sundry diseases. Now when you have seen this business thus well effected in the head by her countenance and other appearance there; and also that she mutes and slices well from her again, nevertheless it may well be her head was but only loosened, will have some need also to be better purged, and clearly cleansed. Likewise for the body & inward passages, although they were or are newly scoured, yet nevertheless they may require some more labour therein, and also to be thoroughly cooled. Therefore, as you shall see cause, first in the head by snuffling or sniting, or any other signs, use the juice of Daisies or Sage, to cause her throw it forth the sooner; but if you perceive the humour to continue nevertheless moist still, then put to the juice a little of the powder of dust of Brimstone to dry it up withal, and she shall do well. Likewise for the body and inward places, give with her meat the distilled water of either Horehound or Woodbine, or the water of Barley, that I have prescribed in my other book, and she shall be well, and her body moderately cooled, and in good temper again.   

CHAP. XXXI. Of the Eye.  
THE Goshawk as you know is a fierce spirited, & fast flying Hawk if she have naturally a true love and liking to her prey: and for that she is most commonly used to fly through the height of highest and thickest woods, where the game that she best loves, most often uses; and because the eye and only ornament of her body is her chief guide in those places, and is so dear and precious a jewel unto her, it were great pity that it should miscarry or be blemished by any misfortune. Therefore fearing or misdoubting that any such evil accident should befall, I will show you a sure medicine to amend it withal.   

CHAP. XXXII. For the Eye that shall have any hurt by accident or otherwise to grow upon it.  
TAke a thunderbolt, the which is found most commonly in the fields, in some channel or watercourse, by which means it is there laid open from the earth, and is easily to be perceived, and put it into a hot fire and burn it well; then when it is cold again, beat it to fine powder, and searce or sift it through a fair linen cloth, then mingle it with sweet butter in differently, and on any occasion put as much or the quantity of two little pins heads morning and evening into the Hawks eye; and if any thing whatsoever will do it good, this will not fail to do the like. Also you may at these times blow it into the eye with a straw, and it is as good, and will as speedily work any thing forth, or recover any thing that is growing, or amiss in that place.   

CHAP. XXXIII. Of the Hobby and the Marlion.  
HOBBY.  
MERLIN.  
THere is yet this Cast of little Hawks, the which I have not so much as once named; the one is belonging to the young man, the other pertaining to the Lady: and in my opinion are most equally matched one with the other, in regard whereof, it were great pity they should be parted ever, but even fly for the prey by turns together; not you know where, I do not mean, for then the young man perforce must mount aloft indeed, at which the Lady would be as lowly displeased to see her Marlion so put down in the losty flight: But what do I mean to skip so far beyond my Art? let me courteously crave pardon and favour, to leave the Lady and her Hawk together, as birds with whom I never had, nor have no skill to deal at all; and withdraw the young man and his Hobby 
Into the Champion fields, where he  
may be partaker of such sundry sorts of glee,  
As tongue can no way well express,  
or eye shall seldom see;  
For there he may behold her,  
first as she is wild,  
And see how she bestirs her,  
the silly birds for to beguiled:  
And also attends the Falconer,  
and his Spaniels as they range,  
As if she were manned before,  
which is a thing most strange,  
That such a bird  
that never was in hand,  
Should wait so long, and stop so oft,  

Many a true labouring servant hath been cast off with a bunting that hath deserved a Lark for his reward.  and never go to stand.  
And furthermore,  
neither to be served,  
But so let go without reward  
that hath so well deserved.  
Yet nevertheless this loving Hawk  
will take no offence at all,  
But on the morrow next will as ready be  
to come when he shall call:  
But to uncouple his Spaniels  
after his wont guise,  
To spring the fearful Partridge  
that in the stubble lies:  
Or else the mounting Lark,  
which soon the Hobby spies,  
And beats from ground with all her might  
up to the lofty skies;  
Which then for to behold,  
no mirth you may compare,  
Unto the Hobby and the Lark,  
thus striving in the air.  
Until the harmless bird  
being wearied with the flight,  
Is forced with clipped wings together,  
to throw herself down right.  
Whereat the Hawk doth joy,  
and dallies by the way,  
Yet long before they come to ground,  
she makes of her a prey.   
For the Partridge, the Haggart of this kind is best, and may most certainly be made a special Hawk for the same; she must be taught and trained in each degree like unto the Falcon; and must be careful not to fly her after eight a clock in the morning, especially if the Sun break out in any heat; for if you do, she will fall to soaring and be lost, and must be sought up again where she was first taken. Also in the afternoon you may begin at two, if the day be temperate, and Hawk with her until it be near the setting of the Sun; but if she be flone any longer, she will likewise fall to dorring, and be lost, but otherwise with this observation and good order in her diet, she will show herself a Hawk to please a Prince; for you may fly her twenty times in the afternoon, when no other Hawks will fly but must be waited on: yet a little longer, then may you put her to it, as either to the Partridge, the quail, the clot bird in the fallow fields which is a very fat and a dainty bird much like unto the Martin, the Warwinckle, which is a pied bird, and uses most in pastur-ground, or other champaign places, whereas grows great and tall bushes, one some place or distance from the other; whereas I have seen an hundred stoop upon one of the same birds before it could be killed, which is most excellent sport, and full of delight; for if the bushes stands not some reasonable distance apart, the bird will be so terrified at the sight of the Hobby, as you may almost take it with your hand, and when you think it meet, in the end you may kill it with a stone bow, and throw it to the Hawk. Also for the Lark I am not able with my pen to express the delight and passing pleasure that is in that flight, but indeed the Eyas is the very best for the mount; for after she hath but wrought three or four seeled Larks and preyed on them, she will never give over, but work into the high air after the Lark, so it be in a champaign and plain country; for there the policy and drift of the bird that nature hath taught her, is, by being so exceeding high, and upon a circle or wide turn of the Hobby, to stretch away to some kind of covert to shroud and secure herself thereby, by which means sometimes they are preserved from their merciless enemy, but more often are deceived and do lose their lives in the midway.  
When you are disposed to have one of these Hawks to make to this flight, you must make your choice of the formal, and take her from the nest a little before she is able to sit upon the side of the same; then must you provide and make another nest, and place it on some tree in either Orchard or Garden, where it may be safe; and there she must be fed by the man with bits given on the sharp end of a stick, until she be grown able to stand stiffly on her legs, and to pull hard for the meat she shall eat; at which time, as you shall further find her strength and ableness, the nest being no higher but that a man may well reach it, she must be taught by your Art and voice in luring, to come to the lure from thence, if it be but a foot at a time at the first, and so afterward by degrees, as you do find her more stronger, to teach her to come further; and after this manner she must be tutored until she will come from the nest to your voice so far as she can hear, and fly upon you, attending still on her wings where you will have her, and until you perceive her to be full sound, when as you must have your hood, jessebuites and bells, with other ornaments belonging to deck and furnish her withal; which being done, she must be made more gentle and acquainted with the hood, and carriage continually on the fist: then must you provide some Larks to train her withal, but not one to be seen come from the fist or hand, but having before killed two or three on the lure, let her go at first from the hood to a train that must be in a creance of brown thread, and as high as a tall tree before you do unhood her to it. When as you shall find her so apt and forward to that sport, as by that time she hath but enjoyed two or three after that manner, she will go to her business so willingly, and with such delight and pleasure, as it would even ravish the mind and senses of her keeper, or other spectator; then having thus well taught and trained her, afterward when you do not use or fly her, you may suffer her to take her pleasure abroad both day and night continually, or as you shall see cause, always remembering that you feed her not at home for a while at the first, but otherwise by your lure or voice to draw her abroad some quarter or half mile, and there feed and leave her; And for certain, when she hath fed, feaked, and rejoiced, she will repair suddenly back to the place where she was bred up by the man, and trained. Also, on resting days when she is gorged, if you will observe her, you shall see her usually in the heat of the day to fly and soar so high, as it will not be possible to view or behold her; by which means with her natural education together, she will be as perfect in knowledge of the country, as the wild Haggart her natural dam that bred her, and you shall not need after to fear to lose or leave her behind you any where within four or five miles, with her prey in her foot, but so soon as she hath concluded, she will return to the place of her first training again. And this course she will hold most certain and constantly until the week before Michaelmas, but no longer, and then she will as her own nature shall lead her, be gone, if you give her any liberty, and trust her abroad.  
But to return to the Haggart, as there be some of them excellent for this slight of high mounting, so likewise there are other some that in their natural understanding and cunning will desire and seek after advantage, as to be high flown on their wings, and from them, and after that manner to conquer their prey, but otherwise will not go from the fist to the mowtie at all: also for their diet, it would be of clean washed mutton or such other like meat, when they fly not; for they be as hard Hawks as any be, and must be stoned and set to a sound stomach when they should fly. And so I will leave them as the most rare and excellent birds of the world for the young man's use, who cannot well brook or endure to be tied to any certainty, as to be limited or appointed by prescription, when or at what times he shall begin or end his sport and pleasure in Hawking.  
Whereas altogether through the persuasion of my friends, I consented at first, though unwilling to undertake this business, even so afterward, as unadvisedly and rashly, without any foresight, or consideration of the subjects I was to treat of, or ground whereon I might safely build my foundation, I have laboured and traveled a long time, uneasily, and with much weariness in my journey; nevertheless am now well refreshed and comforted that I wandered not from the line that was laid me, or the rough or rugged path that was likewise appointed to direct me: and therefore if I may with simple request persuade thee honest Reader, not to grudge at my good will, but censure better of me, I shall heartily thank thee for thy love, and so I sit down to rest me.    
FINIS.   

The Epilogue, Wherein is contained the opinion of a worthy Divine S. I. and composed by himself, concerning this and the like subject.  
I Have always thuoght Hunting & Hawking, and the like exercises indifferent, with zealous 
In the beginning of his Lectures upon the Hebrews.  Deering, persuading myself that the smelling of the Dog, the flying of the Hawk, the Antipathy amongst the Creatures, how ever it was produced by the fall of man, yet nevertheless that God in his mercy alloweth, & in his wise providence disposeth even of these contrarieties and Antipathies, as well as of the Sympathies of the creatures, for the good and use of man, his Lieutenant & Vicegerent over the works of his hands. And for Hunting, more specially it is my opinion (if not judgement) that 
Gen. 27. ●.  Isaac would not have tolerated, much less commanded Esau's hunting, if it had been sinful. Secondly, it is lawful to kill the Creature in Christian liberty, Dear or Hare, or the like, for meat or medicine: yea so to kill them as they may be most useful & behoveful for man, which is done better by chase or course, then either by Gins or shooting (as experience shows:) and (as some scrupulously object) this is not to tyrannize over the creature, in putting it by continuance of chase or course, to a more lasting pain, but rather to lessen (even as he that dies by degrees in a consumption, or that bleeds to death, dies more easily than he that is hewn with a sword, as Samuel did 
1 Sam. 15.33. ●●  Agag, all at once:) well the ground being the legitimation of this exercise, as many arguments may convince, if it should be contradicted (the circumstances of time, place, persons, duly and truly observed): now because these exercises are grossly and sinfully abused by many lose & licentious persons, that observe no circumstances (which usually make or mar the actions) they using it most that stand least need; in respect of any calling or employment they have, or undertake, to weary their spirits, or spend their body or brain, having their hearts so taken up, and affections entangled with it, as they spend and misspend their golden and precious time, two or three whole days in a week, making recreation half, if not all their vocation, trade, and occupation, turning all their meat into sauce, yea the Sabbath itself, which should be dedicated to God and good duties, being profaned and polluted by the discourses of their chases and courses with their hounds and horses, or coursers; I say, because such idle libertines do abuse this honest and harmless exercise, as it hath ever been accounted, 
Romans solemn viris opus, utile famae, vitaeque & membris, etc. Horace. Lege Natalem Comitem de venat. in fine Mythiolog●  may it not therefore be lawfully and conscionably used with moderation by a Magistrate, or Minister, or Lawyer, or Student, or any other seriously employed, which in any function heat their brains, wast their bodies, weaken their strength, weary their spirits; that as a means (and blessing from God) by it their decayed strength may be restored, their vital and animal spirits quickened, refreshed, and revived; their health preserved, and they better enabled (as a bow unbended for shooting) to the discharging of these weighty charges imposed upon them. Who will deny this, but either those that are blockishly ignorant, ignorantly or blindly zealous, viciously profane, splenitively malicious, or critically, if not hypocritically censorious? that will be taxing and condemning, and shooting their bruta fulmina, foolish Bolts as mad men their darts, against those whom they hate or emulate, whether there be cause or no.  
FINIS.