A Learned and True Assertion of the original, Life, Acts, and death of the most Noble, Valiant, and renowned Prince Arthure, King of great Britain.  
Who succeeding his father Uther Pendragon, and right nobly governing this Land six and twenty years, than died of a mortal wound received in battle, together with victory over his enemies. As appeareth Cap. 9 And was buried at ●laste●bury. Cap. 1●. An. 543.  
Collected and written of late years in latin, by the learned English Antiquary of worthy memory john Leyland.  
Newly translated into English by Richard Robins●● Citizen of London. Anno Domini. 1582.  
LONDON Imprinted by john Wolf, dwelling in Distaff Lane, over against the Sign● of the Castle. 1582.   

Insignia Illustrium Patronorum, huius opusculi selectorum.  

ARTURUS BARO  
Grace, de Wilton.   

D. HENRICUS SIDNEY, Illustrissimi Ordinis Garterij Miles, unus Consiliariorum D. Reg. & in Principatu Walliae Praesid.   

Magister Thomas Smith D. Reginae Custumarius Principalis, in Portu London.    

To the Right Honourable Lord ARTHURE GREY, Baron of Wilton, Lord deputy & Lieutenant General for the Queen's majesty in Ireland: To the Right Honourable Sir HENRY SIDNEY, Knight of the Honourable Order of the Garter, & Precedent for her Majesty in the 〈◊〉 of Wales: To the Right worshipful. M. THOMAS SMITH, Esquire, & Chief, Customer for her Majesty in the port of London: & to the Worshipful Society of Archers, in London yearly celebrating the renowned memory of the Magnificent Prince ARTHVR● & his Knightly Order of the Round Table:  Grace, mercy, & Peace in the Lord everlasting. 
HAVING in mindful memory (Right Honourable, and Worshippfull) that merciful covenant of peace, by our omnipotent Creator towards all flesh thus manifested (I do set my Rain Bow in the clouds, 
Gen. 9  & it shall be as a token between me & the earth) promising hereby never to destroy the same any more by waters: how much aught mankind specially, enjoying by this peaceable pact, from Heaven, Earth, & the Sea abundance of benefits: fear God in his holiness, love one an other in righteousness, and use these benefits with thankfulness to the advancement of his glory. For this Bow, this Rainbow I say of his covenant, 
Arist met●● liber 3. Cap. 1.  and pledge of his peace, left unto us from the deluge (as Aristotle affirmeth) Naturally appeareth by reflection or giving back of the light of the Sun, 
Trac. 2.  from a cloud opposite, or against the same. So our heavenvly God, the Father of light, and giver of grace, departeth with the light of his manifold mercies unto mankind, from the opposite cloud of his displeasure. Again, this Bow of his covenant and pledge of his peace, (as it is said by Albertus) To be so much less in appearance, as by how much the Sun is higher in the Heavens, and contrary wise so much greater, as the Sun is lower to the earth: So much less be the mercies of God minded of man, as his mighty power appeareth out of our sight, and again so much greater seem his mercies unto us, as his mighty power is near us in sight. Thirdly according to Aristotle, this Rainbow of his covenant & pledge of his peace, As it appeareth in the Spring time, in Summer, in Autumn & in Winter, evening & morning, but specially in Autumn: So is the performance of his merciful covenant, and peaceable pacte at all times apparent, but specially in Autumn, that is when mankind laboureth most to leave sin, and bring-forth fruits of good life as I said, fearing God in his holiness, loving one an other in righteousness, and using his benefits with thankfulness. Thus and to this end granting his covenant, our omnipotent Creator and gracious God ordaining Man ruler over his Creatures in earth, yet under his protection in heaven, hath not only bound unto him all humane society, but hath also substituted even his lieutenants godly rulers over the same to the foresaid effect for the advancement of his glory, confirming the same covenant with the authority of his holy word on this manner. 
● Reg. 7  I will ordain a place for my people of Israel. I. And I will plant him, and I will dwell with him. II. And he shall be no more troubled. III. And the children of iniquity shall not vex or afflict him any more. FOUR By his word here he promised that which by his deed he performed to our forefathers▪ Adam in Paradise, Gen. 1. Noah & his children, Gen. 9 Abraham & his seed Gen. 12. But loving his ●lect, and hating their enemies, he performed his promise unto jacob in his providence, and unto Laban in his judgements, Gen. 30. So did he in like manner unto joseph, and his unnatural brethren, Gen. 37. Yea in his providence laying his right hand upon Ephraim, and in his judgement his left hand upon Manasses. Gen. 48. Whereby as he prospered and protected his holy ones in peace and wars against their enemies, we read also in the divine histories from time to time how and by what ordinary means of power, force, and defence, he reached unto his feeble flock his mighty arm to the discomforture of the enemy & utter subversion both of their power & policy, according to his promises aforesaid. Hear then memorable and praiseworthy is the providence of this most mighty God, who promising help unto the jews against the Gentiles, used no kind of speech so much as this, 
Deut 32.  That he would bend his Bow and die his shafts in blood. As who say, God wil● make the jews shoot strong shoots to overthrow their enemies: or at the least, that shooting is a wonderful mighty thing, whereunto the high power of God is likened. This bow a weapon of defence, the Rain Boe a token of truce: This Bow in peace a pleasure, the Rain Bow a sign of serenity: this Bow in wars a pain to the enemy, the Rain Bow at all times and to all people God's token between him and the earth. The one an instrment of mercy, the other of destruction: the godly have both as their comfort and safeguard by God's protection, the ungodly either wanting the one or having both, have them to their confusion and subversion by his rejection. 
Reg. 3●.  As we read of King Saul, that he was slain of the Philistians being mighty bow men: and with him also his Son ●onathas who as the scripture saith never shot shaft in vain. And that the kingdom of Israel after saul's death came unto King David: who after he was King, decreed by the first statute which he enacted. 
2. Reg. ●  That all the children of Israel should learn to shoot in the bow, according to a law made many a day before ut patet in libro justorum, a book not now in use to be ●ounde. In his book of Psalms as he said He was at peace with them that hated peace. So named he the bow and arrows in divers manners & meanings▪ as in his Psal. 7. verse 13. & 14. Psal. 11. vers. 2. Psal. 18. vers. 13. Psal. 21. vers. 12. Psal. 45. vers. 6. Psal. 49. vers. 9 64. vers. 3. & 4. 76. vers. 3. 91. vers. 5. 127. vers. 4. & 5. Finally in his 147. Psal. vers. 6. Praying to God for deliverance from his enemies and for their destruction. He saith, shoot thine arrows and consume them: So yet that He neither trusted in bow nor sword, but in the power of God. He affirmeth it Psalm 44. vers. 6. And to conclude that he had rather live in a godly peace than to war against the wicked, he saith in the 119. Psal. vers. 15. As at a mark he will aim to walk in the ways of the Lord. Of this mind was not King ●osias, who though leading a godly life at home in juda, yet going unjustly to fight against Nichao King of Egypt, 
● Reg. 23.  was rather friendly dehorted by him from his purpose then otherwise, saying: Leave off to work against the Lord which is with me lest he do ●tay thee, which admonition josias not regarding as spoken from God, tasted in deed of God's just judgement: for being shot thorough with arrows he was wounded to the death incontinently. I could at large here call to mind the commendation of this peaceable practice of shooting which once I as a raw scholar read over in Toxophilus, and at times by tasked lessons interpreted in latin here and there: but for brevity, I refer your honours, and worships unto the Histories there, of the Ethiopian king, and Cambyses king of Persia. Of Sesostris and his archers. Of the Messagetanes which never went without their bow and quiver neither in peace nor in wars. Of Polycrates and his one thousand archers. Of the Scythians (whose whole substance and riches of a man being a yoke of Oxen and a plough, a Nag and his dog, his bow and his quiver) were invincible against Darius and other Monarches. To be short, the Grecians, Persians, Athenians, and the Romans, whose shooting in peace and wars was worthy of praise and fame. Neither here ought I nor will I omit with silence the deserved fame of our Ancestors in favouring this exercise in this our little England long ago living and of latter time, though briefly, referring your honours & worships unto the histories at large, as of Brute and his Trojans the first Britons', before and after the arrival of julius Caesar, Claudius, & Vespasian Emperors and they Romans: after them the Saxons until the time of Vortiger, the usurping murderer, who (Gods providence so working for them, and his judgement upon him) by the two brethren and valiant Britain's Aurelius surnamed Ambrose, & Uther Pendragon, being burned in his Castle in Wales, was occasion of the Britons more happier estate afterwards. But here yet by the way (Right honourable and worshipful) as I applaud in this their well doing, so it had been a thing of Britain most worthily to be wished, for that Prince himself less opprobrius of all men more praise worthy, and most precious in the sight of God: if the serpent Tyrus had wanted here his vennime uncurable, though his flesh proved medicinable against all other poisons (as saith Cardanus in his book of Comfort.) I mean if Uther Pendragon had wanted that serpentine poison of adultery, Necromancy & murder (things audible to God and good men:) when that most incomparable King Arthure of great Britain for his princely prowess, valiant virtues, and triumphant victories yet proved more Royally renowned throughout all the world in his time and to his posterity. The Hebrews with great and not undeserved titles extolled their judas Maccabeus. Homer the glory of all Greek Poets left Hector and Achilles most commendable unto the world. Neither by less diligence did the Grecians adorn with praise Alexander the most mighty conqueror. And the Romans advanced the noble acts of their Caesar to the Skies not enough. The Burgonians profoundly praised Godfrey of Bulloyn (for his noble valiancy) as the scourge of the Saracens in his days. And as every one of those are commended with due desert: so in like manner there were never Britain's wanting of excellent learning and exquisite knowledge to leave with careful diligence and credible commendation, the progeny, life, prowess prosperity, and triumphant victories of our said ancient Arthure worthily published unto the world. And as Alexander would have none to purtract him but Apelles, nor any but Lysippus to engrave him in brass, nor any but Pyrgotiles to work him in precious stone: So where in not three, but many Artisans as learned Gildas, William of Malmsbury, Nennius, Divionenses, Graius, josephus, Geoffrey of Munmuth, Silvester Giraldus. etc. performed their worthy workmanshippes in our Arthure Maur (to use the Britain phrase:) even one English Leyland for his learned labour laudable, hath perfectly polished him in all points. Choosing a chief & most perspicuous, a valiant & most victorious, a courageous and most conquerouse, a religious and most redoubted Royal sovereign King Henry the eight, as sole supreme Patron and protector thereof against the cankered currish kind of caviling carpers. Because his elder brother being named Arthure, he himself a most christian King for all heroical virtues commendable, the rather seemed to favour and further the advancement of the fame of his most renowned ancestor this same our ancient Arthure and the knightly train of his round table. Hereupon by patent of his princely prerogative ordained, granted, and confirmed he unto this honourable City of London, free election of a Chieftain and of Citizens representing the memory of that magnificent King Arthure, and the Knights of the same order, which should for the maintenance of shooting only, meet together once a year, with solemn and friendly celebration thereof. So much in his noble mind prevailed all provident care of princely prowess, 
2 Reg. 1.  valiancy, chivalry, and activity, that he not only herein imitated the examplers of godly K. David for his Israelites as before, 
A●●o ●30  and of that noble Emperor Leo in overthrowing idolatry, and exalting archery maugre the malice of that Roman Antichrist, and all his members: but also invincibly maintained the praiseworthy practise of this shooting in peace & wars by the examples of his princely progenitors. As after t●e conquest, of K. Henry II. alîas Beauclerck so surnamed, the first furtherer of K. Arthures benificencie, valiant Edward surnamed long & first vizitor of the said kings tomb, valiant and victorius Edward III▪ & FOUR bounteous and liberal Richard II. good and gracious Henry the V wise, politic, just, temperate, and grave King Henry the V●I. his father. Neither hath this ceased in the branch, that flourished in the bowl: but by the mild, religious, and gracious King Edward the VI and now last of all by the Phoenix of feminine sex, our most redoubted Hester and gracious sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth laudably lasteth in force and effect: 
Hest. Cap. 〈◊〉.  whose highness so many years humbling, not exalting herself the more by reason of her power, wholly setteth her subjects in peace, preferring the same. Now therefore (Right honourable and worshipful) as duty bindeth every degree to further the welfare of this blessed peace, and the profit of this excellent practice: proceed I humbly beseech you with noble Nehemias and those godly supervisors with dutiful diligence, 
2. Esd. 4,  with the one hand holding your boes, and with the other hand as good labourers for your Prince & public wealth, to bear the burdens of your vocation, towards the building of this earthly jerusalem, even from the morning spring till the Stars come forth. Continually I say accustom yourselves to seek this peace of the gospel and to ensue the same, ride on I say with renown upon that White Horse whose sitter having a boe and a crown given him hath promiss from the mighty power of God, 
Revel. ●.  that he shall go forth conquering and shall overcome. That Christ our King of the v●●iuersall Church with his crown and sceptre, and with the shafts of his mouth or word and gospel of peace may pierce throughout the world to the advancement of his glory which shall sit on the raineboe in his majesty to judge all Nations, (as the fear of his holiness, mutual love in righteousness, and thankfulness for his benefits may move all men) I have travieled in the translation of this book out of Latin into English, with all humble & true hearted reverence, beseeching God to assist you right honourable Lord Deputy with his omnipotent power, that as an invincible josua you may continually bring in the people to the due knowledge of God, 
Deut. 31.  and obedience of our Prince: & as a notable Nehemias in true fear of God without fear of foe build up this earthly jerusalem to the perfection of that perpetual peace, promised in the heavenly jerusalem. Finally that you right honourable Lord Precedent, and you right worshipful Master Thomas Smith with your worshipful associates, 
Psal. 121.  Daily praying for the peace of this jerusalem, as the amity thereof is sweet by the unity of your minds: 
Psal. 132.  So that, Hoc sit longissime ut periucundum sic cohabitare fratres in unum, I according to my humble duty heartily do pray unto God, craving pardon of your honours and worships generally for this my bold dedication. And beseeching you favourably to accept the same in furtherance of my poor study of dutiful well wishing towards my Prince & country: I humbly and heartily beseech the eternal & omnipotent God to multiply his manifold mercies upon your honours & worships, that being all of one dutiful mind in God towards the majesty of our most sacred sovereign lady (under her long living in peaceable prosperity) we may after this life attain unto that peaceable and perpetual kingdom of Heaven to reign as coheirs with Christ our Lord in the glory of his Father. AMEN.  
Your Honourable Lordships, and worthy Worships most humble and faithful poor Orator, RICHARD ROBINSON, Citizen of London.   

I. L. Ad Candidos Lectores.  
Delituit certé multis Arturius annis,  
Vera Brittannorum, Gloria, Lumen, Honos:  
Dispulit obscuras alacer Lelandius umbras,  
Sydereum mundo restituitque iubar.  
Plaudite Lectores studiosa caterua diserti,  
Prestitit officium candidus ille suum:  
Hinc procul at fugiant Codrino fell tumentes,  
Ne proprio crepitent ilia rupta malo.   

I. L. To the Sincere Readers.  
Many years surely Arthure hidden lay,  
Of Britons, the Glory, Light & Honour true:  
Cheerly hath Leyland driven dark shadows away,  
And yields the world bright shining Sun to view.  
Of Learned Readers, rejoice ye studious Crew,  
He sincere did his Duty bounden fulfil:  
far hence flee those their spite which spew,  
Lest their Intestines burst with their own ill.   

The Table of the names of those Authors, whose testimonies this present Book useth.  

Foreign writers.  
Poets. 

Lucanus.  
Juvenal.  
martial.    
Historiographers 

Cornelius Tacitus.  
Paulus Diaconus.  
Claudius Gallus.  
johannes Annevillanus.  
Valerius.  
Boccace.  
Divionensis.  
Ponticus Virunnius.     

Britain writers.  
Theliesinus.  
Ambrose Maridunensis.  
Merlinus Caledonius.  
Melchinus.  
Patricius Glessoburgensis.  
Gildas Bannochorensis.  
Anonymu●.  
Nennius.  
Samuel.  
Beda Girovicanus.   

Britain writers.  
Asserius Menevensis.  
Gulielmus Meildunensis.  
Galfridus Monemuthensis.  
Aluredus Fibroleganus.  
Henricus Venantodunensis.  
josephus Iscanus.  
Silvester Giraldus.  
Matheus Parisius.  
johannes Chysistoriographu●.  
Gulielmus parvus.  
johannes Fiberius.  
Thomas Vicanus.  
Ranulphus Higedenus.  
Mattheus Florilegus.  
johannes Burgensis.  
Thomas Melorius.  
Scalechronica.  
Chronica Durensia.  
Chronica Glessoburgensia.  
Chronica Persorana.   2. Cor. 13. Nihil contra veritatem agere possumus, sed pro Veritate. Prou. 12. Labium Veritatis firmum in perpetuum. Prou. 21. Testis autem mendax peribit. Esdra. ●. 9 Super omnia autem vincit Veritas.  

Certain memorable Notes inserted into this Assertion since the Translation thereof. By Ric. Ro.  
AS Pliny saith, Ingenui pudoris est fateri per quos proseceris: So I must freely confess the friendly helps of those which profited me in this purpose.  
First by conference with Master Steven Batman, a learned Preacher and friendly favourer of virtue and learning, (touching the praise worthy progeny of this K. Arthure) he gave me this assured knowledge on this manner taken out of his Ancient records written at Aualonia.  
Verses found in certain Chronicles, wherein were discourses had of arviragus king of Britain 45. years after the nativity of Christ.  
Twelve men in number entered the Vale of Aualon:  
joseph of Aramathia was the chiefest flower of them.  
joseph the son of joseph, his father did attend,  
With other ten: and Glaston did possess.  
There al●●▪, this writing did witness, that K. Arthure of great Britain descended of the stock of the said joseph viz. Helarius the Nephew of joseph begat joshua, joshua begat Aminadab, Aminadab begat Castellors, Castellors begat Manaell, Manaell begat Lambord and Vrlard, and Lambord begat a son that begat Igerna of which woman, king Uther Pendragon begat the noble and renowned King Arthure. Whereby it plainly appeareth, that K. Arthure descended of the stock of joseph.  
Again, like wise of the same kindred (whereof K. Arthure came) proceeded these ancient Britons also.  
Peter the cozen of joseph of Aramathia, king of Arcadia, begat Erlan, Erlan begat Melianus, Melianus begat Arguthe, Arguthe begat Edor, Edor begat Lotho which married to wife the sister of K. Arthure, of whom Lotho begat 4 sons, to wit, Walwanus Agranaius, Guerelies, and Garelies: all which were noble men of authority in Britain where they dwelled.  
Moreover he showed me ●ut of his ancient records the interchaunges of king Arthures arms which he gave in three chiefs, from the first to the third: viz.  
His first arms he bore in a shield Gules, (red) three Serpents, Or. gold  
His second he bore in a shield Vert, (green) a plain Crossargent: in chief the figure of the Virgin Marie with Christ in her arms.  
His third and last in a shield Azure, (blue) three ●ownes. Or. (gold.)  
But after knowledge of these several arms, I had intelligence of a certain. French book, wherein he is reported to ave given a shield Azure (blue) 13. Crowns. Or. gold  
This book being in an English man's hands, I was not so desirous to see it, but he as willingly showed it & lent it me. There was in it portracted both the several names, shields, and several arms in colours also depainted of all K. Arthur's knights and under every one the commendation due unto him by his chivalry. Which because the engraving of their arms was very chargeable, & the circumstance of matter more than I could in so short time publish in the English tongue: I was enforced to content me with this brief collection concerning K. Arthure. and with the names of 16. kings, one Duke, and 149. knights, so many as were therein printed. viz.   

Of King Arthure himself it saith Directly under his shield thus.  
King Arthure did bear in his shield Azure (blue) 13. Crowns of gold. He was a great conqueror, and of noble and valiant prowess, he instituted the order of the round Table in the kingdom of great Britain: Unto the which he appointed all his chosen knights at Whitsuntide yearly to come, and hold their Homage of him by the same order.   

Now ●●●oweth the names of those knights, and first how many kings  

Kings.  
1 Le Roy Meliadus.  
2 Le Roy Ban de Benock.  
3 Le Roy Boort de Gawes.  
4 Le Roy Karados.  
5 Le Roy Lac.  
6 Le Roy de Clare●.  
7 Le Roy Vrien.  
8 Le Roy Lo●tho de Orchany.  
9 Le Roy Ryon.  
10 Le Roy Pelinor.  
11 Le Roy Bawd magus, de Gorre.  
12 Le Roy Pharam ondo.  
13 Le Roy Galganoys de Norgalles.  
14 Le Roy Aguisant d' Escosse  
15 Le Roy Malaquin d' outre les marches de Gallounne.  
16 Le Roy Claudas.   

I ●Le Duke de Clarence.   

Knights.  
1 Messier Lancelot du Lac.  
2 Boort de gawes.  
3 Gawain d' Orchany.  
4 Messier Tristran de Lyonnoys.  
5 Lyonet de Gawes.  
6 Helias le Blanc.  
7 Hector des Mares.  
8 Bliomberis de Gawes.  
9 Gaherriet.  
10 Keux le Seneschal.  
11 Messier Yuaine.  
12 Bruor le Noir.  
13 Baudoyer le Conestable.  
14 Agruall de Galls.  
15 Segurades.  
16 Patris le Hardy.  
17 Esclabor le Messoniez.  
18 Saphar le méscognieu.  
19 Sagremor le desree.  
20 Gyron le Curtoys.  
21 Seguram le Brun.  
22 Galehault le Bla●c.  
23 Le Morholt de Ireland.  
24 Danayn le Roux.  
25 Amilan de Sessougn●.  
26 Brallain.  
27 Brallain que lon disoit le Chevalier an duex espees.  
28 Gallehaulte.  
29 Lamorat de Lysth enoys.  
30 Brunor de Gawes.  
31 Le bon chevalier de Norgalles.  
32 Henry de Ryvell.  
33 Messier Gullat.  
34 Gueherres.  
35 Aggravaine le Orguilleux.  
36 Mordrec de Orchany.  
37 Gyrfflet.  
38 Dodunel le Savaige.  
39 Yuain le Auoutre.  
40 Ozement Coeur hardy.  
41 Gualegantine le Galloys.  
42 Gaherriet de Lemball.  
43 Mador de la port.  
44 Bamers le forcene.  
45 Dynadam de Estrangor▪  
46 Herret le filz de lac.  
47 Artus le petit.  
48 Cinglant Rochmont.  
49 Artus lesbloy.  
50 Guallogrenant de Windezores.  
51 Kandelis.  
52 Merangis des portz.  
52 Gawaine le franc.  
53 Gnades le fort.  
54 Pharas le Noir.  
55 Pharas le Roux.  
56 jambegues le Garruloys.  
57 Taulas de la mountain.  
58 Abandam le fortune.  
59 Damatha de folim●t.  
60 Amand le bel jousteur.  
61 Ganesmor le Noir.  
62 Arphin le Dire.  
63 Arconstant le adures.  
64 Le Beau couranr.  
65 Le laid hardy.  
66 Andelis le Roux serr●e.  
67 Bruyant des Isles  
68 Ozenall de Essra●●●●.  
69 Le chevalier de Esther.  
70 Le Varlet de Glayn.  
71 Heroys le ioveux.  
72 Fergas du 〈…〉.  
73 Lot le Cou●enr.  
74 Meliadus del Espinov.  
75 Meliadus an no●r aeil.  
76 Auglius des vaux.  
77 jamburg du castle,  
78 Messire Clamorat.  
79 Surados des sept fontanes.  
80 Le Varletan Circle.  
81 Kaedins de Lonizein.  
82 Lucan le Boutellier.  
83 Brumer de la fountain.  
84 Lenfant du plessies.  
85 Persides legent.  
86 Sibilias aux dures maius.  
87 Sinadoes le Esile.  
88 Arphazat le groz coeur.  
89 Le blonde Amoreux.  
90 Argahac le Beau.  
91 Normaine le Pelerin.  
92 Harmaine le fellow.  
93 Toscane le Roman▪  
94 Landone le Leger.  
95 Le fort troue.  
96 Le Noir Perdu.  
97 Le fortune de lisle.  
98 Le see des Dames.  
99 Le Forester de Dennewich,  
100 Le Chasseur de on●re les marches.  
101 jeyr & Landoys de Rufe.  
102 Geoffroy le Lancoys.  
103 Randowin le persien.  
104 Froyadus le Gay.  
105 Rousse lin de la autre mōd●  
106 Gurrant le Roche dure.  
107 Arm. on. owerd serpent.  
108 Ferrand du tertre.  
109 Thor le filz de Arez.  
110 jupin des croix.  
111 Ydeux le fort Tyrane.  
112 Bolinian du Boys.  
113 Le bon Chevalier sans paou●  
114 Brovadas le Espaignoll.  
115 Brechus sans Pity.  
116 Malignain.  
117 Le Chevaleur de Scallo●  
118 Melias' de l' Espi●●.  
119 Agr●erle ●el Patride● 〈◊〉 Circle d' Or.  
120 Mandius le noir.  
121 Perceuall de Gallis.  
122 Aeuxdestraux.  
123 Lamant du Boys.  
124 Melianderis de Sansen.  
125 Mandrin le Sage.  
126 Kalahart le petite.  
127 Sadocde Vencon.  
128 〈…〉  
129 Verrant de la Roche.  
130 Le Brunsans joy,  
131 L●sterin le grand.  
132 Le chevalier des sept voyes  
133 Gryngaloys le fort.  
134 Malaquin le Galoys  
135 Agricole Beaugrand.  
136 Gualiandres du Tettre.  
137 Margondes le Rongo.  
138 Kacerdius de la Vallce.  
139 〈…〉  
140 Tal●mor le Volan●  
141 Alibel de Logres.  
142 Dalides de la Ryvier.  
143 Arain du pinen.  
144 Arganor l● rich.  
145 M●has le Beau Chevalier▪  
146 Mehadus le Blanc.  
147 Malaquin le gros.  
148 Me●●●er Palamedes.  
149 Alexander le Orpheli●.   
Summa totalis 166. Knights.  
Whereof  

Kings 16.  
Duke's 1.  
Knights 149.   
Besides notice of these I used in my translation from time to time, the help (of Master john Stow, & M●ster Camb●en diligent searchers in antiquities▪) for the interpretation of those hard british and Welsh ●ownes or names of places, which neither Master Leyland the Collector of this Assertion had expounded perfectly, neither I my self the translator c●●ld otherwise of myself have performed. For the which I am to gratify them as the others also before recited.   

The Assertion of K. Arthure.  
EVIDENT It is, by the special agreement of Greek and Latin writers, that Hercules was borne of Alcmene, by the adultery of jupiter. But what manner of person, or how mighty in times past he was, I suppose is even of the meanly learned better known, then that at this present needeth any further Insinuation. And very many others there were borne in adultery, (as by the Ancient History largely appeareth) whose prowess at home, and in wars, notably excelled. Amongst whom also our Arthure, the chiefest ornament of Britain, and the only miracle of his time, flourished famously. May I therefore be so bold by good leave of Gulielmus parvus, 
William parvus & Polidorus Virgilius, two adversaries of K. Arthures fame.  yea and so of his most mighty successor in place, Polidorus, even with condign praises to commend my countryman Arthure: and with the same diligence to lean unto the British history interpreted by Geoffrey of Munmouth a man not altogether unlearned, (what soever otherwise people ignorant of antiquity, which think themselves to have knowledge, shall say) as unto a firm defence, rather than unto the fond fables or base stuff of foreign writers. Truly, in fables which have crept into the history of Arthure, I do not more delight, then Polidorus, the judge. But to be afraid of any man by reason of his great age, or eloquence, or authority, finally as like a foolish forsaker of the truth, I should so leave her parts undefended: that certainly will I never do: 
The Authors good purpose in this work.  An other way, do equity, honesty, the rule of fame, and herehence a just love to my country, yea truth itself (then which one thing, nothing more dear I love) fully move me. But yet neither think I to wage battle with that Learned: In mean time, yet by good reason it shall be free for me, to make most famous the state of my country, and specially the parts of truth, even with singular diligence expedyte industry, cheerful labour, prompt counsel, quick judgement, yea, and finally by all means. Therefore, trusting in the good will, humanity, and courteous favour of the honest readers, I will now attempt somewhat more, circumspectly to find out Prince Arthur's Original, even from the very egg, 
Est locus Abrini sinuoso littore ponti,  
Rupe situs media, refluus quem circuit aestus,  
Fulminat hic laté, turrito vertice Castrum,  
Nomine Tindagium, veteres dixere Corini.  
A place there is i'th' winding shore of th' Abryne Sea by name,  
Scituate in midst of a rock, where ebbing ride the same  
environeth. A Castle here with towery top shines bright,  
(By ancient Cornish men so called) which Tintagill though hight.   
A Constant same is there given out by the voice of many, and also confirmed with the writings of Learned men, that Gorloys the Governor of cornwall had here his habitation for him, and his. He had to wife Igerna, a woman no doubt of most lovely Feature, but of an Improbate or vicious Chastity. Hither somewhat oftener for recreation of his mind, 
Uther Pendragon, king Art. father.  repaired Uther, king of the Britons, and surnamed Pendragon: So called for his Serpentine or subtle wisdom, (as I suppose) whose friendly well-willer Gorloys also was.  
Architrenius in his fifth book (if I count aright) writes these verses.  
Hoc trifido mundum, Corinei postera sole,  
Irradiat Pubes, quartique puerpera Phoebi,  
Pullulat Arturum, fancy dum falso adulter  
Tintagoll irrumpit, nec amoris Pendragon aestum,  
Vincit, & omnificas Merlini consulit arts.  
Mentiturque Ducis habitus & Rege latenti,  
Induit absentis presenti Gorloys ora.  
The after coming youth, lightens the world of Coriney  
With his three cloven son: & she that brought forth at that day  
The fourth Phoebus, brought forth Arthur, whilst the adulterer he  
Even Tintagol so false of face broke in most wickedly.  
Neither Pendragon vanquished the flaming fire of Love,  
But Merlin's arts so manifold by counsel seeks to prove:  
And counterfeits the Duke's attire (as while the King did gles●  
Thus) He put on the present face of absent Duke Gorloys.  
Custom, acquaintance, and companying together, do set love one sire. 
ovid. Epist. ●  And because as a certain Poet saith (Lis est cum forma magna Pudicitiae: that is, Twixt Comeliness and Chastity, great Debate there seems to be.) Lust got the mastery over igerna's Chastity: Whereupon also afterwards Arthure was begotten of her, together with a beautiful virgin, 
Uther Pendragon begat Arthur of Igerna the wife of Gorloys, Governor of Cornwall, and also a Virgin named Anna.  named Anna. It must not here be omitted whereof Hector Boetius makes relation: namely that Uther at length slew Gorloys, as he was fight in the behalf of Nothaleos Governor, against the Saxonnes, and forsaken of him, that even the rather he might more freely obtain his will of Igerna. But the name of Arthur's is known to be noble with the Romans, yea and also familiar amongst them: that from hence Juvenal the Poet in his third Satire writeth these. Cedamus Patria, Vivant Arturius istic, & Catulus. From our Country departed let us: 
Original of Arth. name.  There Arthure live & Catulus. Samuel the British writer describeth the star Arcturus so called Per Cappa ad ursam, alluding, that he taketh his name or signification thereof from the Greek Original. But here it ought not to redound unto Arthur's prejudice or reproach, that the father being an adulterer did leave after him a son borne to valiant courage, prosperity, & triumphant victories: seeing he was not in fault, that he the less proceeded from lawful matrimony, seeing that he afterwards proved both a valiant and honest person.  
Nam genus & Proavos, 
ovid. 13. lib. Metam. Fibis.  & quae non fecimus ipsi, Vix ea nostra puto.  
For kindred & forefathers, eke which we  
Have not begun, I scarce think ours to be.  
How greatly also the child prospered in virtue, it than appeared, what time his father (who had flourished in strength, Counsel and Judgement also not without Glory) dedeparted out of this life at Verolamium, 
john Stowe.  having ordained before, 
Then an ancient City, which was near saint Alban's, the foundations where of are yet apparent.  the dignity Royal unto his base gotten son, because he had none borne in lawful matrimony.  

CHAP. II.  
K. Arthures Coronation.  
THe history of Britain affirmeth that Arthure began his Reign over the Islands of this kingdom in the xv. year of his age, and was crowned of Dubritius Bishop of the City of Caerlegion upon uske in Wales. 
john Stow.  Johanues, 
What time Arthur was crowned. A. D. 316. Graius a writer his testimony. john Stow.  the writer of the golden history seemeth to account upon xviii. years when Arthure ascended up to the Roayll seat. Scalaecronica, of which book (as I am moved by conjecture) one Grace, was Author, do say, that Arthure received the dignity of his crown at Venta alîas Caerguent now called Winchester. The two rulers of the Pictes and Scots viz. Lotho, unto whom Anne the sister of Aurelius Ambrose, king of Britons was married, and Conranus, unto whom Ada the sister of Anne was espoused, began to envy at the same so joyful prosperity of Arthure: for both of them, but especially Lotho aspired unto the Dominion of Britain. 
Two Rulers of the Pictes aspire unto Arthur's kingdom.  hereupon followed afterwards, that he joining unto him Osca, otherwise Occa, a most filthy person, made war against Arthure. At length the matter came to hand strokes, and the Pict being overcome, had the worse success, partly by the help or furtherance of the most invincible Hoel, who played the captains part there. The little book of the Empire of the britains and English men upon the Scots their friendly wellwillers, 
Battle and victory over Arthur his enemies by Hoel his friend.  affirmeth this victory to be obtained at York by the said Hoel. And that (the Scots being vanquished) Arthure left the ancient Dominions (by petitions being so moved) under the rule of his friend Augusellus, whom he made Governor over them. Neither did better fortune happen unto the Saxonnes: when as Colgrino the Duke was slain, and Baldricus with Childricke fled away. After victory ensued Concord. Lotho yielded himself unto the britains. Mordred and Galloambievinus the Sons of Lothon by Anne, besought Arthure of favour & pardon by wonderful means, and at length were made friends. In the mean season had Arthure married Guenhera daughter unto Cadorus the Duke of Cornwall, 
Arthure married Guenhera the daughter of Cadorus Duke of Cornwall.  a woman of rare beauty. Afterwards also he subdued unto him the saxons with most bloody battles.   

CHAP. III.  
The XII. Battles fought by Arthure.  
Nennius' the Britain a writer of good and ancient credit, amongst many others maketh most lightsome mention of his battles: whose words although by the negligence of Printers and injury of time, they be somewhat displaced, yet notwithstanding because they make much for our present matter, and bring with them a certain reverent antiquity, I will here set them down, and in their order. Arthure fought in deed against those saxons, with the governors of the Britain's, but he himself was general. The first battle was at the entrance of the flood called Gleyn, alias Gledy. The second, third, fourth, and fift, was upon an other flood called Dugles, which is in the Country of Lynieux. The sixth was upon the flood which is called Bassas. The seventh was in the wood Caledon, that is, Catcoit Celidon. The eight in the Castle of Gwynyon. The ninth was fought in the City of Caerlegion upon uske. 
john Stow  The tenth on the Sea shore, which is called Traitheurith, otherwise Rhydrwyd. The eleventh in the hill Which is called Agned Cathregonion. The twelfth in the Mount Badonis, 
Some judge this to be bath.  wherein many were slain by one assault of Arthure. Thus far witnesseth Nennius.  
johannes the writer of the golden history ratifieth the self same truth touching the twelve battles fought against those saxons. 
john the writer of the golden history.   
Aluredus Fibroleganus the historeographer also declareth the like.  
And so these are the words of Henry surnamed of Huntingdon 
Henry of Huntingdon.  in the second book of his history. Arthure the warrior, in those days the Captain general of soldiers, and of the rulers in Britain, 
King Art●ure Xij times General, and Xij times Conqueror.  fought most valiantly against the Saxons. Twelve times was he general of the battle, and twelve times got he the victory, And there also. But the battles and places wherein they were fought a certain historiographer declareth.  
Henry of Huntingdon seemeth here to have hit upon the brief history of Nennius, the name of whose exemplar (as it seemeth) was not set down. here-hence came that silence. Neither was that book common in men's hands at that time, and in this our age is surely most rare: only three exemplars do I remember that I have seen. 
john Rhes●s a lover of Antiquity.  john Rhesus a lover of Antiquity, & the same a diligent setter forth thereof, hath a little book entitled Gild, which book (so far as I gather by his speech) had not to Author Gildas, but Nennius.  
The Elenchus or Registered Table of the library at Battle Abbey, 
john Stow.  accounteth the history of Gildas among there treasures, I have diligently inquired for the book: but as yet have I not found it. The Report is, that the exemplar was translated or carried to Brecknock there to be kept.  
Now must we report the Battles.  
THe writer of the life of the reverent Dubritius, archbishop of the City Caerlegion upon Usk, 
john Stow.  not unelegantly, doth commemorate such like matters. When at length Aurelius the King was made away by poison, (and that Uther, 
What time Arthure succeeded Uther his Father.  his brother ruled a few years) Arthure his Son by the help of Dubritius succeeded in government, who with bold courage set upon the saxons in many battles, and yet could he not utterly root them out of his Kingdom, For the saxons had subdued unto themselves the whole compass of the Island which stretcheth from the water of Humber unto the Sea Cattenessinum or Scottish Sea. 
Arthure could not clean root all the saxons out of Britain.  For that cause the Pears of the Realm being called together, he determined by their counsel what he might best do, against the irruption of the pagan saxons, At length by comm●n counsel he sendeth into Armorica, (that is to say, the letter Britain, 
H●el King of Britain aids him with a powe of 15000. men. ) unto King Hoel his Ambassadors, which advertised him at full, touching the calamity of the Britons, who coming with fifteen thousand of armed men into Britain was honourably entertained of Arthure, and D. Dubritius: going unto the City of Lincoln besieged of the saxons, 
Lincoln besieged by the saxons.  having fought the battle, there were six thousand of saxons which either being drowned or wounded with weapons, died. 
Their slaughter & fight.  But the others flying away unto the wood of Caledon, being besieged by the Britons, were constrained to yield themselves: and pledges being taken for tribute yearly to be paid, he gave them leave with their ships only to return into their Country. Afterwards within a short time the saxons were ashamed of the league made: and having recovered their strength, they made their league as void, and besieged the City Badon round about, 
Bath besieged by the Saxons.  which now is called bath: this when Arthure heard of, having gathered his host together, and beholding the Tents of his enemies, he spoke thus unto them.  
Because the most ungodly saxons, 
K. Arthure seeks to be advenged of the saxons.  disdain to keep promise with me, I keeping faith with my God, will endeavour to be avenged of them for the blood and slaughter of my Citizens: 
His words.  Let us therefore manfully set upon those Traitors whom by the Mediation of Christ out of all doubt we shall overcome with a wished triumph. And he rushing upon the ranks of the saxons, being helped by the prayers of Dubritius in overthrowing many thousands, 
His victory over them.  obtained the victory: and the few which fled this garboil, he caused them to yield to his mercy.  
Boccace in his book of Lakes and Marshes, thus writeth. Murais that Lake so called famous is, by the victory of Arthure, King of Britain: for men say that the Scots, Pictes and Irishmen being by him besieged, were compelled to yield themselves there. 
Boccace mentioneth of Arthure.  The same Author in his viii. book of Famous Personages maketh a notable mention of Arthure being moved with a certain Godly zeal, to the end he would not with unthankful silence overpass, so mighty a parsonage, and so worthy a man. 
M. Camden.  Neither here are those things which appear in the Chronicles of a certain writer of Digion differing from our purpose. 
Cerdicius the Saxon held war with Arthure.  Cerdicius having more often conflict with Arthure, if he were one month vanquished, he more sharply assaulted in another month. At length Arthure, with irksome toil so being awearied, after the Xii year of Cerdicius his coming (by fealty to him sworn) gave him the Country Auonia southward, 
Arth. friendly to his foo.  and Somaria: which part Cerdicius called West saxony.  
Gulielmus a Medulphi curia both a gallant writer, 
William of Malmsbury  and also a learned, and which thing first in his history (he as most faithful) in his first book of the Kings of Britain mentioneth, 
Arthure sore distressed had it not been for Ambrose a Roman.  bringeth in by the way these testimonies, of Arthure. And now truly had it come to an evil pass with the Britons (as he understood) had not Ambrose only of the Romans been left alive, (who after Vortigerus, was Monarch or King, with the surpassing exploit of warlike Arthure, repressed the outrageous barbarous enemines of the Kingdom.  
Moreover hitherunto seem these things to pertain, which in the fragments of Gildas the Britain are read after this manner. 
Gildas.  The Britons like conquerors take courage to them, provocating their enemies to fight, unto whom by the Lords good pleasure the victory fell even to their desire. From that time, otherwhiles the Citizens, otherwhiles the enemies got the upper hand, that in this people it might be approved, how the Lord after his accustomed manner, dealt with this present Israel, and whether he loved the same, yea, or no, even unto the year of the siege of the mount Badon, and lastly almost of the petty spoilers there, in no little hurly burly, whereas even I myself was borne. These saith Gildas. Behold the slanderer is now present, and as one cruel of eye sight, requireth a reason of me, why Gildas remembreth not Arthure, 
adversaries quarrel against Arthure.  if he were then living. To these I answer, that I will hereafter speak of Gildas. In means time the adversary calleth to mind, that Gildas when the battle was fought at bath, was but an Infant: By reason whereof even his Acts done or not done of him, somewhat slenderly are understood by the adversary.  
Gulielmus a Medulphi Curia, 
William of Malmesbune a friendly writer.  a little before, beareth so honourable a testimony of Arthure, that smally it shall differ, whether, if not superior, yet as equal he reputed him with Ambrose. But Nennius an Author of no bad credit, 
Nennius another.  so much performed in favour of Aurelius Ambrose, as Gildas in the favour of Arthure: Uiz. that leaving out the name of the one, he might attribute uprightly by just cause unto the other all honour, concerning the battle fought at bath. But neither do these alone perform this: There are a number of good authors, which confirm the self same matter with a certain just Authority. Except in mean time, he be so unjust a Judge, that he allow of nothing, be it never so credible, which smelleth not of Tully or Livy, when he himself in mean time smelleth I know not what of Aemilius: Which thing shall not displease me, when I shall understand, that he frankly confesseth this matter. In the mean while I will recite the testimony of that john which concerning Arthure write the golden history. This year being the tenth of Cerdicius, king of the West saxons, did arise Arthure among the Britain's, a most valiant warrior.   

CHAP. FOUR  
K. Arthures expedition towards the French.  
THe sixth book of the History of Britain speaketh copiously touching things done by Arthure in France: unto which country he went not, before he had foreseen (as it seemed then in deed) with advised counsel, the immunity or disburdenance of Britain's troubles. 
Mordred Arthure his Nephew, put in great trust.  He had to Nephew one Mordred by name, son of Lotho, king of the Pictes & of Anna sister of Aurelius Ambrose king of Britain. Unto this man, because he was most nearest in blood, and familiar in acquaintance, did he commit all his kingdom, together with Guenhera his most loving wife. For Mordred, in respect of fortitude or magnanimity, was most commendable, and besides this for his quick and prompt wit, in accomplishing his affairs: 
His virtues mixed with vices.  which virtues, had he not obscured with most ardent lust of ruling, and offence of adultery, (but in mean time at first kept close for fear) he had in deed been worthy to have been accounted amongst the most famous personages. Now had Arthure entered into France, and the governors being subdued, he had left a notable testimony of his prowess there. 
Hoels' niece, viz. Helen, stolen out of Armorica.  Behold, now cometh a savage Tyrant, cruel and fierce, who had ravished Helen the niece of Hoel of Armorica, or the less Britain (stolen away and brought out of Britain) at the coast of France, and where upon she died. Arthure could not take well this so heinous a repreach done unto Helen, and strait way got the Tyrant by the throat, 
Arthure revengeth that injury.  that he utterly destroyed this great and horrible Monster. And not long after did Hoel cause to be erected a sacred Tomb for Helen in the Island where she died, and a name fitly given unto the place where Helen's Tomb was made, which serveth even till this day. The Chronicles of the writer of Digion in Burgonie, 
Divionensis.  do with great commendation extol Arthure warring in France, by these like words.  
Arthure for nine years space, 
Arth. subduing France, his Nephew Mordred in mean time betrayeth him confederating with Cerdicius  subdued France unto him, having betaken his kingdom and Queen unto Mordred his Nephew. But he desiring ambitiously to reign (yet fearing only Cerdicius) gave him, to the end he should favour his doings, seven other provinces. viz. Sudo Saxony or Southsex, Sudorheian or Southery, Berrochiam or Barckeshyre: Vilugiam or Wiltshier: Duriam or Dorcetshire: Devoniam or Devonshier: and Corineam Cornwall. And Cerdicius consenting unto these (sending for the englishmen) restored his provinces, 
Anno. 516. Mordred crowned.  and was crowned after the manner of the country at Wintchester. But Mordred was crowned over the Britons at London. And so Cerdicius, when he had reigned three years, died, while Arthure yet remained amongst the French: unto whom Kinrichus succeeded. In the seventh year of whose Reign Arthure, returned into England. 
Arth returned into England.  Thus far out of the Chronicles. These which I have now recited, have not only their antiquity, but also credit, and with a certain circumstance are consonant to the History.  
And that I may somewhat more friendly speak in favour of Athures' Triumphs over the French, there are (besides these) many things, which I with a certain zeal do omit altogether. But yet, that must I as it were touch by passing over the rest: viz. that it is manifest by the inscription of Arthur's great Seal (concerning which we will in place convenient speak circumspectly) that he was made famous by the surname of a French men. And neither was this done without manifest occasion, at any time. For, as touching the Antiquity and even most sure knowledge of the Seal, so evidently, I doubt not, but that I may assuredly believe (so their appear upright Judges herein, and which are skilful in ancient monuments) that I shall prove by notable reasons, the same was proper, peculiar and natural, and proceeding from the workmaster. But these things more rightly appear in there place. I will at this instant only hereto adjoin one Valerius, 
Valerius reporting that K. Arthure vanquished 30. kingdoms.  which remembreth us of thirty kingdoms vanquished by Arthure. For in those days a great company of governors held under their Jurisdiction the Islands together with France and Germany.   

CHAP. V.  
K. Arthur's Familiar Chevalyers, or knights.  
SOme man would peradventure here look for, that I should also with a mighty praise blaze on the victories of Arthure, touching which the history of Britain reporteth. Historiographers do contend in this behalf, and the controversy, as yet resteth under the Judge. But I will declare nothing rashly: For so much as it appeareth most evidently, that both obscure and absurd reports have crept into the history of Arthure: which thing is of the curious sort easily sound fault with. But this in deed is not a cause sufficient just, why any man should neglect, ●abiect, or deface the History otherwise of itself, lightsome and true. How much better is it (casting away trifles, cutting off old wives tales, and superfluous fables, in deed of stately port in outward show, but nothing available unto credit, being taken away) to read, scan upon, and preserve in memory those things which are consonant by Authority. For, that which now a long time is embraced of Learned men with great consent: ought not in what soever moment of time barking against it, together with faith or credit thereof, to be quite taken away.  
Otherwise the History had not hitherto remained in so great reputation. Therefore, because it is a work of greater importance, than we presently are in hand with, 
K. Arthur's knights of his round Table.  exquisitely, curiously and perfectly to display all the deeds of Arthure: let us for this season omit the Romans, and let us advance with pen his familiar friends. 
Hoel the first knight.  Hoelus Governor of Armorica, or the less Britain in this famous company of Nobles, by a certain right of his, requireth the next place from the first: Concerning whose coming into Britain, and warlike prowess, we have formerly written in the chapter of the wars accomplished by Arthure.  
hitherunto ensue Mordred and Gallovinus, Brethren germans unto Arthure by blood and familiarity allied. 
Gallovinus the second knight  Of which two, this first at length, like a perjured person and the same a Revoulter never enough discommendable (that I speak nothing of the crime of his adultery) was slain in battle. One Hector Abrinus being thereof scarce a true witness, and as I gather with judgement, more rightly surnamed Alaunicus. But the second, being always a man constant, performed most faithful diligence both in all foreign wars, and also specially in that conflict at Dorcester, about the return of Arthure out of France into Britain, who was chief next unto him against Mordred. Melchinus the British Poet blazseth the fame of Gallovinus. 
〈…〉  The same doth johannes Annevillanus in his book entitled Architrenio a work not unelegant, namely by these verses.  
Et Walganus ego qui nil reminiscor avara  
Illoculasse manu: non haec mea fulgurat auro,  
Sed gladio dextra: recipit, quo spargat, & enses;  
Non loculos stringit, nec opes: in carcere miles  
Degener & cupide, tumulato rusticus aere,  
Et me bella vocant Et tua forsitan urget  
Solicitudo: vale.  
And Walgan I with covetous hand nought distribute which have  
This my right hand shines not with gold but with the sword so brave  
It takes that it may distribute, even sword not bags it bends.  
Nor wealth, though I a Knight distressed, yet not untrue to friends,  
Ne yet in country lived I like a covetous muck●scrape:  
But now the wars away call me unto my wont state,  
And thine affairs also,  
Perhaps urge the thereto: Farewell.  
ALso that History of Arthure, in deed Fabulus (which commonly is carried about written in the mother tongue) affirmeth that Gallovinus was buried in a certain Chapel at Dorcester. 
Gallovinus buried at Dorcester.  In which point what manner book soever it be, it misseth not the mark altogether, as the book entitled Scalaecronicon makes manifest relation: 
His bones Giantlike.  and the inhabitants of the Castle do now repute his bones almost Gyanllike in stead of a miracle. 
According to the record of Glastenbury the name, are Fugatius and D●mianus. This Lucius being created the first Christian King in England lived about the year after Christ 182 William of Malmesbury his judgement of Gallovinus.  And that long since in the time of Lucius Magnus there was a Chapel founded in the Castle of Dorcester and dedicated unto our Lord and Saviour Christ: what time Fugatius and Damianus Britain's preached the Gospel as by the Annals or yearly records of the same City (hearing a reverent figure & resemblance of Antiquity) it doth plainly appear. That it may be most acceptable, and besides that most true which I have above inferred, touching both the death and burial of Galovinus: it shall not through me stand, that the judgement of William de Medulphi Curia as touching the death and burial of this Gallovinus (by reason of his fortitude never enough commended) should either wear out of memory or utterly perish. Wherefore, I esteem it worthy the labour here to set down his words out of the third book of the Kings of England that here-hence the discreet Reader might even fully try as it were at a tutchstone the sincere brightness of true gold, from that which is counterfeit.  
Then in the Province of Wales which is called Rossia was found the Sepulchre or Tomb of Gallovinus or Walwine, 
H●s words of report.  which was the Nephew not degenerate of Arthure, by his sister. He governed (in that Coast of Britain which to this day is called Waluuthia) as a Knight most famous in prowess: but being (of his brother, and the Nephew to Hengistus concerning whom I have spoken in the first book) driven out of his Kingdom, did first to their great detriment recompense his banishment, justly partaking praise with his Uncle, for that he put off or avoided the downfall from his Country then ruinous. But Arthur's Tomb was at no time seen, whereupon Antiquity of foolish dreams and fables, did vainly surmise that he would yet come again. But the burying place of the other (as before I set down in the time of William the first King of England) was found fourteen foot long upon the Sea coast, 
The manner of Galouinu● his death, after the report of W. Malm●b.  where (as some men affirm) he was wounded of his enemies and cast out of shipwreck: certain persons have said, he was slain by the Citizens at public banquet. So saith the Author Gulielmus Meildunensis, 
Wi●liam of Malmsbury.  as concerning Gallovinus. But I (if it might be lawful for me as a puny) would make trial of my strength with these weapons, 
john Leylands opinion to the contrary.  against this author Meildunensis so old and most beaten Soldier, to bestow & bear of the blows. viz. It is not like to be true, that men of Giantlike height (as I gather by the grave 14. foot long) were then living in the days of Gallovinus. Wherefore undoubtedly in mine opinion it is more credible that it was the grave of some Giant inhabiting the country. For that first such did inhabit Albion, it appeareth both by authority of foreign and of our owns writers. 
His proof out of a british Poet named Ioseph●●.  The one of which two his credit I following, namely josephus of Devonshire a British Poet, most absolutely elegante by all means, (having taken out of his Antiocheides a work immortal, these few verses) I will use them as testimony for brevity sake.  
His Brutus avito  
Sanguine Troianus, Latijs egressus ab oris  
Post varios casus consedit finibus, orbem  
Fatalem nactus, debellatorque Gigantum,  
Et terrae Victor nomen dedit.  
A Trojan Brute by ancient blood, arrived from Roman road  
After sundry hazards, and, here in these coasts abode  
And having got his destned land, subdued the Giants fell  
As Conqueror he left his fame upon the earth to dwell.  
Architrenius in his sixth book of Giants inhabiting Albion reciteth these.  
Hos avidum belli Corinei robor averno  
Praecipites misit: cubitis ter quatuor altum.  
Gogmagog Herculea suspendit in aere lucta,  
Antheumque suum scopulo, detrusit in aequor.  
These Corineus his puissant strength (of eager mood to fight)  
To hell sent headlong: Gogmagog of twelve cubits height,  
By him (like Hercules wrestling) into the air was thrown  
His Antheus eke and from the rock in seas was cast adown.  
Neither am I ignorant that in times passed there was on the sea shore a Castle called Galovine, touching which the Author M●ildunensis as above hath written: whose footsteps are as yet apparent. But that was not the habitation of the Giant, as neither perhaps of that Galovine of Arthur's, but of some latter vicegerent bearing the same name. But the which he mentioneth of Arthur's Tomb at that time, is most true. 
William of Malmsbury a most curious and painful searcher of Antiquity.  No one man more curiously searched forth, at any time all the treasures of the library at Glastenbury. This only was here wanting in him towards knowledge, that he dying about the first year of the Reign of Henry the second King of England, knew nothing of Arthur's tomb. For so much as the same tomb was found afterwards in the beginning of the reign of K. Richard coeurde lion. 
William of Malmsbury.  But I return with William Meildunensis into favour, out of the which as yet I have not openly fallen: By whom a man as in his age most learned in all kind of Good letters, and of singular wit, diligence and care in searching forth Antiquity, I confess and in deed that frankly must affirm myself to have been oftentimes helped in the knowledge of Antiquity. Undoubtedly it is a point of honesty to acknowledge by whom a man profiteth. It liketh me well, here, unto the conclusion to add the notation which I myself gather of the name of Gallovinus out of the British language. 
The interpretation of Gallovinus his name.  wall signifieth strangers or welsh. Guin, Album, or white. Like as if a man by this phrase would dedescribe a comely, elegant and beautiful parsonage: except a man more rightly think that he took his original from the Saxonish rude language, as Walwine signifieth Gallus Amicus, Leoflwyn Charus Amicus, and Aldwyne Vetus Amicus.  
Now approacheth Augusellus, 
Augusellus the th●●d knight.  of whom we have above spoken a few words. Who was in so fervent favour with Arthure, that he was deservingly made a beneficial Governor over the Scots. This man ●endered like for like.  
Being sent for amongst many other Princes to the end he might perform himself a companion with Arthure in his expedition towards France, 
john Stow.  so far refused he not his enjoined charge, 
An ancient City in Kent near Sandwich the ruins of it yet remain▪ The Prowess and valiant adventure of him, one Graius a writer witnesseth.  that with great example of valiancy there manifested, and returning home on the Coast of Richborow with much more prowess, (Mordred being overcome in civil wars and there put to flight) he falling amongst the Hosts with blood & life endangered, valiantly behaved himself: as the Author of those books Schalechronica (one Grayius as I suppose) is none evil witness at all thereof. And because touching the choosing out, or election of those Princes (unto Arthure being obedient) we have formerly made promise: it availeth here to signify that there were many & notable elections, not spoken of by him. But that was most notable of all, 
john Stowe.  which appeared in Isca or Exeter otherwise in the City of Caerlegion, or Chester upon Vske. What time it was proclaimed unto wars against the French. But what have the Muses to do with Mars? undoubtedly▪ either little or nothing. And yet if there were a just familiarity between them, they should rather wish well unto Mars, that for his sake they might deservingly give Arthure great thanks, who either restored or instituted a Learned Quire of Ecclesiastical persons in the said city of Caerlegion: 
Writers. Geoffrey of Mummouth. john of ●orow.  if Geoffrey of Munmouth, john Burgensis, and Rossus Verovicensis declare the truth. This in mean time appeareth plain by the history of Anonymous the writer, that Amphibalus, 
Rossus of Warwick. Anonymous a writer.  julius, & Aarona martyrs did worship Christ, and also had learning in estimation, in the said city of Caerlegion or Chester upon Vske. From whom again credible it is that others received the same letters from hand to hand. There is also (if we may believe credible report) in the treasuries at Cambridge at this day, a Table of the privilege by Arthure sometime confirmed to the furderance of students. But as yet have I not searched out the credit of this deed.  
Iderus sometime a special favourer of K. Arthures court comes now to the number of those Chevalyers. 
Iderus the 4. knight, near of blood unto Arthure.  This man being near allied in blood unto Arthure, performed many valiant examples of prowess, and continually did cleave to his Prince's side. And at length, by what hap I know not, (he dying,) left a special well-wishing unto Arthure: who also carefully accomplished his funeral at Aualonia. I have read at Glastenburie a little book of the antiquity thereof, gathered very diligently by a certain Monk of that place: In which book he declareth many things of Arthur's good will towards this man departed: and of the liberality or beneficial goodness (for the same his cousin's sake) bestowed upon religious persons there inhabiting. 
His beneficent towards the Church at Glastenbury.  Of late there did hang a Table at a pillar within the Church of Glastenburie, which accounted Iderus amongst the Benefactors and restorers of the Church at Glastenburie. 
Lancelot th● fifth knight.  Lancelot a man most famous requireth place even amongst the most excellent Chevalyers to be given him. Unto which desire I easily grant as one ready to speak this in his commendation: that he was a certain upright and faithful friend of Arthur's. His valiancy appeared largely at the battle which was fought between Mordred the traitor and Arthure. 
A faithful friend and valiant avenger of injury done by Mordred unto Arthure.  He lived in deed after the battle, & as I read once or twice, conveyed unto Guenhera (mourning at Arthur's death) the body from Ambersburie unto Glastenburie. But Gyraldus seemeth sincerely to attribute his burial in one place or other at Glastmbury, 
Sylvester Giraldus his testimony of his burial at Glastenburie.  as in his Speculo Ecclesiastico: & in his work De Institutione Principis, appeareth. Although it rather seemeth to me in mine opinion that he took his first tomb at Ambersburie, 
Carodocus ● sixth knight Whose fame the Chronicles at Dorcester extol.  Caradocus a name of noble prowess martial, followed Arthure in his expedition towards France. And returning homeward was slain, as it seemeth on the coast of Richborowe, in the civil battle. The Chronicles of the port of Dorcester, a work savouring of antiquity makes mention of Caradocus. The inhabitants of the Castle there even at this day after a sort renew the memory of Caradocus, affirming that they have in their Custody I know not what Lyneamentes of his. And not so contented, they set forth Arthur's Court, and Guenheras lodging. Now ruffleth in the number and train of Arthur's noble warriors. But I▪ (so that it be done without offence to them, because I have only taken upon me to name the most excellentest of them and to praise them) have purposed to overpass the residue, 
Cadorus the 7. Knight, of the most noble proge●ie of the kings of England.  yet otherwise praise worthy, and last of all to adjoin that Cadorus of cornwall. He was of the most noble progeny of the kings of Britain, and governed the people in the Mountayny soils of cornwall. 
A stout defender & preferrer of his prince's dignity.  Undoubtedly he was a stout defender of his prince's dignity and had perpetual familiarity with the Britons. At length when he died, he left after him a son named Constantine: (who after the Death of Arthure) was made Ruler over Britain. 
Constantine his son succeeded Arth. aldas' his testimony of Constantine a degenerate child a murderer of Innocentes.  He, (to the end they following their father's example in times pas●e should not aspire unto the kingdom) caused the sons and Supporters of Mordred the traitor and Nephews of Gallovinus to be slain with the sword. But either this fact or the like doth Gildas the Britain show in these words. Of which so wicked a mischief, Constantine the Tyrant's unclean whelp of Damonia was not ignorant, who this year after the horrible oath made, from which he again swerved (that he would not work any injuries unto the Citizens, swearing first by God, then by the mother of Christ, and therewith taking all the companies of holy ones to witness) did notwithstanding by bloody sword and spear rush into the tender breasts of two mothers and cruelly pierced the bowels or entrails of two princely youths, under the same religious Amphibalus & of so many overseers even standing at the very Alt●r, whose arms (being without armour which no one man at the time more valiantlier used than they) he cruelly cut off even standing at the Altar, and with his Spear violently tear them in pieces. But they shall cry for revenge unto God, before the high throne of his Majesty in the day of judgement and at the Gates of thy city (Oh Christ) shall they hang up their reverend banners of patience and of faith. Hitherto have we spoken of his Knights or Chevalyers.   

CHAP. V●.  
●. Arthur's Round Table.  
Now is there very convenient place to bring in amongst other things, a few, but chosen, excellent, finally magnificent testimonies of Arthur's round table and of his good cheer. Unto these had not all noble men access: But only they. viz 
Lucida quos ardens evexit ad aethera Virtus,  
Virtus sola virens nullis moritura diebus,  
Whom Virtue clear advanced to the skies,  
Even Virtue alone which flourishing never dies.   
THis stately stir (as they say) he somewhat more often solemnized. 
john Stow.  But specially in the city of Caerlegion, 
Usual places where K. Art●, kept his 〈◊〉 table.  or Chester upon Uske which place he notably esteemed of. The same did he at Venta Simenorun alîas Winchester, & at Camalet in Somersetshire. The common unlearned sort of writers supposeth, that Venta to be called by another name, that is to say, Camelet. But I pass not upon the judgement of the common sort. The public report of them which dwelled at the lowermost part of the hill Cancaletum, 
On this side Somerton near unto Glastenbury is the village Surton & Camelet an old fort.  or an old fort, is, that Murotrigum or the Town now called Somerton, spreadeth, advanceth, and solemnly sets forth the fame of Arthure sometime inhabiting the Castle. Which Castle of old time was both most stately and also most strongly builded, and in a most high or lofty prospect. 
K. Arthure inhabited a castle at Somerton  Good Lord, what and how many most deep Ditches are there here? How many valleys are there here out of the earth delved? Again what dangerous steepness? And to end in few words, truly me seemeth it is a mirackle, both in Art and nature. 
At seges est ubi Troia fuit stabulantur in urbe,  
Et fossis pecudes altis, valloque tumenti  
Taxus, & astutae posuere Cubilia vulpes,  
But corn there is where Troy did stand, & cattle there abound,  
Stalled in town with ditches deep, in trench mounting from ground,  
There Yew trees grow, & subtle Foxes made their cabins round.   
ANd in deed this is the interchaunge of human affairs. herehence had Ilcester that ancient Town this calamity. Hereupon doth the customary traffic there behold the clear wellspring with heavy eyes, and weep their fill. There the inhabitants blow the ground, and every year find by seeking for them, Golden, Silver, and Brazen pieces of money, expressing the images not very lively of the Romans. Whereof even I myself have had a few given me of those inhabitants. Francis Lord Hastings Earl of Huntingdon an excellent ornament of those noble youths about the king of England, & sometimes my benefactor in good learning, as heir of the Piperells, Bottrells, & of the Hungerfordes, hath in his possession the ruined old cottages of Camelet, together with the large grounds adjacent. 
johannes Annevillanus, a writer, extolleth K. Arth. round table.  johannes Annevillanus the writer in his Architrenio extolleth Arthur's round table for the excellency thereof. The same doth Volateranus in his third book of Geography, in these words. He also being plentiful at home, used amongst his nobles a round table that there should be no contention, through ambition for seats. At Venta Symeno alîas Winchester in the castle most famously known, 
K. Arthur's round table where it standeth.  standeth fixed the table at the wall side of the kings Hal, which (for the majesty of Arthure) they call the round table. And wherefore? Because neither the memory nor fellowship of the round troop of Knights as yet falls out of Noble men's minds, in the latter age of the world. King Edward surnamed the long, 
K. Edward the first made much of that round order of Knights in his time.  as fame telleth, made much of that round order of Knights. To those uses was the round table instituted and framed, (if it be worthy of credit) and that it was with three feet made of perfect gold. There be which writ that one Mortimar by name, spent and consumed away those treasures. That thing yet by the way is most certain out of the history of Thomas Vicanius, that Roger Mortimer held a very great feast or banquet at Kenelworth, 
Roger Mortimer, solemnished the same order at Kenelworth.  whether as he of noble mind sent for most excellentest Chevaliers, or Knights, as it had been unto Arthur's round table of Knights: Hereupon were very many tokens of knightly prowess set forth in deed: which the diligent posteritis shall with great desire read expressed in writings. But now so long a while, from this Chevalris of Arthure and his train, I pass over to his godly disposition.   

CAP. VII.  
King Arthur's Godly Disposition.  
WIth how great and how sincere devotion he was inclined towards the Christian Common wealth, it appeareth plainly by the authority of ancient writers. He used the familiarity of Dubritius Bishop of the City of Caerlegion or Chester upon uske, 
Two Bishops religious favourers of K. Arthures welfare.  a man both of singular learning and also of continency in life: so far forth that he thoroughly felt as victor in the battle at bath, his prayers available. Furthermore David Menevensis a man no doubt of exquisite holiness, as then felt both the favour and liberality of Arthure: 
Of S. David.  so far forth that the people Menevenses, 
Iltutus a Godly and learned father an other religious favourer of Ar.  report the bishops sea to have been by them received as by Arthur's means translated from the City of Caerlegion or Chester upon uske unto them. Iltutus a man of incomparable life being companion of these two, hearing of that singular magnificence of his, & zeal towards God, was bold (as the setter forth of his life writeth) not only face to face to go see Arthure, but also to salute him and have communication with him. Through which (in deed boldness) much less offended he the Prince seeing that he both gave him very great thanks and also an honest reward. Arthure (if ancient writers and constant same de report the truth) had depainted in his Martial target, the stimlitude of the virgin Mary: which target he used in many battles, and specially in that battle at bath. In such trifling matters I do not much force to write. But by the way, that is not a thing unworthy to be heard of the godly, which Samuel the writer of Britain, and Disciple of Elbodus the Bishop, (who flourished about nine hundredth years ago) thus maketh mention of, concerning Arthur's expedition or rather peregrenation. Arthure went unto jerusalem when as he took with him the sign of the Cross of wood in memory of his Saviour, 
K. Arthure his journey to jerusalem.  whereof the fragments are at this day reserved in Wedale a town of Lodoneia, six miles from Mailros. Finally he exceedingly esteemed of those Church men at Glastenbury, 
His zeal & special good will towards the Church men of Glastenbury  as partly I have above said in Idero, and as I will here more largely show. Silvester Gyraldus in his book De Institutione Principis thus writeth. For above all the Churches in his Kingdom he favoured and bear best good will unto the Church of our Lady S. Marry at Glastenbury, and with greater devotion advanced the same before other Churches. Polidorus (according to his equity and judgement, and so far as his authority serveth him) declareth there was no Monastery at Glastenbury, in Arthur's time: So exquisite a judge is he of Antiquity and specially concerning Britain. He also contendeth that even all the whole world by this rule (but in deeds a most unjust rule) is constrained to embrace, maintain, and believe that which is spoken of him touching Antiquity, as that which is pronounced for an Oracle. 
john Layland a bearer with Polidorus.  To that he saith and writeth in truth, will I as Virgil saith. Ense levis nudo parmaque inglorius alba. That is, (With naked sword and slender bright shield without boasting easily defend his authority and judgement so ancient. 
So far as he brings forth the truth, and other wise his enemy.  But what he falsely or untruly declareth, (which thing he doth somewhat oftener through all parts of his History) I may not bear with all, I can not abide it, neither will I suffer it, but the truth, (so much as it shall stand me upon) will I restore to her comeliness, fame, and glory, as one cheerful and nothing fearful in so doing, though the enemies of truth burst themselves with inward malice. For, unto this most honest opinion that I should courageously clea●e in this behalf, 
Alias ●●ganus and Damianus.  the thing done by those two Apostles of the Britons, namely Fugatius and Damianus, and the Epistle of Patritius the great which I have in my custody confirming the same (to omit for brevity sake the testimonies of many others) do will me, 
This was king Henry the 2. Son of Geoffrey plantagenet, brother to king Henry the first succeeding him. An. 1154. reigned 3. years. 9 months. & 12. days, and was buried of Founteverard in France.  or rather command me. Henry Plantagenet (the Nephew of Henry Beauclarcke King of England by the daughter of Mathilda) affirmeth, by prescript and manifest words in a certain deed of gift, that he saw, (and that it should not want upright credit) that he read the covenants and articles concerning a certain benevolence of Arthur's, extended towards the religious persons inhabiting Aualonia. But I will hereunto annex the very words of King Henry's gift, out of the original deed.  
Moreover what things so ever have been given me from my Predecessors. 
Words contained in king Henry the 2. his deed of gift proceeding from king Arthures benevolence towards the Church men at Aualonia.  William the first, William the second, and Henry my Uncle. Yea of their Ancestors, namely of Eadgar the father of Sir Edward of Edmond, and of his father Edward, and of Ealfred the Grandsire of the same, of Brinwalchius Kenwinus, Baldredus, Ina, Cuthredus, and of Arthure, and many other Christian Kings. And also of Kenwalchius the Pagan King, whose privileges and writings I have diligently caused to be searched and to be presented & read in my presence. Thus far the deed of gift. If these witnesses of sure credit make not sufficient for most apparent knowledge of the truth, surely there can nothing at any time avaylably serve. For not to be satisfied with these being received and known at full, is neither the part of a wise head, no nor yet of a good judgement.   

CAP. VIII.  
King Atthures Seal.  
ANd because I have again entered into the Mysteries of sacred Antiquity and am descended a curious searcher into the bowels thereof, it liketh me to bring forth to light an other matter, namely Arthur's Seal, a monument most cunningly engraven, ancient, and reverent. Concerning which, 
He meaneth Robert Caxton who translated the history of K. Arthure.  Caxodunus maketh mention, yet briefly and slenderly in his preface to the history of Arthure: which the common people readeth printed in the English tongue. Being moved with the testimony of Caxodunus whatsoever it were, I went unto Westminster, to the end that what so as an ear witness I had heard, 
K. Arthur's Seal kept at Westminster in john Leyland's days.  I might at length also as an eye witness behold the same. Pondering well that saying of Plautus, in my mind. Pluris valet oculatus testis unus quam Auriti decem. 
Of more force stands eye witness one,  
Then ten ear witnesses among.   
The keeper of those secrets being requested of me to show me this monument, by and by delivered it both to be seen and handled. 
His report in praise thereof, describing the properties  The sight of the Antiquity pleased me at full, and for a long time the Majesty thereof not only drew away but also detained mine eyes from me to the beholding thereof. Of such force it is for a man aptly to chance upon a thing with great care desired. The substance which took the most liveliest figure of Arthure imprinted upon the Seal, (and which as yet doth firmly keep the same still) is ware of red colour, which by some mishap, or injury of long time perished, is crazed here & there into pieces. But so yet notwithstanding as no part of it is altogether lacking. For the fragments or little pieces thereof being before time by some mischance crazed, are so closed up together with silver plates which is of round form, such as is the utter side of the Seal, that no part of them may fall off. For upon the outerside of this seal it is thus engraved with these brief, but in very deed most excellent, most haughty, and most magnificent titles. That is to say.  
PATRICIUS ARTURIUS BRITTANNIAE, 
The Insculpture of K. Arth. Seal and the Inscription thereof,  GALLIAE, GERMANIAE, DACIAE IMPERATOR. And of truth this inscription circleth the outermost compass of the Seal. The former part thereof is most bright shining by a circle of crystal, which being taken off, straightway may any man touch the war, which by reason of the Antiquity is most hard. But the Portraiture of Arthure printed thereupon, 
K. Arthures majesty represented on the seal.  resembleth I wot near what Heroical Majesty. For the Prince as it were invested with purple, royally sitteth upon a half circle, such one as we see the rain boe is. 
Nota.  Having a crown upon his head he shineth like the sun. In his right hand riseth up a sceptre wrought with a Flowerdeluce at the top: And his left hand holdeth a globe adorned with a cross. His beard also groweth comely, large, and at length, and even that is a majesty. The other side of the Seal is altogether covered over with a thin plate of Silver. By means whereof also it is uncertain of what fashion it is. There hangeth down at the same a string chainefashionlike twisted of Silver. Certes Reader, I pray God I be dead but thou wouldst desire to see the same, such and so great is both the antiquity and also the majesty of the thing. At length the keeper of those secrets was there requested by me to signify unto me, if he had learned any thing over and beside this, as touching the seal hanging thereat. For, amongst very many ornaments which glittering with Gold & precious stones did adorn the tomb of Edward the Simple, 
The seal, one of the ornaments which were about ● tomb of K. Edward the simple.  King of England, even this also was worthy of memory. But he could say nothing to these demands saving only this, that he thought the same was by the king laid in the place to the perpetual memory of the most high and mighty prince Arthure. Surely if a man might lawfully by any conjectures gather and set down the truth in writing, I would not think that such a seal had benee translated from Glastenburie: 
It was translated from Glastenbury to Westminster.  upon which monastery (by misfortune of fire most filthily debased) the most bountiful prince bestowed such rewards, as he for his excellent godliness might more easily give, than those monks might hope for. K. Henry himself as I have above mentioned, made testimony of Arthur's free gift, and so far forth as he both saw and read the same. By means whereof also it might come to pass, that the parchment being eaten out with little worms, and meathes by long tract of time, so famous a monument of antiquity being found, he delivered the same to the Monastery of first fame, there to be kept safe, and to be seen for ever of the nobility in all posterities. Certes (except my conjecture faileth me) the expenses or charge is small in deed, yea, none at all. This yet in the mean time pleaseth me, that while we entreat of Arthure and of things done by him, Glastenbury is always at hand and most friendly promiseth his endeavour towards assured knowledge of things. From whence in deed all the fruit of our labour at this present is to be fetched, 
He meaneth either the records there, as Chronica Glessobur gensia, either else Patricius ●lesioburgensis.  as it were from a most plentiful running fountain. Neither surely is there any thing apparent, (that I do know of) which more evidently approveth that Arthure was living, them the same Seal doth. Which thing, if God so would, some persons (leaning rather to their opinion, self will, and finally rashness, then unto any upright reason) doubt not to deny. But after this we will choose a place, wherein by full & whole abundance of arguments, we may overthrow the violent rabble of slanderers. In the mean season we must more subtly discuss the inscription of the Seal. For, this hath her mysteries, which when they shall receive light, shall both with greater pleasure, and also apt grace fill the ears of honest readers, and being filled shall wonderfully delight them: which thing is worth the travel, & that in deed largely.  
The name PATRICIUS, 
Patricius whence it hath original.  is taken as from the majesty of the Romans. The noble men of Rome are called by that name. viz. such as are come of the first Senators: That seemeth Tacitus to signify by these words. In those days Caesar took into the number of Noble men, every one most ancient of the Senate, or which were of noble parsonage. Livius makes this mention. Romulus created 100 Senators, which were called Patres or Fathers, 
Patres & Patricij why so called.  by reason of honour done to them & also Patricij or noble men by reason of their progeny. Therefore it is evident that Arthure received that same notable same of his name from his parents and Ancestors. 
From whence the name of Arthure was first derived.  Whereupon also it appeareth that as yet, the glory of Roman Majesty (translated or applied unto the Britons, in their titles) waxed not cold in those days. I have also believed that the name of Arthure took his beginning from the Roman Arthur's. For Juvenal the Poet in his third Satire writeth thus. 
Cedamus Patria, Vivant Arturins istie, & Catulus.  
From our country depart let us:  
There Arthure live and Catulus.   
ALthough Britain was by Claudius brought into one only country, 
Anno Christo nato. 44.  it was yet a thing most familiar amongst the noble men of Britain, partly to take unto them the names of the Romans, & to give them most often unto their children, by this persuasion (as I verily believe not foolish) so moved, that here-hence they would procure honour unto them & theirs, & gain themselves favour of the Romans. Lucius whom the Britons surnamed the great, Constantine and he also the great, Aurelius Ambrose, & Arthure unto these not inferior, do mightily ratify this mine opinion. The same thing also is performed in the attribution of names unto noble women. For example, such were Claudia Ruffina a woman sincerely learned, 
Peropus in Cornucopia nameth her a Nymph, & one of jupiters' noces.  as Martial the Poet witnesseth. Helena the most holy matron, and Ursula that Cynosura or glittering Star so called. And where as the inscription of the seal by a certain circumstance of words calleth him Emperor of Britain, France, Germany & finally of Demmarcke. This also cometh to pass through the custom of the Romans & their diligence, that together with their triumphs the titles also of nations conquered might accrue or increase unto the conqueror. 
Bows used for triumphs at Rome.  For a token hereof the Bows were used in triumphs at Rome, and the Coins of Caesar with their figures were with like care stamped. But the name of the Emperor, as by Ancienty, 
Arthure aptly called Emperor.  (after the testimony of Caesar, Cicero, and Livius apparent) pertained unto the governors of the legions: whereupon Arthure is called Emperor by dost servant of all understood before, the coming of his gracious Lord, 
Mordred meets him.  and with a full appointed Host not without counsel and help of Pictes, Scots, & West saxons, most boldly meets him, returning home. The Coast of Kent rattled with all manner noise of weapons: and now the Captains stood orderly before their ensigns: the troop of chevaliers also conquerors of the world with cheerful assault tossed their weapons, 
The armies of them both ensamped.  part of them drew out their si●●e slashing blades, and part shaked their shivering spears with strong hands. They had all one voice. The battles were warlike fights. Arthure most ●●eund with this prompt alacrity and stout courages of his Soldiers, as the miracle both of all manhood, and also of ripe wisdom by experience, made such a like Oration unto them by lifting up his eyes from the earth unto heaven, and with cheerfulness of countenance together with a certain majesty mixed, saying on this manner.  
Ye Chevaliers the most noble lights of martial prowess, 
K. Arthur's noble Oration unto his soldiers & subjects going to fight against Mordred and his company.  and you the other multitude of most approved valiancy, do see whither our fortune and associate of so great victories hath brought us, as what we have with most strong hand gotten abroad, we may not only keep upright, but also get us more greater booties with some strange and large increase: the which thing that it may at this instant be brought to pass and more easily, such occasion is now offered us, as all good haps could not in deed, if they would, more plentifully, nor more prosperously offer themselves to favour us friendly. Let us therefore go to this gear with most manly courages, whither as Fortune, Valiancy, and finally victory calleth us. Now is the most impudent Mordred at hand, yet one most nearest to me in blood, whom I have brought up and loved in hope of great fame, and so far forth made much of, and that in very many booties bestowed upon him in deed, and those no less beneficial as when I should pass into France to avenge me of mine enemies, he so seeming to be then undoubtedly of profound counsel, unto him I did both commit my wife & state, (and that which is much more) my native country to keep, and to govern our affairs as our deputy, finally to defend the same most valiantly from the daily assault of saxons, Scots, & Pictes. But he in mean time forgetful of my most bountiful liberality towards him, & of our familiarity, (which for most part in humane affairs, hath undoubtedly chiefest importance) and not remembering the solemn oath of warelike order, whereby he is to me most deeply bounden, 
Nota.  like a false perjured and mighty contemner of God and man, 
Their first 〈…〉 in Kent.  yea an adulter also, (as Fame reporteth) now entertaineth me, a King and Conqueror of Nations, and his Liege sovereign Lord returning into mine own Country (if God so would permit him) even with open hostility, having ready for his complices the Pictes his kinsmen, the Scots their neighbours, & last of all the saxons to help him.  
And neither doth this so notable mischief only touch me, but in deed it toucheth you all. Wherefore you most invincible Champions, my only care, & you most valiant fellow soldiers, with present prowess, handle your common cause, and let virtue now shine forth in you, which I have hitherunto perceived to be ready, valiant & wonderful always. Sir Gallovinus you the most praise worthy garland of warlike prowess, 
Sir Gallouinu● his charge.  whose glory for many causes, and chiefly this, is most commendable unto the world (in that you have set at nought, Mordred our common enemy, and in respect of equity & oath of your allegiance to us made, have despised him your brother in Law.) Stand you here on your right hand, as the most apt furnished horn with strength of Soldiers. For the first shares of hand strokes and of renome shall light in this troop of yours. 
Sir Augus●llus his charge.  Sir Augus●llus as the bulwark of most approved valiancy shall cast himself to encounter with our enemies at the left wing. I myself (& God to friend) will in the midst of you fight it out continually and will be present as your only safeguard, but to the enemies will I be a terror, a scourge, and a deserved destruction.  
But what need many words, which neither in deed add nor take away valiant courage. Your valiancy is enlarged by custom, exercise, and sustaining of labour, watchings and penury, yea finally by shedding of the enemy's blood, and spoiling the same enemies: For the which considerations both I to you, and you to me again (God favouring so just a cause) do promise assured victory. Go to, make immortal trial of your manhoodes, and slay down right those traitors at a pinch. When he had thus said, 
The apparent promptitude of king Arth. his soldiers.  they altogether at their governors commandment shouted aloud, and with a cheerful onset, bestowing in order their ensigns, far and wide showed forth the valiant tokens of warlike attempt. So at the length partly their enemies being slain, and partly put to flight, 
His victory.  Arthure obtained the victory with an horrible overthrow of his enemies. But there were slain in that battle fought at the haven of Dorcester, 
Two of his Chevaliers, or knights shine.  both Gallovinus and Augusellus the two thunderbolts of the battle, as Graius maketh mention in his book called Scalecronica, and as other Authors of fame not to be despised, do witness. Mordred blaming Fortune's untowardness, with a Navy recovered, & the remnant of his Host therein, got him with shame enough to the haven of Tammeroth on the Sea coast of Cornwall. The noble coarse of Gallovinus was entombed in a certain Chapel within the Castle of Dorcester. But Arthure; (the death of two so excellent famous men being fully known to him) sore bewailed the same: and with often prayer, as also with very deep grief of heart, suppressing sorrow from their hands, (nobly minded and of Godly disposition as he was) fatherly took care over them. And then in deed having a fresh prepared with incredible expedition a full Host and army, he determined with long journeys to pursue his lewd enemy, and as it were upon the snap to overthrow the fugetive. 
Mordredes preparation against king Arthure, the second time.  Mordred yet was more crafty, then of power able to withstand: hereupon found he out a mean for unaccustomed inventions. He had manifest knowledge given him by espials, that Arthure most absolutely furnished for the battle, was coming at hand. Wherefore he commanded every soldier wearied upon the land, & again which toil upon the sea, as also penury of corn, to depart for a season, & having refreshed their industry, labour, & diligence, as also furnishing them with munition, so well as he could through the mountayny soils of Cornwall, by the way that leadeth to the banks of Severne, not far thence distant conducteth he his host with easy journeys: and in a place which of the common sort of writers is called Camblan (where as are waste grounds & partly a natural moist plain, & a little hill rising up to that use of a watch or prospect) did he pitch his tents. Here am I compelled to interpose or set down by the way my judgement concerning the place where it was fought by both parts: and for that cause that I should not think to bring hither any thing amongst the rest, as if it were out of jupiters' brain, but that with the good leave of the learned sort I might explain my conjecture, without all bitterness or disdain as it were touching it by the way. In which behalf I freely confess myself hardly to hold opinion with Hector Boetus the Scot, which (as his manner is) apply all most famous facts of antiquity in Britain to that commendation of his own country, beyond all mean & measure. And here he boldly affirmeth the Arthure (with his last ensigns) fought it out not far from the great flowing river of Severne, which he barbarously calleth Humbar not knowing the circumstance of the phrase. 
Nota.  But the history of Britain believeth otherwise, 
Arthur's second battle with Mordred, and the place where, Graius a writer in the favour of Arthure.  & affirmeth that he scourged his enemies in his last battle in Cornwall: so yet notwithstanding as he mentioneth how Mordred was the second time vanquished and put to flight by Arthure at Winchester.  
Graius undoubtedly an excellent champion in behalf ot the truth & a stout assertor of Arthur's glory, holds the same opinion. Neither singeth the sound censured society of learned witnesses any other Song. But truly our conjecture is not of the places, but of the name of the place. Surely I am almost brought to that point, to believe that the River Alaune is easily changed by the fault of unlearned libraries into Camblan. 
M. Cambden.  This River riseth in cornwall a few Miles above the Town Athelstowe otherwise Padstowe, a fisher Town not so far situate from the Salt water of Severne: by means whereof, (but yet mixed with salt waters) it runneth down lower into the country. About the head springs of that Original in Champion ground, and a certain waste plain, there is a famous place, somewhat more fruitful of grass than of corn. The report (amongst the inhabitants so many ages preserved) declareth that of old time, there was made a notable garboil by fight in that place, but in mean time the truth of the history is unknown unto the common sort. Many things no doubt even in this our age are found out of the same place by ploughmen & those that delve at the River: such as are these quoynes which show the governments of ancient personages, rings, fragments of harness & brazen ornaments for Bridles unguilte, for trappers & also Saddles for Horses. This is my conjecture, both by reason of the situation of the place, & also for the name of the river of Alaune, running hard by, yet not far dissonant (if a man behold it more thoroughly) from Camblan. Arthure now draweth near, & passing over the river of Tamermouth, 
M. Cambden.  by known passages, yet otherwise a stream most violent in many places & most deep (the enemy fugitive not being regarded) he pitcheth tents against tents. Behold, desperation (as oft times it happeneth) restoreth unwonted boldness to the overcomed part. And whereupon both parts provoke battle, burning with hope of spoil & of victory, as also fearing nothing less than death.  
Quis cladem illius pugnae, quis funera fando  
Explicet? aut possit lachrymis aequare labores?  
Who shall that bloody broil express or the dead corpses name?  
Or who can justly tell the toils with just tears for the same?  
MOrdred the first foreman of all mischief (this battle being attempted) and he thrust through with the sword, received a just reward for his breach of faith or perjury. 
Mordred sloane outright.  Let him be an example, & that for ever, to such as for desire of government infringe and violate their faith. There was slain together with the tyrant a great number of noble personages & of old beaten soldiers: But neither was the victory without bloodsheddebefallen unto Arthure. For in that broil and fierce fight, 
K. Arthure received his death's wound, & yet had the victory.  himself was either slain outright, or wounded past recovery, so that a little while after with public lamentation of all Britain (but specially of his heavy hearted chevaliers for the mischance of so noble a Prince) he was carried away from thence. And this in deed was the end or death of the most puissant Prince Arthure.   

CHAP. X.  
K. Arthures Commendation.  
ARthure is now dead (if so he may be said to have died well) whose fame, memory, and praise fully and wholly live, and shine forth in the world.  
Our ancestors, 
Ancient Arthors, as Poets, & Historiographers, writing in commendation of K. Arthure.  both Poets and also historiographers were so friendly, honest, and thankful towards Arthure, that they both ennobled his fame and facts, and also adorned them with eternal memory and commendation. Theliesinus Melchinus, who is also called Mevinus, Ambrose Maridunensis, & Merlinus Caledonius the most excellent stars of Britain's antiquity have performed this effect. Nennius and Samuel, historiographers of Britain have performed no less memory bestowing their stately st●les of commendations accordingly. Touching whom and others also we have before fitly spoken in their places, 
Chrisistoriographus.  affying in the authority of Galfredus, Aluredus, Henry of Huntingdon, john termed the Golden Historiographer, William of Malmesburie. Graius, and Boccace.  
But if it now avail any man to know anything as yet more in matter and larger discourse: I will not refuse (in the best diligence that I can) to restore to light a fe●●e words taken out of the most approved Authors. 
Is●●●.  josephus the writer brought up at Exeter in Devonshire, and the Golden flood of Greek and Latin eloquence in his days, extolleth Arthure to the very clouds, not only for his excellent prowess, as in his Antiochides appeareth by these verses, contending for the victory with the Roman antiquity.  
Hinc caelebri fato faelici claruit ortu,  
Flos Regum Arthurus: Cuius cum facta stupori  
Non micuere minus, quòd totus in aure voluptas,  
Et populo narrante fauus, Quaecunque priorum,  
Inspice: Pelleum ●omemndat fama Tyrannum.  
Pagina Caesareos loquitur Romana tryumphos,  
Alciden domitis attollit gloria monstris.  
Sed nec Pinetum Coryli, nec sydera solem  
Aequant, annals Latios, Graiosque revolve.  
Prisca parem nescit, aequalem Postera nullum  
Exhibitura dies. Reges supereminet omnes.  
Solus, praeteritis melior, maiorque futuris.  
Hence flourished by famous fate, and origin prosperous  
Arthure the flower of kings, whose deeds shined no less marvelous  
Then that both people's ears & tongues did in his praise delight:  
As. If thou view of former wights, what ever books recite.  
Fame doth peleus tyrant blaze: and Roman histories  
Extol their Caesar's triumphs great, after their Victories.  
Renown advanceth Hercules' subduing Monsters great:  
But not Coryli, Pinetus, nor Stars the Sune his heat.  
Coequate▪ Search the Chronicles of Greeks & Latins both:  
Ancient age knoweth not his like, ne yet posterity doth  
His match declare. All kings, alone in deed surmounteth he,  
Better than those are dead & gone, Greater than any shall be.  
THere hath been seen lately at Giastenburie a little Book of matters touching Antiquity, gathered by a certain most studious Monk of the same Cloister: who by exercise of rhetorical colour as it were handling an other matter▪ doth famously mention of Arthure in these words. I pass over with silence also to speak of Arthure the noble king of Britain buried with his wife between two Pyramedes within the churchyard of those monks, & many princes also of the Britain's. Silvester Giraldus Menevensis, a chief favoueer of Antiquity in his book entitled the Institution of a Prince, enobleth Arthur's fame with this manner speech. 
Silvester Giraldus his testimony of K. Arthure.   
The memory also of Arthure the noble king of Britain ought not to be buried or utterly trodden under foot, whom the histories of the monastery of Glastonbury (whose chief patron, factor and mighty supporter he also was in his days) do much advance. 〈◊〉 no doubt a 〈◊〉 the Poet of his time, 
〈…〉  and no less elegant, 〈◊〉 Arthures praise in these verses, which even at this day 〈◊〉 in his book Architrenio.  
Altar Achilles  
Arthurius, teretis mensae genitina venustas,  
A Ramo Phrygius, dandi non unda led aequor.  
another Achilles  
Arthure was, whose first grown grace, through out his table round  
Him Phrigius made as of a Branch with fruits which doth a bound  
For liberal hand, not River he, but a main sea ● found.  
BUt here if over & beside this I should endeavour largely, to adorn Arthure with praise as the multitude of Authors do most truly write and agree upon him: sooner should copy of eloquence fail me, than magnificency of lightsome testimony howsoever. Be it sufficient then that we use at this present the most famous commendations, 
Trittem●us his testimony▪ who was famous Anno. 1484.  though of few writers. I pray you, what is the cause that Trittemeus in in his brief Crounicle maketh so excellent mention of Arthure. Ddoubtlesse the cause is plain enough. For by reason he learned the same of others in plain troth, therefore did he as thankful commit it unto posterity: which thing doubtless he would never have done, had he doubted of the verity of the cause, 
Trittemius his words in commendation of king Arthure.  But now let Trittemius himself in presence speak. Which Arthure excelling in great humanity, wisdom, clemency and manhood, studied by all endeavour to show himself beloved and reverenced of all, and to excel all: because also he abounded in valiancy of mind with wonderful liberality towards all men, and specially towards Church men, unto whom for zeal to Godwardes, he gave very many benefits, yea and also rewards. He drove out of Britain both Saxons and Pictes. He mightily subdued, the Scots, Irishmen, and Orcades unto his kingdom.  
Volateranus 
Volateranus.  in his third book of Geography honoureth the fame of Arthure & diligently celebrateth his valiant acts.  
Furthermore also jacobus Philippus of Bergoma in his 9 book of Chronicles, 
jacobus Philippus Bergomas.  advanceth Arthur's valiancy even with most condign commendations.  
And neither doth Nauclerus, in his history make any less relation of him. 
Nauclerus his testimony  These testimonies doubtless (men both most learned & most exercised in Antiquity would never have set down) if they had not first been fully persuaded, that Arthure in times past was abundantly notable by all ornamentès of valiancy. But such is the lewdness of many men, and their disdainful mind, that they altogether being seduced with ignorance, (and that in deed very rude) do not manifestly see at full, but blindly neglect, contemn, and altogether reject the truth. Such Censors or Judges in ancient histories let them go a Gods name, and let them enjoy their foolishness at full, I will not say their madness. What if I should bring forth amongst the rest, that notable testimony of Hector Boaetius, 
Hector Boaetius a Scottish writer.  a writer in our time, touching the immortal glory of Arthure? Surely by this account nothing shall fall from his dignity, but very much shall be added thereto for this cause, that the Scots in old time (I know not by what instinct of nature) hated the Britons as the Proverb sayeth. Odio Vatiniano. Whereupon, to be praised of an adversary, enemy and even a deadly foe, standeth in place of a reward for victory. 
Hector Boaenus his commendation of K. Arthure.  These are then his words. King Arthure was no less famous in glory for notable exploits, & for majesty, than the Kings of Britain, which lived before his days: whereupon the Britons during his reign very much increased in riches & power. Thus far saith Boaetius. What just occasion wish I here to be given me of Polidorus the Italian, 
Polidorus Virgillius a corrupt witness of King Arthures worthiness.  that even by some memorable testimony of his, I might also advance Arthures countenance, & make him look aloft? He handleth Arthur's cause in deed, but by the way, he yet is so faint hearted, lukewarm & so negligent that he makes me not only to laugh, but also to be angry (as while he is contrary to truth, and filled with Italian bitterness) I know not whether he smile or be angry. For he wresteth himself wretchedly in the aptness of the history, which yet that he might frame after a sort, he is compelled, will he nill he, to come in favour with Geoffry of Monmouth: whom before (as it seemed unto him) he had in many words (proceeding mightily rather of bitter stomach, then of good digestion) corrected also at his own controlment. Whom for y● as an interpreter I have once or twice only defended in a cause as no doubt most just. (A danger in deed great might redound upon my head) if I should pass beyond the bounds of equity. I will take heed therefore, and trusting only in the veretie of the cause, I will continually bear the same about with me for a bulwark & sure defence. Though Polidore hold his peace it is not needful by and by for the whole world to be mute: And although Italy in times passed so esteemed of Arthure, and yet still doth, when books printed both of his prowess, & victories (as I have learned) are read in the Italian tongue yea in the Spanish, 
Books printed of Arthure in foreign languaged.  and also in the French tongue: whereupon also the English collection of Thomas Mailerius his travail, is published abroad. The adversary I know will say, that many lies have crept into those books. Wherefore this is nothing else, but to Teach him which is fully taught. As I contemn fables, so I reverence & embrace the truth of the history: neither will I suffer this to be taken away from me at any time, but with loss of life. Unthankful persons I utterly eschew and I betake me unto those Rocks & monuments, the true witnesses of Arthur's renown and majesty. And in this behalf, 
Silvester Gi●aldus in his Itenerario touching Brecknock.  Silvester Geraldus Menevensis, entertaineth me coming to him with these words taken out of that work of his called Itenerarium. He understands conclusively that Brecania or Brecknock round about is the Land so called as it were by reason of the lostis blasts from the North wind. From Zephyrus or the Westerly wind, it hath the mountain places of Canter Vehan, alias the less Vehany, from Auster or the sontherly wind, it hath hills southward, whereof the principal is called in the Britain language Cair Artery: 
Cair Arthure or Arthures Castle.  that is to say Arthur's Castle, by reason of the two tops of the hills ascending upwards shewing themselves in manner of a Castle. 
K. Arthures Chair of State.  And because the Chair of State is there erected in a high and hard place it is by a common name assigned unto the high and mighty Arthure King of Britain. These saith Silvester, 
Baldwinum ali●s Mountgomery.  Giraldus. Now must I take my journey from the hills of Brecania unto Baldwine, a Town in old time famous, which for four hundredth years and more agone, (of Roger then governor of Mountgomerie, and Earl of Shrowsbury, was called Mountgomerie. Here amongst the ruinous old Cottages of the walls, 
King Arthures Gate there.  is a place by common report known, which the remnant of the citizens of later age do call Arthur's gate. Truly the people of Wales have always been and as yet are with a certain Gentlemanly fervent affection bend to set forth the praises of their Princes. 
Gentlemen of Wales praise worthy in praising their Prince studiously addicted.  Through which title even at this day shineth forth the fame together also with the commendation not vulgar of Arthure surnamed the great: who is also called in the Britain language Arthure Vaur. Maur In the British tongue signifieth great: 
King Arthure surnamed Arthure the great  but the fond pronunciation of the welsh tongue (in the word Copulative Maure) turneth M. into V Like as also in other words by reason of their proper terming, B. is oftentimes turned into V.   

CAP. XI.  
The Antiquity of Aualonia.  
THe circumstance of speech, here admonisheth me that I express somewhat touching Arthur's burial: whereof as I have made sufficient mention, so judge I it specially (for the lightsome order) convenient that I should first with exquisite diligence consecrate unto posterity the Antiquity of that place, 
Definition of Aualonia the place where King Arthure was buried.  whither unto the dead corpses was carried. Aual in the British tongue signifieth Malum, (or as I may with a more common phrase interpret it) Pomum, an Apple: and Aualon signifieth Pomarium, or Orchard. By reason whereof also, of Merlinus Caledonius, (as Geoffrey Arthurius of Monmouth interpreteth the same) it is called the Isle of Apples, 
Geoff●y of Monmouth his testimony ●hereo:.  in these words.  
Insula ●omorum quae fortunata vocatur,  
●'x re nomen habet, quia per se singula profert.  
Non opus est illi sulcantibus arua colonis:  
Omnis abest cultus nisi quem natura ministrat.  
Vltro foecundas segetes producit & Vuas:  
Nataque poma suis, praetonso germine syluis.  
The Isle of Apples, which called is fortunate,  
Of effect hath name, for it brings forth all things:  
The seeded ground no need of Plowmen hath,  
All tillage wants, save that which Nature brings.  
Of it own accord it bears both Grapes & Corn,  
And apples grow in woods, first grafts being pruned & shorn.  
MElchinus the Britain makes mention of Aualonia and of the religious place there. 
Melchinus.  Silvester Giraldus in his book De Institutione Principis, thus speaketh. And the island which at this day is called Glastenbury, was called in ancient time Aualonia: For it is an Island altogether environed with moorish or fenny grounds: 
Silvester, Giraldus &  Whereupon in the British tongue it is called Aualon, that is, an Island fruitful of apples: For with apples (which in the British tongue are called Aual) this place aboundeth.  
Patricius the Apostle or teacher amongst the Irishmen in a certain Epistle makes mention of this place, 
Patricius, all 3. witnesses of Avalonia.  but by another name, whose words also I will hereunto annex.  
I have converted Ireland unto the way of truth, and when I had grounded them in the christian faith, I returned at length into Britain, & as I believe (by the guidance of God, who is the way and the life) I chanced into the Island Iniswitrive, 
Alias Civitas, ●●trina, nunc Glastenbury.  wherein I found a holy and ancient place chosen of God, and consecrated unto the Virgin Mary, and there also found I certain Brethrens instructed with the rudiments of the Christian faith, 
Supposed rather to be 〈…〉.  which succeeded the Disciples of Fugatius and Damianus.  
Thus far saith Patri●ius: who in that place of his epistle also reciteth the names of twelve religious persons: where of two were noble personages: Of all which twelve, he had chief Rule, as by these words it is manifest.  
So they preferred me (though against my will) before themselves. And again, in the same Epistle the brethren showed me writings of those holy men Fugatius and Damianus, 
F●ga●tis and Dir●aianus.  wherein was contained that the twelve Disciples of S. Philip and jacob the Apostles had founded and erected that ancient Church: and that three Pagan kings had given so many possessions of land unto those twelve.  
And last of all how that Fugatius & Damianus had builded a chapel on a high hill, 
Vt ante dixi, Fagaunt & Dirwianus.  not far from Aualonia in the honour of God and S. Michael. Hear is enough at this present (even touch and go) to have understanding of the reverend father Patricius his Epistle.  
Gulielmus Meildunensis, 
W. of Malmesburie his testimony.  in his book of the antiquity of the religious house at Glastenburie, and in his first book of kings unto Henry Blesensis otherwise Soliasensis Bishop of Venta▪ Simenorum or Winchester, writeth not unlike matters. Whereupon also by good conjecture it may be scene that this William, took his translations out of the Epistle of Patricius Silvester Giraldus in his book De Institutione Principis, 
Silvester Giraldus his testimony and explanation of Glastenburie.  not inconveniently explaineth the Etymon or true interpretation of the name. It was also in times past called in the british language ●niswitrine: by the which word the saxons which came thither afterward called that place Glastenbury. For Gles in their tongue signifieth Vitrum or glass, and Bury signifieth Castrum or Castle, and is called together the city of Glastenburie. These doth he affirm. Truly unto me this seemeth to be a school fault in writers of books that they here do recite Byry for burg or berg: Byry in the Saxon tongue is in Latin Curia: As for example, Aldermanburie, that is to say Seniorum Curia. Also Litlebyry, that is parva Curia. Canonbyry commonly called Canbyry. Burg otherwise Borrow, signifieth a hill, and high places of earth cast up. Finally Being is in the Latin tongue called Castrum: by reason whereof I more truly believe we must read Berg or Burg, for a Castle: which word Giraldus useth or maketh it to serve for a Town: although as I may freely confess, I find the name written diversly amongst the ancients viz. Glessenbyry Glestombury and Glessemburg. And there are which pronounce Glass for Gles: Although Gles is more perfect and more Ancient, as by the name of the Islands of Glastenburie it appeareth plainly.   

CHAP. XII.  
K. Arthures Burial.  
NEither can I, nor will I publish for truth, whether Arthure died out right in the battle fought at Alaune, 
Writers of Britain affirming where Arthure died.  which is commonly called Camblan, or at Aualonia, while his wounds were in healing. The writers of Britain with one voice hold argument, that he died at Aualonia, through grief of the same wounds: But touching the place of his burial, they do all agree as one.  
This one thing dare I be bold to affirm, 
The Britons sorrowful for the death of K. Arthure.  the Brittanes were so sorrowful for the death of their Sovereign Lord, that they endeavoured by all means to make the same famous, and to leave the name of their Governor even for ever fearful and to be trembled at amongst the saxons: So far forth as they with a certain plausible and strange invention did spread abroad Rumours both of his coming again, and of his ruling again. Touching the again coming (of Arthure so wounded to death) into Aualonia aforesaid, certain Britons' did blindly write. 
Merlinus Caledonius a writer his verses of K. Arthures death  But none more at large nor more lightsome, then Merlinus Caledonius being instructed (as some men suppose) of Theliesinus the Poet: whose verses also I will here annex, selected out of his little book of prophecy, Geoffrey Arthurius being interpreter thereof.  
Illuc post Bellum Camblani vulnere laesum,  
Duximus Arthurum, nos conducente Barincho.  
Aequora cui fuerant, & coeli Sidera nota.  
Hoc Rectore ratis, cum Principe venimus illuc,  
Et nos quo decuir Morgan suscepit honore,  
Inque suis thalamis posuit super aurea Regem  
Fulcra, manuque sibi detexit vulnus honesta,  
Inspexitque diu: tandem redire salutem.  
Posse sibi dixit, si secum tempore longo  
Esset, & ipsius vellet Medicamina fungi.  
Gaudentes igitur, Regem commissimus illi,  
Et dedimus ventis redeundo vela secundis.  
The English.  
Thither after the battle was at Camblan fiercely fought.  
(Barinchus so conducting us) we Arthure wounded brought.  
Who knew the seas, & of the stars the Climates perfectly,  
By this guider of the hel●e with Prince we thither ply.  
And Morgan us received as it behovea with honour dew,  
In Chamber his on Golden hearse, 
Morgan a faithful friend and true subject unto Arthure.  and laid the king to view.  
And with his friendly hand forthwith did Arthur's wound unhill,  
Long looking thereon, said, may be life come again yet will.  
If he along time were with him, & would his medicines use,  
Therefore with joy the king to him we did betake to choose,  
And hoist our sails with prosperous wind▪ by our return our port to find.  
SYluester Gyraldus writeth in his Speculo Ecclesiastico, that Morgan's noble wife made provision for Arthur's ●uriall. 
Morgan's wife made provision for Arthur's burial.  And again, in his book De Institutione Principis he makes relation of these things. Whereupon also the noble wife of Morgan, and Governess of those parts again as Patroness there and also near of blood unto Arthure, after the battle at Kemelen caused him to be conveyed into an Isle (which now is called Glasconia) to cure and heal up his wounds.  
The interpreter of the British history, writeth of the death of Arthure, 
Brittannicae Historiae Interpres testimonium dat de morte Arthurii.  on this manner, as in his sixth book appeareth. Arthure being wounded unto death at the battle at Camblan went unto Aualonia, his kingdom being left unto Constantine the son of Cadorius Duke of Cornwall.  
johannes Burgensis Abbot, in his Annals hath left these words in credible writings. 
johannes Burgensis testimonium de eodem.  When Arthure was at the point of death, he kept himself secret, that his enemies should not insult at such and so great a mishap, nor his friends be discomforted as troubled in mind. Thus farhe.  
Now must we speak of the relious place at Aualonia, wherein Arthure was buried.  
Melchinus specially makes mention of this and also of Arthure buried there. 
Aualonia commended by 3. writers. viz. M●lchinus, & Malmsbury Giraldus.   
Gulielmus a Medulphi curia both else where, and specially in his book De antiquitate Glessoburgensi, religiously celebrateth this place where Arthure was buried.  
The same thing doth Giraldus Menevensis also in his Speculo Ecclesiastico, and in his book De Institutione Principis, religious houses were not at that time so common, and in so many places of Britain, as they be in these days.  
Saxons of noble lineage, a people without knowledge of God if happily being sick they died at home, were buried in pleasant gardens: if they were flame abroad, and in battle, they were then buried in graves digged out of the earth, which they called burgh's, 
Burying place● how and ●or whom in those days.  near unto their tents: but the base common people were buried even in meadows and open fields. There was at that time a religious place near unto the old Church, in very great estimation. By which title and of the whole nobility in all the west Provinces of Britain, it was chosen as a place allotted for their burials. The same was afterwards often done by such Saxons as had the knowledge of God. As at Dover of the Kentishmen, at York of the Brygantes, at Lindiffarna or Ly-land and so forth in other places. Concerning the place of his burial it is now sufficient manifest.  
It remaineth that I make declaration of the ceremony and manner of his burial. 
Ceremonies used at King Arthure his burial.  There was present (but secretly) a Troop of Noble personages which mourned for the death of their sovereign Lord bereft from them by such sinister fate. The wife of Morgan alone provided for the burial things needful: 
Morgan's noble wife alone provided for King Arthur's burial.  a woman doubtless of incomparable godliness, who performed all ceremonies and services with grief of mind, and floods of tears. The manner in those days was to bury in the graves, and to lay them as a surceasing from sorrow to the use of Tombs or sepulchres great bowls or bodies of Alder trees, whereof the places about Aualonia near adjoining were most fruitful. For the Alder tree hath I know not what property with the natural moist ground, such as is a Churchyard: so far forth as the substance thereof laid on this sort, more deep in the Earth, should be reputed for everlasting not only. The body of Arthure thus bewailed and mourned for, 
How he was interred in the earth.  was buried in a grave of sufficient depth, with the great bole of Alder tree therein laid hollow. And because he lived most magnificent in fame, facts, and rule of his kingdom (they following diligently the custom and integrity of Christians in this point) bestowed upon the Tomb of Arthure so buried, 
Monuments of him.  a token of perpetual memory namely a Cross, signyfyinge Mnemosynen vitae perpetuae: that is to say, the remembrance of life everlasting. It was made of a leaden plate, one foot long more or less, which I have beholden with most curious eyes, and handled with fearful joints in each part, being moved both with the Antiquity and worthiness of the thing. It containeth upon it these words in those not so great Roman letters, but indifferent cunningly graven. viz.  
HIC JACET SEPULTUS INCLITUS REX ARTHURIUS, IN INSULA AVALONIAE.  
But here peradventure some curious person would search out for what purpose the inscription was commended to our memory upon the leaden plates. It was a most usual manner in that age, and endured even until latter times to bestow upon Noble men's Tombs leaden plates engraven. Of which not a few have I seen in every place throughout all Britain. Lead of his nature is easily engraven, and when it is once graven continueth both a very long time, and also most firmly, as witnesseth experience. 
This was set up in places where enemies were vanquished by the Emperor.  The mine hills where lead groweth much, are scarce five miles distant from Aualonia. The Romans as Lords of riches, were not ashamed to set up a standard of stone unto Claudius Caesar by a very long table of lead, almost in the very bottoms of those hills at the head● springs of the fabulus little flood▪ Ochides within the jurisdiction of Fontanus the Bishop, engraven on this manner. TI. CLAUDIO CAESARI. AUGUST. P. M. TR. P. VIIII. IMP. XVI. DE BRITAN. This Standard of Stone a few years past was turned up out of the earth by the plough, 
In tempo re regni 〈◊〉 Reg. ●.  and translated unto the house of Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk at London.   

CAP. XIII.  
The two Pyrameds in that religious place.  
WIthin the burying place which was consecrated at Aualonia stand two Pyramedes of most ancient building, 
Within the burying place were set up ● 3. Pyrameds'.  bearing a show of figures & letters, but the winds, storms, and time which consumeth all things, finally envy of man from time to time have so defaced the notable figures and inscription of ancient works, that they can scarce be discerned by any never so sharp sight of the eye. 
Ancient writers commending the same.  The continual travel of writers commendeth these, and specially the diligence of Gulielmus Meildunensis that great Antiquary: whom also Silvester Geraldus even he a lover of Antiquities, doth follow at an inch. Doubtless both of them handle their matters learnedly: The one whereas by exquisite labour he restored to light a fresh, both titles and figures which were not altogether razed out of knowledge for four hundredth years before, according as in his famous and elegant little book De Antiquitate Glessoburgensi, appeareth. The other in that he leaning unto sound arguments and relation of ancient writers, proveth that Arthur's Tomb was in times past either erected between the two Pyrameds, or in a place not far distant from them. 
King Arthures Tomb where it was erected.  Of Giraldus we will say more in the Tomb of Arthure found.  
In the mean time, I will hereunto annex the description of the Pyrameds, artificially portrayed out by the very pencilles of the same Gulielmus, as it were in a plain table to the eyes of the beholders. And where as that no doubt is unknown unto all men, I would willingly publish it, (if I could possibly express the truth) what those Pyrameds do mean, 
The meaning and description of those two Pyramede●  which being erected in a little space from the old Church do after a sort include the Churchyard of those religious persons.  
Undoubtedly the more statelier, 
Tabulatus  larger, and nearer Pyramed unto the Church hath five stories height or flooers boarded, & is in height, 26. foot. This although it foreshowed some decay by reason of the too much oldness, yet hath it a few apparent spectacles of Antiquity, which may be plainly read, although they can not fully be understood. 
Note the blindness of that time in preferring a Bishop before a king.  For in the upper story or floor board is made an image in likeness of a Bishop. In the second is an Image expressing a Kingly state, and letters: Her, Sex, & Bliswerh. In the third nevertheless are names. Wem Crest. Bantomp. Winewegn. In the fourth. Hate▪ Wulfredi & Franflede. In the fift, and which is the lowest, an image and this writing. Logwor. Weslielas & Bregdene. Swellwes, Huyrgendes barn. But the other Pyramed hath 18. foot height and four stories or flooers boarded wherein these words are read, Head, Episcopus & Bregorred & Beorwalde. What these may signify I do not rashly define: but I gather by suspicion, that within or about the same place are laid in hollow stones the bones of them whose names are read on the outside. Surele Logwor for certain is affirmed to be the person by reason of whose name Logweres Beorh, was so called, which is now called Montacute. Beorwalde nevertheless was Abbot after Hemgiselus. These saith Meildunensis (unto whom the learned aught to refer these Pyrameds) as from him by all means borrowed, and most famously set forth. Now the lady Guenhera offereth herself to be joined with Assure her Husband.   

CAP. XIIII.  
What manner Person Guenhera was.  
I Have easily believed, that Guenhera was descended out of the progeny of the Dukes of Cornwall: both leaning unto other arguments, and also for this cause specially, that the History of Britain makes mention that she was brought up in the Pallas of Cadorus ●uke of Cornwall, 
Where the Lady Guenhera was brought up.  & also from hence taken unto wi●e by Arthure. The conjecture is, and that not altogether uncertain this name of Guenhera soundeth in the British language the same that Bella Dona doth in the Italian & in french. bell Dame, no doubt the name was given for some fame: as Guenllean, that is White or fair Leonora, 
Her description.  or of conjecture Helena: so as the word White may signify fair, beautiful, or amiable. ●ut as it is sufficiently apparent the she was beautiful, so it is a thing doubted, whether she was chaste yea or no. Truly so far as I can with honesty I would spare the impaired honour and fame of noble women: But yet the truth of the history plucks me by the ear, & willeth not only, but commandeth me to declare what the Ancients have deemed of her. To wrestle or contend with so great authority were in deed unto me a controversy and that great. 
Beauty & Chastity seldom agree inviolably.  The history of Britain affirmeth, that she had not only carnal knowledge of Mordred the Pict, but also that she was joined to him in marriage. O mischief, O lewd life, O filthy days.  
The writer of the history of Gildas is in deed an Ancient Author, 
Anonymous.  (but in mine exemplar that same Anonymus) declareth these things of Guenhera the adulteress. 
A writer's testimony touching Guenhera.   
Arthure in despite of M●lua the ruler, besieged the fenny countries near unto Glesconia: which noble man had defiled Guenhera being stolen away and carried thither. This testimony as touching a Queen, though he say she was stolen away, is scarce honourable. Women of such beauty are now and then stolen away by their own good will. Howsoever it was, most assured is this, that she lived no long time after the Death of her Husband, and the Adulterer. But whether through any disease of the body, or with unfeigned sorrow she died (which I do sooner believe) it appeareth not plainly. Writers make mention, that the being moved with repentance did put upon her a holy Veil at Ambrosia, and that there she died and was also there buried, until both the diligence and also Godliness of Sir Lancelot the most courteous and most invincible knight had translated the bones and ashes afterwards unto Aualonia. 
Sir Lancelot, knight, a friend of Guenhera● after her death.  Hear ariseth a doubt against the suspicion of this Adultery.  
Whether so notable a Lover or friend of Arthure, and the same a reverencer of his royalty had committed such a fact that he would bury the adulteress in the most religious place so near her husband's grave in the earth. 
Nota. where she was buried.  The history of the cloister at Glastonbury which was diligently collected, fully showeth that Guenhera was buried in the religious place near her husbands Tomb, and that her bones and ashes were found the same time that her husbands were.  
Silvester Giraldus Menenensis confirmeth this in his book De Institutione Principis speaking of Arthure in the●e words.  
For he had two wives, whereof in deed the last was buried with him, 
Silvester Giraldus his testimony both of Arthure & of guenhera's dead corpses.  and her bones found at one time with her husbands bones, so yet separated that the two parts of the grave towards the head, namely (which should contain the bones of her husband) had been ascribed unto him: But the third part at the feet contained the bones of a woman upwards. Where as also a yellow lock of a woman's hair, with the former integrity & colour was found, which as a certain Monk desirously caught up in his hand & lifted it up, it altogether straightway perished into dust or powder.  
The same Giraldus reciteth such like matters in his book entitled Speculo Ecclesiastico: He doubtless might well with some authority speak concerning this gear, for so much as, even than he (being established in the favour of K. Kichard coeur de Lion, king of England) came the very same time that the Sepulchre was found at Glastenbury, and as an eye witness (by conduction of Henry de Soliaco nephew unto K. Henry by Adela and cozen germane of K. Richard being the precedent of Glastenburie, 
De Soliaco.  but afterwards Bishop of Winchester) learned full and whole all things which unto Arthure appertained.  
Yet notwithstanding, if it were lawful for me here to speak all things which I think, I would surely affirm that those things are of far better credit, which are delivered us of Arthur's burial, then of Guenheras. And yet would I not do any injury unto the Authority of Ancient writers, that even the posterity in time to come might not handle mine Authority or allegation in a worse manner. At Glastenbury upon the Tomb of Lydias Marble or Touchstone Artyficially engraven (and erected for Arthure and also for Guenhera) these two little verses, 
Arthur's and Guenheras Tomb ercted at Glastenbury.  savouring of that his time, are written in this manner.  
Hic jacet Arturi coniux tumulata secunda, 
Her Epitaph.   
Quae meruit coelos, Virtutum prole faecunda.  
The second wife of Arthure here, entomed lo doth lie,  
Who for the fruits of Virtuous life deserved the heavens on high.  
THere be which say that Henry Suynesius Abbot of Glastenbury was the composer of these verses: Except any man think that Henry Blesensis alias Soliacensis changed his name into Suynesius, in whose time the bones and ashes both of Arthure and also of Guenhera were found.  
But what Giraldus & Henricus do mean by the name of Second wise, truly I do not sufficiently understand. For so much (as I can remember) I have neither hard of the name nor memory of a second wife until this day.  
But let credit remain with Authors: by the latter part of the second little verse (Virtutum prole faecunda) it appeareth that Guenhera was more virtuous than apt to bear children. Neither am I ignorant what Boetius writeth here, 
Nota. How Guenhera was stolen away of the Pictes.  that in times passed there was a sharp battle fought between Arthure and Mordred, at the river of Humber, and that Guenhera being even there carried away of the Picts, into their tents, afterwards died and was buried at Horestia in the street Angusia. But I leave Hector to the report of Veremundus & Turgotus those obscure writers. And it might so be, that the Tomb was there erected for another Guenhera not Queen.   

CHAP. XV.  
K. Arthures Tomb found. 
After Arthur's death, the Saxons flourished, but the Britons perished   
WHen the saxons power grew to some force after Arthur's death, & that the Picts & Scots by and by were put to flight, & chased away beyond the vale of Severne, The same saxons began not so much to fear, and much less to esteem of, but rather openly to set at nought the remnants of those vanquished Britons. Wherefore, the glory of them began to flourish, but of the Britons to decrease and fade away: 
saxons were negligent in the fame of britons▪ their posterity.  Yet so, as the saxons left almost nothing (touching affairs passed between them and the Britons) at that time perfectly written for the posterity.  
For, those things which were written (after Christ was known unto them) concerning the first victories of the saxons, are delivered by the reports of the common people, & so received, and in writings so committed: or else the Britons being utterly worn away by so many battles, bestowed scarce any just or right diligence in writing of the history. Only there are extant certain fragments of Gildas the Monk of the City Bangor rather flaying alive, 
john Stowe  dismembering, and wounding to death the Britons, then allowing them with any value of virtue, so far forth as he seemeth a Rhetorician thoroughly moved to make evil report. By this means were the affairs of Britain, through calamity of battles left obscure or unrebayled. The historical singers only studied to preserve also with musical means the famous memory of Nobles in those days. 
Bardi were such as sung to the harp, the famous facts of noble personages.  They sung the famous facts of noble personages upon the harp. This study or practise wonderfully profited knowledge, as it were delivered by hand unto posterity. Whereupon in deed it so cometh here to pass also, that the name, fame, and glory of Arthure might so be preserved after a sort.  
O factum bene.  
Si quid mea Carmina possunt,  
Aonio statuam sublimes vertice Bardos.  
Bardos Pieridum cultores, atque canentis,  
Phoebi delitias, quibus est data cura perennis,  
Dicere nobilium clarissima facta virorum  
Aureaque excelsam famam super astra locare.  
The English.  
O well done.  
If any thing my verses may avail,  
These stately singers then advance Will I,  
That high Parnassus mount for to assail.  
As singers honouring the Muse's friends duly,  
And Phoebus his delights singing sweetly.  
The famous acts of noble men to blaze,  
And stately fame I'th' golden heavens to place.  
WIlliam A Norman had conquered the Nation of Englishmen by permission of God, 
Anno. 〈◊〉. a Christo nat●.  and now came the kingdom of England, 
1154. Regni. Anno. 1.  unto Henry the second of that name, Nephew by Matildes the daughter of Henry Beauclercke, and the Son of Geoffry Plantagenet, Duke of Gaunt. This man endeavouring by all means to enlarge the limits of his kingdom, 
1154. Regni. Anno. 1.  applied also his mind unto the kingdom of Ireland. Richard of Clare earl of Chepstowe, (so called by reason of the wandering River) a man both most noble by birth, fortune, and virtue, went into Ireland, being before requested of Deronutius the ruler of Lagenia, so to do: in which expedition he behaved himself so valiantly, 
Giraldus. C●●●brensis calleth him Richard Strongbow● Earl of C●●pstow.  that (they being cast out by heaps put to flight, and vanquished which withstood the Ruler) he purchased himself fame an immortal glory and (if this also might any thing avail to the purpose) he obtained beside great riches unto himself thereby, 
john stow.  taking to wife Eva the daughter of Deronicius, and heir by right nougth. King Henry had understanding of the success of Richard the Earl of Chepestowe, and whether he envy his glory, or (which is most like) that he earnestly sought the prey of this rich kingdom, he forbade this Richard in the mean time to ●eare rule in Ireland, not disdaining yet to proffer him reward. He being wise, fully knowing the Prince's purpose, gave place unto this right. In the mean season Henry having prepared no small part of an Host, came into Cambria or Wales, 
1157. Regni Anno. 3.  and purposing there to appoint the residue, he thence strait sailed from Menenia or Sanct David's into Ireland, 
john stow.  with hope of which kingdom to obtain, he burned as hot as fire. Whiles he busieth himself here abouts being (for his worthiness as befitted) received of the governors of Wales, at h●s banquets there (using an Interpreter) he gave ear not with out pleasure unto the historical singers, which sing to the Harp famous acts of noble men. Truly there was one amongst the rest most skilful in knowledge of Antiquity. 
King Henry the second for his valiancy compared to▪ K. Arthure and was inquisitive after his monument.  He so sung the praises and noble acts of Arthure comparing Henry with him as Conqueror in time to come for many respects, that he both wonderfully pleased, & also delighted the kings ears: at what time also the King learned this thing especially of the historical singer, that Arthure was buried at Aualonia in the religious place. Whereupon sending away the said singer as witness of such a monument most liberally rewarded, he had conference with Henricus Blesensis, alîas Soliacensis his nephew, who even then or a little after was made of an Abbot in the Isle of Bermundsege, chief Magistrate over Glastenbury that he might with most exquisite diligence search out thoroughly the Tomb or burying place of Arthure within the compass of that religious house. It was assayed by him other while and at length found out with great difficulty, in the last days, 
King Arthures Tomb found Anno Ric. Regis▪ 1.  as some suppose of Henry the second, King of England: but as others think (unto whom I easily assent) in the beginning of the reign of Richard the first, his Son.  
Touching both this searching for, and finding out of the bones, two persons specially amongst others have written their minds: of which two one was a Monk of Glastenbury, and by name unknown to me, but the other was Silvester Giraldus. 
Silvester Giraldus  Furthermore there had been hereunto added also Gulielmus Meildunensis, as the third witness to be conferred with them both, 
M●lmsbury.  but that death had taken him away in his aged years before the Scpulcre or Tomb was found. The testimonies of these men will I use especially, and at this instant I will bring hither the words of Annonymus the Monk. 
The place where King Arthure his Tomb was found at that time and the manner thereof  King Arthure was entombed, like as (by K. Henry the second) Henry the Abbot had learned, whose cozen german & familiar friend he of late was. But the King had often times heard this out of the acts of the Britons & of their historical singers, that Arthure was buried near unto the old Church in the religious place between two Pyramedes in times past, nobly engraven, and erected as it is reported for the memory of him.  
And King Arthure was buried very deeply for fear of the Saxons, whom he had often times vanquished, & whom he had altogether rejected or cast out of the Isle of Britain. And whom Mordred his mischievous Nephew had first called back again and brought thither against him: lest they (should also with malice of mind rage in cruelty towards the dead body) which had laboured by tooth & nail even now to possess again the whole Island after his death. Again for and in respect of the same fear, he was laid in a certain broad stone, (as it were at a grave) found of them which digged there, of seven foot as it were under the earth: when yet notwithstanding Arthur's Tomb was found more lower, of nine foot depth. There was moreover found a leaden cross not set into the uppermost but rather nethermost part of the stone, 
Nota His inscription & the subtle devise of the Workmen in those days.  having thereon these letters engraven. HIC JACET SEPULTUS INCLITUS REX ARTHURIUS IN INSULA AVALONIAE.  
And the Cross taken out of the stone, (the said Abbot Henry showing the same) we have seen with our eyes, and have read these letters. But like as the Cross was enfired to the nethermost part of the stone: So that part of the cross engraven (to the end it might be more secret) was turned towards the stone. Doubtless a wonderful industry and exquisite wisdom of the men in that age, who by all endeavours desired to hide in secret manner the body of so great a parsonage, and their Sovereign Lord, especially the Patron of that place, by reason of the instant troubled state: And who yet had further care that at one or other time afterwards (when the trouble surceased, by the perfect order of those letters engraven in the Cross and found out other while) they might make apparent testimonies of his burial.  
And as the foresaid King Henry had before declared all the matter to the Abbot: so the body of Arthure was found not in a marble Tomb (as it befitted so notable a King)  
NOw in fit time comes forth Silvester Giraldus, 
Silvester Giraldus his testimony of Arthure his Tomb found.  that same eye witness of Arthur's bones and ashes found, and aptly adjoineth his account unto these words.  
And his body (which as it were fantastical in the end and as it were by spirits translated unto places a far off, and not subject unto death, fables so fully had feigned) was in these our days by wonderful and as it were marvelous tokens found out buried more deeper in the earth at Glastenburie between two Pyrameds, in old time set up within the religious place, and by a hollow Oak marked or known, & was with honour translated into the Church, & decently bestowed in a Marble Tomb. Whereupon a leaden cross being engraven in the stone not in the upper part as it is accustomed (but on the lowermost part rather) which we also have seen (for we have handled the same) contained these letters engraven and not eminent and extant, but rather inwardly turned to the stone.  
HIC JACET SEPULTUS INCLITUS REX ARTURIUS IN INSULA AVALONIAE.  
And these words follow even there. And seeing there were some evident tokens of finding the body there by his inscriptions, and some by the Pyramedes engraven (although as very much defaced and overworn by too much oldness of time:) yet most chiefly and most evidently did Henry the second king of England declare and manifest full and whole unto those monks, according as he had hard of that ancient historical Musician the Britain: namely that they should find him buried deeply in the earth for xvi. foot at the least, & not in a Tomb of stone, but in a hollow Oak. And therefore his body (being laid and as it were hidden so deep, to the end that it might not be found of the Saxons, inhabiting the Island after his death, whom he in his life time had so puissantly subdued & almost destroyed) might sarcely at any time be found. 
A wise policy of workmen in those days.   
And for this cause were the letters as testimonies of truth engraven upon the cross turned inwards to the stone, to the end they should at-that time keep in secret, what they contained and that sometime also according to the place & time requisite) they might discover or manifest that same meaning. Moreover also he writeth these words even in the same place. We must also know that the bones of Arthur's body which were found, were so great, that even that saying of the poet might seem in these words to be fulfilled, 
Grandiaque effossis mirabitur ossa Sepulchris.  
And the Tombs being digged forth right:  
He shall marvel at the great bones in sight. 
The largeness of K. Arthur's Lineaments.    
FOr the bone of his shin being laid to the shin of a most tall person (which also the Abbot showed us) and as it was fastened unto that ground near unto his foot, retched itself largely, three fingers over his knee.  
Also the scalp of his head as it were a wonder or spectacle, was capable and gross, in so much as between the eye bryes and the eyes it largely contained a hand bigness. 
Nota. Ten wounds discerned in his scalp.  There appeared in this, ten or more wounds: all which (except one only greater than the rest which gaped wide and which only seemed to be a deadly wound) grew together into one whole scar. 
A relation to a further testimony of Giraldus. in Speculo ecclesiastics yet parley doubted.  Now if it shall avail any man either to repeat the very self same things which I have ere while recited out of Giraldus, or not much unlike to these, let him read his book viz. Speculum Ecclesiasticum, where as two chapters lightsomly entreat of this matter. In mean time yet I have somewhat which helds me doubtful. For Giraldus affirmeth that his burying place was of Oak, which as I do not straight way affirm to be false: So I will insinuate those things, which vehemently persuade me to the contrary. First, 
Alder trees in Aualony.  the number of great Alder trees which by a certain nature are growing commodious for the ground there. Moreover again, I think the inhabitants of Aualonia, were not so ignorant of natural things, that they should believe the Oak would continue longer in somewhat a moist ground, than the watery Alder tree, which is growing in the ground.  
They which have written of Trees, willingly attribute somewhat moist grounds to be apt both for Alder & Elm trees to be brought forth in them. 
Where Giraldus affirmeth K. Arthures Tomb to be found.  There also remaineth another doubt, which, (if I any thing rightly judge) shall rather seem a plain error, than any doubt at all. Gyraldus confirmeth that Arthur's Tomb was found between two Pyrameds in the religious place, 
viz. between two Pyrameds at Aualonia alias Glastenbury  at Aualonia: In which opinion, (as it were, so confirmed with testimony of ancient writers) even I also remain. But I am so far from believing any thing to be engraven in them, which thing Arthures tomb (as Giraldus declareth the very same) should show, express, or make famous, that in deed unto me may appear nothing less like to be true. 
A doubt.  If there had been any such thing, I pray you who more truly or more plainly should have manifested the same, 
Malmesbury.  then Gulielmus Meildunensis? unto whom alone all posterity ought to refer both their portraitures & inscriptions. But he in deed speaketh not so much as one word of Arthure, whom elsewhere he diligently extolleth. Doubtless it is a conjecture probable, that Giraldus was utterly ignorant what inscriptions those Pyrameds contained, seeing he saith the letters were worn out by antiquity or oldness of time.  
But I let pass Giraldus (a man truly otherwise learned & a great & greedy devourer of ancient knowledge) as I am provoked by another care not unprofitable for the purpose: Namely that I should not only by the testimony of two, whom I have above named, but also by a full number of writers, confirm, establish, and persuade as it were ratified, Arthur's Tomb found. 
john Leylands insertion of famous men for proof of Arthur's Tomb found.  Also to the end that that thing may more commodiously be done, I think there are causes agreeable why I may more profoundly repeat all and singular testimonies of famous men within a certain convenient and evident scope of matter. 
Claudius' a Frenchman.  In which behalf Claudius a frenchman (to the end the reader may understand that the credible report of Arthur's Tomb found happened even unto strangers upright and perfect) shall be a great witness in matter abundant.  
Anno 1217. The body of Arthure that Noble king of Britain, (which had lain buried. 600. and more years) was found in the Church of S. Mary at Glastenbury.  
Hear, in computation of the years, either by the Author's negligence (or as more sincerely the Interpreter saith) by the negligence of the book writer, did there creep in a faule error. For, Henry the Second of that name king of England died about the year after Christ's birth a thousand one hundredth and eighteen: 
Anno Domini 1190.  and the Tomb was found in the first year of the reign of King Richard the 1. his son. The Chronicles of Persor Abbey do make relation of these things. 
Perso●ana. john Stow.   
Anno Domini 1191. the Tomb of Arthure King of Britain was found at Glastenbury: 
Anno Domini 1191.  the leaden cross upon his breast, declaring that his name was there written. johannes Fiberius who is also commonly called Beaver, writeth these things most briefly, and by way of running it over.  
Anno Domini 1191. were found at Glastenbury the bones of Arthure. Matthew Paris Monk of the Monastery of S. Alban at the racing and siege of that most ancient City Verolamium, near unto S. Alban's in the County of Hartford, thus mentioneth of the Tomb. The bones of the most famous King Arthure were found at Glastenbury, laid up in a certain most ancient Tomb there, about the which stood erected two most ancient Pirameds' wherein the letters were engraven, but by reason of the too much rudeness and deformity they could not be read. 
By what chance Arthures Tomb was found (as Matthew Pari● saith) which 〈◊〉 john Leylan de affirme● he never heard of to be true.  And they were found by this occasion. For as they digged there, to bury a certain Monk, which with a vehement desire in his life time, had before wished for this place, as to be therein buried: they found a certain close Tomb, upon the which was put a lead cross, wherein was engraven: HIC JACET INCLITVS BRITONUM REX ARTURIUS, IN INSULA AVALONIAE SEPULTUS. But that place being round about encompassed with Marish grounds, was in times past called the Isle of Aualon, for truth that is the isle of Apples.  
Like as by Good right I favour very much the authority of this Matthew, so I am sorry that a few words chanced redounding to this declaration in the inscription. Certes that which he mentioneth of the Monk, 
Ranulphus Higeden of Chester mentioneth of Arthur's Tomb  I never heard of before, neither doth he so far forth persuade me of the truth.  
Ranulphus Higeden of Chester also maketh mention of King Arthure his Tomb. I omit to mention other Authors, and that with employed diligence, because I would not seem to affectate the number of witnesses in a matter so manifestly known and credited.   

CAP. XVI.  
The Translation of King Arthures bones.  
I Remember that in my Epistle dedicatory, I have spoken of Arthur's Lyneamentes, three times translated. Whereof, which was the first, (because it appeareth not evident enough by the greater Church at Glastenbury, from whence they writ these were first of all conveyed) I will somewhat more manifestly and more lightsomely notify. I learned of the monks at Glastenbury most diligent reservers no doubt of the Antiquity pertaining to their Cloister, that Arthur's Lyneamentes were translated into the great Church (which work was greatly augmented by the liberality of Henry Plantagenet) from the religious place: 
Arthur's bones & ashes translated into the great Church at Glastenbury.  but not laid in that place at that time where they now be. There is a porch towards the South part, and a Chapel from whence they go into the Treasury. 
The removing of them into the middle Isles of the Queare.  In this place men affirmed that Arthur's bones remained for a certain season: after that again, that they were translated into the middle Isles of the Queare.  
By which interchaunge of time, a new, stately, and magnificent Tomb out of black Marble (such as we see the Lydian or touch stone) was both heawne and cut out, & at that time together framed, by unaccustomed workmanship and witty devise: concerning which, and also the translation thereof, to write at this present, it were undoubtedly a needless thing, seeing that in the chapter before going touching Arthur's Tomb found, 
The third translation of King Arthure in the days of King Edward, surnamed the long, alias the first of that name.  all those matters appear together in their order. Therefore let our history apply itself unto the third translation: which was made in the days of Edward, surnamed Longshanke, K. of England not only the chiefest patron of Arthur's praise, but also the lover, & great reverencer of his fame, when as all the Lyneamentes of them remaining in the most stately Tomb (where they took their rest together before) saving the shin bones of the King, and of the Queen, which he commanded to be kept abroad, it was no doubt a spectacle of Antiquity very acceptable unto the nobility thither resorting. And to the end now that so noble a deed of King Edward (who never enough can be commended) may enjoy eternal fame: I will recite all and singular such testimonies hitherunto pertaining, as were most faithfully taken out of the Arches of the Monastery of Glastenbury, Author of which things also was the same Monk of Glastenbury, who had in him a most earnest care to extol Arthure with due commendations, and with a sound faith to advance unto the posterity these acts done by him. The writer neither wanted lightsome order, nor wit in handling his matters: But that age had neither familiarly Greek nor Latin eloquence. What manner things so ever these Bee, as he writ them, so will I recite them in order, yet pondering by the way, that point in time convenient: not with how great elegancy, but how worthy and how true those things are, which he maketh mention of.  
Anno Domini 1276. King Edward, 
The same King and his wife. viz. King Arthures Tomb.  the Son of Henry the third came with the Queen his wife unto Glastenbury. But upon Tuesday next following the King and all his Court was entertained there at the Monasteries charges. On which day in the twilight time he caused to be opened Arthures Tomb, where, (in two Coffins their portraitures and Arms being depainted thereon) he found the bones of the said King, of a wonderful thickness and largeness separated. 
King Edward the first, and Queen El●anor his wife behold King Arthur● Image & the Queens his wife with their inscriptions.  The picture of the Queen in deed was made with a Crown upon her head. The Crown of the kings picture was made lying down, with the abscision of his left ear, and with the evident signs of that wound whereof he died. Upon every one of these was found a manifest plain inscription.  
The day following, namely being wednesday, the King shutting up the kings bones, and the Queen his wife the Queen's bones, folded up in several wrappers of precious preservatives and putting to their seals, 
Their commandment made for preservation of the Lyniamentes of K. Arthure & his Queen entombed, & for continual▪ reservation of their memorial.  commanded that the same Tomb should be with all speed placed before the high Altar, outwardly retaining still the heads of them both to be seen, engraven by reason of the zeal of the people, inwardly setting therein such a like sentence. Haec sunt ossa nobilissimi Regis Arthurij quae Anno Dominicae incarnationis. 1278. Decimo calend. Maij per. Dominum Edwardum Regem Angliae illustrem hic fuerunt sic collocata, praesentibus Leonora serenissima eiusdem Regis consort, & filia Domini Edwardi Regis Hispaniae: Magistro Gulielmo de Midleton, tunc Noowice●si electo Magistro. Thoma de Beck, Archidiacono Dorcetensi & predicti Regis Thesaurario, Domino Henrico de Lascey comite Lincolniae, Domino Amadio comite Sabaudiae, & multis magnatibus Angliae. Thus far mentioneth the Mòncke of Glastenbury.  
Go now William parvus together with thy successor in place, 
William parvus an enemy of K. Arthures fame.  and stoutly deny thou that either Arthure lived not, or was not victorious in times past. Surely thou shalt neither have me partaker, nor favourer, no nor yet one in love with thine opinion, nay rather error, at any time. Undoubtedly it were a great and grievous crime, not only worthy of stripes, but also of all kind of punishment, if any man should derogate from her the glory due to his Country, should envy the fame of his Princes, which have most justly deserved well of the common weal, and should not finally stand up with valiancy and famous acts by all means to adorn and illustrate the same.  
Truly, I hope (most friendly Readers) it will fall out, (that the equity of the cause being known) and also the truth, I shall have you my friendly healpe●s herein: and that (such is your good will, humanity, and integrity) you will also willingly render me thanks for my duty towards the comen weal. 
john Leyland's pension to the friendly Readers.  In the mean time I trusting to this good fortune will doubtless endeavour all that I may, so as having taken a fresh courage unto me, and that most confirmed, I may bodily enterprise to ●uckle with hand to hand, and by might and main overmatch the brood of backbiters which importunately, grievously, and enviously murmur at, and inveigh against the commendations of Arthure, for so, as it were to make an end of my work, have I by all means determined with myself.   

CHAP. XVij.  
A confutation and overthrow of Slanders rashly affirming that Arthure was not living.  
HIstoriographers do contend, 
Writers varying what time K. Arthure lived.  and as yet the controversy is before the judge, at what time Arthure flourished. And this contention hath so increased, and gathered force, that doubts, (concerning universal credit of the history, which declareth his exploits done) as yet stick to the feeble concepts of the Readers.  
But this is so weak a slander, 
Valerius. Hector Boetius.  that if needs not any diligent answer. Valerius saith that he flourished in the time of Zenon the Emperor. But Hector Boetius reporteth in the time of justinian the Barbarians then inhabiting Italy. Finally others write otherwise: concerning the time I do not much force upon, 
Paulus Diaconus.  were it even now. Although yet from hence, the time is easily gathered, namely from the reign of Aurelius Ambrose, of whom also Paul the Deacon makes mention. Perhaps some of the adversaries will say, Now comes it to pass, that Paul remembreth not Arthure? I answer, Paul had other matters to busy himself with, then doubtfully to make famous the Britons, which were not as yet forsaken of the Romans. In the mean time he takes away nothing from Arthur's dignity or history because he is not named of him: seeing by the way a good number of noble perosnages throughout the whole world are of the same Author passed over with silence.  
Undoubtedly that seemeth to have great effect, whereas Gildas the writer of Britain writeth nothing at all of Arthure, There be which city the testimony of Gildas, both in his favour and praise also. 
Gildas a fable●.  But that Gildas in deed is a fabler, and laid forth as an open pray unto silly worms and Moths, 
〈◊〉.  at Oxenford, in the library.  
Gildas his history is published abroad of Polidorus, undoubtedly a fragment of the old Gildas, but it is lame, out of order, and maimed, so far forth, as if he were now again restored to life, the father would scarce know his child. It is evidently known that he wrote books which by him were entitled Cambriedos, found out eight handreth years and more agone in the Islands of Ireland, and carried over in to Italy. Admit the History of Gildas be true: How could he as an eye witness declare any thing truly of Arthure, when he himself saith, that he was borne in the year when the battle was fought at bath, where Arthur's victory (and that in deed most famous) fell unto him, as Nennius witnesseth. The enemy gathereth. Gildas makes no mention at all of Arthure: Ergo he was never living. Undoubtedly a subtle gathering, such a one as this is: Gildas remembreth not arviragus, Lucius, or Constantine the great, and therefore they were not living▪ O strange force of Logic! And yet being heartened with this so weak argument (as it seemeth to him in deed) he thinks he hath easily gotten the best game. Is this an Italian reason? For certainly, now can I hardly any longer abide to be called Vltramontanus, or one that goeth beyond his bounds: And surely why?  Caelum non animum mutant, qui trans Mare currunt. 
The air, not mind change they,  
Which take their voyage over the Seay.  
I know yet in the mean time, what the Wealch Writers do judge of Gildas his silence, 
Gildas an unthankful person & reproachful towards his country of Britain.  so much as unto Arthure appertaineth: namely, for that Hoel the cosengermaine of Gildas was slain of Arthure: this was the cause his name was neglected. But I will not so much rest upon this help or safeguard: being rather ready to fight out the battle with him, because (as unthankful and the same scarce wise, I will not say ungodly) he hath blemished his countrymen the Britons with this blot or error of his.  Britanni nec in Bello fortes, nec in pace fideles. 
Surely but that I should seem to favour mine own affection, or feed the choler of my stomach, I myself would here courageously enforce my weapon & that in deed sharp against this slanderous enemy of the Britain's. But I will moderate mine anger, being ready to bring hither from another place (amongst these) most valiant or stout defenders of the truth, lest mine affection may seem to have injured any man.  
Silvester Giraldus (in his Topographia or description of Wales) promiseth that he will answer this slander of Gildas, 
Silvester Giraldus promised to confute the slanders of Gildas.  in his topography or description of Britain: which book that he hath so written in times past, I doubt not; but so far as I know it is not in these our days extant in any place. What he in mean while writeth in his 2. book of the Description of Wales, 
Nota. Silvester Giraldus his praise of the Britons.  I will now amongst others bring forth to light. But for so much as julius Caesar, who was such a manner of man, as the testimony of the whole world under Cassivilane the Duke showeth, viz. when, as Lucan the Poet saith.  Territa quaesitis ostendit terga Britannis. 
Anno. ante Christ. natiui●. 50.  
Unto the Britons by him sought,  
He showed his trembling back for nought.  
Were not those Britons' valiant and courageous persons? Again, 
An. ante Christ. nativitat. 401. Post Christum 107.  what were they when belinus & Brennus added the Roman Empire unto their victories? what were they in the days of Constantine the Emperor, & son of Helen sometime here Queen? 
Britain's always approved valiant persons, & en● in Arthure his time. An. 140. Is●ae.  what were they in the reign of Aurelius Ambrose Anno, post Christ. 466. whom also Paul the Deacon extolleth with praises? And to conclude, what fellows were they in the days of our famous Arthure. An.▪ post Christ 516. josephus the writer brought up at Exeter in Devonshire in his book Antiochiedes, thus singeth.  
Inclita fulsit.  
Posteritas Ducibus tantis, tot dives Alumnis,  
Tota faecunda Viris praemerent qui viribus orbem,  
Et fama veteres. Hinc Constantinus adeptus,  
Imperium, Romam tenuit, Bizantion auxit,  
Hinc Senonum ductor, 
Lands veter● Heroum▪ & Regis Arthuri● praecipue.  captiva Brennius urbe,  
Romuleas domuit, flammis Victricibus arts,  
Hinc & saeva satus, pars non obscura tumultus.  
Civilis, magnum solus quimole soluta  
Obsedit, meliorque stetit pro Caesare murus.  
Hinc celebri fato foelici floruit ortu,  
Flos Regum Arthurus: Cuius cum facta stupori  
Non micuere minus, totus quòd in aure voluptas,  
Et populo narrante fauus, Quaecunque priorum,  
Inspice: Peleum commendat fama Tyrannum,  
Pagina Caesareos loquitur formosa tryumphos,  
Alciden domitis attollit gloria monstris.  
Sed, nec Pinetum Coryli, nec sydera solem  
Aequant. annals Latios, Graiosque revolve.  
Prisca parem nescit, aequalem Postera nullum  
Exhibitura dies. Reges supereminet omnes  
Solus, praeteritis melior maiorque futuris.  
The English.  

Noble Posterity.  
With so great Princes richly shined, 
The praises of ancient Potentates, & amongst them of K. Arthure especially.  & Patrons so many.  
So stored with men which conquered the world with valiancy.  
And fame extolleth ancients. Hence had Constantine possessed  
The Empire, Rome he surely kept, and Bizance eke increased.  
Hence Brennus the Italians guide, (in City captived so)  
With conquering flames the stately towers of Rome did overthrow.  
And hence those cruel Imps, a part (of ciuil●roile) not base,  
Alone besiege their mighty Prince, the huge host letting p●sse.  
Defence & safeguard so, whereby to Caesar was.   

Hence flourished by famous fate, & origin prosperous  
Arthure the flower of kings, whose deeds shined no less marvelous!  
Then that both people's ears & tongues did in his praise delve:  
As, if thou view of former wights, what ever books recite.  
Fame doth Peleus' tyrant blaze: and Roman histories  
Extol their Caesar's triumphs great, after their victories.  
Renown advanceth Hercules' subduing monsters great:  
But not Coryli, Pinetus, nor Stars the Sun his heat  
Coequate, Search the Chronicles of Greeks & Latins both:  
Ancient age knoweth not his like, ne yet posterity doth  
His match declare. All kings alone in deed surmounteth he,  
Better than those are dead & gone, Greater than any shall be.   
HOw or in what manner these may not answer the praises by Gildas before recited, the discreets Reader at large fully seethe: 
Gildas his former dispraise of the B●ittaines here overmastered with praise worthiness.  and perceiveth Arthur's commendations hereunto (amongst the rest added) to agree so well unto this place, that I almost have no need to reckon them as (I trust) with any fault of mine, but in deed (good Readers) if I judge aright, with your very much pleasure and delight. For the verses before going have their right father or author that he in deed should then be living. Moreover again they so pleasantly allure the ears of uncorrupt sense, with a certain apt continnitie or proper agreement, with pure elegancy and equal Majesty (that except fancy fail me) they shall fully & wholly please the Reader, 
Ponticus 〈◊〉 an Italian, commending the Britons.  yea were it so that I reckoned them over ten times. Ponticus Verunnius an Italian but yet one that loved the Britons well, being justly angry with Polidorus the Italian, thundereth forth these words.  
O admirabile tunc genus Britonum qui eum, (Caesarem ●●ntelligit) bis in fugam expulerunt, qui totum orbem submiserat occidentis: Cui quasi totus mundus postea nequivit resi●tere illi etiam fugati resistunt, parati pro patria & libertate mortem subire. Which may thus be englished.  
O wonderful nation of the Britons in that age, which twice put him (he meaneth Caesar) to flight, who had conquered the whole west part of the world: whom as it were, when the universal world could not resist afterwards, even they themselves being put to flight, resisted, being ready to die for their Country and the liberty thereof.  
Hereupon singeth Lucan the Poet unto their praises, 
Lucanus.  (writing of Caesar) as before is said.  Territa quaesitis oftendit terga Britannis. 
Unto the Britons by him sought,  
he showed his trembling back for nought.  
IF in this place I should rather endeavour to mend the matter with multitude of testimonies, 
johannes Annevillanus in Architrenio also commending the Britons.  then with upright truth of effect, I could also take out of johannes Annevillanus his Architrenio (that little book wittily in praise handling the same) certain little verses concerning the valiancy and prowess of the Britons. For so should I shut up the mouths of brabbling backbiters against the praises of these Britons, and that with a sufficient frontier framed for the purpose. But me seemeth that I make more a do about these babblers than is convenient. Let them with shame enough come to nought and burst themselves in their envy: for so much as the honour of Britain neither standeth nor falleth by means of such foggy mists. But by the way, lest I should seem not mindful enough of my promise, I come again to the encounter ready to vanquish the force of arguments which the adversaries have gotten. The Roman writers (say they) made no mention of Arthure, wherefore, like it is to be true, that he was not living.  
If no thing be true, but that which appeareth by truth of Roman writers, it should go evil to pass with the history of the whole world. The infinite force of things worthy of memory, and of noble effect consisteth rather of eye witnesses at home resident and inhabiting, then of the uncertain relation made by foreign writers. 
Romans careful for their own fame, but negligent in all other men's.  For the Romans made almost all the whole world bond slaves: and writers which proceeded amongst them, and were there borne applying their minds to the study of eloquence, made their own exploits even admirable or wonderful: but the enterprises & acts of other Nations they died even so obscure and debase, that almost they made them none at all.  
For the matter was so handled by them, that they would elegantly and not truly plead their cause. They painted out such things in writings, which they might rather lawfully hope for, then see at that time, done by the most prudent Governors. And undoubtedly marvel it is not, that they made no remembrance at all of Arthure. The Goathes at that time had invaded Italy, and barbarous style with phrase of writing and speaking was brought in, in stead of eloquence, 
Honour unto learning in times past rare.  so far forth, that honour unto learning was rare, & rewards for the same, were most rarely under stood off. And the matter was not handled by writers but by warriors. Wherefore if any certain thing were written as touching Arthure the same might rather be done of the Britain writers what manner persons so ever they were, then of the novicy and ignorance of the Romans, not only declining from the function or office of writing, but also carefully thinking upon their own wretched estate and calamity, daily falling upon them by many means, letting pass all other things.  
another brabbler after this allegeth, more vain matters are in Arthur's History contained then that they may tolerably be allowed of him that is of ripe judgement, and discreet knowledge. If he mean touching that History which is read amongst the common sort in the Italian, Spanish, French and English tongues, I do not much strive with him. Although the upright reader shall call to mind, the same thing hath been often times done, even in the History each where foreign of Charles, rowland, Godfrey, Guy, and Bellouse, 
Most puissant Personages have been parcyally praised in truth.  that I may let pass many others. Neither yet notwithstanding are their names, or credit of the true History taken away the more. It is no novelty, that men mix trifling toys with true things, and surely this is even done with a certain employment that writers might captivate the simple common people with a certain admiration at them when they hear of marvelous matters. So was Hercules, so was Alexander, so Arthure, and so was also Charles commended. But there is an other far greater reason incident to the History of Arthure, than I do conceive of. For those things which are not apparent in course of ages, which are not probable, which as aliable helps agree not with the credit of Authors, which are not embraced in long exercise of the ages, and furtherance of learned men, & by them comprobate or fully ratified I do not unadvisedly allow off. 
Graius the Author of that book Schalecronic● had much a do with suc● backbiters  Many years again, Graius the Author of the book Schalecronicon (as I suppose) had great contention with this rabble of backbiters. Unto him was Beda objected, who passed over Arthure with great silence. Peradventure this holy, man refused to mention the Prince, because he was borne in adultely. And it might also be, that when he had heard some one or other prophecies spoken of him, by those historical signs that it alienated his mind utterly from the whole history. 
Beda more religiously then Historically addicted.  But they neither add, nor take away credit. That is most true, whereas Beda other wise a good man and a learned, did not only sienderly esteem of the glory of Britain's name, but also despised or neglected it. For, there was some what a do between them and the Saxons concerning the rule over Britain. 
Nota The tyranny of the Romish Bishop between the Saxons and Britons of old time.  The Romish Bishop practised by all means to keep under his jurisdiction (which he had most wickedly obtained) the English Saxons. For this cause the Britons cursed him. He again with a certain hatred moved, set the Saxons and them together by the cares. Then, I pray you what praises might the Britain's hope for at the Saxon writers? Undoubtedly, cold commendations or rather none at all. Add hereunto, that Beda also was ignorant in the affairs of Britain before the days of Gildas: so far forth as he neither knew of the monument in meniory of Arthur's Coronation at Ambrosia, nor of the same thereof. A thing credible it is, that the calamity of those wars which had consumed and destroyed Churches, together with libraries infinite, had utterly razed out of knowledge, manifest or evident monuments of Antiquity. Whereupon to him that should then take in hand to write of Antiquity touching Britain, all things were most obscure and unknown. There are which think many things have been translated into Armorica or the lesser Britain, although at this day very few things may be hoped for from thence, saving that a few notes are extant in most ancient exemplars of the lives of holy men thither repairing, and which intermix light with darkness.  
Gulielmus parvus of Bridelington, in his Prologue before his History thus thundereth out his error.  
Gal●ridus Hic dictus est, 
William Par●us 〈◊〉 ●●under of Arthure  cognomen habens Arthurij, qui divinationum illarum nenias ex Britannica lingua transtulit, quibus ut non frustra creditur, ex proprio figmento multa adiecit. William parvus there saith: This man is called Geoffry bearing the surname of Arthure, who translated the Fabulus Dreams of those prophecies ●ut of y● Britain language: whereunto he (as men do not credit vainly hath also added many things after the device and imagination of his own brain. These words uttereth he upon a stomach and contempt. But I will sing him a contrary song even for ever and a day. That men believe him in vain, except he prove this rather by reason, then by naked or plain words.  
Well I know, and that too well, many fables and vanities are disperse throughout the whole history of Britain. Yet, therein are matters (if a man behold the same more thoroughly) such as might not be desired without great hindrance of ancient knowledge, and which being rather read then understood by William parvus bear not any show at all of commodity. Again, I will also here set down another honourable testimony, namely not only touching the Interpreter of the history, but also concerning Arthure himself. Plainly it appeareth, that whatsoever things this fellow published in writing (concerning Arthure, and Merline to feed the curiosity of the not so discreet people) were feignedly invented of lying and dissembling Authors. Let him cog and foist sixehundreth times, if he will. Merlinus was in very deed a man even miraculously learned in knowledge of things natural, and especially in the science Mathematical: For the which cause he was most acceptable and that deservingly unto the Princes of his time, and a far other manner of man, then that he would repute himself as one subject unto the judgement of any cowled or loitering grosseheaded Monk. But I will let pass Arthure and Merline, the one more valiant, the other more learned, then that they ought to regard either the prattling or importunity of the common people. And that seemeth unto me a thing most unequal and against all right, 
Monacus Monaco I●uidet.  that one Monk beareth envy towards another Monk, which is even dead and gone. William parvus might have hoped for greater victory of the living, then of the dead Persons. This yet by the way did he count for advantage, to strike him that would not strike again.  
But if the Spirits of dead men have any knowledge of human matters, he shall so far perceive that beyond equity and honesty he bears away no victory from Geoffrey, that dead is, but that by his wound he hath procured himself a perpetual wound and bloodshed. Neither is there cause why he should hope for the present help of that Physician Polidorus from the City Vrbinas, for as much as he himself also languishing of like disease hath very great need of a cunning man's cure. And there remaineth as yet another wound, wherewith W. parvus supposed that he had even quite dispatched Geoffrey out of this life. For, so he insulteth. Nec unum quidem Archiepiscum unquam habuere britons. Neither (saith he) had the Britons in deed so much as one Archbishop at any time.  
Didst thou learn this amongst the brigants?  
Asserius Menevensis, sometimes the Schoolmaster of Alfredus surnamed the great, king of England, taught me another manner of matter in these words, in the book of his Chronicles. 
Vixit Alfredus circiter. annum. 842. & post 28. ann.  Qui saepe depredabatur (Hemeidum Regulum intelligit) illud Monasterium & Paraeciam S. Degwi, id est, Davidis, aliquando expulsione Antistitum qui in eo praeessent, sicut & nobis Archiepiscopum propinquum meum & me aliquando expulsit, sub ipsis. Which did oftentimes spoil (he meaneth Hemeidus the Duke) that same Monastery and parish of Saint Degwy that is S. David, in times passed by banishing of the Bishops which bare sway therein, like as he banished sometime from us the Archbishop my neighbour, and me also under them.  
Gyraldus makes mention and with very good credit that Dubritius was Archbishop of Exeter. 
Iscanus & Iscae.  For Isca so called is the most noble City of Devonia, and most ancient of others, (by reason of the Rivers and flood bearing the same name) there edified, which also was called of the Romans, the city of Caerlegion or Chester upon husk. The bishops Sea being translated from thence unto Saint David's, where the most holy and the same most Learned David flourished in the dignity of an Archbishop. 
john Stow.   
Samson a man of famous memory, Archbishop of S. David's in Wales shunning the sickness or disease of the Jaundice, went unto Armorica, or the less Britain: whereupon came the original of the archbishopric of Dolence. And from Sampsons' time unto the victories of the Normans over the Welshmen all the Bishops beyond Severne as it were of solemn orders were consecrate by the bishop of saint David's their Primate: who when the Paul failed him, with tooth and nail retained still all his title and interest.  
Moreover, it appeareth by the Dialogue of Silvester Giraldus that the Cannons at S. David's (in the time of David the Bishop which succeeded Bernharde) had a treaty with Richard the great, Archbishop over the Kentish men (in presence of Hugution the Cardinal) concerning the Metropolitan title of their Church: whereof the same Giraldus, handled earnestly an entreaty at Rome, being afterwards chosen Bishop of S. David's.  
And that I may recite more Ancient testimonies, Ptolomeus Lucensis, (who wrote the lives of the Romish Bishops) declareth that in Eleutherius his time three chief flammins in Britain were converted into so many Archbishops. 
3. Bishops Sees. London. Yeorcke, and Ca●tlegion upon Husk in Walls.  London, in old time called Troynovant, & Yeorcke then also called Brigantum, without doubt flourished famously with this dignity or prerogative. Where then is the third Bishop's Sea? Where else but in Wales.  
In which point that I myself say nothing, Trittemius surely in his abridgement of Chronicles is also a lightsome and plain witness. May not then William parvus the Schoolmaster be ashamed to have inculcate into the ears of Polidorus his scholar far better Learned than himself such vain tales. But, behold, by one evil another evil chancing. The engrafted error so far forth hath now infected a number, the scarce is this disease curable by any Helleborus, no though they sail into Anticyria for the same. And yet for sooth are they compelled, I know not by 〈◊〉 violent Authority in the mean time to have a good opinion of thy their Schoolmaster. These I say before hand are hard points to believe. Surely I wish all things prosperous unto my Schoolmasters. But when the matter is in handling concerning truth and credit of the cause, doubtless I bear no partial affection towards any of them: No certainly 〈◊〉 I should by and by know that they would even catch and conquer for me all mine enemies at once.    

A Peroration or brief Conclusion To the Readers.  
Hitherto (most courteous Readers) have I described Arthure in his colours, not without diligence, labour, and finally a ready good will: but yet in mean while, whether with like eloquence, grace, and good success I have done this, let that by the judgement of honest and learned persons be determined. For I know very well, How slender Furniture I have at home: For the which cause I challenge not any thing at all unto myself: Undoubtedly I might soon appear both rash & unwise, if I should so do. Only I purposed of good will to make trial of my wit in a matter honest, to help the history languishing, to advance the glory of my country, hindered by envy, and being enthralled unto the crafty deceipts of evil willers, restore the same honestly unto liberty. I know it will come to pass, that most mighty enemies will assault my doings: Let them overcome with power, if they can, so the truth be ours. I will imitate the Noble Palm Tree, which being pressed down with heavy burdens yet falleth not to the ground at any time. And neither at this instant do I seek for any reward: so you vouchsafe me your courtesy, good will & favour, truly I may persuade myself I have all things that I rightly look for. And for amends, on my part also shall hereunto ensue most requisite promptitude & expedite alacrity, inflamed also by virtue of enment unto like enterprises not only, but also to impart you greater matters which shall stir up your learned ears, and being stirred up, may long detain them, and so detained as it were by a certain land flood of pleasant delight therewith bring them unto fragrant fields. And all these things do I easily promise myself, trusting in your honesty and help, as one doubtless fully bend upon hope thereof. Surely my muse (such as it is) altogether is yours: neither tendeth ●he to any other purpose at any time, but unto your behoof, and the commodity of all men. I count it a base service to satisfy the common people's humour: but to perform you my continual industry differeth not far from a kingdom, such a one as by a just cause I may prefer even before the kingdom of Alexander. For what more reserved he unto himself wholly (when he died) of so great Riches, possessions and dominions, saving fame only. This, (though by many accounts in example inferior) obtained by your mean shall I yet so earnestly advance, that nights and days shall she watch for your welfare & emolument. And at length (those same most thick misty clouds in deed of ignorance being shaken off, & utterly dashed aside) the light of British Antiquity with displayed beams far and wide shall shine forth. God give you long life and welfare, most sincere favourers of virtue and good learning.  
FINIS.   

LONDON. Imprinted by john wolf, dwelling in Distaff Lane over against the sign of the Castle. 1582.