❧ A PLAIN TREATISE TO LEARN IN A SHORT SPACE THE FRENCH TONGVE, DIVIDED IN TWO BOOKS.  
❧ IE VISUS EN esperance.  
Imprinted at London by Henry Denham, for certain of the Company.  
Anno. M.D.LXXVI.  
CUM PRIVILEGIO.   

❧ A TRESILLUSTRE ET PVISSANT SEIGNEUR, MONSEIGNEUR, EDOVARD SEYMOVR BARON DE BEAUCHAMP ET CONTE DE HERTFORD. ❧  
MOnseigneur, le coeur qui est accompaigné de quelque bonne volunté, ou enuers Dieu, ou enuers les hommes, se sent tousiours esguillonné à fair chose qui puisse apporter instruction ou commodité aux autres. Or combien que ie confess franchement que ie ne suis pas tel, que ce qui proceed de moy, soit dign de venir en la lumiere des hommes: Toutesfoys considerant, que nostre devoir est de nous esuertuer (selon le peu qui est en nous) pour nous employer à un bien commun, I'ay bien voulu enfaire un essay en ce mien petit traité, touchant nostre langue Françoises Il est vray que ce n'a esté sans en estre requis de plusieurs, l'esquelz mesme mont employé pour l'apprendre, & ont estimé que mon labeur leur avoit grandement profitté, au judgement desquelz i' ay beaucoup deferé, & ne leur voudroy refuser, rien qui fust en mon pounoir. Mais encores que la chose, leur ait esté agreeable, si est ce qu' il me sembloit ne satisfaire, au bon vouloir que i'ay en leur endroit & de tous ceux de ce royalme slorissant. Neantmoins es●ant conseillé voire persuadé de mes amis (lesquels l'ont diligemment leu & trouuē qu'il seroit profitable) ie me suis d'auantage enhardi de le mettre en avant. Cependant d'autant qu'il sera exposé au judgement de plusieurs, & ne sera hors du danger de beaucoup de detractions, tellement que s'il n'a la faveur de quelque grand & vertueux personnage, à grand pain pourra-ilpasser sans estre nauré. A ceste cause, Monseigneur, confiderant les vertuz excellentes (desquelles vostre grandeur est ornée, qui larend, encores plus respectable, & la debonnaireté qui conuie un chascun de se mettre en vostre protection, i'ay prins la hardiesse de le vous presenter humblement, tant à fin d'estre favorisé & soustenu de vostre autorité, que pour le receu●●● (tel qu'il est) selon vostre grand benignité, & de tel vouloir, come par moy vostre treshumble seruiteur vous est offert & presenté, non qu'il soit dign de vous, ou que vous en puissieZ reccuoir quelque profit, veu que vousparlez autant bien & elegamment Francois qu'onscauroit demander. Mais attendu qu'il peut apporter vtilité à d'autres qui desirent d'apprendre nostre langue, & qu'estes un de ceux qui procurez & aimeZ autant le bien & commodité d'un chascun, come le vostre mesme, ie m'assure que pour ceste cause vous y prendrez à tout le moins quelque contentement, & principallement s'il advient qu'il puisse profitter à messeigneurs voz enfans: Car c'est ce que ie desire de tout mon coeur, & prac. Dieu qu'ainsi soit. Quifera l'endroict monseigneur, où ie prendray con●e de vous pour le present, priest avec une affection à vous fair, & à eux, treshumble service, come des à present ie m'y voüe, non pour un temps, à la facon de ceux qui ne parlent que de la bouche, mais de tout mon coeur & toute ma vie: Car le salaire de telle obligation est perdurable, à cause qu'il proceed de vertu. Priant Dieu qu'il me face la grace de fair chose quisoit dign de vostre Excellence & debonnaireté, & qu'il vueille par sa grand bonté & grace infinie vous donner, Monseigneur, toute largesse de ces benedictions & à toute vostre Noble posterité.  
Vostre treshumble & tresaffectionné seruiteur G. Ledoyen De la Pichonnaye.   

❧ A plain Treatise to learn in a short space the French tongue (.?.)  
THere be two and twenty letters in the French tongue, the which we will expound after the order of the cross row, having first made to be understanded how they aught to be pronounced every one by itself, then joined with others in any word: and afterwards, when they do keep their sound, and when they do loose it, or change it, for herein consisteth all the difficulty of the tongue, my respect in this work is to strangers and specially to English men, for whom I write, which marvel (& not without cause) for that often times we do not sound our letters, according to their own nature, but do change them into an other sound, and sometime we do not only so altar them, but leave them unsounded even as if they were not written. First therefore they must presuppose that it is the nature of the tongue as of many other, and also of their own, and they may not deny it, for experience doth show it, I will not say in some words but almost in all, and yet they can yield no other reason for it, than use. But I do hope in this my Treatise to do more concerning our tongue, not for to praise or extol it, but to ondevour to satisfy them, that are so desirous to learn it, and to stir them up the rather so to do, for that hereby my mind is (with the grace of God) to teach them: and I will yield them a reason, why this letter here is sounded and that letter there is not, and why a letter is pronounced in one place, and not in another, & also by what reason this letter here is rather sounded with that letter there, then with another, and to conclude I will omit nothing (if I can) that may be profitable & necessary for Englishmen to know forthwith, to read well, to pronounce, and speak French. For I will apply myself to them and to resolve the doubts that they may move, whereof oftentimes I have reasoned with certain, whom I did so answer, that for the most part I contented them: in so much that already knowing some part of their mind of this matter, it will be the easier for me to make them understand it, conferring herein their tongue with ours, and giving them examples thereof, for thereby the matter shall be unto them more & more manifested, which being done, I shall think thereinto have much eased many that were so laden with difficulties and doubts (that they did see in our French Grammars, that they were constrained to give over and leave all▪ yea, seeing themselves deceived by their Teachers, who promised unto them mountains of gold, and made them believe th●● 〈◊〉 tongue was so obscure as none could be more, but with the labour and industry, that they should take, they would make it easy for them: and all this came to nothing, and yet to a very great thing, considering the harm and tediousness that the learners received thereof. Likewise I trust I shall again encourage those that were in the way to learn it, the which I wish with all my heart: For I desire nothing else in this world, but the profit and furtherance of every one, and the rather because it is a deed of charity, of the which the Heathen also have had some natural instinct, as may be seen by their books, that they have left unto us in writing, where they all cry with one accord, that we are not only borne for ourselves, but for our Parents, for our Country, and for all those that do us good, & that show themselves charitable unto us. Now of duty I aught to procure the profit of them of this Country, for the great benefits that we do receive of them, & let no man think that I do set forth this for any other occasion, that is to say; for lucre or any other vain thing, for he should be much deceived, & also I would accuse him of the same vice. For even as he that hath his mouth out of taste, thinketh that every thing that he eateth is also evil savouring and corrupted, even so it is of those that delight to reprehend other, which they never could do except they were stuffed and defiled, yea rotten with vices, which they would cast (if they could) upon others. Therefore I pray them to leave of such fopperies, for so they may be called, and let them bestow their time in goodness, if they will that men esteem of them, as they would be esteemed of. As touching the rest, if their perverse nature will needs be occupied in such their biting actions, the truth will bite them so hard, that their good name shall first feel the same and will make them to be cut with their own sword. For that which moved me to take this matter in hand, was the great love and affection that I bear to English men, and also the request of many Lords and Gentlemen, with whom I have spent much time, being conversant and communicating with them, of the pronunciation of our tongue, so that I durst not say them nay, although I have not been much trained up in their tongue. But they have promised me, that if I doubted of any word, touching the conferring of their tongue with ours, or in this translation, that they would aid me. So that resting upon this their aid, and favour, I did not then doubt to enterprise this little Treatise. And as concerning our tongue, if I do not observe all things as I should, neither yet content the students, as I would the blame must not be laid on me, seeing that not I alone, but all those that have written of it, have not comprehended the forth part of our tongue in rules or precepts: Notwithstanding that which I could not do, as I would, I have recompensed by labour as you shall see hereafter in the order that I keep, as well in the expounding of every letter, as in the knowledge of words, to weet, of what part of speech they are. But afore we come to the understanding of the words, we must speak of the letters, of which the words are formed: to the end that having the nature of the simple, we may more easily come to the compounds, as from letters, to syllables, & from syllables, to words, and from words to speeches. Therefore willing to expound first the letters, we must of nature and reason begin at, A, for it is the first in order, and for to see the same clearly I will write all our two & twenty letters in this manner  
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. V X. Y. Z.   


¶ A plain treatise to learn in a short space the French tongue, divided in two books.  

Of A.  
A, Is pronounced plainly of the French men, opening a little more the mouth than Englishmen do. A, aught to be sounded every where, and with every letter, except when it is joined with, i, and, y, for than it loseth his sound, & it is pronounced as this, é, which we call masculine: as for example of, ai, fair, to do fére, aimer to love émer, plaindre, to complain pléndre, of aye, feray, I will do feré, diray, I will say diré, ayderay, I will help éderé, and likewise in all other words where they shall be found. A, with an accent in this sort, à, showeth that the word following is a Noun of the Dative case, and signifieth in English this Article, To: as in deed it is the Article of the dative case in our tongue, as in this example, donnez cela à mon master, give that to my master. Ditez à vostre Pere, que ie fais bonne cheer, Tell your Father, that I do make good cheer. A, without an accent betokeneth the third person of Verbs of our second Preterperfect tense, as in these examples, a dit, hath said, a aimé, hath loved, a parlé, hath spoken, and so of all such like. And last of all, A, also is a note of the third person, and singular number of this Verb, aye, have, as Il a mon liure, He hath my book. Il a authorité, He hath authority.   

Of B.  
B, is pronounced in this manner, be, as if the é, were always joined with it, although that it be not there, neither aught to be there: but it is the nature of it so to be pronounced in our tongue. B, among the vowelles is always pronounced, and at the beginning of words, except at the end, and when it is before some consonant. An example of the words where it is at the end: as Plomb, Lead, and such like, of those where it is in the midst: as debt, debt, debuoir, duty, because that, u, in this place after, b, is made a consonant.   

Of C.  
C, is pronounced as this word, Cé, & keepeth his pronunciation in all words. It is true, that when it is written with a half circle underneath, than it is pronounced as, S, and this is, when it is joined with, a, and, oh: as sçavoir, knowledge, Françoys, Francis, façon, fashion. C, joined with, t, in the end of a word is never expressed, but in the midst, it is, if it be between two vowelles: as victorieux, victorious, acteur, a doer, protecteur, a defender, diction, a word, faction, a deed: also when it is joined with, h, and, a, it is pronounced: as, sha, an example, champ, a field, Charretier, a Charter, as if they were written thus, shamp, sharrtier, and so of others.   

Of D.  
D, is pronounced as this syllable, dé, the which is expressed in all words, except certain, aswell in the beginning as at the end. An example of those, where it is found in the beginning and not pronounced: as advocasser, to plead, advenir, to come, adiourner, to adjourn, adviser, to advise, advertir, to advert, adiouster, to add. Of, D, at the end: as profond, deep, rood, round, grand, great, quand, when, as if profond & the other were written with, t, in this sort profont, etc.   

Of E.  
E, is pronounced diversly in our tongue because we make two sorts of E, the one masculine, & the other feminine, in such sort, that according as it is, so is it pronounced, we will speak then first of the nature of é, masculine: which is pronounced plainly & more strongly than the other, as the word wherein it is more plainly declareth, the which may yet more easily be conceives of them chief, that understand the Latin tongue. For our, é, masculine, is like their latin, e, which they sound in the end of their words: as me, me, te, the, se, himself, Domine, O Lord, amare, to love, and so of all the other. The which, é, besides this carrieth a mark evident enough, which is a sharp accent in this sort, é, so that a man shall never fail to know it by this means, seeing it so noted over the head. As touching the e, feminine, it is hard to pronounce it because that it hath not any sign that should make it to be known: And especially, the Englishmen cannot pronounce it at the end of their words, because they be not accustomed so to do, as may be seen in these words sort, concord, able. But I would require them to accustom themselves to pronounce it, and in place that they make but one syllable of sort, that they make thereof two, and so of other the like. And would advertise those that have studied the Latin tongue to pronounce the said, e, femini. as they pronounce, e, in the second syllable of verbs of the third Conjugation: as in facere, to do, legere, to read, dicere, to say. Now beside these two sorts of, é, e, there is yet found an other different, notwithstanding from the other two: and it is always before S, be it at the beginning, in the midst, or at the end of words: and is pronounced between a, and, e, as the latinists do this diphtonge, ae, which may and aught to be thus written, ae, as in these words aestre, to be, senaestre, a window, aupraes, near. Now since we have told how they are pronounced, it is necessary (following our order) to see whither they keep their pronunciation and whither they altar not: é, masculine never changeth his sound, nor this, e, neuter: but, e, feminine is changed, as when it is joined with, n, and, m, in one & the self same syllable, for than it is pronounced between, e, and, a, turning yet more upon, a, than upon, e: as, intendment, understanding, as if it were written with, a: thus, antandemant, Empereur, an Emperor, as Ampereur, except in these words bien, well, mien, mine, tien, thine, sien, his, rien, nothing, combien, although, where it keepeth his own pronunciation.   

Of F.  
F, is pronouneed as this word here esse, which is expressed almost in all words except some, to weet, those where it is put before, S, as for example, beufs, beeves, oeufs, eggs, vifs, quick, fugitiss, fugitives, for otherwise if, S, did not follow, it should be expressed.   

Of G.  
G, is pronounced in our tongue as this syllable Ié, compounded of, I, a consonant, and, é, masculine, which letter aught to be observed diligently of Englishmen. For this is it where with they find themselves much cumbered, and especially when it is joined with, i, and, e, for than we pronounce it otherwise than they do: they pronounce it as the Greeks, and as we do ke, ki, as for example: give and give, but a Frenchman would pronounce give, as if it were written thus jeve, by our I, consonant. So that Englishmen aught to note upon this that always and so often as they shall see in our tongue, g, joined with, e, or, i, they must pronounce it, as a, I, consonant: as in this word geste, gesture, gist, lieth, and all other such like, as if they were written in this sort jest, Iist: Those which are exercised in the Latin tongue may easily learn it, for we pronounce, g, even as the latinists do thee, g, when it is joined with, e, &, i: as, gero, I behave, gigno, I beget. There remaineth to observe of this letter, g, that when it goeth before, n, of necessity it must be spelled and joined together with, n, following, and not with the letters going before, striking the roof of the mouth with the root & flat of the tongue, and so join together these two letters: as thus, compagnon, and not compagnon, these three, gua, gue, gui. aught also to be well noted of the Englishmen, who in them would pronounce thee, u, as in this word: guarentir, to warrant, guarir, to heal: But they must take great heed of it, and pronounce them, as if u, were not there at all, & as it were thus written garentir, garir, even as they do pronounce this word Gabriel, or any other word in their tongue which is written by, ga, an example of gue, as in this word guerre, war, whereof the first syllable must be pronounced, as they pronounce the first of this word give, except in this word, arguer, to argue, where, oh, is pronounced, an example of, gui: as guider, to guide, deguiser, disguise. For there, gui, is pronounced as Englishmen do the first, gi', of Gilforde, it is true that there are some words excepted from this Rule of gui, where, u, is pronounced: as esguillon, a sting, esguille, a needle, esguiser, to sharpen. G, in the end of the word, is not pronounced as g, but in a manner as c: as in long, long, as if it were thus written lonc, g, is not also pronounced in this word cognoistre, to know.   

Of H.  
H. is pronounced in French, as English men pronounce this word, ash, which is called fresne, in our tongue: it loseth his pronunciation in the beginning of words, which be of two, three, and four syllables: as homme, a man, honneur, honour, habillement, garment, heures, bowers, except some, where it is pronounced, as in hache, a spear, hachiss, a gallymawfrye, haine, hatred, hazard, hazard, hardi, hardy, hatif, hasty, haste, haste, and in words of one syllable it is always pronounced: as horse, out, haut, high, and so of others like. Also it keepeth his pronunciation being joined together with all the letters, except with, p, r, t, for with those it is not pronounced at all, an example of, p: as fantasy, fantasy, philosophy, philosophy, phiole, vial or bottle, phisicien, a physician, and then, p. and h, take the signification of, f, an example of r: as Rhetoricque; Rhetoric, of, t: as thalent, a talon, Theatre, a game place, threfor, treasure.   

Of I  
We do not pronounce I so broad as Englishmen do, which in deed pronounce it so, that it seemeth to them which are not accustomed to hear them, that they pronounce this diphthong, oi, ei, and, ai, in such sort that they have also such a pronunciation in their latin, as in this word Domini, Lords, which they pronounce, as if it were written in this sort domainai, and so of others. And therefore to pronounce it well as the French men, Spaniards, Italians, & specially they, which speak yet somewhat naturally the Latin tongue and consequently have better the pronunciation than those which speak it but by art. They must then strain the tongue more than they do, and therewith strike a little, only against the roof of the mouth and against the fore teeth in opening them a little that they may eschew this broad & gross sound that they have accustomed to give unto it. We have, I, a vowel, and, I, a consonant as the Latins have, I, a vowel is before the consonantes: as Ignorant, Ignorant, Imagination, Imagination. I, a consonant is known by this, that it goeth before a vowel in one and the self same syllable: as jamais, never, jeunesse, youth, jaloux, jealous, jadis. sometime, ja, already, jeter, to cast, jovir, to enjoy, joieux, joyous, just, just.   

Of L.  
L, alone by himself is pronounced as this word elle, which Englishmen must observe, seeing by this word they may see how they must pronounce it more openly: I mean alone, for a double ll, is not pronounced so openly, & specially if these diphthongs, ai, oi, ei, and, ui, go before it, and any other vowel follow it, & then it must be pronounced with the flat of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth, as young Scholars do pronounce the first syllable of luceo, I shine, the second of saluto, I salute: as for example, bailler, to give, veiller, to watch, grenoille, a frog, bovillir, to boil, and when it is between simple vowelles: as faucille, a sickle, bill, a bill, fill, a daughter, and so of other, except ville, a town. syllable, a syllable, also, l, simple is pronounced in all places, as a liquid, that is l, m, n, r, saving when it is before a Consonant in one and the self same syllable, and then it loseth his pronunciation, as in these words fills, a son, fols, fools, fault, a fault, aultre, an other.   

Of M.  
M, is by itself pronounced in this sort emme, as if it were a word of these two syllables, and it is always pronounced except at the end of words where it is changed only into, n: as nom, a name, Adam, Adam, Abraham, Abraham, for you must pronounce them as if they were written by, n, thus non, Adan. etc. M. also after, e, is pronounced as, n: as Empereur, Enpereur, an Emperor.   

Of N.  
N, aught to be pronounced as this word of two syllables, enne, the which is pronounced in all words aswell at the beginning, as in the midst, and at the end: because it is a liquid, except, notwithstanding in the third persons of Verbs of the Plural number. For there, n, before, e, is never pronounced: example aiment, do love, aimoyent, did love, aimerent, loved, aimeroyent, should love, aimassent, had loved, as if they were written without, n, in this sort aimet, aimoiet, aimeret, aimeroyet, aimasset.   

Of O.  
O, is a vowel which is pronounced after our fashion in all tongues: And therefore I will not stay more thereupon, I will only say that it keepeth his pronunciation in all places except in a diphthong. For than it is changed into é, masculine: as congnoistre, to know, congnestre, oewre, a work, ewre.   

Of P.  
P, is a consonant which is alone pronounced as this syllable, Pé, which being put before another consonant is not pronounced, except in, apt, apt, also, p, before, h, and a vowel loseth his sound, for it is pronounced, as, f, an example philosophe, a philosopher, as if it were written by, f, thus, filosofe, and so of other the like.   

Of Q.  
Q, is pronounced as, cum, which is always joined with, u, and, a, u, and e, u, and, i, u, and oh, and notwithstanding you may not say, quam, quë, quï, quö, quü, as in Latin, Italian, or English, but, qua, must be pronounced as if it were written with, k, and, a, in this sort, ka, as for example quattre, four, as, kattre, banqueter, to banquet, as banketer, antiquité, antiquity, antikité, quo, and, quu, are not pronounced as ko, and, ku, but as, co, &, cum, as it is easy to see in these example's quoter, to coat, as if it were written, coter, and, quoy, what, as, coy, and, quu, always as, cu.   

Of R.  
R, of his nature is a letter very sharp and rude, which our tongue cannot easily abide, we temper and mollify the sound of it, for otherwise in our tongue it hath no grace. Nevertheless I would not therefore you should be so delicate, that you should altogether leave it, and that you should be like to the women of Paris, who are so nice that they can not pronounce it without hurting their mouth (as they think) for in steed of saying Pere, Father, they say peze, or, pese, and in steed of Mere, Mother, meze, or mese, but you must keep a mean, between both.   

Of S.  
S, is pronounced as this word, esse, which for the first when it is between two vowels loseth his sound, and is turned into, z: as maison, a house, saison, a season, as if they were written thus maizon, saizon. Otherwise it keepeth his own pronunciation but because it is not pronounced always, chiefly being before another consonant: but in few, by reason of the concourse of two consonants, which we think to be rude in our tongue, it is very necessary to know in what words it is pronounced, and in what it is not expressed: For this is it where the greatest part of those that desire to learn our tongue, are hindere●, not knowing when they must pronounce it, or leave it: which also is hard to know and almost impossible, if it be not by great experience and long observation of the words. For they do but mock themselves, and deceive other, that think to contain the same by certain rules, and to forge them after their own fasie as may do, to the end to feed men with such vanities. Therefore seeing of two burdens the less is to be taken, I will set forth in the table following by the order of the cross row all the words where thee, S, joined with any consonant in one and the self same syllable is pronounced: seeing that there is not of them so many, as there be of them where, S, joined with a consonant is not pronounced, for he that knoweth one, knoweth the other: forasmuch as he that knoweth the nature of one contrary, he knoweth consequently the nature of the other.  

¶ A table of all the French words where, S, joined with an other consonant is pronounced after the order of the letters.  

A.  
Abstenir, to abstain.  
Acoster, to meet.  
Acostable, familiar.  
aposturne, an impostume.  
Asperger, to sprinkle.  
Assister, to assist.  
Apostate, an apostatate.  
Aposter, to become an apostatate.  
Austeres, severe.  
august, noble.   

B.  
Bastille, a bulwark.  
Bastillon, a little bulwark.  
Bosquet, a grove.   

C.  
Celeste, heavenly.  
Chaste, Chast.  
Clistere, a glister.  
Confisquer, to confiscate.  
Consister, to consist.  
Conspirer, to conspire.  
Constant, constant.  
Constellation, a constellation.  
Constituer, to appoint.  
Constrister, to make sad, and those that descend of them.   

D.  
Desespoir, despair.  
Destiner, to appoint.  
Destituer, to want.  
Detester, to detest.  
Digestion, digestion.  
Discretion, discretion.  
Discreet, discrete.  
Discorder, to disagree.  
Discourse, a discourse.  
Discussion, a discussion.  
Dispenser, to dispense.  
Disposer, to dispose.  
Disputer, to dispute.  
Distance, a distance.  
Distiller, to drop down.  
distinguer, to distinguish  
Distrere, to withdraw.  
Distribuer, to distribute.  
Domesticque, household.  
Disgrace, disgrace.  
Demonstration, a demonstration.  
Description, a description.  
Desastre, mischance.   

E.  
Embuscade, a conspiracy, or laying in wait for.  
Escarpins', pumps or pinsons.  
Escrimeur, a fenser.  
Espace, a space.  
Esperer, to hope.  
Esprit, Spirit.  
Estimer, to esteem.  
Estomac, the stomach.  
Escadron, an array.  
Esquif, a boat.   

F.  
Festin, a banquet.  
Fistule, a fistola.  
Frustrer, to frustrate.   

G.  
Geste, a gesture.   

H.  
Histoire, an History.  
Histrion, a stage player.   

I  
Inspiration, inspiration.  
Instable, inconstant.  
Instamment, instantly.  
Instinct, instinct.  
Instinguer, to provoke.  
Instruire, to instruct.  
Instrument, an instrument.  
Intestins, the inward parts.  
juriste, a Lawyer.  
jusques, until.  
just, just.  
jurisconsulte, a lawyer.   

L.  
Lustre, a show.   

M.  
Manifester, to manifest.  
S, to mask.  
modest, modest.  
Molest, grievous.  
Monastere, a monastery.  
Monster, a monser.  
Muscadet, muscadel.  
Mystere, a mystery.   

N.  
Nonobstant, notwithstanding.   

O.  
Obscurcir, to darken.  
Obstiner, to be or make obstinate.   

P.  
Pasteur, a pastor.  
Pastenades, carrot roots.  
Persister, to persist.  
pest, plague.  
Postuler, to require.  
Presque, almost.  
Proscrire, to writ for.  
Prosperer, to prospero.  
Prosterner, to prost●●●.  
Protester, to pro●●●●.  
Postposer, to set after.  
Posterieur, latter.  
posterity, posterity.  
Posthume, one borne after his father's death.  
post, a post.  
Postidate, a day deferred.   

Q.  
question, a question.   

R.  
Respirer, to breath.  
Restituer, to restore.  
Restaurer, to restore.   

S.  
Superstition, superstition.  
Suspect, suspect.  
Suspendre, to hung up.  
Sultenter, to sustain.  
Subministrer, to serve under.   

T.  
Testament, a testament.  
Testicule, a stone.  
Testifier, to testify.  
Testonner, to rub with a comb.  
Transcrire, to writ out.  
Transformer, to transform.  
Transgressor, to transgress.  
Transmettre, to transmitte, or se●●●e ●uer.  
Transmuer, to remove from one place to another.  
Transporter, to transport.  
Transposer, to transpose.  
Triste, sad.   
As for these four last letters following, that is to say u, x, y, z. There are not found any words which begin by them, where S, looked with an other consonant is pronounced, behold therefore all that I could gather upon this letter, S, that might be profitable and necessary for the students.    

Of T.  
T, is pronounced as this word, Té, which in all words keepeth his pronunciation except in the end of nouns, wherein it is not expressed, but in the end of verbs it is pronounced softly, to the end, 〈◊〉, masculine be not sounded after it, so that to do this we may not strike much with the tongue against the roof of the mouth, but as little as a man can, not opening the mouth to much, for fear of falling into the fault of the Bourguignions' Walloons, which pronounce it so strongly that of a word of two syllables they make three: as of mengent, they eat, they will make mengenté, donnent, they give, donnenté. Therefore I advertise you to pronounce this letter, T, rather to softly, than to much for our tongue requireth it.   

Of V.  
V, is pronounced in shutting the mouth and closing the lips round together, which is both a consonant and a vowel: a consonant, when it is before an other vowel: as vous, you, vostre, yours, voir, to see, & a vowel, when it is before a Consonant: as lustre, a show, doucement, sweetly, rude, rude. Now we must note, that as it is a vowel, it is not pronounced after, q, nor after, g, as for example of, q, quantité, quantity, quattre, four, which words English men must pronounce, as if they were written by, k, and, a, in this sort kantité, kattre: of, g, as langue, a tongue, bague, a ring, which they must pronounce also leaving the, u, and pronouncing thee, e, that abideth with thee, g, as they do their a, or else between both if they were written thus, langa, baga, mitigating notwithstanding, as much as they may the pronunciation of thee, a, in turning it upon, e.   

Of X.  
X, is pronounced as if, i, were joined together with it, in this sort, Ix, which being at the end of words hath the sound of, S, as chevaux, horses, cheveux, hears, beaux, fair, deux, two, but in the midst, betwixt two vowels, it hath the signification of two letters that is to say, c, s: as in these words Alexandre, Alexander, exemple, example, which must be pronounced as if they were written by, c, s, in this manner ecsemple, Alecsandre.   

Of Y.  
Y, is rightly called of us by the name of Greek, for it is also a vowel of the Greeks, which keepeth in all places his pronunciation, and is like to our vowel, i, being never changed, but when it is after, a, for then the pronunciation of it is turned into our, e, masculine.   

Of Z.  
Z, is pronounced as this word, zedes, and because English men pronounce it as we do, I will not stay any more thereof. True if is that at the end of words we pronounce it as, S.   

Of Diphthongs.  
WE have four principal diphthongs, which are changed: of which I will speak, for as for the other diphthongs there needeth no mention to be made of them, seeing they are pronounced as they be written: the four are these ai, ei, oi, ui, of which the three first be changed into, é, masculine, and the fourth into, i: an example of ai, aimer, to love, emer, of ei, pleindre, to complain, plendre, of oi, congnoistre, to know, congnestre, of ui, bovillir, to boil. There is yet an other diphthong, which I will not leave out because it is changed also into, é, and that is, oe: as coeur, a heart, ceur, oewre, a work, ewre, soeur, sistet, seur.   

Of Synalepha.  
Synalepha, is a figure by the which, e, feminine is not in a manner pronounced, for when two divers words run together whereof one endeth in, e, & the other beginneth with an other vowel, the, e, which is at the end, is, as it were not pronounced, and if it be pronounced, it is very little: as in this example bonne anne vous doint Dieu, a good year unto you give God. Il aime à fair cecy, ou cela, He loveth to do this, or that.   

Of Apostrophe.  
This figure Apostrophe, is always and so often as these words of one syllable, to weet je, te, me, se, de, ne, le, que, ce, do go before other words that begin with vowels: For this vowel, e, which is in the said words of one syllable is eaten up & taken away because of the concurrence & meeting of the vowel in the word following, and in the place of that which is so eaten up, we put this half circle, which showeth the figure of Apostrophe, as for example of, je, j'enuoye, I do send, of, te, je t'ay escrit, I wrote to thee, of, me, Il m'a dit, He told me. Of, se, Il s' est humilié, He humbled himself. Of, ne, Il n'est point icy, He is not here. Of, que, O qu'il est excellent, O how excellent he is. Of, ce, c'est icy un don de Dieu, this here is a gift of God. Of, le, l'esprit vivifie, the spirit quickeneth, we may also hereunto add these of one syllable, si, ma, re, & this word of two syllables, grand, as for example of, si. S'il est vray je vous croy, If it be true I believe you. Of, ma, m'amie, My woman friend. Of, re, r'amenteuoir, to remember. Of, grand, grand ' esperance, great hope. Grand'e assurance, great assurance.   

Of the running together of consonants in divers words.  
When two Consonants follow one another, and meet together in divers words, the one in the end of a word and the other in the beginning of the next word following, the same which is at the end, is never pronounced, as for example, je me recommande a vos bonnes graces, I do commend myself unto your good graces, which must be pronounced as if, S, were not there at all: in this wise, je me recommande a vo-bonne-graces, but you must therefore pause a little upon the vowel which goeth before, S, it is true that this rule taketh no place, when after a Consonant which is in the end of a word, there followeth a Comma or point, because than it is pronounced: as in this example, je vous remercie messieurs, pour les grands biens, les grands plaisirs, & honnestetez, que vous me faites, sans toutefois, l'auoir metite, I thank you my masters, for the great benefits, the great pleasurés, and honesty that you do to me without, notwithstanding, my desert.    

The second Book.  
Having sufficiently declared the nature of the letters, and how they be pronounced by themselves, and joined together, and in what places they keep their pronunciation, and also where they loose it. There remaineth now to speak of words, and how they may be known one from another. And to know this well, it is necessary to see how many parts of speech there be, or kinds of words. Of which there are nine: the article, the Noun, Pronoune, the Verb, the Participle, the adverb, the Conjunction, the Preposition, and the Interjection: Of which we will treat orderly.  

¶ Of the Article.  
The Article is a certain way to guide and lead us easily to the knowledge of the Nouns: for it is as the sign that showeth the thing signified. There be two sorts of Articles, the one is, un, one, and une, one: and the other, le, the, la, the. Which Articles have both gender and number: As for the gender, they have it, insomuch as every article is either of the masculine or feminine gender. Of the neuter gender there is no Article in our tongue. If they be for the masculine gender, in the singular number they end in, un, and in, le, in the plural, uns, and les, if they be of the feminine gender, they make in the singular number, une, and lafoy, and in the Plural, unes, and, les. Le, is for the Nominative case singular of nouns of the masculine gender: as, le master, the master, le pere, the father, le fils, the son, and so of other like. La, is for the feminine: as, lafoy dame, the Lady, la femme, the woman, lafoy mistress, the Mistress. For the genitive case singular, de, of, du, of the, d'un, of one, for the masculine: as, jesus Christ fils de Dieu, jesus Christ son of God, Cecy vient de la bonte du Roy, this cometh of the goodness of the King. je parle d'un homme, I speak of a man. For the feminine, de la, of the and, d'une, of one: as, le mari de la femme, the husband of the wife, la beauté d'une dame, the beauty of a Lady. A, to, au, to, for the Dative, masculine, and feminine: as, je declaray cela à mon master, I declared the same to my master, I'ay dit cecy à Marguerite, I told this same to Margaret. The Accusative is like the Nominative. O, serveth to the Vocative, as well masculine, as feminine. Par, by, de, of, du, of the, d'un, of one, pour, for, de la, of the, and d'une, of one, he Articles which show the Ablative case of the singular number, whereof de, du, d'un, be for the masculine only: as Il est nay de jean, he is borne of john, Il vient du chasteau, he cometh from the Castle, Il a apprins d'un bon master, he hath learned of a good master. De la, & D'une, are also for the feminine only. Il sort de la ville, be cometh out of the town, Il est estime d'une femme, he is praised of a woman. But, par, and pour, are as well for the Masculine, as for the Feminine. Now, le, and, lafoy, for the nominative plural, have only, les, which serveth them both. un, hath uns, and une, maketh unes. The genitive plural maketh des, of, for, the masculine and feminine, d'uns, of one, for the masculine, d'unes, for the feminine. For the Dative, aux, to the, for the masculine & the feminine. The Accusative is like the Nominative. The Vocative is like to the Vocative singular. And the Ablative plural, to the Ablative singular, which Articles be always set immediately before the Nouns substantives: And beside them, there are also many Pronouns, that help us very much for to know to discern nouns substantives from other parts of speech, of which we will speak hereafter.   

Of a Noun.  
The noun is the name of a thing which may be seen, touched, heard, or understood: as the name of my hand, the name of my body, of a table, of a book, or other the like. Every noun is either Substantive or adjective: The noun substantive is the same that may be of itself, and hath no need to be joined with another word to signify the nature of a thing: for simply in itself and alone, it showeth the same wholly: as, homme, a man, master, a master, peer, a father, maison, a house. The noun adjective is that which can signify nothing of itself, but must be always joined with a Substantive in this sort, bon homme, a good man, heureux master, a happy master. mawais charpentier, an ill Carpenter, malheureux enfant, an unhappy child. Also a noun substantive is divided into two, into a noun proper, and into a noun common. A noun proper, is that that agreeth to one only thing, and to one only person, as this noun jean, john, is proper only to all those that are called by this name, and not to others. A noun common is attributed to many things: as maison, a house, peer, a father, homme, a man, liure, a book, table, a table, lict, a bed, chappeau, a hat, bonnet, a cap. nouns substantives have six accidents, that is to say, Gender, Number, Person, Derivation, Composition and Declenson.   

Of the first Accident.  
There be two sorts of genders, masculine and feminine, which, as we have said here before, are known by the Articles that go before them, and also by their signification, of which we will now speak. For the masculine gender, we have to note, that all names of men, of dignity, of office, of occupation, of parentage, or affinity, of Months, of money, of trees, of little trees (except the Vine tree) all names of beasts male, briefly all verbal nouns, or other that belong only to men, are of the masculine gender. As also all those which belong to things feminine, are of the feminine gender: as the names of women, of fruits, of Cities, and others, which we will treat of hereafter according to their termination. All nouns ending in, i, or, y, ain, air, ant, ent, as, eau, eux, ien, ier, it, in, oir, ur, eur, ont, or, and, is, Ils, or in any other consonant whatsoever, are of the masculine gender, which is easy to be known: notwithstanding, although that a man may well comprehend this same in this sort, yet I will not omit to set down some examples to make the thing more clear whereof the question is: as for example of, i, or, y, amy, a friend, apuy, a stay, enrichi, enriched. Of ain, vain, vain, prochain, near, grain, corn, human, humane. Of air, viaire, a grave, affair business. Of ant, aymant, loving, constant, constant, fayneant, an idle body, nonchalant, reckless, vaillant, valiant. Of crit, diligent, diligent, ornement, an ornament, habillement, an habillement, argent, silver. Of, as, amas, a heap, bras, an arm, fatras, baggage. Of eau, veau, a calf, pourceau, a hog, manteau, a cloak, chappeau, a hat. Of, eux, vitieux, vicious, ambitieux, ambitious, cowoiteux, covetous, honteux, shameful, amoureux, amorous, courageux, courageous. Example of, ien, chien, a dog, bien, good, maintien, countenance, ancien, an ancient. Of, ier, sentier, a footpath, entire, whole. Of in, voisin, a neighbour, cousin, a cousin. Of, it, desire, desire, plaisir, pleasure. Of, oir, vouloir, will, powoir, power, and so of other terminations, which every man may see in reading. For it should be more tedious than profitable, to give example of them all, seeing that even of themselves they are easy enough to comprehend, and so this shall suffice for the masculine gender. Now of the feminine. All nouns ending in this, é, masculine, (except costé, a side, and all Participles therein ending,) be of the feminine gender, and those also which end in, ion, son, and e, feminine, saving that we must except certain which end in, e, feminine, & yet are of the masculine gender, the which may be known easily by the Article going before: as le pere, the father, le frere, the brother, and a very few others. It is true that all Verbs infinitive ending in, e, feminine, insomuch as they be made nouns by virtue of the Article which goeth before them, be also of the masculine gender, as, le boire, the drink, le dire, the saying, le fair, the doing.   

Of the second Accident.  
The number is either singular or plural. The Singular is known by the terminations (which I have heretofore declared) and by the Article: and the Plural partly also by the Article, but commonly by his Singular, which ending in any vowel, formeth the Plural by putting to, s, x, or, z, at the end: as homme, a man, hommes, men, merci, mercy, mercis, mercies, loy, a law, loix, laws, vertu, virtue, vertuz, virtues, bonté, bounty, bontez, bounties, The nouns Substantives ending their singular in, m, n, p, r, have, s, for the forming of their plural: as in these words, nom, a name, noms, names, bien, good, biens, goods, champ, a field, champs, fields, honneur, honour, honneurs, honours. Those that end in, eu, eul, all, eau, ail, have their Plural in, x, and those also which end in ault, changing only, t, into, x. Of the noun singular ending in, c, d, f, g, q, t, is made the Plural by putting to, z. Now we must here note, that there are some nouns in our tongue that have only but the Plural, and do all end in, s, which shall be one of the notes to make them to be known, together with their Article: as, les Rayns, the reins, les tenebres, the darkness, les meurs, the manners.   

Of the third Accident.  
The person is the third Accident, which is easy, and therefore we will declare it briefly. It is then to be understood that every noun is of the third person: as, homme, a man, table, a table, pierre, a stone, boys, wood, liure, a book, maison, a house.   

Of the fourth Accident.  
Every noun substantive either is derived of an other Substantive, or of an adjective, or of a Verb. Nouns diminutives that end in, ette are derived of nouns feminines that end in e, feminine: as of jeanne, jone, jeannette, little jone. Of femelle, a female, femelette, a little female. Also those nouns Derivatives that end in, ceau, come of nouns ending in on: as of, lion, a lion, lionceau, a little lion, larron, a thief, larronceau, a little thief, heron, a heron, heronceau, a little heron, except homonceau, a little man; which cometh of this word homme, ending in, e, feminine. There be other names Derivatives that descend of names Primitives ending in, on, which notwithstanding end not in, ceau, as the other going before, but in et, as of garçon, a boy, garçonnet, a little boy, cochon, a pyg●e; cochonnet, a little pig, and in, ette, as of, chanson, a song, chansonnette, a little song, maison, a house, maisonnette, a little house. Those nouns that end in a consonant, make their diminutives in et, as, corpse, a body, corpset, a little body. Other nouns ending in, e, feminine, and yet be of the masculine gender, do form their Diminutives, by putting to, c, with thee, e, as sign, a mark, signet, a little mark, liure, a book, liuret, a little book. Of those nouns that end in, eau, do come such as end in, el, or in, et, as of aigneau, a lamb, aignel, or, aignelet, a little lamb, oiseau, a bird, oisel, or, oiselet, a little bird, tonneau, a tun, tonnel, or, tonnelet, a little tun, bandeau, a thing to blindfielde, bandel, or, bandelet, a little thing to blindfielde. Last of all, those nouns which signify the seasons of the time, do form their Diminutives by a double, ee, as, a, anne, a year, matin, matinee, a morning, iour, journey, a day, nuit, nuitee, a night. Nouns pertaining to men, or to the masculine gender ending in, ard, form their Diminutives in, eau, as, bastard, a bastard, bastardeau, a little bastard, bragard, a ruffler, bragardeau, a little ruffler, paillard, a whoremonger, paillardeau, a little whoremonger. And of those we also derive nouns of the feminine gender, in adding, e, to, ard, as, paillard, a whoremonger, paillarde, a whore, bragard, a man ruffler, bragarde, a woman ruffler, bavard, a prattler, bavarde, a woman prattler. We find of them others ending in, aige, which are derived of nouns of divers terminations, as, cord, cordaige, a cord, baggue, a bag, baggaige, baggage, fruit, fruit, fruitage, fruitage, bend, a band, bendage, binding. Some do end in, aille, as, covardaille, a cowardly multitude, which cometh of, covard, a coward. Some come of latin words, by adding only to them, n, as of this latin word, pronuntiatio, pronunciation, we make a French word, by addition of, n, in this sort, pronunciation, of, perditio, perdition, perdition, of, consolatio, comfort, consolation. Of Adiectyves as well masculine as feminyne, ending in, e, feminine, are derived nouns ending in, ré, with, é, masculine, as of, humble, humble, humilité, humility, facile, easy, facilité, easiness, lasche, cowardly, laschete, cowardliness, grave, grave, gravité, gravity, except some that end in, esse, as for example, of foible, feeble, foiblesse, feebleness, triste, sad, tristesse, sadness, sage, wise, sagesse, wisdom. Some ending in, ent, or, ant, do form their diminutives by changing, t, into, c, and thereunto adding, e, feminine, as, prudent, prudent, prudence, wisdom, constant, constant, constance, constancy. There be many other Adiectyves, of which are formed many nouns which we will handle in their place when we shall speak of the adjective. It resteth now to see those nouns which be formed of Verbs. Of all the Preterimperfect tenses, of the present tense of Verbs, are formed nouns, changing, oys, (in which they end) into eur, as of parloys, I did speak, parleur, a speaker, faisoys, I did, faiseur, a doer, disoys, I said, diseur, a sayer. And some in, ement, as of parloys, I did speak, parliament, a speaking, sentoys, I did feel, sentiment, a feeling. Some nouns are formed of the Infinityves, changing their termination into, ure, as, engendrer, to engender, engendrure, generation, nourrir, to nourish, nouriture, nourishing, escrire, to write, escriture, writing.   

Of the fifth Accident.  
Every noun is either simple or compound, the simple is it that is by itself, without being joined with another word or syllable, as homme, a man, femme, a woman, liure, a book, table, a table. As touching nouns compound, there be of them three sorts, some are compounded of two perfect words, as beau pere, a father in law, bellemere, a mother in law, gentilhomme, a gentleman. Others are compounded of two words imperfect, as this word, Dimanche, Sunday. And those of the last sort, are also compounded of two, whereof the first is imperfect, and the other is perfect, as for example, in this word licol, a halter.   

Of the sixth Accident.  
The declension of nouns in our tongue, is very easy, seeing that it hath but two terminations in all cases, the one in the singular, the other in the Plural. Therefore for all the nouns, I will set here but one declension, by the which all may be declined, so that he that knoweth to decline this noun, may decline all the other.  

The singular number.  
Nominative and Accusative. 

Chartier, a Carter, the masculine.  
Le Chartier, the Carter. the masculine.  
Chartiere, a woman Carter. the feminine.  
La chartiere, the woman Carter. the feminine.  
un Chartier, one Carter. masculi. feminine  
une Chartiere, one woman Carter. masculi. feminine    
the Gem. & Ablati. case. 

De Chartier, of a Carter. for the masculine.  
Du Chartier, of the Carter. for the masculine.  
d'un Chartier, of one Carter. for the masculine.  
De la Chartiere, of the woman Carter. the feminine.  
d'une Chartiere, of one woman Carter. the feminine.    
The Dative case. 

A Chartier, to a Carter. the masculine.  
Au Chartier, to the Carter. the masculine.  
A la Chartiere, to the Carter. the feminine.  
A une chartiere, to one carter. the feminine.    
The Vocati. case. 

O Chartier, O Carter. the masculine.  
O le Chartier, O the Carter. the masculine.  
O Chartiere, O Cartresse. the feminine.  
O lafoy chartiere, O the Cartresse. the feminine.     

The Plural number.  
the Nom. & Accusa. 

Chartiers, Carters. the masculine.  
Les Chartiers, the Carters. the masculine.  
Chartieres, women Carters. the feminine.  
les chartieres', the women carter. the feminine.    
the Genit. & Ablati. 

De Chartiers, of Carters. the masculine.  
Des Chartiers, of the Carters. the masculine.  
De chartieres', of women carters. the feminine.  
Des chartieres', of the women. the feminine.    
The Dative case. 

A Chartiers, to Carters. the masculine.  
Aux Chartiers, to the Carters. the masculine.  
A Chartieres, to women carters. the feminine.  
Aux Chartieres, to the women. the feminine.    
The Vocative cas. 

O Chartiers, O Carters. masculi. femini.  
O Chartieres, O women carters. masculi. femini.     
By this declension a man may easily decline all other nouns aswell Substantives, as adjectives and Comparatives, aswell of the Feminine as of the Masculine Gender.   

Of the noun adjective.  
Following the order of nature, we will handle the Noun adjective, after the Substantive, for in our tongue: it is also set commonly after, as depending of the Substantive the which it doth in deed, as it appeareth by his nature and definition, where it is said that it cannot be, nor signify any thing of himself, if it be not joined with a Substantive, we will then treat thereof in the best & easiest manner possible. For it must be confessed that it is somewhat hard, specially to show by a certain rule how it may be known & discerned from the Substantive, except it be in understanding the sense of the sentence where they shall be found together. And then a man shall see easily, which of the two names, (which are joined together without a particle copulative, or this word, de,) is the adjective. Besides, we say that the adjective in our tongue goeth most often after the Substantive, for that, it is as a sign, or quality, agreeing to the substantive: as, cheval blanc, white horse, pain brun, brown bread. Notwithstanding it is not so in all adjectives, for some of them go before the Substantive: as, bon, vin good wine, bell homme, a fair man, the other be ●ut and placed before and after the Substantive, as it seemeth good, which the reader may better observe in reading, than otherwise. adjectives have five accidents, that is to say: Gender, Number, Comparison, ●eclenson, and Derivation.   

Of Gender.  
A noun adjective hath the masculine and feminine Gender as the substantive. As touching the mascul. Gender, it shall be known by the termination, for all the adjectives that end in any Consonant whatsoever, and in whatsoever vowel, except in, e, feminine, be of the masculine Gender. Also there are many of them, which end in, e, feminine, that nevertheless are of the masculine Gender, but those being taken away, all the other that end in, e, feminine, be of the femin. Gender: as, bell, fair, blanch, white. excellent, excellent, ronde, round, grand, great, longue, long, and other such like saving some that be of the doubtful Gender, that is to say, aswell of the masculine as of the feminine: as brave, brave, difficile, hard, facile, easy, and all the adjectives ending in able: as, probable, probable, abominable, abominable, equitable, rightful, favourable, favourable.   

Of Number.  
The Number, shallbe easy to know by that which I have said of it upon the nouns Substantives: for who so knoweth the one, knoweth the other, seeing that herein they be a like, & that of the adjective is partly known by the termination, as that of the Substantive, and also by the substantive, whereof it dependeth and which is next to him. For if the Article showeth that the Substantive, is of the singular number: it shall follow that the adjective, that is joined with it, by the same means shall be of the singular number: as le bon homme, the good man, you may see, bon, which is of the singular number, as also the Article, le, showeth: les bons hommes, the good men, bons, is of the plural Number, as it is also manifest by the Article, les. Briefly, to speak in few words, the adjective agreeth with his Substantive in Gender, in Number, and in case, as in Latin.   

Of the Comparison.  
The adjectives that receive Comparison, may be known easily by these particles, plus more, or fort, very, which go before them, the which is a general rule, saving in these two, bon, good, and, mawais, evil, which we call irregular, because they be not as the other: for bon, maketh his Comparative, meilleur, better. and mawais, maketh, pire, worse, but as touching their Superlatives they be of the same that others be. The adjectives that signify diminishing have for their Comparatives these wroodes, moins, less, & moindre, lesser, & those which signify excess, have this particle, trop, to, as trop grand, to great, trop long, to long. The superlatives are known by these words, tres moult, most, or issime, as some do now say, as for example of, tres, & of, moult, tresbon, or moult bon, very good, tres excellent, or moult excellent, very excellent. Of those that end in issime, as bonissime, excellent good, grandissime, passing great, excellentissime, most excellent.   

Of the Declenson.  
For because that the Declenson of nouns adjectives is like to that of the Substantives, I will send you to that which I have said here before of it. For he that knoweth how to decline a noun substantive, knoweth how to decline a noun adjective, seeing that it varieth no more in his cases, than the Substantive.   

Of the Derivation.  
I will not stay much upon this Accident, seeing it should be but to consume a long time for a small thing, and therefore you shall content yourselves herewith to be advertised, that some be derived of nouns Substantives: as of, barb, a beard, barbu, a bearded man. Other adjectives of other Participles: as of, honorant, honouring, honourable, honourable. But we need not break our brains from whence they come, so that we know they be adjectives, and what they signify, for with time and experience the other may he learned.   

Of the pronoun.  
A Pronoune, is a part of speech or kind of word very like to the Noun, which men use, to show things that are understood by it. Now the better to know this kind of word called a pronoun, we must know how many of them there be, & for the plainer declaring of them, we will set down these six sorts: Primitives, Derivatives, or Possessives, Interrogatives, Relatives, and Demonstratives, whereunto may be joined Partitives. Distributives, and Numeralles.   

Of the Primitive.  
There be seven Primitives, je, I, tu, thou, or vous, you, Il, He, for the masculine, elle, she, for the feminine, l'on, on, and, se, it, whereof these three last, serve aswell for the masculine as the feminine. And it must be noted (as we have said) that they be always joined with Verbs to declare what persons there be understanded, whither the first, the second, or else the third. But it is very requisite to known whither they be put before or after the Verbs. For Englishmen might thereby be encumbered, because that they do set them always after verbs, except in the Nominative case, where they be foremost, but in French they be always before the Verb in what case soever they be. Furthermore, they have four accidents Number, person, Gender, Declenson.   

Of the Number.  
As touching the Number, I will make no long discourse for that they have the singular and plural, as nouns and other parts of speech, which are declined.   

Of the Person.  
They have three Persons, je, for the first, Tu, or vous, for the second, I'll, elle, l'on, on, se, for the third.   

Of the Gender.  
The first and the second (which be, je, and, Tu, or vous,) be aswell for the masculine as for the feminine, elle, is only for the feminine, Il, for the masculine, and the three other last that is l'on, on, se, are indifferently for the masculine and feminine.   

Of the Declenson of, je.  

For the singular. 

Nominative, je, or moy, I  
Gen. & Abla. de moy, or à me, of me.  
Dative, à moy, or me, to me.  
Accusative, moy, or me, me.     
It hath no Vocative.  

For the plural. 

Nominative, Nous, We.  
Genitive & Ablative de nous, of us.  
Dative, à nous, to us.  
Accusative, nous, us.      

Of the Declenson of, Tu.  

For the Singular 

Nomin. Tu, thou, toy, or vous, you.  
Genitive & Abla. de toy, of thee, de vous, of you.  
Dative, à toy, to thee, te, à vous, to you, or vous.  
Accusative, te, thee, vous, you.  
Vocative, O toy, O thou.    
For the Plural. 

Nominative & Accusa. vous, you.  
Geni. & Ablative, de vous, of you.  
Dative, à vous, to you, or vous.  
Vocative, O vous, O you, or vous.     
As touching, moy, me, and, toy, thee, we must observe that they serve specially for answers, Interrogations, & Admirations, without expressing the Verb, je, and, Tu, and Vous, are always before the Verb, except when they are Interrogatives, for than they be after: as dis ie bien? say I well? escris tu? writest thou? escrivez vous? writ you?   

Of the declension of, Il.  

For the singular. 

Nominative, Il, he.  
Genitive & Abl. de luy, of him, le, him  
Dative, à luy, to him.  
Accusative, le, him.    
For the Plural. 

Nominative, ills, they.  
Genitive & Ablati. d'eux, of them.  
Dative, à eux, to them.  
Accusative, les, them.      

Of the pronoun, Elle, which is for the feminine of the third person.  

For the singular. 

Nominative, elle, she.  
Genitive & ablative, d'elle, of her.  
Dative, à elle, to her.  
Accusative, lafoy, her.    
For the Plural. 

Nominative, else, they.  
Genitive & Ablati. d'elles, of them.  
Dative, à elles, to them.  
Accusative, les, them.      

Of Se.  

For the singular. 

nominative case lacketh.  
Genitive & Abla. de soy, of himself.  
dative, a soy, or, se, to himself.  
Accu●atyue, soy, or, se, himself.     
And so of his Plural.  
See, is put before the Verb, and soy after, whereunto is joined very often this word mesme. As to the two other last, which are, l'on, on, they be undeciyned, and are signs of verbs Impersonals: as on dict, it is said, on f●ict, it is done, l'on parley, men say.   

Of Pronouns derivatives or possessives.  
We have of them five, mon, mine, ton, thine, son, his, nostre, our, vostre, your, whereof from the three first be derived these feminynes here, ma, my, ta, thine, sa, her. For the two other be as well for the masculine, as the feminine. To the rest, they have three accidents, Gender, Number, Declenson. For the first, they be of the masculine and of the feminine gender. Of the masculine, as, mon, mine, ton, thine, son, his. Of the feminine, ma, ta, sa. They have the singular and Plural number, the singular, as, mon, mine, ton, thine, son, his, ma, my, ta, thine, sa, her, nostre, our, vostre, your. The Plural, as, mes, my, tes, thine, says, his, nostres, ours, vostres, yours, or, nos, ours, voz, yours. And they are also declined, but it is without changing of the termination in their case. True it is that the Article changeth, but in such sort, as in other nouns that are declined.   

Of Pronouns interrogatives.  
The Pronouns interrogatyves, are, qui, who, que, what, quel, who, quelle, what woman, or thing, which change not the termination in declining, and therefore we call them indeclinable, and specially qui, & que, which have one only termination for the singular and plural number. But quell, and quelle, do vary in the plural. For quell, maketh quells, which, and quelle, quelles, which. It is also to be noted, that they be relatives taking away the interrogative point, and this word lequel, the which, and laquelle, the which, which make in their Plural, lesquels, the which, and lesquelles, the which. Besides which there is yet one which is, en, which must be well observed, for it is worthy noting, because that under the two letters which it containeth, it signifieth sometimes, not only two or three words, but (that more is) a whole and perfect sentence: and is always put before the Verb, to signify and show those things which are in question: and also to discern it, from the Preposition, en, which is before nouns substantives, and after the Verb. An example then of, en, a relative, is this, l'en parleray, I will speak thereof, that is to say, I will speak of that thing whereof mention hath been made: for by this relative, en, an other sentence is presupposed, pronounced of some one that asketh, or demandeth, as in this other example: Il en fera plus que vous, that is to say: he will do more in this or that, than you.   

Of Pronouns demonstratives.  
There is but one pronoun demonstrative, which hath the masculine and feminine gender. The masculine is declined in all cases of his singular, ce, or, c'est, this, as ce parsonage, this person, c'est homme, this man: And it must be marked by the way, that, ce, is put with nouns which begin with a consonant, as ce chien, this dog, ce cheval, this horse. And c'est, with those that begin with a vowel, as ce'st homme, this man, c'est oewre, this work. In the Plural it only hath ces, these. The demonstrative feminine hath ceste, this, for the singular number, and for the plural, ces, or, cestes, these. Now they have many compounds, which keep the same fashion of declining. It is true that they end diversly, as, cestuy-cy, this here, ceux cy, these here, cestuy-la, this there, ceux-la, those there, celuy-cy, this here, ceux-cy, these here, celuy-la, this there, ceux-la, those there. And for the compounds of the feminine, ceste-cy, this here, cestes-cy, these here, or, ces-cy, these here, ceste-la, this there, cestes-la, these there, celle-cy, she her, celles-cy, these here, celle-la, she there, celles-la, these there. As to these two here, cela, this there, and cecy, this here, they serve to show things without life: as if you would buy cloth, linen, or other things without life, you ask (without expressing the thing) in this sort, combien cecy? combien cela? how much this? how much that? cestuycy, celuy-cy, cestuy-la, celuy-la, & their feminines, cest●-cy, ceste-la, celle-cy, celle-la, serve to refer, or to declare a thing, which is not named: as if a man ask, Qui a fait cela? who hath done that same? cestuy-cy, this here. etc. cestuy-la, ceste-cy, ceste-la. But if the thing be expressed, than it shall be set between this demonstrative, ce, or, cest, and this little word, cy, as, qui a dit cela? who hath said the same? ce bon personnage-cy, this good person here, ce bon personnage-la, cest homme-cy, this man here, cest homme-la. And for the feminine, ceste femme-cy, this woman here, ceste femine-la.   

Of Partitives and Distributives.  
I find that of them there be ten principally, that is to say, aucun, any, quelqu'un. some one, chacun, every one, tout, all, nul, none, tell, such, autre, another, autruy, another, maint, many, quelque, some, quelconque, whosoever. The which form their feminines in adding, e, as aucun, aucune, quelqu'un, quelqu'une, & their Plural in, s, as, chacun, chacuns, tout, tous, nul, nuls. Behold all the changing they have, for in respect of the declension they be undeclined.   

Of Pronouns of number.  
There be infinite Pronouns numerals (that is to say of number) which cannot well be known but by use, and by the number that they do note. And they be also undeclined, and have divers terminations, as, un, one, deux, two, troy's, three, quattre, four, cinq, five, six, six, sept, seven, huict, eight, neuf, nine, dix, ten, onze, eleven, douze, twelve, treze, thirteen, quatorze, fourteen, quinze, fifteen, seize, sixteen, dixsept, seaventene, dixhuict, eighteen, dixneuf, nineteen, vingt, twenty, and so of other, as well simple as compound, I say compound as well in multiplication of Number, as otherwise. But it must be known, how men shall know them that are not compounded by multiplication, from the simple, and this shall be partly by their termination, which is, ●●me, as, un, one, unieme, the first, deux, two, deuxieme, the second, and so of the other. But some men may ask me, to what end men use it? to whom I will answer, that it is for the order, the place, or degree of things, that we number: as, le deuxieme, the second, le troisieme, the third, le quatrieme, the fourth, this is understood in order, as ye see.   

Of the Verb.  
The Verb, is a kind of word which is conjugated by moods and by tenses, & showeth the things that have action and Passion, as when I say, l'aime, I love, I show that I do some thing in loving, & when I endure and suffer or receive the friendship of any one towards me, I say je suis aimé, I am loved. The Verb is Personal, & Impersonal. The Personal is so called because that it is joined with persons, or for that it representeth them, to the end to show to whom belongeth the action and passion that is signified by it, as in this example, je pry Dieu, I pray to God, je sers à luy seul, I serve him alone, behold the pronoun, je, I, which showeth evidently the person. Now the Impersonal is so called, because it is without expressing, or naming any Person: & it may be also called indefinite, forasmuch as it defineth not nor bringeth in any thing doing or suffering, as in these examples here, on dit, It is said, on faict, it is done. And forasmuch as it is easy to know it, we will speak but two words before we come to the Personal. Although we aught to handle it at the end, keeping our order, we must then only observe one thing for to know it, to were that so often as these particles, l'on, and, on, be found before any Verb, whatsoever, that Verb may be called Impersonal, as for example, l'on dit cela, men say the same, on faict tell chose, men do such a thing. But besides these, there be some other Verbs Impersonals where this particle, Il, is put before them, as these four, Il faut, it must be, Il convient, it is meet, Il appartient, It appertaineth, Il rest, It recteth, there are also other's, which have, Il, before them, but they be formed of the third person of the Verb Substantive, which is, Est, is, and an adjective, which followeth after it, and Il, goeth before them both, in this sort, Il est necessaire, It is necessary, Il est convenable, It is meet, Il est utile, It is profitable, Il est doutteux, It is doubtful. Il est bon de fair tell chose, It is good to do such a thing.  
Now resteth to speak of Verbs personals with the greatest method and facility that may be, because that it is a thing so Intricate (& as I may say) so confused that men dare not meddle with it, but are discouraged by means whereof they attain not the knowledge of our tongue. And truly I have found by experience that there be many in this country, yea and in ours also, who for want of knowledge of the Verbs, do every foot miss, when they speak: which they seeing, are so ashamed, that they stay in the midst of their course, and there leave all, with the long time and great labour that therein they have spent, the which I have lamented many times, especially having regard to the great desire and affection that Englishmen have to learn the tongues, and other virtuous things worthy to be remembered, for this cause I have been well willing to take a little pain, to the end that their good will should not be vain or frustrate in such sort that I have read and over read, seen and over seen, searched again and again, all the means to make them understand how many sorts of Verbs we have: and how they may be known, and of what tense they be, and what tense they show, and how they be formed. For as men say in a French proverb: c'est ou gist le lieure, here it is where the hare lieth, & the greatest force of the matter consisteth, that we entreat of, seeing that the Verbs govern the Nouns in their cases and make them to have there full sense: and without them they can signify nothing, for without the Verbs, they be as confused, and without order; we must note then that there be in our tongue six sorts of Verbs the which are known by the divers termination of their Infinitives: for as many Infinitives as there be of divers terminations, so many conjugations we make, for I find that as they end diversly in their infinitives, they have also diversity in their conjugations, some do end, in, er, as aimer, to love, monstrer, to show, others in, die, as tordre, to wreath, mordre, to bite, in, it, as, venir, to come, in, o●r, as apercevoir, to perceive, in, orre, as, clorre, to shut, and in, re, as, lire, to read, fair, to do, ●ire, to say.   

Of the forming of the Indicative mood of Verbs ending in, Er. etc.  
The Verbs ending in, er, form the Present tense of the Indicative Mood by taking away only, r, from their infinitive: as for example, of parlour, to speak, parley, speak, so that putting before, je, it signifieth the first Person, and so forth, & is conjugated in this sort, as all the like are.  

For the Singular. 

je parle, I speak.  
Tu parles, thou speakest, ou vous parlez, or you speak.  
Il parle, He speaketh.    
Plural. 

Nous parlons, we speak.  
Vous parlez, you speak.  
Ilz parlent, they speak.     
Of, aimer, to love, we have also 

Singular. 

I'aime, I love,  
Tu aims, thou lovest, vous aimez you love.  
Il aime, He loveth.    
the Plu. 

Nous aimons, we love.  
Vous aimez, you love.  
Ilz aiment, they love.      
Except some Verbs defective: as, aller, to go, which form there Present tense in, your Greek in this sort 

For the Singular. 

je vay, I go.  
Tu vas, thou goest, ou vous allez. or you go.  
Il va, he goeth.    
the Plur. 

Nous allons, we go,  
Vous allez, you go.  
Ils vont, they go.      
Those that end their Infinitive in, dre, form their present tense, taking away, r, and e, and adding after thee, d, (which remaineth) z, or, s, as of, tordre, to wreath, tords, wreath or twist.  

For the singular. 

je tords, I wreath.  
Tu tords, thou wreathest, ou vous tordez, or you wreath.  
Il tord, he wreathteth.    
Plural. 

Nous tordons, we wreath.  
Vous tordez, you wreath.  
Ils tordent, they wreath.     
Except, attaindre, to attain to, & attendre, to wait for, where, d, is also taken away with the r, and thee, c, and in their place is put an, s: as of attaindre, to attain to, attains, attain, attendre, to attend, attens, attend, as for example.  

For the singular. 

I'attains', I attain to.  
Tu attains, thou attaynest, ou vous attaignez, or you attain to.  
ill attained, he attaineth.    
Plural. 

Nous attaignons, we attain to.  
Vous attaignez, you attain to.  
Ilz attaignent, they attain to.     
And so of, attens, I tarry they that end in, it, form their Present tense in, iens, as of tenir, to hold, tiens, I hold. Of, maintenir, to maintain, maintiens, I maintain, in this sort, 

For the singular. 

je maintiens, I maintain.  
Tu maintiens, thou maintainest, ou vous maintenez, or you maintain.  
Il maintient, he maintaineth.    
Plural. 

Nous maintenons, we maintain.  
Vous maintenez, you maintain.  
Ils maintiennent, they maintain.     And so of others, but not of all, for there are of one sort that end in, it, which form their present tense in, is, changing, r, into, s, as convertir, to convert, convertis, I convert, assopir, to wax drowsy, assopis, I wax drowsy, banir, to banish, banis, banish, thus 

For the singular. 

je banis, I banish.  
Tu banis, thou banishest, ou vous banissez, or you banish.  
Il banit, he banisheth.    
Plural. 

Nous banissons, we banish.  
Vous banissez, you banish,  
Ils banissent, they banish.      
There must also be excepted out of these here, consentir, to consent, and such like, mourir, to die, querir, to seek, dormir, to sleep, which have their present tense ending diversly: as consentir, to consent, hath, consens, I consent, mourir, to die, meurs, I die, querir, to seek quires, I seek, dormir, to sleep, dors, I sleep.  
The Verbs Insinitives in, oir, make their present tense in, oy, as of, apercevoir, to perceive, aperçoy, I perceive, devoir, to own, doy, I own, concevoir, to conceive, conçoy, I conceive, as it appeareth in conjugating them, but one for all shall suffice.  

For the singular. 

I'apercoy, I perceive.  
Tu aperçoys, thou perceynest, ou vous apercevez, or you perceive.  
Il aperçoit, he perceiveth.    
Plural. 

Nous apercevons, we perceive.  
Vous apercevez, you perceive.  
Ils apercevent, they perceive.     
From these here, are five excepted whereof two make their present in, aye, as scavoir, to know, maketh, scay, I know, avoir, to have, aye, I have. And thus be they conjugated.  

For the singular. 

je scay, I know.  
Tu scays, thou knowest, ou vous scavez, or you know.  
Il scait, he knoweth.    
Plural. 

Nous scavons, we know.  
Vous scavez, you know.  
Ils scavent, they know.     
And, avoir, to have hath 

For the singular. 

I'ay, I have.  
Tu as, thou hast, ou vous avez, or you have.  
Il a, he hath.    
Plural. 

Nous avons, we have.  
Vous avez, you have.  
Ils ont, they have.      
Which is a Verb that helpeth the other, as you shall see. As touching the other three, that is to say, valloir, to be worth, vouloir, to will, and, powoir, to can, they end otherwise than those that went before, for valloir, to be worth, maketh his Present tense in, aux: as, 

For the singular. 

je vaux, I am worth.  
Tu vaux, thou art worth, ou vous vallez, or you are worth.  
Il vault, he is worth.    
Plural. 

Nous vallons, we are worth.  
Vous vallez, ye are worth.  
Ils vallent, they are worth.      
But, vouloir, to will, &, powoir, to can, end in, eux, as vouloir, to will, veux, I will, powoir, to can, peux, I can 

For the singular. 

je peux, I can.  
Tu peux, thou canst, ou vous powez, or you can.  
Il peut, he can.    
Plural. 

Nous powons, we can.  
Vous powez, you can.  
Ils pewent, they can.      
The Verbs that make their Infinitive in re, form their Present tense taking away, re, and putting to, s, as of dire, to say, dis, I say. escrire, to writ, escris, I writ, fair, to do, fais, I do, lire, to read, lis, I read, in this manner 

For the singular. 

je dis, I say.  
Tu dis, thou sayest, ou vous dites, or yo● sa●▪  
I'll d●●▪ he sayeth.    
Plural. 

Nous disons, we say.  
Vous dites, you say.  
Ils disent, they say.    
For the singular. 

I'escris, I writ.  
Tu escris, thou writest, ou vous escrivez, or you writ.  
Il escrit, he writeth.    
Plural. 

Nous escrivons, we writ.  
Vous escrivez, you writ.  
Ils escrivent, they writ.      
For the last they, which end in, ore, form their Present tense, changing, re, into, s, as of, clore, to close, clos, I close, and his Compounds, and other like, and they be conjugated thus 

For the singular. 

je clos, I shut.  
Tu clos, thou closest, ou vous clovez, or you close.  
Il clost, he closeth.    
Plural. 

Nous cloüons, we close.  
Vous cloüez, you close.  
Ils cloent, they close up.       

Of the forming of the Preterimperfect tense●  
The Preterimperfect tense is formed in all verbs of what termination and conjugation that they be, by the first person of the plural number of the Indicative mood, and Present tense, changing, on's, into, oye, or, oys, as of, aimons, we love, we have I'aimoye, or, I'aimoys, I loved, but most commonly, oys, as of, faisons, we do. faisois, I did, disons, we say. disoys, I said, monstrons, we show, monstroys, I showed, and so of all the six verbs without exception. Therefore I will not tarry long herein, for it shall suffice to coniugate one for all, seeing that by the same shall be known the conjugating of the others. So then of nous aimons, we love, we have, I'aimoys, I loved, in this sort: 

For the singular. 

I'aimoys, I loved.  
Tu aimoys, thou lovedst, ou vous aimies, or you loved.  
Il aymoit, ●e loved.    
Plural. 

Nous aimions, we loved.  
Vous aimiez, ye loved.  
Ils aimoyent, they loved.       

Of the forming and termination of the first Preterperfect tense.  
The first Preterperfect tense of our tongue hath rivers terminations, according as his Infinitives' end diversly. The verbs which end in, er, make this Preterperfect herein, aye, or, é, masculine, as some say, but most commonly in, aye: as, 

For the singular, 

I'aimay, I loved.  
Tu aimas, thou lovedst, ou vous aimastes, or you loved.  
Il aima, he loved.    
Plural. 

Nous aimasmes, we loved.  
Vous aimastes, ye loved.  
Ils aimerent, they loved.      
They which end in, dre, have this Preterperfect in, dis, as of, tordre, to wrist, tordis, I wrested, thus: 

For the singular. 

je tordis, I wrested.  
Tu tordis, thou wrestedst, ou vous tordistes, or you wrested.  
Il tordit, he wrested.    
Plural. 

Nous tordismes, we wrested.  
Vous tordistes, ye wrested.  
Ils tordirent, they wrested.      
Except prendre, to take, which maketh prins, I took. As, 

For the singular. 

je prins, I took.  
Tu prins, thou tookest, ou vous prinstes, or you took.  
Il print, he took.    
Plural. 

Nous prinsmes, we took.  
Vous prinstes, ye took.  
Ils prindrent, they took.      
Touching those that end in, it, some form this Preterperfect in, inhis, as for example, retenir, to keep.  

For the singular. 

je retins, I kept.  
Tu retins, thou kepst, ou vous retinstes, or you kept.  
Il retint, he kept.    
Plural. 

Nous retinsmes, we kept.  
Vous retinstes, ye kept.  
Ils retinrent, they kept.     
As much must be said of these Verbs, maintenir, to maintain, resiovir, to rejoice, prevenir, to prevent. The other be like to their indicative mood as touching their termination, as, assopir, to wax drowsy, assopis, I waxed drowsy, banir, to banish, banis, I banished, convertir, to convert, convertis, I converted. Ouir, to hear, is excepted, as we may see in conjugating it, in this fashion: 

For the singular. 

I'ouy, I heard.  
Tu ouys, thou heardest, ou vous ovystes, or you heard.  
Il ovyt, he heard.    
Plural. 

Nous ovysmes, we heard.  
Vous ovystes, ye heard.  
Ils ovyrent, they heard.      
They that end in, oir, form and end their first preterperfect in, u, as of apercevoir, to perceive, aperceu, I perceived, concevoir, to conceive, conceu, I conceived, decevoir, to deceive, deceu. I deceived, valloir, to be worth, vallu, I was worth, vouloir, to will, voulu, I willed, powoir, to be able, peu, I could. And they be conjugated thus: 

For the singular, 

I'aperceu, I perceived.  
Tu aperceuz, thou perceyvedst, ou vous aperceustes, or you perceived.  
Il aperceut, he perceived.    
Plural. 

Nous aperceusmes, we perceived.  
Vous aperceustes, ye perceived.  
Ils aperceurent, they perceived.    
For the singular. 

je peu, I could.  
Tu peus, thou couldst, ou vous peustes, or you could.  
Il peut, he could.    
Plural. 

Nous peusmes, we could.  
Vous peustes, ye could.  
Ils peurent, they could.      
Auoir, to have, and Scavoir, to know, be excepted, the which make their first Preterperfect in, aye, as the verbs in, er. The verbs that end in, re, make all their first Preterperfect in, is, as of, dire, to say, je dis, I said, escrire, to write, escrivis, I wrote. And 

For the singular. 

I'escriuis, I wrote.  
Tu escrivis, thou wrotest, ou vous escrivistes, or you wrote.  
Il escrivit, he wrote.    
Plural. 

Nous escrivismes, we wrote.  
Vous escrivistes, ye wrote.  
Ils escriverent, they wrote.      
And so of their like, except cognoistre, to know, boire to drink, croire, to believe, taire, to be silent, plaire, to please, repaistre, to seed. The which have their first Preterperfect in, u, like to those that end in, oir, of which we have spoken heretofore.   

Of the forming of the last Preterperfect tense.  
The last preterperfect tense may be known generally in all sorts of Verbs, by the three persons of this verb, aye, have, which be as signs and tokens of it. And for the better knowledge of it, I will show it by the conjugating of one verb, which shall serve for all. Let us take, aimer, to love, which hath 

For the singular. 

I'ay aymé, I have loved.  
Tu as aimé, thou hast loved, ou vous avez aimé, you have loved.  
Il a aimé, he hath loved.    
Plural. 

Nous avous aimé, we have loved.  
Vous avez aimé, ye have loved  
Ils ont aimé, they have loved.      
So that the persons of the verb, aye, are as you see, for the 

Singular. 

Aye, have.  
As, haste, ou avez, or have.  
A, hath.    
Plural. 

Auons, we have.  
Auez, ye have.  
On't, they have.       

Of the forming of the Preterpluperfect tense.  
The Preterpluperfect of all verbs is always formed of the Preterimperfect of this verb, aye, that goeth before it, which is for the singular for the first and second person, avoys ou aviez, avoit, for the third. For the Plural, avyons, avyez, avoient. Let us join it then with some verb whatsoever, and we shall make therewith a Preterpluperfect, in this sort: 

For the singular. 

I'auoys aimé, I had loved.  
Tu avois aimé, thou hadst loved ou vous aviez aimé, or not had loved.  
Il avoit aimé, he had loved.    
Plural. 

Nous avions aimé, we had loved.  
Vous aviez aimé, ye had loved.  
Ils avoient aimé, they had loved.    
For the singular. 

I'auoys dit, I had said.  
Tu avois dit, thou hadst said, ou vous aviez dit, or you had said.  
Il avoit dit, he had said.    
Plural. 

Nous avions dit, we had said.  
Vous aviez dit, ye had said.  
Ils avoient dit, they had said.     And so of all the other.   

Of the forming and termination of the future tense Indicative.  
All verbs have their termination alike in this Future tense, to weet, for the singular, ray, ras, or, res, and, ra, for the Plural, rons, rez, ront, as we may easily see by the conjugating of all verbs, if we had leisure to recite them. But because it should be a thing long and tedious, we will content ourselves with one example, seeing that by it all other shall be known. Let us keep then our ordinary verb which is aimer, to love, for somuch as it is like to others in this tense. It hath 

For the singular. 

I'aimeray, I will love.  
Tu aimeras, thou wilt love, ou vous aimerez, or you will love.  
Il aimera, he will love.    
Plural. 

Nous aimerons, we will love.  
Vous aimerez, ye will love.  
Ils aimeront, they will love.    
For the singular. 

jeferay, I will do.  
Tu feras, thou wilt do, ou vous ferez, or you will do.  
Il fera, he will do.    
Plural. 

Nous ferons, we will do.  
Vous ferez, ye will do.  
Ils feront, they will do.       

Of the Imperative mood.  
The Imperative hath but the second and third person as well in the singular, as in the Plural. And as for the second person hereof, it is easily known in all sorts of verbs, seeing that it is always like to the second person of the present tense of th' Indicative mood, saving that it hath not the pronoun primitive, to wéet, tu, thou, ou vous, or you, as for example, aims, love thou, ou aimez, or love you, dis, say thou, ou dites, or say ye, proposes, propound thou, ou proposez, or propound ye, and so others. The third person of this Imperative is known also in all verbs by this Particle, que, which goeth before it, not altogether immediately: for the pronoun primitive (that is to say, Il, for the singular, and, Ills, for the Plural) is next unto it, but this particle, que, and the pronoun Il, and, Ills, be joined together, as if it were but one word, by the figure Apostrophe, by the which (as we have already said) the, e, of, que, is eaten up, because that the other vowel which is, i, is joined unto it in this sort, qu'il aime, let him love. qu'il die, let him say, qu'il face, let him do. And in the Plural, qu'ils aiment, let them love, qu'ils disent, let them say, qu'ils facent, let them do. And therefore behold how we shall coniugate together these two persons of the Imperative.  

For the Singular. 

Aims, love thou, ou aimez, or love you.  
Qu'il aime, let him love.    
For the Plural. 

Aimez, love ye.  
Qu'ils' aiment, let them love.     
The Imperative hath two Future tenses, the one is called affirmative, and the other negative, which have but the second and third person as their Imperative, and have always before them as signs, these particles, faith, ou faites, guard, ou gardez, voy, ou voyez. An example of the Future affirmative, 

For the Singular. 

Fay que tu aims, see that thou love, ou faites que vous aimez, or see that you love.  
Faith, ou faites, qu'il aime, see that he love.    
For the Plural. 

Faites que vous aimez, se that ye love.  
Faites qu'ils aiment, see that they love.    
For the Singular. 

Garde que tu parles, take heed what thou speakest, ou gardez que vous parliez, or take heed what you speak.  
guard, take heed, ou gardez, or take you heed, qu'il parle, that he speak.    
For the Plural. 

Gardez, take ye heed, que vous parliez, that ye speak.  
Gardez qu'ils parlent, take ye heed that they speak.    
For the singular. 

Voy que tu faces, see that thou do ' ou voyez que vous faciez, or see that you do.  
Voy, see. ou voyez, or see you, qu'il face, that he do.    
For the Plural. 

Voyes que vous faciez, see that ye do.  
Voyez qu'ils facent, see that they do.      
As much thereof may a man say of the Future negative, but that there must be added a negation, as, 

For the singular. 

Fay que tu ne parles, see that thou speak not, ou faites que vous ne parliez, or see that you speak not.  
Fay ou faites qu'il ne parle, see that he speak not.    
The Plu. 

Faites q vous ne ꝑliez, see that ye speak not.  
Faites qu'ils ne ꝑlent, se that they speak not.     And so of others.   

Of the Optative.  
The Optative is known in all Verbs by this particle of desiring, je pry Dieu, I pray God, ou Dieu vueille que, or God grant that. In the rest it is like to the Present tense: as for example 

For the singular. 

je pry Dieu, I pray God, or dieu vueille que j'aime, God grant that I love.  
Tu aims, thou love, ou vous aimez, or you love.  
Il aime, he love.    
For the Plural. 

Dieu vueille que nous aimons, God grant that we love.  
Vous aimez, ye love.  
Ils aiment, they love.      
This Optative hath four tenses, as the Indicative, to wete the preterimperfect, Perfect, Preterpluperfect, and Future tense.   

Of the Preterimperfect of the Optative.  
This Preterimperfect is known by this Particle, pleust à Dieu que, I would it did please God that, and also by his termination, which is in the Singular in, usse, in insse, in, isse, in, asse, and for the Plural, in, ussions, inssions, issions, &, assions: An example of those, which end in, usse, 

For the Singular. 

Pleust à Dieu que je cogneusse, I would it did please God that I knew.  
Tu cogneusses, thou know'st, ou vous cogneussiez, or you knew.  
Il cogneust, he know.    
Plural. 

Nous cogneussions, we knew.  
Vous cogneussiez, ye knew.  
Ils cogneussent, they knew.      
An example of them which end in, insse, 

For the Singular. 

Pleust à Dieu que je prinsse, I would it did please God that I took.  
Tu prinsses, thou tookest, ou vous prinssiez, or you took.  
Il print, he took.    
For the Plural. 

Pleust à Dieu que nous prinssions, I would it pleased God, that we took.  
Vous prinssiez, ye took.  
Ils prinssent; they took.      
An example of, isse, 

For the singular. 

Pleust à Dieu que je fisse, I would it pleased God that I made.  
Tu fisses, thou madest, ou vous fissiez, or you made.  
Il fit, he made.    
For the Plural. 

Pleust à Dieu, que nous fissions, I would it pleased God, that we made.  
Vous fissiez, ye made.  
Ils fissent, they made,      
An example of these that end in, asse, (which all verbs ending in, er, do) 

For the singular. 

Pleust à Dieu, que j'aimasse, I would it pleased God, that I loved.  
Tu aimasses, thou lovedst, ou vous aimassiez, or you loved.  
Il aimast, be loved.    
For the Plural. 

Pleust à Dieu, que nous aimassions, I would it pleased God, that we loved.  
Vous aimassiez, ye love.  
Ils aimassent, they loved.       

Of the Preterperfect.  
This Preterperfect hath also for one of his signs, Dieu vueille que, God grant that, ou à ma volunte, or I would: And besides this sign it hath an other, which is the Present tense of the Optative mood of this verb, aye, thus 

For the singular. 

I'aye, I have.  
Tu ayes, thou hast, ou vous ayez, or you have.  
Il ait, he hath.    
Plural. 

Nous ayons, we have.  
Vous ayez, ye have.  
Ils ayent, they have.      
In such sort that adding any Verb what we list to the persons of that tense of the Verb, aye, this Preterperfect shall be formed, as for example, 

For the singular. 

Dieu vueille, que j'aye aimé, God grant, that I have loved.  
Tu ayes, thou hast, ou vous ayez aimé, or you have loved.  
Il ait aimé, he hath loved.    
For the Plural. 

Dieu vueille, que nous ayons aimé, God grant, that we have loved.  
Vous ayez aimé, ye have loved.  
Ils ayent aimé, they have loved.       

Of the Preterpluperfect.  
This Preterpluperfect is known generally in all sorts of Verbs by the Preterimperfect of the Optative of this Verb, ay, which cometh of, j'ay, which is in this manner conjugated 

For the singular. 

Pleust à Dieu, que j'eusse, I would to God that I had.  
Tu eusses, thou hadst, ou vous eussiez, or you had.  
Il eut, he had.    
For the Plural. 

Pleust à Dieu, que nous eussions, would to God, that we had.  
Vous eussiez, that ye had.  
Ils eussent, they had.      
So that conjugating it with what Verb so ever this Preterpluperfect is so formed, as in this one example for all 

For the singular. 

Pleust à Dieu, que j'eusse aimé, I would to God, that I had loved.  
Tu eusses, thou hadst, ou vous eussiez aimé, or you had loved.  
Il eut aimé, he had loved.    
For the Plural. 

Pleust à Dieu, que nous eussions aimé, would to God, that we had loved.  
Vous eussiez aimé, ye had loved.  
Ils eussent aimé, they had loved.       

Of the subjunctive mood.  
The subjunctive ●●●h four tenses, the Present, Preterimperfect, the Preterperfect and the preterpluperfect. The present, is like to the Present tense of the Optative: saving, that we put in steed of, Pleustà Dieu, would to God, veu que, seeing that, ou combien que, or although that, j'açoyt, albeit, si, if, quand, when. as 

For the singular. 

Veu que j'aime, seeing that I love.  
Tu aims, thou lovest, ou vo ' aimez, or you love.  
Il aime, he loveth.    
For the Plural. 

Veu que nous aimons, seeing that we love.  
Vouz aimez, ye love.  
Ils aiment, they love.    
For the singular. 

Combien que je dis, although that I say.  
Tu dis, thou sayest, ou vous dites, or you say.  
Il dit, he sayeth.    
For the Plural. 

Combien que nous disons, although that we say.  
Vous dites, ye say.  
Ils disent, they say.      
And so of all others.   

Of the Preterimperfect.  
This Preterimperfect in all Verbs is like to the Preterimperfect of the Indicative Mood, as you may see there, or else ending in, rois, and then this particle, quand, goeth before it, as 

For the singular. 

Quand j'aimerois, when I loved.  
Tu aimerois, thou lovedst, ou vous aimeriez, or you loved.  
Il aimerois, he loved.    
For the Plural. 

Quand nous aimerions, when we loved.  
Vouz aimeriez, ye loved.  
Ils aimeroient, they loved.      
It hath also the termination of the Preterimperfect of the Optative, whereunto I do send you, to see that which I have spoken of it there, only there is give unto it for a sign, this Particle, Combien que, although that, which always goeth before it.   

Of the Preterperfect.  
This Preterperfect is as the second Preterperfect of the Indicative mood: (but that there must be added for his signification this particle, veu que, seeing that, which is put before it) or as the Preterperfect of the Optative, by adding in steed of, Dieu vueille que, God grant that, Combien que, although that.   

Of the Preterpluperfect.  
This Preterpluperfect is known by the Preterimperfect of the subjunctive mood of this Verb, aye, by joining with it, the first Person of the second Preterperfect tense of the Indicative mood of any Verb whatsoever. Now the Preterimperfect of the subjunctive of this Verb, aye, is conjugated in this sort 

For the singular. 

Quand j'aurois, when I had.  
Tu aurois, thou hadst, ou vous auriez or you had.  
Il auroit, he had.    
Plural. 

Nous aurions, we had.  
Vous auriez, ye had.  
Ils auroient, they had.      
Now let us join with it, for example the first Person of the second Preterperfect of, j'aime, ou dit, ou fait, which is, aimé, dit, fait, we shall then find for the first person of the singular that it is, quand j'auroys aimé, when I had loved, quand j'aurois dit, when I had said. quand j'aurois fait, when I had done, and so of others, for the second Person, tu aurois, thou hadst, ou vous auriez aimé, dit, fait, or you had loved, said, done, for the third, Il auroit aimé, dit, fait, he had loved, said, done. For the Plural, quand nous aurions aimé, dit, fait, when we had loved, said, done, vous auriez aimé, dit, fait, ye have loved, said, done, Ils auroient aimé, dit, fait, they had loved, said, done. And that which I say of these three Verbs must be said of others. This Preterpluperfect may also be known by the Preterimperfect of the Indicative mood of this same Verb, aye, which is avoys, as 

For the singular. 

Veu que j'auoys aimé, seeing that I had loved.  
Tu avoys aimé, thou hadst loved, ou vous aviez aimé, or you had loved.  
Il avoit aimé, he hath loved.    
For the Plural. 

Veu que nous avions aimé, seeing that we had loved.  
Vous aviez aimé, ye had loved.  
Ils avoyent aimé, they had loved.      
Or else like to the Preterpluperfect of the Optative of the said Verb, aye, example.  

For the singular. 

Combien que j'eusse aimé, although that I had loved,  
Tu eusses aimé, thou hadst loved, ou vous eussiez aimé, or you had loved.  
Il eut aimé, he had loved.    
For the Plural. 

Combien que nous eussions aimé, although that we had loved.  
Vous eussiez aimé, ye had loved.  
Ils eussent aimé, they had loved.     
And so of all others. For you may not think that because I put so often this Verb aimer, for example that I would not have this to be understanded, as well of other Verbs as of it, but seeing that all other Verbs may be comprehended by one example I take this enough then as the first that cometh. Notwithstanding when they differ I do show it, and have showed it, bringing then an example of all the kinds of Verbs that differ: as you may see in that which I have said heretofore.   

Of the Infinitive.  
The Infinitive, first hath neither number, nor Person, and touching the terminations of it, I will not now speak because I have treated amply enough thereof in the beginning of the Verbs, where we showed how many sorts there were of them & how they ended. Therefore when you shall doubt of a Verb, you must have recourse to that which I have already said.   

Of the Preterpluperfect of the Infinitive.  
This Preterpluperfect hath always before it for a mark and sign, this Infinitive avoir, to have, as avoir aimé, to have loved, avoir dit, to have said, avoir parlé, to have spoken, avoir mange, to have eaten.   

Of the Future.  
The Future hath before it this particle, que, and as concerning the rest, it is like to the Future of the Indicative: as 

For the singular .. 

Que j'aimeray, that I shall love.  
Que tu aimeras, that thou shalt love, ou vous aimerez, or you shall love.  
Qu'il aimera, that be shall love.    
For the plural. 

Que nous aimerons, that we shall love.  
Que vous aimerez, that ye shall love.  
Qu'ils aimeront, that they shall love.       

Of the Gerundine.  
The Gerundine is formed of Infinitives by adding this particle, de, which goeth before the Infinitive in this sort, le moyen d'aimer, the way to love, lafoy faculty de parler, the faculty to speak, d'escrire, to writ, de paindre, to paint, and so of others. We have another kind of Gerundines which is formed by the participle of the present tense ending in, ant, adding this particle, en, before the participle, as en aimant, in loving, en disant, in saying, en faisant, in doing, en parlant, in speaking, and there is a third kind of Gerundines, which is formed of the Infinitive and of this particle, pour, or Il faut, which go before: as pour aimer, for to love, pour dire, for to say, pour fair, for to do, Il faut aimer, he must love. Il faut escrire, he must writ, the Supine may be formed after the same sort.   

Of the Participle.  
There be two participles of the Infinitive, the one that cometh of the Verb active, which endeth in, ant, as aimant, loving, faisant, doing, parlant, speaking, and the other which cometh of the Verb passive: as aimé, loved, dit, spoken, fait, done, whereof we will treat more largely hereafter.   

Of the Verb Passive.  
To know well the verb Passive, we must coniugate one, by the which all the other may be conjugated, putting before it the verb Substantive for a sign thereof, which in conjugating varieth the tense, as it were alone by itself. We will therefore set forth one example for all, in this sort.  

The Indicative mood and the present tense.  
For the singular. 

je suis aimé, I am loved.  
Tu es, ou vous estes aimé, thou art, or you are loved.  
Il est aimé, he is loved.    
Plural. 

Nous sommes aimez, we are loved.  
Vous estes aimez, ye are loved.  
Ils sont aimez, they are loved.     

The Preterimperfect tense.  
For the singular. 

I'estois aimé, I was loved.  
Tu estois ou vous estiez aimé, thou wart, or you were loved.  
Il estoit aimé, he was loved.    
Plural. 

Nous estions aimez, we were loved.  
Vous esties aimez, ye were loved.  
Ils estoient aimez, they were loved.     

The first Preterperfect.  
For the Singular 

jefus aimé, I was loved.  
Tufus, ou vous fustes aimé, thou wast or you were loved.  
Il fut aimé, he was loved.    
Plural. 

Nous fumus aimez, we were loved.  
Vous fustes aimez, ye were loved.  
Ils furent aimez, they were loved.     

The second Preterperfect.  
For the singular. 

I'ay esté aimé, I have been loved.  
Tu as, ou vous avez esté aimé, thou hast or you have been loved.  
Il a esté aimé, he hath been loved.    
Plural. 

Nous avons esté aimez, we have been loved.  
Vous avez esté aimez, ye have been loved.  
Ils ont esté aimez, they have been loved.     

The Preterpluperfect.  
For the singular. 

I'auoys esté aimé, I had been loved.  
Tu avoys, ou vous aviez esté aimé thou hadst, or you had been loved.  
Il avoit esté aimé, he had been loved.    
For the Plural. 

Nous avions esté aimez, we had been loved.  
Vous aviez esté aimez, ye had been loved.  
Ils avoient esté aimez, they had been loved.     

The Future.  
For the singular. 

je seray aimé, I shall be loved.  
Tu seras, ou vous serez aimé, thou shalt, or you shall be loved.  
Il sera aimé, he shall be loved.    
Plural. 

Nous ferons aimez, we shall be loved.  
Vous serez aimez, ye shall be loved.  
Ils seront aimez, they shall be loved.      

Of the Imperative mood, the Present tense.  

For the singular. 

Fay que tu soys aimé, see that thou be loved, ou que vous soyez aimé, or that you be loved.  
Face qu'il soit aimé, se that he be loved.    
For the Plural. 

Faites que vous soyés aimez, see that ye be loved.  
Facent qu'ils soient aimez, see that they be loved.      

Of the Optative in the present tense.  

For the singular. 

Dieu vueille que je soy aimé, God grant that I be loved.  
Tu soys, ou vous soyez aimé, that thou, or you be loved.  
Il soit aimé, he be loved.    
Plural. 

Nous soyons aimez, we be loved.  
Vous soiez aimez, ye be loved.  
Ils soient aimez, they be loved.     

The Preterimperfect.  
For the singular. 

Dieu vuelle que je fusse aimé, God grant that I were loved.  
Tufusses aimé, ou vous fussiez aimé, thou wert, or you were loved.  
Il fut aimé, he were loved.    
Plural. 

Nous fussions aimez, we were loved.  
Vous fussiez aimez, ye were loved.  
Ils fussent aimez, they were loved.     
Or else as the Preterimperfect of the Indicative, by putting before it for a sign, oh si, O if: as, O si j'estois aimé. etc. O if I were loved. etc.   

Of the Preterperfect.  

For the singular. 

Dieu vueille que I'aye esté aimé, would God that I have been loved.  
Tu ayes esté aimé, ou vous ayez esté aimé, thou hast been loved, or you have been loved.  
Il ait este aime, he hath been loved.    
For the Plural. 

Nous ayons este aimez, we have been loved.  
Vous ayez esté aimez, ye have been loved.  
Ils aient esté aimez, they have been loved.      

Of the Preterpluperfect.  

For the singular. 

Pleust à Dieu que I'eusse esté aimé, would it pleased God that I had been loved.  
Tu eusses, ou vous eussiez esté aimé, that thou hadst, or you had been loved.  
Il eust esté aimé, he had been loved.    
For the Plural. 

Nous eussions esté aimez, we had been loved.  
Vous eussiez esté aimez, ye had been loved.  
Ils eussent esté aimez, they had been loved.     
The Future tense is like to the Present tense of the Optative mood.   

Of the subjunctive mood, and of his Present tense.  
The Present tense of the subjunctive mood is conjugated as the present tense of the Indicative, saving that it hath before it for a sign, veu que, seeing that.   

Of the Preterimperfect.  

For the singular. 

Quand je serois aimé, when I should be loved.  
Tu serois, ou vous seriez aimé, thou shouldest, or you should be loved.  
Il seroit aimé, he should be loved.    
Plural. 

Nous serions aimez, we should be loved.  
Vous seriez aimez, ye should be loved.  
Il seroient aimez, they should be loved.     
Or else as the preterimperfect of the Indicative mood, in giving him this sign, veu que, seeing that, or as the preterimperfect of the Optative.   

Of the Preterperfect.  
This preterperfect tense is conjugated as the preterperfect of the Optative.   

Of the Preterpluperfect.  

For the singular. 

Quand I'aurois esté aimé, when I had been loved.  
Tu auroys, ou vous auriez esté aimé, thou hadst, or you had been loved.  
Il auroit esté aimé, he had been loved.    
For the Plural. 

Nous aurions esté aimez, we had been loved.  
Vous auriez esté aimez, ye had been loved.  
Ils auroient esté aimez, they had been loved.     
Or as the Preterpluperfect of the Indicative mood.   

Of the Future.  

For the singular. 

Quand jauray esté aimé, when I shall have been loved.  
Tu auras, ou vous aurez esté aimé, thou shalt, or you shall have been loved.  
Il aura esté aimé, he shall have been loved.    
Plural. 

Nous aurons esté aimés, we shall have been loved.  
Vous aures esté aimez, ye shall have been loved.  
Ils auront esté aimez, they shall have been loved.      

Of the Infinitive mood.  
Estre aimé, To be loved.   

For the Preterperfect and Preterpluperfect.  
Auoir esté, aimé, To have or had been loved.   

Of the Future.  
Que je seray aimé, that I shall be loved, ou I'espere que je seray aimé, or I hope that I shall be loved.  
The Participle is formed, taking away from the passive the verb Substantive, as aimé, loved, and so of all the rest.   

Of the Participle.  
The participle is a part of speech, which is so called, because it proceedeth of the nature of the Verb, and of the Noun. Now we have in our tongue two only sorts of participles: whereof the one cometh of the verb Active, and is called a participle of the present tense: and the other of the verb passive. That which proceedeth of the verb Active, endeth in, ant, and is formed of the preterimperfect of the Indicative mood of the verb active, of whatsoever conjugation it be, changing, oys, into, ant, as aimois, loved, aimant, loving, disois, said, disant, saying, faisois, did, faisant, doing, parlois, spoke, parlant, speaking, & so of others. Of which participle, is formed the participle feminine, by adding, e, feminine at the end, as, aimant, aimante, disant, disante, faisant, faisante, for all the other which end in, ant, be of the masculine gender.  
The Participle that descendeth from the Verb passive is formed of the first person of the Indicative mood, by taking away the Verb substantive, which is joined unto it: as we have said in conjugating the Verb passive, je suis aimé, I am loved, dit, said, fait, made, declaré, declared, estimé, esteemed. There must then be taken away these particles, je suis, and behold the participle formed in this sort, aimé, loved, dit, said, fait, made, estimé, estime, dost tué, destitute, and so of others, whereof cometh the participle feminine by adding, e, feminine, as aimé aimée, dit dite, fait faite, estimé estimée.  
For the rest, because, that these participles be declined as the nouns of which we have spoken amply enough, I send you thither. For it is all one in this respect of adding the Article, le, and, un, for the masculine, lafoy, and, une, for the feminine, as for example of the participle active, l'aimant, the loving, et un aimant, and a loving, for the masculine, and for the feminine, l'aimante, et une aimante, example of the participle passive: for the masculine l'aimé, the beloved, le dit, the said, et un aimé, and a beloved, un dit. one said, for the feminine, l'aimée, la dite, et une aimée, une dite. As for the plural number there needeth but to add, s, at the end of the singular, and it shall be formed, as l'aimé les aimés, l'aimée les aimées, l'aimant les aimants, l'aimante, les aimantes, etc.   

Of the adverb.  
The adverbs be words, which be not declined (as these three last sorts of words that is to say, Conjunction, Preposition, and Interjection, of which we will speak consequently hereafter) and join themselves to Verbs to make that to be more clearly understanded, which those Verbs signify and to fulfil & accomplish their signification, as the adjectives are joined to Substantives, as for example, let us take j'aime, I love, a man knoweth not whither it be of much or little love; or otherwise, if there be not joined unto it an adverb, as, grandement, greatly, ou legerement, or lightly, and so others, but than it is known with what love one loveth: as je l'aime grandement, I love him greatly, Il aime legerement, ou bien peu, he loveth lightly or very little.  
There are of divers sorts of adverbs: some wherewith men use to signify or tell the time of a thing: as auiourd'huy, To day, demain, to morrow, hire, yesterday, l'autre iour, the other day, apres demain, after to morrow, tous les iours, every day, quand ou come, when, or as, cependant que, whiles, maintenant, now, desia, already, à ceste heure, at this hour, tantost, anon, incontinent; incontinent, si pris si mis, by and by, longuement, a long while, tousiours, always, tousiourmais, for ever, quelquefois, sometimes, aucunefois, any time, jadis, in time past. sowent, sowentesfois, often, oftentimes, peu sowent, seldom, jamais, never, cy apres, hereafter, par cy apres, hereafter, doresanavamt, from henceforth, oars, but, devant, before, avant, afore, tant que, so long, jusques à tant que, until so long as.  
Some be to signify the place, as when one asketh, où est il? where is he? or else, où est il allé, whither is he gone? men answer in this? sort, Icy, here, là, there, illec, there, en ce lieu-la, in that place, en ce am cy, in this place, aupres near, pres, nigh, dedans, within, horse, without, dehors, abroad.  
And for the answering of this question, of d'ou vient il? from whence cometh he? It is said, d'icy, of this place, de là, from hence, d'illec, from thence.  
For this: Par où est il passé? which way went be? One answereth, Par cy, this way, par là, that way, par illec, by that place.  
For this question, de quel costé va il? on what side goeth he? One answereth in this manner, verse ce am cy, towards this place, par icy, hitherto par ce costé icy, on this side, par ce costé là, on that side, vers ce costé là, towards that side, droict en avant, right afore, à travers, overthwart, devant, before, arrear, behind, en arriere, backward.  
Some serve to reckon, or number: as une foys, once, deux foys, twice, troysfois, thrice, quatre soys, four times, and so of the other.  
Some signify and show order: puis apres, afterwards, apres, after, en apres, after that, cy apres, hereafter, consequemment, consequently, Some be to ask: quoy? what? pourquoy? wherefore? de quoy? why? où, where? d'où, from whence? par ou, whereby? comment, how? quand, when? For to call, have, how, vien ça, come hither, st. whist, hist.  
For to answer, have, how. Now it is true that this last is somewhat rude, so that in the place of hau, we use these phrases, plaist ill, pleaseth it you, que vous plaist ill? what shall it please you? and English men this word, tantost, anon. For to answer assuredly: Ouy, yea, il est ainsi, it is so, pourquoy non? why not?  
For to affirm or confirm, sans point de faute, without any fail, certes, certes, vrayement, truly, veritablement, verily, certainement, certainly, pour certain, for certain.  
For to deny, non, not, ne, not, nenny, not, nullement, not at all.  
For to exhort & give courage, or sus, go to, or avant, now, courage, courage, bien bien, well, well, or ça, go to.  
For to wish: à la mi●nne volunté, I would, pleust à Dieu, might it please God, Dieu vucille, God grant, si, if, ou, or, oh si, oh if.  
For to signify some things that are to be done together: ensemble, together, quand & quand, by and by, tout d'une venue, all at once, tout d'un coup, all at one chop, ensemblement, likewise, tout d'un train, all in a row, ausi bien, as well.  
For to elect and chose, mieux, better, et mais bien, and but well, in this sort, non pas cecy, not this, mais bien cela, but well that.  
For to separate, à part, a part, à l'escart, by itself, mais singulierement, but specially. As in this example, je vous en remercie tous mais singulierement, I thank you all of it, but specially, mais nommement, but namely, principallement, chiefly, particulierement, particularly, speciallement, specially, vous mon bon amy, you my good friend.  
For to signify in what manner, seavamment, skilfully, prudemment, wisely, vaillamment, valiantly, diligemment, diligently, and so of others, which show the quality of the thing.  
For to signify quantity, great or little, or for to augment, fore, very, beaucoup, much, moult, much, trop, to much, grandement, greatly, bien, well, As in this sentence, tu sois le bien venu, as for thee be thou welcome, peu, little, gueres, little, un peu, a little, trop peu, to little, un bien peu, a very little, le moins du monde, the lest of the world, tant soit peu, be it never so little, presque, almost, is one of them also, so that, the negation goeth before it, in this sort, je ne voy presque goutte, I see not almost a whit.  
For to diminish or make less, à grand pain, scarce, peu à peu, little and little, tout bellement, fair, posement, softly, petit à petit, by little and little, presque, almost, environ, about, peu pres, well nigh, Il ne s'en faut gueres, there lacketh but little of it, nullement du monde, by no means in the world, peu s'en faut, little lacketh.  
For to make comparison between two, or many, aussi, also, tant, so much, autant, as much, si, so, plus, more, and moins, less, which be words that serve to show comparison of things, and have after them, que, come, ou, de, as, or, of, which are always one of the members of the Comparison: as in these examples, Il est aussi scavant que vous, He is as learned as you, Il n'est pas tant prudent que cault, He is not so wise as subtle. je suis autant son amy, que ou come celuy qui l'est par dessus tous, I am as much his friend, as he that is above all other. Le plus excellent de tous, the most excellent of all, le moins sage de tous, the lest wise of all.  
For to show, Voy-le-cy, Here it is, voy-le-la, there it is, voy-cy, behold here, voyla, behold there.  
For to doubt, Paraduanture, peradventure, Il peut bien estre, It may well be, il se peut bien fair, it may well be done, il est possible, it is possible, Il est bien possible, It is very possible, d'auenture, by chance, par cas fortuit, perchance, come fortune voulut, as fortune would, it is very true, that as to me I allow not these kinds of speaking, seeing that they smell more of paynims than the Christian speeches. And so I would gladly advertise you by the way to leave this word Fortune, which these old dreamers paynims and idolaters have forged in their fond brains.  
For we must use this word, Dieu, God, & have it always in our mouth in all our doings, and affairs, seeing that all things are and do come by his divine providence, without the which nothing can be.  
Then in place that men say, de cas fortuit, perchance, come fortune voulut, as fortune would, we must say: come Dien voulut, as God would, cecy ou cela se peut fair, this or that may be done, voire s'il playst a Dieu, to weet, if it please God, the which must be added.  
For to show likeness or resemblance, or Comparison, or example: come, as ainsi, so, ainsi que, so as, ainsi come, even so, come si, even as, tout ainsi que, like as.   

Of Conjunctions.  
Conjunctions are words, which serve for to join and knit together other words or sentences, of which there be divers sorts.  
Some be to join only: as these, et, and, aussi, also, example of, et, and, Il est bon et honest, he is good and honest. Of, aussi, also, S'il vous offence, ill in'offence aussi, If he offend you, he offendeth me also, d'auantage, moreover, pareillement, likewise, non seulement, not only, mais aussi, but also, en outre & qui plus est further and that more is, au rest, to the rest, au par sur, moreover, en apres, afterwards, outre ce, beside this, mesme, mesmement, also, namely.  
The other for to join together that which we would understand a part: as, mais, but, example, Il est rich, mais meschant homme, He is rich, but a wicked man, voire mais, yea but, Il est bien vray que, It is very true that, vray est que, true it is that, or then, autrement, otherwise, sans cela, without that, mais aussi, but also: Ou, or, is a Conjunction to conjoin two things, of which we would affirm the one: as in this example, Il est bon, ou mawais, he is good, or evil.  
Some serve for to yield reason, car, for, pour ce que, for that, pourquoy, wherefore, quamd à ce que, as to this that, & puis que, and since that, donc, then, attendu que, considering that, veu que, seeing that, pourtant, by so much, pour autant que, for as much as.  
For to make exception, excepté, except, sinon, but, ●ors, saving, si, if.  
To show a thing that followeth of another, pour autant que, for as much as, as pour autant que vous avez la fieure, vous avez chauld, forasmuch as you have the Ague, you are hot, puisque, sithence that.  
For to conclude, donques, then, parquoy, therefore, par ainsi, by this, & pourtant, and therefore, pour ce, for that.  
To show that, that which we say, causeth no let, or hindrance, jaçoit, albeit, Combienque, although that, encores, yet, veu que, seeing that, toutesfois, nevertheless, neantmoins, nevertheless, si est ce que, yet is it so that, nonobstant, notwithstanding, purvey que, so that, au moins, at lest, a tout le moins, at the uttermost, these two last serve for to demand that the lest yet may be granted us: as in this example: Si vous ne voulez m'ayder, au moins n'empeschez les autres de ce fair, If you will not help me, at the lest let not other to do it.   

Of Prepositions.  
The Prepositions are words that be put before other words, and therefore they are so called. As when a man speaketh of a place, of an order, or telleth the cause why, we say, Il est en la chambre, he is in the chamber, Il est le second apres cestuy la, he is the second after that same, je l'ay fait a cause de luy, I have done it for his cause.  
Then we must know how many of them there are, & how they be placed, which may rather be seen by examples, than by rules or precepts. And therefore I will endeavour to discharge myself herein, the best that I can. It is true that if there do remain some behind that I show not, you may not for that be offended, for it is a small thing, and which may easily be learned in the French dictionary: and beside that, mannes memory is so weak, that it is almost impossible to hold all things at the finger's end. Then for the better understanding them, we will give examples of them. And first, these six Prepositions, à, au, to, aux, to the, de, of, du, of, from. des, of the, d●e govern Nouns and Verbs: as for example of, à, and, de, aller à la ville, au presche, aux prieres, to go to the town, to the sermon, to prayers. Of, de: Venir de la ville, du presche, des prieres, to come from the town, from the sermon, from prayers. We say also, estre à Londres, to be at London, au marché, in the market place aux estwes, in the hot houses. A, and de, with a Substantive, serve for an adjective: as, homme à cheval, à pied, de cheval, de pied, a man on horseback, a horseman, a foreman, on foot. So we say: quelque chose de bon, some good thing, homme de bien, a good man. A. sometimes with the Infinitive mood Present tense, signifieth the Future tense, or quality of some duty. As: choose à advenir, a thing to come to pass, besongne à fair, a work to do, chose à dire, a thing to say, chose à taire, a thing to keep secret. De, without an article, is joined with a noun of matter, quantity, and instrument, as, couronne d'or, a crown of gold, couppe d'argent, a cup of silver, espee de far, a sword of iron, un peu de feu, a little fire. This Preposition, des, is put in this manner, des le commencement, from the beginning, des nostre enfance, from our childhood. Depuis, and jusques, follow one another in one sentence, after this sort: Depuis le haut iusques au bas, from above until beneath, Depuis soleil couchant iusques au point du iour, from the Sun going down until the break of the day. Depuis, is set alone when it signifieth some space of time, as, je ne l'ay point veu depuis ce temps là, I have not seen him since that time. Example of par, as, par courroux, by anger, par sa faute, by his fault. Of, pour, pour peur de honte, for fear of shame, cecy est pour moy, this is for me, faices cela pour vostre profit, do this for your profit. Pour, with the Infinitive present tense, signifieth somewhat to come: as, Il est pour estre grand personage, he is to be a great parsonage, pour enrichir sa maison, for to enrich his house, pour arriver auiourd'huy, for to arrive to day. Of parmy: parmy lafoy fenestre, through the window, parmy les champs, through the fields, parmy la ville, through the town. Of Apres: le second apres le roy, the second next the king, apres vous, after you. Of pres, and, aupres: seez vous prez de moy, sit you nigh me, venes aupres de moy, come near me. Of sans: sans cecy je fusse allé aux champs, without this I had gone into the fields, sans le sceu, without knowing, I'ay fait cela sans qu'ils s'en soyent apperceuz, I did the same, and they perceived it not. Of, devant: devant tous, before all, devant le roy, before the king. Of, avecques, or, avec: avec pain & travail, with pain and travail, venes avec moy, come with me, allez avecques elle, go with her. Of en, and, és: en, is for the singular. As, Il est en Egypte, be is in Egypt: Es, for the Plural, as, Il est és deserts, he is in the deserts, és montaignes, in the mountains. There be of them yet some, as, enuers, towards, vers, towards, sur, upon, soubs, under, sus, above, dessus, above, dessous, beneath, selon, after, ches, unto, or, at, and very few other, the practice of which you may easily see in reading Authors. For there they may be best learned. And therefore it sufficeth us to have showed you with the finger, where the fountain is, that you may drink thereof when you are dry.   

Of the Interjection.  
Interjections be words that men cast, and set between or in the midst of a matter, the affection of him that speaketh, there be divers sorts of them.  
Some serve to call: as, hay, have, how.  
For to ask, haa? hagh?  
For to perceive, ha', ha', ah, ah.  
For to cry, haro.  
For to make men hold there peace, hovysche, hush, mom, paix, momme, peace.  
For to bid men beware, gare, take heed.  
For to laugh, ho, ha'.  
For to lament, alas, 'las, alas, he, hemy, alas.  
For to marvel, a, oya, dieux, dea.  
For to be sad, O.  
For to abhor, fie, fie.    
FINIS.   

❧ ADVERTISSEMENT AVX LECTEVRS.  
POUR cae que c'est peu de chose, d'auoir la cognoissance des regles sans la practic. I'ay bien voulu à la fin de ce mien traité vous advertir, de les practiquer en les estudiant. Et pour ce fair, il vous faut avoir quelques petis liures Françoys pour le commencement, touchant les matieres que vous appeterez, come ceux qui veulent lire les Escritures sainctes, ils en peuuent avoir d'aussi exquis & eloquens qu'on sçauroit excogiter, come le noweau Testament, l'Institution Chrestienne de Maistre jean Caluin, ses sermons lesquels se peuuent trower separez, & plusieurs autres bons liures, tant grands, que petis escrits, des plus excellents & renommez personnages de nostre temps. Et quant à ceux qui se delectent aussi de lire des liures sur quelque autre subject, je les veux admonnester d'achater un petit liuret Intitulé le Theatre du Monde, lequel est à bon droict ainsi appellé, veu qu'il contient, non seulement le Theatre du monde, quant à la matiere, mais aussi pour la quantité du liure. Le Theatre & le Thresor de l'elegance & pureté de nostre langue. Il y en a d'autres qui sont aussi fort bons & delectables pour la diversité des maticres qu'ils contienent, come le liure des propos memorables, le liure des Facecieuses nuits, le liure des nowelles de la rain de Navarre, ou c'est qu'on peut descowrir les astuces de ce monde, & le moyen de s'en donner guard, & maints autres semblables discours lesquels vous powez sçavoir des Libraires, toutesfois & quantes que vous voudrez, il ne faut seulement que leur demander en general quelque bon liure Françoys de telle grandeur, & sur telle & telle matiere, & ils le vous enseigneront incontinent. Au rest d'autant que je me doubt, que vous n'entendrez pas tous les mots que vous lirez, je vous conseille d'auoir par mesme moyen, un petit Dictionnaire François & Anglois, ou François & Latin (à ceux qui l'entendent) car vous y trowerrez facilement, selon l'ordre des lettres, la signification de tous les mots & puis apres vous voirez aisement au premier liure de ce present traité, come il les faut prononcer, & puis au second de quelle party d'oraison ils sont, & s'ils sont Noms quels noms, de quel nombre, & de quel cas, & s'il sont Verbes, en quel meuf, & en quel temps vous les colloquerez, & ainsi des autres parties. Voila où je clorray le petit ruisselet de la petite source, qu'il a pleu a Dieu me donner l'eau du quel (s'il luy plaist) vous seruira pour arrouser, & fair croistre des Herbes de nostre langue Françoise, au jardin de vostre memoire, qui vous seront par apres, non moins odoriferantes, que profitables, tellement que si je voy, que vous luy faciez des conduits, pour le recevoir, & que voz Herbes en verdoyent, je suppliray nostre bon Dieu, qu'il vucille en telle sort croistre les vaines de la source de mon esprit, que je puisse de mieux en mieux fair chose qui soit à vostre bien, & contentement, come je le pry qu'il vous maintienne en bonne prosperité. Ainsi soit-il. ❧   

❧ AN ADVERTISEMENT TO THE REAders.  
Because that it is a small matter to have the knowledge of rules without practice, I thought good at the end of this my treatise to advertise you to practise the same, as you learn them. And for the doing hereof, you must get some little French books to begin withal, which touch the matters that you are desirous of. As they which will read the holy Scriptures, they may thereof have so exquisite, and eloquent as a man can devise, as the new Testament, the Christian Institation of M. john Caluin, his Sermons, which may be found severally, and many other good books, aswell great, as small, written by the most excellent and renowned men of our time. And as for them, which are delighted to read books upon some other matter, I would admonish them to buy a little book Entitled: le Theatre du Monde, which is worthily so called, seeing that it containeth not only the glass of the World, as concerning the matter, but also for the quantity, of the book, the glass and Treasure of the eloquence and pureness of our tongue. There be other also, very good and pleasant, by reason of the diversity of matters, which they contain: as the book of Propos memorables, the book of Facecieuses nuicts, the book of Nowelles de la Rain de Navarre, where a man may discover the subtle practices of the world, and the mean to take heed of them, and many other such like discourses, the which you may know of the bookesellers, as often and when you will, you need only but ask them generally, some good French book, of such a bigness, and upon such, and such a matter, and they will show it you by and by. As touching the rest, forasmuch as I doubt, that you will not understand, all the words that you shall read, I counsel you to have likewise a little Dictionary, French and English, or French and Latin (for them that understand it.) For there you shall find easily, after the order of the cross row, the signification of all words. And afterwards you shall see easily in the first Book of the present Treatise, how they are to be pronounced and after in the second, of what part of speech they be, and if they be Nouns, what Nouns, of what number, & of what case: and if they be Verbs, in what mood, and in what tense you shall place them, and so of the other parts.  
And thus do I shut up the little River of the little spring, which it hath pleased God to give me, the water whereof, (if it be his will) shall serve you, to sprinkle, & make to grow, herbs of our French tongue, in the Garden of your memory, which shall be to you hereafter no less pleasant in smell, than profitable, so that, if I see that you make passages to receive the same, and that your Herbs thereby may spring. I shall beseech our good God, that he would in such sort increase the veins of the Spring of my understanding, that I may the better do the thing, that may be to your profit and contentation, as I pray him, to maintain you in good prosperity. So be it.