THE Touchstone of Complexions. Generally appliable, expedient and profitable for all such, as be desirous & careful of their bodily health. CONTAINING MOST easy rules & ready tokens, where by every one may perfectly try, and thoroughly know, aswell the exact state, habit, disposition, and constitution, of his own Body outwordly: as also the inclinations, affections, motions, & desires of his mind inwardly. First written in Latin, by Levine Lemnie, and now englished by Thomas Newton. Nosce teips 'em. Imprinted at London, in Fleetesreete, by Thomas Marsh. Anno. 1576. ❀ Cum Privilegio. TO THE RIGHT honourable, his singular good Lord, Sir William Brooke Knight, Baron Cobham, and Lord Warden of the Cinque Portes: Thomas Newton, his humble Orator, wisheth long life, increase of honour, with prosperous health, and eternal felicity. SVndrye times (right Honourable and my singular good Lord) debating with myself the chief causes, why Arts and disciplines do (in these halcyon days of ours) so universally flourish, although I know well enough that sundry men can coin sundry reasons, and allege manifold verdictes and probable arguments therefore: yet in my simple judgement, nothing more effectually whetteth the wits of the studious, nor more lustelye he awaketh the courages of the learned, then doth the favourable furtherance and cheerful countenance, of the Prince and Nobility. For, honour, preferment, dignity, & praise, feedeth nourisheth and maintaineth, both Arts and virtues: and Glory is a sharp spur, that vehemently pricketh forward gallant heads, and pregnant natures, to attempt worthy enterprises. We see, that thing to be greedily (and as it were, with a certain kind of Ambition) on all hands sought for and pursued, whereunto the Prince and Peers are studiously inclined. And therefore the less marvel is it, though in Royalmes and Countries governed by barbarous Princes, & monstrous tyrants, learning be utterly provigated: and though the Muses taking their flight thence, do abandon that soil, where they see themselves so slenderly regarded, and so churlishlie entertained. As contrariwise, where they be reverenced, cherished maintained & had in price, there do they endenizon themselves, & settle their dwellings. And this surely (my L.) do I think to be one, or rather an only cause, which in this old age & later cast of the world, raiseth up among us, such a plentiful Harvest of ripe and excellent wits, conspicuous in every faculty: because by special Privilege from the Almighty, and of his great bounty and gracious goodness towards us, we have such a godly, virtuous, & learned Princess, & such an honourable State of noble Personages, themselves not only in every several Art singularly skilled, but also to the professors thereof (like terrene Gods) benign and bounteous. Of whom, may be said that, which (though of unlike people) Cicero reported of Socrates, saying, that there were further & deeper matters to be conceived and thought of Socrates, then in all Plato his Books, could be purported or fully deciphered. Whose lenities and favourable inclinations, would not, neither aught to be abused (as they are by some to much) with the Patronage of every frivolous fancy & trifling toy, tending neither to profitable use in the common wealth, nor to any available purpose, touching public society. Whereas many of them, if they could find in their hearts, otherwise to tickle their pens with matters of better importance, and employ their golden gifts to the advancement of virtue and commodity of their Country: in steed of being fine Architectes and contrivers of matters offensive and scandalous, they might eternize themselves (like good members and worthy Ornaments of their Country, within the Beadrolle of Fame and perpetuity. What opinion that invincible Prince Alexander of Macedon, had of all vain Arts, foolish baables, fantastical toys, and curious devices, well appeareth by the reward, which he in presence of his Nobles, and Soldiers, publicly gave unto a certain dapper fellow (one of his host) who partly upon a bravery and ostentation of his cunning, but chiefly in hope of some magnificent reward, did before the King's presence, cast or throw a kind of small Pulse, called a Cichpease, through a Needle's eye, being set a pretty distance of, & that many times without any missing. Which vain trick, & thriftless devise, (savouringe altogether of a little foolish curiosity, and nothing at all, of any expedient use or commodity) many of the beholders with admiration commended, and deemed right worthy of recompense. In fine, because the skilful Squire, should not lose the hoped fruit, of that his practised knack, and notable singularity: the King rewarded him only with a Bushel of Cichpeason. A condign guerdon (doubtless) and very fit to countervail such a peevishe Practice and unnecessary Mataeotechnie. A great folly therefore & forwardness is it in man's nature, to bestow such great study, pain, care, cost, & industry in attaining such needless & frivolous tromperies: the having whereof, nozzeleth the haver & Artist, in loitering idleness, & breeds otherwise great inconvenience in the body of the whole common wealth: Which deformity and abuse, many learned Clerks bewaylinge, have in each of their several professions, by writing and otherwise graphically depainted. And among many, this Author whom I now (upon confidence of the generosity of your noble nature) presume to present and exhibit unto your Lordship, going a nearer way to work then many others, doth not only) by artificial contemplation) wade into the very Gulf & Camaryne of man's apparent wilfulness: but also rushing into the very bowls of Nature, bewrayeth, & (as with a pencil) lively setteth down the affections, conditions, plyghtes, habits, and dispositions, of every several Complexion. And, as one that well known himself not to be born only for himself, hath frankly, friendly, and learnedly bequeathed the Talon of his knowledge to a public and universal commodity. In reading whereof, I am persuaded, that none of indifferent judgement, shall think his oil & labour lost, neither his time and travail misspent: at lest wise, if it were with like grace in any respect, delivered out in English, as he hath done, and left it in the Latin. But surely I have done my best, trusting that others in recompense of my travail, will not, upon a Spleen, requited me with their worst, neither misconstrue my meaning, which was in plain terms and vulgar phrase to go as near to my Authors platform, as my addle head could well imagine. And now being arrived to Land, after a pretty long voyage and pleasant sailing, in this his Philosophical Sea, I approach in most dutiful humility, with such News and Wares, as I have herded, seen, read, and got, unto your Honour, whom for many respects, I mistrust not, but will honourably deign to hear me. And now do I stand at the Bar of courtesy, to hear your lordships doom, concerning this my temerity. The comfortable expectation whereof, putteth me in no small hope, that all the better sort (moved by your lordships example will be the more easy and ready, to dispense with my unmellowed adolescency. As for the frowarder and eluisher Crew, which be so dainty mouthed, that nothing can please, & so squeamish stomached, that nothing can satisfy, let this poor Book (in God's name) take his chance among them, as it falls out: yea let it be as AEsope his file, to grate and grind their viperous teeth withal. Sure I am that their severe and Critical censures, can no more disquiet me hereafter, than the Conscience of mine own imbecility hath terrified and displeased me already. Yet if things were to be obtained and compassed by wyshing, I would that neither this Book, neither any other heretofore by me published, should offend any, not not the very waywardest. But because my case may peradventure now stand no better, than it did long agone, with the Philosopher Theodorus Atheniensis, who complained of great discurtesy showed unto him, because those things which he gave with the right hand, were snatched up and taken by his Auditorye, with the left: meaning thereby his works and Lectures, which he publishing to good purpose, were wrested, and sundrely by captious carpers, canuassed with sinister interpretations: therefore for refuge I flee into the Sanctuary of your Lordship's wont clemency, with trust, thence not to be shouldered out and rejected, but freely to be allowed the benefit of your goodness, that I may lean upon the staff of your approved wisdom & authority, and creep under the Targe of your favourable prorection, against the currish bawling, & rancklinge tooth of barking Theon. In assured hope whereof I rest: beseeching God to endue and bless you, with the Right honourable Lady Francis, your Lordship's virtuous and loving wife, with the rich gifts of his heavenly grace, and with continuance of prosperous health both of soul and body, to his honour and glory, your own desires and comforts, and to the profit of this your native Country. From Butley in Cheshire, the 21. of September. 1576. Your good Lordships, wholly to command Thomas Newton ¶ FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND Preservation of Health (being the best and chiefest thing that any man in this life can wish or desire) it is most requisite to have a perfect knowledge of our own bodies. The first Chapter. CICERO that worthy father of all learning and eloquence, Lib. 2. Offic. saith (& in my opinion right pithilre) that man his health is preserved, by knowledge of his own body, and by using such things as are thereto either beneficial or hurtful: finally in continency of life, ordrlye usage of body, Mainteners' of health. and forbearing of pleasures, which in my judgement are not so hurtful to the body, as they be pernicious to the mind. It behoveth therefore and it standeth every man upon, perfectly and thoroughly to know the habit & constitution of his own body, which consists in a temperament a mixture of four qualities, hot, moist, cold and dry. For by this means shall he be a great deal better able to keep himself in health, and to withstand sickness or recure diseases whensoever they happen. And sithence natural health is nothing else but a right constitution and state of the body and all parts thereof, Health. whereby every several member dischargeth & orderly executeth his proper function, office, duty and action, without any manner of let or grievance: and since Sickness, as an affect contrary to nature, Sickness. either making worse or altogether hindering this action, molestinge & paining nature, clean contrary to health and natural soundness: I cannot see how any man conveniently can either keep himself in that present state of good health wherein he is, or restore the same being impaired and discrased, unless he have the knowledge of his own body, & be ripe and skilful in the temperament thereof. And albeit the Soul be far more excellent than the body, Soul. and be the better part of man, for the furniture and garnishing whereof, I would have the chiefest care and industry bestowed: yet notwithstanding, I judge it right needful also to have a diligent eye and respect to the body, least (otherwise) it should be a burden to the Soul, and hinder it from matters of more weight and worthiness. For the body being healthful, every member doth his office and duty, and is to the mind (at whose commandment it standeth) obeysaunt and serviceable. To this end is that worthy saying of the Poet Juvenal. Most chief aught our prayers to be made, For healthy mind within a body sound: Sat. 10. Ask courage stout, and live in honest trade, Fear not at all, of death the lethal wound: Pass forth thy days, use Nature's gifts aright, In pleasant sort with them thyself delight. Acquaint thyself to labour, toil and drudge: Shrink not a whit, rage not with swelling ire, Have not to deal with trade of scraping snudge Who never hath enough to his desire: To quiet life is no more ways but one, If thou wilt know, it virtue is alone. Which gifts of body & mind, True goods. whosoever is endued withal, unto him can no surer and stedfaster possession happen: & against them prevaileth neither the instability of fortune, neither canthe mutability of worldly fickleness challenge either right or superiority. For great wealth, Health passeth gold. large possessions, sumptuous buildings, huge revenues, ample patrimonies, glorious titles, and Honourable Styles in comparison of these are of none account, neither serve they to any use, nor bring to man any contentation. Consider what the Poet doth here say, and by these, consider of all the rest. Not house nor land, not gold nor fee, The Corpse can ease from crazed plight, Nor mind from cares: Hor. lib. 1 Epist. sound must he be, That got goods would use aright. Wherefore scythe health of body and health of mind are by good right to be reckoned among the chiefest goods and of all other the best: reason requireth, and expedient also is it for all men, in procuring and preserving the same, to bestow their chiefest care and whole diligence: and both for themselves & for so many as depend upon them, earnestly to desire these comfortable stays, and cheerishmentes of life, the better & more commodiously to pass the race of this transitory pilgrimage without dislykinge or grievance. For if we will credit Horace: What better thing can mother wish, her tender Babe until, Then wisdom, Epist. ad Albium. utterance, favour, fame, with health and wealth at will? He therefore that gladly would run his race & pleasantly pass forth his whole days, must have special care to keep himself in perfect health: but first and principally in the health of mind, and next of body, without whose perfect state and soundness, the mind itself is not rightly sustained, upholden nor comforted. For by the ignorance or not knowing of our own selves, and by negligente looking to the state of our own bodies and minds, Nosce te ipsum. we are haled, and (will we nill we) thrown into sundry diseases and innumerable affections, and (like a ship full fraighte with wares in tempestuous & boisterous weather) carried and dashed upon the rocks of perturbation. Whereby it cometh to pass that many are by death cut of, even in their lustyest time, which have no care, no orderly respect, nor choice, in preservation and maintenance of their bodily health. To this very end and effect, is that wholesome admonition of the wiseman: Take heed to thyself, Eccles. 7 lest thou die before thy time. By which saying, he warneth every one, so to order and dispose his life, Death by ill diet many times hastened before his due time that through riot and untemperate dealing, he hasten not his death before his time, and before he have in a manner run half his race. Now let every man consider with himself, how miserable and how wearisome also it is to have a body never in health but altogether martyred with sickness and sores, & (reason being mastered, banished and oppressed) to have the mind defiled and utterly with inward vices polluted. How can life (I say) be unto such a man pleasant or sweet, or how can the mind be quiet and well stayed? Forsomuch therefore as nothing is better than health, let every man diligently look to the same, and mark how much he hath swerved and strayed from moderate order and temperature. This consideration with himself shall work in him much good effect, and stand him in great steed, that in case his body be lusty and healthful, he may in the same state still continued and cherish it with helps and preservations thereto convenient. But if it be fallen into worse plight, and not in so good case of soundness as before it was, then to seek ways and means how to recure & bring it again to his former state of healthines. For as humours are easily changed one into another, and suffer mutual transmutation through moderate exercise, and such convenient meats and nourishments, as to natural heat are cherishable: So again the ill & distempered state of body, through wholesome diet and order, is made lustier and reformed into better. And even as we see members fractured, burst, wrenched and dislocated, to be brought into their right places again: so may health (being impaired) be restored and reduced into his former integrity. For the minds and bodies of men be in a manner as it were young Sproutes & trees, which being artificially handled, and cunningly dealt withal (yea although afore wield and unfruitful) yet as Virgil saith. If they be grafted a new, and put in other changed soil, Lib. 2. Georg. From nature wild which erst they had, They quite and clean recoil, And yield such fruit as best you like, by force of handy toil. contrariwise, if the husband be negligent & careless, his ground becometh barren, rugged, overgrown with wredes and disabled from bearing any grain that is good or profitable. The like reason is to be yielded of the minds of men. The mind. For there be many excellent wits and very towardly natures, which by unthrifty company and lewd education, do degenerate from their good inclination of nature, and become altogether rebellious, wilful, lewd and barbarous. Some again, whose nature is prove and inclinable to evil, yet by help of learning and good education are reclaimed and won from their froward disposition & become worthy members, stays & ornaments in their Country. And therefore no man is to think or persuade himself, that an ill nature may not be altered, sithence rude wits, not yet trained to any discipline and learning, may like soft wax, or as tractable and moist clay, be fashioned, framed and made appliable to learn any knowledge, and virtue, any civilitye: and by artificial instruction be trained to conceive Arts and behaviour both comely and commendable. Thus likewise in graffing and planting (which is as witty a devise & as proper a feat as any) we see wild trees to change their old nature, and to bear fruit both wholesome and toothsome. Among wield Beasts also, we see how the diligence, forecast, wit and policy of man maketh them tame & serviceable. An example hereof may we see in Mago, a worthy Duke among the Carthaginians, who (as Pliny saith) ib. 8. ca was the first among them that durst with his hand stroke and handle a tamed Lion: 7. for which Act, his Countreyfolks attainted him, as one, whom they thought not amiss to restrain from liberty and debar from authority, Mago made Lion tame. for that his wisdom and wise dealings seemed so excellent, that they judged him a man able to persuade any thing that him listed, who had thus strangely trained and tamed a wild Lion. But that people of Melancholic nature or of any other constitution whatsoever, (so that the distemperature have not been of to long continuance and the party to far stricken in age) may be altered and brought to a better state, there is no man that needeth to doubt. For who doth not plainly see, that strong and very hot wine, with cold water, or other milder liquor, is & may be allayed? Semblably again, wine that is small, mingled, and of watery relish, yet being put to other liquor that is stronger and of a better grape, is quickened, and made both better and sharper. And so humours in a man being either of themselves evil, or meeting with others of other quality, are through their commixtion therewith, qualified and wax milder, and leaving their own natural quality are altered into an other, of stranger nature, effect, and operation. Thus is the heat of Choler, by access and mixture of blood & phlegm, mitigated. Thus is phlegm by admixtion of yellow Choler, heated, and much abated from his own cold and moist quality, becoming thereby less hurtful to the body. And in like sort may we conclude of all the rest. Such nourishments and meats as engender good blood & juice are hereunto very available, out of which the humours & spirits (which be the incensours and stirrers forward of the mind) obtain and receive their nature. What maketh good digestion. Now, there is nothing more effectual to make good & perfect digestion and to stir up the Spirits, than sleep, exercise, and wine, so the same be pure, good, and moderately used, as the other also must be. For so doth it stir up & make sincere, lively and clear Spirits, from whence proceedeth cheerfulness, joy, quickness and mirth of the mind. For the meats & nourishments (which by nature are laboured into humours) being eaten and washed down with good and wholesome wine, have freer passage into all the parts of the body, and distribute their nourishment into them more effectually. There is nothing therefore that so much banisheth phansyes & sorrow out of a man's mind, Eccle. 31. as pleasant merry company, and moderate use of wine. And of this, What maketh a man merry. did that precise and stern natured Zeno, give a notable example: whose mind was so much estranged from all pleasant conceits & ordinary courtesies of common humanity, that he was never at all moved with any affections, not not such as be naturally incident and engrafted in every man. And yet when he was a little whittled with wine, he began to change his copy, and to be as merry and as bone a companion as who was best. And being on a time asked by one of his merry mates, how it happened, that he being otherwise so wonderfully severe and crabbed, yet at the wine was so pleasant and conceiptuous: he merely answered, that he was like to a kind of Pulse called lupines. The nature of lupines. Which kind of Pulse, although they be naturally bitter, and by their bitterness, of force to kill worms, yet the same being steeped & soaked in water, renounce and leave all bitterness and become both sweet & pleasant. And this is naturally given to all men, that when the body is refreshed with meat and drink, all bitterness, sorrow and heaviness is expelled, and banished. For the Spirits by moderate drinking of wine are stirred up, and the mind of man, (which in them that be fasting and hungry is faint, weak and like unto fire raked over with ashes, almost quenched) A dead man heavier than a living. is revived. And this is the cause, why a dead body is heavier than a living, because all his Spirits are vanished and departed out of him: and so likewise is a fasting person heavier than one that hath filled his belly: and one that sleepeth weightier than one that watcheth. And therefore my fashion is to advise and counsel, Melancholic folks and sullen natured persons, to use banqueting and good cheer among honest and merry company. For thus, after Plato, writeth the Poet. Even old Dan Cato's stomach often, Hor lib. 3 Oda 21. By wine was made to come aloft. Which man (although churlish, stern & frowning) yet did wine so much drive away his natural severity and grim countenance, that among the other guests, he become a pleasant companion, and of manners very gentle and familiar. For this worthy Gentleman, (although otherwise he was a very precise comptroller, and of Stoical gravity) perceived well enough, that man's nature required some relaxations & delights, and that it may not long continued, without some mirth & pleasant recreation. Let therefore every man take survey of himself, and search out, what his nature most desitreth, in what state his body standeth, what thing it is that he feeleth himself to be helped, and what to be offended withal. And if he find the plight and state of his body to be in equability and perfect temperatenes, it shallbe good to cheerishe and preserve it with his like: but if it shrink from his said temperate habit, and decline to an intemperatenes, than had it need to be helped and recured with his contraries. Thus if a man through abundance of humours, Every man must search out his own inclination and nature. and store of blood and Spirits, feel himself prove to carnality and fleshly lust, let him by altering his order & diet, enjoin to himself a more strict ordinary, & frame his dealings to a more stayed moderation. But if he feel himself to be of nature somewhat sulleyne and stern, & given somewhat to be wayward, whining, testy, churlish, and intractable than reason willeth, such a one to be reclaimed to an order and trade of life, gentler and pleasaunter, insomuch it shall not be ill for such a one to frequent dancing, It is some●● time good to change nature. singing, women's flatteries, allurements and embracings: provided always, that all the same be not otherwise done nor meant, but in honesty and comeliness, within a reasonable measure, & also within the bounds of lawful wedlock. For the state of Matrimony (as Columella advoucheth out of Xenophons book of Household) Lib. 12. Cap. 1. is in such sort appointed by nature, that in it is contained not only the pleasantest, but also the profitablest society of life. And lest mankind in process of time, Genes. 2. should come to an utter ruin and decay, it pleased God by this lawful means to join man and woman together, that of their inseparable combination, the state of man should & might by mutual help one of an other, be eased and comforted: and that (beside the love and desire that they have to bring forth children) The commodity of matrimony. they might be tied and bond together equally and indifferently to participate all fortune whatsoever should betide. But for so much as approved and skilful men that have written books for the maintenance of man's health generally, do specially set down these three principal things: To eat moderately, and leave somewhat with an appetite: Three most wholesome things. To use convenient exercise: And to live continently without wasting seed of generation. I take it to be the best way, to reduce the whole substance of the matter & maintenance of health to this prescribed rule and direction. For sing that measurable repast and feeding (all surphet and gluttony being banished) maketh a sound body: sing (I say,) exercise by shaking of all drow tsinesse and sloth, maketh the body strong and lively: then no more, but hearken what a short lesson Virgil giveth for the other. Not better way the strength of mind, And powers thereof still to maintain: Georg. 3, Then Venus play and Love so blind, To shun and warily to refrain. ¶ Of the nature and differences of Spirits, what they work in man's body, and what affections they 'cause. The second Chapter. Forasmuch as the Spirit is the original maintener and conveigher of natural heat, whereunto moisture necessarily adhereth: & that the Soul (by the mynisterye and aid thereof) performeth her powers and faculties, and atchieveth all her actions: it is requisite here next to discourse upon it, and upon all the differences thereof. For seeing there be three especial things, The body consists in three things. in whose temperature and moderation, the health of man's body doth principally consist, uz. vital moisture, natural heat, & Spirit, which combineth all things, and imparteth his force, virtue & nature, unto them: our present purpose being considered, we cannot by order choose, but of necessity must presently somewhat speak thereof. Vital moisture is the nourishment and matter of natural heat, Humour. whereupon it worketh, and by the benefit thereof is maintained and preserved. With this Humour or vital moisture, is natural heat fed and cheerished, and from the same receiveth continual maintenance, Heat. and from it participateth vital power, whereby all Creatures do live, are nourished, increased, preserved & procreated. Spirit is the seat and caryer of Heat, Spirit. by whose help and mynisterye, it is conveyed and sent by the conduits and passages of the Arteries, to every several part of the body. Wherefore worthily is this Spirit thought to be the chief and principal Instrument, that procureth and executeth every action. These three do unseprably cleave together, & mutually help one an other, and cannot be sundered, without present death of the party, and for this cause, do we thus in one definition express, conclude and comprehend, their force and nature within one definition. Natural heat is nothing else, but an original humour, with vital spirit and heat totally moistened. But forasmuch as Spirit containeth vital heat, and is of all the faculties, ruler and director, spreadeth itself most swiftly throughout the whole body, carrieth and extendeth his powers into every part thereof universally, & beside this, doth manifestly change and altar the state both of body and mind: therefore as the rest require great labour and diligence upon them to be bestowed, so specially upon this is the chiefest care to be taken, to restore, mayntein, and cherish it. For if it be sincere and pure, not mingled with any strange or foreign quality, it causeth tranquillity of mind, frameth manners in good order & fashion, and finally qualifyeth and calmeth all affections. The mind of man to honesty it frames, And with the love of virtuous life inflames. Pers. Sat. ●. But if it be any whit infected, or with any vice soiled, then is the quietness of the mind disturbed and stirred to many inconvenient enormities. For, as great blustering wynds upon the Sea and Land, cause grievous, terrible and raging tempests, and much other harm to ensue: So likewise, if the Spirits be disquieted & out of frame, they engender and procure divers sorts of affections in the mind, & carry the same (maugre all reason) like a ship without guide and Rother, upon the rocks of sundry inconveniences. Now the things wherewith our inward Spirits are most dulled, Things hurt full to the spirits of man. quenched, and damnifyed, are these: fulsome Air, overmuich carnal copulation, unseasonable watching, excessive heat, chafing and labour, long fasting, heaviness of the mind and sadness: According to that saying of the wise man: A merry heart maketh a lusty age, Prover. 17 but a sorrowful Spirit drieth up the bones. Heaviness bringeth old age before the times, and carefulness weareth away a man's days. Eccle. 30. But quiet and seasonable sleep, good, pure & well relished wine, Things confortinge the Spirits. meery company, moderate exercise, sweet sinelles and fragrant savours, refresh the Spirits, quicken and revive them, yea being dulled and greatly impaired. Which is evident to be seen in such as falling into trances and lying (for a time) as dead, yet by the smell of sweet savours are brought again and recovered into their former state. For seeing that the Spirit is a certain vapour, effluence or expyration, proceeding out of the humours, What Spirit is. it standeth us upon, to use the most exquiste diet that may be, to th'end that the meats and nourishments being laboured into good & wholesome juice, may make the Spirits, pure, sincere and perfect. And thus, sweet air, pleasant sentes, devoid of gross and fusty vapours, strykinge up into the brain, do marvelously comfort and clarify the instruments of the Senses, and enable them to do & perform all their proper actions. And although the Heart in a man, be as the Well spring or fountain, The heart is the fountain of life. from whom the Spirits are derived, because the Arteries come from it, even as sinews from the Brain, and veins from the liver: yet notwithstanding, according to the diversity and nature of the place, they are called by other names, and have other powers appropriate unto them. Of these and all other faculties reigning in man, the principal and original beginning is at the very principles and beginning of generation, to wit, generative seed and femynine blood: which be afterward conserved and maintained by nourishmentes, even as the flame is with oil: and out of these the Spirits proceed. For the better understanding of all which things, I will particularly set down the procreation of the Spirits, with their nature, power, difference and effects: beginning first at the powers and faculties natural. For by their office is it brought to pass, that the meat we eat is concocted & turned into the nourishment of the body. Also there be four virtues, whereby all living Creatures with meat received, are nourisshed & increased: The first attractive, the second retentive, Four natural powers. the third digestive, and the fourth expulsive. To which virtues or powers, appendent and belonging to all the parts of the body, the first & chief original of the Spirits ought to be referred. For first, assoon as the meat is mynced & chawed with the teeth, The office of digestion. it descendeth into the stomach, being thither attracted, then digested, and made substantial and turned to the proper nourishment and increase of the member. And such part or portion thereof, as serveth not to this use, it refuseth and rejecteth. Here therefore the Spirit hath his first beginning. And if nature be good & strong in this office of digestion, it happeneth thereby that the Spirits be made pure, clear, and sincere: How affections are caused. but if concoction be hindered, or any other distemperatnes happen, than is the meat altered and changed into vaporous belching, stinking fumes, and fulsome breathing, which ascending up out of the stomach, disturb and hurt the brain and mind, insomuch that such people are easily & quickly provoked to brawling, chiding, strife and dissension. For when the Humours be not sufficiently and enough concoted and attenuate, unpure Spirits proceed out of them, enforcing a manifest alteration of the state, aswell of the body as of the mind. Crudity hurtful. And therefore in any wise, crudity is to be avoided, because it maketh ill humours & troubled Spirits, aswell of meats of good juice, as of those that are bad: albeit the diseases engendered by want of concoction of meats hurtful, be worse and of more danger. For they 'cause loathsome smells and fulsome belchings, and make the body to break out illfavourably in every place with scabs, botches, blaynes, and mangmesse. For when there is abundance of humours in the body, Oppilation and putrefaction, the original cause of diseases. it cannot be choose but Agues must needs be engendered of that continual obstruction and putrefaction: and store of diseases must needs spring out thereof, unless those excrements by continual labour and convenient exercise be purged, and the humours reduced into good blood. For then a sweet pleasant scent proceeding thereout, comforteth the head and tempereth and connenientlye moisteneth the brain. Otherwise, if concoction be troubled, there do strike up into the head, gross & fumie vapours, such as by example we see green wood to make, that is smered and covered over with pitch and talowe. And hereupon it happeneth that the mind sometime conceiveth strange and absurd imaginations, yea sometimes falls into dotage, raving, madness, frenzy, melancholy, fury or some other distemperaunce. But if the Stomach do his part and office thoroughly, if concoction be not altogether hindered, and that the passages about the liver, and the other parts of the body, do give free passage to the humours, then the vaspours ascending up into the head, are nothing so hurtful, neither do they greatly disturb and trouble the inward mind: and yet is not a man altogether clear and free from affections: but they be such (I say) as he hath in his own power, easily to qualify, stay, and inhibit. Natural Spirit therefore being made of the purest aliment in the liver, is the beginning of the residue. For by it is the vital spirit and the animal also nourished, insomuch that the power or faculty animal, useth the spirit natural as an instrument to these great affections and motions, whereunto (retecting and little regarding right reason) we are many times provoked. For even as in a civil tumult and seditious uproar among the common people, the Magistrate hath much ado to appease and mollify the wilful people's rage and headiness: so likewise reason is not able easily to subdue the lewd affections, and unbrydled motions, that grow by immoderate gurmandyze, surphet, and drunkenness. What riot bringeth a man to. For who is he, that being thoroughly whittled in drink, doth not beastly rush into venerous lust, and filthy desires? For when the body is bombasted with drink, and bellycheere, the privities and secret parts do swell, and have a marvelous desire to carnal coiture. Hereof it cometh, that such people are delighted with unchaste Rhythmes, and songs of ribaldry, odious to honest ears, and pernicious to the mind, undecent hopping and dancing, unseemly clipping and kissing, and much other filthy behaviour. By this means that mincing minion, through her fine and lascivious daunfing, Matth. 14 john Baptist beheaded. caused the head of holy john Baptiste the forerunner of Christ, to be chopped of: for the kingee mind was so enchanted with her filthy and pernicious love, that (clean abandoning all reason and right judgement) he granted to her the head of him, whose wholesome admonitions and counsel he was wont before patiently to hear and well to like of. Which evangelical example is a warning to all Noble men, and as many as have the government of common weals, that they cruelly rage not against the innocent neither torment and put to death, such as painfully and sincerely preach the truth, but rather by all means to withstand and root out such as be favourers of factions, Disturbers of public peace aught to be rooted out. & enter into any practices contrary to right and conscience, only to disturb the public tranquillity, and to prejudice their Country. The workmanship and frame of man's body consists of many parts, and therein as in the state of a Common wealth be contained many orders and sundry offices. The form of a common wealth. In the Common wealth there be the poor Commonalty, lowest in degree, in which number are reckoned drudges, Porters, Sailors, Cobblers, Tinkers, Carters, Tipplers, handy Artyficers, filthy Bawds, Butchers, Cooks, Butchers and such like: next in degree to them are Merchants and Trafiquers, among whom, some by craft and subtlety, enueigle and deceive others of meaner calling and ability: albeit, there be also of them, which practise their trade honestly and commendably, not by collusion and fraudulent dealing, but by godly and necessary means. After them, are the high Magistrates and Peers of the Realm, who by due admynistration of the Laws and political ordinances, keep the rude multitude in due order of obedience, and see public peace and tranquillity maintained. Last of all, are they whose office being of higher authority, do instruct and train up the residue in the true knowledge of Christian religion: and to plant in them an undoubted faith, of their salvation at God the Father's hand, through his son Christ. The like order, comeliness and agreement is in the body of man, wherein every part doth properly & orderly execute his peculiar office. And hereupon S. Paul by example of the harmony and agreement of man's body, 1. Cor. 12. and all the parts thereof, taketh occasion to persuade and exhort every man to do his office and duty, Members of man's body. and carefully to labour in his vocation. For all the members of the body be so lyncked and knit together, and such participation and consent is between them, that if one of the smallest toyntes, or the little toe be hurt or pained, the whole body is distempered and out of quiet. And thus (as Chrysostome saith). if the foot or one of the fingers ends be pricked with a thorn or other sharp thing, all the other members are jointly grieved aswell as they, in so much that the head, which is the honourablest part of all other, stoopeth to behold it, the eyes look down, the hands offer their diligent service to pull out the prick, and to bind up the wound. So likewise there is no part of the body, which in such case desireth not to help his afflicted fellow member. Aptly therefore and very properly (as Livius witnesseth) did Menenius the Orator for example, Lively 2. Dec. 1. use this persuasion, at what time the common people in a civil broil, rebelliously disobeyed & stubbernelye maligned the Senators and Nobility: likening this their jarring and discord, to the seditious contention and falling out of the members of man's body among themselves. By which witty devised fable, he persuaded them to forsake their mad enterprises, and to return every man in peace home to his own house. For as in the body, so likewise in a common wealth, mutual sedition and civil variance, tendeth to the spoil and overthrow of the whole: but contrariwise, Concord keepeth and upholdeth all things, & preserveth aswell the Common wealth, as the body of man in perfect stay and order. How friendly they all do agreed together, and how of so many parts, every member doth perform his office and duty, every man in himself by experience seethe. No member in the whole body, but it serveth to some necessary use. For there is no part nor member thereof (be it never so small) but it carrieth with it not only a comely shape and proportion, but also otherwise serveth for some necessary use and purpose, of the whole body and every part thereof. And first to begin from the lowest to the highest. The Foundement, Entrails, Stomach & procure the sustenance and health to the chief members, by whose help & ministry, the meat being thoroughly digested, is proportionably distributed by the veins, unto every several part of the whole body. But if the entrails (appointed for the concoction of nourishment) be weak and feeble, or if any other impediment or fault be in them, whereby the meat concocted cannot have due recourse and passage to nourish the body, them doth all go to wrack, and turn into corruption, mynistringe matter and occasion to Agues, and all other kind of diseases. Signs whereby to know when a man is not well at ease. Which by certain tokens may partly be known and felt aforehand, that a man in such case commonly loatheth his meat, hath a puling stomach, and is inclined to gaping, vomit, stretching, & stiffenes in his body. And because the Spirits exhaled by humours, do participate with other qualities, & thereby distemper the brain, it commonly happeneth that such people become thereby wayward, testy, and very easily carried into sundry other affections of the mind. For natural Spirit being caused in the liver, cannot be made pure, neither attenuated into airy substance, unless that viscousnesse be clearly purged & free from all affection. But vital spirit hath his original procreation and beginning of the natural, Vital spirit. which is spread and diffused from the heart by Arteries into all the body, & frameth in man divers manners, according to that grossness or subtility which it receiveth partly of the nourishment, and partly of the condition of the Air, and state of the Region. So, they that devil Northward and in cold regions, Northern people. by reason of gross blood and thick Spirits, are seen to be bold and full of venturous courage, rude, unmannerly, terrible, cruel, fierce, and such as with very threatening countenance and manacinge words, make others to stand in fear of them. As concerning any dangerous exploit, they are not a whit afraid to hazard their bodies in the adventure of any perilous extremity. Which courage and disposition of nature, is not to be found among the people of Asia: for they be but mere meycockes, and people very effeminate, shrynkinge at the lest mishap that happeneth, and with the smallest grief and fear that can be, their hearts fail them, & they as white as a kerchief. Which difference of mind & stomach, Lucan in the hurlyburlies of the civil wars, in these Verses expressed and uttered. Such as in th'East and scorching climes are bred: by course of kind, Lib. 1. And countries influence, meycockes' soft By daily proof we find. The North, that cold and frosty it, Such weaklings none both breed: The folks there born nowarres can daunt: of death they have no dread. In this their error happy they., whom greatest fear of all, (Of death I mean) cannot affray, nor courage once appall. They reck not they, what brunts they bear, they fear not enemies blade, These lads dare venture life and limb, in manly Martial trade. For whatsoever they be that have thick gross blood, Gross blood have consequently corpulent and strong spirits, and hereupon it groweth that they will bear a grudge in memory a long time, and not easily forget those motions and heddines that they once take: & hereupon also it happeneth that many of them being wounded or hurt in fight, upon the sight of their own blood, do run upon their enemy more fiercely and egrely, and bestow their blows more vehemently, then afore. But they that have thin blood, have also slender spirits, Thin blood. and such as soon pass away. Such are soon angry & at the first very raging, but by and by their anger is assuaged and cooled, and assoon as they have a wound or see their own blood, they are ready to faint and fall down. But to know how to qualify, bridle, and subdue those great affections and motions of the mind, that are engendered by great heat of the spirits: I judge it not amiss for every man, to search out, by what kind of Spirit he is most led, to what motions in dealings he finds himself most endaungexed, how fervent or how remiss the agitations of his mind be. For by this means, may those things that consist without mediocrity, be reduced and brought to temperatenes and moderation. Now, this diversity of Spirits, out of which springeth such and so great diversities of natures and manners, conceive and take sundry alterations at the humours. Thus the Soul (although it be singular, & as Cicero termeth it, unigena, yet bringeth forth sundry and manifold actions, according to the nature of the Spirits, Whence the diversity of natures cometh. and differences of the instruments. Hence cometh such and so great variety & diversity in the thoughts, desyers', affections, actions and perturbations in man's minds, insomuch that reason and discretition without a special assistance of heavenly grace, can scarcely tame and repress the same. For when the natural and vital faculty, together with the natural and inward Spirits wax somewhat strong, Rebellion in the body. and partly by abundance, partly by the quality of meat and nourishment, have attained strength and power: they reject and cast away the bridle of reason, & draw the spirit animal also (for they be all derived out of one fountain) into their faction & disordered rebellion. Whereby it happeneth, that when any lewd devise or wilful thought ariseth in the mind of man, he is prove enough to run into dissolute riot, libidinous lust, filthy and shameful pleasures: & if he fortune to espy any pretty wench or beautiful damsel, Lewd thoughts. that liketh his fantasy, his mind is straight ways inflamed and set on fire with unlawful desire of her person, for the satisfying of his unbridled concupiscence: and by reason of the store of humours and concourse of Spirits resorting thither from every part of his body, his privities undecently swell, & his member of generation becometh stiff, so that many times it happeneth, man's mind to be overcome & drowned in fleshly concupiscence, unless by the special grace of Almighty God, and by meditating upon the wholesome precepts expressed in his sacred Word, he stoutly withstand the Summons of such naughty desires. This promptness and inclination to evil, is naturally engraffed in man. The imaginations and thoughts of man's heart, Gen. 6. & 8. (saith Moses) are only evil and prove to wickedness, even from their youth and first beginnings. But the blessed and most comfortable coming of CHRIST took away this blemish, who by his precious death and glorious resurrection, abolished the calamity, and canceled the bonds of that misery, whereto Adam's transgression had brought us. The consideration whereof aught in the minds of all men to work thus much, that because their spirits are provokers and prickers forward both to vices & virtues, every one should with more careful consideration and heed, attend & look to conserve and govern them orderly. And although the Animal Spirit be more excellent than the other, Spirit animal. and before the rest in dignity, yet in order is it the later. For out of the natural, which resembleth vapour, and proceedeth by virtue of the liver, from blood, it produceth the vital, which is of Aerye nature, and mynistreth unto it nourishment. And the vital doth procreate the Animal, which by reason of his thinness and subtlety is airy. For it being laboured, prepared and made in the contexed net, celles and cornerie ventricles of the brain, is greatly with sweet smells nourished, and with fragrant things refreshed and cherished. From it is fetched and derived all the power and facultye which the soul hath, and from it do all actions issue and proceed, making the same appliable to all functions. Well worthy therefore is this animal spirit deemed the proper instrument of the soul to all the senses, for maintenance of moving and nimbleness, and for preservation of the strength, and firmitie of the Muscles & Sinews: for it transporteth and diffuseth his virtues and powers (as the workemaisters of actions) into the Sinews that have the power of feeling and moving. All the instruments therefore of the Senses, endued with this power and virtue of the Spirit Animal, attain thereby stableness, for the achievement of their functions and charges: as for example, If the ways and passages whereby this spirit ought to go and have passage, be stopped & affected, the power of moving and feeling is taken away, as we evidently note and see to happen in the Apoplexy, Palsy, Tetanus, and many diseases more. And this spirit Animal is conveyed into the Sinews, even like the beams of the Sun through a clear shining glass. And even as a fiery heat pierceth and entereth into a glowing hot iron, that is very hard, insomuch that the some therewith becometh soft and tractable: so doth the Spirit that is finest and thuinest, slylte slide into the Sinews. All things therefore that need feeling, moving and agility, require the force, aid and power of the spirit Animal: As those that by nourishment are to be maintained, continued, and kept, require the natural and vital faculties and spirits. He therefore that would preserve his spirits undemnifyed, and them make most sincere and perfect, must endeavour at any hand to keep his body in right good plight and order. For as Galene witnesseth: The keeping of a good temperament and order, 12. Meth. is a singular aid and help to conserve the natural faculties, and to cheerishe the spirits. And as unkindly blasts and uncouth whyrlewyndes, do sondrywyse affect our bodies, and not of men only, but also of Beasts, Corn and Plants, either through their tomuch moistness or tomuch dryness, or finally by their nipping cold or parching heat: Even so the Spirits within us, either through their abundance or quality, engender & bring forth sundry affects in us, and manifestly altar the state aswell of body as of mind. For where the Spirits be gross, thick and cold, it happeneth the mind to be overclowded & (as the dymmed Sun) not to shine bright out. And this is the reason, that people in this sort affected have duller wits, and blunter capacities. For proof whereof, we are to see and consider, such as are born and bread near to the Pole Arctic & icy Sea, who (for the most part are very huge & strong bodied, but for wit and learning, mere dolts & Asseheads: albeit this Nation through the great care & singular wisdom of the most noble Prince Erick king of Sweden, Erick king of Sweden. is now trained to more civil order, & have their minds with goodly qualities right virtuously adorned. But such as have their Spirits moderately cold, are people constant, stead fast, Germans and faithful to deal withal, and every thing which they atempte, is advisedlye and earnestly done, so that lightly they will not start from their once conceived opinion: but by reason of their coldness & fayntnes of heat (except industrious education 'cause the contrary) commonly they be not very quick witted nor of very precise judgement, neither yet crafty and deceitful, nor such as by subtle drifts & wiliness, seek to supplant and undermine their enemy. But they that have moist spirits (so that the Hollanders same be moderate) either by the nature of the region or quality of the air, where they devil, are quick and ready conceyvers of any thing, but not long retayninge the same in memory, but forgetting as quickly, as they conceive speedily. Even like to very moist and soft wax, that will not easily take any print or form. Hollanders forgetful & sleepy. And therefore they be oblyvious, sleepy, unapt to learn Arts and oecupations, dull witted and gross headed: and as they have bodies burly, big & moist, so is their memory ill and forgetful, which judgement is also to be given of those bodies which be constituted in a vehement dryness. And hereupon it cometh, that old men by means of their dryness joined with coldness, Old men & children, forgetful. are oblivious, & so are Children likewise, by reason of their tomuche moistness. And these qualities make men also fearful, timorous and fainthearted, in repulsinge and suffering mishaps and adversity, which is a thing peculiar to womenkind. Notwithstanding, education, institution and discipline, Education altereth nature. altereth the usual nature, and ordinary conditions of every Region: for we see the common sort and multitude, in behaviour and manners gross and unnurtured whereas the Nobles and Gentlemen (altering their order & diet, and digressing from the common fashion of their pezantly countrymen) frame themselves & there's, to a very commendable order, and civil behaviour. But if this moistness be with measurable heat somewhat warmed, as it is in them which dwell in plain and open Countries, Zelanders. where few Trees grow, as in Zealand, where commonly in winter the people be grievously nipped with cold, & in Summer scorched with parching heat, those countrymen (I say) as they have bodies big, strong, toiling, painful & laborious, burly limbs, boisterous members & rough skins: so likewise have they mind's stubborn, churlish, testy, uncurieous, clubbish, & unmannerly: notwithstanding they be of judgement sharp & of industrious forecast: for tradê of marchanndise very ready and skilful, The nature of such as be born and bread near the Sea. and in their dealings right wary and cyrcumspecte. The rest of the Low Countryefolks, being better stored with Trees overshadinge and defending them from wynds, and which devil in soils of holesomer air, wherein is lack neither of pleasant running rivers, or delightful Springs of fresh water, to fructify the same, are of milder nature, & not so blunt as the others, but of them some be wiser and fit to achieve any weighty matter then other some be. Flemyng So, the Flemynges for pythynesse in their speech and subtlety of invention are very excellent. Brabanders setting aside all sternness and severity, Brabanders. with their decent meery natures and friendly courtesy, win the hearty good wills of men: yea with a certain pleasant grace, facility of speech, and allurements of words, they ordinarily enterlard their gravity. But if the breast and brain be endued with Italians. a Spirit perfused with temperate moisture and heat, such as be of that special constitution, are in their dealings, watchful, sharp, industrious, in forecast, quickness of wit, industry of nature, excellency of learning, notable utterance, and flowing eloquence, surpassing other men. Italians will covertly bear a secret grudge in mind a great while. Finally such persons will bear in memory a long time things past, and will not lightly suffer any grudge to grow out of remembrance. And if any wrong be done unto them, they will revive the memory thereof after many years: yea so desirous be they of revenge, that they will not forget a private grudge or offence even among themselves. Which affection I do ascribe unto heat, which doth so exceedingly exulcerate & distemper their minds with indignation, that, humour and moistness, is not able to allay, quench and qualefye it. So unstayedlye for the more part be the minds of this people carried with wilful motions, somewhyle inwardly and closely keeping within their own breasts their conceived devices, and somewhyle openly to the world, bursting out in hot terms of outrage. With choler hoar, and raging fits their breasts so boil and swell: Pers. Sat. 5 That pipkins full of purging drouges, can neither quench ne quell. Near approaching to them in quality (but yet somewhat differing) are Englishmen: Englishmen. who being of heat more weak and less boylinge, (as the which is well enter meddled, overcome and qualefyed by moistness) are of stature comely and proportionable, & of body lusty and well complexioned, But to the studies of humanity, not so greatly given, and in exquistie Arts not so well furnished. But if they hold on their course as they begin, I mean, to apply their minds to worthy and excellent matters, their dexterity for the attainment of any notable achievance surpasseth, and their forwardness to any Arts or mysteries, is found to be right apt & inclynable. And because they have somewhat thick spirits, Englishmen and Scots have great stomachs & angry. slenderly perfused with heat, they will stomach a matter vehemently, and a long time lodge an inward grudge in their hearts, whereby it happeneth that when their rage is up, they will not easily be pacified, neither can their high and haughty stomachs lightly be conquered, otherwise then by submission, & yielding to their mind and appetite. But if the spirit through heat of the heart and quality of the air or region, Spaniard● be very hot, it likewise bringeth forth and causeth hot and quick motions, yet such as by reason of their tenuitie and thinness by little & little will be cooled. And this is the cause, that some of them when their blood is up, will rashly and unaduisedlye attempt any thing, and not ear for any perils so they may bring to pass, what their desire is to compass. Also when they conceive in mind the doing of any thing, as they be at the beginning, marvelous wilful & tooto heady with might & main to set forward their purpose, hardly admitting any counsel to the contrary: so again, their minds many times be wavering, unsteadfast and unquiet, except their inclinations by the rain of reason be the better bridled. Their fickle and unstedie heads, now this now that devise: They float in fancy to and fro, Vir. lib. 4. A Enei. and wrangle sundry wise. Which thing is commonly incident to angry people, and such as be desirous of revenge, and to such also as have somewhere fixed their love inordinately, whose minds flootinge and ballancinge up and down with variety of fantasies, are easily and quickly carried hither and thither, by affection, neither steadfast nor advisedly resolving upon any certain resolution. But this Country born people, Spaniards have good wits. if they earnestly frame themselves to the attaynement of any Arts (though the same be never so hard and curious) yet do they profit in the same wonderfully, & carry away great commendation. Such as have thin spirits temperately hot, have sharp and ready wits, and prompt and flowing utterance: Frenchmen. upon whom also these gifts of nature are bestowed, that for devise and invention they be very sharp and ingenious: for brave setting out and beautifying of a matter, Frenchmen prompt and ready witted. plentiful and copious: and such as for the explaining of their meanings and purposes have talk and tongue at will. And as touching the inward inclination of their minds and manners, they be lively fellows, lusty, dapper, nimble, lacking no grace of pleasant gesture. Many of them which lack good bringing up and have not been trained in learning and civility, are of disposition, wavering, unconstant, captious, deceitful, falseharted, desirous of alterations and tumults, babblative, and full of much vain tattling: in consultation and counsel so subtle and crafty, that whatsoever they once conceive in mind or purpose to do, without delay that do they judge best, forthwith to be enterprised, & out of hand to be achieved: and whereunto so ever they addict their minds, therein prove they right excellent. Seeing therefore, the diversity of spirits, and the differences of wits and manners proceedeth of the condition and nature of the Place, Air, Country and nourishment, let every man foresee in himself, which way he may best provide for the maintenance of his health, and to shun all such things as may in any wise harm, annoy, crushel, or impair either his health or Spirits. It is therefore most expediente to observe the best order of diet and life that conveniently may be followed, Good diet, & wholesome Air. and to live in the holesommest air. For these be the things that restore health when it is decayed or impaired, and which make the Spirits most pure and sincere. For if the body do abound and be full of ill humours, if the Spirits be unpure, and the brain stuffed full of thick fumes proceeding of humours, the body and Soul consequently cannot but suffer hurt, and be thereby likewise damnifyed. Hence proceedeth (as from the very cause) such raving dotage, & distraughtnes of right wits, hence issueth blockishness, foolishness, madness, and fury, in so much that they think sometimes to see those things that are not before their senses to see, and to hear such words as no man speaketh. For imagination in them is marred, common sense (which judgeth and discerneth all things) is prejudiced, memory decayed, sight dymmed, their eyes dazzled, and all the faculties of the Soul (that is to say) all the natural powers, whereby it accomplisheth all his functions, are enfeebled, & perform their offices, duties, and operations both faintly and remissly. But if the Spirit animal be perfectly pure & airy, (such as is the sent of Blood exactly laboured) not only the sight of their eyes is clear and good, but all the other Senses both external and internal are perfect, and perform their functions and ministries orderly, due, and conveniently. ¶ Of the Spirit universal, generally inspired into the whole world, & all the parts thereof. Which being from God above, breathed & put into man, infuseth and endueth his mind with special and peculiar gifts. And by the way also, in this Chapter, is entreated of good and ill Angels, which being intermingled with the humours & spirits, cause sundry changes and mutations in man's minds. The third Chapter. THat power of the Spirit which is infused and breathed by God above, Spirit of Nature. into these lower bodies, is it, that disposeth and moveth this frame and mass of the world, fostereth, strengtheneth and cherisheth all that is within the compass and cope of Heaven contained, stretching and extending his force far and wide. For why, this governeth and ruleth all things, maketh all things fruitful, and unto the same imparteth vital heat. Neither is there any cause why a man should think or persuade himself, that there is any other power able to do these things, than that Spirit, by whom from the very beginning, The Spirit of the Lord the world and all such things as are visibly seen with the eyes, and sensibly perceived by the senses, were brought into so comely and beautiful order. For by the Word of the Lord, Psalm. 33 were all things made, and by the breath of his mouth, all the comeliness, beauty and furniture thereof. Genes. 1. For he doth maintain and strengthen all things, and giveth power unto every thing to increase and multiply in their own kind, john. 1. and to maintain and conserve themselves. Thus the wonderful Creator of Nature, by his word and Spirit, put into all things that were created, a power precreatorie, & the order of their encreasinge & propagation, for continuance of their kind, posterity, and succession: that is to wit: the Spirit of GOD being diffused into every Creature, sustaineth and maintaineth plants and all living creatures aswell man as beasts, by whom they live and have their being. There is nothing therefore in the whole world, but it feeleth the strong power of God, & is satisfied with the plenteousness and fullness thereof. For when Heaven and Earth were made, and the first Elements, (that is, the first beginnings of things constituted) The Spirit of God moved upon the waters: that is to say, made moist and liquid matter (otherwise barren) to be fruitful. The very meaning of which saying, Basill surnamed the Great, did very well and lively expound in these words: The Spirit of GOD (saith he) moved upon the top or upper face of the water. Hexa. lib. That is to say, did nourish and give a vital fruitfulness and a quickening Soul to the moist Element and to all other Creatures, in such sort, that all things with the Spirit of God were moistened & warmed, even as a Bird or Fowl that sitteth upon her eggs, who giveth vital power and heat, to that whereupon she doth sit and cover. An example whereof we are to take at a Hen, Gen. 1. which giveth life unto her eggs, & bringeth out from thence the shape of a perfect creature. Now, whereas the Spirit of God is said to swim upon the waters, or to rest upon a moist Element, this is to be understood of the fecundity, that is infused and put into it. But whereas the universal nature of things, and all Creatures that breath and have being, do enjoy this gift of Divine spirit, & through the virtue thereof have their essence, yet namely and above all others, Men, by singular privilege & special prerogative are fully endued with all things, & have their minds taken out of a portion of Gods own spirit, as Cicero saith, or rather according to the testimony of the holy Scriptures, have received the breath of life, and an Image after the similitude of God himself. The Poet Ovid had from the Hebrewes a little spark of understanding touching this opinion, and that did he utter in these Verses. God's Spirit within us worketh still, Lib. 3. de Arte amandi. His motions in our hearts we find: This sacred feed directes out will, Lib. 6. Fast. And with his power inflames our mind. Which sentence S. Paul being studied in a more heavenly kind of Philosophy, went about to inculke into the minds of the Athenians, with intent to draw them, from their old rooted superstitions & inveterate errors, & to persuade them in beholding the goodly frame & beautiful workmanship of the world with all the furniture and ornament thereof (wherein Almighty God showeth out to all men a taste or proof piece of his divinity) thereby to acknowledge his divine power, and by seeing his works to agnyze his omnipotency. For in this sort he preached unto them: God which made the world, Acts. 17. and all that are in it, and is Lord of Heaven and Earth, dwelleth not in Temples made with hands, neither is worshipped with man's hands, as though he needed any thing, sing he himself giveth life and breath to all men every where. For in him we live, move, and have our being: as a certain of your own Poets saith: Aratus in Pheno. for we are also 〈◊〉 Generation. Now, man at the hands of his Creator, being furnished with such excellent gifts and garnishmentes of mind, as first to be endued with a natural and internal spirit, and then to be moved and inspired with a Divine spirit, hath also (notwithstanding) external spirits recoursing into his body and mind. Men of old time called them by the name of Genij, Angels. the books of the holy Bible termeth them (in respect of their office and mynisterye) Angels: which is as much to say as Messengers: because they bring the commaundmentes and will of God unto us. Hebr. 1. S. Paul calleth them, mynistring Spirits, appointed to certain offices and purposes, and to minister for their sakes which shallbe heirs of Salvation. Cicero and others that never known God nor religion aright, calleth them familiar or domestical Gods, having under their protection the care of man's life and safety, and giveth them the name of Lares, Lares. or Penates, or Dij Tutelares. And of them they make two sorts, the good Angels and the bad: Good Angels. because the good pricketh a man forward, to grace, goodness, virtue & honesty: the other eggeth him to lewdness, Ill Angels. mischief, shame, villainy, and all kind of lose dishonesty. For this is their only drift, and pretence specially, to plunge a man in as much mischief as they can, & draw him from God as far as may be. Now, for so much as Spirits be without bodies, they slily and secretly glide into the body of man, even much like as fulsome stench, or as a noisome and ill air, is inwardly drawn into the body: and these not only incense and prick a man forward to mischief, but also like most pestilent Counsellors, promise to the party reward & impunity. By this means the wily Serpent inveigled Adam, saying: You shall not die therefore, but you shall be as Gods, knowing good and evil. For the Devil (having his name hereof) is most subtle and crafty, Daemon, à sciendo. and lacketh not a thousand sleights and policies to bring a man to mischief. Yea, his fetch is slily to insinuate himself into our minds, cogitations, counsels and wills, 2. Para. 26 albeit it is not easy for him to bring his purpose about, for so much as Eod alone knoweth the hearts of men, and unto him only be all our devices and thoughts open and manifest. He is (saith Paul) the discerner of the thoughts and of the intentes of the heart: Hebr. 4. neither is there any Creature, which is not manifest in the sight of him: but all things are naked & open to his eyes. Psalm. 7. Which thing also David declareth: God (saith he) is the trier of the very heart and reins, That is to say, he perfectly searcheth out and knoweth all things, finds a way into the most secret corners, and innermost places. And he bringeth in an example, taken from the entrails that be farthest of. For there is nothing in man's body, inwarder than the heart and reins: in somuch that the concocted meat must be conveyed by many crooked bywayes & wyndings, before it can be brought thither. Furthermore he specially nameth those parts, for that, out of them chiefly the thoughts and cogitations of the mind, and all licentious lusts and dissolute desyers', do proceed and springe, which are not nor cannot lie hid, or unespyed of God. Forsomuch therefore, as these devils be airy spirits, and aswell by long use and practise, as also by policy of nature are of great experience and by long trial know much: How the devil learneth the thoughts of men. even by conjectures and tokens which they espy in the eyes, countenance, gesture and other motions of the body of man, they slyly gather and guess the inward dispositions and thoughts of the mind, which to a man of great experience and wit, is no great hard matter to do. One man a devil to an other. And therefore even as lewd and deceitful merchants, practise all ways and means to spoil others, leaving no occasion unattempted, to cyrcumuent and catch them at unwares and unprovyded: so likewise the devils lie in wait to catch us at a vantage, and the godlyer any one in conversation of life & manners is, the busyer and earnester are they with their poison to sting him. In such sort, the devil was not a whit afraid by all manner of shifts to tempt even Christ himself, thinking to have persuaded or inveigled him with Ambition, Matth. 4. Gluttony, or desire of rule & Sovereignty. Neither was he ashamed to assault Paul also, partly carrying him into a boasting and pride of mind above measure, 2. Cor. 12. and partly by incensing his adversaries with spiteful rage and cruelty against him. The holy man job also was wonderfully shaken up, job. 30. and driven to suffer the violent brunts of his most terrible temptations: but God who rewardeth and recompenseth all things, made an end of that conflict, prescribing the Fiend his limits, how far he should extend his tyranny. Whereby we are to learn and understand, that devils can nothing prevail against us, How farr● devils are able to hurt us. neither do any further harm to us, than it pleaseth God to suffer and permit them to do. Now, albeit their use and fashion is, many & sundry ways to assault men which way to hurt them, yet specially they seek & try all such means as they can, to vanquish and seduce them, with those inclinations and properties that are peculiar, natural, and indifferent to all. Thus, do they incite and egg those that abound with Blood, Humours give occasion to vices. and be sanguine complexioned, to riot, wantonness, drunkenness, wastfulnes, prodigality, flithy and detestable loves, horrible lusts, incest, and buggery. Them that be Choleric, to testiness & anger, to brawling and chydinge, contention, railing, quarellinge, fighting, murder, robbery, sedition, discord, and to put all these in proof and practise, they will minister many allurements and sundry occasions. Them that be Melancholic, unto envy, emulation, bitterness, hatred, sprite, sorcery, fraud, subtlety, deceit, treason, sorrow, heaviness, desperation, distrust, and last of all to a lamentable and shameful end. Them that be phlegmatic, they help forward, to sloth, drowsynesse, bitterness, sluggardy, slackness, sleapines, reckless unhedynes, and to a despysinge of all virtuous and good exercises. And furthermore as pure subtile air breatheth into living Creatures & into green herbs, a lively and wholesome spirit: so likewise the good Angels impart wholesome air, and with a pleasant sweet inspiration refresh our inward minds. Again as a pestilent wind induceth sickness and infection: so do evil Spirits exhale & breathe out a pestiferous poison, & to the minds of men bring mischief and destruction. Sapien. 1. For by them came the first spot, ruin and destruction of mankind, so that there was no other way to bring him to his first excellency, dignity and perfection, but only by that most wondered restorer, Gen. 2. Christ. And because the imbecillitye & weakness of man's nature is such, that he is not able to withstand the subtle ambushes & devices of this his most raging enemy Satan, Christ being ascended into Heaven, caused to be sent down a Comforter, to hold us up, and give us invincible courage against all the devils crafty suggestions. What the Holy Gh●● worketh 〈◊〉 us. This is he that inspyreth into our minds sundry good gifts, assuring us of the good will of God towards us, and shaking away all distrust, bringeth us by Christ unto the father. For he stirreth up and comforteth our minds, and encourageth us in such sort, that boldly & with an assured trust, Gal. 4. we dare to hope and ask all things of him, and cry unto him for help, by the name of Father. Moreover the Spirit which God hath inspired into our hearts, doth certify and witness with our Spirits, that we be his Sons, and Heirs, Rom. 8. yea coheir with Christ. The spirit of God therefore, confyrming our minds, doth engraff in us faith, grounded upon the word of God, which faith engendereth an assured trust & confidence toward him, with an undoubted hope to obtain his promises. And forasmuch as these virtues be not idle, Faith bringeth forth works. they do produce and bring forth most plentiful fruits of Charity, to the performance whereof, the holy Ghost the Comforter, with his strength armeth us, and with his aid protecteth us in the truth, to continued and persever constant, steadfast and immutable, without being seduced and carried lightly into erroneous opinions and superstition: which is nothing else (as Eusebius witnesseth) but a false and counterfeit shadow of true Religion, De preparat. evang. lib. 1. grounded upon no sound doctrine or foundation of Scripture: In this sort according to the saying of the Poet Horace. Superstition. Most of v's Poets old and young, Mistake for virtue, Art. Poet. vice and wrong. With cloak of virtue clad is vice, deceiving many one: By bearing face and outward show, Iwen. Saty. 14, of honesty alone. Severity it counterfaictes, in deed yet nothing less: Behaviour, counmaunce, raiment, gate, All smells of virtuousness. Yea borrowed names of honesty, and Virtue geeven be, To vices: as, the cankered Chuff, and Snudge with wealth and fee, Is counted one that given is, to thrift and husbandry. And it oftentimes falls out (saith Cicero) that many in seeking after the best things, Tuscul. 3. miss their purpose, and are deceived, not so much upon will, as by mistaking their way, and using a wrong course. Rom. 10. Thus doth S. Paul deem the Jew's not altogether forlorn, and estranged from godliness, but led with a certain ferventness and zeal to Godward, although not according to knowledge: so that they do not altogether err in their affection toward Godliness, Zeal without knowledge. but rather upon ignorance and lack of better understanding: and because they go blindly to work and folter in their dealings without any judgement, they are destitute of the Spirit of God. Within the level and danger of this vice, are all they, that obstinately either maintain or wilfully suffer any old inveterate errors, & such as can abide nothing of all that to be altered, which by little and little hath crept into use, & by custom had some continuance. Which men if they had within them this bounteous Spirit, no doubt there would not be such diversity of opinions and doctrine in man's minds as now there be. But let no man think these things to be superfluously spoken, or clean beside the purpose, neither let him lay in my dish this saying of Horace. A Flagon first began, Why comes now out a pitcher small, In Art Poet. or little pretty Can. For the heavenly Spirit, is the guide & governor of the Spirits of man's body, which are then more qualefyed, quieted, and kept under better order, when they be governed and led by the conduct and direction of this spirit. For if they once begin tumultuously to ruffle & stir up sedition within the body, This Spirit their fumishe fits restrains, A Eneid. lib. 1. And them to quiet order trains. ¶ Of the Elements of Human body, and of the first qualities of beginnings of generation, where of man consists and is made. The fourth Chapter. ALl the Complexion & temperament of man's body proceedeth from the powers of the Elements, and not of the Humours: FOUR Elements. and of them is the whole body tempered and compounded. The Elements be in number four, Fire, Earth, Air, and Water, and unto them are appendent so many qualytyes: Hot, Cold, Moist, dry: which of the Air encompassing us, and of our meats nourishing us, do take and conceive either profit or harm. For being either in excess or defect, the qualities are depraved and corrupted, and through their corruption engender many and sundry diseases. But the things which dispose and affect our bodies, Tuend. valet. lib. 1. are (saith Galen) of two sorts: the one, taking his beginning even at our Nativity and birth, derived and issuying from the very prynciples of Generation as from a root, which possibly cannot be avoided: the other, such, as man may decline, as things estranged from our bodies, not naturally in us engrafted, but externally happening, and yet (nevertheless) such, as are as apt and ready to disquiet and annoyed our bodies, as those that be naturally planted in us. And these be, Meat and Air a like necessary. Meat and drink, wherewith we restore all such overdrye or over moist substance, as to the body is requysite. And these twain, if they be either immoderately taken, or be corrupt and unwholesome, they do engender great store of excrements and sundry diseases. Next unto these is the Air, that compasseth and on each side enuyroneth us, which being either extreemelye hot or dry, or overmuch moist or cold, causeth & enforceth a manifest alteration in the state of the whole body. But to come somewhat near and more aptly to declare this matter: it is to be understanded, that the very beginnings of man's nature and principles of his generation, is feminine Blood & Seed generative. The one as it were of certain apt, convenient, and tractable matter, like moist clay or soft wax, is ready to fashion out and proportion any thing that the workman employeth it unto: And the Seed, is as it were the workman himself. Both these things consist and are made of the same general Elements, and contain within them the qualities above specified: but the difference among themselves is in the order and measure of their temperament. For in the seed, The nature of seed and blood. there is more of fiery and airy substance, that is to say, it is partaker of ethereal Spirit. In the Blood, there is more of watery and earthy: albeit in this last, the heat is above cold, and moist above dry. For we may not say and affirm, that Blood is dry, like bones, but to be moist. Now is Seed drier than Blood, and yet it is also moist, fluible & liquid. Thus on both sides, the original of man's generation proceedeth of moist substance, & yet so, that thence is laboured and made other parts of the body that be dry, as Sinews, Veins, Arteries, Bones and Grystles. Now, that which in the womb is conceived, and together of those principles formed, waxing drier, taketh (as it were) the first lineamentes and proportion of every member, & afterward coming to perfect shape, taketh further increase, & so groweth to his just bigness and decente quantity. And when it hath reached to his full growth and bigness, (as when the bones for want of nourishment are no longer pliable) then doth a man cease from further growing, cause of tallness. & waxeth neither taller nor broader. For comely tallness and length of parsonage cometh and is caused of the abundance of heat and moisture, where the spirit is throughly and fully perfused. And if it happen that any, either old or young, through sickness or some other affect, to fall into a cold and dry habit or disposition, their bodies become and are lean, wrynckled, slender, ill-favoured, thin and lank, and their limbs weak and crooked. It fareth by them, much like as it doth by Horses, Oxen, or such like beasts, that are scanted & nipped of their fodder & feeding: or as it doth by Trees and other green Herbs, that lack the juice of the ground, & not conveniently watered. Therefore a fashion that some Schoolmasters & others that take the charge upon them to teach and board young boys, is (me thinks) both lewd & unconscionable: who being at a plain bargain and certain stint of money, reasonably agreed upon between them and the children's friends, pinch their poor pupils and borders by the belly, and allow them meat neither sufficient nor yet wholesome, yea not only beastly, sluttishlye, & nippinglye use they the silly children, but threatninglye enforce them to bear out the labour of their studies, ●●ildren ●●ulde not s●anted of e●r victu●. with a slender allowance, and small pittaunce of unsavoury resty flesh, stinking fish, and hoary vinewed bread: which thing causeth them to be ill complexioned & coloured, the shape, comeliness and beauty of their bodies to degenerate & grow out of fashion, the quickness, courage, liveliness and sharpness of their wit to decay, their spirits to be dulled, & all the lively virtues & towardness of the mind, which before was in them (either by the benefit of Nature, or by the industry of the parents, Naughty & unwholesome meat spilleth nature. or finally by the only & special gift of Almighty God) to be extinct & utterly quenched: insomuch that neither their mind is inflamed with desire to attain & achieve any worthy attempt, neither frame they themselves unto those things, whereunto they were inclinable, & by nature apt & towardly. As touching the outward case of their body, they commonly break out, & have their bodies pinked full of scabs, & by reason of ill humours, overwhealed & engrayled with loathsome blisters, blains, Short stature how it cometh. biles & botches. Whereby it cometh to pass, that in growth they seldom come to any personable stature, to the use of their full powers, to perfect strength & firmity of their members, or to any handsome scature, or proper cōpo●●iō of bodily proportion: & the cause is, for that in their tender & growing age, being kept under by famine, and scanted of convenient meat and drink, their native moisture which requireth continual cheerishing & mainteynaunce, was scanted & debarred of his due nourishment & competent allowance. Whereupon, the vital juice being exhausted & spent, they arrive to old age sooner than otherwise they should do, & are snatched up by death long before their time. Now, that affect & plight which bringeth the body into a cold & dry disposition, Old age. is called Old age, because it is the cause of corruption, decay & destruction of all aswell Creatures living, as Plants & herbs. Death, what it is. For death is nothing else, but the extinction of nature, that is to say, of the natural Heat, & natural Humour. In which two things, life consists: to which extinction & end many are brought sooner than they should be, either through want and defect of nourishment, or through untemperate life, as toomuche carnal company with women, unseasonable watching, heaviness of mind, thought, and many other causes, which hasten old age, & bring death unlooked for, before his time, contrary to the order of age and course of Nature. Do we not see many old men, Lusty old age whereof it cometh. lusty, merry and well complexioned, strong of limbs, good footmen, &. in their old days as fresh & active as many young men be: all which cometh upon no other cause, but that in their youthful days, they lived orderly & well, and spent not their adolescency in unruly riot & lechery. Again, there be of youngmen a great number, weak, worn to the bore stumps, feeble, lame, faint and impotent, dry as a kixe, pale as ashes, & wan coloured, for that they spent & exhausted all the pith and strength of their youth and adolescency, in wanton sensuality, disordered riot, and immoderate use of Venerous dalliance, consuming therein the very flower and prime of their lusty age. For even as pleasant & gay March flowers in the Spring of the year, with nipping weather and sharp Northernelye wynds, ●hat ma●th young ●e weak. do fade and wither away again: so likewise, youth and flourishing age, by using ill order and fashion, is dried up before his due time, and ere it come to his full ripeness. Therefore, to decline and shun such things as be hurtful, and to prolong life many years, and to bring to pass, that old age shall not be tedious, cumbersome, and burdenous, but easy, pleasant, and delightful, it lieth a man in hand, to take that order and trade, whereby health may be maintained and still preserved, or if it happen to be discrased and impaired, how it may again be restored and bettered. What things are hurtful to health. The things that hinder and crush it, and which do weaken, altar and corrupt the temperament that naturally is in us, are not few. For the Humours of the body, receive and take sundry qualities according to the faculties that be in our nourishment, and in the order of our usual diet. Whereunto are to be added, Baths, Heat, Exercise, Cold, Wearynes, thirst, Hunger, Sleep, Rest, the state of the air, and affections of the mind: all which do sundry ways, altar the habit and state of our bodies, & for the most part, maketh them worse. By this means, the body that was hot and moist, is by little and little brought to be cold and dry, or to some other ill quality. Also as years & age steal on us, as times come and go, as the world frameth with us, either forward or backward, in prosperity or adversity, in good fortune or bad, many things hap unto a man which shake & shrewdly batter a man's good health. Unto which effect, the Poet Horace, very aptly in my opinion writeth thus: While years be fres he & gallant is our age, Full many joys and pleasures do we taste. Art. Poet. But elder years those iolie joys doth suage, And disadvantage to us bring as fast. Whereunto accordeth that same sentence of holy job, where he doth lively express & set out the frail, momentany, vain, & transiory state of man's life, and to how many discommodities, dangers and changes, the same is subject and endangered: A man (saith he) that is born of a woman hath but a short time to live and is full of misery, he cometh up and is cut down like a goodly flower, job. 14. and vanisheth away like a shadow, & never continueth still in one state. For as years do pass and man's age doth march forward, there still happen changes and mutations. For age is no other thing but the race or course of life, or the time that we have to run from our Infancy till we come to old age, in which time, the state and constitution of man's Body is altered, and steppeth from one temperament to an other, and at length (native heat being extinct) by death is divorced and brought to final dissolution. Thus hath Infancy, Infancy. (which of all others is the moystest) in it, great abundance of natural heat, and in the fourth or seventh year suffereth mutation, & in those years commonly we be in great danger. next after it, Childhod is Childhood, contynuinge till about the fifteenth year of our Age, and the same subject to no few hazards and discommodities. Pubertie, Pubertie. is prove and subject to very many inconveniences, which taketh his end at the age of xviii. years. As for wilful and slypperye Adolescency which endeth at twenty-five. years, Adolescency. is (as the others) subject to sundry casualties & mutations, as daily experience showeth. Youth or flourishing Age, wherein the body and mind be in their chiefest prime and iolitye, Youth. lasteth till a man be xxxv. years old: during which Age, Blood beareth sway abundantly, and Humours somewhat waste, whereby it happeneth that this temperament in continuance and process of time, beginneth to be taken for Hot and Drye, whereas Adolescencye is abundantly stoared both of moisture, and heat. Man's Age reacheth to the fiftyeth year or somewhat further, Man's age. in which time man is in his full ripeness, and leaving former pleasures and delights, his mind advysedlye, carefully, and wisely dealeth in every thing that he enterpryseth. But the Body standeth at one stay, suffereth no great mutation, till sixty three, or sixty five years of age: for then Age hasteneth on apace, and draweth toward his long home, and then beginneth the body to be cold and dry, being the first entrance and step into Oldeage, which is the next neighbour to decrepicie and dotage, that standeth at the pits brink, nearest unto death. Which as it is not rashly to be wished for, so neither is it among Chrystians at all to be feared, Death to the faithful not to be feared. considering that the Soul being by Faith assured of a better and sweeter life, and having an undoubted hope of a Resurrection, ought in this point to be thoroughly persuaded, and be full willing cheerefullye to depart hence. In the mean space, while he hath to run his race in this world, every man may so behave himself and qualefye his dealynges, that through temperate usage and orderly moderation of life in youth, he may be furnished with helps, and have in store some of his former strenghte, the better to pass over his Old Age, and therein to feel the less tediousness. For whereas every other Age hath his certain time and prescript term how long it shall last: only Old age, hath no time to it appointed, but to live as long as he may, and to wait for death and bid it welcome when soever it cometh. Pythagoras very properly applieth the four quarters of the year, The times of the year compared to the ages of man. that is, Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, (being times comprehended within the two A Equinoctia & the two Solstitia) to the four ages of man: Whose saying and opinion Ovid in Verses to this effect describeth. Do we not see the year by course, in quarters four divided: Metam. lib. 15. How jump it answers to our age, if well it be decided? For sucking Babe and tender Imp, the Spring resembleth right, Which into Summer glides apace, like blade devoid of might. When Spring is past, then marcheth on, the Summer trick and gay, Which likened is to lusty youth, strong, dapper, lacking stay. When youthful fancies mellowed be, than Autumen steps in place, Twixt young and old, of judgement ripe, with medley hairs on face. Old crookebackte Hiems last of all, with trembling pace appears; With furrowed face, clean bald, or else All white and mylky hairs. This changeable alteration, this conversion, mutabilitye, inconstancy, and inclination of things from one to an other, in the whole course of nature, doth manifestly argue and prove all things to be momentany, vain, transitory, brittle, ruinous and vanishing, & as a flower of the field quickly fading away. seeing therefore the body continually slideth into worse and worse case, suffereth many detrimentes, whereby our strength and powers be impaired, and many ways both inwardly and outwardly enfeebled, it standeth us upon, not negligently, but carefully to look to the conservation thereof, and so carefully to provide for the same, that it may continued in state sound & health full, so long as nature hath limitation. Here is no need of any examples, reasons or proofs, (sithence every man is therein thoroughly experienced and persuaded) how unwillinge all men in general be, to leave the sweetness of this life, with what great care, study & industry every man will strive to keep his body in health, and rid it from sicknesses and diseases, which do not only for the time grievously assault, bruise, torment & afflict the body with pain and dolour, but also set before our eyes a certain representation or show of death itself. I will not here speak of the disquietness and trouble, wherein the mind thereby is plunged, & of the manifold affections at such a time specially oppressing the same. Who is he I pray you, that being in these so great and so many calamities turmoiled, in these vexations, miseries, grief and shortness of life so charged and overwhelmed, would not gladly seek some remedy and mitigation of his dolours, and provide for some helps to comfort & ease his irksome labours? Which things who soever is desirous to seek and obtain, must not think, that things momentany, Tranquillity and quietness of mind as wealth, richesse, honours, Lordships, great possessions, fair houses, sumptuous and costly apparel after the bravest guise and manner wrought and devised, Temperament. can help him thereto: but a quiet & well stayed mind, free and clear from all perturbations: and next to that, a sound and healthful body, that is free from sickness: which be the best and chiefest things that a man can ask and have at the bountefull hands of God, so long as he hath in this world to continued his pilgrimage. ¶ The fift Chapter, describing what Crasis or Temperament is: wherein consists the plight, state, constitution, and complexion of every man's body. CRasis or temperament (for the order of our work requireth the same by definition to be declared) is an agreement, Temperament. and conveniency of the first qualities & Elements among themselves: Or, and equal mixture or proportion of the qualities of the Elements, wherein no excess blameworthy or faulty is to be found. contrariwise, Intemperature is that, Intemperatures. which is compact of the disagreeable and unlike powers of Elements and qualities, and swerveth from moderation. And as in Musical Instruments there is perceived a certain accord of times and a sweet agreeable harmony in striking the strings, that no unpleasant discord or bungling jar, dislike the curious ear of the hearer: so likewise in a temperate habit of the body, there is an apt and convenient mixture and temperature of the Elements and qualities, insomuch that no one quality can by itself be showed, but a constant, absolute and perfect composition, & mingling of the qualities and Elements all together. And as in making Salads, Sauces, or medicines of many & sundry herbs, the Compounds be all mingled together, and every of the ingredients become as one, insomuch that no one thing appeareth or can by itself be discerned or perceived: so likewise happeneth it in the qualities of the Elements, of whose mixture cometh & is made at our creation & nativity, the first original of our substance. In which temperatures & mixtures, there be ix. several differences, whereof one is temperate, & in each respect absolute, lac nothing that is thereto requisite, in the which no one of the clementall qualities exceedeth or passeth an other, but be in an equal measure & even proportion, without any thing amiss or any distemperaunce at all. Eight be intemperate, whereof Four be simple, and Four compound. That temperature which is only hot (wherein heat surmounteth cold) is the equality of moisture and dryness. Cold, wherein coldness beareth dominton: Moist, wherein moisture chief ruleth: And dry: where dryness is above moisture, the rest being a like and equal, that is to say, tempered with hot, and cold. The compound temperatures which be compound of two qualities together, are these: hot & moist, Hot and dry: Cold & moist: Cold & dry: of whom the constituion of the body (which the Greeks do call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the common sort, Complexion) among the Physicians is named and termed, of that which in the mixture, beareth chiefest sway: For with them, that body is called hot, where is most store of heat. dry, wherein dryness reigneth. And likewise of the residue. So, the composition of medicynall drouges, wherein be sundry ingredientes, hath his name of some such one of the same as is chiefest, and more of force then the other: as Dianucum, Diacappar. Compound drouges named of some one of the chiefest Ingredientes. Hiera picra, Diaphenicum, Oleum Vulphinum. etc. Now, because I would have this matter exactly understood (as a thing not only to Physicians, but to all the destre to live in health) right wholesome and available, I will as far as I am able, and as diligently as I can, declare and set out the reasons, order and effect of every one. And first will I begin with the state of the Temperate nature, or at lest, I will portrait & set before your eyes, a pattern and image thereof, first conceived in mind or imagination: not that there is any such to be showed in the whole world, neither can any such be found in deed (unless peradventure (as a man should say, that God specially and originally had privileged some such from heaven:) but I will set it down, for that all that other natures in men are & aught hither to be referred, & by this rule to be tried: that every man may perfectly behold, what in himself is to much and what too little. Neither let a man be overrash and hasty in sing a body that is of hot habit, to judge heat in the same, to be above moisture, or cold to prevail above dryness: unless he have a very diligente and careful respect to this perfect temperature, and first set it before his eyes as a mark whereunto to level and direct his dealing and judgement. ¶ Of a Complexion, perfectly and exactly temperate. The Sixt Chapter. THe temperate state of body that is in each respect perfect & absolute, requireth very diligently to be handled, and throughly to be discoursed, for that I would have the whole mind thereunto to be directed, & all the rest of the states or habits of the body to it applied and leveled, as it were by rule & line, that every man may note and observe in himself how far he is of, from good & sound disposition, or integrity of temperature, & what way he were best to take, to bring himself (as near as he can possibly) into his former state again. For the farther from this, that any man is, in worse case of health is he, and a great deal readier to fall into diseases of body, & perturbations of mind. A body that is in each respect perfect & sound, may most aptly be termed & called Polycletlabus Rule. Polycleti Regula. Which proverb is appliable to all such things as are done most perfectly & well, wherein there is nothing lacking nor amiss: so that all other things aught by it, as by a Touchstone to be tried. The Metaphor is taken of one Polycletus an excellent & skilful Image maker, whose cunning & grace of workmanship (as Fabius witnesseth) Lib. 20. Cap. 10. far surpassed all others. He in his art of Imagery so artificially handled his work, & finished the same with such excellent perfection, that all other Carvers & Statuaryes in proportioning & framing their Images, set him before them as an absolute Pattern for imitation. This Proverbial figure or phrase of speech, used Galen in his book De tuend. valetud. Where he describeth and setteth down the best state of body that may be as Polycletus Rule, that is to say, so neatly & comely set out, with such just congruent Symmetry & proportionable commensuration, as to behold is right pleasant and delyghtful. And therefore such things as are written of the best state of body, worthily and by good reason aught to be referred to a thing that is most perfect & absolute. Whereupon we here do describe and set out a state and habit of body after such a sort, as Cicero & Fabius do an Orator, whom they would have to be ymitated, & after such sort as S. Chrysostome and Erasmus do describe and furnish out a Preacher: De Sacerd. De ratione conc●onandi. to th'end that such as study Eloquence or as are appointed to instruct & preach to the ignorant, should frame themselves (as near as possibly they may) after the example & pattern there set down before them. And although he do not in all points thoroughly attain to that perfection that he doth conceive in mind, yet aught he, & reason it is that he should go forward therein: and although the things which we study & seek for, be very hard & difficult, yet aught we not to despair of the obtaining our purpose, nor cowardly to recoil & faint in industry. Many men (saith Cicero) De Oratore. being in despair & out of hope ever to come to th'end of their purpose, are afraid to give any onset, or to put the matter in any trial & practice: because (forsooth) they have no hope ever to win it. For the best things, aught not upon dispairt to be given over, & in things that be excellent, those are to be accounted great, which are next & nearest to the best. Therefore have I thought good to set down & to shadow out the best state of Body, that by the view and pattern thereof, diligently imprinted in mind, and steadfastly marked by eye, every man may imitate & express the same, or come as near thereunto as possibly he may. Such a body therefore, Notes or marks of a body perfectly temperate. whose pattern we do here exhibit and show, hath all his Senses fresh & perfect, every of the faculties natural, due doing his office and function without stop, impediment or grievance. His memory is steadfast and holding fast, for that, his brain is neither too moist nor too dry: his mind quick, sharp and industrious, wisely and cyrcumspectly dealing in every thing that he taketh in hand, his manners and conversation honest and virtuous, in none of his doings and conversation, digressing or swerving from comeliness, his wit singular and excellent, of nature quiet, courteous, and subject to no ill affections, abandoning all rashness, and working all things by good judgement and consideration, of notable and surpassing towardness, plenteously garnished with many singular gyfes and commendable qualities, in life and conversation, upright & unreprovable, in so much that he may well serve for a notable pattern of virtue (that is to say) a most absolute perfection of nature in every point. For in him plentifully appeareth and is evidently descried, humanity, gentleness, frugality, equity, modesty, and a continent moderation of all affections: in attempting and achieving his affairs and business, neither rash and heady, neither slow and lingering, as one that forsloweth and delayeth his business from day to day: but in forcasting and forscinge what may betide, useth advise & counsel, and in bringing the same to effect & pass, adhibiteth convenient speed and quickens: in the mutable haps & sudden chances of fickle Fortune, he is not lightly dismayed, nor brought into fear, & therefore neither puffed up with swelling pride in prosperity, neither thrown down and utterly discouraged in adversity, but suffereth all the discommodities of life with a mind stout, cheerful and invincible, and such a one as will not at any hand be drawn away from his constancy and settled determination. To which effect, this saying of the Poet Horace aptly agreeth: A man that's armed with Constancy, and virtue hath in price, Lib. 3. Ode. 3. Cares not a rush for frantic fits, of people's fond device. Ne frowning brow of Tyrant dreads, no chance can him dismay: Though Heaven and Earth run all to wrack, he still is at one stay. Unto which disposition S. Paul framed himself, Rom. 8. and requireth the same affection in all them that are engraffed in Christ, and have consecrated themselves to embrace his truth and religion, that even as he was for his part, so every man semblably should certainly and undoubtedly be resolved & persuaded, that nothing (be it never so dreadful and terrible) should be able to separate and pull us from the love of God which is in Christ jesus, to whom we have addicted and surrendered ourselves by profession. Such a one therefore as we do here shadow out and describe, is in heart and mind so well settled and perfectly stayed, that he is not to be drawn to either party, or to waver and totter this way and the way, but persevereth still in one stay of steadfastness & constancy, without any kind of alteration or mutability. In him there are (in deed) affections, but yet such as be natural & not discommendable, Affections natural. as, love and zealous affection to his wife, Children and such as he wisheth well unto, whom as he doth not fond cocker and suffer to run at random, or to have the full scope of their own wanion wills: so again, is he not to them bitter, straight, rigorous, spiteful, wayward nor stubborn, but so, that in familiar communication and company with them, he useth a gentle mi●●es, seasoned with an earnest and reverend gravity, without much prattling & tatrling, without byring skoffes, & upbraiding taunts, ●●oural uncomely and unciull ies●●hinge, pleasauntlye conceited, and meerye with honesty, not Using therein any filthiness or rybauldrye: and as he is most far of from all malapert scurrility and scenical gesture, so is he again most far from sulleyne stern severity, & from Stoical indolency: for who will not judge them voyde of all humanity, and without any sense of man's nature? Whom gentle speech and language sweet, A Enei. 4. no more can mollyfie. Then if they Flint or Marble were, that grows in Marpesie. Likewise in manners & order of life he is altogether unlike both to Democritus and also to Heraclitus: which two people in nyppinge Satire, were by the Poet shaken up and set out in their comlours. For To gygling laughter geeven was Juvenal. Sat. 10. The nature of Democritus and Hetaclitus. Democritus always: Contrariwise, Heraclitus to weeping night and day. And not only in the inward mind of man, do these ornaments and gifts of nature appear & expressly show out themselves, but even in the outward show, shape and behaviour of the body there is evidently descried and perceived a comely grace and portly dignity. For in the countenance, which is the Image of the mind, in the eyes, which are the bewrayers and tokentellers of the inward conceits: in the colour, lineamentes, proportion and feacture of the whole body, there appeareth a kind of heroical grace and amyablenes, insomuch that the very view & sight thereof, allureth and draweth every one by a certain secret sympathy or consent of Nature to love it, without any hope of profit or commodity thereby to be reaped or received. The body is decently made & featly framed, containing an absolute construction and comely frame of all the parts together. The head not aslope cornered, but round and globewyse fashioned, the hair of fair aburne or chesten colour: the forehead smooth, cheerful and unwrynckled, beautified with comely eyebrows, and greatly honoured with a pair of amiable eyes, not hollow, but delightfully standing out. The colour fresh, sweet and pleasant. The cheeks and the balls thereof steygned and died in a perfect hue of white and red, and that naturally, specially in the lusty years of Adolescency. The port & state of the body bolt upright, the gate or going framed to comeliness, not nicely affected nor curiously counterfaicted, as it were Players & disguised maskers, Counterfeit gate. who by a kind of upstarte & stately gate, hopeth the rather to win credit, estimation and authority, and to be made more account of, among the common people. The tongue prompt and ready, distinctly and sensibly able to pronounce and deliver out his meaning, in words of gallant utterance. There are beside these, certain other things, necessarily and according to the condition of man's nature, requisite. For in eating and drinking he useth moderation, and through wholesome exercise, concocteth well his meat and distributeth the same to the good nourishment of the body: for the better performance whereof, he either useth a lively & straynable voice, or else convenient walking. Whereby it happeneth that in the body there is gathered very small store of excrements, and sleep is the quieter and sounder, not disturbed, not impeached, nor troubled with any absurd and troublesome dreams. And if any shapes, fourmes or likeness of things do vissblye seem in dreams, to appear and offer themselves to his mind, when the night is well spent, and the concoction of meats throughly finished, such representations surely happen not without some divination, that is to say, they import & signify no vain, nor frivolous prediction or foreshowing of things to come, but earyeth a presage that is well to be considered, and not lightly to be neglected. But in this frail and transitory life of man, in this so great corruption & inclination of nature, I do not see, to whom these things aught more aptly to be applied than to Christ himself, of whom David prophesied: calling him, Psalm. 45. Fairer than the children of men, full of grace & sweetness of words, unto whom no man may be thought comparable. For as he, above all others in all kinds of virtues abundantly garnished, with integrity of life, mildness of manners, excellency of doctrine, strangeness of miracles, and unspeakable divinity, drawn and alured the greatest part of the World into an admyration and love of him: so also he wanted nothing of all those things that can either be devised or in mind conceived. Christ a pattern of perfection. Who therefore doubteth, but that he which had all gifts, had also a body most beautiful & comely? And although his Divinity be rather to be respected and considered, and the use and purpose for which he was sent and given unto us: yet is there nothing to the contrary, but we may in mind suppose & judge that there was in him such an excelling form of bodily shape, as for such a dignity and majesty was fit and worthy. For his outward port and heroical stature was agreeable to his worthiness, and consonant to the Divinity and inward gifts of his mind, joan. 1. which he bountefully powered out upon us. And therefore in descrybing an exact constitution of the bodily state of man, we aught to choose no better pattern, nor set any perfecter exemplar before our eyes, either for the body or the mind, then him alone. For in him (as S. Paul saith) Collos. 2. are hid all the treasures of knowledge and wisdom, and in whom dwelleth corporallye all fullness of Divinity. For no blemish nor fault was in him, Heb. 4. to no sickness or sin was he prove and subject. Now, whereas we read, that someiyme he was in speech very earnest and hot: in reproving vices, joan. 11. very vehement, & sharp: with tears and weeping to have sorrowed and lamented, and in angry mood to have testified how much he detested the heinousness of some lewd fact: the same was a token and argument of his singular gentleness, gracious favour and hearty goodwill that he bore to all men. For, he being wonderfully desirous of the Soul health of all mankind, was angry and sorry that many, (whose amendment and not destruction he so earnestly wished) did so wilfully and stubbernelye persist in their error, Christ void of all ill affections. refusing and despysinge such a fit occasion to repent, and attain their Salvation, there so freely and fitly to them offered. Let this suffice, as touching the absolute state and perfect disposition of man's body. next whereunto is that age that is fresh, flourishing, & in his chief prime: specially that, which from very infancy hath been well instituted, and commendably trained up, which (yet notwithstanding) doth even strayghtwayes fade, & in continuance cannot but at length utterly faint & pass away. For as in other things, so likewise in man's nature, all things that had beginning, do dye and decay, and things that had increasing, wax also old, & after a certain race of time here run, do hasten towards their death, & vanish away to nothing. Which mutability & inconstancy is a good warning & lesson for every one of us, to despise these frail and transitory things, which so soon pass away, & to lift up our hearts and minds, to such things as are parmanent and eternal. Which thing S. Paul, goeth earnestly about to beat into our heads, where he saith: If ye be risen again with Christ, Collos. 3. seek those things which are above, where Christ sitteth on the right hand of God: Set your affections on heavenly things and not on earthly things. Heb. 13. For we have not here any abiding City or place of continual dwelling, but we seek for one to come, whose builder and maker is God: Heb. 11. Who (as S. Peter saith) hath called us out of darkness into his marvelous light and appointed us to life everlasting. 1. Pet. 2. ¶ Of a hot Complexion. The seven. Chapter. Among those that digress from a mean, and differ from temperatenes, the hot complexioned body is first to be spoken of. For as it is the first in order, so for conservation of health, it is better than the rest. Hot complexion. And he namely is to be thought and accounted hot, in whom that quality of heat aboundeth & excels the other that be moderately constituted, that is, those that be tempered with moist & dry. Of which state and condition if a man be disposed thoroughly to search out, and mark all the notes and signs, he shall by proof find, that whosoever is of that Complexion & constitution, is of stature comely and of shape and beauty agreeable and consovamte to manly dignity: Tokens of a hot Complexion. of body not gross sat or corpulent, but reasonably & fast fleshed For heat dissolveth and dissipateth all fat things: of conler read or (if blood be too hot and boiling, as in them that dwell in hot regions and parching countries) brown or tawny. For there be in every body (according to the condition of the air and region (sundry degrees of heat, Degrees of heat in man. and divers considerations and differences, both of this and of the other qualities also. The Indians, AEthiopians, Moors, Asians, Egyptians, Palestines, Arabians, Greeks, Italians, Spanyatds, Polonians, Muscovites, Germans, Frenchmen, Duchmen, etc. are of sundry and different Complexions, & every one in his kind hath of heat, several and sundry differences. For even as fuel and matter combustible for Fire, is some hotter and more burning than some other is, and as the fire pan or hearth wherein is burned either Seacoales, fatty turfs of the nature of bitumen, the burning lime of chaulkye clay called Naphtha, oil, pitch, rosin, or (finally to speak of wood,) Oak, Hornebeame, Larche, Byrch, Elm, Poplar, Wyllow, the fire is vehementer and the hearth is of heat sometime extreme, sometime more soft & mild: So likewise in every man's body according to the nature of the place, and order of life and diet, this heat is increased or dyminished, and this is the very cause that men be of so sundry colours, and of hairs so divers & different: for in every hot Complexioned body mixed with moderate humour, the skin is rough & hairy, the beard fayreand comely, but the hairs of the head somewhat differ, & by reason of heat, are of other colour. For hairs being generated of a fuliginous & gross excrement of the third concoction, Black haytes. become black, when as (the vapour being adust by force & power of heat) the excrement is turned into an exact fuliginousnes. Curled and crooked hairs proceed of a dryness of Complexion, Curled hairs. caused through immoderate heat: or else, by reason of the straictnes and narrow issue of the pores, where the roots of the hairs be fastened. For then have they much ado to peep up and find any right way to appear out, whereby it happeneth that they grow crooked, curled & frysled, & specially in them, in whom it so happeneth naturally, being not artyficially procured nor by toto superfine curiostly frizzled: as some nice dames & Prickmedainties, which curiously comb & bring their hairs into a curled fashion and crysped locks, thereby the more to set out their beauty, & to commend themselves (as they think) after a more glorious show to the beholders. Therefore all they that dwell in hot & dry regions, have hair black, & of small growing, curled, crisp, and as the Egyptians, Spaniards, AEthiopians, Moors, and all other which in nature and condition, are like unto them. For we see many in every region, yea of them that devil Northward toward the Pole Arctic, which (if we consider their hairs, colour, & complexion of their whole body) seem rather like foreyners & strangers, than Country born people. So among the Netherlanders & low Duchmen bordering upon the Sea, many be black & curl heyred, & tawnyskinned, specially they which in Summer are much in the heat of the sun, & use much labour: howbeit this variety of bodies may be referred to sundry causes, Variety & diversity of body. as either to the nature of the Country & Region, or to the power & faculty of their meats & nourishment, or else finally to the hidden ymaginations of the woman or, mother. Which ymaginations are of so great force & efficacy, Imagination. that the things by her in mind earnestly imagined in & at the very instant time of her conception, is derived into the infant & child then begotten. For this Sex being wanton, women's intemperaunce. toying, & steadfastly eyeing every thing that is offered to sight, it happeneth that the natural faculty being then in working & forming of the child, directeth her cogitations & inward conceits the way, & bringeth unto the Infant, an other foreign shape & form, in nature & condition altogether unlike the right parents. This even in our days and of late years hath been by experience found true: A true report. at what time the Emperor Charles, the si●t of that name, coming out of Spain into the low Countries, arrived there with a well appointed navy of royal ships, having in his company a goodly train of noble Gentlemen & yeomen. Many women thereabout, being then great with child, through much beholding & well eyeing those gallant Spaniards, after ix months brought their Infants and children, having eyebrows and hairs black and curled, and in all respects coloured like Spaniards. And this happened not among filthy Corteghians & common brothels (whom it might well be thought to have been underlinges & hackeneyes to those hot natured and lecherous Nation) but the same fallen so out also, among right honest & tried Matrons, (whose approved chastity and virtuous dispositions were so irreprooveable, that they were not to be once charged with the least suspicion of any such lewednes) and yet these affections and impressions in their children took place accordingly. In like manner, when the Emperor Maximilian (who was descended of the house of Ostrich) had also the government over the Low Countries, the women being much in compaignie and sight of the Germaynes, brought forth their Children with yellow flexen hairs, and in each point like to Germaynes. For they and all other as many as are born and bread in cold and moyke Countries, have hairs fine, straight and somewhat ruddy, and beards of the colour of brass: for that the hears are neither adusted by the sun, nor yet by any inward heat: for having moisture plentifully and issues out at the poors easy enough, the abundance of the excrements, wherewith they be nourished, maketh the hairs thick, and the adustion which causeth the colour to be black, it maketh weak. Black hair therefore cometh of vapour by heat adust, when the excrement is wrought and turned into an exact fuliginousnes. Black hair The cause that produceth yellow hair, is when the vapour is not much adust and heated, for that which is then impressed in the skin, Yellow. and seeketh eruption, is the feculent excrement of yellow Choler, and not of Melancholy. But white hair cometh of Phlegm and of a humour cold and moist. Whyte. Red hairs, as they be mean between yellow and white, Red. so doth the generation of it proceed of a certain nature, mean between Phlegm and Choler. Now, they that dwell in countries temperate and between these, have of hair much store, strong, somewhat blackish, meanly thick, and neither altogether thick and gross, nor altogether straight & plain. Which differences Galene applieth to every several age. For as touching the colour, Lib. 2. de Temper. he ascribeth such hairs as young Infants have, to the Germaynes: of such as be in their best flourishing years, to Spaniards and Mauritanians: and of them that be Spryngalds or in the beginning of their Adolescency, to such as inhabit temperate Countries. In the natures also of bodies, the hair is of form & colour according to the difference and respect of Ages and Countries. For tender age and Childhood is bore without hairs on the body, Why children h●●e no beards. or else with very small, soft and mosye hair only, because either there be n● pores in their skins for the exhalation to evaporate and grow to the bigness of hairs, or else there wanteth efflux and fuliginous excrement, wherewithal the small threads of the hairs, are wont to be drawn and produced out. But when they be come near about the age of xiiii. years, they begin to bourgen and show forth, little and weak. Lusty and flourishing Age, hath hairs stronger, fuller bushed & blackish, for that, the pores and passages than begin to open and be enlarged: and finally store of fumous exhalation aboundeth in those parts of the body, which are apt to generate and produce hair, as the Head, Chin, Arm pits, & Privities. For although the Breast, Arms, & Thighs, in some that be of very hot complexion & abound with fuliginous vapour, be seen to be rough and hairy, yet do those hairs grow, neither so copiously nor to any great length: which thing (for example sake) in certain dry and musculious places of the body, as the eyebrows & eyelyddes may evidently be perceived. Therefore the much store and thickness of hair cometh of abundance of humours: Much store of hair how it cometh. and the colour thereof is according as the heat is of greatness. Therefore all those parts in man's body are most rough and hairy, which abound in most heat. For it attracteth the vaporous fumes that issue from humours, and fashioneth the same into a hairy nature. And for this cause, many Springhaldes have not in that Age any herds, neither any other parts of their bodies hairy. My order is (to such as resort to me for advise and counsel, how they may make their beards to grow) to open and make wide their pores & passages, by applying and geevinge to them such things as stir up heat in those parts, & bring out humours, altering & concocting the same into the use of hairs. The Lintment that I customably make for this purpose is this. To make the beard grow. R. of Reed or Cane roots, Brionie roots, Beete, Radish, Flower de lice, Onions, of each alike, viz the quantity of four Ounces, six fat figs bruised & stamped very small, Maydenheare, Sothernwod, Dill, of each one handful: seeth these all together in sweet and well relyced wine, than force & wring out the liquor and strain it through a strainer, then put to it fresh butter never salted, pure honey, Ana. two. ounces, Oil of Almonds both sweet and sour, Oil of Sesame about the quantity of i ounce, oxymel Scyllitic. half an oz. the powder or meal of linseed, Nigella, Fenugreke, well sifted and thoroughly bolted in a fine boulter, one Pugil or small grasp, of the gum Labdanun one ounce. Let all these be set upon the fire and stirred with a stick till they be thick enough to make a Limment withal. To what part of the body soever this lineament is laid and applied, it maketh hair to grow: and if the Chin or bore Cheeks be therewith anointed, the same will quickly be hairy and have a comely beard. For it openeth and relaxeth the skin being thick, and maketh the passage and and evaporation for the humours, of whom through the help and operation of heat, the first budding out and generation of hairs proceedeth. And if the baldness or bareness of hair proceed not either of eldership in years, or else by reason of some sickness, or vicious humours as bodies infected with some loathsome disease, or with French Pocks, commonly are (for the bodies of such people even in the secretest parts, become in each place pylde, and sheedeth all their hair like unto Trees, whose leaves fall of, if in the root reign any saltishnes or venomous liquor) this lineament is a present help and remedy: but the body must first by Purgation be cleansed from all ill and filthy humours inwardly. But to proceed in my purpose & matter: women by the very same reason that young Stryplings are, have no hair on their bodies, but be smooth and slick skinned, saving only their heads & crown where their hair groweth in marvelous great plenty, Women full of hairs on their head. for that the vapours do very much & abundantly ascend upward. In their other parts their skin is smooth and unhayrye, because moisture is above heat. Saving that in and about their secret pryvityes, Hairy women, lecherous. where also hayrinesse appeareth, such women as be greatly desirous of carnal lust and copulation, be very rough and thick growenr with hair thereabouts, and the more lecherous, the more hairy & fruitful. And the cause why some women (otherwise abounding with generative seed) do not conceive and bear children, is nothing else but the want of heat. For even as a fenny and very wet ground beareth no corn but choketh it up, so likewise a womb that is slypperie, Barenuesse inwomen & unablenes in men to get Children. is not fit for conception. In like manner also, there be some young men, who maryinge to soon, and ere they be fully ripe, are unfruictfull and not able to get any children, for that they lack manly strength, & their seed to cold and thin. It is therefore by reason of heat, that men be hairy and bolder than women be. But if heat increase in man's body unmeasurably and above a mediocrity, and that through Choler the blood be stirred and toomuch inflamed, it oftentimes turneth into mere desperate rage & fury. Heat causeth holdnes. And hereof it cometh, that many being angered and their blood either with public or with private injuries stirred, in their desperate mood, will Bedlemlyke run upon their Enemies with minds enraged. The hotter of complexion therefore that every man is, and further of from moderate temperature, the hayryer is his body, and the fiercer is his courage. Which thing by Juvenal is right well expressed, where he saith: A busshie Beard, and Arms overgrown with bristled hairs, Sat. 2. declare In man, a savage cruel mind devoid of any care. For vehement heat maketh men stout of courage, rage, fierce, testy, crafty, subtle, industrious, politic, of which sort of men we find in writing, some, that not only in their outward parts, but in their very Entrails and inward parts, also have been found rough and hairy. Lib. 11, Cap. 37 Pliny maketh mention of one Aristomenes Messenius, who by his subtile Stratagems and warlike shifts is said (being alone) to have put to flight, whole Bands of men. Which thing is a plain Argument and token aswell of his craftiness and subtlety, as also of his excellent and wonderful fortitude. This man after he had slain CCC. Lacedæmonians, was by them once or twice taken captive & cast into prison, but escaped their hands by creeping out at a little narrow hole in the prison as Foxes and Weasels do. The subtlety of Aristomenes. Being again taken he espied convenient time when his keepers & jaylers were well whittled with wine & fast ●ulled, & then crawled & rolled himself to the fire, and there burning a flonder the cords and gives wherewith he was tied, together with the part of his body where they were fastened, escaped again. Being taken the third time, the Lacedæmonians his enemies, meaning to make sure work with him, and desiring to see what was within him, ripped his breast, and found his heart to be overgrown with hair. judie 15. & 16. Hereby we are to conjecture and guess, what manly heat and strength there was in Samson, who with the jaw bone of an Ass slew a Thousand people, and pulling up the Doares of the gate of the City, the two side posts, with the bars and all, laid them upon his shoulders and carried them up to the top of an hill: Who breaking a sunder the cords & bands wherewith he was tied, boldly and without any fear set upon them that lay in wait for him: and pulling down the main pillars of the house, oppressed and slew a wondered multitude of his enemies. Not less notable & wonderful was the stout valiaunce of David, 1. Reg. 17. who flercelye flying upon a Lion, and likewise upon a Bear that came with open mouth to have devoured his flock of Sheep, slew them both, and afterward vanquishing and foylinge that proud and despiteful Philistine Goliath, cut of his head, and brought the same with him into the City as a worthy Trophy and Monument of his noble Prowess and victory. For this cause also is Sangar the son of Anath in Sacred Chronicles registered & enrolled, jud. 3. who flew of the Philistines vi. hundred men with a plough share, or (as some do translate it) with an Ox goad. And although such men as these for the most part be of strength and courage invincible, yet is it many times seen, that a great sort of them are led and carried headlong by wilful affection and unrulynesse of mind, to commit and attempt things neither honest nor allowable. Whose inclination being such, that (if they would be guided by virtue) they were able and of power to compass right worthy exploits, and lack no means nor helps for the achieving and furtherance thereof, yet do they oftentimes take the worse way, giving themselves to notable vices, and by craftiness, subtility, coseninge, filching, murder, and bloodshedding, seek to enrich themselves and to come by wealth, dominion, power and authority. These men quite abandoning the virtues, of Maguanimitie & Fortitude, desire rather the name of harebrayned boldness and cruelty, then of valiaunce and stoutness. In the attempt and adventure of any danger, Bold rashness. they show themselves courageous and hardy, but this their courage and hardiness tendeth not to any commodity or profit of their common wealth and Country, but of a certain private lust, affection, and disorderly outrage in themselves, to feed their own sensual phantasyes, and wylfulnes: and so they may have their wills & their turns served, they make no great conscience, how the common state of their Country fareth. Thus, many times by proof we see, young men of right good hope and towardness, through lewd compaignie of disordered Rakehelles, Virtues defaced and marred by vices. to degenerate from the virtuous inclynation of their own manners, into lewdenes and villa●●●e and whereas by foldwing the disposition of their own virtuous nature, they might full well thrive, & be in great likelihood to become right worthy and famous members of their Country, they seek to compass and bring the same to effect, through ill Arts and discommendable means, in the learning and practice whereof, they show themselves as industrious and take as great pains, as would conduct and bring them to matters of better excellency, and a great deal worthier renown. And as dull spirited, heavy, slothful & sleapy people, commonly do not bring to pass nor achieve any memorable act, either for goodness or harm notorious, neither attempt any great feats or noble enterprises: So contrariwise these people are sit and apt to every thing, that they set their minds unto, whether it be good or bad, virtue or vice: neither is any thing so hard and cumbersome, but (if they bend thereto their mind and industry, they will compass and overcome it, and therein attain to a notable excellency. And therefore in my opinion Plato judged right wisely, Lib. 6. de Rep. in saying that, horrible wickedness, and graceless desperate villainy proceedeth not of a lowtishe and dull nature, but rather of a noble and excellent mind, that is marred & corrupted by ill custom and lewd education. And such persons as these, be of a hot complexion and disposition of body, which pricketh them forward to do and execute such pranks. For they that be cold (because they be fearful & dastardly) never yet (as the proverb saith) deserved triumph for any worthy exploit done, neither dare to give the onset and enterprise, to any thing wherein is any great difficulty, danger, or odd singularity. They therefore that have hot bodies, are also of nature variable, and changeable, readyprōpt, lively, lusty and appliable: of tongue, trolling, perfect, & persuasive: delivering their words distinctly, plainly and pleasauntlye, with a voice thereto not squekinge and slender, but streynable, comely and audible. Big voice. The thing that maketh the voice big, is partly the wydenes of the breast and vocal Artery, and partly the inward or internal heat, from whence proceedeth the earnest affections, vehement motions, and fervent desyers' of the mind. But if civil and virtuous education be lacking, they many times become cogging shifters, crafty cozeners, sly makeshiftes, nimble conveighers & foystinge filchers, troublesome and seditiously natured, unconstante, wavering, fraudulent untrusty and factious. Who taketh joy and pleasure still, In wars, AEnei. 1. in shifts, and vices ill. And for that their loins be very hot, they are also for the most part greatly geeven to lechery and whoorehunting, and thrall to all other pleasures of the body. Unto which vice if they much yield and addict themselves, frequenting it excessively above measure, it happeneth that by reason of overmuch profusion and waist of humour, they become bald and piled on the forparte of their head sooner than otherwise they should: their colour also fadeth away and decayeth, their eyes wax dim and bleared, their temples fall down, their legs & buttocks wax thin & wearish, their lustiness faileth, their face is lank and lean, and finally all the beauty and comeliness of the body thereby decayeth and perysheth, beside a great many of other discommodyties and inconveniences whereunto they be subject: As first, to Consumptions and ill favoured habits or liking of the body, Feevers hectic, which taking once hold in the inwardest parts, and throughly settling in the bones and marrow, bringeth the body into apparante consumption. But if men of this constitution and complexion do circumspectly look to their health, and order their bodies and minds well and conveniently, they are healthfuller and lustyer than any other men, and seldom happen to be sick, or to gather any superfluous abundance of ill humours, which bring putrefaction and corruption to the whole body. For the moderate substance of natural heat, defendeth and maketh them free from all sicknesses and grievaunces. It is expediente therefore and behoveful, to use a right orderly diet and good trade of life. And beside these, that serve to the constitution of Man's body, there be Six things which being carefully looked unto, and diligently observed, are able to keep us in good health, Things not natural. so that we use and not abuse the same, otherwise then orderly and conveniently. For the will of God the maker of all things, hath put these things to dispose at our own choice and election. Galene calleth them, causes conseruatorie, because they serve & are able to keep our bodies in good state, Artis Medicae 85. if they be orderly and conveniently used. The Physicians of later time call them by the name of things not natural: not for that they be without nature: but for that they be things that be not naturally within but without us: and for that, by their use and effect and by the order of their quality and measure, they do impair and dainnyflte nature if they be not well and aptly used. Of the which sort are these: Air that enclooseth us, Meat and Drink, Exercise and rest, Sleep & Watch, evacuation and retention, and the Affections of the mind: all which, natural heat requireth as things necessary and needful to her conservation and healthful maintenance. First the Air doth sometime slily and closely, sometime manifestly and apparantlye, Air. enter and breath into the body, where it either corrupteth or else refresheth the spirits within, sometime with corrupt and stinking savour, and sometime with wholesome and sweet afflation. Fulsome & pestilent air more hurtful than pestilent meat And this is to be noted, that unwholesome Air, and contagious or pestilent scents, do more harm to sound health, than meat that is of vevemous quality. For the meat may by vomit be cast up again, whereas the Air and all things liquid, if they once catch possession in the vital parts, and enter into the veins, they settle so surely and take such strong possession, that hardly it is to remedy and again thence to dispossess them. Seeing therefore, that the Air encompassinge and containing us, doth so diversly affect our bodies (for beside the pestilent exhalations that slyly by it be conveyed into the laps of the lungs, it either heateth, drieth, cooleth or moisteneth to much) every man is to stand surely upon his own guard and diligently to look to himself, that he be not thereby harmed. For as to temperate bodies, holesomest air is fit and requisite: so to bodies lacking of temperatenes, that air is to be accounted best, wherein contrary qualities excel. Thus to a body that is hot, cold air is to be applied: to moist, Contraries are remedied by their contraries. dry best serveth: for cold, hot: and for dry, moist: and if the same may not otherwise be had, it is expediente by Art to procure it. And therefore in hot and dry diseases, or in very soultery hot weather, When scorching Doggedayes extreme heat●: With parching drought and sickness great, A Enei. 10 In scowling Sky doth rage and reign, And putts poor seely wights to pain. The better to qualify and mitigate this hea●e, Dog-days. it shallbe very good to sprinkle on the pavemen is and cool the floors of our houses or chambers with springing water, and then to strew them over with Sedge, & to trim up our Parlours with green boughs, fresh herbs or vine leaves: which thing although in the Low Country it be usually frequented, yet no Nation more decently, more trymmely, nor more sightly than they do in England. For, not long agone travailing into that flourishing Island, England praised for cleanly trim minge their houses. partly to see the fashions of that wealth Country, with men of fame and worthiness so bruited and renowned, and partly to visit William Lemnie, in whose company and well-doing, I greatly rejoice (as a father can not but do) and take singular contentation inwardly, even at my first arrival at Dover, and so along my journey toward London, which I dispatched partly upon Horseback, and partly by water, I saw and noted many things able to ravish and allure any man in the world, with desire to travatle and see that so noble● Country. For being brought by D. Lemnie (a skilful Physician and w●l thought of there for his knowledge and experience) into the company of honourable and worshipful Personages, every Gentleman and other worthy Person showed unto me (being a Stranger born and one that never, had been there before) all points of most fre●dly courtesy, and taking me first by the hand lovingly embraced and bad me right heartily welcome. For they be people very civil and well affected to men well stricken in years, and to such as bear any countenance and estimation of learning, which thing they that half suspect and have not had the full trial of the manners and fashions of this country, will scarcely be persuaded to believe. Therefore, Learned me and aged greatly reverenced in England. francklye to utter what I think of the incredible courtesy, and frendlinesse in speech and affability used in this famous Royalme, I must needs confess, it doth surmount and carry away the prick and price of all others. And beside this, the neat cleanlines, the exquisite fineness, the pleasant and delightful furniture in every point for household, wonderfully rejoiced me, their Chambers & Parlours strawed over with sweet herbs, refreshed me, their Nosegays finely intermingled with sundry sorts of fragaunte flowers in their bedchambers and privy rooms, with comfortable smell cheered me up and entierlye delighted all my Senses And this do I think to be the cause that Englishmen, living by such wholesome and exquisite meat, and in so wholesome and healthful air, be so fresh and clean coloured: their faces, eyes and countenance carrying with it, and representing a portly grace and comeliness, giveth out evident tokens of an honest mind: in language very smooth and allective, but yet seasoned and tempered within the limits and bonds of moderation, not bombasted with any unseemly terms or infarced with any clawing flatteries or allurements. At their Tables although they be very sumptuous, and love to have good fare, yet neither use they to overcharge themselves with excess of drink, neither thereto greatly provoke & urge others, but suffer every man to drink, in such measure as best pleaseth himself, which drink (being either Ale or Beer) most pleasant in taste and holesomely relyced, they fetch not from foreign places, but have it among themselves brewed. As touching their populous and great haunted Cities, the fruictfulnes of their ground & soil, their lively Springs and mighty Rivers, their great Herds and flocks of cattle, their mysteries and Art of weaving and clothmaking, their skilfulnes in shooting, it is needless here to discourse: sing the multitude of Merchants, exercysinge the traffic and Art of Merchandise among them, and Ambassadors also sense thither from foreign Princes, are able abundantly to testify, that nothing needful & expediente for man's use and commodity lacketh in that most noble Island. But to fall into my matter again, from whence I have a little digressed: we must be no less wary and precise in choice of the Air, wherein we live, then of the meat and drink whereby we be fed, sustained and nourished. Wherefore, to defend the body from being lightly and easily attainted with Sickness, Meat & drink. or from being made subject and open to Agues, it standeth us upon, to acquaint and accustom ourselves to the best meats, and such as increase or engender no ill juice nor corrupt humours: the same meats to be taken at due hours and seasonable times; and also in good order and moderate quantity. For (as Columella saith) like as it is 〈◊〉 the field or ground arable to be weaker than the husbandman that tilleth and breaketh it up, Lib. 1, Cap. 3. lest if the ground be stronger and prevail, the tiller or husband be crushed or overmaystered ●●● likewise expedient and meet it is, that the meat be weaker and under the powers and ●●aystrye of nature, both that the stomach be not overcloyed and charged with superabundance or excess, & also for the speedser concoction and better digestion thereof. Which thing is hardly brought to pass, 〈◊〉 the stomach is too much pampered and 〈◊〉, and the meats either ill and unwholesome, 〈…〉 divers and repugnant qualities among themselves: or finally when neither respect, order nor mean● of 〈◊〉, custom, hours, age, nor 〈◊〉 is observed. These circumstances also think I good to be prescribed in the Act of carnal copulation, namely to young 〈◊〉 folks, who upon their new marriage, with unaciable beastliness and frequency of coiture, think to overcome and tire their wives, whereas they yet remain still unsatisfyed, and the men utterly spend and soaked. In diet also and order of life this thing is to be observed, specially where the body passeth not the bounds of temperance and moderation, that as near as is possible, nothing be eaten & used, but those things that be like or as very agreeable to nature as conventently may be: for to feed upon contraries is a thing right hurtful and dangerous, which thing in each several age, time, country, and custom (which altereth a man from his own nature to an other) is greatly to be respected, weighed and considered. Thus no children require moist nourishment, Moist nourishment fittest for children. and things that be very hot and dry are not to be prescribed and given to them, because the same is a hindrance to there growth. For which cause Plato and Galene do forbid Children the drinking, Lib. 2 de leg lib 1. de tuend. Valetud. yea the●●stinge of Wine, because the drinking thereof setteth their bodies in heat, filleth their heads wythfumes, & bringeth great annoyance to their minds. Wine hurt full to children. Yea they be of opinion, that for big Stryplings of full growth to drink wine, is not allowable, except: it be very sparingly and little ●●e 'cause it carrieth them headlong into anger, maketh them prompt and ready to pursue ●centious lusts and inordinate affections, and also dulleth and troubleth that part of the mind which is rational. But they that be entering into man's state (because they then consyste and be in their best temperament) require such dyer and nourishment as is wholesome and temperate. As for example, Veal, Mutton, Pork, Hen, Kydde, Eggs, fine Manthet bread of the best and cleanest Wheat. For Youth and man's Age, because, they draw 〈◊〉 ard heat and somewhat to dryness: Qualefiers and al●yers of the heat of blood. and for that their blood waxeth hot, specially in Summer season: it is best to allay and qualify the same heat, with things that be moderately moist: such as these, Buglosse, Orrage, Mallows, Spinach, the herb Patience, Lactuce, Purslane, Melons, Cucumbers, Cherries, Corncile berries, and of these many, for hurting and annoying the stomach, may be boiled: or if we eat them raw in Saletts, it shallbe right good to mingle & put unto them, Rocket, Cresses, mint, Watercresses & Garden Dragon wort, which now a days groweth in a manner in every Garden. By this means shall we bring to pass that heat shall not too much prevail or get the upperhand by overmaystring natural moisture. Therefore when a man of a hot complexion, or of an other constitution, beginneth to grow into distemperature, it shallbe expediente for him to altar nature to her contratyes: for by things like, 〈…〉 are diseases procured, and by distemperaunce nourished. Therefore at any time, when soever thou art disposed to altar the state of thy body and to drive away sickness, enjoin to thyself a contrary order of Dret and usage, but yet so, that nature be not in posthaste, but leisurely and by little and ●●sle translated to an other custom. For as it is a wysemans' part (saith ●ullye) by little and little to wy●d out himself and shift of those friendships which he greatly liketh not: Lively 1. Off. so likewise an old rooted custom may not be hastily and suddenly changed, but softly, leisurely, and discreetly. For sudden alteration and change bringeth the body into danger, and is very prejudicial to health. But this is specially meant of the body: for in the state of the mind, there aught to be neither stop nor delay, but immediately and out of hand to abandon and banish all lewd manners and dishonest enormities. Furthermore as in young men all things are to be reduced to the perfection and sign of temperature, and every way to be attempted for the amendment of that which in them is amiss, and for framing of their bodies to a right proportion or agreeableness: so in Aged people nothing aught to be rashly taken in hand or inconsiderately attempted: for that, it is a great deal better for that Age, still to continued in such things as they have been trained up and accustomed unto, Ill customs must by little and little be taken away. (yea although they be somewhat butifull) then to begin any new alteration in their diet and order of living. Contrary wise young men must strive and assay to altar, and bring themselves from those things that be naught and hurtful, although they have been used thereto even since they were children. For their strength and powers are well enough able to suffer a moderate alteration: and because they may live a longer while, it is to be hoped that they (by changing and framing themselves to a better custom and order) may receive thereby profit, and be otherwise beneficial to their country: Change in old men, dangerous. But an old man, if he go about to shake from him or to change that order of life, which by long use and domestically he hath frequented, doth but lose all his labour, & travaileth therein all in vain. For although he proceed somewhat forward therein, and seem to have won thereby some part of his desire, yet shall he lack time and space to glean and enjoy any fruit of his wished estate. He doth herein much like to him that (being spent in years & even at the pits brink, carefully and busily saveth and purueigheth (the nearer that he cometh to his journeys end & hath less way to go) Cicero in Senect. greater store and foison of victual for his wayfaring expenses: a thing, in the opinion and judgement of Cato so absurd, as nothing more. In which doing he wastes all his labour and dealeth much like (saith Galene) to ● man that in his old doting and decrepit days, Lib. 5. de tuend. Val. goeth about to learn some Art or occupation: whereas more meet it were for such a one to call to remembrance what a small time by course of nature he hath here to remain, and that his continuance here cannot be long, but must be packing away and departed to his long home. seeing therefore old Age is to enjoy and take no commodity by changing usual diet & ordinary custom of living, it is better by every manner of way to cheerishe and comfort it, and to heat and humect his cold and dry body with nourishment conveinente, then doubtfully and by haphazard, and otherwise then that age permitteth, to begin any new order: sythence old age is weak and feeble, and not well able to bear out even the lest disdiete that may be: but if it fall thereinto, hardly and with very much ado can it escape and recover itself out again. But forasmuch as natural heat by moderate motion or exercise is increased and strengthened, The profit th●t cometh by exercise. and the Body and mind of man (wearied with troublesome business and cares) is desirous with rest & quietness to be refreshed, & to have some reasonable truce & relaxation: even as good heed and great regard hereof in every several Complexion would be had (for according to every man's nature, is the same sonderly to be used) so in this hot state & Complexion of body for the better maintenance and conservation of health, it would be well looked unto and cyrcumspectyle considered. Nothing is holesomer nor more available for health, then seasonable Exercise & convenient motion. For by it the quickness and vigour of the mind is revived, the faint drowsy Spirits stirred up and awaked, the soul and mind checred and exhilarated, all the parts of the body & all the senses both within and without made nimble, active, perfect and ready to do their proper functions: the colour fairer & fresher, appetite provoked & sharpened, the possages & pores opened, & the conceptories of the Veins enlarged and made bigger, (whereby humours have freer passage & way into every several part of the body) excrements commodiously purged, concoction speedelyer finished, & the juice or humours (being well cococted) better distributed to the sustenance and nourishment of every member in the body: last of all, when the mind is quiet & calm, then is sleep sound and quiet also, and not interrupted nor broken with fantastical dreams & nightly imaginations, yea then be all things duly, seasonably, and orderly used and done, when the meat is thoroughly concocred and excrements by evacuation purged: which by too vehement motion are drawn into the disposition or habit of the body, & stop the straight & narrow, pores thereof. When a man is disposed to exercise himself, Order of exercise. it shallbe good to prepare his body thereto by bending and bowing thereof, & to stretch out his sinews and other parts of his body, which peradventure for want of exercise are stiff, thereby to make them nimble & pliable. By this means shall he with no greevaunce or weariness use exercise, and so long is it good for him to bestir his body, till his limbs begin somewhat to swell, & a fresh ruddy colour in his face & body, with sweeting to appear: which so soon as it happeneth & is plainly to be perceived, it behoveth straightways to cease from exercise, & to chafe the body no further: for if it be continued longer & not stinted, by & by the colour vanisheth away, & the body becometh dry & lank. And like as hot complexioned men, if they use vehement & swift motion, & with exercise heat & chafe themselves thoroughly, they have thereby bodies slender and (by reason their natural humour is spent) somewhat enclyning to dryness: so again, sloth and ease hurtful. if they live idly or give themselves to drawsynes, or to spending their time in riot; distemperaunce, loytringe, sloth, wantonness, ease & nice delights, they grow full of humours, and ware wouderous gross, fat and corpulent. I may peradventure seem to the squeamish and full stomached Reader, to bestawe herein ●o wo●●des then for such a matter are needful, but le● him understand that our purpose herein tendeth to this only end, to admonish all men in general and namely Students and men of honourable birth, Advertisement to the studious. a●d such as further and favour goad Studies and virtuous Arts and disciplines, not to meddle with painful and vehement strong exercises (specially when they be fasting or immediately after meals;) neither to sit at their Books at unseasonable hours, wearing away themselves still within doors, and greatly wassing their animal spirits & the faculties natural of their bodies. For in both these sorts; I see measure or mean in them wanting: whereof I purpose more at large to speak, when I come to the discourse of the dry Complexion. Furthermore forasmuch as there be sundry and divers sorts of Exeraise, and every sort not apt & decente for every Age: let every man try and consider in himself whereto he is by nature most apt and inclinable. Horace in Art Poet. How much his shoulders carry may, And what they can not well upstaye. As for Wrestling, Sorts of exercise. Coytingo, Tennis, Bowlinge, Whorlehattinge, lifting great weights, pitching the heart. Riding, Running, Leapinge, shooting in Guns, swymming, tossing the Pike, Tilting, Barryers' and Tourney, are reckoned among the exercises of strong men: albeit some, of them (because they are violently and forcibly, done, have of a merry beginning, a heavy and lamentable ending: as of late years it happened unto the French King Henry the second of that name, French king killed in running at the Tilt. 1559. & stout Prince and of courage muincible: who in a royal. justing or running at the Tilt, for the more solemnisation of a nuptial Pomp than prepared, received his deaths wound, with a splint or shyver of a broken spear, which pierced & got in at the sight holes or beaver of his Helmet, and struck the king into the eye, and so to the brain, whereof he suddenly fallen into an Ague, and after a few days dyed. There be other kinds of exercise not of so great travail as these, Gentler exercises. and less troublesome: as to be carried in wagons, or to be rowed in Boats: sundry sorts of frictions: walking either softly or apace, singing and Musical melody, chanted either with lively voice, Music cheereth & maketh meerie the mind of man. or played upon sweet Instruments, to the ears & mind right pleasant and delightful, driving away heaviness, and cheering and revyunge the Spirits, when they are damped with thoughts, and careful pensiveness. And if thereto be used a clear and loud reading of big tuned sounds by stops and certain Pauses, as our Comical fellows now do, that measure Rhetoric by their peevish Rhythmes, it will bring exceeding much good to the Breast and Muscles. Not less ease and profit likewise shall a man thereby find for the opening of his pipes, and expelling thence all obstructions, specially if he use himself a little to hold in his breath, and pinching together his lips, with his cheeks full blown, to let his breath gush out with a full & sturdy sound. De valet. lib. 5. But this, in young men (saith Galene) is to be moderated till they be at consistent Age, and in mornings when the body is empty and not infarced, neither with the nightly exercise of venerous pastimes afore, wearied and weakened. This Exercise also of all others is most chief convenient & good for them that either by imperfection A fit exercise for crokebacked people of nature or by negligence of Nurses are crookebacked: For the Muscles of their bulk & breast, and the laps or bellows of their longs being drawn together & crooked toward, their backs, causeth them to be shortwynded, which by this means is greatly eased, & they thereby made to fetch their wind a great deal better & with more facility. Horses of good courage & breed●, when they feel the Spur, with coursing, trampling and fetching the capre, caryre, or curuetty, do the very same thing naturally, with their snuffing Nostrils (a token whereby to know & good courageous Horse) which men do, when they hold in their breath, & stroute out their C. jeekes. This trick to make them snuff, the Horscorsers use, by pinching them by the Noses: To try good horses. and if thereupon they forthwith puff and blow, they take it for a certain sign and sure token that the same horse is good, and hath in him no hidden nor secret fault. For if he place not well, if he fling out with his heels and kick, if he have a stiff leg or a blind eye, and such like outward impediment, it is evident by sight and looking on to be perceived, & by other outward tokens, aught and may easily be found out and tried. I could here repeat a great sort of other exercises more, Recreations not commendable. as Dice, Tables & Cards, but because they be the pastimes & recreations of idle people & to be done standing still or sitting, and again, be not in the number of commendable delights, & laudable solaces, I have spared in this place to speak any thing of them. For men of good nature and disposition, when they have any spare time from their other earnest business, desire & frequent such solaces & sports as are joined with honesty, Husbandry praised. such as are the pleasures of the country & practise of husbandry, which bringeth with it not only pleasure but profit & gain also, & the plentifully & without any disliking toil. For the master or owner of the ground needs not with his own hands, to moil & toil, dig and delve, plough, and cart, sow, harrowe, & break clods, to dig about his trees and cleanse away the superfluous and hurtful earth, sithence he may take less pains, by committing the doing thereof to his Hinds and meigniall Hirelings whom he may daily oversee and by word of mouth, berke, or figne, appoint what he will have to be done and taken in hand. Which thing is meant by Terence, where he bringeth in one old man reproving an other, for drudging and moylinge in his ground himself, saying thus: The toil and labour which thou takest with thine own hands, Heau. sce. 1. Act. 1. if thou wouldst bestow the same in overseeinge thy folks, and setinge them to their business, thou shouldst have more work done by a great deal. The owner's foot maketh a fruitful field, (saith the Proverb) and the masters eye fatteth the horse. Now when we leave of from exercise and come to our meat and drink, which restoreth strength, we must be very wary & careful that we overcharge not our stomachs with superabundaunce and satiety. For as too much abstinence and hunger is oftentimes hurtful, Satiety or fullness of Stomach to be eseliewed. so too much fullness and satiety is never profitable & wholesome: for there with the Stomach is toomuch stuffed and distempered with crudity, engendering oppilation and putrefaction, the very breeders and procurers of Agewes and all other diseases. To maintain & preserve bodily health in perfect stay and soundness, all things are to be done in due order and by right choice of judgement, so that according to the precept of Hippocrates, Epidi 6. Aphor. 5. Labour or Exercise, Meat, Drynck, carnal Act, all must be used in measure, and be done in their due time and order. Hereby we see, that by his opinion, healthynes must take his beginning at Exercise, after which meat and drink cometh next, The harm of Venery or Carnal Copulation. then: sleep and last of an carnal Act, meetest for them (saith Galene) ● usually have recourse thereto and feel sheve by least harm, & that is for 〈◊〉 Age: for so Old age and dry bodies it is exceedingly hurtful and most pernicious. Neither ●●it without danger and harm, to be frequented of those that be of 〈◊〉 Complexions, specially being used out of season or immoderately, or when the weather is hot. In the Spring time it is more tolilerable and wholesome, after that the body is with moderate 〈…〉 meat and brink heated and moistened, and being also before sleep. For by this means, the wearynesse 〈…〉 doing, is by Sleep incontineutly 〈◊〉 cased, and repaired. ¶ Emptynesse and Repletion. THis moderation is in other things also to be observed, as when the body requireth with meat and brink to the refreshed, or being with humours app●ete, defyreth 〈◊〉 provided always that good consideration be had, what strength the body is of, what nature is able to bear, and how far herein a man may safely apuenture. Which thing also in well and cyrcumspectly to be weighed and 〈◊〉 of, in opening of Veins, in provokinge sweat, in procuring lasks, in scouring and purging the Entrails, and provokinge vomits: for in these, regard and respect must be had both of time, age, custom, nature and Country. Neither aught any man of custom to use and try any of these experiences rashly upon himself, except great cause thereunto move him, or that he be troubled with much abundance of noisome humours, which require either by purgation or else by evacuation to be expelled. Bloudletting not rashly to be enter pryled. For in every Country almost there be some, which at all seasons of the year use to be let blood, or else by scaryfyinge the skin to be cupped, to the no small hindrance danger and empechment of their health: for together with the blood (which is the treasure of life) Blood & spirit the treasure of life. there passeth out no small deal of the vital Spirit; whereby the whole body falls into great coldness, and nature weakened, & thereby made less able to perform her work and function. Not good for men in health to use medicine. So likewise, others without any advise of the Physicians will swallow Pylles & drink Purgations, whereby they enfeeble their strength and hasten old age before the time. The same now and then happeneth to sundry in provoking vomit, Vomit seldom to be provoked. wha think it good & wholesome once or twice in a month, to clear, & empty the filthy sink of their gorged. Carcases this way: whereas it is at no hand expedient & good for them that be in health, to haunt this beastly custom, neither to be ruled by any that should thereunto counsel them. And whereas some take hold of a certain saying in Hypocrates, De ratione vict. lib. 1. whereby they ground the use hereof to be good, such men in my opinion do not throughly conceive and understand his full meaning in that place. For he being daily conversant and practizing Physic, among such a Nation and people, whose fashion and ordinary custom was to keep revel rexe, and use all kind of riotous and inglwious guimandyze, did not prescrybe unto them any laws or orders for vomiting: but if they should fortune to overcharge themselves with excess and surphet, he judgeth it a better way for him that hath used himself to vomit every month, to continued the same two days together, that the second day may make clear ryddaunce of the remainder of the first day, rather than at the end of xv. days eftsoons to renew the same. For by that means shall he expel and send out the humours that were engendered of his former surphet and distemperaunce, & keep his body free from future sickness. So that this reverent and Aged Phistition in that place exhorteth no man to vomit, When to vomit. for any holesomenes that is therein, but judgeth such manet of evacuation to be expediente for them that with excess and immoderate feeding have surphetted or whose stomachs through crudity & corruption of the meat, & drink before eaten, betch up sour stynkinge fumes, whereof y● one commonly happeneth in cold stomachs, & the other, in hot. So the wise Hebrew, jesus the son of Syrach, in every place exhortng to frugality & moderation, Eccle. 31. willeth thee if thou feelest thyself to have eaten too much and more than thy health can well brook, to arise and go thy ways and to cast it our of thy stomach, lest otherwise thou bring thy body in danger of Sickness, but he would not have any man customably to use it. Let not him that desireth to live till he be old, To what people vomyting is hurtful. use vomytinge often, specially if he be long and round necked, either very slender or very gross bodied, or streict and narrow breasts. But he that leadeth his lyre temperately, shall not need to seek any help at vomytinge for conservation & maintenance of his health. Sleep and Watch. Sleep and watch are after one like reason & way to be considered of, which being moderately used, & within the bounds of mediocrity frequented, are very available to health, & bring with them most needful commodities. Sleep is nothing else but a resting of the Animal faculty, and a Pausing from the actions and business of the day, whereby the virtues of the bodies being faint, and the powers thereof being resolved, are revived and made fresh again, and all the weary members & Senses recomforted. For when the powers natural be fresh and lusty, native heat gathering itself inward, is of more force and strongly applieth concoction, performing the same not only in the Stomach, but also through the whole body beside, whose vapour and pleasant scent moisteneth the brain, & bringeth asleep the Instruments of the Senses. The commodities of sleep. Nothing therefore after meat moderately taken, is to the body holsommer than seasonable Sleep: for it refresheth the wearied powers of the body, styreth up the Spirits, recreateth the mind, putteth away sorrow, & bringeth a man into good and quiet temper. Neither can health in any wise be continued and maintained in any part of the body, without this amiable recourse and due use of watch and Sleep: whereby we wythdraw ourselves for the time, from our earnest business, and at seasonable hours give recreation to our wearied Spirits. And after sleep, fall again to our business and affairs, whether they be to be done with labour of the body or industry of mind. For how could man's mind continued still in his perfect vigour and strength, if these things by turns be not used, if this variety of life and quiet resting after labours of the day, be not intermingled? These make the state of our life the less irksome and burdenous, and us to be thereof less weary & cloyed. For as Ovid doth rightly say, That thing that lacks alternal rest, continued cannot long, Epist. 4. It makes the powers of body fresh, and wearied members, strong. The sun being once up, sundry delightful sights appear, & innumerable gallant spectacles of the world & nature, present themselves unto us, to chase & drive troublesome fancies, dumps, & cogitations, out of our careful & pensive minds. And look what commodity we reap by the days travail, that doth Sleep in the night countervail & requited. The day appointed for labour, and the night for rest. For as the day serving for watch & dispatch of our needful business, doth exercise the body, & in hope of Sleep maketh all things lighter and easier: so the night being appointed for rest, bringeth with it a forgetfulness of the days toil, & a sweet end of the labour thereof. Wherefore we may not be negligent, remiss and slack in the due consideration of these things, but carefully beware the they be not, either unseasonably, disorderly, or unmeasurably frequented. So that Sleep (which belongeth to Eight hours for Sleep. the night) may be continued near about the space of 8. hours, or (if Supper were somewhat large and full) somewhat longer. Howbeit in some people it is not to be measured, so much by the number of hours, as by the soundness & profundity of Sleeping, as Porters, Whyrrimen, vehement labourers, Sound Sleepers. Caryers, Sailors etc. For these & such like (for that, their brains are very moist) do sleep marvelous soundly and cannot be awaked but with much ado: because their natural virtue being resolved with overmuch exercise, desireth by Sleep, to be refreshed, and with the humydity that descendeth from the brain, to be repaired & restored: whereby it happeneth that that virtue Animal, and Instruments of the Senses, being lulled in ease and fast detained, Sleep most sound seizeth upon them. And that thing which wearynesse causeth in great labourers & such as use much exercise, Why children and Dronkerdes be sleepy. the same doth moisture and refrigeration in children and drunken folks: for in both of them, heat recuyling to the heart, (which is the wellspring of the vitalfaculty) & the head likewise stuffed with tumosities, sleep happeneth and stealeth upon them. But they that have the nooks & celles of their brain slenderly moist, Who be soon awaked out of sleep. are ready to awake at every little styring or wagging, for that the thin vapour & small fume which possesseth the head, being nothing thick, doth quickly vanish & pass away. For I have known mavy, worn in a manner to the stumps, partly by overmuch study, partly by Agues & Uenerie, who in their sleep, plainly & perfectly understood every word spoken by the standers by, insomuch that being awaked with the lest noise that might be, they could recount & rechearse the most part of those things which had been there spoken & uttered. Not after the guise & fashion of some, which of set purpose at banquets will counterfeit themselves drunken & a sleep. wily winkers. For these good fellows under colour of being cupshot & heavy headed, do slily undermine, espy & mark what every man saith at the board, specially of such words, intentes & meanings, as men being heated & well whytteled in wine, do then report, and unaduysedly utter. This trick not they only, but promoting Catchpoles, Catchpoles. and crafty Scouts, that range about the country, to espy how men live & what they do, noting the dealings and narrowly sifting the life, behaviour, and manners of other men, whereby they glean to themselves no small gain & commodity. For the fourth part of the goods, for their catchpollinge, falls to them, for their lot and share: which thing maketh them to be very prying, double diligent, and inquisitive, where to have a purchase, and by other man's losses to enrich and grease themselves. The Poet Juvenal (a very precise and notable reprehender of vices, and one that would never go behind the door to tell men their faults) showeth that this was a custom usual and ordinary among Bawds and Cuckolds (nay rather wyttoldes) which for hire would be contented to let out their wives to open prostitution, or when they had any people in suspicion and iealousye. And to the intent the Adulterous Lecherers might the more freely and licentiously have the use of their wives bodies, these fellows as though they had been busied in other matters, and looking an other way, or as though their minds, eyes, and faculties animal had been earnestly fixed and bent upon other cogitations, tooted and gazed into the top of the house and viewed some trim feelings, or Images and pictures, lively painted & set out in their Parlours and Chambers. For thus doth the Poet depaynt and set forth in his colours, one of this generation: and by this one, giveth a light to lead and direct our conjectures to judge of the rest. To his own wife, a Bawd and Pander vile, A wittold, Iwen. Sat. 1. feigning sleep and wynking many a wile, Who can his lyrypoope, and gaze full mannerly For birds nests in the roof, while others syckerly, Dubbes him an horned knight, and that right worthily. The very same thing also setteth down Ovid, and to the same purpose, albeit by other occasion taken. If that the goodman have an heavy noll, Lib. 1. Amor. Or else a Bordeaux hammer beating in his head, Both time and place shall us direct and toll, Till with his wife, our purpose we have sped. But now again to fall into my bias, and leaving this digression to return to my purpose: I say, nothing doth so much conserve, renew, revive and cherish the powers of body and mind as Sleep in the night, taken about an hour and a half after Supper. The manner how to lie in bed. At which time it is best, first to lie on the right side, that the meat may descend and approach better to the liver, and be the easilyer digested. Howbeit it is not altogether amiss nor unwholesome for them that have feeble digestions, to lie somewhat groveling and prostrate on their bealyes, specially if their Stomach be charged with any superfluity. The commodity whereof, to them whose bellies be somewhat swelled and stiff, is right profitable, both for the digestion of the meat, & assuaging of all inflation and pain of the Stomach, Lying upon the back very unwholesome & dangerous. & casing of ache and griping in the bowels. Lying flat upon the back is most hurtful and dangerous: for so many as sleep after the sort, lie with their mouths open, their eyes staring, their eyelyddes unclosed, sleeping very unquietly, and without any refreshing or ease, by reason that the muscles of their breast & neck be drawn hard together. And beside divers other discommodities, they be oftentimes troubled with the night Mare, and falling sickness, and are also subject to Palsies, Cramps and Apoplexies: which diseases also are incident to them that sleep at Noon, or midday upon their beds. Let no man therefore of custom use himself to sleep in the day time, Sleeping in the day hurtful. unless he be thereto driven by wearynesse and lassitude got through heat or labour, or when he hath overwatched himself the night before. For in such case, a nap at noon may without harm be allowed & born withal. And even as Sleep unseasonablye or unmesurably taken either by day or night maketh men dull, The harms of overwatching. oblivious, lazy, faint, heavy, blockish, and marreth both wtt and memory: so again, watching being not within medtocrytie and measure used, drieth the brain, affecteth the senses, empayreth memory, dymmeth eyesight, marreth the Spirits, wastes natural humour, hindereth concoction, and finally consumeth all the grace, beauty, comeliness and state of the whole body. The Perturbations and affections of the mind. WHat harm and inconvenience the mind suffereth through perturbations & unruly affections bearing sway in the same, as Hatred, Anger, Wrath, Envy, Fear, Sadness, immoderate joy, anguish, pensive cares & thoughts, with many other troublesome motions, repugnant and greatly squaring from reason, there is no man but he hath either in himself by experience tried, or by observation in others sufficiently noted. For what man in this so great imbecility and frowardness of nature, is not with some of these tempted and assailed? All men subject to affections. And although some be better able than other some, either to withstand or to qualify and subdue his affections, yet is there no man so perfect that is not to some of them thrall and subject. How violent and unruly these affections be in some, which yield their natures wholly to the impatencie thereof, and how greatly they disturb and bring out of frame both the mind and body, by manifest examples is daily seen For many have procured to themselves present death & destruction through rage, The great hurts of affections. anger, shame and immoderate joy: by reason, that the heart being left destitute of blood and vital Spirit fainteth, shrynketh, and is dissolved. Which self same thing (albeit by an other and divers reason) oftentimes happeneth also in fear, sorrow and sudden frights, at which times the heart is oppressed with too much abundance of blood, and the vital Spirit choak●d and stopped. Anger (which is a passion so like to fury and madness, Anger. as nothing in the world more) what force it hath, and how much it altereth the state & outward show of the body, appeareth chief by countenance, colour, grim visage, cruel and fiery eyes, puffing & wrynkled nostrils, biting lips, enraged mouth, trembling & shaking limbs, unsteadye gate, stammering and fearful voice. This affection or rather perturbation of the mind, when it once rejecteth the rule of reason, and groweth into disordered outrage, is offensive and troublous to others, but chiefly and specially, the party himself (therewith affected) throweth himself into peril of death, or at lest into diseases very dangerous. The mind therefore must be reyned by reason, and kerbed by temperance, that it yield not to affections, but procure to itself quietness & tranquillity, Tuscul. 5. which (as Tullye witnesseth) is the chiefest point that helpeth us in this life to live well and happily. tranquillity of mind. Which none can have, saving he, that can subdue and master his affections, and shake of the tyrannous yoke of lewd vices: & this is by no other means to be brought to pass, but by a firm & assured trust and belief in God only, and the same to be steadfastly grounded upon his holy word and heavenly spirit: by whose direction a man shall not fail to have the gift of Tempeperaunce, to qualefye all his wilful affections, Temperance. & to withdraw and keep him back from all licentious lust, God's holy spirit subdueth & qualy fieth outragyous affections. Insolency, immoderate joy, excessive mirth, hatred, anger, desire of revenge, greedy scraping, covetousness, and all other victous affections whatsoever. And by this means both the parts of man, that is to say, both Soul & Body, (which by a certain Sympathy or mutual consent and conspiracy agreed together) shall be in perfect state and soundness without being with any Sickness, or grievous malady distempered. ¶ Of a cold Complexion. The viii. Chapter. BEcause the cold Complexion is clean contrary and opposite to the hot Constitution: and for that, this is the worst of all others, & furthest from that state which is perfectest & best: I will address my next speech to discourse upon it, to th'end (if it be possible) it may be amended and brought to a better case. For sithence life doth consist in a temperature of hot & moist, whereby bodies increase to their growth, and attain to manly strength and stature: worthily and by good reason, may this be accounted of all others the worst, for that, in every point and respect (that tendeth to the furtherance of strength & maintenance of health) it helpeth no whit, neither giveth any increase thereto at all. For considering that in it there lacketh heat, and all the powers and faculties natural, it is not able for the weakness of the Instruments and Organs, to attract & digest that nourishment that is moist, nor to make it like and consubstantial witht he body and members. Heat the stayer and maintener of life. And even as natural heat of all the faculties in the body is strongest to do his functions: so, Cold is clean contrary unto it, and fit for no function, specially concerning the Act of Nature in the alteration of nourishment. Cold the decay & spoil of life. For in it, is no manner of utility or help touching the conservation & maintenance of the body, either in the office of concoction and digestion, or in any of the other virtues or powers of Nature. But yet, Cold coupled with heat. in this quality (although it want of integrity and temperature) there is always some heat, but the same is very faint, weak, and through cold, blunt and feeble. For if heat should totally fail, or be utterly extinguished, life could not continued. Therefore in this body, heat is not altogether consumed and wasted, but cold is above it and overcometh it, and in the mixture of the other qualities, In cold bodies heat doth not altogether lack. is more in quantity and stronger than any other, and thereupon hath it his name to be termed, Cold. And therefore so long as life remaineth in man, and any portion of vital heat in the body, it is good and expedient by all ways and means to stir up & cheerishe natural heat with nourishment & exercise convenient, that it be not through cold, oppressed and trodden down. For there is no greater enemies thereto, then Sloth, idleness and cold meats: as hereafter shallbe more at large declared. Some (I think) do marvel how men of this constitution and complexion can continued and live, sithence their blood being cold, their virtues Animal and Spirable be decayed and dead. Creatures in touching cold. But let every man note, that there be many Creatures of most cold nature, as the Salamandet, the Fire worm, the Torpedo of the Sea, and many fish more, whereof some be of nature so extreme cold and chilling, that if they touch fire, they straightways quench it, as it were ice: & some do so astonne the limbs of them, that touch them, that they have no feeling nor sense in their hands or limbs a good while after. The blood of Fish is cold. There is no kind of fishes (which by mine own experience I am able to advouch and testify) that hath warm blood, saving Whorlepooles, Porpeses and Seals, or Sea Calves, which have hairy skins, Tonyes', Dolphines, and as many as are rough skinned or thick leatherye hided, such as (among those that live aswell upon land as in water) are the Beaver and the Otter. What sorts of fish being taken out of the water live longest. These have warm blood, but all others have cold. And for this cause Monsters of the Sea being taken out of the Water, do by reason of their inward heat and store of warm blood, live long: whereas other sorts of fish aswell of the Sea, as of fresh waters, assoon as they be taken out of the Water, or cast on shore give but certain gaps and die immediately: which is an undoubted argument and certain token, that in them is very much cold and congealed humour, and of heat very little. For which reason, they be not able to be kept long, but will soon putresse, if they be not straightways salted, Eating of fish hurtful to them that are given to be solytarie. or put in pickle. By this may easy contecture be made, of what plight & bodily state, those people be, which still eat fish, and live a solytarye life, without keeping company with others, and being forbidden flesh (which the Father of Nature hath created and appointed with thankesgeevinge of all men Genes. 1. Act. 10. to be eaten) do commonly feed upon rotten stinking Saltfysh. 1. Tim. 4. Which kind of people (for many of that stamp and disposition have for many years used may advise in Physic) I am wont to persuade & counsel, that they should drink after them, good, strong and pure wine, and abandoning all idleness and sloth, use continual Exercise. I have known sundry of them that through gross and claminie glewysh phlegm, have got the Letharge or drowsse evil, the Apoplexy, the Cramp, solitary livers subject to the Apoplexy. Polsey and W●ye mouths. There is none of these people, but he aboundeth and is replete with much Phlegm, and Phlegmatic excrements, which maketh them lumpish, and sleapie, forgetful, ●low of body and mind, & pale coloured, except some time at the coming of some of their especial friends they be heated with wine, and thereby have dumps driven out of their minds. For by this means their colour is made fresher, and all heavy drowsynesse banished and chased out of their minds. If therefore thou desire to have a pattern of a cold complexioned person, ryghtlye portrayed out unto thee, set before thy eyes, men that by profession of life, live in this order, and by their former wont trade of diet, are brought unto this habit, yea although aforetime they were of a disposition and manner of life clean contrary. These men do live, A Snails life. but their life is like the Periwinkle or Snail, whose substance consisting of a congealed liquor, & concrete moisture, is liquefied and resolved into the same. Which thing is to be tried and proved by casting upon them Salt, or glass, or Alum: for therewith they presently resolve and consume into a liquid substance. And as men and mute Creatures, so also sundry plants and great stemmed herbs, Venomous Herbs. are endued with this quality: which by reason of their deletory coldness bring destruction unto Creatures, as ●ēbane, Mandrake, Napellus, Solanum Mortiferum, Aconitum, the juice of black Popie called Opium, which although in respect of their temperament and clementary quality, they be cold in the fourth and highest degree, yet by the benefit of vital heat dissusing itself from celestial things into these lower bodies, they do live and flourish in a fresh verdure. For in every nature, & especially human, there is a certain celestial or divine virtue, over & beside that which is constituted of feed and of the feminine blood. For the warm & calefactive Spirit, which a little afore we said was infused into the whole world, and into all the particular parts thereof, laboureth upon the Elements, and giveth life to all things, and finally worketh in them that virtue and efficacy, whereby through propagation they increase, and procreate kinds like to themselves, and produce a Creature of the same nature they themselves be. For the first procreation of living creatures being produced & made of Elemental concretion and of the Parents Seed, which is a portion or part of the purest & best concocted blood, then doth nature, (whose skilful workmanship no hand nor curious craftsman is able by imitation to resemble or reach unto) having her original, divine & supernal, applieth the work she hath in framing, bringeth her things to perfect pass, conveigheth the powers animal, with the Spirits vital, and virtues effectual into the matter she hath in hand, by whose ministry she perfectly finisheth all the limbs, proportioneth all the lineaments, fitteth them to the rest of the members of the body, & giveth such shape & proportion to the things animated, as daily we see represented & set before our eyes. This wonderful force of nature which we elsewhere have showed to issue & flow from the most abundant fountain of Divinity, being diffused into each part of the whole body, moveth & slyrreth the mass thereof, directeth & governeth the mind and understanding, & maketh the same appliable to sundry actions: by whose benefit and help even those things do live & have their being, which are stiff and numbed with cold, although heat in them be faint & feeble: which (lest it should altogether droop & be utterly extinguished, & least thou cold quality, whereto the dry is of affinity should toomuch prevail & increase) must be stirred up & excyted with hot fomentations. For when natural moisture is all wasted & inward heat extinct, them death approacheth & the whole frame of the body tendeth to dissolution & ruin. It cometh them to pass even as Solomon by an elegant & apt similitude describeth, Eccle. 12. that when the composition & knitting together of the body is lewsed a sunder & strength decayed & go, them shall man be turned again into dust, from whence he was taken & made, & the Spirit shall return into his everlasting dwelling, & to God which made it. But to theud every man may perfectly know the nature & condition of this complexion and constitution. I will compendiously as it were by the way, set down certain marks & tokens whereby it shall easily be known. Tokens of a cold Complexion. A cold Complexion if it be compared to a hot, hath all properties contrary. For even as heat being diffused into each part of the body imparteth his quality unto the humours & maketh the body, & the parts thereof to be of colour ruddy: so cold imperteth his quality unto the members & humours, & maketh the body of colour pale and unsightly. But if we be disposed particularly to mark & observe all the notes and tokens thereto incident, we shall find in the cold complexioned body, all things contrary and diverse from the hot. For the body is piled and smooth, the hair lose and soft, of colour partaking with red and white, and quickly shedding. The skin in touching, cold, Idleness maketh the body fat and cold. & under it, some store of fatness. For when heat in man's body is faint & dull, fatness engendereth: which, as it much happeneth to the feminine Sex, so also breeds it in many others that live idle & at ease, without labour or exercise. And for this cause through immoderate coldness the body waxeth gross, fat, and corpulent: again, by immoderate heat, (which melteth away and dissolveth fat) the body is made lean and dry. For there be many things not coming to man by nature, or from his nativity and beginning, but accidentally and otherwise procured: as either by changing of the ordinary custom of life, or by alteration of diet, or by heat, labour, sloth, solitariness, lumpishnes, fear, sorrow, care and sundry others: many ways changing the state of the body: making it sometime slender & lean, sometime fat & corpulent. Which things also to the making of the colour of the face & body fair or foul, good or bad, are of no less force, and efficacy. Heat maketh good colour. For what things soever do excite and stir up native heat, as Laughter, mirth, exercise, wine etc. do make the face pleasauntlye & freshly coloured: but such things as be cold, & suppress heat, Cold wastes and taketh away colour. as cold air and nypping wind, toomuch drynkinge of water, immoderate sleep, overmuch eating of cold meats, fear, sadness, carefulness, & such like, make the body to be white coloured. Thus, they that be of cold Complexions, are white coloured, unless this quality grow & surmount to an excess and great intention. For than it declineth to aswart and leaden colour, wan colour. such as we see in men in the cold Winter, the wind being at North, whose cheeks, Noses, lips, fingers and ears are swart and wan, with stiff cold benumbed. But yet this commodity they have by cold, that it maketh them very hungry & greedy of meat, and not easily satisfied, albeit they do not well digest nor concoct it. And if the tunicles of their Stomach together with the cold, have in them any sourish or sharp humour, they are in eating insatiable and very ravenous feeders: The hungry Sickness. which affect is called Canina appetentia, the dogs appetite, or the hungry Sickness: which is qualefyed and taken away by drinking the purest & strongest Wine. To prove that appetite is sharpened with cold, Cold things stir up appetite. may well appear by Salads and sundry other sour and tart Condimentes, which we use in Summer season to provoke appetite withal. And as native heat maketh men nimble and actyve, Cold people drowsy and unwieldy. so cold causeth them to be slothful, loitering, sluggish, drowsy and unapt to any labour or exercise: because they lack the Instruments wherewith to do any such functions. Such people have foltering tongues, and nothing ready in utterance, a nice, soft, and womamnish voice, weak & feeble faculties of Nature, ill memory, blockish wit, doltish mind, courage (for lack of heat & slenderness of vital spirit) fearful and tymorous, & at the wagging of every straw afraid. These and such like defects and wants of Nature, The help & cure of a cold body. must we to the uttermost of our power study to amend, by using a wholesome diet and exquisite trade of living, which consists in a temperament of hot and moist. In this body especially it is expedient to excite and cheerishe native heat with exercise, and wine that is pure & good, and with meats that be calefactive: of which sort are such Birds as bestyrre & much exercise themselves with flying, Fowls hard of digestion as Sparrows, Lynets, Chaffinches, culvers, Partridges, Phesauntes, Blackbyrdes, Thrushes, Figgebyrds & (among those that be homish and tame) Capons and Cocks: for Ducks, swans, Geese, Cootes, Gulls, Hearneshoes & other Water fowls, require a very strong stomach to digest them. Of four footed beasts fittest for this nature, are Veal, Meats fit for cold people. Mutton, Pig, and Conye. Among fruits and such as the earth by tillage and industry of man bringeth forth, the best are these, Almonds sweet & sour, Peachkernelles, Dates, dry Figs, Raisins the kernels being taken out, Coraunts, Pine apples. And because the increase of our Gardens dareth us many helps to this use and purpose, I think it good also not to omit them, for that they be easy every where to be had & neither costly nor chargeable: Garden store. of which sort is Parseley, certain kinds of Carrots, Seahollie, Skirwyke roots, Thystle, Artichoke, Navew, radish, Chichpease, Cresses, Rocket, mint, Wormewodde gentle, & such as in Winter serve for Condiments & sauce, Onions, Garlic, Leeks, steeped in water to take away their rank savour & strong smell: or else for them that cannot well abide the strong air & sent of these, may put into their meat outlandish and foreign spices, as the Germans and English Nation commonly use: as Ginger, Saffron, Pepper, Grains, Cassia Cynamome, Nutmigges. And people of meaner calling & smaller ability, & such as are not well able to bear out the cost of these things, may take out of their own hoomish gardens & ground, such things as in strength and operation countervail these aforesaid, that is to wit, Rosemary, Basil, savoury, Organie, Maiorame, Dill, Hot Condimentes. Sage, Balm etc. For with these & many others of like sort, may the defects of Nature be beaten down, & the faults thereof of overcome, and thereby the body by little & little, may be to a better and quieter state reduced. For if dryness or Siccity should link in & join with this quality, them truly life (which consists in hot & moist) cannot long continued: but needs must out of hand, come to final end: whereof in the Chapter following I purpose somewhat more at large to discourse. ¶ Of a dry Complexion. The ix. Chapter. Forasmuch as that disposition and habit of body which is dry, is much like to that state and complexion which is cold, yea next unto it: I will briefly declare, what I think thereof, & by what means it may be expunged and bettered. These two. qualities be in a manner alike distant from perfect and good temperatenes, in what age soever they happen: howbeit in Oldeage this dry distemperaunce, can hardelyer and with much more ado be qualefyed and vanquished then in Youth, when the same ill habit cometh through Sickness or incontinency of life. For as Oldmen by reason of their age and long continuance of years have bodies dry, barren and forworne: So likewise Youngmen by dissolute living, unseasonable watching, and immoderate Venerye, bring their bodies before their due time to a cold and dry distemperaunce: & hastening their own deaths by wasting their vital humour, arrive to their last ends, and dye by natural death aswell as Oldmen do, although in deed sooner than otherwise they might do. And it is called natural, because it is common to all men alike, and not able by any means to be declined. For old-age or the last cast of man, is not to be accounted natural, in such sort as increasing & nourishing be, which are the works of nature, and whereby the natural facultye continueth and maintaineth itself: but because it so falls out necessarily and by the due course & right order of Nature. For this is natures decreed order, that all things having beginning, must also have ending, and arrive to their final decay: for otherwise death should unproperly and unaptly be termed Natural, considering it is rather against Nature, and a professed enemy to our life. For if Sickness (which I account as a step or as a Summer to death) be an habit & state contrary to Nature, If men be loathe to be sick, it followeth that they be loath to die. either depraving or at lest hindering the action thereof: how much more is Death to be deemed a thing contrary to Nature, which quite abolysheth and utterly despoyleth life? For nothing is more repugnant to the laws of Nature, then to dye, & to be deprived of this most pleasant light and breath. Which thing every man may try, and in himself find most true, when soever he calleth to mind, and deeply with himself falls into any cogitation of the same: Death dreadful. for it driveth a certain fearfulness, terror & dread into his mind, that (were not his mind armed & strengthened with an undoubted hope and expectation of an other better life hereafter) there could nothing be more miserable nor in worse case, than man's life is. For what thing could deliver us out of fear, carefulness, desperation and distrust, saving only a firm trust in God's mercy, that our Souls after this corporal dissolution, shallbe transported to a place of eternal joy and felicity? As for death, it was not brought into the world by Nature: for the ugly face of Sin, Sin the cause of sickness & death and the wilful transgression of God's precepts at the beginning of the world gave unto us this deadly wound, & wrapped us in: all this misery. Therefore death is called Natural, not in respect of Nature, but of the consequence: because it hangs indifferently over all man's heads, Sap. 2. as common indifferently to all, and sparing none: yea all things be within the compass and reach thereof. Now forasmuch as there be two sorts of death, the one Violente & the other Natural: 2. Kinds of death. that kind of death is of Philosophers & Physicians called natural, which happeneth unto Oldemen & such as are in that bodily state that Oldemen be: that is to say Cold and dry, without sense or feeling of any pain: for in them, their languishing and forspent body forsaketh their Soul, and not the Soul their body. Insomuch that they die in a manner as though they fallen softly asleep, whereas others (dying by means of casualty, ruin, fire, sword, Squinste, Pleurysse, Inflammations of the Lungs or other diseases happening to a man in his fullness of humours) die a violent death, struggling painfully, and long languishing in extreme agonies before they give by the Ghost. So that the Soul is perforce compelled to abandom and forsake the body, like a Guest that fleethout of a ruinous house, that is weatherbeaten and much shaken with force of tempest, only to avoid further danger. And hereupon doth Cicero very notably write, De Senect. that Youngmen and such as be in their flourishing and lusty Age and full of humours, do dye and take their end much like as when a great flaming fire is sodeinlye quenched with great store of Water: Again, he saith that Oldmen decease like fire, that of it own accord quencheth and without any other violence goeth out. What a deal of smoke, what soot, what sparkles do we see fly up into the air? what crackling & noise doth the great numbered of sparks make, when we assay to quench a light burning flame? or with pouring great abundance of water, to slecke a great heap of wood laid all upon one fire? Whereby we may conject, what vehement and painful struggling, what sharp conflict, what raging stir and striving is in a Young body: when as through violence of Sickness or other destiny, the lustynesse of his Nature (being not yet spent) & his warm heat, and lively Spirits be oppressed and stifled. To this end, is that elegante and apt comparison of Cicero: For (saith he) as raw and unrype apples are not plucked from the Tree but by violence and force: but being ripe, fall down of their own accord, or with little touching: So likewise the life of Young men is taken away with force, but of Oldmen, by maturity and ripeness. This thought I good here to interlace, as a thing not greatly beside my purpose, diligently advertyzing all men even from their infancy and childhood to shun and decline all such things as are prejudicial to their bodies and harmful to their health, whether the same proceed of outward or of inward causes. Whosoever therefore is desirous to keep himself from being toosoone Old, To be long lived. and to prolong his life as long as may be, must very diligently take heed of many lets and hindrances that damuifye and lie in wait to prejudice his life, but namely and specially let him have a careful eye to keep himself from this Dry plight & state of body. And by what men's he may so do, after certain ●●tes first geeven, whereby to know what person is of this Complexion, I will briefly and compendiously give plain instructions: ask to all Students and persons politic, (doubtless) right 〈◊〉 me, profitable and expedient to be know●●. All they therefore that either of the Nature of their own bodily state and Complexion, Notes of a dry Complexion. or by any defect in their Parents at their birth & procreation, or finally by any accidental myssehappe or custom of living, as by want of food, thought, watch, heaviness of mind, or immoderate labour, have commonly bodies slender and thin: and their shin (where dryness is great) skuruye, rugged, unseemly and lank, like unto hunger-starved horses, that lack meat and attendance: of colour ill favoured, swart, and yellow as a Kites foot, and at the last grim visaged, sour countenanced, faced like death, filthy, loothsome, and lean as a Rake: to conclude, in all respects resembling the Physsognomy and shape of Envy, described by ovid. A face like Ashes pale and wan, a body skraggie lean, A learning look, and teeth all furde with dross and filth unclean: Lib. 2. Metam. Her Stomach greenish is with Gall, her Tongue with venom fraught, And never laughs, but when missehappe or harm hath others caught. No wink of Sleep comes in her eyes, and rest she can none take, For fretting cark and cankered care, her watchful still doth make. Full sore against her will it is, that any man should thrive Or prospero in his business: For that doth her deprive Of all her rest and quietness, thereat the hellish Elf, Doth stamp and stare, doth fret and fume, and pines away herself. And to herself a torment is, for seeking to annoy The wealth and state of other folks, herself she doth destroy. And because dryness feedeth upon, and wastes all their humour, Baldness cometh for lack of humour. they be thin haired and wax soon bald, crook nailed, their voice feeble and slender, and sometime squeaking, (by means that dryness exasperateth their vocal artery) their pulses beating faintly, slow gate, hollow eyed, pale lypped, shrunken temples, hanging cheeks, cold & crumpled ears, of stature not greatly tall, & of sleep (which is a most sweet refuge, release, & truce from labours and cares) through distemperature of the brain, very little. And if their brain be altogether dry and hot, Dry brain causeth ill Memory. then is their Memory naught and in a manner none at all: then be they very oblyvious, blockeheaded and heavy spyrited. For sithence the Spirits fail and be defective, which (as clear & sincere vapour) proceed out of purest blood by the benefit of heat & have great force & virtue in directing & moving forward actions: it is not possible that the faculties & powers natural being destitute of their forces, should perform & rightly discharge their due & peculiar functions. But if the virtue or power Animal be perfect & vigorous, & the brain not altogether destitute of heat, them is the memory steadfast, firm & retentive, for as immoderate moistness causeth forgetfulness & doltish foolishness, as in young Children & drunkards appeareth: so moderate dryness with the help of measurable heat, maketh a good and faithful Memory, Good Memmorye. & highly furthereth toward the attainment of Prudence & Wisdom. For a dry brightness, induceth a mind full fraught with wisdom: & the more store of moistness that is therein, the less is the wit: which thing we do also note and see to come to pass by the air, when the weather is scowling and not clear. For the Stars shine not bright out, when the air is with clouds and foggy mists overcast and darckened. Now the cause why many in their old-age, dote and become very forgetful (albeit this Age be said to be most dry) yet the same happeneth not by reason of dryness, but of coldness: which manifestly preiudiceth and hindereth all the virtues & offices of the mind. For out of it springeth madness, loss of right wits, amazednes, raving, dotage, and want of the right use of the Senses, whereby the virtues of Nature be so oppressed & overcharged, the they be thereby either altogether disabled from performing their functions, or at lest, do the same very faintly and feeblie. Therefore when Memory is perished or affected, it proceedeth of some cold distemperature, Restoring of the memory. which must with things moderately hot▪ be removed and expugned. For to humect or to arefie, is not the best way. But if coldness be joined with moistness, then to use arefaction: & if it be linked with dryness, then to use humectation. Now, if this quality be not thoroughly settled and rooted, these signs and tokens aforesaid, do not exactly answer to this description: but as the distemperaunce by little & little groweth & increaseth, so do they appear & show forth themselves every day more and more. Which happeneth namely to them that be affected with this habit, not naturally but casually and accidentally, or by some sickness of the body, or by some vexation of mind. For Temperamentes are subject to many and sundry alterations: In some, heat wasting & spending up moisture, induceth a dry distemperaunce, and many times too much store of moisture quite quencheth heat: and many there are, unto whom vehement coldness bringeth dryness: which is the worst distemperuance of all others, and to Nature most hurtful: for that it hastenethe Oldeage and bringeth a man to death long before his time. The body of every one is then inwardly dry, Galen lib. 5. de tuen. Val. when it is neither able to attract and draw nourishment into the Veins, neither sufficiently able to digest and enjoy the benefit thereof: whereby it happeneth, that the principal parts and Entrails (appointed for concoction of the meats) be dried up, & the resitdue (serving to purge excrements) do abound with Phleginatick humours. Which thing hath made many to stumble & overshoot themselves, who have thought Old men to be moist of Complexion, whereas me solid parts, the Arteries, Panicles, skins sinews and muscles are not moist, but the capacities, receptoryes and pores which stand the body in steed, to expel superfluityes, are endued with some moisture: and hereupon the body (by reason of weak and feeble heat) ceaseth to be nourished, and is finally brought into an exteme dryness. And therefore not without good reason doth Galene think that this is the worst plight Lib. 6. de tuend. val. and state that the body can be in. For the same thing that happeneth to men aged and stricken in years, happeneth to many Youngmen even from their first beginning. And therefore it is needful to humect and warm them with moderate exercise, moist and hot nourishment, but specially with hot and sweetish wine: for sour & hard wines be hurtful to this Complexion, Hard wines or of the second sort. & namely to Old men, except they be well sweetened with Sugar or honey. This thing also aught to be observed in the eating of Milk, Milk. which is made for them a great deal better and holesomer, if it be well seasoned with these or such like condimentes. For by this means, shall no obstructions by eating thereof be engendered, neither needeth the Stone and gravel in the reins thereby to be feared: And for doubt of being at any time with the same troubled, (because it cometh and is bred of gross tough humour and meat of hard digestion) such things should be prescribed unto them, as open obstructions and provoke urine, Herbs having virtue to make one to piss, of which sort these Herbs, Gardensmallage, Sperage, Alkakengie, Cheruyle, Saxifrage, Christa marina, Betonie, Maydenheare, Rosemary flowers: and (if the bealy be bond or costive) Mercury Fumitorie, bastard Saffron with a Prysane, Sea coleworts boiled in broth with fat flesh, Malowes, Arrage, Elite, all sorts of dock, Nettles, Hops, young Elderbuds, specially in the Spring time of the year, or such other as be in their chiefest virtue in Summer & Autumn, as Cherries, Plums, Figs, and Mulberyes being eaten at beginning of Meals. For whereas Horace in a learned and elegante Verse commendeth unto us Mulberries, thinking the same best to be eaten last and at the lat●er end of dinner, he did it not by way of any Physic or holsomnes that is therein (being so taken,) but for that, the common use and custom, was so to eat them. His Verses be to this effect: At end of Dinner, Mulberries, who useth still to eat, Each morning early gathered, Lib. 2. Sat. 4. himself in Summer's heat Shall safely keep in wholesome plight, devoid of Sickness all, Whereby no kind of malady, attach his body shall. For these and also Grapes, Peaches, Corneilbearies & such as will not be kept long in Summer, ought to be eaten before other meats, for if they be otherwise preposterously taken or out of order, they putrefy and corrupt the body and fill the bealy full of wind. In Winter season also there are many things that make the bealy soluble and scour the Guts & Entrails: as Must, dry Figs, & great Raisins, Damask prunes, either stewed or steeped in some liquor, putting thereunto a good quantity of Sugar or honey. Whereunto are to be added, these that have an expedient virtue in medicines, Seine, Polipodie, Manna, Epythyme, Cassia, rhubarb, and the infusion of Hebene or Lignum Indicum, Mirobalanes, Thamar or Dates of India, and all these to be geeven either in Whey, or in the broth of a Hen. And forasmuch as for preservation of health, and driving away diseases not only in Oldmen but in all others that be subject to any sickly affection, there cannot be any holesomer thing than Turpentine, Turpentine wholesome. it deserveth also to be reckoned in the number of these aforesaid. For it not only mollyfyeth and loseth the healy without all harm & danger, but also purgeth and skowreth all the Entrails, and inward parts, as the liver, Mylte, reins, Lungs and Lights: but it must be of the best sort and clear shining through, not counterfecte nor paltered withal. And the best is that, which issueth out of the Larch, the Pine, or the Fir tree. I have proved this to be of most effectual and sovereign force to provoke Urine in them that could not well pysse, to break the stone and gravel: in the Strangury: and in the filthy & ulcerous dropping or effluxion of the Urine, called of the Duchmen Den Druyper: in the Gout aswell of the hands as feet: in curing the loathsome botches, & contagious pollutions of the privy members & secret parts, gotten by having carnal knowledge with common Brothels & Pocky harlots: in curing and helping all inward grieves & infections accompanying the same disease: whereof many settle so deeply within the bones, that the pellicles, rymmes, Sinews, muscles, Tendons or Chords through outrage of humours are shrunken, crumpled, spoiled, & haled a sunder. And albeit Galenes' use was, Lib. 3. de tuen. Val. lib. 5. tuen. val. to minister the same in the bigness & quantity of a Fylberd Nut, sometime of two & sometime three: yet my custom is (because I would that it should the better penetrate and search into all the Veins and parts of the body) to make it after the manner of a Potion, myngling with it some distilled water, or else some wine. For it will become liquid without any fire, and through continual chasing it will easily be brought to a notable whiteness, and that is this sort to be done: First I take an ounce or two of right and perfect Turpentine (wherein is neither fraud nor legter du main used) Preparing of Turpentine. it do I bruyse & dissolve with a Pestle in a Mortar, and add thereto a little of the Yolk of an Egg: then do I mingle and put to it two or three ounces of the water of Alkakengie or Smallage, To make Turpentine liquid and potable. or some other liquor, accordingly as the Nature of the disease, or state of the person seemeth to require: All these do I beat together, till they be well mixed and incorporate: the mixture willbe of such a pleasant mylkye whytenes as though it were Cream: yea my pacientes are persuaded that it is so in deed, & none other thing which I give them to drink. I also use to make it into little round Pills, and rolling it in fine unleavened wafer Past, to give it them to swallow down, or else in the soft pap of a Quince, but first must the Turpentine be well washed in Rose water, or Fenel water, to take away his resinie tallage. And because nothing to this Complexion which we here describe, Sleep. is holesomer than sound and quiet Sleep, (for therewith all the members are generally moistened, and with convenient warmth refreshed) it shallbe good for a person thus complexioned, to take his full ease and sleep in a soft bed, largely and somewhat plentifully: For Sleep in the night is the refreshing & making lusty again both of the body and mind. The inward peace of mind, is Sleep. To wearied body; ease it brings. By it, themselves men lusty keep, And fresh to do their needful things. And when Sleep is shaken of, it shallbe right commodious to use rubbing or friction, neither soft nor hard, Friction. but mean between both, the profit whereof to them that use it is almost incredible: For it styreth up vital strength, it calefyeth moderately, and maketh distribution of the nourishment into the body easier, and readier, specially if it be done with the wet hand, or with a moist and coarse clot. For who doth not perceive that the hands, cheeks, arms, neck and cares, being rubbed, will wax ruddy, and with heat gather blood into those parts. And although the use of rubbing and anointing, among us now a days be clean grown out of custom, yet in tholde time men used it very often, as a mean to keep themselves in perfect health, and to strengthen their bodily powers. So Augustus Caesar on a certain time espying his old compaignion Pollio, being above an hundredth years old, demanded of him what order he used in conseruinge himself in such perfect sound strength, and in so lusty and green old age: unto whom his answer was, that he came to it, by using, within, Wine: without, Oil, Men in tholde time did not riottouslye abuse ointments and Oils, to satisfy their effeminate delicatenes & nice wantonness, but for safeguard and preservation of health, thereby the better to keep themselves from Sickness. For unctions and Frictions orderly and duly used (for there by many sorts thereof as Galene witnesseth) either indense the body, Lib. 2. de tuen. Val. that the Air & winds should not batter and damnyfie it: or else rarefie it, that it be not stopped and inwardly pestered, which abundance of fullginous humours and oppilations. Six sorts of Frictions. Hard Rubbing doth snarl together and condense the body: Sost, lewseth and resolveth it: Much, doth extenuate & dimynishe: Mean, hath a power to make it increase & fill: Rough draweth out humours to the utter parts: Gentle and smooth taketh away nothing, but retaineth his force and power in the parts. Among these sorts of frictions, that which is in a mediocrity, is most behoveful for those people that be old and lean. For as hard and styffeleathered boots that have lyen long unoccupyed, by being suppled in Oil are made soft: So likewise the bodies of Folly & Dry people, being stroked over & humected inwardly with Wine, & outwardly with Oil, lay aside all severity, z look with a cheerful and lively countenance. To prove that this use of unctions in the old time was of divers sorts, beside the testimony of sacred Scriptures, Lucae. 7. beside the report of Solinus, & Pliny. Strabo in his description of the manners & fashions of the Indians doth sufficiently testify. Lib. 15. Physic (saith he) among them consists in meats, not in medicines: and of Medicines, they best allow of unctions & Cataplasms: all other being (as they think) not void of harm & annoyance. Therewith they customablye propulse sickness, mitigate heat, drive away lassitude & wearynesse, revive their wearied powers & feeble Spirits, refreshing themselves therewith, even as we by sweet smells do recreate our inward soul, and restore the faint faculties of naure. Not less commodious and profitable to this body, Artificial Bath. is a warm Bath of sweet water: for it doth humect and calefie, it dissolveth lassitude, it mollyfyeth hard and stiff parts, it disperseth by evaporation the abundance of humours, it resolveth wyn●yn●sse, and procureth Sleep: for that it humecteth the brain with a pleasant vaporous and deawye moisture. But the natural Baths, Natural Baths. which have all their virtues of Alum, Iron, lime, Ockre, brimstone, Saltpetre, Bitumen, Lead, Brass, Copper etc. are not so wholesome for this Complexion and Nature, unless the party do first ask advise of some fkilfull and trusty Physician, openymge unto him the whole state of his body, whereby he may upon the conssideration thereof, give judgement whether it be good and expedient for him to adventure into the same. Carnal lust and Venerous Act, Carnal dealing with women very hurtful to dry and cold complexions as it is an utter enemy to all dry Natures, so especially to it most hurtful to them that beside dryness are also cold. Not less hurtful is over much exercise, wearynesse, watch, carefunesse & thought, long abstinence from meat and drink, heaviness of mind and anger, wherewith such complexioned man's minds are seldom stirred: but when they be thoroughly chafed & angered, hardly will they be pacified and quieted again. And because unseasonable Study is a thing that greatly wearyeth & weareth Students, Studying by night and Candlelight hurtful, making, when lean, and exhausting their bodies: a measure and mean also would be therein used. For we se● many great and painful Students, still sitting at their Books, without taking any regard to their bodily health (by the help whereof the good state of the mind is held up & maintained) to look with wearyshe faces, pale and without blood, nothing almost on their bodies, but skin and bone, the ventricle and stomach feeble & unable to digest their meat their strength and powers clean worn out and exhausted. For by wearying themselves with late watching, and sitting at their study till far in the night, their Animal Spirits through toomuch intention be resolved, and their native humyditie dried up. Wherefore it is requisite to use therein a moderation, and narowlye to look to the preservation of health, Bodily health. lest otherwise through continual poring and study▪ the body chance to pine away & fall into some Consumption. For as Plutarch saith: Of all the good things that learning bringeth to man, De tuend. Valet. nothing more excellent can be given to the body, then to be in perfect health, and without impediment, either for the attainment of the knowledge of Virtue, or for the necessary use of life. For if sickness or gyddynesse of the head hyppen, straightways the mind being destitute of the help of the body, drowpeth, Body and mind sick and well together. quayleth, and is neither lusty nor actyve in doing his ordinary functions: but together with his Companion and fellow of all his labours the body, is mutually affected and alike distempered. For which cause Pla●o his counsel is right commendable, advising us neither to exercise the body without the mind, nor the mind without the body: but to keep as it were an equal poise of matrymoniall consent and agreement together between them, as it were between man & wife. Forasmuch therefore as the inward and native heat by exercise and motion, is increased & strengthened, and the mind revived and made lustyer: it standeth all Students upon, and as many as be sickly & of wearish or quaysie health, to use themselves thereunto, and namely to such kind of exercise as bringeth with it no wearysonnes or lassitude, but which is stayed within the bounds of mediocrity: of which sort is a decent straynable and clear voice, and reading or declaiming with a loud and big sound, which is as expedient and as profitable a thing as any, to open the breast, to stir up the Spirits, and to clear the heart from all gross and fulsome vapours. A wholesome exercise for students. notwithstanding, this must by the way diligently be observed, that they may not strain their voice to speak overbigge and loud, when they be either thoroughly harneysed with wine, or full gorged with meat. For the Spirit and breath overreaching and streyning itself with toomuch and too violent braying out, exasperateth the vocal Artery, and many times causeth either inflammation in the throat, or else by breaking some of the small veins, maketh them to spit blood. There be other sorts of recreations, wherewith men of this calling and vocation, may well refresh themselves, taking (for the time) reasonable truce with their other appointed studies & business: Moderate banqueting not discommendable. as moderate banqueting and making merry among honest and pleasant conceited company, such (I mean) as know how to use themselves in each respect, and can frame their talk, & place their words according to time, Recreation of the mind age, person present, and to some profitable purpose of jyfe: in earnest and grave matter using grave speech, Comely mirth at the Table. and in sporting mirth, merry devices and pleasant conferences: having in their mouths no kind of lavish talk, but only such as to the hearer may be both pleasant and profitable. In which point, many digress from comeliness, & do not greatly delight their Audience, for that their table talk neither serveth for the time, neither is to the hearers either pleasant or commodious. For whenanye weighty & perplexed matters be in question, or among them debated, these busy tanglers be ever buzzing. Thus, many even in their Wagons, at the Mill, in the open streets and cross ways, in their Wheries & Boats, yea even upon their Alebenches, will take upon them to reason of the holy Scriptures, and to dispute of Religion. But how? forsooth, even after such a sort as men, whose bellies be full paunched, & bombasted as much as the skin will hold, do argue and reason of frugality & thryft. Which kind of people, right aptly & worthily (although in a matter of less account) the Poet Persius in his time quipped and rahated, where he saith: Each Peazante now with pampered paunch, on Alebench and at wine, Sat. 1. Dare chant and prate of Sacred lore, and Mysteries Divine. But let them rather yield to the wholesome admonition of Horace, writing thus: Discuss not matters mystical, when store of Bellycheere, And dainty fare, the Tables gay Lib. Ser. doth furnish every where. 2. Sat. 2. Learn (Friends) but yet in due time learn, not with the Stomach full, When belching fumes of surphetting, your eyesight maketh dull. When mind that's prove to wickedness, and following of will, Rejecteth Virtue stubbornly, and vice frequenteth still. Come sober, and not overchardge with gormandize I say, When so you ever mean of search, the true and perfect way. And why? forsooth I will you tell (at lest wise if I can:) A brybed judge, that gapes for gain, the truth to● if'ft and skanne Is far unmeere and eke unlike, to judge twixt man and man. hereupon it cometh, that many utterly ignorant and mere blind in the Holy Scriptures and matters touching the state of their Souls, suffer themselves so wilfully and headlongly to be faryed away by their own sensual affections: for that, they busy themselves where they should not, Curiosity in searching to high mysteries. and level not at that mark whereunto their mind aught principally to direct itself, intermeddling and troubling their brains with scrupulous quiddities and diffuse questions, having such spyced consciences, that sometime they are myered and sland in doubt of things most plain and manifest: and lodging once within their hearts any erroneous doctrine or superstitious opinion, waver n Faith, and doubt in conscience, & missing the right Haven & sure Ankerholde, whereunto they should only trust, run upon the rocks of humane traditions, and throw themselves wilfully upon the dangerous Shelves of man's fantastical traditions and invented trumperyes. And therefore because, the mind of man is ever busy and diversly jarring and unsettled within itself, and neither in word, deed, opinion, nor in the whole order of life so firm and constant as is to be wished: I would advise & counsel every one, that desireth to live in tranquillity of conscience and quietness of mind, to dispose all his actions, purposes, devices and meanings, into times and oportunityes thereto convenient, doing every thing in his due order, & apoyncting to each function his proper turn, and tempestivitye: and not confusely to shuffle up and mingle one thing with an other in disorder, nor to wrap and entangle himself in many matters at once: which thing is meant by these sayings of the Preacher, Eccle. 3 where he appointeth convenient seassons and orderly times for each functions of this life, and assigneth to every thing his proper and due office: so that the night which is a time appointed for rest (banishing all phantasyes) is to be passed and spent in Sleep, & not to be intermeddled with those businesses & cares which belong to the day. The time to eat his meat, the time to relax and sport his body, the time to refresh his powers and revive his Spirits, let him so precysely and orderly observe: that laying aside (for the time) all other cares and cogitations, he only attend to his meat, Each thing aught to be done in his due time & right order. meerilye & decently cheerishing his body, not suffering himself to be interrupted, or otherwise disquieted during the time foe his ordinary repast, and usual meals. Thus, when we resort to the places of public prayer, to hear godly Sermons, when we pray, and offer up unto God our devout meditations, all such things as may in any wise hinder our devotion, aught then to be secluded and laid aside from us, that our minds may only erect itself upward to Godward, and to think on nothing but heavenly things. This also both in public and private matters, in common Pleas & domestical Affairs, in the traffic and trade of Merchandise, when a man hath dealings with himself or bargaining with other men, ought circumspectly to be observed: for by using this ordinary custom and trade of life, he shall reap great commodity and feel great ease in himself, all the days of this his earthly Pilgrimage. ¶ Of a Moist Complexion. The X. Chapter. BEcause radical or original humour is the maynteiner and feeder of natural heat, and the thing that preserveth and maintaineth life, even as Oil doth nourish the flame in the Candlewieke: therefore the Complexion that is thereof constituted is not ill, neither to be myslyked. For both Physicians & Philosophers commend the temperature which is moist, as not altogether disagreeing and strange from natural disposition. And although in young years it be not all of the best: Moist Complexion. Yet when further age and heat be joined to it, it becometh much better and perfecter. For moistness will quickly conceive and take heat, and is both ready and plyaunte to be wrought and framed which way a man will, even like moist clay that will take any manner of print or form. It helpeth therefore wonderfully to nourishment, and is of very great force and efficacy touching the height, talnes & growth of man. For albeit moistness hindereth the other functions, and of itself helpeth them in executing their actions nothing at all, but is rather altogether weak, and uneffectual, (because it is neither fit to attract, neither to retain, neither to expel:) yet being joined and perfused with heat, it helpeth and bringeth something to pass, and furthereth the other quality in the alteration of those things which be conjoygned among themselves. For as water being no less cold than moist, through heat of fire, boileth things that be raw: making the same wholesome food for man's body: Or, as Oil in the fryinge pan, through the heat of fire & burning coals, Heat in man likened to the sun, and moisture to the Moon. becometh most scalding, & boileth & fryeth fish fit & meet for the sustenance and meat of man: So likewise moistness in a man's body joined with natural heat, worketh many effects in the body, even as the Moon doth in the Earth, through the light that she borroweth at the Beams and shining rays of the Sun. The influence & force of the Moon. For as this Planet in her monthly course refresheth woods and fields, giving to all earthly things growth & increase, causing the Sea to observe his tides in Creeks, Havens, Roads and Shores, and to ebb and flow according to her course and motion, & as she is nearer or further of, sometime with swelling floods filling them, sometime with low ebbs emptying them, as she also doth Oysters and all shelfish beside: So lysewyse this wholesome vital humour, moistening each member in the body, maketh the same full of juice and moisture: & therefore they that be of this nature and complexion, are long livers, if they keep themselves within moderation, and that the moistness for want of heat, grow not toomuch out of square and beyond measure. For as toomuch abundance of water quite quench fire: so too much store of moisture oppresseth natural heat. But if these two. qualities, concur and meet together in a moderate temperatenes, and that neither moisture be too abundant, neither heat too remiss and faint, them (certes) all the offices of nature are most exactly performed. For when heat hath moistness pliant, ready and obedient, it attracteth the meat, and very well concocteth the same: and being reduced and brought into the likeness or fashion of dew, distributeth and disperseth the same into the very innermost and secretest parts of the whole body, geevinge nourishment to the members, whereunto it is made like and consubstantial. moistness therefore through the help & furtherance of heat is of wonderful force in giving nourishment to the body, causing it to increase and grow up, in other functions being weak and feeble. For in it, is neither virtue attractive, concoctive, alterative nor digestive, but yet it is of some force as touching the virtue expulsive, by reason of the slippery nature which is in it. For we commonly see that those people which be gross, corpulent and moist of body, are for the most part loose bealted and soluble, by reason that their power retentive is not firm and strong, & because their pores and passages are made open and wide, for the humours to pass out. In Bodies which be hot and dry, all things happen contrary, because in them the power retentive is strong, but the expulsyve (by means of dryness, and for that, the passages be impaired & decayed) is faint and weak: whereby it happeneth that in their avoiding of excrements, going to the stool and scouring their Entrails, they strain themselves sometime all in vain with Coughing, hawking & vomytinge, & yet be not able by evacuation to ease themselves. Thus the moist Complexion being adversary to the dry, hath all things and properties in a manner from it contrary, even as the case standeth between Children and Old folk. For in Childhood, heat by little and little increaseth, & having more store of moistness, groweth more & more, till they come to full age and man's strength. But in Old age, this heat by little and little decayeth, and when moisture is all wasted a man falls into a cold and dry distemperaunce, and finally thereby brought to his death. The condition of which qualities, as we have a little before described, so in this place the order of our present matter now in hand, craveth to have some certain arguments and tokens showed, how and whereby to know a moist Complexion. He that is of this Constitution and temperature, The tokens of a moist body. (clean contrary to the dry disposition) hath a body soft, not rugged and rough, white skinned, and without hair, the veins and joints not standing out nor greatly appearing, heir plain and flat, and for the most part thick withal, which in women evidently appeareth. For young damsels and Maidens, being any thing grown in lusty age, have their heads thick heyred, and longer than Youngmen have. Albeit many times it happeneth to this body, as it doth to plashie wet ground, wherein by reason of overmuch moistness and wet, no young trees, no Shrubs, nor grass groweth, as it also falls out in very dry and hungry ground, where no moisture is at all. For where toomuch wet is, there the hairs grow thin, because heat wanteth power and lacketh strength, to bring out the pores and work the humour under the skin into hair: and for this same cause, happeneth it also that the heirs be of colour Whyte, bright, Yellow or Red, which in continuance of time and space of years (as heat more increaseth) begin a little to incline to black colour: their countenance and forehead pleasant and cheerful, Graye eyes. their eyes Grey and bright, standing out forward, lively and quick, and by reason of the pureness of their Crystalline humour, clear, bright, amiable and smylinge: all which be tokens and signs of a good nature and virtuous disposition, a quiet mind, plain, simple & upright dealing, and finally of such good towardness as giveth an undoubted and certain proof of courtesy and humenity. For in them is no galley bitterness, as is in Choleric people, Moist complexions not given to be malicious & spiteful. whose malignant humours incite and prick them forward into sundry inconvenient affections: whereas they that be of moist complexions are not so lightly angered, nor so fumysh and desirous of revenge. And forasmuch as heat doth not incende & set on fire moisture, Moist natures not fumish and testy. the mind of these men is nothing so easily heated and chafed, but rather is far more quiet, calm and myelde. Now, as touching the shape, feacture, proportion and form of their bodies: Tokens of a moist complexioned body. it is to be be noted that these complexioned persons be of stature mean, big set, rather than tall, grand paunched, & stroutingly bellied, which cometh partly by nature, and partly by the custom and order of living, by idleness and ease, want of exercise, bolling, swilling, long sleep, and many ways beside, whereby the body groweth and becometh burly, fat and corpulent. I could here recite all the other tokens of each several part of man's body, that is of this moist constitution and complexion, as the Nose in a manner camoysed and flat, with the grystlie end blunt and big, swollen and blown Cheeks, round Chin, & many signs more: but they do show the several nature and quality of each singular part by itself, and not of the whole body in general: Every part of the body is by itself severally to be considered & hath his proper temperature. so that we may not by one small part give judgement of the whole body, but of every proper ingber, special consideration must be taken: albeit for the most part, they resemble and participate in nature and temperament with their chief and principal Entrail, that is to say, the Heart and Lyever. Concerning the inward notes and tokens of the mind: Men of this Complexion, as their mind is nothing quick, The state of the mind in moist complexions. so neither is their tongue (being the interpreter of the same) prompt, ready or quick, because it is so drowned in overmuch moisture, that it is not well able to advance and set out itself in good and clean utterance: their wit neither sharp nor fine, their courage base and nothing haultie, not attempting any high enterprises, nor caring for any glorious and difficult adventures: and the cause is, for y●, heat which is the thing that pricketh forward & emboldeneth to take in hand worthy attempts, is in them very weak and small: for this cause, are men quicker witted, Why men be wiser than women. deeper searchers out of matters, and more diligente and ripe of judgement than women: for a woman compasseth and doth all things after a worse sort, and in going about affairs and making bargeins, hath not the like dexterity and seemliness that a man hath. And unto this end appertaineth and may be referred that saying of the wise man. Eccl. 42 It is better to be with an ill Man, then with a friendly Woman. etc. Which is by reason and effect of heat, which whosoever lacketh, or else have feeble and faint, are for the most part people effeminate, nice, tendor, without courage and spirit, sleepy, slothful, weaklings, meycockes, and not apt nor able to beget any Children, because their sperm is too thin and moist, and thereby unable to piece and join together with the woman's seed generative. For albeit the desire of carnal knowledge and venerous acts for the most part proceedeth of a slypperie & moist disposition of body, and is to people of this temperature less hurtful than to others: yet forasmuch as this moistness & humour is slowly forced forward by heat, and the members of generation not filled with swelling spirit, it followeth that they be unto carnal coiture fumbling, slow, & not greatly thereto addicted, neither therein take any great delectation or pleasure. And hereupon it happeneth, that fat women and corpulente, have greater desire to fleshly concupiscence and bodily lust in Summer, Carnal lust in Summer to men hurtful. then in Winter: because in Summer, heat enkindleth moisture & stirreth up Venus, but in men (contrarily) it quencheth it: for manly strength, by immoderate heat, is resolved and enfeeblished. Likewise these herbs, Rue provoketh lust in women, but taketh it utterly away in men. Thyme, Rue, & many others that be very hot & dry, quench and take away in men all desire of carnal lust, because they wast the generative humour, whereas women thereby are much provoked, & stirred to venery, by enforcing heat into their secret parts & privities. And for this cause, when the Genitoryes or members of generation begin once to grow into coldness, & that the generative humour is not forced nor calefyed by natural heat, then are such things good to be ministered to the parties, as are of power able to stir up the loins & with a certain tickling concupiscence to provoke the genital seed with desire to be expelled. Now, how such people may keep themselves in bodily health, clear & free from sickness, here mean I briefly to decy●hre. First, Diet meet for a moist Complexion. because health consists in a temperament of hot & moist, this constitution aught to use a moist diet, that is to say, such nourishment & food as is thereunto famyliar & much of affmity: & such whert in is reasonable good store of heat, of which sort is sweet wine, Milk, Rye bread, Rear eggs, Veal, Pork, Pig, big lambs waterfoules, beans, Chestnuts, Chitchpease, Dates, Reyss, Figs, Almonds, Pine apple kernels, hanging & sweet grapes, such as Muskadel grapes are, Sea fish, Brains. Among garden or pot herbs: Lettuce, Arrage, Rape, Parseips, Carats, Melons, Cucumbers, but good heed must be taken that he use not to eat too-much of any of these, for fear of making the body exceed to much in moistness. For by overmuch moist diet & fare, Phlegm & cold ●āmy humours, causing sundry dangerous diseases be engendered, to wit, the Apoplexy, Cramp (through fullness or, else abundante of Phlegm) browsy evil, Palsy, falling Sickness, Astonment & insensiblenes, of the limbs, when as the power Animal is so venummed and deprived of his function, that all sense of feeling and moovinge is taken away, Diet over moist, hurtful. and a man suddenly thereby (as it were by some present revenge sent to him by God's great wrath) is styfled. This body therefore must be conserved within the bounds and rules of healthynesse and temperance, using expedient exercise, and shaking away all sloth and idleness: specially, it shall behove him to have good regard orderly to evacuate and purge his bodily excrements, to go to the Stool, to pysse, to arise betimes in the morning, and frequent some convenient exercise, and by using a somewhat vehement motion or walking, to stir up his inward or natural heat. As concerning Sleep, in this body it aught to be moderately used, Moderate sleep good for moist people. not exceeding the space of vi. hours at the furthest. For it is better to Sleep little and somewhat with watching to soak away humous, then immoderately to bolne, Moist folks must sleep but very little. swell and therewith thoroughly to be cloyed. As for example, we see those which give themselves too much to bellycheere and Sleep, to become therewith so gross and corpulent, that their Chin hangs down dangling, and joineth to their breast, and as the Poet Persius sayeth: Their paunch and gullet with fat bears out, Sat. 1. A good foot and half, of assize about. Whereby it happeneth that such people are oftentimes even upon the sudden cast into diseases. For their veins and arteries being slender and streict, and also void of blood and spirit, their natural heat is quickly and for every light cause oppressed and styfeled, which thing is meant by Hippocrates where he saith: Lib. 2. Aphor. 44. They that be by nature very porzy & gross, live as long as they that be slender bodied: because their pores be wide, and their conceptacles of blood large, so that lightly no outward or inward causes can greatly hurt them. Which people although with dainty fare, idle life and much Sleep, they bring themselves many times to this porzynes & corpulency, yet they be not so dangerously sick, when any discrasie happeneth, as they that be of the same constitution and state from their first beginning. For although some which in their youth were slender & lean, happen afterward to be fat, gross, and fleshy: yet their veins, Arteries and other passages and cunduites of their bodies remain still large and wide: which thing plainly appeareth, whensoever they (feeling themselves not well at ease) have any occasion to be let blood. For in this accidental habit of body, although the party be fat and forgrowen, yet the veins lie not hide & unappearing, as in them that naturally be gross: but swell out and plainly appear to the eye, offering themselves to the Lance, by incision handsomely to be cut. Therefore although this moist Complexion, being cherished by heat, be laudable & good, for that it prolongeth life, differreth and keepeth away old-age, & suffereth not the body to grow into dryness: yet if it exceed toofarre, or stand in the point of extremity, it is dangerous. For when by reason of the veins being full, the body ceaseth to be nourished, and the faculties of nature (which distribute nourishment) intermit their office and cannot work, in this case needs must the body go to wrack and incur inconvenience, so that either sudden death thereupon ensueth, or else (all lest) some rapture of the Vessels and veins happeneth. These things being considered, it shallbe good, speedily and in time to foresee & break this habit and disposition, and by the means of moderate evacuation, abstinence, and watching to prevent further danger: using such a prescript diet and ordinary, as best serveth to reduce the body into a safer and less dangerous Constitution. For this is genera lie to be noted, that a body is not to be accounted & reckoned moist, Moystare feedeth & nourisheth heat. in respect of abundance of excrements and humours, but of a temperate moistness of all the parts and of the whole, proportionably together: with which temperate moisture, natural heat is fed and nourished, and life thereby many years prolonged. Finis Libri Primi. THE second BOOK, WHERE IN AS IN A GLASS is plainly and lively described the perfect state and express Image of every particular Nature: By the which every man may most readily find out the very right Constitution, plight, condition, affect and disposition of his own Body. ¶ Of a Compound Complexion. The first Chapter. Compound Complexions, consisting of two qualities a piece, are in number four, like as the simple be: vz, hot and Moist: Hot and Dry: Cold and Moist: Cold & dry: unto whom there belong and are appendent so many Humours, diffused into every part of the whole body: Blood, Phlegm, Choler & Melancholy. According to the nourishment that a man is fed withal, humours either increase or diminish. These, according to the nature of nourishment received, are increased or diminished: & suffering change & alteration are easily one into an other transmuted. And albeit these humours (being of great force divers ways, and sondryly affecting the body, yea the with fulsome, and unpleasaunte exhalations and sentes is oftentimes greatly annoyed and encumbered, even as ill & naughty wine bringeth to the brain affects both hurtful and dangerous) The gross exhalation of humours hurtful to the mind: as dead and fulsome wine, is to the body. may not be accounted Elements, neither are able to constitute any Complexion: yet are they endued with Elemental quality and virtue, and help much to the conservation & keeping of the whole body in good plight and order. For as we see the fire to be fed with matter combustible: and Torches, Lynkes, Candles and such like nourished with Oil or some other rosennye and fatty substance: so likewise the elemental qualities and all the powers and faculties of nature derpued into the vital & spermaticke seed of our Parents, do stand in continual need of nourishment. For if the body should not be sustained with nourishment, or if the humours (which moisten every particular member) should lack the preseruatyves and fomentations wherewith they be maintained, the whole frame of man's body must of necessity decay, and be utterly dissolved, and every part thereof vanish away into his like, whereof it was generated, or into that; whose nature it containeth within itself, whether it do participate with Fire, Apre, Earth, Concord & harmony in man's body. Water, or draw near in nature and be famylier to any of them. They depend mutually one of an other, and are steadfastly maintained by the help and stay one of an other. Neither is there any part in man's body so small, so vile or so abject, that hath not respect to the comeliness and conservation of the whole body, & doth orderly discharge his due office and proper function whereunto it was created. And this I would not have to be only spoken and meant of the use and utility of every of the members & parts severally, but also of the humours, which by the help of nourishment, do meynteine, support and underproppe the temperament and complexion of each body: and by the help of natural heat, do give increase and growth to all the members generally. For which cause Hypocrates and Galene, De Natu▪ humana. not without good reason appoint the four natural humours (being perfect and pure) the Elements of Creatures endued with blood: Humours after a sort are the elements of man. for out of them cometh a secondary original of our procreation. For they minister matter plentifully, and help highly in the breeding and shaping of the infant or yonglinge, specially if the body be well ballassed with good wholesome meats, and now and then heated with a draft of good wine: for without these, Venus' games are performed but faintly & sorilie: which thing seemeth to be meant by the young Strypling Chremes in Terence, who being sober began to abhor and loathe his harlot and Concubine: but being well whittled in wine, to take therein great delight and pleasure, and not scarce able to qualify himself from committing further folly with her, as in this Proverbial sentence he flatly professed. Take meat and drink and wine away. Eunuch. Act. 4. Scaen. 5. Small is the lust to Venus' play. For the Testicles, Genitories and members of generation draw unto them from the principal members and convert into Seed, the best & most exquistielye concocted humours. Which seed, having 〈◊〉 great store of effectuous & profitable Spirit is the worker of heat & of all the other faculties, and in the begetting and procreation of Children is the chief parent and causer. Into it, is a wondered virtue and divine power (by God's good will and appointment) infused, for the shaping and fashioning of the young Creature, The force, and virtue of Seed. within the mother's womb: for it produceth a fruit of seemly & most beautiful workmanship, rightly shapen and in each point perfectly proportioned, if the Seed (whereof it was begotten) do issue from a sound and wholesome body: for otherwise, if the seed be of a diseased, corrupt and infected body, Sound parents beget sound Children. the issue and offspring cannot choose but be monstrous and deformed. Somewhat therefore to recreate the Reader & to make this argument more plausible, delightful and popular, I will depaint and set down the nature and condition of the Humours that rule and bear sway in man's body, because they produce and bring forth their like qualities. For Blood is partaker of Hot and moist: Choler of hot and Dry: Phlegm of Cold and moist: and Melancholy of Cold and dry. Therefore that Temperament which is Hot and moist, may very well be referred to a Sanguine man: Hot and dry, to a Choleric: and so forth of the rest: but yet so, that we confess the Complexion and temperament of man not to grow or proceed elsewhere, then of the Elemental qualities, for of them have they their names & not of the Humours. First therefore there be iiii. Elements, Fire, Elements 4. Qualities 4. Humours 4. Air, Earth & Water, which of all things made, are the original beginnings. Next are the Qualities, that is to say, the mixture of Hot, Cold, Mayst and Dry: of whom, proceed the differences of Complexions. Last of all, the four Humours, whose force and Nature, the seed comprehendeth and containeth within it: unto whom (beside the qualities which are to it in steed of an Instrument and not of a worker) the chief cause next under God, of the forming and creation of all the parts is truly to be attributed. These wholesome humours, to the conservation of health and maintenance of life are right necessary and profitable. For of them do consist and of them are nourished the entire parts of all Creatures, and for this cause, so long as a man liveth, he can never want these without great detriment & danger of his health. notwithstanding according to the course of time and season of the year, according to the quality of the air enclosing us, according to the condition of the place where we dwell, and according to the nature of each age, they are increased or dimynished. For Blood being the best of all the humours and endued with heat and moisture, The nature of blood. is in his chief prime & force in the Spring season: namely peculiar and proper to lusty flourishing age, which commonly is of a sanguine and ruddy colour, which nevertheless wanteth not also in the other Natures. Phlegm, Phlegm being like unto water, is of nature cold and moist, and taketh his increase in winter, and engendereth diseases like unto itself. Choler, Choler. being of quality hot and dry, resembleth tire, & hath his most force in Summer, which although in sight and touching, it appear moist, and of colour yelowish, like Maluesey, yet in operation, power and effect, it is hot & of ardent nature. Melancholy, Melancholy. not unlike to Earth, cold & dry, increaseth and taketh force in Autumn, this is the drier and grosser part of blood, and the dreggie refuse thereof. All these differences of humours, when a vein is opened (for it is not all pure blood that gussheth thereout) In blood all the other humous are mixed. is plainly of all men to be perceived. First, before it be cold, it doth show and represent to the eye, an airy & foamy Spirit, which by and by vanisheth away: then an exact & pure liquor of most perfect and excellent ruddiness, the which is pure and right blood: When a vein is opened, all the humours are ocularly to be seen. in which there swymmeth Choler, and sometime tough clammy Phlegm, sometime liquid and thin, according to the nature, condition and state of man: Last of all, if you turn up the whole mass or lump, you shall find Melancholy, altogether of colour black. And thus every humour abundinge in the body, bewrayeth itself by his own proper colour: insomuch that sometime the blood that issueth out of the veins, liquefyeth and is dissolved into Choler or Phlegm, or clottereth & thickeneth into Melancholy, & retaineth either no colour or very little of blood. And if a man were disposed by taste to have further knowledge in these humours, Humours have both colour and taste. he may with his tongue and palate aswell judge and discern the relyce and tallage thereof, as he doth their colour by his eye. For Blood is sweet & in a manner of the relyshe and taste of milk, because it is much like and of kin unto it: Choler is bitter, of the nature of Gall: Phlegm, unsavoury as water, and without all quality, so long as it is not rotten, nor mixed with other humours, for than is it either salt or sowrishe. Melancholy, is sharp, eigre● tart. These tastes and relyshes there is no mā●hat perceiveth and feeleth not, when as in voanyting & parbreaking he casts up any of them: yea in sweat and even in the spittle, these tastes are manyfestlye descried & perceived: Spittle and Sweat, have their force & power of humours. for of these h●●mours they have & participate their powers & faculties, and with their qualities are they endned. ¶ Of a Hot and moist Complexion: and by the way: of the disposition and nature of a Sanguine man. The ij. Chapter. Having heretofore set down the description of simple Complexions and temperatures, which be so termed, for that they consist of one only quality, bearing sway and dominion more than any of the rest: by course of my purposed work, I am next to entreat of them that are compound. For in the very beginning and first entrance of this work, my promise and full intent was to set down and describe such a Complexion and state of body, as was in every point perfect and absolute: and to repulfe & keep away all such harms and inconveniences as in any wise might empayre, health, or bring the body from his good state into worse case and taking. I have therefore thought it good here in this place first to inserte the temperament that is hot and moist: because it is n●ereste and likest to the best. For no state of body (saving only the best and chiefest) is better or more commendable than this, nor any that longer prolongeth life, and keepeth back Didage, so that the same consist and be within the limits and compass of temperatnes, that is, of hot and moist. Therefore sithence this state among all that be compound, is accounted chiefest: we must stand upon the discourse thereof the more narrowly and precysely, and the rather because sundry Physicians make no more but sour differences, grounding their reasons (and not altogether painly) that it is not possible (as Galene wytnesseth●) that any temperature or distemperature Tuend. Val Lib. 6. De Temp. 1 can long continued alone and simple: For somuch as necessarily it adopteth and taketh to it an other. For the Hot (consuming & wasting moisture) engendereth and bringeth dryness: Temperatures subject to chasige. Cold, consuming & wasting nothing, after a sort increaseth humour. Semblably, the Dry quality in those ages that a Creature groweth and increaseth, maketh it hotter: but when it decreaseth and draweth toward decay, it maketh cold and drieth the solid parts of the body: but the receivers and conceptacles of the humours it filleth with excrements, which thing in Oldmen is plainly to be discerned & perceived, who abound and are full of Phlegm, Old men by nature dry: but in condition moist. spitting & spatteringe a● their mouth, with their Noses ever dropping and snevillye. Which thing later Physicians (even of our time) as yet observing, rejecting simple temperatures (which notwithstanding may not well be so shak● of and forgotten) appoint only four, to wit, them that be compound: unto whom they have geeven names (not of their qualities but (somewhat unaptly) of those commonly termed & known humours, that is to say Sanguine, Choleric. Phlegmatic, & Melancholic: by the squire & leavel of whom, they would have these 4. differences of complexion or temperature, to be reduced & tried. Which dealing & reasoning of there's, as it savoureth of popular judgement & learning to the common sort, very plaussble: so standeth it not with the precise opinion and censure of them that would have each thing skanned and measured in his right nature and kind. In the mean season, Dissension & diversity of opinions, dangerous I as one desirous to reconcile Physicians thus factiously jarring in opinion (and would God this uniformity and atonement were also brought to pass in matters of Religion, for the better quieting of many man's Consciences) both parties shall suffer the chief place to be assigned and geeven to the hot and moist Complexion (excepting always as I said before, the temperatest of all, whereunto as at a mark we must direct our mind and leavel our whole matter, that by it every man may try his own nature) which so long as it is in his perfect strength, vigour & quality, produceth & bringeth forth a Sanguine man. And thus, there is in a manner no difference, neither prejudicial to any party, either to call it by the name of a hot and moist Complexion, or else by the term of a Sanguine man: who by the benefit of this wholesome humour, containeth & hath within him these qualities; albeit Blood itself (for we will keep all things within their prescript limits) doth not engender and 'cause heat and moistness, but rather heat and moisture produceth Blood. Now, Blood of all juices and humours, is the best, and to man's life an aliment and maintener chief appropriate, famylier and domestical: for through the force & The profit of blood. furtherance of vital Spirit (which is the preserver, and sender of natural heat into every part of the body, Blood is conveyed by the cunduytes and Vessels of the Arteries and Veins, & so both nourisheth, maintaineth and preserveth the whole body. And for that, this pure, clear, defecate, lovely and amiable juice, is the special thing that conserveth every living Creature in his being, & wherein also consists the life and vigour of every nature that liveth by breath: therefore the Hebrew Lawmaker Moses, Levit. 17. The cause why Moses forbade the eating of Bloud● by the direction and appointment of God himself, forbade all manner of blood to be eaten, because the life of all Creatures consists in blood, & is therewith nourished and maintained even as the flame of a Candle is with the Oily week: as it plainly appeareth, by a man that bleedeth very much, whose body is then in every part cold, wan & (for want thereof) fayntinge, and in a manner ready to give up the Ghost. I have known many, Blood not rashly nor unadvisedly to be let. whose vital spirit bleeding out and yssuinge together with their blood, have been thereby brought into great danger of their lives. And therefore this treasure of Life, must most carefully be conserved, because it is of all Humours the most excellent & wholesome. Now, Whence th● Arteries & Veins spring. as the Arteries (which abound more with vital spirit then with blood) spring from the heart: so, the Veins (which contain more blood then airy spirit,) proceed and spring from the liver, and are dispersed abroad in brauches and fibres into every, yea the very furthest places of the body. The liver, the shop of Blood. For the liver is the shop and chief workemaster of gross & thick blood, although the first original thereof be ascribed to the Heart, The heart, fountain of blood. by whose power & faculty the blood is made and thoroughly wrought: & being endued with vital spirit, conveigheth natural heat to each part of the body. Blood and vital spirit are in their chiefest Prime and most abound in lusty and flourishing years, The colour showeth what humours be in the body. albeit there is no age that lacketh the same: although in old worn age, blood beginneth to draw to a coldness, & the vital spirit, than neither so hot, neither so strong and effectuous: which thing as it is in them well to be observed and perceived by their frequent gestures and often moving of the body and the parts thereof: yet specially may it be seen & noted by their colour, which in a young lusty Strypling and youthful body of good constitution is ruddy and fresh: but in them that be further stricken in years, or further of from this temperament, is not so pure, so beautiful, nor so pleasant to behold, for that, all their comeliness & beauty is either faded away, or through some evil humours, and hidden imperfection or blemish appeareth in them worse than in the younger sort. So, many being affected or distempered in their Spleen, womb, liver, ventricle and Lungs, are commonly either pale, yellow, tawny, dun, dusky, or of some other ill favoured colour. There is no surer way (saith Galene) certainly to know the humours and juice in a Creature, Tuend. val. lib. 4. then by the colour and outward complexion. If the body look very white, it is a token that phlegm in that body, chiefly reigneth & most aboundeth. If it be pale or yellow, Affects of the mind change the colour of the face and body. it argueth the humour to be greatly Melancholic and Choleric, and the blood to be fresh and reddye: if it be blackish, it betokeneth black adust Choler, specially if no outward accidental occasion happen, as great heat or chafing, labour or wearynesse: or if the mind be not intoxicate, and perplexed with affects and passions, as Anger, joy, Sorrow, Care, pensyvenes: for these make the humours sometime to resort unto the skin & utter parts, and sometime to hide and conveyghe themselves far inwardly: and for this cause, we see men that are fumish and testy to be in a marvelous heat, proceeding not of any sticknesse or discrasse but of▪ the motion and stirring of the humours: again, them that be affrighted and in mind amazed, to be pale. Some to look as wan as Led, some white and swarthy, sometime blewyshe, sometime of sundry colours: all which betoken crude humours and raw juice to bear rule and sway in the body, either of phlegm, glasselyke & tough, or of some other sort, or else many rotten humours clamped up in the body, which by outward tokens and signs bewray & show themselves what they be, and what they signify. They therefore that be of a hot and moist constitution, and have great store of blood within them, are of a purple and ready colour, soft, warm and smooth skinned: comely of stature, & of reasonable feacture, fleshy bodied, and a little rough, aburne heyred, red or yellow bearded, and comely bushed: of which feac●ure, plight and bodily shape the Scripture witnesseth that David was: 1. Reg. 16. who being (after that Saul was cast of and rejected) appointed King, and onnoy●ted by Samuel, was of a brownish Complexion, excellent beauty, well favoured in sight, and 〈◊〉 ●●tenaūce very cheerful and amiable. Such a comety grace and Princely shape, was to be scene in the most victorious Prince Philip King of Spain, Philip king of Spain. and sovereign Ruler of all the low Countries, his Grace being here with us the last year at Zickzey outwardly arguing in him a most mild nature and a mind most virtuously disposed. There be yet many other notes, marks, and tokens appertaining to this Constitution, which a man may not always safely trust unto as infallible, because they suffer alteration and change by age, and years, yea almost in every moment of time: but yet so, that by them appeareth always certain and undoubted tokens, that the state of the same body aforetime hath been and was in this right good case, plight & constitution, albeit now altered or perhaps clean decayed. For as great, huige and sumptuous houses, being fallen down and decayed, show evidently by the ruins and dilapidations thereof, of what hugeness and magnificence they erst were, how curious and busy the frame was, how skilful and industrious the Architecte and workman was: so in a laudable state, Constitution and habit of body, which is decayed and faded from his former disposition, there appear certain relics, notes, and tokens of the good temperament that aforetime was in the same. Albeit sometime through grievous sickness or by some great misfortune and outward calamity, man's nature is so frushed and damped, that all the vigour of the body, all the beauty, comeliness and shape thereof is nypped and clean abolished, like a goodly fair building that is either by tempest shaken & battered, or by misfortune of fire utterly burnt and wasted. Thus, fear, astonment, sudden affrighting, the dread of dangers or death suddenly threatened, do so waste and destroy the powers, form, shape and beauty, and so clean altereth some men from that they were afore, as though they had never been the same. Whereof there happened in our time a notable and strange example in a young Gentleman A strange example of a youngman, suddenly become grey headed. of noble birth and Parentage. Who in the Court of the late Emperor Charles they far overshooting himself, without regard of duty, remorse, or reverence of the place, had carnallye deflowered a certain young Gentlewoman, whom he loved exceedingly: which fac● to be perpetrated upon the bodies of young Ladies, and noble virgins, is accounted a thing most heinous, & punishable by death, yea although no force be offered to the damosel: and although by secret consent and apparent likelihoods she greatly seem not to ret●●t an amorous suit to her, in such sort tendered. This Gentleman therefore was committed to prison, looking the next day following to be executed & put to death. For this is narrowly looked unto, y● no●e presuming or daring to commit any such villainy, or to distein the Honour of the Prince's Court with such lewd & filthy pollution, shall escape scotfree or go away unpunished, according to the greatness of those his wilful & libidinous demerits. Languishing all the night in great perplexity, grief, agony & sorrow, & all the while conceiving inwardly in mind, the terror & dread of death so near approaching, he was so altered and changed, that at his arreignment the next day, none of his own famyliar acquaintance, neither yet the Emperor himself could know him. So much had the horror of death & the despair of any pardon win few hours pallifyed his colour, and altered the state of his former constitution. All his beauty, comely shape & fresh complexion was (as it were) so faded and exiled, his face so incrediblie dis●nowledged, his colour (of fresh & clear) turned into wan, swartye, & deathlike, his countenance to behold, loathsome & ugly, his head covered over (with grey heirs, (far unmeet for those years) his beard sluttish, dryveling & filthy, with spattering snevel deformed. The Emperor earnestly fixing his eye upon him & suspecting him not to be the self same man which had committed the fact, One suddenly grey headed. mistrusted that some other person had been put in his place: whereupon he commanded present search to be made, & the matter to be thoroughly bolted out, whether it were the self same party or not, and whether his hoar heirs and grey beard, were counterfeited by some confectioned ointments, (artificially for the nonce coloured) or no. But the matter being found true and plain, and no deceit nor coloured collusion therein used: his Majesty was at the sight thereof so astonned: that his former resolution and purpose to have the said Gentleman punished, was now turned into compassion over his pitiful case, and judging him to have already suffered punishment sufficient, pardoned him his life and remitted his offence. The honourable, Nicholas Mychault of Indevelda, a Gentleman in great favour with high Princes, & of all Noblemen worthylie esteemed, demanding of me on a time, sitting at the table, the cause of this so strange and sudden change: I answered, that the very cause thereof proceeded of nothing else then of his extreme fear, and vehement thinking upon that danger wherewith he see himself distressed: the remembrance and cogitation whereof searched the very innermost Senses in his body. For that trouble & affection so nearly touched him and so grievously perplexed his mind, that all vital heat & spirit was in him in a manner utterly extinct, whereby each part of the body, straightways altered and changed from the fresh & comely colour which they had before, into an ugly and unsightly habit: insomuch that the roots of the hairs (which he that vaporous humyditie that lieth within the skin be nourished and preserved fresh in colour) Why some men even suddenly are changed in Complex i●n and colour. when the same humydity faileth, and in place thereof a cold & dry quality reigneth, do dry up and clean loose their former ●atyue Complexion and colour: even as grass, that wanting the moistness of the earth to comfort it, cannot but wither & patch away. For even as the Leaves of Trees, & the branches of green (wines serving to defend the grapes from the injury of weather) are by extremyty of heat, hail, rain, and Northern blasts, (which sometime blusterouslye blow in the Summer season) altered from a pleasant green verdure into a yealowysh tawny colour: So likewise the natural Complexion, justynesse, and shape of the body, drowpeth and decayeth, and the hairs (which of themselves are no part of the body, but an appentise, superfluity and ornament to the body) lacking the strength and humyditye the nourisheth them, become hoary and grey long before their due time: which thing we see commonly happen to all those that spend their time in the wars or in dangerous traveyles on the Sea, or which be much troubled & visited with sickness, wherein is a certain ymagination of very death in their minds. For they remember and look for nothing else, they think upon nothing somuch when they stand in battle array, ready at the sound of the Trumpet to join with the Enemy, and to try it out by dent of sword, but even there presently either to slay or be slain, making account thence never to escape alive: unless peradventure they be such, as with long custom have so hardened and enured their minds in many like dangerous brunts, that they neither fear death nor care for danger. Of which sort we see sundry old beaten Soldiers, and such as have been long and thoroughly experienced in many a sharp storm upon the raging Sea. Of such force is a thoroughly settled ymagination (as by many Arguments elsewhere I have declared) Imagination. that a woman at the time of her conception, steadfastly fixing her ymagination upon any thing, deryveth & enduceth certain marks and tokens thereof into the Infant: which thing is well enough known to happen also unto men, that ardently & earnestly fix their imaginations and thoughts upon any thing. And thus, did the contemplation of Christ, nailed on the Cross, imprint certain strikes, stamps, and marks, upon the hands and feet of S. Francis, if (at leastwise his religious sectaries, fautors, & followers deserve herein any credit:) for the Images and Pictures in his name & resemblance made and enthronyzed in Churches, holding his hands stretched out and open, are carved of such fashion, and show him to have been such a one. In what perplexity, distress, agony and fear our Saviour Christ was, even by this to every man evidently appeareth, that, he fixing his mind upon the instant danger wherein he presently stood, Luke. 22. and as it were before his eyes beholding his death now imminent and at hand, the sweat trickeled down his body to the ground like drops of blood. Fear of death more terrible than death itself. For the terror and fear of death, deeply sinking into a man's imagination, is far more grievous & terrible then death itself: for many have their Senses so astonnyed & benumbed, the death happeneth unto them without any feeling of pain at all, Who die in manner with out pain. as they that die of the Apoplexy, or drowsy Evil, or such as fall into trances, whom the beholders cannot perceive to feel any manner of pain, but to synck down, falling (as it were) into a sleep or slumber. And thus, in dangerous adventures and perils hazarded by Sea and land (which to the eyes and mind represent a very Image of death) there is no man but feeleth in himself motions of fear, The cause of fearfulness when a man is in danger and looketh pale upon the matter, for y●, his blood at the sight of such dreadful extremytie, recuyleth and fleeth into the innermost parts of his body. For when as all the parts of the body be forsaken of their vital juice, there is none of them that throughly and well executeth his right function and office: the feet stagger and stumble, the eyes dazzel, the lustynesse of the mind drowpeth and is dulled, the cheeks seem flaggie and hanging down, the tongue stammering and the teeth gnashing and whetting. His hairs for fear stand staring up, Lib. 3. Aeneid. his tongue is tied fast. There is no man (be he never of so constant & stout a heart) but is at one sudden chance or other appaulled, A wiseman sometime is put in▪ fear. & therewith shrinketh in courage: but yet so, that strait ways abandoning fear, and ankoring his firm trust upon God, he eftsoons recovereth his courage, and banyshing dastardly fear, remaineth constant & unterryfyed: And if the case so stand those imminent dangers be not conveniently to be avoided, courageously and stcutly objecteth himself to the push of any hazards, with unappaulled stomach going through stitch with his purpose. Therefore, there is no creature living by breath, unto whom death is not dreadful and terrible, Astonnishment of mind taketh away the feeling of pain. because it bringeth destruction and utter dissolution unto all: unless only to such whose minds be stupefyed and their Senses blunted and unperfect: as, old decrepit people, young Infants, fools, Madmen and Ravers, which have no remembrance or cogitation of any thing that is fearful and formidable, neither feel any pain and grief, as others, whose brain is firm and sound, and their Anymall faculty perfect do: but specially (as I said before) they that are oppressed with the Lethargy, Apoplexy or in Trances & sowning with do as it were by little & little close their eyes, and seem as though they fallen into a gentle slumber without feeling any pain at all. The effect of this my overlong discourse tendeth to this end, that although there be in the body of man many goodly furnitures, and in the mind sundry excellent ornaments, yet notwithstanding, the life of man is subject every where & in all places to innumerable casualties, myssehapps and inconveniences, and is on each side beset & torn in pieces with such a number of miseries and byrecknyngs, as every way weaken and appayre the perfect vigour and lusty state thereof. But if no mischance or harm assault the same, it may in good case & temper many years continued: as by frugality, wholesome diet, & orderly qualification of all affections: insomuch that even till the years of decrepicie, there do appear the tokens and marks, of a right good Constitution and habit: which thing is manifestly to be seen by some that in old-age are as lusty, and have their wits as fresh and youthlyke, and their bodies not so barreine, unactive & fruitless, as many Young men have. Now, forasmuch as the lustily and full grown age of Adolescency, doth consist in a temperament of hot and moist, continuing in a manner for the most part in a moderate mean of equability, and performing all his actions throughly and inculpablye, so also as touching the manner and order of Sleep, it keepeth such stint and measure as is not greatly to be mysliked. For their Sleep is quiet and nothing troublesome, nor disturbed with any distemperaunce or nightly vanities. For the brain is moistened and refreshed with a sweet pleasant vapour, so that the mind thereby is not troubled with any manner of absurd annoyaunces, but only the labours, exercises and devices of the day, and the needful cares for the daily maintenance of this life: the performance whereof rests and appertaineth for the day to accomplish. These doth the mind and imaginative part of man devise and study upon, toward morning, after a man hath slept his dead or sound sleep: which is so quietly done, that therein is no fantastical dreaming. And if the mind and spirit do then revolve and debate in dream any other strange or unaccustomed thing, then only such as falls out for the day to consider upon, the same (certes) signifieth abundance of ill Humours to be pestered within the body, causing the troubled spirits to send many confused ymaginations and vain foolish visions up into the chief Castle of the mind: and of such sonde dreams to interpret, or prognosticate any event or hap of future things to depend, or rashly to gather any signification or meaning, is childish, vain, wicked, and superstitious, as the Scripture plainly & flatly witnesseth. notwithstanding, Levit. 19 sometimes dreams (such I mean as are sent heavenly suggestion) happen not without some divination and infallible presage or foresight of things to come. Deut. 13. For our heavenly father useth now and then to admonish and awake our drowsy minds and reckless natures, Dreams sometime sent from God. laying before us in visions and dreams somewhile good and wholesome, sometime ill and lamentable haps, thereby to try, whether yet at length we will be obeysaunt to his admonitions or shryncke aside and refuse the lore of his prescriptions and commandments. For many being hoodwinked and bewitched with the trifling doctrine and frivolous traditions of man's invention, reject and forsake the pure and clear founteyne that perpetually yieldeth most abundant store of the everlasting water of life, and seek after rivers that are dried up (and as Hieremie termeth it) Cap. 2. dig to themselves Cisterns and broken pits that can hold no liquor or drop of wholesome dotryne. That worthy constant, and throughly tried Soldier job, Cap. 7. bemoaneth his own case, offirming that in the night season he was sore disquieted with troublesome dreams and dreadful vysions. To what use and purpose sleep serveth. For the nature & office of Sleep, being nothing else then a mitigation of labours & a quiet surceassing (for the time) from toil, and a refreshing of the body, with the busy cares and dealings of the day before wearied: from these cares & troubles, did not his Sleep in the night disburden and ease him, but rather increased and doubled the same: that his mind still remaining terryfied with dreadful dreams and apparitions. For thus doth he reason with himself, and these complaints doth he utter in that his worthy dialogue or rather Tragicomical discourse: If I think to myself, that my bed d● shall comfort me and mitigate my grief, and that I shall have some ease and refreshing upon my Couch, than troublest thou me with dreams and makest me afraid through visions, insomuch that I wish for death, to come and make an end of all my sorrows. As touching the inward notes of this complexioned The virtue and force of blood as touching the framing of the inward disposition & manners of the mind. body and his inclination of mind (for a man aught in each point and respect throughly to be viewed and considered) a hot and moist quality incident to blood, produceth in men diverse natures, and according to the more or less mixture of other humours, frameth in them sundry manners and divers dispositions. They that be mere Sanguine, People mere Sanguine, for the most part stark fools. and have none or very little Melancholy or Choler mixed therewith (as most neerelye approchinge to the nature and Sense of brute beasts) are commonly dolts and fools, or at lest, not greatly cumbered with much wit. For sithence (as Galene saith) sharpness & fineness of wit cometh of Choler, Constancy and steadfastness of Melancholy, Comment 1. de nat human & Phlegm to the framing and disposinge of the manners, helpeth nothing, neither standeth in any steed: it remaineth then, that simplicity and foolishness proceedeth of Blood. Thus are young cattle (which in comparison of the elder one's, have great store of Blood) for the most part (as we see) foolish, sotlike and bettleheaded: as Kyddes, Calves, young Sheep, Lambs, young wield Kids or Roebuckes, young Kyttons, and the young of all other dumb Creatures beside: and among Men, the nearer that any one approacheth to the nature of brute Beasts, the more like unto them in manners and conditions is he. Which thing any that is but meanly skilled in Nature's works, may easily judge and discern, even by certain significations of their eyes and countenance: each of which is as a glass wherein to behold, and whereby to discover the inward affections of the mind. In many men there is a great resemblance & affynitie in nature with other Beasts, and the further that these digress from the purity of temperament, the less sway in them beareth Reason, judgement, Understanding, willingness to do good, Wisdom, and discretion: to be short, they are partakers of all those things that are common to Beasts. And thus, there be many which either for lack of good education, or through this depravation of Nature, degenerate into Beasts, and in all their actions in one point or other, resemble them in conditions. Man a Wolf. Many, like Wolves are bloodsuckers, extortioners & raveners: Many like ●●erce, Mic. ca 7. cruel, outrageous and terrible, lying in wait to shed blood, Man a Lion and hunting their brother to death. As the Prince will, so saith the judge. Likewise saith Ezechiel: Cap. 19 jehoakim is become a Lion, which hath learned to spoil & devour folk to make widows, Man an Ape. destroy their houses, & make their City's desert. Some be as foyinge, gesturous, and counterfe●cting of any thing by ymitation as Apes. Man a Fox Some Forlyke, are subtle, wily, deceitful, and crafty to entrap and catch the innocent at advantage. And in like sort, there be others, which resembling the nature and conditions of other beasts, and degenerating from their integrity and excellency humane, either degenerate quite into Beasts, or at lest become much like unto them. Children▪ quick, stir●●nge and playing, and the cause why. As for Children & young Stryplinges about 14. or 15. years of age or under, by reason that their blood is pure and full of swelling spirit, are still stirring, quick, nimble, active, wanton, unmodest, malapert, saucy, proud, without wit, and much given to toying and playing: for we see them as wanton as Calves, that is to say, in mowing with their mouths, in voice, gesture, becks, clapping of hands, light songs, vain joyfulness, where there is no cause, immoderate mirth, disordered frisking Up & down, and uncertain motion & gate: all which do signify a shuttle wavering nature, & a mind subject to great mutability and unconstancy, proceeding and caused of the boiling of their blood within them, which boileth up, & as it were seetheth in their V●ynes, Boylinge of blood in youth, like to spurging of new wine in the Tun. even as new Wine, Ale, or Beer spurgeth and worketh in the Tun. hereupon the Netherlanders and low Duchmen, have devised certain proverbial terms, wherewith they are wont commonly to quip those young princocks and lusty gallants whom they see ouerioyed or toofarre go in wanton jollity, making themselves as ridiculous and jesting stocks to the whole company. Neither are they incited to these immoderate pleasures through reason or any well stayed discretion, but by impotency of mind and wilful affection, digressing and swerving from modesty, temperance and moderation: the lack whereof googleth their unstaid heads, and carrieth them into many inordinate pranks of childish insolency. Playig with the head what it signifieth. They also bewray their own unconstancy and unstaid minds by much shaking of their heads, and continual playing and toying with their hands and feet, insomuch that some account them no better then stark mad, or people distracted of their right wits. Neither do they sinned themselves occupied in any earnest matter that is to any good purpose, neither show they forth either in words or deeds any piece of wisdom, but undecently for their age, & lasciviously return unto their boyishnes again, whereas meeter it were in respect of their time passed, now to fall to some thryft, and to frame their life after the prescription of some good order. hereupon do we use a Proverbial similitude taken of the nature and conditions of young Calves, which in the Spring time of the year (in the green pastures, when their bellies be full) skip and leap up and down, wantonlye and toyingly frisking and iumpynge, now this way, now that way, now round about, one while raising themselves upon the forefeet, an otherwhile upon the hinder Legs: whose manners & fashions, such young youths as in their daily order of life do imitate and resemble, are said in latin vitulari, which is, to be as wanton and toying as a young Calf: or not to have shed all their calves teeth: or that their jaws ytche with Caluishe wantonness: The Book of Wisdom (fathered and asscrybed unto Solomon saith: Sapien. 4. Spuria vitulamina non agent radices altas, nec stabile fundamentum collocabunt: Bastard Slips shall take no deep roots nor say any fast foundation. By these Phrases of speech, we mean that wilful and unruly age, which lacketh ripeness and discretion, and (as we say) hath not sowed all their wield Oats, but as yet remain without either forcast or consideration of any thing that may afterward turn them to benefit, play the wanton younkers, and wilful Careawayes. Seeing therefore that Adolescency and youthful age consists in a constitution of Hot and moist, & is fuller of blood than any other: it is to this place therefore namely and specially to be referred. Neither can any plight or Complexion of the body more aptly be applied unto it, than this: for all the qualities, fashions and marks of this Age and State, agreed thereunto. Which thing I see was well observed by Horace in his description of the Nature & inclination of youthful Age, where he saith: A youthful beardless Strypling, void and free from tutors check, In Art. Poet. With Horse and Hound doth range the fields, and brave himself doth deck. To vice he pliant is as wax: to them that wish him well And warn him for his own avail, rough, churlish, sharp and fell. A slender Husband for himself, a waster of his gold, High minded, rash, presumptuous, in love soon hot, soon cold. And if they happen to lyncke themselves in company with any lewd counsellors Lewd and ill disposed counsellors do youth much harm (as in this slypperie and dangerous age commonly is seen) their fickle heads, & flingbrayned wits be easily alured and drawn into folly, and to pursue that way which is worst. For being now in their most wilful age, and standing upon the most doubtful and dangerous point of all, between virtue and vice, lacking experience, and void of all good advise and counsel, & misled by the peevish allurements of their associates, they run for the most part headlong unto that which they see the common multitude embrace, & are ready to slide into that trade of life which of all other is worst and most pernicious. Green heads in greatest danger are, in doubtful choice they stand, Pers. Sa. 5 And hang in Balance of devise what trade to take in hand. But if (in am of these) they hearken and give good care to the wholesome admonitions of some faithful and virtuous Tutor, Good counsel and virtuous education bringeth youth to goodness. and by his prescription frame the order of their life and conversation in their tender years (for in this Age is Stuffe, matter, and towardness, both good and excellent, if good education do polished, and a skilful workman have it in handling) no doubt they are to be brought to much goodness. For such is the force and power of blood in man's body, specially when through access of age it groweth to heat, and daily more & more increaseth in vital spirit, that it causeth a promptness of mind, Blood useth the help of other humours in framing the manners. quickness in devise, and sharpness in practice, which by daily use & exercise atteyneth in th'end to wisdom, knowledge and experience of many things. And thus by the benefit of nature and good bringing up, it is brought to pass that they be garnished with many excellent gifts of the mind, and through a ready utterance in the discourse of matters, be to their Country a great stay and ornament. And although hot and dry natured men (which are the Choleric) be right well furnished and skilful in perfect utterance, Difference between Sanguine & Choleric. vehemence of speech and readiness of tongue: yet is there not in them such weight of words and pythynesse of Sentences, neither can they so well rule their own affections, because in their reasonynges and discourses they be very earnest and hasty. And this in such people is not only by the pronunciation of their words, but also by their swift gate and hasty pace, easy to be perceived. This difference also is between them, that the Choleric are bitter taunters, Choleric people great flouters. dry bobbers, nyppinge gybers and scornful mockers of others, but the Sanguine nothing given that way, Sanguine courteous and mild natured. meddle not at all with such dog eloquence, neither use to hit men over the thummes with any such figuratyve flouts, whereat many men are commonly as heynouslye offended, and take the matter in as great snuff, as they would, to be Crowned with a Pyssebolle: but they be pleasant and courteous natured, meerye without scurrility, and civil without filthy rybauldrye, bejhaving themselves orderly in all companies, cumbersome and odious to none, but delightful and welcome to all. But if it happen that Blood be allayed or mingled with other Humours, and by course of Age to become hot, as namely if it be mixed with yellow Choler, wherewith the Humours are stirred up, or to participate with any other humour whatsoever: Inciination of nature. It is seen, that as the mixture is, so the manners, disposition, delight, trade, and inclination of man, falls out accordingly. As thus, suppose a Body chiefly to consist of these three, Best proportion & measure of blood to other humours. Blood, Choler, and Melancholy, whereof two parts to be Blood, and the other third part to be Choler and Melancholy equally proportioned: Of these three, thus mixed together, proceedeth such a Complexion and bodily habit. as produceth sundry motions, affections, and inclinations of the mind, and which doth inwardly dispose, fashion and frame their Natures and dispositions (yea before they break out into words) enhablinge them fit and meet to discharge and execute the part of any person, that we either of ourselves take in hand, or which by nature and public function is to us assigned. First Nature frames us apt and meet, To every kind of chance: Sometimes she helps, Horat. in Art, Poet. sometimes with ire, our hearts doth wound and lance. Sometimes with thought to throw us down, with grief and dole amain: Then, afterwards the tongue declares, the minds devices plain. And as we see, Nature in producing herbs and flowers, and painting them out in brave attire and colours, to show forth a most excellent and inimitable workmanship, and right gallantly to set the same out to the gazing view of each greedy eye, clad with many, and the same most pleasurable differences of goodly verdure, some light and intermeddled with whytishe, some of a sad or dark green, some watrishe, blunkette, grey, grassy, hoary, and Lecke coloured, whereof every one hath their proper virtues, & peculiar effects: So likewise, Blood being mingled with humours of other quality, conceiveth other force and other colour and yet (nevertheless) not quite bereft and deprived of a Bloody of Sanguine colour: insomuch that it pierceth into the very innermost corners of the mind, incensing to sundry actions. And although the Planets and Stars, stretch out their influence, and extend their force mightily upon these lower bodies: yet is it the Humours and Elemental qualities which do constitute the complexion of human body, and 'cause divers sorts and sundry differences of Natures and manners. Humours of more force than the planet's. And in this sort, doth this constitution whereof we now speak, breed and bring forth into the Theatre of this world, some that be stout Bragger's and shameless praters, some Parasites & clawbacks, some Dolts and coxcombs, some self pleasers, which think more of themselves, than all the rest of the Town beside doth, some Mynstrelles and Pypers, some graceless Ruffians and Spendalls, riotously wasting and consuming their Patrimony: Some Dicers and Gamesters, some Trencher friends and Cozeners: some Counterfaiters, Skoffers, Tumblers and Gesturers, some jugglers, & Legier du main players, with a great rabblement of other lewd Lubbers of other sorts beside. A rabbling rout of idle louts, consuming grain and corn, devoid of thryft, Hor. lib. 1 Epist. 2. ciphers to fill up room and tale, forlorn: Right wooers of Penelope, stark verlettes, flattringe mates, And Bellygoddes, addict toomuch to cheer and dainty cates. Who love to snort in bed till none, and hear the mynstrelles play On warbling haps to banish dumps and chase all care away. For slthens they neither observe stay, nor moderation in their lives and conversation, neither frame to live in any good and laudable order, but loiter and haunt the company of wilful and lewdly disposed people, Blood eggeth a man to riot and wilfuines. it cometh to pass that in manners they prove stark noughts and graceless and by means of the heat and abundance of blood, prove and prompt to pursue the enticements of all sensual lusts and unbrydled affections, reputing the chiefest felicity to consist in pleasure. And of this sort are all Riotours, all Banqueters and dissolute lecherers, whose whole care, industry and delight, night and day, is to drown themselves in the gulf of Sensuality and bellycheere. They live (as the Proverb is) a Minstrels life, that is to say, nicely, ydly, & altogether in a manner upon other man's cost: and for that they keep neither ho, nor measure in their affections, but wholly addict themselves to inglwions excess, unseasonable watching, and immoderate lust of carnal venery, therefore their bodies lie open to all such diseases and Sickness, as consist in the fullness of humours: namely, the Squinzye, and swelling of the jaws, Inflammations of the kernels of the mouth, and the Uuula, swelling of the fundament, piles, Hemorrhoydes, bleeding at the Nose, Pleurysie, Stitches, Inflammation of the Lungs, and many other: for all these, it shallbe moste expedient to be let blood. To this number is also to be added the Ague Ephemera, or Diaria, so named because commonly it is of no longer than one days continuance, Ephemera, or Diaria albeit sometime it lasteth till the fourth day: and hereunto is to be referred the Sweeting Sickness (which because it began first in England, is called the English Sweat) the Accident of which disease is swooning & grievous pame at the heart, joined with a biting at the Stomach, The English Sweat a kind of the Ague Ephemera. whereby a man is no less pained than if the heart if self (being the fountcyne of life) should through any contagious air, be infected and oppressed: As by proof it fallen out in the month of September 1529. at what time all the Low Countries were in a manner generally visited with this contagious Sweat, When the Sweatinge sickness first began in Belgie. and pestilent Ephemera, proceeding of corruption of the Air, wherewith so many as were infected, were brought into great terror, trembling and swooning through feebleness of mind and panting: their heart labouring & beating within them extremely. During which infectious time of vistation, there happened an other mischief and inconvenience which made the matter a great deal more lamentable: For certain ignorant Empyrykes contrary to the Rules of Art, Blind Byards. and without taking any regard or consideration to the strength and powers of nature, violently kept their Patients, sweeting the space of twelve. hours: whereby many by extreme heat, overcome, were with their bolsters & many bed-clotheses styfled up. Seeing now that corruption of the Air is the cause of this grievous malady or Ephemerall Ague, and that the Symptom or Accident thereof (which even attendeth and waiteth upon it, like as the shadow on the body) is grievous pain at the heart and swooning, so is the Sweat itself the Crisis thereof, whereby Nature being strong, dispelleth and sendeth out moist fulsome fumes and sty king Humours, and consequently banisheth the disease: In what sort ●o sweat and how long. it must therefore at any hand be moderate, and not above the space of iiii. or vi. hours at the most, according to the imbecillitye and strength of nature. For toomuche, clean throweth down all the strength, and utterly destroyeth the vital spirits. Now, why this disease is termed by the name of the English Sweat, I suppose grew hereupon, for that the people of that Country be often therewith attached, partly through their curious and dainty fare and great abundance of meats, wherewith they cram themselves very inglwiously, even as the Germaynes & Netherlanders do with drink: and partly (which I noted at my late being in that Realm, about the time of Midsummer) by reason that the air with them is troubled, cloudy and many times with foggy damps overcast, whereby is engendered the cause and original both inwardly and outwardly of this disease: Englishmen subject above other Countries to the swearing sickness. the vehemency whereof, bringeth them into a bloody sweeting, wherewith they must wrestle & strive as with a most fierce & strong enemy, and which they must endeavour with all might to supplant: hereupon happen Trances and sownynges through feebleness of body and mind, fainting and drooping of the spirits, decay of powers, stopping of the pipes and voice, and life almost thereby clean yielded up, and the party brought even unto deaths door. For this Country people (not able to abide any great travail and labour, as being people cockering themselves in much tender nicety and effeminate life, are very proclive and apt to be thrown thereby into the languishing extremity of this perilous disease. It is expediente for them therefore to be recomforted, cheryshed, revived and refreshed with sweet odours, and with the drynkinge of pure good Wine. And hereupon cometh it that this Nation peculiarly and almost daily useth to drink Maluesay or Sack, to comfort & restore their stomachs when they be quaysie or surcharged with excess of sundry curious dishes: which thing I find to have been used and put in ure by men of elder time, to help such discrasyes: whose order was with this wine, to drive away, pain at the heart, Stitches, Swooning or Trances, Colic, fretting of the guts, and belly ache. Thus, the Poet Juvenal trumpeth a certain miserable Chuff and niggardlye Pinchpenie, for that, he denied to give a little wine to one of his friends that fallen into a sown or trance, through feebleness & toomuch sweeting ' being in great danger of his life. He stoares and drink old wine, long kept: Even since the civil strife When garboils and dissension Iwen. Sat. 5. in Common wealth were rife. Who Snudgelike to his friend (whose heart was paynd with stitch and grief) Not one poor draft thereof would sand, to ease him with relief. They that be of this constitution (over & beside these afore rehearsed grievaunces and discommodities) are subject to other Agues no less dangerous: whereof one proceedeth of putrefyed and rotten blood, the other without any note or sign of putrefaction is caused of inflammation of blood. Both these sorts of Agewes the Greekes comprehend in this word Synochus, and the Latinistes Continuum, because it is continual, without giving to the Patent any truce or intermission: for when the fit cometh, it leaveth not of, Hot and moist Complexions subject to putre faction. but continueth for many days together. And that Age which is hot and moist is more subject to these kinds of Agues than any other, for it quickly conceiveth & taketh putrefaction through oppilation, specially in the Spring time of the year, when as Humours freshly increase: & much the sooner if they use any distemperance or lead on idle and restful life without ordinary exercise. For when the Pores and spyraments whereout blood is wont to have difflation & vaporous expulsion be stopped, the party cannot choose, but grow into putrefaction and the vital parts with fulsome corruption to be infected. For even as close houses whereinto the wind, hath no manner of access: and as Garments, featherbeds and Mattresses, Cushions, Sheets & Blankets, Carpets and Counterpoynts become musty and ill scented, unless they be now & then shaken and hanged out in the open Air: so likewise doth the body of man become putrefyed, corrupt, stinking and rotten, if it accustom not itself to exercise and agitation. For by that order and mean, are excrements evacuated, & all fulsome fumes and exhalations proceeding out of them, dissipated. To keep themselves therefore the better from Sickness, and to be the less open and subject to Agewes, it shall behove them, to use seasonable exercise, (abandoning all sloth and drowsynes) duly observing a moderation in meat & drink, sleep, watch, and carnal conjunction. And in the beginning of the Spring, it shall be good for them to be let blood, or by fcarysycation to be cupped. But if they be loathe or unwilling after that way to be emptied, Receiptes Laxative & soluble. to prevent future dangers, let them take some such purgative medicines, as make the bealy soluble, namely Cassia fistula, Syrup. Ros. Laxat: Diaprunum simplex, Syrup. de Epythymo, and Fumitorie, Polypodie, Mercury, Manna, or honey of the Air, and Whey. And in using of exercise this must diligently be taken heed of, How exercise is to be used. that it be not frequented & used, either when the parties be replete with humours and excrements, after meat, or when their stomachs be full. For being in either of these sorts used, The head taketh hurt by the disorder of the in feriour members. it filleth the head full of fumes & vapours, (which chief Member being distempered and diseased, all the inferior members likewise suffer grief and participate discrasie with it) it breedeth Rheums, Catarrhs and distillations, it maketh heavy, and bringeth oppilation to the liver. Oppilation of the liver from whence it cometh. For violent motion driveth the meats being unconcocted into the narrow straights of the veins, where they stop the passage of the Humours, and make an open way & occasion unto putrefaction. When any such inconvenience happeneth, our parts be, forth with to seek remedy for the same, by applying thereto such things as are of force to take away and dispatch all those annoyaunces that stick in the way, and hinder them from having their right courses. Tuend. Val. 6. Of which sort (saith Galene) are, the infusion of wormwood gentle, stieped in Wine, or Wormwood wine, called Absynthytes, Succorye and endive, Doder, Egrymonie, Wormwod wholesome for the liver. Things putting away oppilation. rhubarb, the seeds of Anise and Fenel, Peache kernels, bitter Almonds, great Raisins with the kernels taken out, Oximell sympl. each of these to be geeven before meat, when concoction is perfectly made. The same regard and consideration is also to be observed and kept in doing the carnal Act of Generation: Harms of Venetie & carnal copulation. for toomuch use thereof enfeebleth the powers, and through inflammation arising thereof, engendereth Gout and pain in the joints. For there be some so wilful, that without respect at all of concoction or crudity, without any consideration and difference of night or day (quite neglecting the opportunity thereto belonging,) do greedily desire, and inordinately hasten (for this tickling lust can brook no delay) to satisfy and staunch their fleshly motions in this kind of pleasure: and in the use thereof be so insatiable and so far pass the bounds of moderation and qualification thereof, that they waste and destroy the pith and sinews of their whole bodies. For carnal Act taketh away & exhausteth that power of the body which serveth to concoct the meat and to convert the same into Blood: which if it be not accordingly accomplished nor sincerely wrought, then falls it out, that very great store and abundance of excrements & superfluous humours be engendered, which breed and 'cause innumerable diseases. Albeit to many, Commodity of Venery. this v●● of carnality (unless it be out of all measure) bringeth no hurt at all: for seasonable and tempestivious coiture riddeth away great store of Phlegm, and skowreth away other Humours, which being engendered within a man, damnyfye and annoy the body and mind. And this thing is to be observed and marked in young lusty Damsels and Virgins, which remain long unmarried, or which by profession of chastity are waned and debarred from Wedlock. For beside their unruly motions of tickling lust, Seed being corrupt, is cause of much inconvenience. beside their secret flames and burning affections they be ill coloured, and nothing pleasantly complexioned, their minds unsteady and out of quiet frame, by means of a naughty vapour that ascendeth upward and disturbeth their brain. And hereupon it is, that sometime in Imagination, thinking themselves to lie with men by beholding or touching of them, they be troubled in their sleep with the night Mare, and the effluxions of seed, wherewith they pollute themselves in the night season: hereupon cometh trembling & quaking of the heart, by reason of gross fumes, which invade the pannicle or coffin of the heart, called Pericardion, and lie heavenly upon the body pressinge it down as though they were night Hegges, or Hobbegobblins. Them that be married, which lawfully may use this carnal knowledge with their own wives, and they that dissolutely lead a lecherous life, and run riot on whorehuntinge, are to be advised and counseled, not to yield themselves too much thereunto, Moderation of Carnal dealings. lest afterward they bewail their lameness and lack of strength, when as all their vital juice shallbe clean go and exhausted: whereof the wise Solomon giveth to every man a right wholesome exhortation and advertisement, that a man should not give over or enthrall his credit and honour to harlots, Prou. 8. nor to spend and consume his lusty years in hauntinge the company of Whores, who greedily gape to defeat and spoil him both of his wealth and strength, as they, that will never be satisfied and glutted, neither with Venus' games and coiture, neither with rewards and expenses, but remain still insatiable, Whores in lecherous lust never satisfied, nor in rewards. and ever craving more. Let each man therefore take herein good heed to himself, lease in the end when he is clean wiped from all his wealth and bodily strength, he mourn, and with sighs bewail his former wylfulnes, and the decay of his forspent and wearish body. Therefore to escape clear without takings any harm by immoderately using this venerous act, Art. Modic. 86. so much space of time (by Galene his prescription) ought to be used between, that neither any resolution be thereby perceived and felt, neither lassitude: And again, that a man may feel himself lighter and lustyer, and having disourdened and disbalassed himself of his provocative superfluous sperm, to fetch his breath the better. Also a convenient and fit time aught to be taken, to wit, when the body is meanelye constituted, neither too full nor too empty: of which matter elsewhere we are to speak more at large. But if any Sanguine complexioned person, (the better to serve God) be delighted in leading a single and unmarried life, by profession of chastytie: him do I counsel and advise very cyrcumspectlye and precysely to consider his own state, disposition and nature, whether he be well able to qualify and keep under, this disordered & unruly affection or no. For in such a waightye case a man must cyrcumspectly look about him, and very advysedly foresee, that he do not inconsyderately tie himself to any profession without judgement, choice, and discretion, lest his foolish rashness bring him afterwards to repentance, when he shall feel himself surcharged, and unable to wield the burden which he hath taken upon him to bear. sperm or Seed. For the sperm or Seed of Generation, being a redounding excrement and superfluous Humour (residue and remaining of the last aliment, and coming from the vessels of the Testicles, where it is exactly formed, and thoroughly laboured) is employed to beget issue: yea the natural power & faculty, is desirous to have this collection of Humour to be purged, and by the evacuatinge thereof to be eased of a troublesome and intolerable carriage, even as the other parts of the body (for their parts) desire to be disburdened of their superfluous excrements: to wit, urine, ordure, spittle, sweat, snevel, spattling and Phlegm. Right good and wholesome therefore have jever deemed that worthy admonition and Counsel of CHRIST in the Gospel, Matth. 19 1. Cor. 7. and of the Apostle likewise, that they which can comprehend this matter, and are able to perform and keep it, should remain chaste, and joyfully embrace the same as a heavenvly gift: assuring themselves that God's Divine assistance in so godly a purpose, will not fail them: without which all that man purposeth or taketh in hand is frustrate & vain, as beside S. Paul, Sapient. 8 the wise King Solomon witnesseth. For it is not to be doubted but a man may subdue and vanquish this slippery affection, (although very hardly) and by living a continent life, may perform his determinate resolution and vow, so it be done and taken in hand, only upon zeal and devotion, the better thereby to intend God's service, Continency and Chastity a special gift of God. and give himself to heavenly contemplations. For they that be wrapped in many cares, and (shaking away from them all sloth and idleness) do mortify themselves & spend their time in watching, hunger, sparefeeding, earnest study, fasting and prayer, continual meditation of holy Scripture, and painful preaching night and day, (whereby this kind of Devils is cast out,) Matth. 17 they I say) feel not themselves greatly moved in desire to this thing: For why? these that I mean, do willingly & voluntarily, not forcibly & superstitiously betake themselves to this kind of life: the better thereby to apply their evangelical function, and more freely to intend the sacred study of Divinity. Of a cold and moist Complexion: which setteth out and declareth the condition, state and nature of people Phlegmatic. The iij. Chapter. NExt after the Hot & moist Constitution, order requireth to describe and set out the Cold & moist Temperature, wherein reigneth & aboundeth Phlegm: whereof (after blood) not small portion is diffused into every part of the body. And this Humour draweth somewhat near to the nature of Blood, and is in affinity with it, both in respect of essence, and society of their conceptoryes. For it is (as it were) a certain Blood unconcoct, Phlegm the matter of Blood. or a rudiment and first beginning of Blood yet unperfect, & not exactly laboured: a resemblance, show, or pattern whereof, we may well behold in Must or new Wine, while it is yet hot, and newly taken & wringed out of the Press. The mixture of the Humours compared to wine. For (as Galene right learnedly noteth) the subtile and ayrte part of the Wine (which is the some or spurging thereof) boileth up to the top, and underneath, is an unsavoury Humour, in relyce like to the nature of sweetish water, which being excocte, settled, cleansed and fyned from the dregs, obtaineth and is brought to the nature of pure and good Wine. And albeit Phlegm be whytishe, and have no redness in it at all, yet being excoct, and the coldness thereof taken away and subdued by the force and efficacy of heat, it is reduced and brought into a ruddy & fresh coloured liquor. And even as natural Phlegm (which participateth with a certain sweetness) is through heat converted and wrought into Blood and red colour: so likewise Blood in the Dugs or Teats, Milk of Blood. partly of the nature of the place where it rests, and partly of the heat of the heart (near unto whom the Paps are placed) is brought and turned into Milk, white and gay coloured. For this cause, some (as superstitious & Philosophical as Pythagoras) abstained, not only from eating of flesh, The cause why Pytha goras Scholars would eat no Milk. but also from Eggs and Milk, because they reckoned and accounted the same no other than liquid flesh, because the on● being a certain space covered and kept warm by the natural heat of the Hen sitting thereupon, will within few days bring forth a Chicken: & the other (if the colour were changed) they accounted even very blood. But this seemeth to many a thing very strange and prodigious, Milk in the breasts of young Children. that young: Children newly born (yea of the Male kind) have Milk in the Nypples of their Dugs, running out either of it own accord, or easily with the finger's 〈◊〉 said & pressed out: which thing I myself upon a certain time finding by experience & trial true, advised the parties at certain times to 〈◊〉 and force it out, lest otherwise it should clotter, congeal and cured together into an hard substance. For this Mylkie liquor in children, is engendered of the great and abundaunte aliment, which at those ●ssues, nypples and spouts, by nature of the place, and help of the Heart (which is the founteyne and Wellspring of heat) is converted into Milk. Now, the Mammiles or dugs (which be the Receptacles of Milk) being spongy and hollow, and the glandulous or kernellie flesh within them, Kernellie flesh as in the dugs. bloodless and white, do transmute and altar that blood which they receive, into Milk: for every part of the body, altereth and changeth his nourishment, making it in colour, similare, like, and familiar to itself. And thus, the generation of Milk & sperm is made of blood throughly and exactly concocted: Every part of the body hath his several virtue and of the nature of those parts wherein they be laboured, become in colour (as we see) white and mylkie. Thus also the liver being of substance (as it were) coagulate blood, engendereth a raddy liquid substance: the Lungs causeth a foamy & frothy liquor: the commissures or setting together of the joints, a glewish humour: the tongue, spittle: the hollow bones produce and bring forth white marrow, as the Ridge bone of the back & the brain do, where als things are exactly laboured. For in Lambs and other young cattle, the marrow is not white but bloody. Every part therefore of the body worketh his humour like to itself, and transmuteth it into the nature, whereof itself is. No man therefore aught to think it absurdly spoken in saying and affyrminge Phlegm by the force and faculty of the liver to be altered and changed into Blood. And this liquid & thin humour in the bodies of all Creatures is to purpose and use, no less profitable than necessary. For being conveyed every way into the Veins, The use and effect of Phlegm. it qualefyeth and alayeth the heat of Blood & Choler: finally it maketh the joints nimble and styrringe, keeping them from being stiff and lumpish through dryness: and last of all it nourisheth all Phlegmatic members, and them continueth in lusty state. And although there be commonly no certain place assigned where Phlegne rests, The place where Phlegm, is. yet the greatest part is still in the Stomach or ventricle, wherein the meat is first boiled and altered into a thin juice or liquid substance. For we see men that have surcharged their stomachs, in vomyting and parbreaking, sometimes to cast up great abundance of loathsome, clammy & tough Phlegm, or to scour and evacuate the same through the guts: those I mean that have excessivelye and inglwiouslye surphetted either in eating or drinking. Whose heads (consequently) being filled with moystysh vapours, those fumosities strykinge upward as in a Stillatorie, grow into a thick, filthy, and snevillie phlegm, whereby through● coldness of the brain, the parties becometh subject and open to sundry diseases, as the Pose, Diseases ꝓocedinge of Phlegm. Murr, Hoarsenes, Cough, and many others, of which sort is the Rheum or distillation of humours from the head, wherewith in the Low Countries of Belgia both rich and poor, high and low, in Winter season are much troubled & find by experience to be true, and yet they be people commonly healthy, and as sound as a Bell. In perfect Health, and thoroughly sound, Hora. lib. 1. Epist. 1. But when that Phlegm doth much abound. Insomuch that I sometimes am driven into a wonder, to consider how such abundance of filthy humours should rest in the head, which nature one while at the mouth, otherwile at the Nose and Throat expelleth and purgeth. The head therefore and the Stomach (namely and much more than any of the other parts) are pestered with the excrement of Phlegm, The he●d & Stomach, the engendrers & conceptacles of Phlegm. specially if a man use to eat such meats as be cold and moist, and discontinue exercise, whereby it happeneth that this humour being too crude is very hardly to be concocted, and brought into an wholesome juice, profitable & available for the body. For it is a certain uliginous moystishnes and superfluous excrement, which aught rather to be sent out and purged that way which nature specially alloweth, and whereby most conveniently she is wont to exonerate herself. For as the original of this inconvenience beginneth first at the Stomach and afterward infesteth the head (as we may plainly perceive & observe by Wine copiously quaffed and swilled, which although it descend down into the Stomach, yet doth it assail and distemper the head) it standeth us therefore upon, carefully to foresee that in those parts, as little of this Phlegmatic excrement as may be, be engendered: because the harm and inconvenience redoundeth to the general harm and detriment of the whole body. And as it fareth in a Realm or Kingdom, The harms of a body, and of a Realm first begin at the head. in a Common wealth, in a Cruile Policy or Corporation, in any Honourable household or worshipful Family: so likewise in the Body of man, that disease of all others is most dangerous & ill, which taketh his original beginning at the head and principal members. For the harm diffuseth and spreadeth itself into all the inferior parts of the body, and them greatly damnifyeth. As (for more plainness) let every man take an example at any house which he enjoyeth & hath in occupation. For even as those houses that will hold out neither wind nor weather, be very unwholesome to devil in, and a great backfrend to health: or when the Ridges or Roofs thereof be ill tymbred and (for want of good looking too) runneth in ruin, and taketh water as often as any rain falls: So likewise, as long as the head is distempered and affected with this baggage Phlegm, and distilling Humour, both it and the rest of the body can never be in perfect health. For being itself of a cold and moist nature, it quickly drinketh up vapours out of a waterish stomach, & being thereby replete with humiditye, moisteneth likewise, Prou. 19 & 17. those parts that be under it: yea this distilling Phlegm is as noisome and grievous to it as a brawling and scolding wife is to a quiet man. A brawling wife is like the top of a house where through it is ever dropping. For out of the head continually do Humours distill and (like soot out of a Chimney) fall down into the Throat, Ears, Nose, Eyes, Breast and Lungs: whereupon happen tumours & swelling of the eyes, Bleyreyednesse, dryness of sight, whyzzing and running in the ears, hardness of hearing, and sometime behind the ears Impostumes, Diseases ꝓceedinge of Rheums & Catarthes'. botches and wexekernelles, beside many sorts more: for the Instruments of the tongue be affected, the voice hindered, yea sometime stopped that a man is not able to utter out a plain word. The Sinews, Pellicles, Muscles, Wesantpype, and Veins of the throat, called jugulares, and the parts that serve to frame the voice, being surcharged with toomuch Humour (as in drunken personsis manifestly to be seen) make the tongue unperfect, foltering and stammering, and all the members to reel and staggar, their words double and not intelligible, insomuch that at sometimes they be not able to speak one plain word, nor in sensible terms to declare their own meaning. Drunken men stammer & double in their speech And thereby being by nature otherwise unready and in utterance staggering, and now also thoroughly whitteled & soaked in Wine, their tongue doubleth, slammereth and foltereth a great deal more: insomuch that they bring out their words by stops and pauses, like them that have the hicket: & such people cannot speak softly and stillie, because their voice commonly is stopped and kept back, which maketh them to force out their words the louder. They must therefore earnestly strive and accustom themselves roundly and distinctly to deliver out their words, Stammere●● cannot speak softly. for otherwise their tongue through default and imbecillitye, and lacking stableness faileth them, and furthereth them nothing in their pronunciation: but chatter & babble so obscurely, that no man can understand any thing of that they say: For we see them to be scarce able to utter even a few words with one streynable tenor and treatable uniformity, but sometime slowly and dreamingly drawing them out: and sometime pouring out by lumps the same, as fast as the tongue can roll. The self same thing which superfluity and distemperaunce of drink, bringeth unto the haunters thereof, doth the dystillation of Humours and defluxion of Phlegm, bring to them that be troubled with the Catarrh, which (beside these) is accompanied also with sundry other inconveniences, to every one of sharp judgement well known and easily perceived. For who so is disposed exactly to syfte and search out the very marks and tokens of a Cold and moist Complexion, Nature of people Phlegmatic. shall find them (through abundance of that Humour and quality) to be sleepy, lazy, slothful, drowsy, heavy, lumpish and nothing quick at their business: as they commonly be, which mind nothing else then gurmandyze and bellycheere, and use seldom exercise. We see also among Beasts, Fowls, and other Creatures both wield & tame, What Beasts, fowls, & fish be holesomest to eat. that such as use little or no exercise, but lurk still in holes and Caves, and be penned up, and franked cowpes, are neither so wholesome, neither so sit for man to eat, as others, that are greatly exercised and use much stirring. Such wax (in deed) very fat, and grow bigger bodied (I cannot deny) but the nourishment which they give to the body, is somewhat unwholesome and excremental: as among fishes, Ecles and other slippery fishes that lie still myeringe themselves in mud, using no exercise, styring or agitation of body. And this is the cause why Eeeles being dead (contrary to the nature of all other fishes) float not above water, A dead E●le floateth not above water, & why. by reason that they feed upon muddy and standing water. But that every man may thoroughly and perfectly know the state and condition of this Body, it must be painted out in his right colours, and is to be describe by his own proper indications, marks, Notes of a cold and moist body and tokens. All they therefore that are of this habit (if their Constitution be natural and not accidentallye happening) are gross, pursy and fat bodied: their stature not so tall as big set, and strongly pitched, their skin soft, white, and unhayrie, their Muscles and Veins not appearing but lying inwardly, insomuch that when occasion serveth to be let Blood, the same Veins do not apparauntlye show out themselves. The hairs of their head be either white or dusky black, or else of the colour of Barley straw, which will not fall of, nor become bald, till after a long time, 〈◊〉 but they soon wax hoary for want of heat, and imbecility of the member, which is not of ability to excoct the nutriment, into the use and comeliness of Hairs. For hoarynesse is (as it were) a certain refuse vinewed baggage, of Phlegm putrefyed, Whereof hoary hairs come. or a fusty dank●shnesse under the skin, whereof (through w●nte of heat) proceedeth hoarynesse and whytenesse of the H●yres. Such a like hoary Down, or vinewed mouldynesse, we see to be in Loaves of Bread and Pies, that be somewhat long kept unspente, and also in Vaults, Hoaryne●●e in meats. Arch Roofs, Syelynges, holes and Cellars under the ground, and other musty, fulsome, dark, filthy, and stinking places. Their Pysse and urine white and very little or rather nothing at all ruddy. Their Excrements; and Ordure, thin and liquid: their Sleep very sound, and longer than health requireth, not without store of sundry Dreams, whereby (and not vainly or deceitfully) may be nearly conjectured and found out, Dreams show and bewray the disposition, state & Complexion of the body. of what disposition the body is, and what Humours therein chiefly reign. For the causes and original beginnings of these things proceed out of the body: which although they be referrible to outward causes, or to the actions and devices, which the mind earnestly conceiveth, deliberateth and forecasteth in the day time: yet is it easy enough for the learned and skilful Physician to discuss the meanings, and expound the events thereunto incident. For, as concerning Dreams by Divine motion sent into the mind of man, Natural Dreams interpretable. & not depending upon natural causes) none is able to yield any certain interpretation, without a special pryviledge of heavenly inspyration. Thus, Divine Dreams. they that be of Cold and moist Complexion, in Dreams imagine and think themselves dyvinge over head and ears in Water, Dreams of the Phlegmatic. or to be in Baths & Baynes: which straight ways argueth great store of Phlegm to fall out of the head, into the nape of their neck, jaws, vocal Arterye and Lungs. Semblably, if they dream of Hail, Snow, Ice, storm & Rain, it betokeneth abundance of Phlegm, sometime thick and gross, sometime thin and liquid. If a man in his Dream think himself to be styfeled and strangled, or his voice stopped & taken from him, it argueth him to be subject and like enough shortly to be troubled with the Squinzie, privation of speech, murr, or finally either the Drowsy sickness, or the Apoplexy. In this sort (as Galene witnesseth) there was a certain man, which dreamt that one of his Legs was turned into a Stone: which man within a while after, through a cold humour that fallen down into it, was taken with the Palsy. Now, although too scrupulous and curious observation of Dreams be prohibited, yet is there no charge geeven to the contrary, but that we may lawfully search out the meanings of all such as consist within the compass and reason of things natural, the Author and conserver whereof is God himself: Levit. 19 Deut. 13. so that we do the same without any superstitious vanity of Divination, neither therein fixinge any assured hope and trust, neither terrified with any fear of the events thereof. Whensoever therefore natural Dreams do happen wherein be neither mockeryes nor illusions of mind (for all these are banished & put to flight by reposing a firm and constant trust in God) they admonish and put every man in remembrance to look well to his health, and to amoove and decline all such occasions and inconveniences, as may either empayre and damnify health, We may not rashly credit all Dreams. or enforce any perturbations of Dreams. For the Imaginations and phantasyes which in Sleep be offered, and seen apparently in Dreams by night when a man is at rest to occur & busy his mind, are caused and stirred by vapours & fumes proceeding out of the humours & agitation of the spirit Animal: in some of which Dreams and Imaginations, the mind renueth the memory and thinketh upon some business and actions that fall for the day, some plainly signify the abundance of Humours, or else some earnest & greedy desire to compass somewhat, which we would very fain bring to pass. Hereupon they that are thyrstie, glut themselves and swill up drink abundantly, they that be hungry devour meat greedily and insaciablye. Thus likewise, they whose Genitoryes and privy parts be swelled with store of excremental Seed and spermatike Humour, or in the day time did earnestly fix their eyes and mind upon any beautiful and fair young Woman, Pollution & effluxion of Seed, how it happeneth. do in their Sleep think themselves to enjoy their desired purpose, and through imaginative dealing with her, defile themselves with nightly pollutions. For the Soul (when the body is in sound Sleep, and all the outward senses at rest) wythdrawinge itself into the innermost parts of the body, perceiveth, understandeth, & beholdeth those actions which the body is to do by day, and look what things the body desireth and longeth after, the same doth the Soul enjoy as present by Imagination. Hereupon, I think were these proverbs first devised: Canis panem somnians. The Dog dreameth of bread, of ranging in the Fields, & of hunting. For what things soever, a man earnestly and exceedingly desireth, or hath his mind still running on, the same (being a Sleep) he thinketh and dreameth upon in the night. Whereunto it is like enough that Esay the Prophet alluded, where he showeth that the counsels and devices of the wicked shall come to noughts, and vanish away like smoke & as Dreams seen by night: Cap. 29. Even as (saith he) a hungry man Dreameth that he is eating, and when he awaketh is yet hungry and empty: And as a thirsty man Dreameth that he is drinking, and when he awaketh, is yet faint and thirsty: Even so fareth it with them that gape and seek after innocent Blood to glut their cruelty therewith, A place of Esay expo●ded. for they shall miss their purpose like them that Dream, and not obtain the things which they earnestly desire or think themselves sure to compass & bring about. Now, Tokens of a cold and moist complexion. to satisfy them that are desirous to know the inward notes and tokens of a Cold and moist Complexion, and Phlegmatic people: I will here by the way set down the same, & declare of what Nature, condition, manners, conversation and order of life they be: howbeit, there is no cause, why any man should hope to find in them of this constitution and plight, any store of excellent, singular, & rare gifts, sith in them appeareth small quickness of wit, small worthiness or excellency of mind, small sharpness of judgement & learning, small knowledge or skill in achieving and compassing matters: for that, the same with prudence and wisdom cannot conveniently be brought about. For those that are numbered and referred into the order of this Complexion, are people of no very sharp and exact judgement or (as the Proverb by interpretation soundeth) Emunctae naris, Reason yielded how these proverbs, Emuncte naris, & Obesae naris first began. fine witted: as (contrariwise) they whose noses be stuffed with Phlegm & snivel, are likewise by the Proverb termed Obesae naris, gross witted, applying by Translation, the fault from the body to the mind. For as both their tallage, taste, smelling, and other objects of their Senses, be blunt & gross: so are they likewise in mind & wit doltish and dull, slothful and lumpish: finally neither by nature neither by use, forecasteful, sharp witted, nor crafty: by reason their natural heat is languishing and feeble, and drowned in moist quality and cold Humour: & therefore also their memory is very failable, oblyvious, and nothing at all (in a manner) retentive: Their speech (as likewise their pulses & manner of gate) slow and soft. But this in them specially deserveth commendation, that they be gentle and quiet of nature, not greatly addicted to venerous dalliance, Praise of a Phlegmatic person. not fumishe, testy or soon angered, being such as (although they be thereto provoked) will not lightly chafe and fret: & to be short, not geeven to fraud and subtlety, cogging and foisting, craft and cozenage, wrangling and quarreling, as the Choleric are. And because commonly they be assailed with many and sundry diseases, for that they be geeven to sit still, loving their ease and idleness, first they are to be enjoined and prescribed a Diet that is hot, Phlegmatik people must use exercise whereof in the Discourse of the Cold Complexion and also of the Moist, hath been spoken abundantly: and next, they are to be persuaded & pricked forward to use themselves to exercise. Lib. 1. For sluggishness and sloth (as witnesseth Celsus) dulleth the body, but labour and exercise maketh it firm and lusty: the one bringeth old-age before the time, the other maketh Adolescency and youth to last long. And therefore stronger motions and exercises are for these people more requisite, lest (otherwise) the humour toomuch increase, and heat quail & be enfeebled. Let them therefore use in the mornyngs to walk abroad, and namely up hills and s●●epe places, when they be yet fasting & their stomachs empty: yea it shall not be amiss to use the same after meat, but these stirrings and bodily agitations must be done with a very soft pace: and those the be about midday, swyfter and faster, (which precept is expedient for them that be hot and moist to observe) but yet (as Galene saith) not so fast and vehement as they use, Tuend. Val. lib. 5. when by occasion of some earnest business they be driven to make speed and haste. It shall be good also for them, to continued long fasting, and to use sparing suppers. For as all they that be in perfect health, may and aught at Supper to feed somewhat largely and (except custom be to the contrary) be allowed to eat more fully and liberally: so again, to them that be of this Complexion, The Phlegmatik must use light suppers. a spareful and light supper is most fit and agreeable: because the brain shall thereby be the less encumbered & disquieted with fumes and exhalations, in the night ascending and proceeding out of the Stomach. For these be they, that engender distillations and Catarrhs, out of whom springeth swarms of many diseases. And that the same may the better be avoided and declined, I will briefly set down the differences of this Phlegmatic Humour, what effect is thereby wrought, and what diseases ensue and grow thereupon. OF Phlegm there be four sorts of differences or kinds: Four kinds and effects of Phlegm Sweet, or (if it be crude) unsavoury, making men drowsy and heavy, desiring to Sleep more than nature requireth: by reason that the Brain which is a principal member, and the oryginal of all Senses, is moistened and made cold. Sower, maketh hungry: For the mouth of the Ventricle or Stomach, Gal. de. Plenit. endued with this Humour, is stirred up to an appetite and desire of meat: Saltish, maketh thyrstye and nippeth the Stomach. glassy, in toughness and coldness passing all the others, bringeth loathsomeness and abhorring of meat. The myeldest and least hurtful of all these, Sweet Phlegm. is the Sweet: which (after that concoction is once dispatched) is bettered and turned into the nature of Blood: which yet (notwithstanding) wanteth not his poison and malignant nature, except all the inconvenience thereof be thoroughly by heat excocted. For it maketh lose, soft, and rising tumours or blysters, white whythoute any redness, and other whealie breaking out of Phlegm beside, in the utter part of the skin, as mattrye, skabbes, weals, bushes, and pimples in Women and young folks, which sometime break out and are full of matter and filthy corruption: but it causeth not great itch nor heat, as the skabbednes which cometh of salt Phlegm or abundance of Choler doth, which is endued with a sharp biting & brynyshe saltness. Sour Phlegm (in quality and effect resembling & like unto Melancholyke juice in continuance of time gathered into the stomach) Sour Phlegm. is less cold than the Glassye, and more cold than the Sweet Phlegm. This doth prick and bite the Stomach, & with mordication annoyeth it: for being endued with a sense most exquisite, it is offended with that Humour which is of sharpest quality: For the savour and relyce thereof is so tart, eager and bitter, that if it chance to be perbraked and cast up by vomit (as in Winter and Autumn seasons happeneth) it astonneth and bringeth out of taste, the tongue, the roof of the mouth, the Chaws, and setteth the teeth on edge, no less than Verivyce, or the juice of unrype and sharp grapes, called of the fyner sort of Physicians Omphation, and of the common sort Agresta: in somuch that the relyce and tallage thereof will remain and be hardly qualefyed, allayed or taken away. This kind of Phlegm settled in the mouth of the Stomach or ventricle, and impertinge unto it, some portion of his sowrnes and sharpness, engendereth an insatiable lusting to meat and (as we say) a doggish appetite, incident commonly to women with chyeld, Doggish appetite. about three months after their conception, specially if they be with child with a girl: who being in heat feeble, and of strength faint and quaisie, it chanceth that their natures be not well able to concoct those Phlegmatic humours: and thereupon it is, that they have such puelinge and squeamish stomachs, and be so much troubled with wambling and belching. For their chief desire and special longing, being for sharp and sour things: they greatly thereby annoyed their ventricle, & gather together many ill humours. Not women only, but men also be subject hereunto: for whom the best way is, to use to eat meats of heating nature, and to drink wine of the purest and best sort. For if this humour should chance to putrefy within the body, it than engendereth the Ague Epiala (so called, Epiala. because they that have the same, be in body inwardly of great heat and outwardly stiff with extreme Cold:) for this Humour being enkindled and set on heat, may well be likened to green flame or as wet wood, which sendeth out nothing but store of thick moist smoke, by reason that moistness letteth & hindereth the heat, that it cannot break out: & they that have this impediment for the most part have not only alteration and change in their Complexion and colour, but annoyance and inconvenience also in their minds. Salt Phlegm (which hath some affynitie with Choler) is engendered of the commixtion of Choler, Salt Phlegm. or of a saltish or Whayie humiditye: or else of Phlegm putrefyed: the sharpness whereof being once enkindled, bringeth not styffenes and cold, but a shyveringe and shaking to the whole body. And among all the kinds of Phlegm none is worse nor more hurtful than is this. Harms of salt Phlegm For in what part of the body soever it settleth, it breeds and engendereth great dolours and painful griefs, and through the biting force that is in it, affecteth the members of the body with ulcerous lassitudes, it defourmeth and uglyfyeth the skin with dry, skuruye, skalie, mangy, and filthy eruptions or breaking out, as Tetters, & Ringwormes, Leprosy, skurfe, ytche, skabbednes etc. But if it be mixed with Melancholy & other naughty Humours, it bringeth the scurvy Elephantiasis (which is the Hebrewes Lepry) the ulcerous Herpes, running Cankers, French Pocks & many diseases more, which pitifully pierce & eat the flesh, even unto the hard bone. Glassy Phlegm (so called, glassy or clammy Phlegm. for that it resembbleth and is like to molten Glass) is of all others the coldest, wherefore it is very hardly to be concocted or brought into any wholesome, familiar and domestical humour. It occupieth and besiegeth for the most part, the Head, stomach, & Entrails, paining them with very grievous and troublesome discrasyes. For it pricketh, woundeth, teareth a pieces & tormenteth: What parts of the body be subject to Phlegm And this Phlegm being glewyshe and clammy like Byrdlyme, or such as the stuff is, whereof drinking Glasses be made, is so tough and lymie, that scantly will it be parted asunder: yea it cleaveth so fast to those narrow conceptacles where it rests, that nature striving and bickering with such a strange and uncouth Humour, is driven to suffer grievous pain and torment, before she can be able clean to banish away and rid herself from it. Great is the inconvenience, and sundry and intolerable be the diseases & grieves caused thereby: as namely the Colic, wrynging of the Guts, pain & gryeping of the Bowels: difficulty and excoriation in avoiding natural ordure: great lust & desire often to go to the stool, without being able to evacuate or avoid any thing at all, unless peradventure a small quantity of glassy Phlegm, and filthy baggage, and that not without great labour and enforcement of nature. For remedy and ease of which affects and all other grieves and gryepinge of like sort, my custom and use is to amend and recure with nothing better than outwardly with fomentes, and inwardly by inections and Clysters, Use of Clysters. which skowreth and clean washeth away all Phlegm before engrossed, clamped and gathered together. Herewyth are all those distemperaunces and annoyaunces of health in the lowest parts, without danger of any Ague, qualified and helped: unless the pain be too outrageous and vehement: for that, therein is neither putrefaction nor inflammation, and also for the ignobility of the member. But if this kind of Phlegm should assault any chief and principal member, and beside putrefaction, grow into inflammation, it bringeth the Agues called Lipyrias: and in this case the Patiente feeleth in the innermost parts of his Bowels, Cold, Heat dissolveth moisture, even as the sun doth ice. & in his utter parts, Heat. For even as the heat of the Sun melteth & dissolveth ice, snow and hail, & turneth the same into fluible & liquid water: so likewise doth the fits of an Ague cut asunder and liqueste gross & clottered Phlegm: & thus it is seen, that in one and the same body there is both heat & cold felt & perceived, at one & the self same time: like as appeareth in them that sit by a fire, having wet & moist clotheses upon their backs, or in them that handle snow or ice with their hands, whose members at one self same time and instant, feel both heat and cold. But for that, All men in danger to phlegm. the most part of men be in Winter, specially troubled with one kind or other of Phlegm, it standeth them upon diligently and by all means they can, to accustom themselves to hot meats, and of the same to make exact & perfect digestion. For through crudity and lack of perfect concoction in the Stomach, is engendered great abundance of naughty baggage and hurtufll Phlegm, Crudlty engendereth Phlegm. endaungeringe and evidently damnifying (as much as any thing in the world else) health and welfare. Therefore all such things as be very Cold and Moist, must in any wise be eschewed, as Sothernely winds, plain and smooth fishes, Wyeldings, Crabs: and of herbs, Lactuce, Purslane, Cucumbers, Melons, Gourds, muhrooms: or if any of these come in place to be eaten, let them be used with hot sauces and condiments, and convenient exercise, and such also as be of nature able to cut and attenuate gross and clammy Humours, to dispel wyndinesse, and suffer little or no Phlegmatic excremental Humour at all to rest within the body: for by these not only the body, but the mind also is carried away, and by affections shrewdly mysseledde. preservatives and helps for the Memory: with means and ways to remove and take away all inconveniences, harms and hindraunces thereof. The iiij. Chapter. FOrasmuch as both the distemperature that is Cold & Moist, and that also which is Cold and Dry, growing into excess and drawing into extremity, oppresseth and deadly woundeth the Memory: I have thought good into this work to inserte and interlace some such notes as may serve to the furtherance thereof and preservation of it from all such myssehappes, harms and discommodities as in any wise threaten thereunto annoyance. And how the same is to be done and brought to pass, I purpose compendiously by the way to declare: sithence not to Students only, but to all sorts of men in general, it shall be a thing right expedient and profitable. For all the actions and dealings either public or private, which a man taketh in hand, and enterpryseth: all his affairs, cogitations, devices, meditations, cares, purposes and studies, & all labour and industry the is taken for doing and speaking, wherein is any exercise at all of the mind, All things done by memory. cannot be brought about and accomplished without the help of Memory. For in this Treasure, the speciallest & chiefest part of reason, understanding and judgement rests: and out of it, as out of a most rich and plentiful Storehouse is fetched and taken a complete furniture of most hidden and far fetched matters. Which power and virtue of Memory, if it further & help us not, as a faithful maintener and keeper of the things which we devise, imagine and learn: all (be it never so precious & excellent) goeth to wrack and is raked up in oblivion. The proper and peculiar place, assigned & allotted for Memory, is the Brain, the mansion & dwelling house of wit and all the Senses: which being affected or by any distemperature discrased, Memory rests in the Brain. all the functions and offices of nature are semblably passioned: insomuch that wit, reason, understanding and judgement being once impaired, and diminished: there steppeth in place, Sottage, forgetfulness, amazedness, dotage, foolishness, lack of right wits, doltishnes & idiocie. Which affects & imperfections may happen to men many ways, as by some blow or wound in the head, by some rapture or cracking of the Skull, by some fall or contuston, by pestilent diseases & maladies, which (of the contagion of Air on each side enclosinge us) inspyreth infection into our bodies: and beside external accidents, which sometime cannot well be avoided, there be some harms which through our own wilfulness and disorder, we heap upon ourselves, incurring thereby much inconvenience: and these be, Surphettes, Drunkenness, Gluttony, unseasonable watching, Things hurtful to the Memory. meats cold and Phelgmaticke, immoderate use of Venery, and carnal company with Women, thereby the quickness of wit is blunted and waxeth dull, Carnal knowledge of women is a weakening to the body Reason, Understanding and judgement dymmed, and the strength of nature in many, so weakened and enfeebled, that in three days space or more after, uneath is it able to recover the vigour & lusty plight wherein it was before. And not this discommodity alone, but certain other sickly and foul affections insurge thereupon, no less pernicious to the mind, then dangerous to the body, utterly overthrowinge, oppressing and ruinating the power memorative. For even as toomuch dryness of the brain (got through excessive surphet, lack of expediente food, A dry brain hath little remembrance and Venery) is very hurtful to Memory, because that quality is nothing apt to take any impressions, or fourmes of things (for dryness & hardness taketh no prints nor Images) so also toomuch moisture (proceeding of idleness, sloth, immoderate sleep & moist meats) quite destroy & drown Memory Moisture (in deed) is more A moist brain unable to remember. capable, & will sooner take the print & forms of things, but by reason of softness, the same tarrieth not, but passeth away again: even as stamps or Seals, being affixed and imprinted into substance or matter that is toomoyst, liquid and fluible, maketh therein no stamp, form or print, but such, as presently fleeteth and immediately vanisheth away again. Forasmuch therefore as the virtue and power Memorative, consists in a sure, faithful, and steadfast keeping and conservation of Images, it followeth, that the same in Children and in as many others as have moist Brains, is weak & nothing retentive. Old folk, & young Children have ill memories, but the reason of the one is contrary to the other. Old folks also have the same imbecility and forgetfulness, and the reason is, because their brains be so cold and dry, that nothing is able to enter or fyrmelye to be imprinted therein: and for these causes, both sorts of them be oblivious and nothing memorative. For of this (as also of all the inward senses) the power and faculty is according to the temperature of the Brain. For out of the gross substance of that part, Temperature of the brain, the maintenance of Memory. or when the Spirits and Humours therein be gross, thick and with many vapours pestered, proceedeth Oblivion, slowness to understand, & hardness to conceive. Again, of a moist Brain, that is too liquid, cometh forth a dull or blunt sense, and a Memory nothing retentive but son forgetting. And a dry Constitution of the Brain maketh a very weak and ill memory: by reason, that it will not easily admit any impression (even like unto a piece of Lead, Iron or Steel, which will not easily suffer the point of any engravinge Tool to enter and pierce into it. A good steadfast and fryme Memory therefore is to be referred unto the disposition and temperature of the Brain: & this power of the mind, is ascribed to the benefit of Nature: but yet so, that it may be helped and maintained in his perfect state by Art, Memory, the gift of Nature, and is by Art helped and made better. and if perhaps it decay or take harm, yet through care & industry, it may again be restored. And therefore special care must be employed, and great diligence taken, that the body may in perfect health and sound constitution be preserved: that moderation both in life and diet be used: always within the compass of temperance and frugality: that the meat be exactly concocted: that the mind be in peaceable tranquillity, and free from troublesome affections: that no myssehappe betide to disturb and dim the same: for lustynesse of body & mind, holesomnes of Air, temperature of the Brain, perfect Constitution of all the Senses, the Spirits, both Animal & Vital (which proceed of the Humours) being clear and sincere, be great helpers & most available preseruatyves for the maintenance of Memory. For by these it happeneth that all the faculties of the Soul (among which Memory is chief) be fresh and perfect, that nothing of all that which we either by view of eye, cogitation, wit, learning or meditation conceive, slippeth out of our remembrance. Yea, many things that were thought to be clean forgotten, and canceled with oblivion, be revived as fresh in Memory & seem to the eye as plainly, as things but newly done: in somuch, that although sometimes we forget what we did but yesterday, yet perfectly can we remember things done many years ago, when we were Children. The reason whereof I take to be this, The reason why children can remember things long afore done. for that, tender age and childhood, greedily, attentively & with great admyration fyxeth things in mind, and is apt, ready, willing and full of courage to conceive what is put unto them. For whyse the mind is yet free from carking cares of the world, and not overcharged or busied with weighty matters and dealings, it retaineth suerer and keepeth faster in Memory those things which are instilled into it in childish years, their minds being yet free from all other cumbersome disquietations. Now, although Memory and Remembrance of things, be conceived in the forepart of the head, where the common wits or Senses specially rests, yet those things that are by the benefit thereof attained, be kept and fostered in the hinder part. And therefore they do very well, which keep their Nucha and nape of their necks warm, The Nucha and nape of the neck must be kept warm. and fence themselves safe from the danger of cold, & injury of winds: For these parts being distempered or affected, bring a man in danger of the falling Sickness, the Drowsy evil, Astonment, Palsy, Cramp, and Oblyvion. Wherefore it shallbe right good and expedient to remove and take away all such hindrance & discommodities as prejudice and hurt Memory. And because many and sundry things settle in man's mind and Memory, A man would be glad to forget some things. even against his will: such things (I mean) as he would not glad remember, but rather would be willing to forget and commit to oblyvion, as some lewd and lose pranks, dishonestly aforetyme perpetrated, are: and again, many good and wholesome things, which are expedient and needful to be remembered, slip out of mind and be forgotten: a man is in these points to take diligente heed and regard that he do not (as the Common sort use) without any choice and difference either neglect, or retchlessely foreslow the due orders of both these things, indifferently. Those things therefore which a man would gladly remember, it shall be good for him to think upon, and many times with himself in mind to meditate and revolve: and such as he would fain shake of & forget, as hurtful and pernicious to his mind, let him with reason and judgement stoutly resist and strive against. For as by the corruption of our nature (which is fallen away, Man's corrupt nature more, prove to ill than to good. from his first integrity) we be a great deal readier and apt to that which is naught, then to that which is good: and far more proclyve to conceive and learn the same, than things of better importance and purpose: so also those that be ill, stick faster in memory, & not easily to be shaken of or abolished, without great ado and difficulty. Which thing caused Themistocles to demand of one which professed to teach him the Art of Memory: Themistocles wished to learn the art of forget fullness. Whether there were any Science that could rather teach him the Art of Oblivion: for (said he) I can well enough remember what I lust, but I cannot so easily forget such things as are settled in my mind unwillingly and otherwise then I would desire. For some things we would be gladder to forget then to remember, for somuch as many men be of such nature that they cannot abide to have old sores ripped up, Old grudges are to be forgotten. and stolen grudges (long agone still and pacified) by new rehearsals revived and brought fresh again into question. To which end appertaineth this Proverb. A mischief well quieted and brought a sleep, would not be stirred anew, nor rubbed up a fresh. Now, whereas there be many helps and sundry furtheraunces devised by Rhetoricians to preserve & corroborated Memory: I have thought it good here not to stand tediously in particular recytall thereof: and the rather because many of them be very curious, and without marvelous precyse carefulness scarcely able to be observed: for the sharpness of wit and understanding with such a rabble of precepts, is overcloyed, and the native virtue of Memory overwhelmed. But among all other helps and preseruatyves of Memory, this namely is to be considered, that the body may in perfect health be maintained, Health the strength of the Memory. without being endangered to Sicknesses, specially such as may disturb and damnify the head. Sleep must be moderately used, not lying upon the back, but on the one side: the mind quiet and calm, free from all business and troublesome garboils. Crudity and surphet the spoilers of Memory. Now, forsomuch as this faculty of the Soul is brittle, tender & delicate, there is nothing that worketh more harm thereunto, then Crudity, Riot, Intemperaunce, Surphet and drunkenness. In the mean season, for the preserving and cheerishinge of the Memory, all helps must be used & all furtheraunces, which any way may conduce to the mainteynance & increase of the same must be put in ure & practise: among which, is: continual use and exercise of writing and speaking: adhibiting therein order, reason & measure, & not patteringe the same over rashly, confusely or without advisement. There is nothing in the world more refreshed, maintained and strengthened, through care, study, industry, diligence, regard and heed, than Memory: Again, nothing in the world through negligence, sloth, security and carefulness, so soon marred and defaced. And even as it is a mere vanity and foolish braggrie (as one saith) in this Miraculous gift of Memory, Ad Heren Lib. 3. tit. 7. to boast of Art rather than of Nature: so again, I deem him a right wise man, that bestoweth care & diligence to make the gifts of Nature and qualities of his mind, flouryshing, pregnant and fruitful: even as the good and thryftie Husbandman by manuraunce doth unto his ground, to make it rank and fertile. And now, Memory greatly helped and preserved by light Suppers. that I may here set down precepts of Physic, to keep this field from growing? barren, first of all I am to advise such as be desirous to preserve and keep this goodly and necessary Virtue perfect and steadfast, to use light Suppers, or if he hap to make full and larger suppers, to walk after it: to be meery and pleasantly conceited: to lay aside (for the time) earnest cares: and not to perplex his brain with troublesome thoughts, nor his mind with scrupulosities. And after he hath in this sort after Supper, spent an hour and a half, let him go to bed and take his natural rest, lying upon the right side: and arising early in the morning, let him exonerate nature by all those official members that serve for evacuation and avoiding of bodily excrements: First, let him rub his tongue, and comb his head gently with an Yuorye Combe, let him use to have his head polled, specially if the season of the year, the Country and Custom require or permit it: for to use it in Winter, or where the weather is extreme Cold, it is no less hurtful and unwholesome, then foolish and ridiculous. For they bereeve, take away and disapoynte themselves of those helps & defences of Nature, which propulse cold and other outward injuries, & in steed thereof keep their heads warm with other devised covertures. But when the weather is myelde and calm, and the Country temperate, I myslike not (as touching healthynesse of body) shavinge of the crown of the head. For thereby gross vapours which hurt the Memory, have more scope and liberty to evaporate and fume out. And therefore some in my opinion, take a wholesome way for healthynesse (so they do it without any manner of superstition otherwise) which go pollshorne and have their heads shaven to the hard scalp. In some, shavinge of the head is a helping to Memory, & in other some a hindrance. For by this means all they that are encumbered with Rheums, Catarrhs, and headache, find much ease, and so do all they that have their eyesight (through abundance of Humours) dim, and their hearing thick, and their smelling stopped: insomuch that for the redress of certain diseases of the head, Shavinge of the Beard helpeth Memory. loss of right wits, feebleness of brain, dottrye, frenzy, Bedlam madness, Melancholic affections, fury and frantic fits, Physicians deem it the best way to have the hair clean shaven of. Which in my judgement is not to be taken as a vain or absurd fable, for that both experience and reason persuadeth and enforceth some credit thereto: forsomuch as every man after his beard hath been trimmed or clean shaven of, feeleth himself a great deal merrier, and less wayward and overthwart than he was before. Furthermore my ordenarye custom is to advise them that have defectyve and dim eyes, and that be thick of hearing, or subject to the pose, to have their heads rubbed, and their Beards shaven or some such order and fashion, as may most commodiouslye serve for those parts: And accordingly as every Country hath his peculiar guise, to use the Barbers help in trimming and handling the same: for after the same, every man looketh both smugger and fairer, and is also of mind more myeld and tractable, so that his outward courage seemeth to rejoice & to be pleasant and lusty: his Memory made more perfect and clear: his Spirits (which are they the move us to do this and that) revived and stirred up: and all the Senses (a little afore dulled and brought as it were a sleep) show forth themselves in their most bravery and perfection. And if he use now & then to rynse and wash his mouth, jaws and palate: to rub his teeth, to wipe and cleanse his Nose, to pick his ears & mundify them from all baggage & filthiness, still to dilate & to open his breast with Coughinge, hawking, sneezing and popping or smacking with the mouth, to exonerate his lower parts, as the Ventricle, Mylte, liver, Bowels, Bealie and Bladder of their ordinary Excrements: not only the Memory, but also all the Organs of the mind beside, and every several faculty of the Soul shallbe well enhabled throughly and without stop or let, to discharge and do their proper functions and offices. And because for the most part, the Cold and Moist quality is most hurtful to Memory and oppresseth it, therefore the same by his contraries is to be subdued & maystered: by such (I mean) as have virtue, power, and efficacy, to waste and dispatch superfluous Humours, and to strengthen and comfort the Brain: of which sort are these: Things good for the Memory. Nuttmigges, specially those that are not clean dry, rotten, and without juice, Rosemarye flowers, and the stems thereof & all confections made with the same: sweet Maioram, Balm, Stychas of both sorts, Pionie roots, and the young berries thereof, mystleden, Hyssop, and Savoury, Herbs that sharpen the wit. which being boiled with meats, yieldeth forth a pleasant smell and savour, for it flourisheth green in Winter & withereth not: & in the number of these, add Betonie, Cowslips, Maron, Restoratives and remedies for the Memory being impaired or decayed through coldness & moisture. or common Organie or weld Maioram, Basil, roots of flower Delyce of both sorts, Enula Campana, Radishe which is a root usuallye echwhere eaten at meals in Summer to provoke an appetite: and among foreign and outlandish Spices, Zedoaria, Cloves, Macis, which is the rind that covereth the Nutmigge, Gynger, specially green & condite in Honey, right Gladen, Cassia, Cynamome, Cubebes, Myrobalanes condite or preserved in honey. The more part of all these may either be reduced into syrups, or stamped into powder or Condiments: or else the decoction or infusion of them may be taken, specially of such as dwell in Cold and Moist places, and be of nature very Phlegmatic. To restore a Memory seemig past all recovery. For they that be stricken in years and their Humours dried up and exhausted, had need to have aswell their bodies as the Instruments of their Senses moistened, & with nourishing aliments of sweet and pleasant quality to be humected, as the rinds of Citron, that is, of Pomegranades condite, Lyquirice, water Lillie commonly named Nenuphar, Buglosse, Borage, Raisins (the stones being taken out) Coraunts' and all such as do moderately calefie and humecte. Of which sort are these, Honey, Sugar, Wine that is swetish, Butter and new laid Eggs, Pyneapplekernelles, sweet Almonds that be not fusty, vinued nor old, Onions ill both for the eyes & Memory. Nuts called Pistacia, Chestnutts meanelye parched, and fylberds: for Walnutts be hurtful to the Memory, and so are Onions, because they annoyed the eyes with a dazzling dimness, through a hot vapour, Lactuce dimmeth the sight. Rapes very beneficial & restorative▪ for the eyes. even as Lactuce doth with cold, through a somniferous virtue and power in it. But Rapes and Turneppes either sod or boiled, do wonderfully clarefye the eyes, and are very beneficial for the sight, and they that be disposed to try, shall find it by experience very true: by reason of their great store of hot & moist flatuousnes, whereby they also increase generative Seed, and stir up Venus, specially being condite with Gynger. As touching what kinds of small Brains be best for this purpose, What sorts of Brains be best for Memory. this is first to be understanded, that there cannot be any thing of more virtue and strength to comfort Memory and keep it in a right sound perfection, then the Brains of Partridges, next of Sparrows, and all such Birds as be naturally much stirring, & exercise themselves still in flickering and flying, whereof in an other place we shall speak more at large. Washing of the head, although many greatly mislike not, Washing of the head. yet do I counsel none to use it. For it weakeneth the skull and Brain pan, and maketh it at every small cold and blast of wind, subject to distillations & Catarrhs. But to wash the feet in a decoction of Bay leaves, Rosemary & Fenel, I greatly disallow not: for it turneth away from the head vapours & fumes dimming and overcasting the mind. Now the better to repress fumes and propulfe vapours from the Brain, it shallbe excellent good after Supper, to chaw with the teeth (the mouth being shut) a few grains of Coriander first stieped in veneiger, Coriander. wherein Maioran hath been decocted, & then thinnly crusted or covered over with Sugar. It is scarce credible what a special commodity this bringeth to the memory. Not less virtuous & sovereign is the confection of Quinces called Diacidonion, Conserve of Quinces. if a pretty quantity thereof be likewise taken after meat. For it disperseth fumes, & suffereth not vapours to strike upward, & the fame effect also have certain grains of Mastix swallowed. Also it is right excellent & comfortable now & then to smell to such things as yield a sweet & odoriferous savour, Sweet smells comfortable to the spirits. namely such as be of nature piercing & calefactive, as Lignum Aloes, Clofegelofres' Rosemary flowers, Basil, Nigella, Ambregryce, Syvet, red Roses, honey suckle flowers, French spyknard, and many other that yield forth a strong smell, but the seem right pleasant, comfortable, & delightful. All these refresh the Spirits, & with their soot savours wonderfully comfort the Brain. If a man or woman seem (to outward judgement) in a manner past recovery, The confection of Anacardus good for the Memory. and be brought to extreme oblivion, as they be that have the disease called Lethargus or the drowsy evil: it shallbe right good for them to anoint the outsyde of their Nucha and nape of their necks with the Oil of Castor, To restore speech. Nigella, Euphorbe, Costus, Rocket, and inwardly to take a little of the confection of Anacardus, or else therewith to rub the tongue. For is dissolveth Phlegm that is extremelye cold, moist, and viscous: Insomuch that it restoreth speech to them that be stricken with the Apoplexy, and recureth the staggering and staying of the tongue, bringing it again to his right use: Which thing may also be done and brought to pass with oxymel Scillit. and Aqua vite, wherein a few grains of Rocket have been stieped. Unto these helps, To restore the right use of the tongue to them that have the Apoplexy. in dangerous and desperate discrasies (when nothing else will help) we flee for refuge and succour: but in distemperaunces and grieves that be myelder, and not of such extremity, others now rehearsed may serve, as Syrup de Stichade. Dia Anthos dulcis, Aur●a Alexandrina, The virtue of Lignum Aloes. Dia castorium, Pliris cum Musco, Triacle and Mythridatum. By experience and daily proof it is found true, that Agalochus (commonly called Lignum Aloes) being either used in perfume, or smelled unto with the Nose, hath a marvelous virtue to corroborated the Brain & refresh the Senses: insomuch that being stamped, A Cock to crow continnally without ceasing. pulverised, and mingled with some Cloves and the bone of a ravens heart, and then all mixed with Oil of Nigella, hath such sovereign virtue in strengthening & comforting the Brain, that if the head of a Cock be therewith anointed, he will crow continually without any ceasing. ¶ Of the state and disposition of a hot and dry body: with a Discourse of the nature, condition, manners, and inclination of a Choleric person. The u Chapter. FOrsomuch as among the outward things of Nature, All things subject to change. there is nothing of any long continuance and stability, neither that long keepeth itself at any certain state and vigour, but all subject to decay, alteration, and case worse and worse: truly the state of mankind doth specially and more than any other, suffer sundry alterations, and is subject to great change and mutability. Thus, is a Hot and Moist Complexion, in process and tract of time, brought into a state Hot and Drye, For, Heat by little and little both slily and closely waste and consume natural Humour, and bringeth all the body into dryness: which quality for prolongation and lengthening of life, is the greatest enemy that can be. For as the flame in a Torch or Taper feedeth upon the combustible matter thereof, and is therewith nourished, which being all wasted and consumed, the same flame also quencheth and no longer burneth: so likewise native heat by little and little weareth away, and diminisheth the juice & moisture, wherewith it is nourished, and finally bringeth the cause of destruction both to itself, and to the whole body beside. Now, that constitution of body, which consists of a hot and dry quality and thereof hath his name, A Choleric man. having warm Humour through these qualities increased, maketh and constituteth a Choleric man, by reason of the great store of Choler which is in him: Choler natural and beside nature. of which Humour there be two sorts and differences: the one natural, the other beside nature. Natural Choler is the excrement of blood concoct, bitter in savour, and in colour and effect fyerie. When the heat of the liver is moderate, then is it yellow and shining: but when this viscosity is overmuch enkindled, then doth Choler also boil with heat, and is of colour dark, Yelowish, like unto Pruse Bier, called in Dutche jopen Bier, or like unto Oil or melted Butter, when it is burned, and with much frying becometh blackish of colour: whereby it cometh to pass that the colour before yellow, changeth and is turned into a sad black: which sometime abundantly uttereth and showeth itself in the utter part of the skin, whensoever this Choleric Humour diffuseth and disperseth itself into the same skin. Choler hath in the body two offices: for part of it being mixed with the blood, The office of Choler. passeth into the Veins, to make the same more conveniently to penetrate into every one of the narrow passages, & to be conveyed to such members as require & have need of the nourishment of Choler. The other part, is sent to the bladder of the Gall, annexed and tied to the neither end of the liver, wherein the wonderful providence of God's Almighty handiwork well appeareth, in y●, he hath appointed the same Entrail, whereunto he hath geeven an admirable virtue to attract and help digestion, to be also a receiver and Receptorye of superfluous and unprofitable Humour: to th'intent no harm or inconvenience should thereby in any wise happen to the other members. For Choler is of that nature that yieldeth out a fiery force, whose motion (as it were a fire brand) stirreth up and incenseth our minds to hasty moods and furious rages. Anger what it is. And for this cause Anger is defined to be a heat and certain boylinge of the Blood about the Heart, wherewith the Brain also being excyted by Choler, is set in a heat and testiness, desirous of revenge, whensoever any injury is offered. And to the lower parts provoke and irrite the Guts and Bowels to avoid superfluous excrements: For which purpose, Nature's providence hath devised and framed sundry passages needful for the purging, conveyance and evacuation of all such superfluous Humours: to wit, the Kidneys and the Urine Pipes, the empty or fasting Gut called Intestinum jeiunum (which through the sourness of Choler flowing into it, continually driveth out the Excrements, By what parts of the body Choler is purged. ) the Bladder, Ears, and Pores, appointed for the avoidance and expulsion of sweat. And in the most part of these, if obstructions should happen, all the whole filthy mass of noisome Humour, is thereby kept within the body, and then giveth violente assault to some of the principal parts. So when the bag or Bladder of the Gall or Receptacle of Choler, is not able to exonerate itself of that baggage, dross and superfluity, which it drew from the liver: it emptyeth and casts it either into the Uentricle, or else into the holownesse of the liver. And thus it cometh to pass, that Choler being diffused and spread over all the body, imperteth both his quality and colour to the Blood. Hereof cometh the jaundice (named Morbus Regius, jaundice. for y●, it requireth a most exquisite dict, and Princelike fare) which maketh all the body yellow as a Kites foot, and coloured like Saffron or as Silver, that is stroked over with Gold. And if the small and slender Guts be therewith teinted, it putteth a man to intolerable torment & pain. Wring of the small Guts. This passion is called Iliaca Passio, the wrynginge of the Guts, and also Conuoluulum, for that, the Guts do seem to puckar and crumple together like the string of an Harp, or any other Instrument. This disease cometh either of an inflammation, or of costyvenes, when the ordure is dry & hard parched, and no sufficient store of Choleric Humour to expel & scour away the Excrements. So if the upper part of the Gut be affected, the meat is cast up: if the neither, ordure avoideth at the mouth: by reason that the Tuell or fundament is so closely shut, that not so much as a poor fyest can pass or get out thence. Many affects beside, doth Choler engender, as Tertian and burning Agues, when as it putrefyeth without the Veins, which because they be largely and diligently set out in sundry Books of Physic, by many & sundry learned Physicians published, I think it best here to surcease from any further recital and declaration thereof. But I purpose now briefly by the way to show the nature and conditions of a Hot and dry Complexion, & then of a Choleric person, Notes whereby to know a hot and dry Complexion. & finally by what marks and tokens they are to be perceived, discerned, found out and known. And first to speak of the outward signs: A body of this Constitution is hot, slender, lean musculous, of decent bigness and mean stature: and although some be of growth and talnes but small & little: yet are they lively, daper, quick, nimble, and as little Bees, ever stirring and whyskinge about, And Within that little Corpse of there's, Virg. li. 4 Georg. right noble stomachs have. Of colour they be brownish, aburne or somewhat ruddy, specially when their angry mood is up, or their bodies chaufed and set in heat with exercise: & some be pale or yelowish. Their skin rough: their arteries and Veins big and apparent, & not lying hidden under the flesh: their Urine red, saffron coloured, or bright yellow according to the proportion of Choler and heat: Their Pulse quick and swift, as also their gate and manner of going is. Their tongue rolling at pleasure, ready and flowing in utterance: their hair black: and in some, curled and naturally fryzeled: when as the heat and dryness is very great and vehement: Neither will the same till after long time wax hoary and grey, but yet by reason of dryness soon wax bald. Their Nose crooked like a Hawks bill: and in many, especially Germaynes, Polonians, Hungarians and Dutchmen, Yellow hair. red beards, and bright yealowye hair, which cometh of glittering clear shining Choler, that is not adusted with fervent heat. Red beards. In the Low Countries, those that be red haired (are of the vulgar sort) noted, as men subject to some naughty disposition and lewd conditions, secretly harboroughing within their minds. For as Themistocles his Tutor gave judgement of no mean thing, Nature of Themistocles. like to prove & come to pass in his said Scholar, but that he would be either a singular stay and ornament to his Country, or else some notable plague and detriment to the same: so also the Belgiana, by a common and usual by word among them, saye, that at the hands of such people, either things most excellent, or else most villainous, are to be expected and hoped for. Furthermore in their daily speech they use this as a common Proverb among them, Rooden baert selden goedt often van goeden aerdt, Which is as much to say, the Red bearded men are seldom of any good disposition: for that, in the whole course of their life, manners, conversation, dealings, byinge, selling, & bartering, they seek to undermine and overeach others with sly shifts and crafty bargains, evidently arguing, what cunning dealing lurketh within them to entrap and deceive other men. Which disposition and inclination, as I can not deny but is found true in very many of that Constitution, for want of virtuous bringing up, Read beard● argueth not always an ill disposed person. and laudable institution: So again, do I know many, having such coloured Beards, whose commendable qualities, and rare virtues have advanced them to Honourable rooms and dignities. For even in Prince's Courts, in Assemblies of Nobles, Peers, & Magistrates, among honest substantial Trafiquers, and namely of those that devil Northernely, we see very many of tried Virtue, & singular wisdom, right worthily with integrity & uprightness admynistringe their Public charges and functions wherein they be placed. Now, whereas some haskerdly Peizaunts, & rascal people, having such coloured beards, be prattlers and praters, in keeping counsel, as close as a Syeve, setting all upon six and seven, without any regard or consideration of any thing, Dingthryftes and Spendalles, the same do I impute to lewd education, which draweth the proclivity of their Nature to untoward and peevish manners. For hereof it cometh, that such people be found to be unconstant, wily Foxes. crafty, deceitful, subtle, wily, cogginge, turning the cat in the pan, full of leaguer de main, & so fickle of word and deed, that a man may not well & safely deal with them nor trust them, as people in whom there is no more hold than is of a wet Eel by y●●ayle, and in any bargain or dealing be it never so intricate and cumbersome, can find means to slip the collar and wyende themselves out of danger. Whereunto if other imperfections & defects of the body be added, they argue yet a worse Nature & more geeven to mischief: whereupon the Poet martial very aptly saith: Black haired, short footed, purblind eke and Beard all over red: Lib. 6. Take such a one in doing good, and strike me of his heed. Which disposition is rooted in them, partly through the influence of the Planets, viz. of the Sun and Mercury, & partly (which I rather take to be the chief and special cause) through thynnes of Choleric Humour and of unclean Spirits, which being enduedwith a subtle heat, pricketh a stirreth them forward to put in practise such kind of pranks and Pageauntes. Furthermore among these kind of people, there be some diversly disposed, and of sundry conditions, wranglers, busy meddlers in other man's matters, yallers, hot as a toast, Choplogicks, & prattlers, with tongue at will, and are as Juvenal fotlie saith: Of dapper wit and desperate bold, fine phrasde with gallant grace, Sat. 3. Moore eloquent than Isaeus, for every time and case. Each person can they aptly play, at each Art can they am, At Grammar, Rhetricke Geometry, Painting, and for the game. At soothsaying, and cunningly upon a Rope to dance, At Physic, Magic, ripe are they, and free of every Haunce, Such commonly are Dizardes', Gesturers, Stage players, jugglers, Tumblers and Rogish peddlers, ydly ranging about the Country, jangling prattlers, Fortuile tellers, mynstreis' & such other like busy bragging Counterfeictes, looking big upon the matter, and in their manner of gate, hands, countenance, eyes and speech, full of gestures, impudently presuming to shuffle themselves into every company and place of assembly, having an Oar in every man's Boat, and intermeddling in other man's matters, wherein they have nothing to deal. In Sleep, very unquiet, leaping sometime out of their beds, because their Spirits be very hot, which incyte & awake them up (even being a sleep) to motion & walking about. For Choler frameth and fashioneth the minds of men many ways, producing and causing in them divers manners, phansyes, delights and inclinations. And hereupon it happeneth that whosoever is of a hot and dry Constitution, & reckoned in the number of Choleric men, is naturally fierce, arrogant, imperious, stately untractable and unruly: Quick, Horat. in Art. Poet. testy, not entreatable. of stomach very stout: Not thinking Laws were for them made, but fight and blade it out. This is my will, this is my hest, thus shall it be, I say, Iwen. Sat. 6. Thus I command, my will in steed of reason beareth sway. But as he is by Nature very testy and soon angry, so is his Choleric mood soon allayed and pacified. Now, sithence beside yealowe Choler which only is called Natural, there be divers other differences thereof also, we must orderly entreat as occasion falls out, of every one particularly. First of yellow Choler is engendered Pale, Pale or Citrine Choler or of the colour of a Pomecytron, mean between green and yelowyshe. It beareth chief sway at the beginning of the Spring, in young men and bodies not yet come to their full growth, when as fresh Blood newly sprowteth in their Bodies. Whereupon, that Age specially at this time of the year is much subject to Tertian Agewes, Tertian Agues. namely if this humour through obstruction do putrefy, and being scattered without the Veins, happen to be inflamed. Much like whereunto is the Bastard Tertian: so called, for that, it is engendered not altogether of yellow Choler, but hath some part of Phlegm also joined with it. Bur●ing Age●es. For Burning Agewes do proceed and be enkindled of red Choler, putrefying and rotting within the Veins, which bring a man into idle talk, Phrenste and raving. For they that be herewith affected conceive in their minds certain fond and absurd imaginations, thinking themselves to see some tertible apparitions and sights, whereby in the nights they be greatly troubled in their sleeps and sore affrighted. Tost and turmoiled with dreadful dreams, and grisly griepes by night, Lucan. lib. 7. Vexed with vain terrors in their Sleep, appearing to their sight. They dream of fire and burning of houses & Towns, and think all the world to be in an uproar and hurly burlye, Choleric folks have many dread full and terrible Dreams. killing and sleying one an other: and some of these fantastical imaginations sometime happen to a man without any Agewe, when as the fumosity of Choler striketh up into the Brain. Which if they happen of any long continuance to disturb the body and mind, it shallbe most expedient to take an other order of diet, and foorthwyth to purge Choler by vomyte, sweat, and evacuation by Siege, which may be conveniently done with Radix Pontica, and such things as provoke Urine, as these Herbs: Alkakengie, Sperage, Gardeyne Parsley, Anise seed, How to purge Choler. and Fenell seed: forbearing all hot, fat and sweet meats, which are very apt to be turned into Choler, excepting only Raisins & Liquirice: and only to eat such things as are of virtue to qualefye and allay the heat of Blood. And specially Sleep must be provoked with Lactuce and other salet herbs, sleep whole some & good for Choleric folk. that do humecte and refresh the Brain and all other parts of the body. For albeit to hot and dry complexions, and all Choleric people many things be both hurtful and pernicious, yet is nothing more noisome and prejudicial then unseasonable labour, watch, long forbearing of victuals, fumish anger and testynesse, Venus and immoderate company of Women. For every of these doth waste and consume the strength and powers of Nature: neither may any thing be conveniently taken from them that be dry and lean may marye, they had rather need to be franked and tenderly fed with delicate fare and dainty cheer, to restore and mayneteyne them: then either to be scanted, or to take that which wastes nature. For es Cattles best liketh in rank pasture wherein is good grass and water enough: so do they of this Complexion require exquisite fare. And even as those Trees and Sprays that do not burgeon and ramifye, would not be lopped nor cut: so likewise wearish weakened bodies (lacking many things in respect of a firm habit of bodily constitution) ought not in any part to be weakened, neither can well spare any thing to be taken away from them. But there is an other kind of Choler, swerving and degenerating from Natural order and mean, Yolkie Choler. called of Physicians Yolkie Choler, borrowing his name of the yolk of an Egg, whose colour and consistency, it doth neerelye resemble. For by means of his excessive heat it is thickishe, and of colour f●ery, and very yellow: which if it should happen to putrefy and be inflamed, it breeds Agues most ardente and burning. Therefore forsomuch as this kind of Choler is shrunk and go from mediocritye, it shallbe expedient to frame a clean contrary diet, and to ensue an other manner of order, for the subduing and driving away of this strange quality. For if a man should still cherish and tender it with his like nourishmentes, he should do nothing else but exasperated the distemperaunce, & increase the tyranny thereof, and make it more vehement. There is also an other kind of Choler, called Leekish, Leekish or grieve Choler. so named because it is as green as a Leek, which is bread and engendered in the Stomach, through naughty and corrupt juice, & of certain gross potherbes: of which sort, are Garlic, Leeks, Onions, Cresses, Rocket, Coleworts, Betes, Cheruyle. For when as Nature is not able to subdue and master these and such like nourishments, they be turned into a Leekish or green Choler, which being sometime parbraked and cast up by vomyte, leave in the tongue & Chaws, a certain bitter relish and sharp savour, insomuch that with other sweet liquor it is hard to be got away and abolished. Also this noisome Humour sometime is engendered in the liver and Veins, by means of some grievous sickness, when as yolkie coloured Choler is adust with vehement inflammation of strange heat, which to vomyte up by parbreaking, Lib. 2. praedict. ca 39 Hypocrates affirmeth to be most dangerous. Out of this proceedeth yet an other excrement, worse than any of the rest, Rusty or Brassy Choler. called (of a likeness that it hath with rusty brass) Rusty or Brassy Choler, which is engendered of Leekish or green Choler vehemently adust. For when the humidity is with intensed heat excocted, it becometh dry & resembleth the rust of Brass: which thing we may plainly perceive by hot glowing things, extremely burned in the fire, whereunto the nature of Choler may very aptly be compared. For the force and virtue of fire, changeth the wood, first into burning coals, then into black coals, and last of all, when the fire hath quite consumed all, and heat is slaked, into Ashes. So likewise in the body of mankind, Choler is first of saffron colour, than (as heat increaseth) Leekishe, somewhat contrary to nature: next Brassy or rusty, & last of all, bluish or sky colour, like unto Wadde an Herb that Fuller's and Dyers use in colouring and dying their clotheses, which last of all is turned into perfect black Choler or Melancholy. All these sorts of Choler, endued with virulent and poisonous qualities, infect the mind with lewd conditions, and the body with loathsome diseases, whereof many be of such malignant nature, that hardly will be cured: as eating Cankers, corroding ulcers, running pocks, loathsome tetters or ryngwormes in the face, Morphew, the Carbuncle, wield fire or S. Antony's fire, Herpes, the eating & devouring Ulcer called Estiomenus, The Wolf 〈◊〉, disease. and of Courtiers (who commonly more than others are thereto subject) named the Wolf: for it exulcerateth the skin, and eateth the flesh to the very bones, rotting and putrefying the same, depriving the member of life, and from feeling of any pain, beside many other loathsome and contagious diseases, proceeding and sprynging out of the common syncke and concurrency of these Humours, in somuch that a man in this case carrieth about with him nothing else, but a stinking rotten and corrupt Carcase: And loathsome lymms, replete with mattry filth. Virg. AEneid. 1. ¶ Of a cold and dry Complexion: wherein the Nature and condition of a Melancholic person (because he is of this temperature & subject to Choler) is at large declared: with remedies how to qualify and subdue the same, fully deciphered The vi. Chapter. THose bodies of all others are in worst case & habit, which consist and be constituted of the combination and composition of Cold and Dry. For considering that the maintenance and conservation of life consists in Hot and Moist: who is he that can rightly commend or allow that quality and constitution of body, which weareth away & wastes these fomentations or cheerishmentes of life, being the chief & only 〈◊〉 of health and welfare? For we see in the whole course of Nature, and in all things within the universal World, plants, Herbs, all Creatuers endued with life, Men and all that live by breath, when they be once deprived, or lack heat and moisture, quickly to decay, & grow unto destruction. For none other thing is Death, neither can any fit definition be devised for it, then to say, Death. that it is an abolishment and destruction of life & Nature spirable, & an extinction of the first qualities, whereof the Humours have their being and maintenance. Man subject to many casualties. Whensoever therefore a man arryveth & is brought into these qualities, either by Sickness, Nature, or by Age and course of years, let him make his full reckoning that Death is not far of. For as touching uncertain, haps and sudden casualties which every minute of an hour hauge over all our heads generally, I think not meet hitherto to be referred, nor in this place to be reckoned: for that they hap violently and against Nature, making an end of life sooner than by course of nature else should be. Which haps and chances as they aught not to terrify and dismay any man, either journeying or Seafaring (forasmuch as every Christian ought to commend and refer the success and event of his whole affairs and business, into the hands of God his Divine providence & pleasure, and unto him only with firm Faith to lean: So also in this plight and disposition of body, (threatened with death and extreme dissolution) there is no cause why a man should quail in courage, or retchelessely (by all convenient means he may) neglect to tender and cherish his body: but so long as any spark of life lasteth, never to cease to use all such helps and foments, as may serve to the prolongation of his days. For God of his bounteous liberality, hath graciously geeven and appointed many things, whereby the same may well and fully be brought about. For as fruitless trees, by pruning and industry are made fruitful: and as barren ground, (wearied with long tillage) with dunging and composting, is again restored to fertility: so likewise bodies that be dry, are with nourishment fit for the restoration of Nature, comforted, and brought even unto the full appointed & prefixed term that by Nature is limited, as it were into the Haven that we long wished. Which hope of prolongation and lengthening of life, no man of reasonable and indifferent judgement in consideration of Human things can disallow, so that, every man herein (submitting his will & mind unto his Maker and Creator in whom all things have their being and consistence) refer his dealings and desires, What limitation our prayers and wishes aught to have. unto his godly dispensation and appointment, acknowledging all things (whatsoever they be) to be governed & directed by the decree of his omnipotent pleasure. But because Melancholy is subject unto a cold and dry quality, neither can any plight or state of body (proceeding hence) be worse than it, nor more incommodious to health: therefore it seemeth needful, to make some further discourse of the condition, nature, effect, strength and differences thereof, and how greatly it affecteth both the body and the mind of man. For all men for the most part at the beginning of the Spring and Downfall of the Leaf (at which season of the year this Humour doth most ryfely abound) are subject to Melancholic affections, No man but is subject to Melancholy. namely those that be Magistrates and Officers in the Commonwealth, or Students which at unseasonable times sit at their Books & Studies. For through overmuch agitation of the mind, Students much troubled with Melancholy. natural heat is extinguished, & the Spirits aswell Animal as Vital, attenuated and vanish away: whereby it cometh to pass, that after their vital juice is exhausted, they fall into a Cold & Drye constitution. And of this Melancholic Humour there be two differences, Two sorts of Melancholy. the one Natural, the other beside Nature. That Melancholy which is natural and familiar to a man, is milder and less hurtful than the other. For being carried and conveyed into the Veins together with the Blood, it nourisheth the members that be of like Nature and condition to itself, & unto them mynistreth nourishment, as the Bones, Grystles, Ligaments and Sinews. For this Humour is not unlike unto Beasts feet when they be sodden and brought into a jelly, which in eating, Whereto Melancholy is like. cleave to the fingers and lips, as tough as Brydlyme: whereby it causeth Blood to have a good power retentive, and to be thicker: because when it is joined with perfect Blood, and with the sweetness thereof tempered and allayed, as a sour grape with Honey or Sugar, it thereupon becometh in taste and relyce not altogether sour or bitter, as those things that exasperated the jaws and Palate, but somewhat tart and sowrysh, and as it is commonly termed, The taste & relyce of Melancholy. Pontic: such a relyce I mean, as is in a grape (out of which new Must is pressed) being not as yet come to his perfect ripeness and maturytie, such as in the latter end of Autumn is brought out of Germany and France into the Low Countries, to slaunche and fill the glutting desire and greedynesse of some: which being very sour in taste, (insomuch that it seemeth to take away the upper skin of the tongue,) their use is to condite with honey and honey combs: to make it (for them that have quaysye stomachs) better relyced, & pleasaunter in taste. And as the dregs, mother, or settlinges of Oil, retain a tallage of the Oil: and as the Lees of Wine keep a certain taste, relyce and smell of the Nature of Wine: Even so Melancholic juice which proceeded from Blood, retaineth the spittle and taste thereof. Wherefore this Humour may seem somewhat unproperly to be called Atra bilis, sithence there is in it no adustion, De locis affect. lib. 3. cap. 5. but (as Galene saith) a blood or Melancholic juice, which is nothing else then the drier and thicker part of blood, altogether like unto dregs and Lees, that settleth in the bottom of the vessel, and conserveth the strength & vigour of the Wine, and suffereth it not to waste and vanish. And as the Lees or dregs of Wine called in Dutch Droesen or Moeder, serve to good use and purpose, for the making of Aqua vite withal: Even so Melancholic juice which (it I may so plainly term it) is the settling and refuse of Blood, hath in it an wholesome use and commodity. For one part goeth into the Veins, and helpeth blood: the other part (much like to the former) is drawn by the liver into the Spleen or Mylt: The use and Nature of the Mylt. & having thence afterwards issue into the Stomach, (on the left side whereof it lieth) stirreth up appetite to meat, through the sharpness and sourness that is in it. This viscous substance being soft thin, fungous, and like unto a Sponge, is the Chamber of Melancholy, and a Receptory appointed by nature, to draw out unto it, the dregs of Blood: and sometimes so much swelled with abundance of excrements, as though it would oppress and kill a man: according whereunto the Cappadocian Bawd in Plautus bewaileth his own case in these words: My health decreaseth day by day, In curcul. Act. 2. My pain increaseth on as fast: My swagging Mylt doth every way, like girdle, round begyrde my waste. A man would judge that I did bear, within my Beally, Children twain: Wretch that I am, I greatly fear, lest burst I shall in middle, plain. Which part of the body because it is a great hinlet to nymblenes and agility, The Mylte hindereth agility and quickness of body. and a fowl cumbersome load to Runners, Posts, Couriers and speedy Messengers, the ignorant common people sometime thought and were persuaded, that the best way was, cythe: to have this viscous substance quite taken out, or else to be cauteryzed. Mylt cannot be taken away. But in very deed it is not without great danger and hazard of life to be taken out, no more than the Testicles or Stones can from the Castor: which is a kind of Beast that liveth both in water and on land: whom hunters (reporting a flymflam tale of Robinhoode) do absurdely affirm, that with their own teeth they bite away their own Stones, and for safeguard of their lives throw the same at those, which pursue and chase them. Yet notwithstanding this viscousnes, if it swell and bolne overmuch, may be qualefyed, kept down and repressed by using Roman & common Wormwood, ●etrach, Polipodie, Seine, Epythyme, Rosemary, Capers, Doder, Fumitory, Hartstongue, bitter Almonds, Peach kernels, Tamarixe & sweet Broom: For the more that it increaseth & waxeth bigger, the more the body pineth away, & becometh leaner: The Spleen likened to a Prince's Exchequer or Treasury so that very aptly did Trajan the Emperor compare & liken a Prince's Exchequer to the Spleen. For as when a Prince's Coffers be full stuffed, & his Treasuries enriched, that common people be wringed, pinched & impoverished: so, when the Spleen waxeth big & increaseth, the body is pined away and wasted with leanness. For somuch therefore as God his careful providence hath made and ordained this member to purefie the liver, & to purge and scum away the gross & feculent part of the Blood: it standeth every man in hand, by all means possible, carefully to foresee, that it incur not any inor take any harm. For if the Spleen or Mylte should suffer obstruction, or fall into imbecillitye and weakness: the Melancholic juice disperseth itself into every part of the body, making the skin to be of a sooty and dun colour: and further disquieteth the mind, with sundry strange apparitions, and fantastical imaginations. But if it throughly perform the office, The Mylte causeth a man to laugh & be merry. for which it was ordained, & do exactly drink up the drossy feculencie of Blood, it maketh a man thereupon wonderful meerye and jocund. For when the Blood is sincerely purefyed, and from all grossness and feculencie purged, the Spirits consequently are made pure, bright and clear shining: Whose purity and clearness causeth the mind to rejoice, and among meery companions to laugh and delight in pretty devices, merry conceits and wanton fancies. Which thing likewise commonly happeneth to them, that moisten and whittle themselves well with wine: who (although otherwise in dealings they be naturally stern and surlie, Wine cheereth the hearts of them that be severe & maketh them as merry as a Pye. and outwardly in countenance and manner of gate, pretending a kind of severity:) Yet being somewhat heated with Wine, and lighting in the company of amorous & beautiful Damosels, they set cock on hoop, and shake away from them all their former grimnes, and wayward manners, and become as meery as the meryest. And thus have I myself known some, and that of no mean calling, who (either through inclynation of their Nature or custom of life) clean geeven from all company, looking with face and countenance grim●●e and severe, with brows knit together & frowninge, with eyes sullen, stern, terrible, glancing aside and eskanted, What time Melancholic people be out of measure merry. enough to make such as meet them afraid to look upon them: who (notwithstanding) when they have been in company with young pleasant Maidens and meery Gentlewomen, have (for the while) foregone & laid aside their severity and Stoycal precysenes, and in Dauncinge have shaken their legs, and footed it as roundly as the best: But the meery convocation being dissolved, and the solemn mirth finished, have eftsoons returned to their Old Nature, wanted manners, and accustomed gravity. My advise and counsel to them in this case is, best for grim and severe folks to use merry company. to exhort them to use such merry compaignyes: and often to frequent such pleasant conferences: thereby to acquaint themselves with courtesy & familiar humanity, discontinuing and abandoning that their former counterfeit and disguised severity: and to dispose their minds to the well liking of Nuptial society. To them therefore that be Splenetique and sick of the Mylte, and to as many more, as are of Nature, sorrowful, lumpish and sow●●measurable drinking of Wine, exercise of body, company & meery fellowship bringeth both a sound health, and a pleasantness of life. For by framing themselves this way, natural heat is strengthened, and (like fire with often stirring and raking) beginneth to shine, glitter & sparkle: the wearied and languishing spirits (when this sink of Melancholy is once exhausted & all fuliginousnes banished) are revived, & with their shining brightness clarify & illuminate all the senses, whose ministry the mind useth, making them ready and apt throughly to achieve and execute their due offices, actions and charges. And therefore this old Verse (although not curiously penned and filed) which is common almost in every man's mouth, seemeth to me not altogether absurd: neither much swerving from truth. Mens sapit, & Pulmo loquitur, Fel suscitat iras, Spen ridere facit, cogit amare iecut. In English thus: Wit from the Mind, Speech from the Lungs, From Gall proceedeth Ire: From Mylte is caused Laughter: from The liver, loves desire. From the functions of which Entrails, The sovereigntye of the heart. the Heart which is the founteyne of life and natural heat, and the original of vital spirit, is not excluded: as in whom, rests the chiefest and most pryncipal power and faculty, in the exployting of any thing incident to Nature. Of it, such famous men as excel, and be renowned for wisdom and experience, are called Cordati: & they that want, Cordati. and are further of, from the same, are termed by names, taken of the impotency & imperfection of the mind in that behalf, & of such affections as differ most from Temperance and moderation. hereupon are they that nosle themselves in Sloth, idleness, negligence, lazynesse & ease (neither addicting themselves to any profitable study, tending to the Glory of God, neither to their own avail and furtherance in dyrectinge them to any virtuous living, Socordes. are called Socordes. And an other sort worse than these (called Vecordes) be they, Vecordes which imagine and devise in their mind nothing but fraud, collusion, deceit, murder, treachery, burning, treason, spoil of their fellow citizens, destruction to their native Country: and finally in their minds say the Platform and weave the toil, of most villainous myschyeves. Which inward vices, and graceless outrages of the mind, evidently and abundantly descry and show out themselves in the eyes, face, countenance, forehead, eyebrows, and in all the outward shape and habit of the body beside: & if it so happen that they be therein taken tardy, they fret and fume, they stamp and stare, they stand mute and speechless, they stagger and solter, they cog and dissemble, they wrangle & face out the matter, they flatly deny the deed, or else answer so doubtfully and perplexedly, that a man cannot tell▪ where to have them finally either they will say the fault in an other man's neck, as did Adam: Genes. 3. or else coin odd shifts to clear themselves. And if we be desirous to have a pattern of such a one, Catiline. let us behold Catiline, a factious younker, (as Sallust reporteth) and armed with the brands of sedition against his friends and Country: whose colour (through the conscience of his ungracious deeds, & disquietness of mind) was pale as ashes, and without any blood, his eyes terrible and grim, his pace & gate somewhile quick, and somewhyle slow, and in whose face and countenance a very harebrained and raging madness appeared. With the like fury and outrage was king Saul incensed, to commit murders & many other detestable enormyties. 1. Reg. 20 Cayn also stynged with the same furies and remorse of mind for killing his brother, fallen into desperation and utterly mystrusted any forgiveness or mercy. For when as the Lord God examined him of the murder which he had committed, Genes. 4. and charged him with the heinous cruelty thereof, Cain as though he had been guyltlesse in the matter, flatly answered, that he could neither tell what was become of his brother, Cain a pattern of desperation. neither where he was, nor how he fared, nor what he did, but impudently averred himself utterly ignorant of all dealings touching the same. Of the defects of the heart and infirmity of the mind and reasonable part, are they termed Excordes, in whom is restaunte some part of Melancholy, but the same brutish: for they be void of reason, foolish, blockeheaded, doltish, dull and doting, whom some plain writers call insensate. S. Paul, reproving the Galathians of foolishness, Gal. 3. calleth them 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, grossewitted, dullards, blocks, fools and not of capacity able to conceive things good and wholesome, but starters back from the profession and doctrine wherein he had instructed them. And therefore the Brain or principality of Reason, Agreement between the Heart and the Brain. conspyreth and agreeth with the strength and power of the heart, and these twain do mutually aid one an other: so that they (in whom reigneth wit, reason, judgement and understanding) are very aptly called Cordati, discrete and wise. For by the means of those helps and furtheraunces, they stoutly attempt and courageously compass great and waightye matters, and what soever the mind conceiveth, they by direction and guiding of wisdom, bring to pass and execute. The other afore rehearsed Entrails, The Gall is the founteina of Anger. have also their proper force and efficacy, as the Gall ministereth cause and occasion to Anger, brawling, contention, T●e liver causeth lust and carnal desire. chydinge and quarellinge. The liver abounding with Blood, & heated with Wine, incyteth the reins to the desire of amorous embracements, fleshly concupiscence, lecherous lust, riot and lasciviousness. The heart, by help of the Lungs, the vocal Artery and tongue (which serveth for utterance of words and internal devices) expresseth and uttereth the cogitations and meanings of the mind. The Spleen or Mylt (if it be not otherwise impeached) maketh a man exceedingly to delight in iestinge, The Mylte being in right case, cause of mirth and cheerfulness laughter, mirth, pastime and wantonness, minding no earnest matters, but letting the world slide, giveth himself to pass the time merilye. contrariwise if it be surcharged and overwhelmed with toomuch conflux of filthy Humour, and be debarred or disappointed of the ordinary help and aid of the liver, either through imbecility or obstruction, then bringeth it many discommodities and annoyaunces, no less hurtful and prejudicial to the mind then to the body, The Mylte affected, maketh the mind heavy and sad, as heaviness, sorrow, sadness, fear, and dread of myssehappe to come, carefulness, thought, desperation & distrust, that▪ is to say, clean out of hope of any better Fortune. Which affections and perplexities cast a man into exceeding grief, Perturbations of mind torment, vexation and martyrdom, wearing away his beauty, and wasting his bodily comeliness, and making him to look like silver all fustyed with chimney soot, or as bright and handsome things in a reekie house that are besmered, dusked and smoked. For when the dregs & refuse of Humours have recourse thither in greater abundance than the heat and natural power of the member is able to wield and qualefye, the greater is the decay thereof, and much more dangerously is it oppressed. For as a Porter or labouring man which carrieth burdens, heavier than his strength will allow, cannot but fall down under the weight, thereby many times hurting both himself, and spoiling his carriage: So when greater store of Melancholic juice is conveyed & derived into this viscous member, than it is either able to bear or by concoction to overcome, it is thereby sundry wise distempered and brought into many diseases. For when the Spleen is affected, the Stomach consequently suffereth crudity, Diseases of the Spleen. loathing of meat, and is much infested with breaking of sour wind upward: the Hypochondrion or waist, and the heart strings inflated and swollen, the body becometh slender and thin, the gums ulcered with mattry weals, the teeth wamn coloured, rusty, lose, hoarish & rotten, their mouth stinking, their Chaws rammishe, And throat upbelching fulsome breaths. Pers. Sa. 4. Into the number of these sickly distemperaunces and affects of the Mylt, I reckon also the diseases, that of old writers were named Stomaracce & Scelotyrbe, in Dutch, namely of the Phryselanders (of whom many in the Spring and Autumn be their with troubled) vulgarly called Schoirbuick, & of some Barbarous writers, Scarification of the belly. It cometh & is engendered of much corrupt baggage, and filthy syncke of naughty Humours, which shyfting out of the Mylte into the Stomach, beerayeth the teeth and gums with a certain loathsome and contagious infection: and for that, a part thereof falls down into the feet, it is presently seen that the Legs and Knees shrink together and wax weak, the joints lewse and enfeebled, the colour along the Thighs and Hams, even to the sole of the foot, of sundry hews, and ugly to behold. The nature and curation of which disease, because it is exactly discoursed and learnedly handled already in a several book by itself, by D. Guil. Lemnie, I deem superfluous & needless here ●n this place any further to prosecute. But all these discommodities and inconveniences of the Mylt might the better be born withal, so that the lowest members and the abject & ignoble parts, were only subject to the harms & annoyaunces thereof, (and yet are these no less necessary in a body, than Pryvies and Synks in a house which serve to scour and carry out all fylty Sullage) but when the principal members, and Organs of wit and Reason, chance with semblable harm to be attached, and with sundry affections be distempered, the case requireth, greater diligence and care to be employed, for the packing away of such backfrendes and enemies. For the fulsome vapours (which as it were out of a dampish Marsh or stinking Camerine,) strike upward, do annoy the Brain with grievous and odious fumes, and distemper the Spirits Animal with a strange and foreign quality. Hereof cometh disquietness of mind and alienation of right wits, Signs of a destempered Brain. absurd cogitations, troublesome Dreams, gyddinesse of the head, ringing of the ears, dazzling of eyes, mournefall sighs, trembling and beating of heart, a mind sorrowful, comfortless, perplexed, pensive and fearful: insomuch that they which be in this sort affected, distrust, & be afraid aswell of their friends as of their enemies, looking about them for fear of danger every minute of an hour, trembling at every small noise and wagging of a leaf, Torments of an unquiet mind. & ready for fear to run into a mouse hole, although there be no cause of any such fear at all: and if they be demanded the cause why they so pine away themselves, with needless care and bootless sorrow, either they will make no answer at all: or if they do, very unwillingly & with much ado. Insomuch that thereupon they will desire to shifted and conveighe themselves out of all company, not abiding any fellowship nor conference with friends, but peaking in dark corners and secret solitary places, Timon a hater of all men. like Timon (syrnamed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because he hated all men) and Bellerophon, who (as Homer reporteth) assayed to shake of his careful thoughts and pensive dolours by bestowing himself in some waste wilderness or solitary corner. For he poor soul, in queachie woods did stalk, Abroad in Fields, Iliad. 3. & wayless soils alone: Not sight of men, no company, no talk, Can he abide: but fret his heart with moan. By many and sundry ways do men fall into this ill case and habiting, who afore were clear & free enough from it. Causes of Melancholy affections. Some by the staying of their hemorrhoids, and stopping of their natural Purgations or Flowers, or by the restraint of some ordinary and accustomed issue. Some be brought into it, through long sorrow and heaviness for the death of their Parents, or some great loss of worldly wealth, or finally by myssing and being disappointed of some great desire and expectation, which they hoped & had, of some thing to come to pass. Yea there be some that have fallen into this Melancholic habit by watching in the night at their Study at unseasonable hours, by leading a peakish and solitary life, by hunger, penury and streict far, or else by using and accustoming some kinds of nourishments, whereby they brought themselves into a cold & dry distemperaunce. Many through the conscience of their former myssedeedes, and remorse of their wicked and abominable life aforetime led: have plunged into these Melancholic affects, driving themselves many times into such great inconveniences, Torment of an unquiet and guilty conscience. that what with blindness, furi●, madness & want of right mind, they become weary of their lives, and suffer many horrible and bitter torments. For as Juvenal right aptly saith: Ay lasting sorrow, thought, & pining care, Surpryseth their distressed minds full sore: Saty. 〈◊〉 It slaketh not at meals and daily fare, But day by day increaseth more & more. In night when Sleep should wearied limbs restore And fresh again to wonted labours make, Their guilt will not permit them rest to take. Straightways repairs into remembrance than Their Sacryledge, and sin against their God: Each flash of lyghtning makes them pale & wan: They sweated for fear: they look for wreckful rod Of Divine justice: who amiss have trod Their steps on earth: one thunder clap will make, Their hearts like Aspen leaf, to pant and quake. Behold here (gentle Reader) the pangs, vexations, fears and torments of a wicked mind & of an afflicted Conscience, Remo●●● Consci●● for wi●● deeds denounced by God to light upon so many as forsake his laws, and rebelliously contemn his commandments: inso much y● (as the Prophet saith) he sendeth upon them, Esay 〈◊〉 the Spirit of dizzenesse or gyddynesse, & maketh them to err in every good work, even as a Drunken man staggereth in his vomyte, so that by reason of their blindness of Heart, & contempt of God, and his word, in any distress or calamity, yea in the horror of Death, they have nothing wherewithal to comfort their weakness, Despysinge of God's word, avenged and punished. or to salve their troubled consciences withal: but have all their wits, devices & thoughts perplexed and confused: because they lean to a broken wall, that is, to a thing without strength, not able to relieve them, but rather sit to hurt them: Esay. 36 Leaning to a broken reed. and as Esay saith, They put their trust, in a broken staff of Reed: Whereby he means, that they repose their hope and confidence in that, which is so far from being able to help & stay them, 4. Reg. 18. that it rather hurteth so many as lean unto it, Ezech. 29. and (as Ezechel saith) bruiseth and renteth their hands. There are beside these, many other Examples whereby God putteth the wicked in fear, and threateneth plagues to such as despise & forsake his word and Commandment. If thou (saith he) refuse to hearken to the voice of the Lord thy God, Deut. 28. he will smite thee with madness & blindness, & give thee an unquiet heart, & dasing eyes & sorrow of mind: & thy life shall hung in doubt before thee: and thou shalt fear both day & night, & shalt have no assurance in thy life. In the morning thou shalt say, would God it were night: and at night thou shalt say, would God it were Morning, for fear wherein thy heart shallbe, and for those sights and visions which thine eyes shall see. Again in another place, he showeth what plagues, disenses and vexations he will sand upon them. I will (saith the Lord) and that quickly, Levit. 26. visit you, with cold, hunger, & extreme heats: you shall flee when as no man followeth you, and the noise of a shaking leaf shall make you afraid: and when ye flee the sword, you shall fall, no man following upon you, & your soul shall pine away in your unrighteousness, and myssedeedes. No whit better haps doth Jeremy the Prophet thunder out upon them that shrink from God and resist his word, seeking to oppress the worshippers thereof in truth, Saying: Be thou not terrible unto me O Lord, Iere. 〈◊〉 for thou art my ●ope, in the day of my tribulation & affliction: Let my persecutors be confounded, but not me: Let them be afraid, and not me. Bring upon them the time of their plague, and bruyse them with double contrition. For when a man is both tormented in mind, and afflicted with the loss of worldly wealth, Double contrition. and also distempered and out of good frame in body, that man is with double contrition plagued. Forsomuch therefore as these Melancholic furies and perturbations proceed of sundry and divers causes, it is expediente first of all, to take away the headspring of the whole mischief, & to pluck up by the roots that inconvenience which distempereth the mind. The next is, to cheerishe & tender the body with all convenient & behoveful attendance: and by all means possible to assay, somewhat to ease and mitigate those great distemperaunces that infest aswell their bodies, as their minds. For surely the case of these kind of people is to be pytied, insomuch that none (except such as make non account of honesty and humanity) either will or aught to flout or mock at them, but rather will lament & be sorry to see them brought into such pytiful taking, and to be so lamentably fallen from the judgement of right wit and reason. S. Paul hath a worthy sailing, which also may well ve applied to these people. Let him (saith he) that thinketh himself to stand, 1. Cor. 10. take heed jest he fall: Whereby he advyseth and admonisheth every man (in the whole course of this life) not to be too proud of any prosperity & welfare, neither (in putting toomuch trust therein) to promise unto himself security. For it may come to pass, that by some misfortune or outward accident he may be taken tardy, & fall himself into worse diseases both of body and mind, and greater than they, whom a little afore he so much scorned and mocked. But because every one may readily understand and know the notes & tokens of a cold and dry Complexion, Notes of a cold & dry Complexion. I will here by the way describe & show aswell the evident marks of the bodily shape outwardly, as those of the mind inwardly, which in words, deeds and conversation, show out themselves apparently: and finally what effect Melancholy worketh. And because Melancholic nature is subject to this Constitution, the same signs and tokens are also hither to be referred. For whosoever is disposed to have full trial of a cold and dry complexioned body, and throughly eyeth them that be Melancholic, shall at the first sight, plainly perceive them in all points to agreed together. For these complexioned people are of body ill favoured, lean, dry, lank, pylde skinned, and without hair, crokenayled, which through dryness or siccity become and grow crooked, even like horn or leather that crumpleth together: specially when this habit is throughly by continuance settled, and with increase of qualities hath taken deep roots, as appeareth in them that be worn w●th sickness and old-age. And because all the parts of the body do fade, droop, People Phlegmatic 〈◊〉 coloured. and be no longer nourished, it happeneth that the hairs wax thin, and by little & little fall of, and the face becometh pale, yelowyshe & swarthy. For in all them that be Splenetique, the colour fadeth and decayeth, the feet swell, the Stomach is with crudity distempered, and by reason of ill humours having influence into it, is many times troubled & subject to belching & sour vomiting, the breaking out whereof, doth greatly ease them. As touching the notes & marks of their minds, they are churlish, whining, wayward & ill to please, stubborn, intractable, obstinate, greedy of worldly goods, & covetous of money, pinching and sparing, when they have got it, & not daring to spend or bestow upon themselves such things, as the necessity of man's life for use requireth. A man may also know them by their kind of gate: for they use a certain slow pace & soft nice gate, holding down their heads, with countenance & look so grim and frowninge, as though they were lately come out of Trophonius den, Trophonius Den. S. Patrick's Purgatory. or out of some Cave under the ground (such as the fabulous yawning of the earth in Ireland, commonly termed S. Patrick's den or purgatory) is. To conclude, the grim and surly Planet of Saturn, together with Melancholy so disposeth them, that (as though they were bond by vow to silence & taciturnity) a man shall scantly get a word out of their mouths. These therefore and many other like, are incident unto that complexion and habit, which is cold and dry: and do ordinarily accompany that kind of natural Melancholy, which is somewhat is digressed from his right state and purity. But that, which is in the body beside & contrary to nature, is far worse and more pernicious: Three sorts of unnatural Melancholy. and it is aptly termed black Melancholy, whereof there be three sorts or differences. One is of Melancholic juice, turned either by putrefaction or combustion of strange and foreign heat into Ashes, like Wood, or other combustible substance burned, & with the force of fire brought into Cinders. That which is putrefyed hath a sour, sharp and tart quality. That which proceedeth of heat, doth adure or burn, and with his sharp and biting Nature doth much infesse and disquiet the body, differing from Melancholic juice as Lees burned, do from Lees & feces not burned: For these feces and Lees which were never adusted and burned, are a great deal myelder then those whereof Aqua vite or Aqua Composita is made. The second which is worst of all, is compact and made of yealowe or yolkie Choler adust, whereby it cometh to pass that it is black, like pitch, and shineth like to jeate, Bitumen, Colophonia, and as certain resynie stuff, intermyngled and perfused with a Yelowyshe & black shining, by reason of the fiery consistence of the parts, in that thick and compact matter. It is therefore black of colour when it is not much adust, burned & inflamed like unto Walworte, or Elder berries, privet, Peonie berries, or the Kernels of black Cherries and black Grapes: the juice whereof dieth and coloureth a man's hands, with a black or bloody colour. And if it happen to be inflamed and set in extreme heat, The col●● of Mela●● choly en●●●med. then is it of colour intermingled with a purple shining, like glowing hot Gold, newly burned in the fire. If it be immoderately and toomuch inflamed, it bringeth the mind into furious fits, frantic rages, and brainsick madness: Contrarylye, when all things consist within mediocritye, it causeth and bringeth forth sharpness of wit, excellency of learning, subtlety of invention, eloquence of tongue & right skilful utterance, with knowledge how to speak. The last kind of Melancholy, is engendered of the adustion o● Phlegm. Forasmuch therefore as there be so many sorts of Melancholy, and because Melancholic people be of so sundry conditions, manners, natures, inclinations, bodily proportions, complexions & colours, therefore every one must be found out and known by the proper marks and tokens, peculiar, incident and appertaining to them. Signs of such as be subject to Melancholy. For they that be brought into this case and habit by Choler or blood adust, have big swollen veins: for they swell with wyndynes, their bodies tawny coloured, and very rough withal, thick hatred and bushy, by reason of thabundance of heat, swelling and big lips, by reason of the concourse of Humour and flatuous spirit, into the higher parts, whereupon it also happeneth that their eyes sometime be eminent and bearing out: Again, sometime (when Humours decrease) hollow and standing inward: sometime swift moving and twynckling, sometimes staying, unmovable and not at all quivering: the tongue (which is interpreter of all secreets of the mind) somewhile quick and ready, somewhile stammering, foltering & unable to deliver out a plain word: which distemperaunce and affect, Stammeringe of tongue. may many times happen by occasion of the time of the year, Age, Country, weather foggy and dim, or fair and clear, and finally by the quality of meat and drink, and hereupon may it be enduned with some cold Humour. This Humour is manifold and of sundry sorts, wonderfully framing in the bodies and minds of men divers dispositions, and in them constituting sundry habits, manners and conditions. For it may after a sort be resembled unto Iron. Seacoales or Charcoals, which being flered, appear glowing hot, shining like burnished Gold, and burning the members of the touchers: but being quenched, they look black, cankered & rusty. Even so Melancholy, albeit it be cold and dry, and in colour drawing somewhat unto blackness, yet retaineth it some heat of the faculty and nature of that, Melancholy hath some heat in it. from whence it came, that is to say, Choler or Blood. For so the dregs or mother of Oil, the feees or vinegar of Wine, Emberss and Coals, retain and have a certain smack or nature of the Brandes when they smoked and were on fire. Therefore Melancholy is not altogether without heat, but retaineth some deal of that quality in it. For although it be a long while ere it will be inflamed and thoroughly heated, like Iron which must both be mollified and tempered with force of most ardent & bituminous coals, & also with the help of blowing bellows, for the making of the same malleable & apt to the Forge & anvil: yet being once thoroughly heated, hath such an excessive glowing ardentnes, that there cannot be any thing more adustive. And hereupon, in a manner all at one instant & without any time betwixt, do we see them suddenly changed from laughter & mirth, into sorrow & penstuenes. For when this Humour is once heated (because from it proceed & come bright & sincere Spirits) these Melancholic people are exceedingly set upon their mercy pin, & (past all godsforbod) jocund, & pleasurably geeven to singing, dancing skipping & sponrting, & (contrary to their accustomed to everyone courteous, affable, liberal and friendly, yea altogether pleasauntlye disposed and not squeamish to offer a kind kiss & embracement unto any lusty wench: and nothing then so much desiring as marriage, thereby to enjoy the hoped fruit of Children, and to have their name in remembrance to posterity: very earnestly bewaylinge their loss of former time, repenting that they had not long agone tied themselves to the World, & married. Melancholic people fickle headed and unconstant. But when this great heat is cold, and the earnest pangs of this new-fangled mind settled, when their Blood waxeth cold, & their spirits at rest, they go back from all former resolutions, and are ready to unsaye all that ever they said before. They condemn and detest yesterdays deeds, and are much ashamed of their own overslight and foolishness. Whensoever therefore Melancholy groweth into much coldness, Affects of Melancholy, cold. it taketh away from a man his sharpness of wit and understanding, his assured hope and confidence, and all his manly strength and courage, so that he hardly either attempteth or archieueth any matter of excellency & worthiness: for such be doltish, dull, slow, and lumpish, unapt to attain, learn and conceive any good disciplines or commendable Arts: and this happeneth in that kind of Melancholy, which is mixed with great store of cold, Doltish or Asselike Melancholy. and tough Phlegm. Whereby it cometh to pass, that such kind of men (like Asses or other brute beasts) be blockish, unapt, dull and forgetful. But they, whose Melancholy is with moderate heat qualefyed, The force of Melancholy much increased. and with Blood & other sincere Humours humected & allayed, have excellent good wits and sharp judgements, and seem to do many things so notably as though they were furthered and inspired by some Divine instinct or motion. Probl. sect. 30. Quest. 13. And for this cause doth Aristotle not unaptly liken & compare this Humour unto Wine. For as Wine produceth and causeth sundry, & the same very ridiculous fashions according to the several nature of every man, and according to the effect and operation of the Wine itself, (for one force and effect hath Spanish wine, an other French, an other, malvoisie, an other Corsycke, and an other Rhenish) so Melancholy causeth divers manners and sundry constitutions. And hereupon in the Dutch phrase of speech, Sundry conditions of Drouken folks. there are reckoned up certain conditions and delights of Drunken men. Some being cupshot, are contentious & brawling: Some still, and never a word but mum: Some very babblative and keeping a foul coil: some weeping, howling and heavy couraged. Yea some of this beastly Crew we see to be threatners, cruel, bitter, fierce, spiteful, arrogant, selfwilled, vainglorious, proud, wanton, lascivious, toying, full of foolish gesture, unquiet, unstable, geeven to carnal Lust, and loves desire, but as Juvenal saith: Which have great lust to Venus' game, Yet in the Act, Sat. 10. weak, faint and lame. For drunkards and Melancholic people are very lecherous and desirous of women's company, Melancholyke folks lecherous. by reason that their genital members swell and be with inflations distended: but all their courage is straightways laid, and all venerous lustynesse soon quailed, Drunkards in the act of generation, very weak and feeble. insomuch that their wives many times, be defeated of their hope, and think themselves with child, when they be not so in deed, by reason that their bellies be swelled and inflated with wind, rather than with Seed. Melancholy therefore and Drunkenness, are in condition alike. For Drunkards are led with many affections and phanstes, gibing and gesturing as though they were Stage Players. For as Horace very aptly writeth: What thing dares not a drunken nolle adventure? All secrets of the heart it doth unfold: Lib. 1. Epist. 5. It warranteth our hopes as by Indenture: A man unarmde to fight it maketh hold: From pensive cares and troubles manifold It ryds the mind: it Arts doth teach with grace: Whom hath not Cups well fraught made eloquent? Whose tongue hath not thereafter trolled apace? This pleasant juice to them such force hath lent. What poor so pinched, that doth not quite forget. His rueful state, when wine & he have met. Things no less ridiculous and foolish are likewise to be seen in people Melancholic: for many in their daily dealings, show very apish and fond fashions, and (although their wits be nothing at all impaired or alyenated) yet do they occupy themselves in matters light, tryflinge, vain and frivolous. For they be distempered in their right Wit, feeding their own fantasies, and doatinge not earnestly and in deed, but after a pleasant sort, as people dwelling in a delightful and pleasurable madness: insomuch that there be some of them which think themselves ill apaid, and be right sorry that they have recovered the right state of their wits and come well home again: sharply expostulating with their welwilling friends, which friendly laboured and took pains for their recure: and blaming them as men that had rather done them harm then good. One of this plight, a Graecian born, & of no base house & pedigree, doth Horace depaint and set out unto us thus: Who thought himself brave melody to hear, And galaunt Bloods on Stage their parts to play, Lib. 2. Epist. 2. Such pleasure he conceived in this gear: That on the Stage which empty was all day, He sat and fed his fancy every way, With sight of that which was not so in deed, Yet seemed to him as true, as was his Creed. At length when he by means of wealth friends, And diligent attendance at any inch, By drougs & drink (which help & succour lends) Recured was from that his grievous pynch, And rid from that his Melancholy wrynch: In faith (que he) my friends, you have my spoiled And killed me clean: by you I am thus foiled. Sure, unto me you have done great displeasure, To make from me (perforce) this doting treasure which fed my mind with joy withouten measure. So since the time that I first begun to profess Physic, many have been brought unto me, whose minds ran upon absurd imaginations and fond Phantastes. Certain histories of Melancholic people There was one which thought himself to have a Nose so big, and of such a prodigious length, that he thought he carried about with him the Snout or Mussel of an Oliphant, and that the same in every thing that he went about, hindered him: insomuch that sometime (as he thought) it say in the dish wherein his meat was. The Physician was sense for, who suspecting (as truth was) the same to be nothing else then a Melancholic affectio, handsomely, closely, & cleanly conveyed a long Pudding unto his Nose: that done, he took hold of a piece of the very tip of the flesh thereof, and with a Barber's rasure finely cut away the Nose which in Imagination the party afore thought himself to have: and immediately thereupon bringing his Patient a sleep with a kind of confected drink, and prescribing unto him a wholesome diet otherwise, banished and took quite away from him, all the fear of harm and inconvenience, which afore enconbred him. another Hypochondriake person, that is to say, one, whose Hartstrynges were embolned and swollen with Melancholy Humour and inflammations, was verily persuaded, the he had frogs and Toads in his bealie, which gnawed & eat asunder his Entrails: neither could he by any man be persuaded to think the contrary: The Physician to make him more obedient and willing (for Melancholic folks will hardly be dissuaded or brought from their opinions, that they once lodge within their own conceits) soothed his sayings, and plainly affirmed that of certainty there were such things within him in deed as he reported. hereupon after the party had taken a Purgation, and used the help of a Clyster, there was a mean found to put some such crawling vermyne into the basin of his close Stool. Now, when the Purgation had wrought his nature & effect, he made many Syeges and the same very abundantlye: and after view of his excrements taken, and seeing therein what kind of creatures swymmed, he rested satisfied in mind, and dismissed from him that foolish and vain opinion before conceived. An other there was which thought his Buttocks were made of glass, insomuch that he dared not do any thing but standing, for fear lest if he should sit, he should break his rump, and the Glass fly into pieces. These and such like kinds of Dotage and foolery, which either provoke others or themselves to laughter and gladness, are quieter (as Hypocrates saith) and nothing fierce and outrageous. But those which proceed of a certain study and careful meditation are worse, as they that be accompanied with a certain furious temerity and rashness, suddenly and unlooked for, damnyfling and preiudycinge both themselves and others. After this like sort even within our Memory, a certain Gentleman fallen into such an agony, & fools paradise, that he thought himself dead, & was in himself persuaded to be departed out of this life, and hereupon when his friends and acquaintance with all kind of fair speeches, A notable story and report of a certain Melancholic man. flattering terms and chiding words had assayed to restore him to his former strength and powers now decayed: he turned the deaf ear to all that they said, and refused all that they to him offered, affyrminge himself to be dead, and that a man in his case●needed no sustenance or nourishment. So long continued he in this fond Humour, till he was ready to starve for hunger. When the seventh day was now at hand (longer than which day, Such as he starved up with famine elye upon the seventh day. starved & famished people cannot live) they began to devise with themselves which way to heal this absurd passion and distemperaunce of their friend. They used therefore this policy: They caused certain sergeant people lapped in their shrowdinge sheets, and tied after the manner of dead Corpse's that be laid upon Coffyns, and carried to burial, to be brought into a dark Parlour: where these disguised people sitting down at the Table, which was well furnished with choice of sundry dishes, tell to their victuals lustily. The Passioned partly beholding these fellows, demanded of them whereabout they went, and what kind of people they were: They answered, the they were dead men. What? (quoth he) do dead men ear and drink? Yea (said they) and that shalt thou prove true, if thou will't come and sit with us. Straightways skipped this Patient out of his Bed, and with the other counterfect dead men, fed very well and largely: and after Supper was he broughtt into a Sleep by a drink of purpose made for that intent. For they that be distraught of their right wits, sleep easeth the idleness of the brain or raving. must be handled artyficially, and by no way so soon recured and brought into order, as by Sleep. So by Sibylla as Virgil writeth, was tamed, That Hellish Cur, enradge with hungry crop, That Cerberus with throats wide open three, Aneid. 6. Was lulled & brought a sleep with charmed sop Which up he slapt with fangs full merely, As gub that hurled was to him for fee, With drugs and honey made full sweet to be. It rests now, to show by what means & order Melancholic affections many be expugned or at lest mitigated. How to expunge and beaten down Melancholy. first we must search out how and whereupon this disease took his beginning, and in what part if consists. For seeing there be three differences of Melancholy, one principally affecting the Brain: Three sorts of Melancholy. and other, the whole body: the third Hypochondriacal or flatuous, which coming of crudity and ill Humours, distempereth the Brain by consent: these do require to be by sundry and several ways recured. If the whole body therefore be opplete and filled with Melancholy juice, it shallbe best to begin the cure with letting the party Blood: When to let Melancholic people blood. in the rest, this remedy is thought unprofitable, and to no purpose, except overmuch abundance of Blood seem to require the same. Thus also, for the Stitch, & swelling of the Spleen, or for a Quartain Ague, it is right excellent and good to be let blood in the vain called Splenetica, in the inside of the left Arme. Furthermore forasmuch as these kinds of men be for the most part costive, it shallbe very profitable and requisite, Good for Melancholic people to be laxative & soluble. gently to make them soluble & laxatyve with Aloe, Epithyme & small fern. For when the Entrails be slipperye, and that the excrements may conveniently scour away and be avoided, less vapours and fumosyties do ascend and strike up ward: wherefore Hypocrates is of opinion, Lib. 6. Aph. 48. that it is right wholesome for people Splenetique and Melancholic, to be laxative: finally that the Hemerrhoydes, swelling of the Veins with Melancholyke blood, swelling of the tuell, and the piles to breed and swell in the Fundement and neither parts, Spirits shuffle themselves in, among the humours is for them that be frantic and out of the right course of their wits, very good. And although evil Spirits dommixe themselves with humours, making the same a great deal fiercer and vehementer, yet the chiefest cause and fountain of all this mischief and inconvenience is to be imputed to the outrage and domination of Humours. For when noisome Humours be purged & gross fumosities dispersed, the fury is well calmed, and the mind brought again into his former state and perfection. Therefore it shallbe moste for their ease & profit, to procure evacuation to the whole body, namely by the part, whereby nature most alloweth to be purged: Melancholy folks must keep themselves soluble. and that, leysurably and by convenient order of times: for it is not good to stir such coals as these, with any strong medicines and purgations: then must they have prescribed unto them, a right good and precise diet, and eschew all such things as engender thick blood: as Beef and Bulls flesh, Bacon, and such as hath been long bryned, or hanged in the smoke and hardened, whereunto are to be added Brawn & bears flesh, and Venyson ofred Dear, which commonly is brought in, for a service at Noble man's tables: & Hare's flesh, which commonly is used for a festival dish, to furnish out the Table, when friends meet to make meerye. Insomuch, that I cannot but marvel at the usual fashion of Dutchmen and Netherlanders, among whom this flesh is. as highly esteemed & desired as any: neither think they any banquet sumptuous & festival enough, Hare giveth Melancholic nourishment. unless one dish thereof be Hare: whereas no flesh in the world is nearer of nature unto Melacholie than it. For it is cold & dry, unless the silly beast be first well coursed and hunted, Hare the holesō●er 〈◊〉 ●●g●hly hunted for that is the way to make it somewhat more hot, toothsome, and wholesome. Every part of this beast, is of a drying force & virtue, Ahore good for many purposes in Physic. & is endued with an astringent facultye, both the hairs, the skin, the blood, the Maw and the flesh. For the Maw of a Hare mingled with read Wine and drunk, stoppeth the bloody flix that cometh of the excoriation and gnawing of the bowels: it also stayeth women's terms: the hairs being burned or chopped small, are a present and right sovereign thing to stay any great flux of blood in a wound. The Brain wastes the superfluous moisture and dryvelinge of the mouth, and maketh the teeth to grow: the Huckle bone, the commissures & ligaments thereof, are good to break the stone. The flesh also of an Hare, if it be much eaten and used, cureth the rewine that falls out of the head, and helpeth the Epilepsy or falling Sickness, which is a disease engendered of gross and clammy Phlegm: so that each one of these doth sufficiently prove, this Beast to be dry, & Melancholic, as the whole condition and nature thereof, plainly showeth: namely the flesh which in colour inclineth to a blackness. Now, whereas some both of old & later time, have been and yet be persuaded, that the eating of Hare's flesh, maketh men pleasant and merrily disposed: and not that only, but also in bodily shape and countenance to be fair, gallant, & beautiful: I do not think, neither am I of opinion, the any such thing can happen through eating the flesh of such a fearful and timorous silly Creature: but the rather hereupon it had his beginning: because when meery Compaignions' are disposed to make good cheer, they commonly use to invite call into their compaignies some beautiful Damosels, and pleasant Peates to pass away the time more merrily: whereas they that be of small account and hard favoured to the eye, are never requested unto any such pleasurable assembly, but be suffered to sit still at home, being reputed in comparison, but as gross Stuffe & of the second sort, and such as never (according to the proverb) tasted or eat of an Hare. Which thing the Poet Martial in a certain pleasant Epigram doth intimate unto his Lady and Mistress, in words to this effect. O Gellia, Lady mine, thou sayest, when Hare thou send'st to me: days seven (Mark) thou shalt be fair, and beautiful of glee. If these thy words (sweet heart) be true, and rove not out of square: Then surely, Gellia, thou thyself not yet hast eaten Hare. Which opinion of ancient & long time agone in many man's heads settled, To eat a Hare, a Proverb. I suppose hereupon took his first beginning (for hither to of none hath it been expounded) that he which had been at any solemn & festival banquet, (such I means wherein Hare is one service) appeareth for the next seven days, courteous, pleasant, jocund and full of merry conceits. For when a man hath been in pleasant company and at good cheer, where all things have but meerilye discoursed, & the times joyously passed, there appear for the space of certain days after in his face and countenance, forehead, brows, lips, eyes and becks (for all these are be wrayers and tellers of the mind inwardly) great tokens of mirth and alacrytie, Moderate mirth and banqueting stirreth up a pleasant colour and reviveth the Spirits. and many arguments do outwardly testify the cheerful dispositien of the internal Spirits. For the body being heated with laughing and ioyinge, with kissing and dallying, with dauncinge, Wine, and singing, is made fresher and better coloured, for that the Blood is diffused into the utter part and habit of the body. These are therefore the causes, why the eating of an Hare driveth away and dispelleth the Cloudy cares of the mind, maketh the countenance clear and delectable, & the face ruddy, fair, and wall complexioned, For as they that be angry, or perplexed with fear, The outward countenance of a man, bewrayeth the inward affections of his mind are commonly seen to be of a troubled and disquiet mind, and by many outward signs to bewray the affections of their afflicted conscience: even so they that have the world at will, and their hearts far from all careful affections & troublesome perturbations, show forth sure and certain tokens thereof in the body outwardly: yea the very countenance, colour, face, forehead, eyes, mouth and generally all the other fashions & gestures thereof, do pretend and witness a certain security of mind that is at peace and quietness within itself. Now, Diet for Melancholic people. as touching Diet: Let them that be of this cold and dry Constitution, and they that be Melancholic, accustom themselves to such meats as be of good and laudable juice, & to drink that wine which is of the best sort and purest: let them lie in very soft beds and sleep well & long, let them eschew & forbear all things that be salt and sour: & above all things, let them take heed of crudity, let them use moderate exercise & stirring of themselves. For as maryshes & standing waters become dampish and stynking: so likewise the body lacking exercise, gathereth fulsoments & pestilent savours. If violent motion & exercise be unto them painful and laborious, they may recreate and exercise themselves with pleasant singing, Musical instruments and delectable and walkings. Let them banish away all affections of the mind, heaviness, sorrow, thought, hatred, anger, indignation, envy, etc. Neither let them suffer any such to lodge within their hearts: let them also avoid solitarynesse, long abstinence, & lassitude: and let them use at possible means to restore their right powers, Liquid meats do quickly non rish. first with meats and nourishments that be liquid (for they do quicklyest nourish, and encumber not the Stomach greatly in concoction) but when their powers be increased, let them acquaint themselves, and use meats that be solid and substantial. Let their bread be of the finest wheat, Such as be subject to sickness and quaisie, must eat but little bread. and let them eat thereof but measurably and sparingly: for it is hardly concocted, and tarrieth long in the stomach: and therefore to Labourers, Caryers, Mariners, Carters and such like, it bringeth strength, & engendereth flesh durable & fast. Now, they that in time of perfect and sound health, The cause that bringeth a strong breath. do use to eat little bread: have strong breaths and stinking mouths. This proportion therefore is requisite, there in to be used, to eat twice as much in bread as in victual or other cates. As concerning the order that they are to keep for Dinner and supper, unless custom be to the contrary, or that they be troubled with distillations of the head, let their Supper be larger and more in quantity then dinner: foreseen, that immoderate faciety & surphet be always eschewed. To be short, & to knit up this matter with an wholesome advise and counsel: let all such things as be prejudicial to health, Wholesome exhortation. and hasten old-age before his time, be put away and banished. Chief and especially maynteining and keeping wything ourselves tranquillity and constancy of mind, Quietness & tranquillity of mind maketh all in good order and frame. which gift we are most humbly and earnestly to crave at his hands, which most bountefully bestoweth and poureth out his blessed gifts & lyberalitye upon us, who is God our heavenly Father, and his dear & eternal Son Christ our only Saviour. For beside the onutward gifts and things transitory, which at his bountiful hands, for our use & commodity we most abundantly taste and enjoy, he also directeth our minds with his holy spirit, and moveth our cogitations & wills every minute, to ensue that is good and godly. He urgeth and pricketh us forward continually, so that we feel the motions of his mighty power working in our hearts, by strengthening and confyrming our Faith, that we thereby constantly leaning to the promises of God, may rest in a sure trust and undoubted hope, to be afterwards made partakers of his Heavenly joy in everlasting felicity. Amen. Thomas Newtonus, Cestreshyrius. FINIS. THE TABLE. Adolescency. 29. Aduertisement to Students. 52 Affections natural. 35 Affections how and whereof they come. 9 proceeding of surphet & drunkenness. 10. & 59 Affections of the mind altar the colour, & complexion of the face and body. 90. Affections common to all men. 59 harms thereof. ibid. Ague called Ephemera. 102. Ague called Epiala. 107. Agues tertian. 132 Agues burning. ibid. Agreement between the heart & the brain. 141 Anacardus good for the memory. 126 Angels good and evil. 22. & 24 Angels entermingle and shuffle in, themselves among our humours. 153 Anger. 58. 128. 141 Apoplexy. 126 Aristomenes his subtle shifting 43 Arteries. 89 Astonishment. 94 B Baldness how it cometh. 69 Banqueting fit for people melancolique. 5 moderately used commendable. 76 Baths Artificial. 74 Baths natural. ibid. Beard how to make it grow. 42 Beard red, not always a token of ill nature. 130. Best things and excellent, must not upon despair be geeven over. 34 Blood hath all the other humours mixed in it. 86 87. 89. Blood forbidden by Moses la to be eaten, & why. 89. Blood of great force in framing the disposition & manners. 96. 99 Blood boileth in young people like spurginge of new wine in the tun. 98 Blood provoketh to wilfulness. 101 Bloudletting not rashly to be enterprised. 55. 89 Blood and spirit the treasure of life. ibid. et 86 Blood of fish cold. 61 Blind byardes. 102 Body full of sickness maketh life unpleasant. 3 Body consists of three things. 7 Body cold and dry how it looketh. 27 Body and mind, whole and sick together. 75 Bold rashness. 44 Brabanders. 17 Bragger's. 101 Brain dry, causeth ill memory. 69. 120 Brain moist, nothing retentive nor memorative. 120 Brain temperate, the maintenance of memory, ibid. Brains best to be eaten for the helping of memory. 125 Brains distempered, by what signs we may know them. 143 Bread. 156 Broths, and liquid meats, soonest nourish and are quickliest digested. ibidem. C Cain, a pattern of desperation. 140 Caloes. 99 Canis panem somnians, a proverb. 114 Catchpoles. 58 Carnal act, hurtful to dry and cold complexions. 74. hurtful in Summer. 81. weakeneth the body. 120. & 133. dulleth the wit and memory. ibid. harms thereof. 105. commodities thereof. ibid. moderation. ibid. very hurtful to old men and all dry people. 55 Cause of fearfulness in dangers. 93 Cause why many die in lustiest age. 3 Charles the V 91 Chaste living. 7. 107 Change in old men dangerous. 51 Children forgetful and why. 16. must not be scanted of reasonable victuals. 27. without beards why. 41. sleepy. 58. stirring & quick why. 97. remembering things done long ago 121. Childhood. 29 Choler. 86. of two sorts. 127. the office and property thereof 128 Choler by what parts of the body it is purged. 128. 133. Choler pale or citrine. 132 Choler yolkie. 133. Leekish or green. ibid. Rusty or Brassye. 134 Choleric folks dream many dreadful dreams. 132 Choleric people, great flouters. 99 Christ for bodily shape, a patcine of perfection. 37. void of all ill affections. 38 Clysters. 118 Cock how to make him crow continually with out ceasing. 127 Cold, the decay of life. 60. wasteth colour. 65 Cold bodies not altogether without heat. 60 Cold people drowsy and unwieldy. 65 Cold things stir up appetite. ibidem. Comparison between a common wealth and a body humane. 11 Compound medicines named of some of the chief ingredientes. 32 Compound complexions four. 84 Complexion moist. 78 Complexion dry. 65 Complexion cold, 60 Complexion hot. 38 Complexion temperate and perfect. 33 Complexion hot and moist. 87. subject to putrefaction. 103 Complexion cold and moist. 107 Complexion hot and dry, or choleric, 127 Complexion cold and dry, or melancholic. 135. Concord in a Realm. 12 Concord in man's body. 84 Continency & chastity a special gift of God. 107 Contempt of God and his word punished. 144 Contrition. 145 Convenient exercise wholesome. 7 Coriander. 126 Countenance outward bewrayeth the affection of the mind inwardly. 156 Countenance, the image of the mind. 36 Counterfeit gate. 36 Colour showeth the complexion. 89 counsellors lewdly disposed do much harm to youth. 98 Counsel good, profitable to youth. 99 Cough. 109 Creatures most cold in touching. 61 Crasis. 32 Crisis. 102 Crudity hurtful. 9 118 Custom that is il, must by little and little be altered. 50 Curiosity in searching high mysteries. 77 D David slew a Lion, a Bear, & Goliath. 44 Death what it is. 135. & 28. Death either violent or natural. 67 Death by ill diet and surphet, hastened before his tyme. 3 Death, of itself dreadful. 67 Death to the faithful not terrible nor dreadful. 30 Death without any pain. 93 Dead people heavier than living, & why. 5 Degrees of heat in man. 34 Democritus nature always laughing. 36 Description of a body perfectly temperate. 34 Devil a crafty and sly spirit. 22. how he learneth the thoughts of man 23. his long experience in mischief. ibid. his temptations ibidem. how far he is able to hurt. ibidem. Diet for cold people. 65 Difference between sanguine and choleric folk. 99 Dinner. 156 Diseases proceeding of phlegm. 109. of Catarrhs, and Rheums. 110 Diseases of the Spleen or Milt. 142 Discord and dissension in a country, what mischief it bringeth. 12 Disturbers of public tranquillity must be rooted out. 11 Diversity in natures. 14 Diversity in opinions 88 Doggish appetite. 116 Dog-days. 47 Dolts. 101 Dreams after perfect concoction in the night, happen not in vain. 37. 95 Dreams show the disposition and complexion of the body. 112 Dreams natural are interpretable. ibid. Dreams divine. ibid. Dreams peculiar to phlegmatik people, ibid. Dreams not rashly to be credited. 113 Drunkards sleepy, and why. 58 Drunkards stammer and double in their speech. 111. their sundry conditions. 149. in the act of generation, weak, lumpish and feeble ibidem. Dycers. 101 E EAsterlye people fearful, and timorous. 13 Education altereth nature. 16. 99 Eel, being dead floateth not above the water. 111. Eyes. 80 Elements of man's body. 25. 86 Elements four. 26 Emptiness. 55 Englishmen. 18. well coloured. 48. sumptuous at their table. ibid. England for cleanlynesse & neatnes, praised. 47 Englishmen more subject to the Sweat, than other nations. 102 English Sweated when and where it began. ibid. Erick king of Sweden. 16 Every man must search out his own inclination 6 Every member in the body serveth to some necessary use. 12 Every part of the body hath his several office & virtue. 108 Evils must be cured by their contraries. 47 Exercise conveniently used very wholesome. 7. what profit cometh thereof. 51. order thereof. 52. sorts thereof. 53. when to be used. 104. Exercise fit for crookebacked people. 53. F. Faith bringeth forth good works. 24 Fasting person, heavier than one that hath eaten meat. 5 Famished people dye the seventh day. 151 Fear of death, worse than death itself. 93 Fish having warm blood. 61 Fish living long after they be taken out of the water. ibid. Fish, ill for surly and solitary people. 61 Flemminges. 17 Food holsommest to eat. 111 Forgetfulness of some things is best. 121 Form of a common wealth 11 Fowls hard of digestion. 65 Four natural powers or Virtues. 9 Frenchmen. 18. prompt and ready witted. 19 French king killed at the Tilt. 54 Friction 73. Six sorts thereof. ibid. Fullness of stomach hurtful. 54 G. Gall, the fountain and wellspring of anger. 148 Garden herbs good for cold bodies. 66 Generation of milk. 108 Generation of sperm. ibid. Germans. 16 Good diet. 19 Good for every man thoroughly to know his own complexion. 1 Gross blood. 13 H. Heart, the fountain of life. 9, 89 Hare maketh melancholic nourishment, 133. being hunted and chased is much holsommer. ibid. good for many purposes in physic. ibidem. Harm to a Realm and to a body, first proceedeth from the head. 110 Harm of venery and carnal copulation with women. Vide carnal act. Hair black. 39 & 41. Curled, 39 Yealowe, 41. 129. White, ibid. Read, ibid. Aburne, ibid. Hairs hoar. 112 Head harmed by the disorder of the lower members. 104 Head and stomach engendrers and receptacles of phlegm. 109 Heat likened to the sun, and moisture to the Moon. 78 Heat causeth boldness. 43 maketh good colour. 64. Health what it is. 1. passeth gold or treasure. 2 Health aswell of mind as of body to be cared for, because the one cannot well be without the other. 2 Health sundry ways assaulted, crushed and altered. 29 Heraclitus nature always weeping. 36 Herbs that are venomous. 62 Herbs provoking urine. 71 Herbs good for the memory. 125 Herbs hot, good for cold bodies. 66 Hot complexion. 38. Tokens thereof. 39 Hoariness in meats. 112 Hoarcenesse. 109 Hollanders. 16. forgetful and sleepy. ibid. Wholesome air. 19 as necessary for bodily health as wholesome meat and drink. 26 Wholesome exhortation. 156 Holy ghost, what he worketh in us. 24 Humours are changed one into another. 3 Humours ministre occasion unto each several complexion, to ensue several vices. 23 Humours gross, as hurtful to the mind, as dead wine to the body. 84 Humours after a sort, are the elements of man. 85. 86. Humours of more force than the Planets. 10 Hungry sickness. 65 Husbandry praised. 54 I Jaundice. 128 Idleness. 64. maketh the body fat & cold ibid. Imagination of man, evil from his birth. 14. & 19 Imagination of women at the time of their conception. 40. 93 Infancy. 29 Intemperature what it is. 34 Influence and force of the Moon. 78 Inclination of nature. 100 John Baptist beheaded. 10 Italians. 17. their nature. ibid. jugglers. 101 K. KErnellie flesh in the dugs. 108. alterethe blood into milk. ibid. Knowledge of the case oh four own bodies, very expedient. 2 L LEaning to a broken reed. 144 Learned & aged men, reverenced in England. 48 Lettuce, ill for the eyesight. 125 Lewd thoughts. 14 liver, the Shop of blood. 89 liver provoketh and eggeth to carnal lust. 141 Lignum Aloes. 126 Limitation for our prayers and wishes. 136 Lyquide meats soonest & quickliest nourish. 156 Long life, how it may be orderly procured. 68 lupines a kind of pulse, the nature & operation thereof. 5 Lying in bed on the right side, best. 58 Lying upright upon the back, dangerous. 58 M MAgo tamed a Lyon. 4 Maluesey. 103 maintainers of health. 1 Many good wits by ill education & lewd company marred. 4 Man's age. 30 Man a Wolf, 96. An ape. 97. A Lion, A Fox etc. ibid. Mammiles or dugs, the receptacles of Milk. 108 Manns corrupt nature, more prove to ill then to good. 122 Man, daily subject to casualties. 135 Matrimony pleasant and profitable, & the cause why it was first by God instituted. 6 Measurable feeding most wholesome. 7 Meats fit for cold people. 65 Melancholy. 86 Melancholy may be altered. 4 Melancholy incident to all men, especially to Students. 136 Melancholy of two sorts. ibid. whereunto it is like. ibidem. Melancholy what relish and taste it hath. 137 Melancholy unnatural of 3. sorts. 146. 152 Melancholy inflamed, what colour it hath. 147. Melancholy hath in it some heat. 148 Melancholy cold, what affects it causeth. 148 Melancholy, doltish or asselike. ibid. Melancholy well tempered bringeth forth excellent wits, and sharp judgement. 149 Melancholy how it may be qualified and expugned. 152 Melancholik people, sometimes out of measure merry. 139 Melancholic affections how they come. 143 Melancholic people, fickle headed and inconstant. 148 Melancholic people lecherous. 149 Melancholic passions, and certain histories of sundry people of that Complexion. 150 Melancholic person, fully persuaded that he had Frogs and Toads in his belly. ibid. Melancholic people imagination of a long nose. ibid. Melancholic person that thought his buttocks were made of glass. 151 Melancholic person that thought himself to be dead. ibid. Melancolick people are best to be laxative and soluble. 152 Melancholic people, when to be let blood, ibid. Melancholic people diet. 156 Members of the body how they agreed, and be linked together. 11. Memory good. 69. how it may be restored. 70 Memory where it rests. 119. what things be thereto hurtful. 120. is maintained & preserved in a temperate brain. ibid. ill in old folks & children, and why. ibid. Memory the gift of nature, but by Art preserved and helped. 121 Memory by healthynes strengthened, by crudity and surphet spoiled. 122. by light suppers preserved, and bettered. 123 Menenius a wise orator, by telling a fine devised Fable of the members of man's body, dissuaded the Nobles and Commons from civil uproar & discord. 12 Men wiser than Women, why. 81 Morphew. 134 Moist nourishment fittest for children. 49 Moist complexion. 78. not given to be malicious, spiteful, fumishe and testy. 80. their diet 82. their stint of sleep. ibid. Moistness. 79 Moisture feedeth and nourisheth heat. 83 Murr. 109 Music cheereth the mind. 53 Milk 71 Milk is white blood. 108. never eaten by Pythagoras, and why. ibid. Milk in the breasts and dugs of young Infants, aswell male as female. ibid. where it is generated and made. ibid. Mind in moist complexions. 91 Minstrels. 101 Milt, and the use thereof. 137. Hindereth agility of the body. ibid. cannot be taken away. 138. likened to a princess' Exchequer. ibidem. provoketh laughter. ibid. being well & in good case, and plight, causeth mirth and cheerfulness. 141 being distempered, affected, or out of right course, causeth a heavy mind. ibid. Mirth how it is caused. 5 Mirth at the table. 76 Mirth and pleasant company profitable for Melancholic people. 5. 139. Mirth moderately used, & banqueting, reviveth the Spirits & maketh a man fresh coloured. 154 Mixture of humours compared to wine. 107 N Natural heat. 8. 60. Nature of Spermaticke seed, and feminine Blood. 26 Nature of people phlegmatic. 111 Northern people. 13. 16 Nosce teipsum. 3 Notorious villains proceed not from loutis he natures, but from excellent minds, corrupted & by lewd education marred. 45 Notes of a dry complexion. 68 Notes to know a Phlegmatic person, and his nature. 112 Notes whereby to know a Choleric complexion. 129 Notes of a Melancholic Complexion. 145 Notes and nature of a Sanguine person. 101 Nucha or the nape of the neck must be kept warm. 121 O old-age. 28. hath no certain number of years appointed, how long it lasteth, as each other age hath. 20. Old men forgetful and why. 16. sometimes as lusty as youngmen, and why. 28 Oldmen by nature dry, but in condition moist 88 much harmed by using carnal copulation and venery. 55. Old grudges. 122 Onions ill for the eyes, and memory. 125 Oppilation of the Liver, how it cometh. 104. how to be avoided. ibid. Oppilation and putrefaction, the original cause of all diseases. 10 P PArasites. 101 Parts of the body subject to Phlegm. 117 Patrick's purgatory. 146 People mere sanguine, commonly stark fools. 96 People Apoplectique. 129. how to restore them to the right use of their tongue. ibid. Perturbations of the mind. 59 141 Philip king of Spain. 90 Phlegm, the matter of blood. 107. the use & effect thereof. 109. what place of the body it is in. ibid. Diseases growing through it. ibid. Phlegm. 86 Phlegm of 4. sorts. 115 Phlegm sweet. 116 Phlegm sower. ibid. Phlegm salt. 117. harms thereof. ibidem. Phlegm glassy. ibid. Phlegm common to all men. 118 Phlegmatic people i'll coloured. 146 Phlegmatic people praised. 115 Phlegmatic people must eat light suppers. 115. Phlegmatic people must use exercise. ibid. Playing with the head what it signifieth. 98 Pocks. 134 Polycletus rule. 33 Power attractive. 9 Power retentive. ibid. Power digestive. ibid. Power expulsive. ibid. Pose. 109 Proportion of blood to other humours. 100 proverbs, emunctae naris, & obesae naris, expounded. 114 Pubertie. 29 Putrefaction. 10 Pypers. 101 Pythagoras. 30. his comparing of th' ages of man's life, to the four quarters of the year. ibid. Q QVaysie stomachs. 156 Qualefiers of the heat of blood. 50 Qualities. 86 Quinces conserved. 126 Quietness and tranquillity of mind. 156 R RApes good for the eyesight. 125 Rebellion in the body, 14 Receiptes laxative. 104 Recreations discommendable. 54. 76 Remorse of conscience for wicked deeds. 144 Repletion. 55 Restoratives for the memory. 125 Ringwormes. 134 Riot and bellicheare. 10 Rue provoketh lust in women, extinguisheth it in men. 81 S SAmpson. 43. his great strength. ibid. Sangar. 44. with a plough share slew. 600. Philistines ibid. Sanguine people courteous, and mild natured. Vide Blood. 99 Scots. 18 Scoffers. 101 Sack. 102 Seed. 85. 105. 106. pollution and effluxion thereof how it happeneth. 113 Shaving of the beard helpeth memory. 124 Shaving of the head. ibid. Short stature. whereof it cometh. 27 Sickness what it is. 12 Signs of sickness approaching. ibid. Sickly people must eat little bread. 156 Signs of a brain distempered. 143 Signs of such as be subject to melancholy. 147. Sin cause of sickness and death. 67 Sleep and the commodities thereof. 57 & 73. time & space thereof. 57 to what use it serveth. 95. good for Choleric people. 133 Sleepers sound. 57 Small & unquiet sleepers. 58. Sleep by day, ill and unwholesome. 58. good for raving or Idleness of the brain. 152 Sleeping person heavier than a watching. 5 Sloth and ease. 52 Sound Parents beeget sound children. 85 Solitary people subject to the Apoplexy. 61 Snails life. 62 Soul. 12 Sounding. 133 Sovereignty of the heart. 109 Spaniards. 18 Spittle. 87 Speech how to be restored. 126 Spirit. 7 what it is 8. requireth great care. ibid. being in good case & temper causeth tranquillity of mind. ibid. being distempered it worketh sundry motions & bringeth disquietness. ibid. what things be thereto most hurtful, and what most comfortable. ibid. 19 & 20. greatly comforted with sweet smells. 126 Spirit animal and theffects thereof. 15 Spirit vital. ibid. Spirit of nature. 20 Stammers, 111. cannot speak softly. ibidem. & 147. Stitches. 103 Stinking breath how it cometh. 156 Stomach and head engendrers and keepers of Phlegm. 109 Store of hair how it cometh. 41 Strong breath and stinking mouths. 156 Study by candlelight hurtful. 74 Students exercises. 75 Superstition. 24 Supper. 156 Sweat. 87 T Tallness of parsonage. 27 Temperance. 60 Temperature, what it is. 32. nine differences thereof. ibid. subject to change. 88 Testicles. 85 Tetters. 134 Text of Esay expounded. 114 Themistocles wished to learn the Art of forgetfulness. 122. his nature & disposition, while he was young. 130 Things making good digestion & spirits. 5 Things good for the memory. 125 Things not natural, six. 46 Thin blood. 13 Three most wholesome things for health. 7 Timon, a deadly hater of all men, and all company. 143 Time for every matter. 77 Tokens of a cold complexion. 64 Tokens of a moist body. 80 Tokens of the disposition of phlegmatic people. 114 Tokens of sanguine people. 99 Torments of an unquiet mind, and guilty conscience. 143 tranquillity of mind. 31. 59 Trance. 103 Trial of good horses. 54 Trophonius Den. 146 True goods. 2 Tumblers. 101 Turpentine. 72 Turpentine, how to prepare it. ibid. to make it liquid and potable. ibid., V Venery, Vide Carnal act. vain opened, showeth oculerly, each of the four humours, 86 Veins from whence they spring. 89 Virtues defaced and marred by vices. 44 Vital moisture. 7 Vital spirit. 12 Ulcers. 134 Unwholesome meats spilleth nature. 27 Vnablenes in some to beget children. 43 Vomit must be seldom provoked. 55 when to vomit. ibidem. to what people it is most hurtful. 56 Voice. 45 W wan colour. 65 Washing of the head. 126 Watching overmuch hurtful. 58 Wawvard people. 12 Whores. 106 Wolf, a disease. 134 Women full of hair on their heads. 42 Women hairy lecherous. ibid. cause of barrenness in women. 43 wormwood wholesome for the liver. 104 Wring in the small Guts. 129 Wife brawlinge, and skoldinge, likened to a dropping house. 110 Wily Foxes 130 Wily winkers. 58 wine, hurtful to children. 49. maketh the heart merry. 138. Wisemen sometime fearful. 94 Y. Youngmen sometimes weak, wearish, & feeble, and why. 28 Youngman suddenly grey headed. 91 Youth. 29 Z Zeal without knowledge. 25 Zelanders. 17 Zeno. 5 T N. FINIS. Printed at London, in Fleetstreet by Thomas Marsh. 1576. Cum Privilegio.