AN ITALIAN GRAMMAR; WRITTEN IN LATIN BY SCIPIO LENTULO A NEAPOLITAN:  
And turned in English: By H. G.  
Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautroullier dwelling in the Blackefrieres.  
1575.   

therein all the rules that may serve for the better understanding of that tongue, are so well set forth, and in so good order disposed, with so apt examples, and with that brevity and facility, as none other written before of that matter in any tongue that I have seen, as I have seen diverse, is (in my judgement) comparable unto it. Now such as it is, rudely attired with this english habit, I betake unto your favourable acceptance as a token of the dutiful good will I bear you. And as a pledge of the service and duty I own to your parents. And so humble I take my leave. the 4, of December 1574.  
Yours wholly at commandment HENRY GRANTHAN.   

Of the Letters.  
The letters which the Italians use, are twenty. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, V, Z.  
These are divided in to vowels, A, E, I, O, V: & into consonantes, which are the rest.  
Howbeit, H is no letter: but a sign of aspiration, or drawing of the breath.  
But V, is sometimes a consonant: as in these words. Vênere, Venus: Verità, Truth: Virtù, Virtue: Vità, Life.  
The like is I, for although the letter G, be added to words, that with the latins do begin with Iu or ja, Io or je: as in Giouànni, John: Giùsto, Just: Giesù, jesus: Giàsone, jason: yet in pronouncing of the latter vovel the sound is only hard And the first consonant by that means is in reason conceived   

Of the use of the Letters.  
First of letters are framed syllables, and of syllables are made words, and that of diverse diversly.  
Vovelles may be put in the beginning, midst, and end of a word: as doth appear by this word, Amore, love.  
But consonantes are set, either in the beginning, or in the midst of a word, and in th'end very seldom, as hereafter is showed.  
Further, many consonantes are put in syllables, before other consonantes: as B, before R, in brèue in bryefe: Ténebre, Darkness: Libro, a Book. And before L, as in Oblio, Forgeatfulnesse: Obliquo, Crooked: Obligò, bond or duty.  
C before R, as in Crudelè, Cruel: Credo, I believe: And before L, as in Clamòre, Clamour or crying out: Inclito, renowned: Inclinato and Inchinato, Inclined: Conclùdo and Conchiudo, I conclude: so Conclusione and not Conchiusione, is rightly said.  
D before R, as in Dritto, Right: Padre, a Father: Madre, a Mother: Ladro, a Thief.  
F before R, as in Frutto, Fruit: Fratello, a Brother: Fraud, Fraud or deceit.  
G before N, as in Benigno, benign: ordigno, an instrument: Ingegno, wit: Lamagna, Almaigne: Compagno, a companion. And before R, as in Gratia, grace or favour: Gràto, thankful: Gràue, grave. And before L, as in Gloria, glory: Consiglio, Counsel.  
P before R, as in Prègio, the price: Sèmpre, always: Prudente, prudent: Lèpre, a hare. And before L, as in Contèmplo, I do contemplate, or behold diligently: Multiplico, I do multiply.  
S before B, as in Sbassamento, an embasing: Shandito, a banished man. And before C, as in Scacciàto, put away: Nasco I spring or am borne: Pasco, I feed. And before D, as in Sdègno, anger or disdain: Sdrucito, rypte. And before FLETCHER, as in Sfacèndato, unoccupied: Sfodràto, drawn or unsheathed (as a sword). And before G, as in Sgomento, I fear: Sganno, I do deliver from deceit. And before L, as in Sleàle, unfaithful: Slegato, unbound. And before M, as Smembràto, dismembered: Smorto, pale or wan. And before N, as in Snèruo, to debilitate or make feeble: Snello, nimble: Snòdo, I do unknitt. And before P, as in Spirito, a spirit: Speranza, hope. And before Q, as in Squàlido, sluttish: Squàme, the scale of a fish. And before R, as in Sregolato, unruled. And before T, as in Study, study.  
T before R, as in Trèmo, I tremble: Trònco, the stump or stem of a tree: Tranquillità, tranquillity or rest.  
But the letter Z, neither goeth before, neither yet followeth an other consonant in one self syllable.  
Further, touching that which belongeth to the letters, it is very necessary to know, by what reason the letters consonantes are doubled in a word: the which I will show by order of the letters as briefly as I can, that thereby the same may the more easily be committed to memory.  
B, therefore is doubled in these words, Dubbio, a doubt: Dèbbo, I aught, also Deggio: Sàbbia, gravel: Scàbbia, the scab: Abbète, a fyr tree: Hàbbia, he hath, and also Hàggia: Robba, goods. & it is said, Rubàre, to steal: But Làbbro, a lip: Fabbro, a carpenter: Libbro, a book: Ebbro, drunk: may either be written thus, or with a single B. It is also doubled in the third persons singular and plural of the preter imperfectense of the subjunctive mode: as Amerèbbe & Amerèbbono, Valerèbbe & Valerèbbono, Leggerèbbe, & Leggerèbbono, Vdirèbbe & Vdirèbbono: that is, he should love, they should love, he should be worth, they should be worth: he should read, thy should read: he should hear, they should hear. Again it is doubled in this word Obbietto, which is also said Oggètto, that is, the object. Also in many verbs, which are compound with the preposition Ad, changing the letter D, into B, where with the simple words do begin, as Abbàrbaglio, that is, I do dazzle: Abbràccio, I do embrace: There is excluded Abòndo, that is, I do abbounde: & Abandóno, I do forsake.  
C is doubled in these words, which are taken from the latin, having the letter X, in the first syllable: and of excellens, is made Eccèllente, of excepto, Eccètto, and of exceptio, Eccettione. And in these words Occhio an eye, Ginocchio, a knee: which have in the plural Occhi, & Ginòcchi: so Finòcchio, Fennell, & Finócchi. But here I will note by the way, that the syllable Chi, is to be pronounced more mildly in those words, then in Stocchi, arming sword: Fiòcchi, locks of hear or wool, the which hath otherwise in the singular number Stòcco & Fiòcco. But this manner of pronunciation, who can teach by writing? Further this letter is doubled in Sácco a sack, Giáccio I lie, Ghiàccio, a frost. Likewise in verbs compound with the preposition AD, the letter D being changed in to C, as we said of late of the letter B, as Accòlgo, I do welcome: Accènno, I do nop. Accoppio, I do couple. Lastly in verbs beginning with RA, as Racconciàre, to repair: Racommandàre, to recommend.  
Further, D is doubled in Caddee, which is the preterperfectense of the indicative mode, and third person singular, of the verb Cádo or Caggio, I fall: and in Càddero, which is of the plural number. It is doubled also in verbs compound with the preposition AD, as are Addúco, I bring forth: Addòrmo, I fall on sleep: Addolcisco, I do sweeten: So likewise in the verb Raddolcire. There are that do double it also in the verb Traduco, but that is not allowed of with some.  
Also, FLETCHER is doubled in these words Offésa, Vfficio, Bèffe, Affànno, and very many such like. Likewise in verbs compound with the preposition A D, as Afférmo, I affirm: Affrètto, I do make haste. The same is to be understood of verbs compound with the preposition D I, as Differisco, Diffido, Diffinisco. And so likewise of many verbs, taking their original from latin verbs that have in the first syllable the preposition O B, B being changed into FLETCHER, in this wise, Offéro, Offéndo, Offùsco.  
Besides, G is want to be doubled, so often as I and O, or I & A, do meet together in a dipthonge, so that they make one syllable: as is seen in these words, Sàggio, Sàggia, sage or wise, which have in the plural Sàggi & Sàgge. Here is to be noted that the letter I of this last word Saggè, and such like, is of very many wrongfully placed between G & E, to th'end they may say Sàggie, Piàggie, Grèggie: where they are to say Sàgge, wise, Piàgge, Brymmes or Brinks, Grègge, flocks. But contrary wise when I and O, do make two syllables, the G that goeth before them shallbe single, as Privilégio, Régio, Litigio, Vestigio: we do say also Dionigio & Dionigi, Dennys, Ambrògio & Ambròsio. Neither is double G, written in those words, that do end two ways in I, as are Parisi & Parigi Parrys, Tùnisi and Tùnigi, Lùisi and Lùigi, Malagisi and Malagigi. But it is doubled in those that come from the latin ending in X, as Grex, from whence Grègge or Grèggia, poetical: from Lex, Lègge: But from Fex, is made Fèccia, because the latin hath in the genitive singular Fecis. And from Rex, is made Re, aswell in the singular as in the plural number, although poets may say sometimes in the plural Règi. It is doubled also in certain verbs ending in Gò, as Lèggo, Corrèggo, Veggo & also Vèggio. In fine, it is doubled in verbs compound with the preposition A D, such as are Agghiáccio, Aggiùngo, Agguàglio, & Aggiornàrsi.  
There followeth L, which is found double in these words, Bèllo, Castèllo, Fratèllo, Fàllo, Cauàllo, Metàllo, and many such like. Further, it is found doubled in the third persons singular of the preterperfectense of the indicative mode, in those verbs that are of the first and fourth conjugation, when in th'end there is added an article, as Amòllo, Vdillo. It is doubled also in verbs compound with the preposition A D, as Allàrgo, Allèuio, Allòggio, Alletto, Allènto, The self same is done in verbs whereunto there is set before Ra, as is Rallènto, Rallègro, Rallùmo. Also I will not omit how in prose the most part do use to write, Dèllo, Allo, Dàllo, Dèlli, Alli, Dàlli, Dèlla, Alla, Dàlla, Dèlle, Alle, and Dàlle: for De lo, A lo, Da lo, De li, etc. as poets do write. But Allùi, Dallùi, and such like, I would not use, although very many do allow of them.  
As concerning the letter M, it is doubled in these words. Dàmma, Epigràmma, Fiàmma, Gèmma, Gierusalèmme, Boèmme. Also it is doubled when Mi is put to a verb in th'end: as Emmi, it is to me: Dàmmi, give me: Fàmmi, do me. Again in the first persons of the plural number, of the preterperfectense of the indicative mode: As Amàmmo, we have loved: Valèmmo, we have been worth: Leggèmmo, we have red: Vdimmo, we have hard: Fummo, we have been. Also in verbs compound with the preposition A D, as Ammaèstro, I do teach: Ammonisco, I do Admonish: Ammiro, I marvel. We say Rammentáre, to call to remembrance.  
Further, N is doubled in these nouns: Dònna, Madònna, Sònna, Anno, Affànno, jugànno, Senno, Innocente. It is doubled also in these words which are derived from the latin nouns, wherein M goeth before N, as of Somnus Sónno, Columna Colónna, Damnum Dànno, Scamnum Scànno, Autamnus Autónno, & such other like. It happeneth likewise so in the third persons plural, of the presentense, of the indicative mode, of verbs that in the first person are of one syllable: wherefore Ho, I have, hath Hànno, they have: Sto, I stand, hath Stanno, they stand: Foyes, I do or make, hath Fanno, They do or make: Do, I give, hath Dànno, they give. There is excepted So I am, which hath Sóno (They are) with a single N. The third persons plural of the future tense, in the indicative mode, have also a double N, as Amerànno, they shall love, Valerànno, they shallbe worth: Leggerànno, & Vdirànno. Likewise these preterperfectenses in the singular number shallbe written with double N, Venni, I have come: Venne he hath come: Tènni, I have held: Tènne, he hath held: in the plural, Vènnero, they have come: Ténnero, they have held. Again in verbs compound with the preposition AD, as Annottàrsi, To wax night: Annidàrsi, To be nested: Annuntio, I do tell tidings: Annullàre, to Adnull. Lastly it is doubled in verbs compound with the preposition In, as Innouàre, & Innamoràrsi.  
Now followeth PEA, which is doubled in these words: Zoppo, lame: Appetito, an appetite: Doppio, double: Coppia, as una coppia d'huomini da bene, A couple of honest men: Doppo After, howbeit poets do write Dòpo. It is doubled also in these preterperfectenses: Ruppi, I have broken: Ruppe, he hath broken: Ruppero, they have broken. Sèppi, I have known: Sèppe, he hath known: Seppero, they have known. So Sàppia I may know: Sappiamo, we may know: Sappiàte, you may know, Sappiàno, they may know. Again it is doubled in certain nouns proper: as Filippo, Aristippo, Egèsippo, Ippolito, Ippodámia, Giosèppe. Also in verbs compound with the preposition AD, as Approvo, Appàre. And in these that are compound with RA, as Rappòrto, I report: Rappèllo, I repeal or call back. And to conclude, in the verb Oppòngo, Ilaye against.  
Neither will I overpass the letter Q, for although it be not doubled in any word, nevertheless in these words Acqua, water, Acque waters: Giàcqui, I have lain: Giàcque, he hath lain: Giàcquero, they have lain: & in like sort of others that have C before Q, it seemeth in the pronouncing to have a sound as though the Q were double. The same doth happen of these verbs Nocqui, I have hurt: Nocque, he hath hurt: Nocquero, they have hurt: Nacqui, I have been borne: Nàcque, he hath been borne: Nacquero, they have been borne: Piàcqui, I have pleased: Piacque, he hath pleased: Piacquero, they have pleased. Again, in the verbs Acquisto, I get: Acquèto, as mi acqueto, I do quiet me.  
R is found diversly doubled in words: as first in verbs whose third persons singular of the present tense in the indicative mode do end in Re, such as are Soccòrre, he doth secure: Abbórre, he doth abhor: Córre, he runneth. There is excepted Móre, he dieth. It is furthermore doubled in verbs, out of whose midst, for elegancy of speech, there is taken away the syllable Ne, and Glie, which did go before the letter R, and an other R added in their place: whereupon, of Tenerò is made Terrò, I shall hold: of Venerò is made Verrò, I shall come: of Coglierò Corrò, I shall gather: Cógliere, Córre, to gather: Venerèi, Verrèi, I should come: It is also doubled in these words, Càrro, a cart: Tórre, a tower: Térra, Arra, Orrèndo, which are nouns: and in verbs, as Nàrro, I show: Attèrro, I cast to the ground: Serro, I shut: Afférro, I gripe or hold fast: Sottèrro, I put in to the ground. Lastly in verbs compound with the preposition AD, as Arrestàrsi, to be arrested: Arrischio, I do hazard: Arrivo, I do arrive: Arricchire, to enrich: Arrostisco, I do roast.  
S is also doubled, for we say Càssa, a chest: Osso, a bone: Fosso, a dyche. There are also verbs, as Pòsso, I can: Arrossisco, I blush. Furthermore it is doubled in these nouns which are taken from the latin words, having the letter X: and by that means of Saxum, is made Sasso, a stone: of Luxuria, Lussuria lust: of Fixus, Fisso, and Fitto fixed: of Alexander, Alessàndro: of Dixit, Disse, he hath said: of Vixi, Vissi, I have lived: of Rexi, Rèssi, I have ruled: of Texo, Tesso, I do wove. Again it is doubled in nouns that come from the latins having PEA, and SAINT: as for Ipse, we may say Esso, he: for Gypsum, Gesso, plaster: for scripsit, Scrisse, he hath written. But PEA, is retained in these nouns proper, Ipsifile, Ipsicratea, & Capsa the proper name of a city. And I shall note by the way, how PEA is taken away, when it goeth before the letter S, as Sàlmo for Psalmus. Further, it is doubled in words that come from the latin, having B before SAINT, as Assoluto from Absolùtus absolute: Asserto from absorptus, supped up. Assent from Absens, absent. Astèmio from abstemius, that abstaineth from drink. Asséntio from absyntium, wormwood. It is doubled also in the last syllable of the preter imperfectense of the optative mode, singular number: as Amàssi, I did love, or thou diddest love: amass, he did love: and in like sort in tother conjugations. And also when it is of the plural number, in a middle syllable: as Amàssimo, we did love, Amassero, they did love. Likewise in the preterperfectense of the indicative mode, of verbs of the third conjugation: as Percòssi, I have stricken: Percòsse, he hath stricken: Percòssero, they have stricken. Again in verbs compound with the preposition AD, as Assàggio, I do assay: Assálto, I do assault: Assicùro, I do assuer: Asségno, I do assign: Assòrdo, I make deaf: Assomiglio, I do resemble. We say Rassùmo, I take again: & Rassétto, I do set or agreed.  
Touching the letter T, it is found also doubled in these words which come from the latin, having B C, or P, before T: hereupon it is, that for Obtusus we say Ottùso, dull or blunt: for obtineo Ottèngo, I do obtain: for octo Otto eight: for doctus Dotto learned: for factus Fatto donne or made: for baptismus Battésimo baptism: for septem Sétte seven: for ruptus Rotto broken: and for corruptus Corrotto corrupt. Howbeit Petrarke hath written Rapto of raptus, a snatching or taking a way: Whereby he would make a difference between the noun Rapto, and the adverb Ratto, swiftly. It is doubled again in these diminutives, Poverétto, a little pour wretch: Librètto, a little book: Fanciullètto, a little child: Boschetto, a little wood. And to conclude, in verbs compound with the preposition AD, as Attristo, I make sorrowful: Attèrro, I cast to the ground, etc.  
V is doubled in these verbs Awentàrsi, to be cast. Awertire, to advertise or admonish. Awicinàrsi, to Approach. Awedèrsi, to be adwares. Awotirsi, to make a vow. Awalèrsi, to use any thing of an others or an others travel. Notwithstanding, Auenire and not Awenire, is to be written as many will have it: For because Awenire, is not derived from the verb Aduenio, but from the verb Euenit, to happen or come to pass: the which signification doth aptly agreed to Auenire.  
Further, touching the letters X, Y, & KING: we aught not to be ignorant, how they are in no use with the Italians, for that they are not numbered amongst the other letters. For in stead of Y, they use I: for KING, C: and for X, they use SAINT: as we have showed before, either doubled in the midst of a word, or sometimes single in the midst of a word, and always single in the beginning. And therefore in what belongeth to the beginning, we say Senòcrate, for Xenocrates: Senofónte for Xenophon: and Serse for Xerxes.  
Lastly the letter Z, which is the last of all the letters, that the Italians do use, is doubled when it is placed between two vowels: as in Bellèzza, Dolcèzza, Gentilèzza. But when any consonant goeth before it, then is it put single: as in Sperànza, Partènza, Licènza, Sapienza. But here is to be noted, that Z is not rightly doubled in this word Mezo, although it be between two vowels: Notwithstanding Petrarke hath done otherways, being brought thereunto for necessity's sake in th'ends of his verses, for the keeping of his rysme. For when we pronounce Mèzo, it appeareth plainly (who that observeth the Italian pronunciation) not to be pronounced like unto Pèzzo, a piece: Auèzzo, accustomed, and such like. And because sometimes, not only like consonantes are doubled in a word, but also diverse: and not only doubled, but are found also tripled: therefore I do judge it necessary to declare the reason thereof. This therefore is first to be considered, how that the Italian speech doth not suffer two like consonantes to be put before words. For if any should thus write, Ssoperbo, Vuenere, he should not do Italian like. And yet, there is no lack, but that two diverse consonantes may be set before in very many words, as may be seen in Spèro, Stùdio, Scàrico, Crèdo, Prèzzo. Yea, and sometimes three also are found before in Italian words: as in Stràda, Stràle, Stratagèma, Stràno, Stringo, Strètto, Sprèzzo, Splendòre, Splèndido, Scrivo. Further, there cannot be put three diverse consonantes in the midst of a word, and therefore we say not, Constànte, Transfórmo, Transmùto, Obstácolo, Substègno, Postpòsto: But Costânte, Trasfórmo, Trasmùto, Ostácolo, Sostègno, Pospòsto: There are excepted, Mòstro, Sèmpre, Sepòlero, Tèmpro, Abbrèuio, Accrèsco, Attrauèrso.  
Moreover, H through use of a known aspiration, aught not to remain unknown: and how that of the most Italian writers it is put almost in to all those words, that we receive from the latins, and in the which the latins themselves do use an aspiration: as in Húomo, from homo: Humàno, from humanus: Ho, from Habeo, etc. But since in our age the cause is taken away, why the use of a known aspiration is sought for, surely me thinketh ththeffect aught to cease: that is, that H be no more put in to Italian words (as we do pronounce very few of them) for a sign of a more gross spirit. And notwithstanding that the use of this aspiration seemeth to me, to be coupled to few words, yet surely it is chief to be retained in this word Huomo, to hide the foulness, that this dipthonge VO, (being placed as it were in the head) seemeth to bring unto this noun. Further, it is not to be removed from this verb Ho, I have: and that for a difference to be had, between that Ho and O, an adverb of calling, and O, a voice of separation. Again, between Ha', (he hath) and A, the preposition serving to the Dative case. Lastly, to th'end it may be preserved in these syllables, Che, Chi, Ghe, Ghi, in the which assuredly there is a sign of a more gross spirit, whereby these syllables do differ from them which have Ce, Ci, Ge, Gi. For what the difference is, whether way thou shalt pronounce: they rightly know, that have the Italian manner of pronouncing.  
Touching that which doth belong to the vowels, it is to be known how they do cleave together in dipthonges: which are AV: as Aura, Làura, Màuro.  
EV, as Eúro, thest wind: Scèuro, divided or separated:  
IE, as Viène, he cometh: Brièue, Brief: Tiéne, he holdeth: Iéri, yesterday: Pièno full: Fieno hay.  
IA, as Cianciàre, to babble: Ciànce, babblings or trifles: Biànco, white: Caccia, hunting.  
IO, as Fióre, a flower: Sciocco, foolish: Sciolgo, I lose: Scioperàto, unoccupied.  
IV, as Ciùrma, a company: Schiuma, froth or skume: Più, more: Giù, down.  
IVO, as Figlivolo, a son: Givoco, play or sport.  
VO, as Huòmo, a man: Vòpo, need: Vòuo, an egg: Buòno, good: Cuoco, a cook.  
VI, as Guida, a guide: Piacqui, I have pleased: Acquisto, I get: Quinto, five.  
WE, as Piacque, It hath pleased: Acque waters: Adunque, Then or therefore, Lingue, tongues.  
VA, as Acqua, water: Lingua, a tongue: Guadàgno, gain.  
AI, as Fài, thou makest: Stài, thou standest: Amài, I have loved: Lài, lamentations: Farài, thou shalt make.  
VAI, as Guái, woose, or sorrows.  
JEI, as Miéi, mine.  
EI, as Lèi, she: Costei, this woman: Sèi, be thou.  
VOI, as Tuói, thine: Suói, there's: Buòi, oxen: Vuòi, wilt thou.  
Here is to be remembered, that although Tuò, Suò, Io, Lèi, Lùi, Nòi, Vòi, Tuòi, Sùoi, Mièi, Vuòi, Buòi, for the most part be of one syllable, aswell in prose as in verse, yet touching verse, they are always in th'end two syllables.  
Neither will I omit how far the pronunciation of vowels, is to be observed: O and E are pronounced sometimes more darkly, and sometimes more clearly. And most darkly in these words Amòre, Colòre, Ardòre, and such like. But E is pronounced more clearly in this word Erba: and O, in this word Ottima. Nevertheless the manner of pronouncing, cannot be showed by writing: wherefore it is to be learned of him, that hath th' Italian tongue.  
TH'Italian speech hath certain articles, which are set before nouns improper: whereof some be masculine, and some feminine: and that, aswell in the singular: as in the plural number, as hereafter appeareth.  

Articles. 

Masculine 

Singular number. 

Il, lo: the, him, it.    
Plural number. 

i, li, gli: the, them.      
Feminine 

Sing. nom. 

La: the, her, it.    
Plur. nom. 

Le: the, them.         
It lacketh cases: wherein as it is like unto the Hebrew tongue, so is it unlike, either to the Greek, or Latin tongues. wherefore in varying of the articles, by sundry cases, it taketh these prepositions: De for the genitive: A for the dative, and Da for the ablative. In the vocative, it useth for a sign of that case O, an adverb of calling. In the nominative and accusative, Articles are also used: as hereafter it may appear.  

Articles. 

Masculine. 

Singular number. 

Nominative: ill, lo: the, it.  
Genitive: Del, dello: of the, him, it.  
Dative: Albina, allo: to the, him, it.  
Accusative: il, lo: him, it  
Vocative: o, o.  
Ablative, Dal, dallo: from thee, him, it.    
Plur. nomb. 

Nomi. i, li, gli: the.  
Geni. de i, de'dellis, degli: of the, the.  
Dati. a i, of, alli, à gli: to the, the.  
Accu. i, li. gli: the, them.  
Voca. ò, o.  
Abla. da i, da', dalli, dagli: from thee, them.      
Feminine. 

Sing. nomb. 

Nomin. la: the, it.  
Geni. della, or de la: of the, her, it.  
Dati. àlla, or à la: to the, her, it.  
Accu. la: the, her, it.  
Voca. oh: o.  
Ab. dalla, or da la: from thee, her, it.    
Plur. nomb. 

Nomi. le: the.  
Gen. dèlle, or de le: of the, them.  
Dati. àlle, or à le: to the, them.  
Accu. le: the, them.  
Voc. oh: o.  
Ab. dalle, or da le: from thee, them.      
Articles joined to other prepositions. 

Ne, in 

Néllo, Nel: in thee, it.  
Nèlli, Ne gli, Ne i Ne ': in the.  
Nella: in thee, it.  
Nelle: in the.    
Per, for, by, or through 

Per lo, Pel, Pèllo: for by, or through thee, it.  
Per li, Per gli, Pèlli, Pèr i, Pe i, Pe ', for, by, or through the.  
Per lafoy 

for, by, or through thee, it    
Per le  
Con: with 

Con lo, Col, Còllo: with thee, with it.  
Con li, Con gli, Còlli, Co i, Co ': with the.  
Con la, Còlla 

with the.    
Con le, Còlle            

Of th' use of th' Articles.  
All articles almost, are usually placed before nouns common. I say almost, because sometimes th'article lafoy, is placed before nouns proper: as in his place shallbe showed.  

LO.  
Th'article lo, is to go before words beginning with a vovel: but the letter O is cut of, & an Apostropha set in the place, after this sort: l'Amòre, l'Onòre: And therefore they are pronounced as though they were written Lamòre, Lonòre.  
But here is to be noted, that the Tuscan Italians are accustomed to take away I, from these words which are compound with this preposition In, and to add an Apostropha to the vowel of the article: thus, Lo'mperatore in the singular number: and Gli'mperatori in the plural: and so of others like. Howbeit, I would not have them (though Boccace be their author) to be imytated in this: since it is an affected kind of speech. Further, since an Apostropha is a sign of a vowel missing, to what end is it set to the article, to whom there is nothing missing? Besides, the sign of such a lack doth rather appertain to the letters consonantes deprived of their vowels, then to the self vowels. To conclude, those words Imperatòre and Imperatòri may seem (as me thinketh unjustly beheaded, in taking from them the letter I, from whence they do begin.  
And now to our matter: Lo is also to go before words that do begin with two sundry consonantes, whereof the first shallbe S: in this wise: Lo Spirito, lo Stòmaco, lo Scacciàto a cast of: lo Stàto, lo Stràle a shaft or arrow.  
In like sort it is to be used, being joined with a preposition: as Dello Spirito, of the spirit: Allo Spirito, to the spirit: Dallo Spirito, from the spirit: Per lo spirito, for, by, or through the spirit: Con lo Spirito, with the spirit: Nello Spirito, in the spirit.  
In fine, this article Lo is set before this noun Il Quale, & that in the beginning of a verse: wherefore we say, lo Quale.   

IL.  
TH' article Il is to be placed before words that do begin with a consonant: as I'll Re, il Prèncipe, il Cièlo, etc.  
And both Lo and Il, do go before verbs of the infinitive mode, observing th' afore said order in the beginning of the letters: as l'Amàre, il dire, lo scrivere.  
The which order is to be observed with these masculine articles in the plural number: for I, is set before words beginning with a consonant: as i Principi, i Re, i Cieli.  
But Li and Gli, do go before words beginning with a vowel: as li or gli Amóri, li or gli Onòri, li or gli Esèrciti.  
Howbeit when the vovel shallbe I, where with the word following the article doth begin, then shall th' article Gli, be placed before it: and notwithstanding forego his vovell, in this sort: Gl' Iniqui, Gl' Impij, Gl' Ingiùsti, etc.  
Li and Gli, are also placed before words, that do begin with two diverse consonantes: whereof the first shallbe S: as Gli Spiriti, Gli Strali, Gli Stènti the torments: Gli Scòmmodi, the discommodities, etc.  
The same is to be done when they are joined to prepositions: for we say De i Re, and not De gli Re, and so by the other cases.  
But here is to be noted, that th' article I, for the most part is taken away, and an Apostropha set in place thereof, in this sort, De' fatti tuòi for De i fattituèi: So is A also used for A i, Da ' for Dam i, Co ' for County i, Ne ' for Ne i, and Pe ' for Pe i And it behoveth that this be done with judgement, the which, (who that so can) is rather attained by reading of approved authors, then by any art.  
Besides we say Dèlli Spiriti, and not De i Spiriti, A gli or Alli Spiriti. But not A i Spiriti, etc.  
Further, the preposition Per, will always require the articles Lo, Li, or Gli, without observing any rule of the letters, where with the words following do begin: as Per lo petto, Per gli fianchi, And many times they say, Pe ' monti, Pe ' piani: in stead of those forms of speech that have Per li monti, Per li piani: that is, by the mountains, by the plains.  
These foresaid articles being joined with prepositions are none otherways used, then if they were without them: wherefore we say, Dell' Amòre, De gli Amori, All' ingiusto, A gl' ingiusti: and after the same manner, throughout all th'other cases, aswell of the singular, as of the plural number.   

LA.  
touching the feminine article, Lafoy, it is for the most part given to nouns common: as when we say La tàuola, La bàrca, La scuòla: and sometimes to nouns proper: as Roccace did in saying, La Belcolore, La Fiammètta, etc.  
Where it behoveth to note, how this article is set whole and perfect, before words that begin with a consonant: as next before it appeareth: and as aften as it is set before words beginning with a vowel, it is deprived of the letter A, & an Apostropha added in this wise, l' Anima, l' Onestà, l' Amicitia.  
In like sort is Le to be used, being the plural number to the article La: Saving it is not given to nouns proper. So that we say, Le stelle, Le donne, likewise: L'ànime, L'amicittie, L'iniquita, L'imprese.  
Thesame order is to be observed, when this article is coupled to prepositions: For we say in the singular number: Della stèlla, Alla stèlla, Dalla stèlla, Per la stèlla, Con la stèlla, Nella stèlla: Dell'ànima, All' ànima, etc. But in the plural number. Delle stèlle, Alle stèlle, etc. Dell' anime, All' anime: etc.    

Of a Noume.  
Every Italian noun doth end in some vowel, as Dio, Angelo, Cièlo, Huòmo, and others almost innumerable.  
But yet sometimes they do forego it, chiefly in words, where those letters that the latins do call liquides, videlicet L, N, and R, do precede the last vovell: as Dèbil, Fel, Mel, Fedel, Van, Pensiér, for Dèbile, Fèle, Mèle, Fedèle, Vàno, Pensièro.  
And this is usually done, when the word following shall begin with a consonant: as Van desio, Pensièr canuto: that is, a vain desire, a grave thought: Also Fedel compàgno, Mel dolce: where no Apostropha is added, because they do not forego their vowels for others following: and therefore we say, Gran còsa, Buòn Ghristiàno, San Pàolo: for grand Cosa, Buòno Cristiàno, Santo Pàolo: which last manner of speeches are much more improper, than the former.  
But from this rule are excepted these nouns, Còllo a neck, Apòllo, Vòlo a flight, Affànno grief, Ingànno deceit, Oscùro, Dùro, & Chiàro. For hardly we say Col, Apol, Vol, Affan, Ingan, Oscur, Dur, Chiar: although Petrarke (and that very seldom) hath used these two last.  
Neither do these words Animo, Abisso, Pègno, Sostègno, and such like: suffer any abridging.  
Further th' Italian nouns, do use to let slip the last vovell, when the word that followeth doth begin with a vowel, and for the vowel omitted, to write an Apostropha, thus: Vostr' òcchi, Moult ànni, etc. Whereupon, it doth appear to be chief in use in nouns adjectives.  
Lastly, the Italian poets do deprive many nouns, not of their vowels only, but of their last syllables: or at lest do take from those syllables L: for to observe number in verse: whereupon it is, that they say sometimes, Anima ' and Amài for Animàli: Laccivo ' for Laccivoli: Cava ' & Cavai for Cavalli: Be ' and Bei for Bèlli: Que ' and Quèi for Quèlli: Ta ' and Tài for Tali: Quà and Quai for Quàli.  
Howbeit this is nothing at all used, when the word that followeth doth begin with a vowel: as the writings of approved authors in sundry places bear witness.   

Of the ending of nouns.  
Proper names of men and the singular number do end in. 


A, Auèa, Pitàgora, Lucà, Andrèa, Porsèna.  
E, Césare, Aristòtile, Scipiòne, Platòne.  
I, Giouànni, Luigi, Dionigi.  
O. Alessàndro, Piètro, Pàolo.  
V Giesù, Artù.     
Proper names of Cities, the mascul gender do end in. 


E, Liòne.  
I, Parigi, Brindisi, Ragùsi.  
O, Milàno, Còmo, Pèsaro.  
V, Corfù, Cefalù, Perù.     
Proper names of families ending in. 


A, Colònna, Carràfa, Gonzàga, Còssa Aùstria, Aragòna.  
E, Dèntice, Pònte, Este.  
I, Medici, Gritti, Piccolòmini, Vènti, Tornaquinci, Doni, etc.  
I, or O, Quirini & Quirino, Soderini and Soderino, etc.  
I, or E, Cavalcànti or Covalcànte,  
O, Auolo, Tolèdo.     
Further, these surnames are not used after one self manner and therefore it shall not be amiss to show you how they are used in speech: for we say Pompèo Colònna, Pompey Colunna, Maria Colonna, Mary Columna. I Colonnesi: those of Columna.  
We say further Càrlo d'Austria: Quei della casa d'Austria Ferrànte, d'Aragòna: Quei d'Aragona: for Aragonesi doth signify those that are affected to that family.  
touching the second sort: we say Camillo, Dèntice, Diàna, Dèntice, Il Dèntice, I Dèntici, le Dentici. Again Andrèa Pònte, or da Ponte: Caterina Pònte, Il Ponte, or da casa Ponte, Quell, or Quei da casa ponte. Also Ercole da Este, Caterina da Este, Quei da Este.  
The surnames of the third sort are thus used: for we say: Còsmo Mèdici, or Còsmo de'Medici: Lucrètia Mèdici or de'Medici: Il Mèdici, I Medici:  
So Francèsco Dòni, Giouànna Dòni, Il Dòni: likewise Alessàndro Piccolòmini, Il Piccolòmini, Portia Piccolomini, la Piccolomini.  
We say further Piètro Quirini, or Quirino: Camilla de' Quirini, or Quirina, but not Camilla Quirini: which is not in use. Again it is rightly said ill Quirino, but not ill Quirini. But if any shall object, why is it rightly said? il Mèdici, il Doni: I answer, that the surnames of Medici and Dòni have none other termination that is in use. But the surname Quirini hath both Quirino for the men, and Quirina for the women. By this means we say Antonia Quirina, and not Quirini, but de' Quirini: where, notwithstanding we may say Caterina Medici, and not Mèdica.  
Likewise the examples of the fift sort shallbe, Guido Cavalcànte or Cavalcànti: Il Cavalcànte, I Cavalcànti: Giùlia Cavalcànte.  
And touching those of the last sort, we say Alfónso d'Aualo, Pietro di Tolèdo.  
nouns appellatives of the masc. gender and singular number do end in. 


A, Sofista, Poèta, Proféta, Podestà, Piàneta.  
E, Onore, Amòre, Colòre, and Fànte, which is of the fe. gender, also Signòre.  
O, & E, Cavalièro (with the poets, or Cavalière (with those that write in prose) of the which sort there are many other like nouns.     
This noun Pàri doth belong to both genders: wherefore we say I Pàri tuoi, I Pàri uòstri, Le pàritùe, Le pàriuòstre: that is, thine, or your like, and this only in the plural number. For in the singular we say Tùo pàri, and Tuà pari, that is thy like.  
We say further, un Pàio di Calze: duke pàia, tree pàia, quattro pàia, etc. Di polli: by the which form of speeches, it is apparent what difference there is betwne Pàri, Paio, and Pàia: for Pari declareth similitude, Paio and Paia, fellowship.  
But the reader is here to be admonished, that these words Pàio, Pari, and Paia, do belong also unto the verb Parere, to seem. In this sort  

Indicative.  
Io Pàio I seem  
Tu Pàri Thou seemest.   

subjunctive.  
Io Paia He seem.  
Tu Pàia Thou seemest  
Colui Pàia I seemeth.   
nouns adiect. of the singular number and mass. gender do end in. 


O, Divino, Bèllo, Vmàno, Fiero, Altièro, Orrendo, Ornato, etc.  
E, Celèste, Fedèle, Dòlce, Vmile, etc. which are also of the femin. gender.     
touching these nouns, when they are of the plural number, they do end all in I, as do Huomini, Cieli, Angeli, etc. And that aswell when they end in O, in the singular number: as when they end in E.  
Notwithstanding such are excepted as in the plural number have double terminations: that is, in I, and are of the masculine gender: and in A, changing the masculine gender in to the feminine as here following doth appear.  
nouns in the plural number ending in. 


A, Dita, Làbbra, & Labbia, Ginòcchia, Bràccia, Lègna, Vestigia, Risa, etc.  
I, Diti, Labbri, Ginocchi, Bràcci, Legni, Vestigij, Risi.     
But those that end in A, are most in use with such as write in prose.  
And surely, nouns of the femi. gender do not end after that manner: as it may here after appear.  

Proper names of women the singular number do end in. 

A, Cornèlia, Làura, Tùllia, Lucrètia, Mària, etc.  
E, Beatrice, Rachèle, Berenice, Penèlope, etc.  
O, Glicèrio, Calisto, Dido, Sàfo, Calippo, Ino, etc.    
Proper names of Cities of the feminine gender ending in. 

A, Ròma, Venètia, Pàdova, Veròna, Fiorènza, etc.  
E, Auignòne, Cartagine, Atène.  
I, Nàpoli, Costantinòpoli.  
O, Corinto, Sèsto, Abido, Effeso, Argo.    


A, Anima, Amicitia, Dònna, Signòra.  
E, Opinion, Lettione, Affettiòne.  
O, Màno.     

Nomes appellatives of the feminine gender and singular number ending in. 

A & E 

A, Onestà, Arma, Lòda, Fròda, Frònda, àla.  
E, Onestate, Arm, Lòde, Frode, Frònde, àle.    
FIVE & E 

E, Virtùte, Seruitùte, Grùe:  
V Virtù, Seruitù, Grù.    
A & O 

A, Orècchia, Foglia, Cèrchia, Chiòstra, G'elsa:  
O, Orècchio, Fòglio, Cèrchio, Chiòstro, Gelso.       
But when they end in O, they are of the masculine gender Orècchia, and Fòglia are often in use, as are Cèrchio, Chiòstro, and Gelso: but the rest not so.  
nouns adjectives of the feminine gender and singular number ending in. 


A, Biànca, Bèlla, Divina, Ornàta, Fièra, Rèa, etc.  
E, Fedèle, Crudèle, Fòrte: the which are also of the masculine gender.     
Further, such nouns shall have I, in the plural number, as in the last place have E in the singular: But if in the singular they have A, they shall have E in the plural. Where upon it is, that those that have double terminations in the singular number, have them also double in the plural: as here following it may appear.  

Sing. nom. 

A, Fontàna 

Plu. nomb. 

E, Fontàne  
I, Fonti      
E, Fònte    
Sing. nom. 

A, Arma 

Plu. nomb. 

E, àrme  
I, àrmi      
E, Arm    
Sing. nom. 

V, Virtù 

Plu. nomb. 

V, Virtù  
I, Virtùti      
E, Virtùte    
Sing. nom. 

A, Bontà 

Plu. nomb. 

A, Bontà  
I, Bontàti      
E, Bontàte    
Sing. nom. 

A, Orècchia 

Plu. nomb. 

E, Orècchie  
I, Orècchi      
O, Orecchio     
But Manò, through a certain use of speech, though it be of the feminine gender, doth end (in the singular number) in O, as Mano: whereupon it followeth, that in the plural it doth end in I, as Mani.   

Of the declining of nouns.  
Although th' Italian tongue (as we have before declared in the declining of the articles) hath neither cases, nor declension of nouns as are in the Latin, and Greek tongues: yet doth it receive all manner of variation: which is such, as doth depend upon prepositions, either by themselves alone, orjoined with th' articles.  

The 1. Example with th' articles joined to prepositions.  Nomin. singul. L' Amico The friend Genit. Dell' Amico Of the friend Dat. All' Amico To the friend Accus. L' Amico The friend Vocat. O Amico O friend Ablat. Dall' Amico From the friend. Nom. plur. Gli Amici The friends Genit. De gli Amici Of the friends Dat. A gli Amici To the friends Accus. Gli Amici The friends Vocat. O Amici O friends Ablat. Da gli Amici From the friends.  

The use of the 1. Example through all the Cases and Numbers.  
Nom. sing. L' Amico vènne: A friend hath come.  
Gen. Mi ricòrdo dell' amico: I do remember me of a friend.  
Dat. Compiàccio all' amico: I please (or content) a friend.  
Accus. Amo l' amico: I love a friend.  
Vocat. O amico vièni: O friend come.  
Ablat. Mi pàrto dall' amico: I depart from a friend.  
Nom. plu. Gli amici uènnero: the friends have come.  
Gen. Mi ricòrdo de gli amici: I do remember me of the friends.  
Dat. Compiàccio à gli amici: I please (or content) the friends.  
Accus. Amo gli amici: I love the friends.  
Vocat. O amici venite: O friends come.  
Ablat. Mi parto da gli amici: I depart from the friends.   

The 2. example with prepositions only.  Nom. sing. Amico Friend Genit. di amico of a friend Dati. ad amico to a friend Accus. amico friend Vocat. amico friend Ablat. da amico from a friend. Nom. plur. Amici Friends. Genit. di amici of friends Dat. ad amici to friends Accus. amici friends Vocat. amici friends Ablat. da amici from friends.  

The use of the 2. example through all the Cases.  
Nom. sing. Fù amico vero. He was a true friend.  
Genit. Non è ufficio di amico. It is not the office (or duty) of a friend.  
Dat. Io ne parlài ad amico fidàto. I have spoken thereof to a trusty friend.  
Acc. Mai non visit ài amico à me più caro di te: I did never visit a friend more dear to me than thou.  
Vocat. Amico vieni. Friend come.  
Ablat. Da amico, còme sèi tu, ricèuo ogni cosa in buòna part: From a friend as thou art, I receive every thing in good part.  
Nom. plu. Furono amici veri: They were true friends.  
Cenit. Non è ufficio di amici: It is not the office (or duty) of friends.  
Dat. Io ne parlài ad amici fidati: I have spoken thereof to trusty friends.  
Accu. Mai non visitài amici à me piu cari di voi: I did never visit friends more dear to me than you.  
Vocat. Amici venite: Friends come.  
Ablat. Da amici come seat voi, ricèuo ogni cosa in buona part: From friends as you are, I receive every thing in good part.   

The 3. example with the article IL.  Nom. singul. Il maèstro the master Genit. del maèstro of the master Dat. all maèstro to the master Accus. il maèstro the master Vocat. o maèstro o master Ablat. dal maèstro from the master. Nom. plur. I maèstri the masters Genit. De i maèstri of the masters Dat. á i maèstri to the masters Accus. i maèstri the masters Vocat. o maèstri o masters Ablat. da i maèstri from the masters.  

The 4. example: is of a Noume of the feminine gender, which taketh the article L A, deprived of the vowel.  Nom. sing. L'ànima the sole Genit. dell' ànima of the sole Dat. all' anima to the sole Accus. l'ànima the sole Vocat. o ànimas o sole Ablat. dall' ànima from the sole. Nom. plur. L'ànime the soles Genit. dell' ànime of the soles Dat. all' ànime to the soles Accus. l' ànime the soles Vocat. o ànime o soles Ablat. dall' ànime from the soles.  

The 5. examples is of a Noume of the same gender with the article L A, wholly.  Nom. sing. La mènte the mind Genit. della mènte of the mind Dat. alla mènte to the mind Accus. la mènte the mind Vocat. o mènte o mind Ablat. dalla mènte from the mind. Nom. plur. Le mènti the minds Genit. delle mènti of the minds Dat. all mènti to the minds Accus. le mènti the minds Vocat. o mènti o minds Ablat. dalle menti from the minds.  
I will add here, in what sort most of the nouns that we do use, are derived unto us from all the declensions of the latin nouns. But I will be more brief herein, then peradventure the matter shall seem able to some: both because I desire brevity: as to th'end the reader instructed in the latin, when by these, that I shall now touch he shall as it were in searching take hold, he may by himself call more to remembrance.  

Of the 1. nouns masc▪ and femi. ending in. 

A, Poèta, Proféta, Pitàgora, evangelista, Fèmina, Erba, Tàuola, Càrta, Fenestra.  
E, Anchise, Penèlope.    
Of the 2. nouns of both genders ending in. 

O, Antònio, Virgilio, Milàno, Cauàllo, Libro, Làuro, etc.  
I, Dionigi, Parigi, Luigi.    
Of the 3. ending in. 

A, Poèma, Stratagèma, Dogma, etc.  
E, Cèsare, Lettiòne, Pàllade, Rachèle, Nièue, Scùre, etc.  
I, Filli, Mèri, Cariddi, Tifi, etc.    
Of the 4. which end in. 

O, Màno, Còrno, Effétto, Affétto, Difétto, Rispétto, Sénso, Gústo, Intellétto, Vdito.  
A, Vista or Vedúta, Vdita.    
Of the 5. which end in. 

E, Spècie, Effigy, Tempèrie, Congèrie.  
I, Di, Mezodi.      

Of nouns comparatives and Superlatives.  
Th' Italian speech doth lack nouns comparatives: But in stead thereof they use the positive, with the adverb Più, more: thus, Più dotto, Più bèlle, Più fórte. Whose signification is increased by adding of the adverbs, Molto, and Assai: as Assài più or Mòlto più, or Assai molto più, or Molto Assai più Dotto: every one of these ways is rightly said.  
But touching their use, they do require a genitive case, in this sort: Io so no più dòtto di te, I am better learned than thou. Also, Ciceròne fu più eloquent di Ortènsio, Cicero was more eloquent than Hortensius. We have also these manner of speeches in the comparative degrees: Tu non sèi il più dòtto del mòndo: Tu sèi il più ricco della compagnia: Io sòno amico de i più dòtti: Tu sèi de i più dotti: Tu sèi stimàto tra i più dotti: Tu ti puòi paragonàre à i più dòtti.  
The superlative is not so used, as it can declare comparison, but worthiness: For we say not, Ciceròne fu eloquentissimo de' Romàni, since such a phrase of speech is all together latin: But we say Ciceròne fù eloquentissimo: without addition of any other person, in comparison of whom Cicero may be.   

Of nouns Numeral.  
uno, is of the singular number, uni of the plural, and both of the masculine gender. una, is of the singular number, une of the plural, and both of the feminine gender. And we do use uno, and una, when we number: But uni and une, in this sort: as L'ùne e l'àltre: Gli ùni e gli àltri, both th'one and tother none otherways then the latins do use Vtrique and utraeque.  
Due, and in verse (who that will) Duò: never Dùa, or Duoi, though many do use them. Further they do belong to either gender: the which is likewise to be understood of all the other numbers that follow. We say also Ambidùe: which is understood of two males, or at lest th'one of the two being a male: and Ambedùe of two females. But Ambodùe, Amendùe, Amendùne, and Amendùni: although approved authors do use them: yet would not I willingly use them.  
We say further Ambo.: in the same signification that the latins do.  

Trè: three, Quàttro: four,  
Cinque: five, Sèi: six.  
Sètte: seven, Otto: eight,  
Nòue: nine, Diece: ten,  
Vndici: eleven, Dòdici: twelve,  
Trèdici: thirteen, Quartòrdici: sowertene,  
Quindici: fifteen, Sèdeci: sixteen,  
Dicessètte: seventeen, Diciòtto: eitghtene,  
Dicennòue: nineteen, Vènti: twenty,  
Vent'ùno or una: twenty one,  
Venti dùe: twentytwo, Vèntitre: twentythree,  
Venti quattro: twentyfower,  
Vènti cinque: twentyfive, and so forwards,  
Trènta: therty, Quarànta: forty.  
Cinquànta: fivety, Sessànta: sixty, or three score,  
Sett ànta: seventy, or three score and ten,  
Ottànta: eighty, or four score,  
Nouànta: ninety, or four score and ten,  
Cènto: An hundred,  
Cènto & uno, or una: an hundred and one,  
Cènto & due: an hundred and two,  
Cènto & tree: an hundred and three,  
Cènto & quàttro: an hundred and four. And so forwards.  
Dugènto: two hundred,  
Trècento: three hundred,  
Quàttrocènto: four hundred,  
Cinquecènto: five hundred,  
Seicènto: six hundred, Settècento: seven hundred,  
Ottocènto: eight hundred, Novecènto: nine hundred. 

mill: A thousand, Due mila: two thousand,    
Tre mila: three thousand,  
Quattro mila: four thousand.  
Cinque mila: five thousand,  
Sei mila: six thousand,  
Set mila: seven thousand,  
Otto mila: eight thousand,  
Nove mila: nine thousand,  
Diece mila: ten thousand.  
Vndici mila: eleven thousand,  
Dodici mila: twelve thousand,  
Tredici mila: thertene thousand, & so forwards. 

Cento mila: an hundred thousand,    
Dugento mila: two hundred thousand.  
Trecento mila: three hundred thousand, & so unto. 

un miliòni: a million, or ten thousand thousand.    
Due miliòni: two millions,  
Tre milioni: three millions, And so in like sort infinitely.   
Further, we say un pàio, due paia, a couple, two couple: un centinàio, due centinàia, one hundred: two hundreds: un migliàio, due migliaia: one thousand, two thousands, etc.  
Also: una decina, due decine: one tenth two tenths, etc. una dozina, due dozine: one dozen, two dozen, etc. una ventina, due ventine, one score two score, etc. una trentina, due trentine: one therty, two thertyes, etc.   

Of nouns signifying order.  

Primo and Primiero: the first.  
Secondo: the second, Tèrzo: the third,  
Quarto: the fourth, Quinto: the fift,  
Sèsto: the sixth, Settimo: the seventh,  
Ottàuo: the eight, Nòno: the ninth,  
Dècimo: the tenth, Vndecimo: the eleventh.  
Duodècimo: the twelve, Decimo tèrzo & Terzodecimo,  
Decimo quarto and Quarto dècimo,  
Decimo quinto and Quarto dècimo,  
Decimo sesto and Sesto dècimo,  
Decimo sèttimo and Dicisettèsimo,  
Decimo ottàuo and Deciottèsimo,  
Decimo nono, and vigesimo, and ventèsimo, 

Vigesimo primo: Vigesimo secundo. And so unto.    
Trigèsimo, and Trentèsimo: the thertithe,  
Quatragesimo, and Quarantèsimo: the fortythe,  
Quinquagesimo, and Cinquantèsimo: the fivetithe,  
Sessagèsimo, and Sessantèsimo: the sixtithe,  
Ottuagèsimo, and Ottantèsimo: the eightithe,  
Nonagèsimo, and Novantesimo: the ninetithe,  
Centèsimo the hundredth, Dugentesimo: the two hundredth.  
Trecentesimo, Quattrocentèsimo,  
Cinquecentesimo, Seicentèsimo,  
Settecentèsimo, Ottocentèsimo,  
Novecentèsimo, Millesimo: the thousanthe, etc.    

nouns Relatives.  
Il Quàle & la Quale, are nouns that are most often placed in speech, and always are referred to something that went before: and therefore of the Grammarians are called relatives. They are always joined with an article: for Quale without an article, is rather a noun of quality, than a relative. Further it may be declined, in such sort, as is set out by the example following.   

The declension of a Noume relative.  

Nom. sing. Il Quàle, la Quàle, the which.  
Genit. Del Quàle, della Quàle, of the which.  
Dat. All Quàle, alla Quàle, to the which.  
Accus. Il Quale, lafoy Quàle, the which.  
Ablat. Dal Quàle, dalla Quàle, from the which.  
Nom. plu. I Quàli, le Quàli, the which.  
Genit. Dei Quàli, delle Quàli, of the which.  
Dat. Ai Quàli, all Quàli, to the which.  
Accus. I Quàli, le Quàli, the which.  
Ablat. Dai Quàli, dalle Quàli, from the which.   
But in the obliqne cases there is also Cùi: that doth belong to both genders, and numbers. And may be declined in this wise.  
Genit. Di Cùi, of whom, whose. Dat. A Cùi, to whom. Accus. Cùi, whom. Ablat. Da Cùi, from whom.  

The use of this Noume Cùi is such, as we may speak it through out all the obliqne cases and numbers.  
Genit. Mi parlò tuo pàdre, di cùi è il cavallo: thy father hath spoken to me, whose horse it is.  
Dat. Io vidi il tùo fratèllo, à cùi dièdi il libro: I have seen thy brother, to whom I have given the book.  
Accus. Io hauèua familiarità col tùo amico cùi morde ill cane arrabbiàto: I had familiarity with thy friend, whom a mad dog did bite.  
Ablat. Andài à trouàre Antònio, da cui riceuèi le tùe lettère: I have gone to find out anthony, from whom, I have received thy letters.   
And although this noun doth lack his nominative case, and is declined only in the obliqne cases by adding of prepositions, as we have before showed: yet you shall here and there find amongst good authors these forms of speech: Il cùi valour: lafoy cùi bontà: I cùi amòri: le cùi ricchezze: And thus it is needful to declare them: as, Il valòr di cùi, the worthiness of whom, Lafoy bontà di cùi, the goodness of whom, Gli amòri di cui, the loves of whom: Lemot ricchèzze di cùi, the riches of whom.  
It may also be rightly said by the obliqne cases: as, Del' cui valour, for Del valour di cui, whose worthiness, Della cùi bontà, for Della bontà di cùi, whose goodness, Dei cui amòri, for De gli amòri di cui, whose loves: Delle cùi ricchèzze, for Delle ricchezze di cui, whose riches, etc.  
For by whom that will, it may be run through all the cases in like sort, which I do omit for brevities sake: but hereby it may easily be seen that the articles Il, La, I, and Le, do not in those phrases of speech properly belong to the nouns Cùi, but to the nouns Valóre, Bontà, Amòri, and Ricchezze.  
Further, it is used in the dative case without a preposition, in this sort: Cùi non bàsta for a cùi non bàsta, to whom it sufficeth not: cùi diède il Re potestà, etc. for a cùi diède, etc., to whom the king gave power.  
But touching the use of the noun Il Quale, there is no cause why I should curiously endeavour myself to allege many things: since it is all one with the latin relative. Therefore I will here note how that, Che, for the most part is put in place thereof: And that in the nominative and accusative cases of both the numbers, in this sort: L'huòmo, che pènsa èsser sàuio, mòlte uòlte è sciòcco, the man that thinketh himself wise, many times is a fool. Again L'huòmo, ch'io àmo, è dòtto, the man that I love, is learned. The like examples may be brought of the plural number.  
But sithence we have made mention of Che, it is to be noted, that the same may sometimes be joined with prepositions in this wise: di Che, à Che, da Che, in Che, con Che, per Che. It is also joined with articles, thus: Ilche, Delche, Alche, Nelche: But we do not say Colche, so neither Per il che, because the first is not in use; & the later is used but thus, Il perch. And no body, but such as lack judgement of the ear, will confess that Per il Che, is more rightly said, then Il perch: howbeit Boccace doth use this often times, in his manner of speech, but th' other never.  
Sometimes Che is doubled in this sort Che che, and signifieth Qualúnque cosa, as Che che sià, what soever it be, Che che hàbbia détto, what soever he hath said.  
Again, thereof is made Chiúnque, who soever: and is of three syllables. But between Chiunque and Qualunque, this is the difference, that th'one is not joined to a substantive, but the other is: and yet, that also sometimes is separated from it. For Petrarke speaketh thus, Chiúnque albérga, whosoever hosteth: where Chiunque is of itself without adding of any noun substantive. Again, he sayeth afterwards, Qualúnque animàle, what soever living creature: where Animàle, a noun substantive is joined to the noun Qualúnque. Yet he said sometimes, and that but once: Gióir di qualunque, the gladding of what soever.  
From this Che taking E, and adding I, is made chi: the which is put often times for Colui, Quéllo, Coléi, Quella, Coloro, Quélli, & Quèlle pronouns: in this wise: Chi ha' smarrita la stràda, tórni indiètro: for Colúi, or Quello, il quàle ha' smarrúa, etc. who that hath missed his way, let him return back.  
Further Chi doth many times signify, who? an interrogation, and that throughout all the cases: as.  
By the 


Nom. Chifu? who was it? chiilféce? who hath done it?  
Geni. Di chiseitu figliuòlo? whose son art thou?  
Dat. A chi l'hài dàto? to whom hast thou given it.  
Accus. Chi battèsti? whom hast thou beaten?  
Ablat. Da chi l'hài udito? from whom hast thou hard it?     
Besides we say: Chi qua e Chi là, some here, & some there: Chispogliàua quèsto, e chi quèllo: some did spoil this man, and some that man.  
Lastly we say Chi chesia, who soever it be.   

Of nouns which are called Partitives, Infinitives, Distributives and Negatives.  
First the noun Altri, that with this voice is only content, and doth belong to every number, and gender, is thus used: Ma quàndo àltri volèsse oppòrsi, But when an other would be contrary. Also, Altridice, an other saith.  
But in the obliqne cases, it hath, Altrùi: wherefore we say: Io pòrto lafoy pèna dell' altrui colpa, It may also be said, della còlpa altrui: that is, I suffer the punishment of an others fault. All' altrùi valòre, or all valòre altrui, to an others worthiness. Dall' altrui forza, or Dalla forza altrui: By an other's strength.  
But the noun Altro, hath in the plural Altri, and is of the masculine gender: as Altra, which is of the feminine hath in the plural number alter. the which noun doth differ from the noun Altri: in this that it is never coupled to a substantive: But Altro is often, & always referred to the afore named persons. For we say: Làltro tùo amico, gli àltri tuòi amici, l'àltra tùa amica, l'altre tùe amiche: And in like sort through out all the cases, the vocative except. It is used also in the neuter gender, and we say: Altro domàndo, I require an other thing. Auzi àltro, rather some other thing. But than it doth forsake the article, as by example, appeareth.  
Alcuno, some body, hath in the plural Alcùni, some: as Alcùna, some body, hath Alcune, in the plural, some. And that through out all the cases: and they are of the feminine gender.  
But the noun Ogniùno, Ciascùno: that is, every one, each one: Also Niùno, Verùno, Nessúno, Nullo: that is, none, no one, no body: do want the plural number: which doth also fail them, when they be of the feminine gender, as Ogniúna, Ciascúna, Niúna, Verùna, Nessúna, Nulla.  
And although this noun Nulla, be many times used in the neuter gender, and signifieth, nothing: as Núlla pòsse leuàr, (saith the Poet); I can take nothing away: yet doth it signify also some thing: as Vuòitu nulla? will you any thing?  
Lastly it is to be known, how that all these nouns do refuse the articles: for we do not say, l' Alcùno, l'Ogniuno, il Ciascùno, il Nessuno, etc.   

Of pronouns.  
A pronoun we call that word, that is used in the stead of a noun: such as is also a pronoun both with the Greckes & latins. Wherefore some are primatives, and some derivatives: they have also numbers, genders, and persons, as have the Grecke & Latin pronouns. But what they have that is either like, or unlike unto them, the diligent reader may easily perceive, aswell by the handling now of them, as by the types here following.  

Certain pronouns. 

Primitives. 

Mas. gen. 

Sing. nom. 

Io, I: Tu, thou: See, him: Egli, Ei, E ', Quèllo, colúi, he: Esso, he there: Quèsto, Costui, this man: Cio, that: Cotèsto, that man.    
Plu. nom. 

Noi, we: Voi, you: Eglino, Quelli, Lòro, Colóro, they: Essi, these there: Quèsti, costóro, these men: Cotèsti, those men.      
Femi. gen. 

Sing. nom. 

Ella, Lei, Quèlla, Colei, she: Essa, she there: Quèsta, Costéi, this woman: Cotesta, that whoman.    
Plu. nom. 

Elleno, Elle, Quelle, they: Esse, those there: quest, these women: Cotéste, those women.        
Derivatives. 

Mas. gen. 

Sing. nom. 

Mio, mine: Tuo, thine: Suo, his: Nóstro, ours: Vostro, yours.    
Plu. nom. 

Miéi, mine: Tuoi, thine: Suòi, there's: Nostri, ours: Vostri, yours.      
Femi. gen. 

Sing. nom. 

Mia, mine: Túa, thine: Sua, hers: Nostra, ours: Vostra, yours.    
Plu. ●om. 

Mie, mine: Tue, thine: Sue, hers: Nostre, ours: Vostre, yours.           

pronouns belonging to both genders. 

Io,  
Tu,  
Colóro,  
Costóro,  
Lóro,  
Se.      

Of the declining of a pronoun.  

The 1. example.  Nom. sing. Io, I, Genit. di me, of me, Dat. à me, to me, Accus. me, me, Ablat. damn me, from me, Nom. plu. Nói, We, Genit. di nói, of us, Dat. à nói, to us, Accus. nói, us, Ablat. da nói, from us.  

The 2. example.  Nom. sing. Tu, Thou, Genit. di te, of thee, Dat. à te, to thee, Accus. te, thee, Vocat. tu, thou, Ablat. da te, from thee. Nom. plu. Vói, You, Genit. di uói, of you, or yours, Dat. à uói, to you, Accus. uói, you, Vocat. uói, you, Ablat. da uói, from you.  

The 3. example.  Genit. Sing. and Plu. di Se, Of him, or his; of them, or theirs. Dat. à Se, To him, to them. Accus. See, Him, them. Ablat. da Se, From him, from them.  

The 4. example.  Nom. sing. Egli, Ei, E ', Quéllo Colúi, Herald Genit. Di lúi, colúi, quello, of him, or his. Dat. à lúi, colúi, quello, to him. Accus. lúi, colúi, quéllo, him. Ablat. da lúi, colúi, quéllo, from him. Nom. plu. Eglino, Quélli, coloro, They. Genit. di Loro, coléro, Quélli, of them, or there's. Dat. à Lóro, colòro, Quèlli, to them. Accus. Lòro, colòro, Quelli, them. Ablat, da Lòro, coloro, Quelli. from them.  

The 5. example.  Nom. sing. Ella, Colèi, Quèlla, she. Genit. di Lèi, colèi, quèlla, hers, or of her. Dat. a Lèi, colèi, quèlla, to her. Accus. Lèi, colèi, quella, her. Ablat. da Lèi, colèi, quella, from her. Nom. plu. Elleno, Colòro, Quelle, They, Genit. di Lòro, coloro, quelle, of them, or there's. Dat. à Lòro, colòro, quelle, to them. Accus. Loro, colòro, quelle, them. Ablat. da Lòro, colòro, quelle, from them.  

The 6. example.  
Nom. sin. Quèsto, Costùi, this man.  
Genit. di Quèsto, costúi, of this man, or this man's.  
Dat. à Quèsto, costúi, to this man.  
Accus. Quèsto, costúi, this man.  
Ablat. da Quèsto, costúi, from this man.  
Nom. plu. Quèsti, Costoro, these men.  
Genit. di quèsti, costòro, of these men, or these mens.  
Dat. à quèsti, costòro, to these men.  
Accus. Quèsti, costòro, these men.  
Ablat. da quèsti, costòro, from these men.   

The 7. example.  
Nom. sing. Quésta, Costèi, this woman.  
Geni. di questa, costéi, of this woman, or this woman's.  
Dat. a quèsta, costei, to this woman.  
Accus. Questa, costei, this woman.  
Ablat. da questa, costei, from this woman.  
Nom. plu. Quéste, Costòro, these women.  
Genit. di quèste, costòro, of these women, or these women's.  
Dat. á quèste, costòro, to these women.  
Accus. Quèste, costòro, these women.  
Ablat. da quèste, costòro, from these women.   
Touching th'other pronouns, that is, the derivatives, they follow altogether the declension of those nouns, that do end in O, if they be of the masculine gender, or in A, if they be of the feminine gender.  
But the pronoun Ciò, is always of the singular number, and neuter gender.   

Of th' use of pronouns.  
These pronouns Egli, Ei, E ', and Ella do always serve to the nominative case: as Egli disse, he hath said: Ella volse, she hath turned.  
The like is of these pronouns Eglino, & Elleno, (which Orators & such as write in prose do use) for they also serve to the nominative case: and we say Eglino dissero, they have said: Elleno uòlsero, they have turned.  
Again: these pronouns Egli, and E, sometimes are filling words, and are rather used for a grace in speech, then of any necessity: as Egli non ha' guàri di tempo, for Non ha' guàri di tempo, it is no long time: Again, Eparrà menzògna, for Parrà menzògna, it shall seem a lie.  

pronouns. 

Lui  
Lei 

Do serve to the    
Loro   

Genit. Ci siàmo ricordàti di Lúi, Léi, Lòro, We have remembered us, of him, her, them.  
Dat. Dissi à Lúi, Léi, Lòro, I have told him, her, them.  
Accus. Vidi Lúi, Léi, Lòro, I have seen him, her, them.  
Ablat. Horiccuúto cio da lui, Léi. Lòro: I have received that from him, her, them.  
Nom. Costúi, Costéi; Colúi, Coléi disse, this man, this woman; he, she hath said. Costòro, Colòro, dissero, these, they have said.     

pronouns. 

Costúi  
Colúi  
Costéi 

do serve to the    
Col●i  
Costoro  
Coloro   

Gen. Mi ricòrdo di Costúi, costéi, colúi, coléi, costòro, coloro: I do remember me of this man, this woman, him, her, these, them.  
Dat. Io dissi à costúi, costei, colúi, coléi, costoro, colòro: I have told to this man, this woman, him, her, these, them.  
Accus. Io àmo costúi, costéi, colúi, coléi, costòro, colòro: I love this man, this wvoman, him, her, these, them.  
Abl. Io l'ho udito da costúi, costèi, colúi, coléi, costòro, colòro, I have hard it f●om this man, this woman, him, her, these, them.     
Further the articles, Li, gli, and Le, are often times used for these pronouns, Lúi and Léi: And that only in the dative case, in this wise: Lemot di, or dill, for di à Léi, tell her: Dà gli or Dàlli, for Dà à Lúi, guy him: and remember that these articles Gli, and Le, which are of the plural number, are used for Lúi and Léi: pronouns of the singular number.  
Again the articles Lo, Lafoy, Gli, and Lemot are used for these pronouns Lúi, Léi, and Loro: and that in the accusative case only, thus: Lo batté, and Battéllo, for Batté lúi or Quéllo, he hath beaten him: La Baciò, & Baciòlla, for Baciò Lei or Quella: he hath kissed her: Gli percosse, and Percòssegli, for Percosse Loro, or Quelli, he hath stricken them: Le baciò, and Baciòlle, for Baciò loro or Quelle: he hath kissed them.  

pronoun. 

See 

serveth to the     

Genit. Nessuno si dismentica di se: no body is forgeatfull of himself.  
Dat. Catòne diéde à se la mèrte: Cato hath given to himself the death.  
Accus. Ciascùno ama più se, che gli àltri: Each one loveth himself, more than others.  
Ablat. Quèsto lo disse da se, he hath told him this of himself.     
But this pronoun See, is often joined with Stésso, in the singular number, and masculine gender: and Stèssi, in the plural number, the same gender. Also Stessa in the feminine gender, and sing. nom. and stesse, in the plural number, and the same gender: the which is done through out all the obliqne cases, except the vocative, in this wise.  
Di Se stesso, of himself: Di se stesta, of herself: Di se stessi, of themselves: Di se stesse, of themselves. Also Ace stèsso, to himself: A senior stessa, to herself: A see stessi and A se stesse, to themselves. Again, Se stèsso, himself: See stessa, herself: See stessi and Se stesse, themselves. To conclude, Da se stesso, by him selue: Da see stessa, by herself: Da se stessi, and Da se stesse, by themselves. The same is to be understood of Medèsimo, Medèsima, Medèsimi, Medèsime:  
These are also joined to all other pronouns: for we say: Io stesso or medesimo, I myself: Di me stèsso, or medesimo, of myself: And so in like sort through out all the cases, the vocative except. In the plural number we say, Noi stèssi or medesimi, we ourselves: Di noi stèssi, or medèsimi, of us ourselves: etc. Also Tutor stesso, Tu stessa, thou thyself: Io stessà, I myself. Nòi stèsse, we ourselves: Di nòi stèsse, of us ourselves: Di uòi stèsse, of you yourselves.  
Egli stesso, he himself: Di lùi stèsso, of himself: Ella stèssa, she herself: Di lei stèssa, of herself: etc. Eglino stèssi, they themselves: Di lòro stèssi, of themselves, etc. Elleno stesse, they themselves: Di lòro stesse, of themselves, etc.  
But to what end do I stay upon somany examples: since these words do not only accompany all the pronouns, but nouns also? For many times we speak in this wise, il Re stesso, or medèsimo, the king himself: Lafoy Regina stessa, or medesima, the Queen herself: i Cieli stèssi or medesimi, the self heavens: Le stèlle stesse, or medessime, the self stars.  
Neither is it to be omitted how that Stesso doth receive in the beginning the letter I, when an article goeth before it, that doth end in a vowel, the which article doth forsake his vovell, and taketh an Apostropha.  

pronouns. 

Esso  
Essa 

do serve to the    
Essi  
Esse   

Nomi. Esso or Essa fú, disse, fece: he or she hath been, hath said, hath done: Also, Essi or Esse fúrono: they have been.  
Gen. Miricorderò di Esso or Essa, Essi, Esse: I shallbe mindful of him, or her, them.  
Dat. Il diède ad esso, etc.: he hath given it to him, etc.  
Ablat. L'ho udito da Esso, etc.: I have hard it from him, etc.     
Howbeit all these, except the Nominative case were better explained by the pronouns Lúi, Léi, and Lóro: so that one should speak more rightly in this sort: Lo mi ricòrdo di lúi, Léi, Lóro: L'ho dáto à lúi, Léi, Lóro: Ho vedúto Lúi, Léi, Lóro: L'ho riceuúto da lúi, léi, lóro.  
Further those pronouns, are joined to certain nouns throughout all the cases, the vocative except: as appeareth by this type following.  

the pronoun Esso, is joined to certain nouns in the 

Nom. Esso Re disse, the King hath said.  
Genit. Vàgo di Esse giovani, desirous of the young women.  
Dat. Dièdi il libro ad esso giùdice, I gave the book to the judge.  
Accus. Percòsse Essi nemici, he did strike th' enemies.  
Ablat. Il riccuci da Essi amici, I have received it from friends.     
Lastly, thus th' Italians do say, Con esso Lùi, Lèi, Lèro: for con Lùi, Lèi, Lòro, with him, her, them. Also, Con ésso téco, for Con tèco or Téco, with thee: Con èsso mèco, for Con mèco or meco, with me: Con èsso séco, for Con séco or Seco, with him. Again, Con èsso nói, with us: Con èsso voi, with you.  
They say also Con èsso le màni, with the hands. Con èsso un còlpo, with one blow. And not a few of these kind of speeches, do th' Italians use, they chief that inhabit Tuscan: Howbeit, I would not have them to be generally used.  
These pronouns Quèsti, Quèi or Quègli, are accustomed for the most part to be put in stead of the pronouns, Quèsto, Quèllo; or Costui, and Colui: & that many times in the Nominative case, and by itself, without the adding of any substantive: Howbeit they are always referred to some man, that a little before hath been mentioned: as by a few examples shall plainly appear. For we say, Ciceròne fu non sólo Oratòr s●mmo, ma anchòra óttino cittadino: Questi giouò mòlta alla sua patria: Cicero was not only an excellent Orator, but a very good Citizen: this man hath greatly profited his country. Also, Quégli parlo, he hath spoken. And such like almost innumerable, thou shall find, in the Tuscan writers. But (to speak freely what think) I can scarce be brought to allow of it: For to me it seemeth a kind of speech to greatly affected.  
Therefore Quésto and Quéllo, when they are of the masculine gender, do require a noun substantive: as Quésto Re, this King, Quéllo préncipe, that prince. But when they are of the neuter gender, they put away the noun substantive, and therefore we say Quèsto che io dico, è cosi this which I do tell, is thus. Again Quéllo non è cosi, that is not so.  
Touching the which pronouns, this is not to be forgotten, that when they are expressed by the genitive plural, they are want to be deprived of their helps: that is (with the Tuscans) of the preposition Diego, in this sort: A càsa quésti usurài, for à càsa di questi usurài: to the house of these usurers.  
The pronoun Cio, the which we have said before to be the neuter gender: is used in these sorts of speech: as Cioè, that is: Sopra ciò, thereupon: Oltre à ciò, besides that: Ciòche, whatsoever: Acciòche, to th'end that: Perciòche, because that: Perciò, therefore.  
But in what belongeth to the pronoun Cotèsto, it is given to things and persons, that are out of the pronouncer, wherefore we say to him, with whom we speak: Cotésto libro, il quale tu hai nelle màni, è bello, that book, which thou hast in thy hands, is a fair book. We use this pronoun also in the neuter gender, in this wise, Cotésto, che tu dici, é uéro, that that thou sayest, is true.  
To conclude, it seemeth behoveful to speak not a little of Ci and Ne, which are used for Noi, Mi for Me, Vittori for Voi, and Ti for Te. But because they are for the most part fixed to verbs, as it often happeneth in the Hebrew tongue: therefore we do refer them to that place where we shall entreat of those verbs.   

Of the Verb.  
There are four conjugations of Verbs, which are chief known bytheire infinitive modes.  
The first conjugation is of Verbs that in th'infinitive mode have A, long before RE: as Amare, to love: Cantare, to sing: Volare, to fly: Mangiare, to eat, etc.  
The second is of Verbs that have E, long before RE: as Valére, to be worth: Hauére, to have, Teuére, to hold, etc.  
The third is of Verbs that have E, short before RE: as Léggere, to read: scrivere, to write: Vivere, to live: Ridere, to laugh, etc.  
The fourth is of Verbs that have I, long before RE: as Vdire, to hear: Morire, to die: Finire, to end. etc.  

The first Conjugation.  

Th'indicative mode: Present tense.  
Sing. 

Io Amo, I love.  
Tu Ami, thou lovest.  
Colui Ama, he loveth.    
Plu. 

Nói Amiàmo, we love.  
Vói Amate, you love.  
Coloro Amano, they love.     

Preter imperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Amàua,  
Tu Amàui,  
Colui Amàua, 

I  
thou  
he 

Loved, or did love.    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Noi Amauàmo,  
Voi Amauàte,  
Coloro Amauàno,     

Preterperfectense.  
Sin. 

Io Amài, and ho amàto,  
Tu Amàsti, and hai amato,  
Colui Amò: and ha' amato, 

I  
thou  
he 

Have loved    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Noi amammo, & habbiàmo amato  
Voi Amàste, and havete amato,  
Coloro Amàrono, Amaron, Amàro, Amàr, & hanno amato.     
It is to be remembered that Amaron and Amar, in the third person plural of this preterpersectense, are to be used when the word that followeth doth begin with a consonant. And this you shall find observed in sundry places by good authors.  

Preterpluperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io hauéua amato,  
Tu hauéui amàto,  
Colui hauéua amàto, 

I  
thou  
he 

Had loved.    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Nói haveuàmo amato,  
Vói hauéuate amato,  
Coloro haveuàno amato,     

Future tense.  
Sing. 

Io Amerò,  
Tu Amerài,  
Colui Amerà, 

I  
thou  
he 

shall, or will love.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Ameremo,  
Vói Amerete,  
Coloro Ameranno,     
Note that in stead of Amerò, and the like future tense generally of all other Verbs, th'Italian useth the infinitive mode with this Verb Voglio before it: as,  

Sing. 

Io Voglio amare,  
Tu Vuoi amare,  
Colui Vuole amare, 

I  
thou  
he 

will love.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Vogliamo amare,  
Voi Volete amare,  
Coloro Vogliono amare,     

Likewise 

Io Voglio tenère, I will hold.  
Io Voglio leggere, I will read.  
Io Voglio udire, I will hear.     

Th'imperative mode: Present tense.  
Singul. 

Ama tu, love thou.  
Ami colùi, let him love.    
Plur. 

Amiamo noi, Let us love.  
Amate voi, love you.  
Amino coloro, let them love.     
Non amare: Love not thou: for in forbidding they use ever more th'infinitive mode with Non: in stead of the singular number.  

Th'optative mode: Present tense. O Dio Voglia, or Dio Voglia, or O che, or O Dio che.  
Sing. 

Io Ami,  
Tu Ami,  
Colui Ami, 

god grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

love.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Amiamo,  
Voi Amiàte,  
Coloro Amino,     

Preterimperfectense. O Diò volèsse, or Dio volesse, or O Dio che, or O che.  
Sing. 

Io Amàssi,  
Tu Amàssi,  
Colúi Amàsse, 

would to god that 

I  
thou  
he 

loved or did love.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Amàssimo,  
Voi Amàste,  
Coloro Amàssero,     

Preterperfectense. O Dio uóglia, Dio uóglia, O Dio'che, O che.  
Sin. 

Io hàbbia amàto,  
Tu hàbbi amato,  
Colui hàbbia amato, 

god grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

have loved    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Nói habbiàmo amàto,  
Vói hàbbiate amato,  
Colóro habbiàno amato     

Preterpluperfectense. O Dio volèsse, Dio volèsse, ò Diò che, o che.  
Sin. 

Io havessi amàto,  
Tu hauèssi amato,  
Colùi hauèsse amato, 

I would to God that 

I  
thou  
he 

had loved    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi hauèssimo amato,  
Voi hauèste amàto,  
coloro hauèssero amato     

Future tense. Dio voglia che.  
Sing. 

Io Ami da qua innanzi,  
Tu Ami da qua innanzi,  
Colui Ami da qua innanzi, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he  
we 

love hereafter.    
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Amiàmo da qua innanzi,  
Voi Amiate da qua innanzi,  
Coloro Amino da qua innanzi,     

The subjunctive mode: Present tense. Concio sia cosa che.  
Sing. 

Io Ami,  
Tu Ami,  
Colui Ami, 

for asmuch as 

I  
thou  
he 

love.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Amiamo,  
Voi Amiate,  
Coloro Amino,     

Preterimperfectense. Auegnache.  
Io Amassi: Although I loved or did love.  
Tu Amassi: Although thou lovedest or diddest love, etc. as in the optative mode.   

Otherwise, Se.  
Sing. 

Io Amerèi, & Ameria,  
Tu Amaresti,  
Colùi Amarèbbe, and Ameria, 

if 

I  
thou  
he 

should love.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Amarèmmo,  
Voi Amareste,  
Coloro Amarebbono, and Ameriano.     

Preterperfectense. Quando.  
Io hàbbia amato, when I have loved.  
Tu hàbbi amato, when thou hast loved, etc. as in the optative mode.   

Otherwise, Che.  
Sing. 

Io haverèi and Haveria amato,  
Tu haverèsti amato,  
Colui hauerèbbe & Haveria amato: 

that 

I  
thou  
he 

should have loved.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi haverèmmo amato,  
Voi haverèste amato,  
Coloro haverébbono & Haveriano amato.     

Preterpluperfectense. Poi che.  
Io hauèssi amato, Since I had loved.  
Tu havessi amato, Since thou hadst loved, etc. as in the optative mode.   

Future tense. Quando.  
Sin. 

Io haverò amàto,  
Tu haverài amato,  
Colui haverà amato, 

when 

I  
thou  
he 

shall have loved.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi haverèmo amato,  
Voi haverète amato,  
Coloro haveramno amato,     

Th'infinitive mode: Present tense.  
Amare, to love.   

Preter perfectense.  
Hauere amato, to have loved.   

Future tense.  
Dovere amare  
Essere per amare 

To be to love, or to love hereafter.    
Hauere ad amare   

Participles 

Amante, loving: Amato loved.  
Amanti loving: Amati loved.     

Gerundes 

Present tense.  
Amando Io, Tu, Colui, Noi, Voi, Coloro: I, thou, he, we, you, they loving.   

Preterperfectense.  
Hauendo amato Io, Tu, Colui, Noi, Voi, Coloro: I, thou, he, we, you, they having loved.   

Future tense.  
Dovendo amàre  
Essendo per amàre 

Io, tu, colui, noi, voi, coloro: I, thou, he, we, you, they being, or having to love.    
Hauendo amare      

The second Conjugation.  

The Indicative mode: Present tense.  
Sing. 

Io Téngo: I hold.  
Tu tiéni: thou holdest.  
Colui tiéne: he holdeth.    
Plur. 

Nói Teniàmo: we hold.  
Vói tenete: you hold.  
Coloro tengono: they hold.     

Preter imperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Tenéua, and Tenea,  
Tu tenéui,  
Colúi tenèua and tenea, 

I  
thou  
he 

held or did hold.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Nói teneuàmo:  
Voi teneuàte,  
Colòro teneuàno & teneano     

Preterperfectense.  
Sin. 

Io Ténni, and ho tenùto:  
Tu tenèsti, & hài tenùto,  
Colùi ténne, & ha' tenúto, 

I  
thou  
he 

have held.    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Nói tenèmmo, and habbiàmo tenúto,  
Vòi tenèste, & hauète tenuto,  
Coloro tènnero, and hanno tenuto,     

Preterpluperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Hauèua tenùto,  
Tu hauèui tenùto,  
Colùi hauèua tenúto, 

I  
thou  
he 

had held    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi haveuàmo tenùto,  
Voi haveuàte tenùto,  
Coloro haveuàno tenuto,     

Future tense.  
Sin. 

Io Tenerò and Terrò,  
Tu tenerài, and terrai,  
Colúi tenerà, and terra, 

I  
thou  
he 

shall, or will hold.    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Noi tenerèmo, and terremo,  
Voi tenerète, and terrete,  
Coloro tenerànno, & terramno     

Io voglio tenere, I will hold,  
Tu voi tenere, thou will hold, etc. as in the indicative mode.   

Th'imperative mode: Present tense.  
Sing. 

Tièni tu: hold thou.  
Tenga colui, let him hold.  
Non Tenere, hold not thou.    
Plur. 

Teniàmo nòi, let us hold.  
Teniàte uòi, hold you.  
Tengano coloro, let them hold,     

Th' optative mode: Present tense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sing. 

Io Ténga,  
Tu ténga,  
Colúi ténga, 

god grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

hold.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi teniàmo,  
Voi teniàte,  
Colòro tèngano,     

Preterimperfectense. O Dio Volesse che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Tenèssi,  
Tu tenèssi,  
Colùi tenesse, 

I would to god that 

I  
thou  
he 

held or did hold    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi tenèssimo.  
Vói tenèste,  
Coloro tenèssero,     

Preterperfectense. O Dio voglia che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Hàbbia tenuto,  
Tu hàbbi tenuto,  
Colùi hàbbia tenùto, 

god grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

have held.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi habbiamo tenuto,  
Voi habbiate tenuto,  
Coloro habbiano tenuto,     

Preterpluperfectense. O Dio Volesso che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Hauéssi tenúto,  
Tu havessi tenuto,  
Colúi havesse tenuto, 

I would to god that 

I  
thou  
he 

had held    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Havessimo tenuto,  
Voi havest tenuto,  
Coloro havessero tenuto     

Future tense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sing. 

Io Ténga da qua innanzi,  
Tu Tenga da qua innanzi,  
Colúi tenga da qua innanzi, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

hold hereafter.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Teniamo da qua innanzi,  
Voi teniate da qua innanzi,  
Coloro tengano da qua innanzi.     

The subjunctive mode: Present tense. Concio sia cosa che.  
Sing. 

Io Tenga,  
Tu tenga,  
Colui tenga, 

for asmuch as 

I  
thou  
he 

hold.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Teniamo,  
Voi teniate,  
Coloro tengano,     

Preterimperfectense. Auegna che.  
Io Tenessi, Although I held or did hold.  
Tu tenessi, Although thou hildest or diddest hold, etc. As in the optative mode.   

Otherwise, Se.  
Sin. 

Io Teneréi, Terréi, Teneria, and Terria.  
Tu tenerèsti & terrèsti,  
Colui tenerèbbe, terrèbbe, teneria, & terria, 

if 

I  
thou  
he 

should hold.    
we  
you  
they        
Pl. 

Noi Teneremmo & terremmo,  
Voi tenerèste & terreste,  
coloro tenerebbono, terrebbono, teneriano, and terriano.     

Preterperfectense. Quando.  
Io Hàbbia tenuto: when I have held.  
Tu hàbbi tenuto, when thou hast held, etc. As in the optative mode.   

Otherwise, Che.  
Sin. 

Io Haverèi, and Haveria tenuto,  
Tu haveresti tenuto,  
Colui hauerèbbe & haueria tenuto, 

that 

I  
thou  
he 

hold have held.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi haveremmo tenuto,  
Voi havereste tenuto,  
Coloro haverebbono, & haueriano tenuto,     

Preterpluperfectense. Poiche.  
Iò Havessi tenuto, Since I had held.  
Tu Havessi tenuto, Since thou hadst held, etc. as in the Optative mode.   

Future tense. Quando.  
Sin. 

Io Haverò tenuto,  
Tu haverài tenuto,  
Colui haverà tenuto, 

when 

I  
thou  
he 

shall have held.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Nói haveremo tenuto,  
Voi haverete tenuto,  
Coloro haveramno tenuto     

Th'infinitive mode: Present tense.  
Tenére, To hold.   

Preterperfectense.  
Hauèr tenuto, To have held.   

Future tense.  
Douér tenere  
Esser per tenere 

To be to hold, or to hold hereafter.    
Hauere a tenere   

Participles 

Tenénte, holding. Tenùto, held.  
Tenenti, holding. Tenuti, held.     

Gerundes 

Present tense.  
Tenèndo, Holding.   

Preterperfectense.  
Hauèndo tenuto, having held.   

Future tense.  
Douèndo tenere  
Hauèndo à tenere 

Being, or having to hold.    
Esséndo per tenère      

The third Conjugation.  

Th'indicative mode: Present tense.  
Singul. 

Io Lèggo, I read.  
Tu Lèggi, thou readest.  
Colui Lègge, he readeth.    
Plur. 

Noi Leggiàmo, we read.  
Voi Leggete, you read.  
Coloro Leggono, they read.     

Preterimperfectense.  
Sin. 

Io Leggèua, and Leggèa,  
Tu Leggevi.  
Colui Leggeva and Leggea, 

I  
thou  
he 

did read.    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Noi Leggeuàmo,  
Voi Leggevate,  
coloro Leggevano & leggeano     

Preterperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Lessi, and Ho letto,  
Tu leggésti, & hài letto,  
Colùi less, & ha' letto, 

I  
thou  
he  
we 

have read.    
you  
they      
Plur. 

Nói Leggémmo, and habbiamo letto,  
Voi leggèste, and havete letto,  
Colóro lessero, and hamno letto,     

Preterpluperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Hauéua letto,  
Tu hauèui letto,  
Colui hauèua letto, 

I  
thou  
he 

had read.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Nói Haveuàmo letto,  
Vói haveuàte letto,  
Coloro haveuàno letto,     

Future tense.  
Sing. 

Io Leggerò,  
Tu leggerài,  
Colúi leggerà, 

I  
thou  
he 

shall or will read.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Leggerèmo,  
Voi leggeréte,  
Coloro leggerànno,     

Io Voglio leggere, I will read.  
Tu Voi leggere, thou will read, etc. as in the Indicative mode.   

Th'imperative mode: Present tense.  
Singul. 

Lèggi tu, Read thou.  
Lègga colui, let him read.    
Plur. 

Leggiamo noi, let us read.  
Leggète uói, read you.  
Lèggano coloro, let them read.  
Non Leggere, read not thou.     

The Optative mode: Present tense. O Dio Vòglia che, etc.  
Sing. 

Io Légga,  
Tu Légga,  
Colui Légga, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

read.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Nói Leggiamo,  
Vói Leggiáte,  
Colòro Leggano,     

Preterimperfectense. O Dio Volesse che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Leggéssi,  
Tu Leggessi,  
Colúi Leggesse, 

I would to God that 

I  
thou  
he 

read, or did read.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Leggessimo,  
Voi Leggeste,  
Coloro leggessero,     

Preterperfectense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Hàbbia letto,  
Tu hàbbi letto,  
Colui hàbbia letto, 

god grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

have read.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Nòi habbiàmo letto,  
Vói habbiàte letto,  
Coloro hàbbiano letto,     

Preterpluperfectense. O Dio volesse che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Havessi letto,  
Tu havessi letto,  
Colui hauèsse letto, 

I would to god that 

I  
thou  
he 

had read.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Hauèssimo letto,  
Voi havest letto,  
Coloro havessero letto     

Future tense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sing. 

Io Legga da qua innanzi.  
Tu Legga da qua innanzi,  
Colui Legga da qua innanzi, 

god grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

read hereafter.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Leggiamo da qua innanzi,  
Voi Leggiate da qua innanzi.  
Coloro leggano da qua innanzi.     

The subjunctive mode: Present tense. Concio sia cosa che.  
Sing. 

Io Legga,  
Tu Legga,  
Colui Legga, 

for asmuch as 

I  
thou  
he 

read.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Leggiamo,  
Voi Leggiate,  
Coloro Leggano,     

Preterimperfectense. Auegna che.  
Io Leggessi, Although I read or did read.  
Tu leggessi, although thou readest or diddest read, etc. as in the Optative mode.   

Otherwise, Se.  
Sin. 

Io Leggerei, & Leggeria,  
Tu Leggeresti,  
Colui Leggerebbe, and Leggeria, 

I  
thou  
he 

should read.    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Noi Leggeremmo,  
Voi Leggereste,  
Coloro Leggerèbbono, and Leggeriano,     

Preterperfectense. Quando.  
Io Habbia letto, when I have read.  
Tu Habbi letto, when thou hast read, etc. as in the optative mode.   

Otherways, Che.  
Sin. 

Io Haverèi, and Haveria letto,  
Tu haveresti letto,  
Colui haverebbe, and haveria letto, 

that 

I  
thou  
he 

should have read.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi haveremmo letto,  
Voi havereste letto,  
Coloro haverèbbono & haveriano letto,     

Preterpluperfectense. Poi che.  
Io Havessi letto, Since I had read.  
Tu Havessi letto, Since thou hadst read, etc. as in the optative mode.   

Future tense. Quando.  
Sin. 

Io Haverò létto,  
Tu haverài letto,  
Colui haverà letto, 

when 

I  
thou  
he 

shall have read.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi haverèmo letto,  
Voi haverète letto,  
Coloro haveramno letto,     

The Infinitive mode: Present tense.  
Leggere, to read.   

Preterperfectense.  
Hauér letto, to have read.   

Future tense.  
Douér Leggère  
Haver a Leggére 

To be to read, or to read hereafter.    
Esser per Leggére   

Participles 

Leggente, reading. Letto, read.  
Legenti, reading, Letti, read.     

Gerundes 

Present tense.  
Leggéndo, reading.   

Preterperfectense.  
Hauèndo letto, having read.   

Future tense.  
Douèndo leggère  
Hauèndo da leggère 

Being, or having to read.    
Esséndo per leggère      

The forth Conjugation.  

Th' Indicative mode: Present tense.  
Singul. 

Io Odo, I hear.  
Tu Odi, thou hearest.  
Colui Ode, he heareth.    
Plur. 

Noi Vdiàmo, we hear.  
Voi Vdite, you hear.  
Coloro Odono, they hear.     

Preterimperfectense.  
Sin. 

Io Vdiva,  
Tu udivi,  
Colui udiva, 

I  
thou  
he 

heard or did hear    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Noi udiuàmo,  
Voi udivate,  
Coloro udivano & udiano,     

Preterperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Vdi, udij, and ho udito,  
Tu udisti, and hài udito,  
Colui udi, and ha' udito, 

I  
thou  
he 

have heard.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Nòi Vdimmo, and Habbiamo udito,  
Voi udiste & havete udito,  
Colòro udirono, udiron, udiro, udir, and hanno udito.     

Preterpluperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Haveua Vdito,  
Tu hauéui udito,  
Colui haveua udito, 

I  
thou  
he 

had heard    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi haveuàmo udito,  
Voi haveuate udito,  
Coloro haveuano udito,     

Future tense.  
Sing. 

Io Vdiro,  
Tu udirài, 

I  
thou 

shall or will hear.    
he 

we  
you 

shall or will hear.    
they        
Colui udirà,  
Plur. 

Noi Vdiremo,  
Voi udirete,  
Coloro udirànno,     

Io Voglio udire, I will hear.  
Tu Voi udire, thou will hear, etc.   

Th'imperative mode: Present tense.  
Sing. 

Odi tu: hear thou.  
Oda colui, let him hear.  
Non Vdire, hear not thou.    
Plur. 

Vdiàmo nòi, let us hear.  
Vdite uòi, hear you.  
Odano coloro, let them hear,     

Th' optative mode: Present tense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sing. 

Io Oda,  
Tu Oda,  
Colúi Oda, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

hear.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Odiàmo,  
Voi Odiàte,  
Colòro Odano,     

Preterimperfectense. O Dio Volesse che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Vdissi,  
Tu udissi,  
Colùi udisse, 

I would to god that 

I  
thou  
he 

heard or did hear    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi udissimo.  
Vói udiste,  
Coloro udissero,     

Preterperfectense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Hàbbia udito,  
Tu hàbbia udito,  
Coli i hàbbia udito, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

have heard.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi habbiamo udito,  
Voi habbiate udito,  
Coloro habbiano udito,     

Preterpluperfectense. O Dio Volesse che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Hauéssi udito,  
Tu havessi udito,  
Colúi havesse udito, 

I would to God that 

I  
thou  
he 

had heard    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Havessimo udito,  
Voi havest udito,  
Coloro havessero udito,     

Future tense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Oda da qua innanzi,  
Tu Oda da qua innanzi  
Colui Oda da qua innanzi, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he  
we 

hear hereafter.    
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Vdiamo da qua innanzi,  
Voi Vdiate da qua innanzi,  
Coloro Odano da qua innanzi,     

The subjunctive mode: Present tense. Concio sia cosa che, etc.  
Sing. 

Io Oda,  
Tu Oda,  
Colui Oda, 

for asmuch as 

I  
thou  
he 

hear.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Vdiamo,  
Voi Vdiate,  
Coloro Odano,     

Preterimperfectense. Auegna che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Vdissi,  
Tu udissi,  
Colui udisse, 

Although 

I  
thou  
he 

hard or did hear    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Vdissimo,  
Voi udiste,  
Coloro udissero     

Otherwise, Se.  
Sing. 

Io Vdirèi, and udiria,  
Tu udiresti,  
Colùi vdirèbbe, and udiria, 

if 

I  
thou  
he 

should hear.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi udirèmmo,  
Voi udireste,  
Coloro udirebbono, & udiriano.     

Preterperfectense. Quando.  
Sin. 

Io Habbia udito,  
Tu habbia udito,  
Colui habbia udito, 

when 

I  
thou  
he 

have heard.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Nói habbiàmo udito,  
Voi habbiate udito,  
Coloro habbiano udito,     

Otherwise, Che.  
Sing. 

Io Haverei and Haveria udito,  
Tu haveresti udito,  
Colui haverebbe and baveria udito, 

that 

I  
thou  
he 

should have heard    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Haveremmo udito,  
Voi havereste udito,  
Coloro haverebbono & haueriano udito,     

Preterpluperfectense. Poi che.  
Sin. 

Io Havessi udito,  
Tu havessi udito,  
Colui hauèsse udito, 

Since that 

I  
thou  
he 

had heard.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Hauèssimo udito,  
Voi havest udito,  
Coloro havessero udito.     

Future tense. Quando.  
Sin. 

Io haverò Vdito,  
Tu haverài udito,  
Colui haverà udito, 

when 

I  
thou  
he 

shall have heard.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu 

Noi haverèmo udito,  
Voi haverète udito,  
Coloro haueranno udito,     

The Infinitive mode: Present tense.  
Vdire, to hear.   

Preterperfectense.  
Hauére udito, to have heard.   

Future tense.  
Douère udire  
Hauère ad udire 

To be to hear, or to hear hereafter.    
Essere per udire   

Participles 

Vdiente, hearing: udito heard.  
Vdienti hearing: uditi heard.     

Gerunds 

Present tense.  
Odendo, Hearing.   

Preterperfectense.  
Hauendo udito, Having heard.   

Future tense.  
Dovendo Vdire  
Essendo per udire 

Being or having to hear    
Hauendo ad udire     
And because th' Italian tongue doth lack a Verb passive: & cannot express the passive voice, without the help of this verb Sono: therefore we must first decline this verb before we can proceed to th' other.  

The Indicative mode: Present tense.  
Sing. 

Io Sòno: I am.  
Tu Séi: thou art.  
Colui E: he is.    
Plur. 

Nói Siàmo: we are or be.  
Véi Séte: you are or be.  
Coloro Sono: they are or be.     

Preter imperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Era, Iwas,  
Tu Eri, thou waste.  
Colùi Era, he was.    
Plur. 

Noi Erauámo and Eramo, we were,  
Voi Eravate, you were.  
Coloro Erano, they we.     

Preterperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Fui, and Sono stato,  
Tu Fòsti, and Sei stato,  
Colui Furio, and E stato, 

I  
thou  
he 

have been.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Fummo, & Siàmo stati,  
Voi Foste, and Sete stati,  
Coloro Fúrono, Furo, Furo, and Sono stati.     

Preterpluperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Era stàto,  
Tu Eri stato,  
Colùi Era stato, 

I  
thou  
he 

had been.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Erauàmo stati,  
Voi Erauàte stati,  
Coloro Erano stati,     

Future tense.  
Sing. 

Io Sarò, and Fiametta,  
Tu Sarài,  
Colúi Sarà, Fia, and Fié, 

I  
thou  
he 

shall be.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Sarèmo,  
Voi Saréte,  
Coloro Sarànno, & Fiano,     

Th' imperative mode: Present tense.  
Singul. 

Sij, Sia, and Siè tu, Be thou.  
Sia, and Siè colúi, Let him be.    
Plur. 

Siamo nói, Let us be.  
Siàte uói, Be you.  
Siano colòro, Let them be.     

The Optative mode: Present tense. O Dio uòglia, Diò voglia, o Dio che, o che.  
Sin. 

Io Sia,  
Tu Sij, Sia, and sie, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

be.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Nói Siamo,  
Vói Siáte,  
Colòro Siano, & Sieno,     

Preterimperfectense. O Dio Volesse, Dio volesse, o Dio che, o che,  
Sin. 

Io Fóssi, & Fússi,  
Tu Fossi, & Fussi,  
Colúi fosse, & fusse 

Would to God that 

I  
thou  
he  
we 

were.    
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Fossimo, and fussimo,  
Voi foste, & fuste,  
Coloro fossero, and fussero.     

Preterperfectense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Sia stato,  
Tu Sij stato,  
Colui Sia stato, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

have been.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Siamo stati,  
Voi Siàte stati,  
Coloro Siano stati,     

Preterpluperfectense. O Dio volesse che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Fóssi stàto,  
Tu Fossi stato,  
Colùi Fosse stato, 

I would to God that 

I  
thou  
he 

had been.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Fossimo stati,  
Voi Fóste stati,  
coloro Fossero stati,     

Future tense. O Dio voglia che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Sia da qua innanzi,  
Tu Sij da qua innanzi,  
Colui Sia da qua innanzi    
Plu. 

Noi Siamo da qua innanzi, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he  
we 

be hereafter.    
you  
they      
Voi Siate da qua innanzi,  
Coloro Siano da qua innanzi,     

The subjunctive mode: Present tense. Concio sia cosa che.  
Sing. 

Io Sia,  
Tu Sij,  
Colui Sia, 

for asmuch as 

I am.  
thou art.  
he is.  
we are.  
you are.  
they are.        
Plur. 

Noi Siamo,  
Voi Siate,  
Coloro Siano,     

Preterimperfectense. Auegna che.  
Sing. 

Io Fússi,  
Tu Fússi,  
Colui Fússe, 

Although 

I  
thou  
he 

were.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Fussimo,  
Voi Fúste,  
Coloro fussero     

Otherwise, Se.  
Singu. 

Io Sarèi and Saria,  
Tu Sarèsti,  
Colui Sarèbbe, and Saria, 

if 

I  
thou  
he 

should be.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Sarèmmo,  
Voi Sareste,  
Coloro Sarèbbono, & sariano,     

Preterperfectense. Quando.  
Sing. 

Io Sia stato,  
Tu Sij stato,  
Colúi Sia stato, 

when 

I  
thou  
he 

have been.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Siamo stati,  
Voi Siate stati,  
Coloro Siano stati,     

Other wise, Che.  
Sin. 

Io Sarèi, & Saria stato  
Tu Saresti stato,  
Colui Sarèbbe & Saria stato, 

that 

I  
thou  
he 

should have been.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Saremmo stati,  
Voi Sareste stati,  
Coloro sarebbono and sariano stati,     

Preterpluperfectense. Poi che.  
Sin. 

Io Fussi stato,  
Tu Fussi stato,  
Colui Fusse stato, 

Since that 

I  
thou  
he 

had been.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Fussimo stati,  
Voi Fuste stati,  
Coloro fussero stati,     

Future tense. Quando.  
Sin. 

Io Saro stato,  
Tu sarai stato,  
Colui sara stato, 

when 

I  
thou 

shall have been.    
he  
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Sarémo stati,  
Voi saréte stati,  
Coloro saránno stati,     

Th'infinitive mode: Present tense.  
Essere, to be.   

Preter perfectense.  
Essere stato, to have been.   

Future tense.  
Douèr ' Essere,  
Hauére ad Essere, 

To be to be, or to have to be.     

Participles 

Stàto, stàta: and suto, suta, been.  
Stati, state: and suti, suit, been.     

Gerunds 

Present tense.  
Essendo, Being.   

Preterperfectense.  
Esséndo státo, stata, stati, state: Having been.   

Future tense.  
Dovendo essere  
Hauendo ad essere 

Being, or having to be.    
Essendo per essere      

The declining of a Verb passive of the first Conjugation.  

The Indicative mode: Present tense.  
Sing. 

Io Sono amato, I am loved.  
Tu Séi amato, thou art loved.  
Colúi E amato: si àma, amasi, he is loved.    
Plur. 

Noi Siàmo amati, we are loved.  
Voi Séte amàti, you are loved.  
Coloro Sóno amati: si àmano, àmonosi, and àmansi, they are loved.     

Preterimperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Era amato,  
Tu Eria amato, 

I  
thou 

was loved.    
he    
Colui Era amato, si amàua, amavasi.    
Plur. 

Noi Erauàmo amàti,  
Voi Erauàte amàti, 

we  
you 

were loved.    
they    
Coloro Erano amati, si amàuano, amàuanosi, and amàuansi.     

Preterperfectense.  
Sin. 

Io Sono stato, & Fúi amato,  
Tu Séi stàto, & Fosti amato,  
Colui Estato, and Furio amàto: si amò, amossi. 

I  
thou  
he 

have been loved.    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Noi Siamo stati, and Fúmmo amàti,  
Voi séte stati, & Foste amati  
Coloro Sòno stati and Furono amati: si amàrono, Amaron, amàro, amar, & amàronosis, amaronsi, amarosi, amarsi,     

Preterpluperfectense.  
Sin. 

Io Era stato amato,  
Tu Eristato amato,  
Colui Erastato amato, 

I  
thou  
he 

had been loved.    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Noi erauàmo stati amati,  
Voierauàte stati amati,  
Coloro érano stati amati,     

Future tense.  
Singu. 

Io Sarò amáto,  
Tu Sarái amato,  
Colui Sara amato: si amerà, ameràssi. 

I  
thou  
he 

shallbe loved.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Sarèmo amati,  
Voi sarete amati,  
Coloro sarànno amati: si Amerànno, amerannosi, and amerànsi.     

Th'imperative mode: Present tense.  
Sing. 

Sij amàto tu, Be thou loved.  
Sia amato colui, si ami, àmisi, Let him be loved.    
Plur. 

Siàmo amàti nói, Let us be loved.  
Siate amati voi, be you loved.  
Siano amati coloro, si amino, aminosi, and aminsi, let them be loved.     

The Optative mode: Present tense. O Dio voglia che, etc.  
Sing. 

Io Sia amato,  
Tu sij amato,  
Coluisia amàto, si àmi, amisi, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

be loved.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Nói Siàmo amati,  
Voi siàte amati,  
Colóro siàno amati, si amino, aminosi, and aminsi,     

Preterimperfectense. O Dio volesse che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Fossi amàto,  
Tu fossi amato,  
Colui fosse amato, si amàsse, amassesi, 

I would to god that 

I  
thou  
he 

were loved.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Fossimo amati,  
Voi foste amati,  
Coloro fossero amati, si amassero, amàsserosi, and amassersi.     

Preterperfectense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Sia stato amato,  
Tu Sij stato amato,  
Colui Sia stato amato, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

have been loved.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Siàmo stati amati,  
Voi Siate stati amati,  
Coloro siano stati amati     

Preterpluperfectense. O Dio volesse che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Fossi stato amato,  
Tu fossi stato amato  
Colui fosse stato amato, 

I would to God that 

I  
thou  
he 

had been loved.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi fossimo stàti amàti,  
Voi foste stati amati,  
Colòro fossero stati amati.     

Future tense. O Dio voglia che, etc.  
Sing. 

Io Sia amato da qua innanzi,  
Tu sy amato da qua innanzi,  
colúi sia amato da qua innanzi, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

be loved hereafter.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Siamo amati da qua innanzi,  
Voi siàte amati da qua innanzi,  
Coloro siano amati da qua innanzi.     

The subjunctive mode: Present tense. Concio sia cosa che.  
Io Sia amato, For asmuch as I am loved.  
Tu sy amato, For asmuch as thou art loved, etc. as in the Optative mode.   

Preterimperfectense. Auegna che.  
Io Fossi amato, Although I were loved.  
Tu Fossi amato, Although thou were loved, etc. as in the Optative mode.   

Otherwise, Se.  
Sing. 

Io Saréi & saria amàto  
Tu saresti amato, 

If 

I  
thou 

should be loved.    
he      
Colui sarebbe & saria amato: si amerébbe, amerebbesi, si ameria, ameriasi.    
Plur. 

Noi Seremmo amati,  
Voi sareste amati, 

If 

we  
you 

should be loved.    
they      
Coloro Sarebbono and sariano amati: si amerèbbono, amerèbbonosi, amerebbonsi, si ameriano, amerianosi, & ameriansi.     

Preterperfectense. Concio sia cosa che.  
Io Sia stato amato: For asmuch as I have been loved.  
Tu Sy stato amato: For asmuch as thou hast been loved, etc. as in the Optative mode.   

Otherwise, Se.  
Sin. 

Io Sarei, and saria stato amato,  
Tu saresti stato amato,  
Colui sarebbe, and saria stato amato, 

If 

I  
thou  
he 

should have been loved.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Saremmo stati amati,  
Voi sareste stati amati,  
Coloro sarebbono, and sariano stati amati,     

Preterpluperfectense. Poi che.  
Io Fossi stato amato, Since I had been loved,  
Tu fossi stato amato, Since thou hadst been loved, etc. as in the Optative mode.   

Future tense. Quando.  
Sin. 

Io Sarò stato amato,  
Tu Sarài stato amato,  
Colui Sarà stato amato, 

when 

I  
thou  
he 

shall have been loved.    
we  
you  
they        
Pl. 

Noi Sarémo stati amati,  
Voi Sarete stati amati,  
Coloro Saramno stati amati     

Th' Infinitive mode: Present tense.  
Essere amato, or Amarsi, to be loved.   

Preterperfectense.  
Essere stato amato, or Essersi amato, to have been loved.   

Future tense.  
Douère éssere amàto, Douèrsi amare, Dovere amársi,  
Hauère ad éssere amato, Hauére ad amarsi, hauèrsi ad amare,  
Essere per amàrsi, Essersi per amare, to be, to be loved: to have to be loved.   

Participles 

Amato, loved. Amati, loved.  
Amata, loved. Amate, loved.     

Gerunds 

Present tense.  
Essendo amato: & Amandosi: Being loved.   

Preterperfectense.  
Essendo státo amato: Having been loved.   

Future tense.  
Essendo per essere amato: Esséndo si per amàre: and Essendo per amarsi,  
Dovendo essere amato, Dovendosi amare, and Dovendo amàrsi,  
Hauéndo ad éssere amato, Hauéndosi ad amare, and Hauendo ad amarsi: Being to be loved.     
And because this Verb Honorio (I have) cometh often in use: as may be seen in the declining of the former Verbs: Therefore I have thought good not t'omit the declining of it.  

The Indicative mode: Present tense.  
Sing. 

Io Ho, and Hággio poetical: I have.  
Tu Hái: thou haste.  
Colùi Ha', and Hàue poetical: he hath.    
Plur. 

Noi Habbiamo: we have.  
Voi hauéte: you have.  
Colóro hánno: they have.     

Preterimperfectense.  
Sin. 

Io Hauéua, and Hauéa,  
Tu hauéui,  
Colui hauéua and hauéa, 

I  
thou  
he 

had.    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Noi Hauéuamo,  
Voi haveuàte,  
Colóro hauéuano, and haveano,     

Preterperfectense.  
Singu. 

Io Hébbi; and Ho hauúto,  
Tu hauésti, and hái hauúto,  
Colui hébbe, and ha' hauúto 

I  
thou  
he 

have had.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Havemmo, and habbiámo hauúto,  
Voi hauèste, & havete hauuto  
Coloro hébbero, and hanno hauúto,     

Preterpluperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Hauèua hauùto,  
Tu hauèui hauùto,  
Colui haveua hauuto, 

I  
thou  
he 

had had.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Haveuàmo hauùto,  
Voi haveuàte hauúto,  
Coloro haveuano hauuto,     

Future tense.  
Sing. 

Io Haverò, haurò, and Harrò,  
Tu haverài, haurài, and harrài  
Colui haverà, haurà, & harrà, 

I  
thou  
he 

shall    
have.  
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Haverémo, haurèmo, & harrèmo,  
Voi haueréte, hauréte, and harréte,  
Coloro haverànno, haurano, and harrànno,     

Th'imperative mode: Present tense.  
Sing. 

Hàbbia tu, have thou,  
Hábbia colui, let him have.    
Plur. 

Habbiámo noi, let us have.  
Habbiàte uòi, have you.  
Hàbbiano coloro, let them have.     

The Optative mode: Present tense. O Dio uòglia che, etc.  
Sing. 

Io Hábbia,  
Tu hábbia,  
Colui habbia, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

have.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Habbiamo,  
Voi habbiate,  
Coloro habbiano,     

Preterimperfectense. O Dio volesse che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Hauèssi,  
Tu havessi,  
Colui hauèsse, 

I would to God that 

I  
thou  
he 

had.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Havessimo,  
Voi havest,  
Coloro havessero,     

Preterperfectense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Hábbia hauuto  
Tu habbia hauúto,  
Colui hábbia hauúto, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

have had.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Habbiamo hauúto,  
Voi habbiáte hauúto,  
Coloro hábbiano hauúto     

Preterpluperfectense. O Dio volesse che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Hauèssi hauúto,  
Tu hauèssi hauúto,  
Colui hauèsse hauúto, 

I would to God that 

I  
thou  
he 

had had    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Hauèssimo hauúto,  
Voi hauèsie hauúto,  
Coloro hauéssero hauúto     

Future tense. O Dio voglia che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Habbia da qua innanzi  
Tu hábbia da qua innanzi  
Colúi habbia da qua innanzi, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

have hereafter.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Habbiámo da qua innanzi,  
Voi habbiate da qua innanzi,  
Coloro hábbiano da qua innanzi,     

The subjunctive mode: Present tense. Concio sia cosa che.  
Io Hábbia, For asmuch as I have.  
Tu habbia, For asmuch as thou hast, etc. as in the Optative mode.   

Preter imperfectense. Auegna che.  
Io Havessi, Although I had.  
Tu havessi, Although thou hadst, etc. as in th'optative mode.   

Otherwise, Se.  
Sin. 

Io Haverèi, haurèi, & harréi: Haveria, hauria, and harria,  
Tu haveresti, hauresti, and harrèsti,  
Colui haverébbe haurèbbe, and harrèbbe: Haveria, hauria, and harria, 

If 

I  
thou  
he 

should have.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Haverèmmo, haurèmmo, and harrémmo,  
Voi haverèste, haurèste, and harrèste,  
Coloro haverèbbono, haurèbbono, and harrèbbono: Haveriano, hauriano, and harriano.     

Preter perfectense. Concio sia cosa che.  
Io Hábbia hauúto: For asmuch as I have had.  
Tu hábbia huúto: For asmuch as thou hast had, etc., as in the Optative mode.   

otherwise, O Che.  
Si. 

Io Haverèi, and Haveria hauuto.  
Tu haverésti hauuto,  
Colùi hauerèbbe and haveria hauuto, 

o that 

I  
thou  
he 

should have had.    
we  
you  
they        
Pl. 

Noi Haverémmo hauúto,  
Voi haverèste hauúto,  
Colòro haverébbono, and haueriano hauuto,     

Preterpluperfectense. Poi che.  
Io Hauèssi hauúto: Since I had had.  
Tu hauèssi hauúto, Since thou hadst had, etc. as in the Optative mode.   

Future tense. Quando.  
Sin. 

Io Haverò hauúto,  
Tu haver ài hauúto,  
Colúi hauera hauuto, 

when 

I  
thou  
he 

shall have had.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Haverèmo hauuto,  
Voi haverèste hauuto,  
Coloro hoveramno hauuto     

Th'infinitive mode: Present tense.  
Hauère, to have.   

Preterperfectense.  
Hauére hauuto, to have had.   

Future tense.  
Douère havere, 

To be to have.    
Essere per havere,   

Participles 

Havente, having. Hawto, ta, had.  
Haventi, having. Hawti, te, had.     

Gerundes 

Present tense.  
Hauéndo, having.   

Preterperfectense.  
Hauèndo hauuto, having had.   

Future tense.  
Douèndo hauère  
Hauèndo ad hauère 

Having, or being to have.    
Esséndo per hauère     

The declining of the Verb  
Andare: To go.   

The Indicative mode: Present tense.  
Sing. 

Io Vo, and Vádo, I go.  
Tu vai: thou goest.  
Colui va, he goeth.    
Plur. 

Noi Andiamo, we go.  
Voi andate, you go.  
Coloro vanno, they go.     

Preterimperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Andàua,  
Tu andàui,  
Colui andàua, 

I  
thou  
he 

went or did go.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Andauàmo,  
Voi andauàte,  
Coloro andauànno,     

Preterperfectense.  
Sin. 

Io Andài, and Sòno andàto,  
Tu andàsti, and Sèi andàto,  
Colui andò, and E andàto, 

I  
thou  
he 

have gone.    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Noi Andàmmo, & Siàmo andàti,  
Voi andàste, and Séte andàtis,  
Coloro andàrono, & Sono andati,     

Preterpluperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Era andàto,  
Tu Eri andàto,  
Colui Era andàto, 

I  
thou  
he 

had gone, or was gone.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Erauàmo andàti,  
Voi erauàte andati,  
Coloro érano andàti,     

Future tense.  
Sin. 

Io Anderò, and Andrò,  
Tu anderài, and andrài,  
Colui anderà, and andrà, 

I  
thou  
he 

shall go.    
we  
you  
they      
Plu. 

Noi Anderèmo, & andrémo,  
Voi anderéte, and andréte,  
Coloro anderamno, & andramno     

Th'imperative mode: Present tense.  
Sing. 

Vatu, go thou.  
Vàda, and uàdi colui, let him go.    
Plur. 

Andiàmo noi, let us go.  
Andàte voi, go you.  
Vàdano, and vadino colóro, let them go.     

The Optative mode: Present tense. O Dio voglia che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Vada, and vadi,  
Tu uàda, and vadi,  
Colui uàda, and uàdi, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

go.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Andiàmo,  
Voi andiàte,  
Coloro uàdano, & vadino     

Preterimperfectense. O Dio volesse che, etc.  
Sing. 

Io Andàssi,  
Tu andàssi,  
Colui andàsse, 

I would to god that 

I  
thou  
he 

went, or did go.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Andàssimo,  
Voi andàste,  
Coloro andàssero,     

Preterperfectense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sing. 

Io Sia andáto,  
Tu Sij andato,  
Colui Sia andato, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

have gone.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Siàmo andati,  
Voi Siate andati,  
Coloro Siàno andati,     

Preterpluperfectense. O. Dio Volesse che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Fóssi andato,  
Tu fóssi andato,  
Colui fossae ' andato, 

I would to God that 

I  
thou  
he 

had gone.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Fossimo andati,  
Voi foste andatis,  
Coloro fossero andati,     

Future tense. O Dio Voglia che, etc.  
Sin. 

Io Váda da qua innanzi,  
Tu vada da qua innanzi,  
Colui vada da qua innanzi, 

God grant that 

I  
thou  
he 

go hereafter.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Andiamo da qua innanzi,  
Voi Andiate da qua innanzi,  
Coloro vadano da qua innanzi,     

The subjunctive mode: Present tense. Concio sia cosa che.  
Sin. 

Io Vada & Vadi,  
Tu vada & vadi,  
Colui vada & vadi 

for asmuch as 

I  
thou  
he 

go.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Andiàmo,  
Voi Andiate,  
Coloro vadano,     

Preterimperfectense. Auegna che.  
Io Andassi, Although I went or did go.  
Tu andassi, Although thou wentest, or diddest go, etc. as in the Optative mode.   

Otherwise, Se.  
Sin. 

Io Anderéi, Andrèi, Anderia, and Andria,  
Tu anderèsti, & Andrèsti,  
Colui anderèbbe, andrèbbe, Anderia, & andria. 

If 

I  
thou  
he 

should go.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Anderémmo, & Andrémmo,  
Voi anderèste, & andrèste,  
Coloro anderébbono, andrebbono, anderiano, and andriano.     

Preterperfectense. Concio sia cosa che.  
Io Sia andato, For asmuch sa I have gone.  
Tu Sij andato, For asmuch as thou hast gone, etc. as in the Optative mode.   

Otherwise, Che.  
Sin. 

Io Saréi, & Saria andàto  
Tu Sarèsti andato,  
Colúi Sarebbe, and Saria andato, 

that 

I  
thou  
he 

should have gone.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Sarèmmo andati,  
Voi Sarèste andàti,  
Coloro Sarèbbono, & Sariano andati,     

Preterpluperfectense. Poi che.  
Io Fóssi andáto, Since I had gone.  
Tu fóssi andáto, Since thou hadst gone, etc. as in the Optative mode.   

Future tense. Quando.  
Sin. 

Io Sarò andàto,  
Tu Sarài andato,  
Colúi Sarà andato, 

when 

I  
thou  
he 

shallbe gone.    
we  
you  
they        
Plu. 

Noi Sarémo andati,  
Voi Saréte andàti,  
Coloro Saramno andati,     

Th'infinitive mode: Present tense.  
Andare, To go.   

Preterperfectense.  
Essere andato, To be gone.   

Future tense.  
Essere per andàre,  
Douère andàre, 

To be, or to have to go.    
Hauère ad andàre,   

Participles 

Andante, going. Andato, ta: I to ta, gone.  
Andanti, going. Andati, te: I ti, I te, gone.     

Gerunds 

Present tense.  
Andàndo, Going.   

Preterperfectense.  
Essendo andáto, Being gone.   

Future tense.  
Douéndo andàre,  
Esséndo per andàre, 

Being, or having to go.    
Hauendo andare,     
I do think good not to omit certain words used by Poëtes in the declining in this Verb: As in  

The Indicative mode: Present tense.  
Plu. Noi Gimo, we go. Voi Gite, you go.   

Preterimperfectense.  
ng. 

Io Giva,  
Tu Givi,  
Colúi Giva, 

I  
thou  
he 

went, or did go.    
we  
you  
they      
lur. 

Noi Givamo,  
Voi Givate,  
Coloro Givano,     

Preterperfectense.  
Sing. 

Io Gij,  
Tu Gisti,  
Colui Gio, 

I  
thou  
he 

have gone.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Gimmo,  
Voi Gisti,  
Coloro Girono,     

Future tense.  
Sing. 

Io Giro,  
Tu Girai, or Irai,  
Colui Gira, 

I  
thou  
he 

shall go.    
we  
you  
they      
Plur. 

Noi Giremo,  
Voi Girete, or Irete,  
Colóro Giranno,     

Th'imperative mode: Present tense.  
Plur. 

Gite or Ite voi, Go you.     

The Optative mode: Preterimperfectense. O che.  
Sing. 

Io Gissi,  
Tu Gissi,  
Colui Gisse, 

o that 

I  
thou  
he 

went, or did go.    
we  
you  
they        
Plur. 

Noi Gissimo,  
Voi Giste,  
Coloro Gissero,     

The subjunctive mode: Present tense. Concio sia cosa che.  
Plur. 

Voi Giàte, For asmuch as you go.     

Preterimperfectense. Auegna che.  
Io Gissi, Tu Gissi, etc. as in the Optative.   

Otherwise, Se.  
Sing. 

Io Girei,  
Tu Giresti,  
Colui Girebbe, 

If 

I  
thou  
he 

should go.    
we  
you        
Plur. 

Noi Giremmo,  
Voi Giste and Gireste,     
The other tenses are declined with these participles Gito, and Ito, ta: Giti and Iti, te: (gone): with Io Sono; Io era; Io sia; Io fossi; etc. as before in the declining of the Verb Andare.  

Th' Infinitive mode: Present tense.  
Gyre and Ire, To go.   
Because there is somewhat more to do, in forming of the Preterperfectenses, then of the other tenses, I have thought good to say some thing briefly thereof:  
Therefore all Preterperfectenses of th' Indicative mode, of Verbs of the first Conjugation, do end in Ai: as Amài, of the verb Amo: Cantai of Canto: Parlài of Pàrlo: Mangiài of Mangio: and Pagài of the Verb Pago.  
There are excepted certain Verbs which in the Present tense are of one syllable: For Sto hath stéi, and stéttis: Do hath Déi, Détti, and Diédi: Foyes or Fáccio hath Fei, and Féci.  
All Verbs of the second Conjugation, that have C as it were a proper and peculiar letter, Do make their Preterperfectenses in cqui: as of Piàccio Piacqui: the first person Singular; and cque, as Piacque the third. So of Taccio, Tàcqui, and Tàcque: of Giáccio, Giácqui and Giacque.  
But such as have L, in the Present tense, do add S in the Preterperfectense, as of Vaglio, is made Válsi: of Dóglio, Dólsi: But Vóglio hath in verse Valsi, and in prose Volli: Howbeit, I would more willingly use the former in prose, as (in my judgement) the least affected.  
Again certain Verbs Do double the same proper & peculiar letter: as of Cado, Caddi: which also hath Cadéi and Cadétti. Again of Téngo is Ténni: Béuo, Bewi.  
And the Verb So, hath Séppi, Ho, Hébbi. Gódo, Godéi, and Godétti. Pósso, Potéi, and Potétti. Véggo or Véggio, Vidi. Prouéggo, Providi. Páio, parvi and Parsi.  
Further touching the preterperfectenses of the third Conjugation: this is the rule, that whose participles do end in Vto, the Preterperfectense do end in Ei, and in Etti. whereupon the Verb Pérdo, when it hath in the participle Perdúto, it hath in the Preterperfectense, Perdéi and Perdétti. Cómpio, hath Compiúto; Compici, and Compietti. Ricéuo, Riceuúto; Ricevei and Riceuétti. But the Verb Concédo, hath Concedúto in prose, and Concesso in verse, so that after his Participle it hath in the Preterperfectense. Concedéi, Concedettis, and concessi. Mórdo hath Mordúto or Mórso, in the Participle; & Mordéi, Mordettis, and Morsi in the Preterperfectense. But Conósco, notwithstanding it hath in the Participle Conosciúto, it hath in the Preterperf. Conobbi.  
Also Verbs of the same Conjugation, when they have in their participles a double T, they have also in their Preterimperfectenses a double SAINT, as of Léggo is Letto; and Lessi: of Scrivo is Scritto, and Scrissi: of Eléggo is Elétto, and Elessi.  
There is excepted Stringo, that hath in the participle Strétto: but in the Preterperfectense Strinsi: so are likewise his compounds, Astringo & Costringo. Howbeit, I think that to happen, either, because it were else to be said in the Participle Strinto, if any would look for the raisin, rather then for the use of the tongue: or else, because the latin Preterperfectense hath Strinxi, from whence it seemeth that Strinsi is derived: as of Pinxi, Pinsi: of Cinxi, Cinsi: of Finxi, Finsi: of Planxi, Piánsi: and of Extinxi, Estinsi.  
To conclude, the Verb Ardo hath Arso in the Participle, and Arsi in the Preterperfectense. Rido hath Riso, and Risi. Tóglio Tolto and Tolsi. Muóuo Mósso, and Mossi. Offéndo Offésso, and Offési. Spàrgo Spàrso, and Spàrsi. Métto Mésso, and Misi. Pòngo Pósto, and Pósi. Násco Náto, and Nacqui. Nuóco Nociuto, and Nocqui. Sono Súto, and Fui. Rómpo Rótto, and Rúppi. Piovo Piouúto, and Piowi. Divido Diviso, and Divisi. Vccido Vcciso, and Vccisi. Spèndo Spéso, and Spési.  
Lastly, Verbs of the fourth Conjugation have their Preterperfectenses ending in single I, with the accent: as Vdi, Sénti, of the Verbs Oido and Sénto: Howbeit many times (as in prose) they have a double I: as Vdij, Sentij. But Dico hath Dissi. Offero, Offérsi. Véngo, Vénni.    

Of words, which commonly are fixed unto Verbs.  
These they are Mi, Ti, Si, Ci, Ne, Vi: The which, with what elegancy they cleave unto Verbs, and what their significations are, shall clearly appear by that, which shallbe said of the use of them.  
First, they are commonly set before and after Verbs: as Mi àma, amami, Ti àma, àmati, Si àma, àmasi, Ci àma, àmaci, Ne àma, àmane, Vi àma, amavi. But this aught to be done with judgement: For it is not always, nor in every place well sitting. For this manner of speech shallbe less affected, Che ti disse colui? then Che disseti colui? what hath he said unto thee? Also we shall speak with less curiosity, to say, Se tu mi àmi non ti nuocerà, then Se àmimi non noceràtti: If thou love me it shall not hurt thee. But such à judgement can hardly be taught, or not at all by precepts, since it aught to be compared with the often reading of Authors, and use of the tongue. And yet this is to be maked, that so often as these words do follow the verb, they do depend on the accent, as if they were all one word: as Amami, Amati, Amasi, Amaci, Amane, Amavi.  
Further they do double the consonant, when they are set after Verbs, having the accent in the last syllable: as Amommi, Amòtti, Amòssi, Amòcci, Amònne, Amònni: of the Preterperfectense Amò, he hath loved. And so likewise Ameràmmi, Ameràtti, Ameràssi, Ameràcci, Amerànne, Amerànni: of the Future tense Amerà, he shall love.  
Besides, Mi, Ti, and Si, do always retain the letter I, when they cleave to a verb having none other word set between them: as by th'examples following may appear. But if any other word come between them, the then change I, into E, whereof this is an example: Me non battèsti tu, thou hast not beaten me. The like doth happen in comparing of persons together: whereupon we say, Tu conòsci me & lui, thou hast known me and him. Tu vedi me & io vèggio te, thou seest me, & I see thee. Tu feristi me, & quello non toccasti, thou hast wounded me, and hast not touched him.  
In like sort they are used, when a verb of the Infinitive mode doth follow them: For we say, Ragionàsi, Me hauèr prèso mòglie, It is reported that I have taken a wife. còrre fàma, Me essere inamoràto, the rumour is, that I am in love. But these speeches should be more rightly expressed thus: Ragiònasi, che io ho prèso moglie. And Còrre fama che io sòno inamorato.  
Lastly, they change I into E, when the Adverbe Come, goeth before them, In this sort: Io non sóno auàro come te, I am not covetous, as thou art. Tu non séi liberále, come me, thou art not liberal, as I am.  
touching their signification and the use of them: it shallbe more plainly showed by these types following.  

Mi 

Me: mi bat, or Battèmmi, he hath beaten me.  
To me: Mi died, and Diedemi, he hath given me, or to me.     

Ti 

Thee: Ti battè, and Battèti: He hath beaten thee.  
To thee: Ti died, & Diedèti: He hath given thee or to thee.     

Si 

Himself: Simo uccise, and Vccisesi: He hath killed himself.  
To himself: Simo diéde, & Diedesila mòrte, He hath given himself the death: or to himself.     

Ci 

Us: Ci percòsse, & Percòsseci, He hath stricken us.  
To us: Ci diéde, and Diedeci, He hath given us, or to us.  
Here or thither: Ci fu, fúcci, He hath been here.  
Ci andò, andocci, He hath gone thither.     
Here is to be remembered how that these a foresaid words are many times used for ornament sake: as Io mi crèdo, for Io crèdo. Tu ti pensi, for Tu pènsi. Egli si crède, for Egli crede. And Boccace doth thus speak: Natural còsa, è di ciascuno, che ci nàsce, for che nàsce.  

Ne 

Us: Ne abbracciò, Abracciónne: He hath embraced us.  
To us: Ne diède, Dièdene, He hath given to us.     

Vi 

You: Vipercòsse, Percòssevi, He hath stricken you.  
To you: Vi diéde, Dièdevi, He hath given to you.  
There or thither: Vifu, Fúwi, he hath been there.  
Vi Andò, Andòwi: He hath gone thither.     
These words following do link together, and are many ways uttered in speech: & that with no mean elegancy. And therefore how that is to be done, may easily be perceived by these types that follow.  

Mi Ti 

Me to thee: Io miti racommàndo, and Raccomandomiti, I do recommend me unto thee.  
Thee to me: Tu miti raccomàdàsti, and Raccomàndasti miti: thou hast recommended thee unto me.     

Mi Si 

Me to him: Egli mi sielésse; Elesse misi per grandissimo amico, he hath chosen me unto him for a most great friend.  
Him to me: Eglantine li misi raccomandò, and Raccomandò misi, he hath Recommended him unto me.     

Mi ci 

Me there or thither: Mi ci fermái, and fermáimici due giórni, I have stayed there two days: Mi ci fé andare, Fémmici andare, he caused me to go thither.  
To me here: Mici diède, Diède mici mog lie, he gave unto me here a wife.     

Mi vi 

Me to you: Io mivi raccomàndo, Raccommàndomivi, I recommend me unto you.  
You to me: Voi mivi raccomandàste, Raccomandàste mivi, you have you recommended unto me.  
Me there or thither: Mivi vesti, vestimmivi, he hath appareled me there.  
Mivi menò, Menòmmivi: he hath brought me thither.  
To me there: Mivi comprò; Comprommivi, un giardino: he hath there bought unto me a garden.     

Ti ci 

Thee to us: Dio tici diéde, diédetici per Padre, God hath given thee unto us for a father.  
Us to thee: Dio tici diède, dieditici per compagni: God hath given us unto thee for companion.  
Thee here or thither: Io tici vidi, viditici: I have seen thee here.  
Io tici menài, Menàitici, I have brought thee thither.  
To thee here: Dio tici diède, diedetici more glie: God hath here given to thee a wife.     

Ti si 

Thee to him: Dio tisi elèsse, Elessetisi per figliolo: God hath chosen thee to him for his child.  
Him to thee: Egli ti si raccomànda, Raccomandatisi: He doth recommande him unto thee.     

Ci si 

Him to us: Eglantine li ci si offérse, Offersecisi: He hath offered himself unto us.  
Us to him: Ci si prèsse, Prèssecisi per compagni: He hath taken us unto him for companion.  
Him here or hither: Ci si uccise, Vccisecisi: He hath here slain himself.  
Ci si lasciò condúrre, Lasciòccisi condúrre: He hath suffered himself to be brought hither.  
Here to him: Ci si diéde, Diédecisi la mòrte: He hath given himself here the death.     

Vi si 

Him to you: Vi si raccomanda, Raccomandavisi, he doth recommend him unto you.  
You to him: Vi si elésse, Eléssevisi Dio per siglivoli: God hath chosen you unto him for his children.  
Him there or thither: Vi si uccise, Vccisevisi. He hath there slain himself.  
Vi si lasciò, Lasciòuisi condúrre. He hath suffered himself to be brought thither.  
There to him: Visicomprò, Comproúuisi una vigna: He hath there bought to himself a vigne.     

Vi ci 

You to us, or us to you: Dio vicidiède, Dièdevici per compagni: God hath given us unto you, or you to us for companion.  
You here: Vi ci battérono, Battérowici, they have beaten you here.  
You hither: Vi ci menàrono, Menàronuici, they have brought you hither.  
To you here: Vici compràste, Compràstevici una càsa: You have bought unto you here a house.     
But when these words are joined with Ne, they do forego I and take E, in this sort: Mene, tene, seen, cene, vene, or a vovel following Men', ten', sen', cen', ven ' with an Apostropha. Howbeit a consonant following, they may be used wholly, or abridged, but without the Apostropha. Their signification and use, as hither to we have done, we will show here following.  

Me ne 

To me of him, her, them, or thereof: Mene parlàsti, Parlastimene: thou hast spoke to me, of him, her, them, or thereof.  
Me hence, thence, Mene scacciò, Scacciómmene: He hath driven me, hence, thence.  
I hence, thence: Mene uò, Vommene, I go hence, thence.     

Te ne 

To thee of him, her, them, or thereof: Io tene parlài, Parlàitene: I have spoken to thee of him, her, them, or thereof.  
Thee hence, thence: Tene scacciò, scacciòttene: He hath driven thee hence, thence.  
Thou hence, thence, Tu tene partisti, Partistirene: thou hast departed hence, thence.     

Se Ne 

To himself of him, her, them, or thereof: Seine promise', Promisesene gran cose, He hath promised to himself great things of him, her, them or thereof.  
He hence, thence: Seine parti, Partissene, He hath departed hence, thence.     

We Ne 

To you of him, her, them, or thereof: Ei vene parlo, Parlówene: He hath spoken to you of him, her, them or thereof.  
You hence, thence: Voi vene andàste, Andàstevene: you have gone you hence, thence.     

Ce Ne 

To us of him, her, them or thereof: Ei ce ne parlò, Parlòecene: He hath spoken to us of him, her, them, or thereof.  
We hence, thence: Noi cene partimmo, Partimmocene: we have heparted us hence, thence.     
These words are also joined with Articles, as hereafter may appear: where their use and signification is easy to by known.  

Gli Mi, or Me Gli.  
Them to me: Gli mi, or me gli raccomandò: and Raccomando gli mi, or Raccomandómmegli. He hath recommended them unto me.  
Me to him: Gli mi, or me gli raccomandài: and Raccomandàiglimi, or Raccommandàimegli: I have me recommended unto him.   

Gli Ti or Te gli.  
Them to thee: Gli ti, or Te gli raccomandài, & Raccomandáigliti, or Raccomandàitegli: I have recommended them unto thee.  
Thee to him: Gliti, or Tegliraccomandàsti, & Raccomandastegliti, or Raccomàdastetegli: thou hast recommended thee unto him.   

Gli se, or Se gli.  
Them to him: Gli si, or Se gli féce, and Féceglisi, or Fécesegli amici: He made them friends unto him, or his friends.  
Him to him: Gli si, or Segli raccomandò, and Raccomandoglisi, or Raccomandossegli: He hath him recommended unto him.   

Gli vi, or We gli.  
Them to you: Gli vi, or Vegli raccomandài, & Raccomandàiglivi, or Raccomandàivegli: I have them recommended unto you.  
You to him: Glivi, or Vegli raccomandàste, and Raccomandàsteglivi, or Raccomandastevegli: you have you recommended unto him.  
Them there or thither: Glivi, or Vegli vidi, and Vidiglivi, or Vidivegli: I have seen them there.  
Glivi, or Vegli condusi, and Condussiglivi, or Condussivegli: I have brought them thither.  
Him there: Glivi, or Vegli dièdi, and Diediglivi, or Diedivegli il vivere, I have given him there a lining.   

Glici, or Ce gli.  
Them to us: Gli ci, or Ce gli raccomandàsti, & Raccomandàstiglici, or Raccomandasticegli: you have them recommended unto us.  
Us to him: Gli ci, or Ce gli raccomandámmo and Raccomandàmmoglici, or Raccomandámmocegli: we have us commended unto him.  
Them here, or hither, Gli ci, or Ce gli vidi, and vidiglici, or vidicegli: I have seen them here. Again Glici, or Ce gli condússi, and Condussiglici: or Condussicegli: I have brought them hither.  
To him here: Gli ci, or Ce gli diedi, and Diedeglici, or Diedecegli mòglie: I have here given to him a wife.   

Lo mi, or Me lo.  
Him to me, Lo mi, or Me lo raccomandò, and Raccomandòllomi, or Raccommandòmmelò: He hath him recommended unto me.   

Lo ti, or Te lo.  
Him to thee: Io lo ti, or Te lo raccomando, & Raccomandóloti, or Raccomandotelo: I do recommend him unto thee.   

Lo si, or See lo.  
Him to him: Lo si, or See lo elésse: Elèssélosi, or Elesseselo per compàgno: He hath chosen him unto him for a companion.   

Lo vi, or We lo.  
Him to you: Lo vi, or We lo raccomandài: and Raccomandàilovi, or Raccomandàivelo, I have recommended him unto you.  
Him there: Lo vi, or We lo vidi, and vidilovi, or vidivelo: I have seen him there.  
Him thither: Lo vi, We lo menài, Menàilovi, or Menàivelo: I have brought him thither.   

Lo ci, or Ce lo.  
Him to us: Lo ci, or Ce lo raccomandò, and Raccomandólloci, or Raccomandòccelo: He hath recommended him unto us.  
Him here: Lo ci, or Ce lo vidi, and vidiloci, or vidicelo: I have seen him here.  
Him hither: Lo ci, or Ce lo menài, and Menailoci, or Menaicelo: I have brought him hither.   

Lo ne, or Ne lo.  
Him from us: Lo ne, or Ne lo tólse, and Tolselone, or Tolsenelo: He hath taken him from us.  
Him hence, thence, here away: Lo ne, Ne lo menò, and Menòllone, or Menònnelo: He hath brought him hence, thence, or here away.   

La mi, or Me la.  
Her to me: La mi, or Me la raccomandàsti: and Raccomandàstilami, or Raccomandastimela: Thou hast recommended her unto me.   

La ti, or Te la.  
Her to thee: Lafoy ti, or Te lafoy, raccomandài, and Raccomandàilati, or Raccomandàitela: I have recommended her unto thee.   

La si, or See la.  
Her to him: La si, or Sela prèse, and Prèselasi, or Prèsesela per mòglie: He hath taken her unto him for his wife.   

La ci, or Ce la.  
Her to us: La ci, or Ce la raccomandò, and Raccomandóllaci, or Raccomandóccela: He hath recommended her unto us.  
Her here: La ci, or Ce la vidi, and Vidilàci, or Vidicela: I have seen her here.  
Her hither: La ci, or Ce la menài, and Menailaci, or Menàicela: I have brought her hither.   

La vi, or We la.  
Her to you: La vi, or Vela raccomàndo, and Raccomandolavi, or Raccomàndovela: I do recommend her unto you.  
Her there: La vi, or We la vidi: and Vidilavi, or vidivela: I have seen her there.  
Her thither: La vi, or We la menài: and Menailavi, or Menàiuela: I have brought her thither.   

Ne la, or La ne.  
Her to us: La ne, or Ne la raccomàndò, and Raccomandóllane, or Raccomandònnela: He hath recommended her unto us.  
Her hence, thence, here away: Lafoy ne, or Ne la menò, and Menòllane, or Menònnela: He hath brought her hence, thence, heraway.   

Le mi, or Me le.  
Them to me: Le mi, or Me le raccomandò, & Raccomandóllemi, Raccomandómmele: He hath recommended them unto me.   

Le ti, or Te le.  
Them to thee: Le ti, or Te le raccomandò: and Raccomandólleti, or Raccomandòttele: He hath recommended them unto thee.   

Le si, or See le.  
Them to him: Le si, or See le prèse, and Prèselesi, or Prèsesele per compágne: He hath taken them unto him for companion.   

Le ne, or Ne le.  
Them to us: Le ne, or Ne le raccomandò: and Raccomandóllene, or Raccomandónnele: He hath recommended them unto us.  
Them hence, thence, heraway: Le ne, or Ne le menò: & Menòllene, or Menònnele: He hath brought them hence, thence, heraway.   

Le ci, or Ce le.  
Them to us: Le ci, or Ce le raccomandò: and Raccomandòlleci, or Raccomandòccele: He hath recommended them unto us.  
Them here: Le ci, or Ce le vidi: and vidileci, or vidicele: I have seen them here.  
Them hither: Le ci, or Cele menài, and Menàileci, or Menàicele: I have brought them hither.  
To her here: Le ci, or Ce le dièdi: and Dièdeleci, or Dièdecele marito: I have here given to her an husband.   

Le vi, or We le.  
Them to you: Le vi, or We le raccomàndo: and Raccomandolevi: or Raccomàndovele: I recommend them unto you.  
Them here: Le vi, or We le vidi, and vidilevi, or vidivele: I have seen them here.  
Them thither: Le vi, or Vele menài, and Menailevi, Menàivele: I have brought them thither.  
To her there: Le vi, or Vele dièdi, and Diédilevi, or Diédivele marito: I have there given unto her a husband.   
Hitherto touching these: in the handling whereof: if we have been somewhat more long, then to some may seem needful: yet the knowledge thereof is of greater effect to the students of this tongue: them at the first sight they would think for. And so I doubt not but you will esteem of them, though you have but mean skill in the tongue.   

Of Verbs impersonals.  
They, after the manner of the latin Verbs impersonals, do want both numbers, and persons, saving the Singular number & third person: and also, there is never given them Cases of nouns, which either silently, or expressly are always set before other Verbs.  
Of these impersonals, certain are so called of themselves, and are of the active signification: as Piòue, it raineth: Tuòna, it thundereth: Folgora, it lighteneth: Lampèggia, it glitterith: Verna, it waxeth winter. Howbeit they are very often used of the poets, as though they were personals, that is with a nominative case adjoined.  
There are also certain, which are derived from other Verbs, and are of the passive signification, having Simo, either before or after them: as si Ama, Amasi, it is loved: si Legge, Leggesi, it is red. Si Còrre, Còrresi, it is run. Si stà, stassi, standeth, Si uà, uàssi, it is gone: and not a few such like.   

Of Participles.  
Th'Italian speech hath certain words, which seem to be like unto the latin Participles: as Amànte, Leggènte, Tenènte, ubidiente: Also, Amato, Letto, Tenùto, ubidito: Further, Reverendo, Tremendo, Osseruàndo, Orréndo, and certain other like. But I do scarcely believe, that they may of right be called Participles, since with Verbs they have nothing in common (that is of those thing which the latin Participles do borrow from Verbs) and as plainly nouns are wont to be used.  
For th'Italian tongue doth all together refuse these forms of speech: Io àmo l'amànte la virtù, for Io àmo colúi, che àma, etc.: Neither yet do we say, Io ho promèsso un dòno all legénte Ciceròne, for Io ho promesso, etc. à colúi, che légge, etc. But it is not unknone to me, how Boccace doth many times use the like Participles: yet, I think none doth doubt, which doth sometimes read his writings, but that is done very seldom. Where upon when we say, Io fúi, or sono, or sarò dolente: Again, Il giórno seguente: la veguente, or venènte nótte: that is, I have been, or am, or shallbe sorrowful: the day following: the night coming: every body seeth all these to be rather nouns, than Participles: Neither according to those forms, may the same be draune from all Italians Verbs, but from the latin Verbs it may be done.  
Further there is altogether lacking in the Italiam speech the Participle in R V S: for we do not say for Amaturus, Amatúro: Lecturus, Letturo, and such like: But Do vèndo io, tu, colúi, nòi, uòi, coloro amàre, or Hauèndo ad amàre, or Essendo per amàre: I, thou, he, we, you, they being about to love: or having to love hereafter: The which gerunds are in use with the Italians. Also we do express Lecturus, in this sort, Io, il quale Léggero, Tu il quale Leggerài, Colui il quale Leggerà, Noi i quali Leggerèmo, Vói i quali Leggeréte, Coloro i quali Leggerànno.  
Th'Italian speech doth admit a Participle of the Preterperfectense, and of the passive signification: as from Amatus it retaineth Amàto, from Lectus, Letto, and so of others. But Amato, will not signify the Preterperfectense, without you add stato: as Io sóno stato amàto, Tu séi státo amáto, etc. Because if I shall say, Io sono amàto: Tu séi amàto, there is none but seeth, that it doth declare the signification of the Present tense. Howbeit we say, Pòstomis, or Mèssomi l'àrme indòsso andái contra nemici: which is as much as if thou saidst Havendomi (the which gerund is of the Present tense) Pòsto, or Mésso l'arme, etc. But no body speaketh rightly Gli amati dame, son dotti, or Io amo gli amati da i buóni: but we are to say Quelli, che io amo, son dotti, and Io amo quelli, che sono amàti da i buóni. Although here is to be seen by these forms of speech rather the Present tense then the Preterperfectense to be signified.  
touching the participle passive, and of the Future tense, although we have theses words Riverèndo, Onorándo, and yet they are rather of the Present tense then of the Future. For Riverèndo is not he said to be and Osseruàndo, whom we aught sometimes to reverence and to wait upon, but whom we do now reverence and wait upon.  
Lastly the declining of them doth nothing differ from the declining of nouns. For Amànte (which is of the singular number, and of either gender) hath in the plural number Amànti, Amàto, Amati, Amàta, Amate, Onoràndo, Onorandi, Onorànda, Onorande.  
By these things that we have given out hereof before, when we entreated of the declining of Verbs, may easily be seem which are Gerunds with the Italians, and what their use is: we say, Leggèndo diuènto dotto: by reading I become learned: behold a gerunde of the Present tense. Again, hauéndo let tò ho imparàto, having read, I have learned: behold a gerund of the Preterperfectense. Further, Douéndo leggere, Hauendo à léggere, Essendo per léggere, apro il libro: being to read: or having to read, I do open the book. Now for brevities sake I speak nothing of examples touching the verb passive, since it seemeth of no necessity (after these, that are disperpledlye given out before) to give any more. This I will remember, that the Italian tongue hath this more than the latin, that in the gerunde it doth admit no tenses, but th'other doth. To conclude, it is also to be observed, that the Italian gerunds of the Future tense, are expressed by the latin Participles of the same tense, aswell of the active, as passive signification.   

Of adverbs.  
Whose significations I will only show here: for the rest they are either the same or little differing from the latin.  

Of place 

Qui,  
Qua, 

Here, or hither.    
Ci,  
Per qui, 

Here away.    
Per qua,  
Di qui, 

Hens.    
Di qua,  
Qua giu, down here, or hither.  
Qua so, up here, or hither.  
Di qua e di la, here & there, hens & thence.  
Vittori,  
jui, 

There, or thither.    
Quivi,  
La, there, or thither.  
Di lafoy, thence.  
Per lafoy, there away.  
La so, up there, or thither.  
La giu, down there, or thither.  
La e qui, there and here.  
Cola, thither.  
Per cola, that way, or there about.  
Li, in verse, there or thither.  
Di li, thence.  
Per li, that way.  
Li so, up there, or thither.  
Li gui, down there, or thither.  
Costà, 

There where thou art, in that place. Thither.    
Costi,  
Costi gui, down thither.  
Costi su, up thither.  
Costà su, up there, or thither.  
Costa gui, down there, or thither.  
Per Costa, that way.  
Di costa, thence.  
Oue,  
Dove, 

where, whether.    
V, poetical  
Onde, 

from whence.    
Donde,  
Altrove, else were, otherwhere.  
Altronde, from some other place.  
La oue,  
La dove, 

There where, whereas.    
La onde, 

whereupon.    
Quinci, 

from hence.    
Di quinci,  
Indi, 

from thence.    
Quindi,  
Di quindi, 

from thence.    
Di quivi,  
Costiuci, from thence, where thou art.  
Dattòrno,  
Dintòrno, 

About.    
In giro,  
Ouunque,  
Downque, 

where so ever.    
Oueche,  
Quantunque,  
Quantunque volte, 

Although, as often times.    
Dentro, 

with in.    
Entro,  
Fúori,  
Di fuori, 

without.    
Fuóra,  
Fuóre,  
Su, up, or upon.  
Suso, upward.  
Giu, down.  
Giuso, dounewardes.  
Da lungi,  
Da lunge, 

in verse 

A far of.    
in prose    
Di lungi,  
Di luntàno,  
Sòpra,  
Di sopra, 

Above.    
Sòtto,  
Di sotto, 

Vnder.       

Of time 

Oggi, To day.  
Oggidi,  
Hoggimai, 

Now adays.    
Hora may,  
Hor may, 

Already, or more than time    
Ho may,  
Ora, or Hora,  
Teste, 

Now.    
Adesso,  
Di present, presently: now.  
jeri, or Hieri, yesterday.  
Di meriggio, noontide, midday.  
Stamàne, this morning.  
Di mattina, in the morning.  
Sta sera, this evening.  
Di not, by night.  
Digiorno, by day.  
Do many, to morrow.  
Do mattina, to morrow morning.  
Or' óra, 

By & by, even now.    
Adhora ad horo,  
Pur ora,  
Póco fa, 

A while sithence, of late.    
Dianzi,  
Ogni hora, always.  
Innánzi, before.  
Addiétro, 

Behind.    
Diétro,  
Perloaddiétro,  
Perlopassato, 

heretofore, in time past    
Perloinnánzi, here after.  
Perloavenire, hereafter, for the time to come.  
Per tempo, in tyme.  
Il séguente giórno, the day following.  
Da indi in qua, 

hitherunto.    
Fin qui,  
Da indi innanzi, 

From thence forward.    
Indi,  
Guari, long tyme.  
Di gran pézzo, 

A good while since.    
Gran tempofa,  
Colá, about: as Colà dall'state, about summer.  
Colà doppo il vespero, about after the evening.  
Presto, 

Quickly.    
Tosto,  
Ràtto,  
Velócement, 

Swiftly.    
Di fatto, out of hand.  
Repent,  
Direpente, 

On a sudden: forthwith.    
Subbito,  
Di subbito,  
Incontinente, 

Incontinent.    
Immantinente,  
Spesso, 

Often times.    
Sovente,  
Tardo: Tardi, To late.  
Rado: Dirado, Seldom.  
Mai, 

Ever: now ever.    
Gia mài,  
Non may, Never.  
Alhora, then.  
Quando, 

when.    
Quando may,  
Mentre, whilst.  
Vnque,  
Vnqua,  
Alcuna uòlta,  
Alcuna fiáta, 

Sometimes.    
Quàlche volta,  
Qualche fiáta,  
Tal uòlta,  
Talòra, talhora,  
Qualòra, at what time: as often as.  
Quando che sia, when soever it be.  
Alle uòlte, At times.  
Il piu delle volte, for the most part.  
Gia, Now, already.  
Sèmpre, Always.  
Sempremay, 

Continually: evermore.    
Di continuo,     

Of quality 

Been, well.  
Male, evil.  
Ottimamánte, most well.  
Pessimament, most evil.  
Fidelment, faithfully.  
Ornatament, trimly, deckedly.  
Voluntiermente,  
Volontièri, 

willingly.    
Dibuòna uòglia,  
Dicuóre, 

Heartily.    
Dibuon cuòre,  
Saviament, wisely.  
Dottament, Learnedly.  
Veramente, Truly.  
Falsament, Falsely.  
Molto, Much.  
Viapui, Much more.  
Assai, Enough, well.  
Poco, A little.  
Sovente, 

Often.    
Spesso,  
Ràdo,  
Diràdo, 

Seldom.    
Tanto, 

So much.    
Cotanto,  
Quanto, as much: how much.     

Of denial 

Non, Not, Not, no.  
Non già, Not now.  
Non mica, Not a crome.  
Ne, Neither.  
Signior nò, Seir no.  
Messer nò, Master no.  
Madònna nò, Mistress not, etc.  
Nulla, 

Nothing.    
Niente,  
Appunto, Fully. As Appúnto il pòpolo non ha' altro pensiero.     

Of Affirming 

Simo, yea, I: as Missersi, Madonnasi,  
Certo,  
Percèrto,  
Certaménte, 

For certain, Assuredly.    
Dicerto,  
Veramènte,  
Inuèro, 

Truly.    
Di verò,  
In verita,     

Of Increasing 

Più, more.  
Mòlto, 

Much.    
Assái,  
Abbastanza, enough.  
Troppo, to much.  
Di souèrchio, superfluous.  
Del tutto, 

Wholly: altogether, utterly.    
Affatto,  
Maggior ment, more, rather.  
Massimament, chief especially.  
Potissimament, chief.  
Dottissimamènte, most learnedly.  
Benissimo, most well.     

Of Diminishing 

Meno; less.  
Póco méno, a little less.  
A póco, a póco, by little and little.  
Pián piáno, fair and softly.  
Alquanto, somewhat.  
Poco, a little.  
Pochetto, very little.  
Pie innanzi pie, foot before foot or stalkingly.     

Of discretion 

Altrimente, Otherwise.  
Senza, without.  
Seperatament, severally.  
Puntalment, pointemeale or by points.  
Secretament, secretly.  
Apertament, openly.     

Of correcting 

Appena, Scarce.  
Quasi, Almost: as though.     

Of swearing 

Per Dio, By god.  
Alla feed, a fe, in faith.  
Per l'anima mia, by my sole.  
A fededio, by the faith of god.     

Of wishing 

O see, O si: O if.  
O Dio voglia, God grant.  
O Dio volesse, I would to God.  
O che, O that.     

Of forbidding 

Guarda, 

Take heed.    
Guardati,  
Deh non, fie no.  
Vedi, see.     

Of encouraging 

Fairfield, Do.  
So, up.  
Or so, now goto.  
Corrággio, courage.  
Spediscila, dispatch it.  
Forniscila, furnis he it.  
Or oltre: an further.     

Of Assembling 

Insiéme, 

Together.    
Insiememènte,  
Parimènte, 

In like sort.    
Similmènte,  
Dipari,  
Appari, 

By couples.    
Alpari,  
A schiera, by troops or companies.     

Of comparing 

Piú, more: Méno, less, Via piú, Molto piú. Assai più, much more.  
Via mèno,  
Molto meno, 

Much less.    
Assai meno,  
Poco più, a little more.  
Poco meno, a little less.  
Mègliore, 

Better.    
Meglio,  
Pèggiore, 

Worse.    
Pèggio,  
Tanto,  
Cotanto, 

as much.    
Altre tanto,  
Dúe cotanti, 

as much more.    
Il dóppio,  
Trecotanti, three fold.  
Più del mondo, the most in the world.  
A Rispètto,  
Ampetto, 

In respect, in comparison.    
Allàto,  
Accànto,  
A comparàtione,     

Of the greatest comparison. 

Savissimamènte, most wisely.  
Verissimamènte, most truly.  
Gratiosissimament, most graciously.  
Rigorosissimament, most rigorously.     

Of excepting 

Saluo,  
Eccètto, 

Saving, except.    
Fuòrche,  
Infuòri,  
Se non, If not, saving, but.     

Of similitude 

Cóme, As.  
Sicome, so as.  
Cosi, so, or thus.  
Aguisa, in such wise.  
Quasi, as though.  
In modò,  
In maniera, 

In such manner or wise.    
In guisa,     

Of doubting 

Forse, Perhaps.  
Peraventúra, peradventure.  
Per caso, 

In case: par chance, or it may happen.    
Accàso,  
A sort, 

In sort.    
Per sort,     

of shewig 

Echo, behold.  
Eccolo, behold him or it.  
Eccola, behold her, or it:  
And so forth, Mi, ti, vi, li, le.     

Of choice 

Meglio, Better.  
Piu tòsto, rather.  
Anzi, But, rather.     

of gestures of the body 

Tentóne, Gropingly.  
Bóccone, groveling.  
Carpóne, 

Creeping on all four.    
Brancolóne,  
Ginocchione, on the knees.     

Of calling 

O, o lafoy, è Oh.     

Of order 

Innanzi, Auanti, Davanti, Before.  
Dietro, behind.  
Poi, poscia, dapói, dopois, dipois, doppo, after.  
Fratanto, tratanto, intanto, in the mean while.  
Oltre à ciò, besides that.  
Oltre à quèsto, besides this.  
Súbito, disubito, on a sudden, quickly.  
Alla fine, in th'end, at last.  
Peró, percio, pertanto, therefore.  
Onde, La onde, whereupon.  
Prima,  
Primament, 

First, first of all.    
Primieramente,  
Secondo, 

second, or secondarily.    
Secondariament,     

Of dividing 

Separatament, Severally.  
Partitament, particularly.  
Avicènda, 

By turns.    
Vicendevolment,  
A gara, for the mastery.     

Of proceeding 

Via, On away.  
Hor suso, now up.  
Hor oltre, 

Now forth.    
Hor oltra,     

Of good, or evil wishing 

Benaggia, well be it.  
Malaggia, evil might it far.     

Of ask 

Onde aviéne? How doth it happen?  
Onde è, from whence is it?  
Perche, wherefore?  
Per qual cagióne? by what occasion?  
A che modo? how? or in what sort?  
A che guisa? how? or in what wise?  
Oue? where?  
Quando? when?     

Of union 

Insieme, Together.  
Insiemament, 

To gather like▪    
Vnitament,  
Giuntament, jointly.  
Pariment, in like sort: also.     

Of declaration 

Cio è, That is.  
Verbigratia, as for example.     

Of sorrow 

Ha',  
Ohi,  
Ohime, 

He 'las.    
Oime,  
Hei,     

Of abhorring 

Oibò,      

Of a Conjunction.  

Of coupling 

Et, (a vowel following)  
E, (a consonant following) 

And.    
Ancho, Anche, Anchora, 

Also.    
Etiandio,     

Of continuing the sense, 

In modo che, In such sort as.  
In guisa che, In such wise as.  
Dimanièra che, In such manner as.  
Per sifattamaniera che 

In such manner of sort as,    
Sifattament che,  
La onde, whereupon.  
See, if.  
Per che, wherforc: because.  
Poi che, Since that.  
Che, for, that, as.  
Peroche,  
Percioche, 

For because: because that: therefore.    
Imperoche,  
Impercioche,  
Come, as.     

Of distinction 

O, or, other.  
O verò, or else.  
O pure, or yet.  
Ma, but.  
Ne, nother.     

Of contrariety 

Nondimèno,  
Nientedimeno, 

Nevertheless.    
Nondimanco,  
Nientedimanco,  
Tuttavia, 

Notwithstanding.    
Tuttavolta,  
Bench, although.  
Comeche, albeit.  
Anchorche,  
Anchorache,  
Auengache, 

Howbeit, although.    
Quantunque,  
Etiamdioche,  
Contutto che,     

Of withdrawing 

Almeno, 

At the lest.    
Almanco,  
Pur che, so that: as Purche non vegga, so that I may not see.  
Tanto, so much.  
Solo, only.     

of yielding a cause 

Percioche, Because that.  
Accioche, to th'end that.  
Conciosia, for as much.  
Conciosia cosa, 

For as much as.    
Conciosia cosa che,     

Of concluding 

Dunque, 

Then.    
Adúnque,  
In summa, in sum: to conclude.  
Però, (poetical)  
Percio, 

Therefore.    
Impero,  
La onde, whereupon.  
Il perch, The cause why.  
Altrimente, 

Otherways.    
Altrimenti,     

Of doubt. 

O si, other yea.  
O Nó, or no.     

Used for ornaments sake 

Ora, Now.  
Púre, yet.  
Ben, well, etc.      

Of a Preposition.  

In, as In cielo, & in terra, 

In, etc.    
Ne, as Nel cielo, & nella terra,  
A 

To.    
Ad  
Di, 

Of.    
De,  
Da, from, or of.  
Per, for, by, or through.  
Con, with.  
Sénza, without: as Senza lui.  
Ver, 

Towards: as Verte, Verso, and in verso il cielo: or del cielo.    
Verso,  
In verso,  
Dóppo, after: as Doppo lui.  
Intra, 

Within: as Infra te.    
Infra,  
Tra, 

Amongst: as Tra gli amici.    
Fra,  
Sopra, upon: as Sopra il monte: or deal monte.  
Disopra, above.  
Sotto, 

Under: as Sotto il monte: or deal monte.    
Disotto,  
Contra,  
Contro, 

Against: as Contrai tuói: and de i tuoi.    
Incontro,  
Allincontro: over against: as Allincontro del muro.  
Oltre, Beyond: as Oltre il mare: Also Besides: as Oltre ciò, and oltre il Prencipe.  
Dietro, Behind: as Dietro il monte.  
Accànto, 

Near: as Accanto, or allato alla Città.    
Allato,  
Presso, Near.  
Appresso, At, or with: as Appresso di me. Also after: as Appresso à te, or di te.  
Appetto, in comparison: as Appetto a lui.  
Rimpetto, 

Over against: as Rimpetto, or Dirimpetto almonte.    
Dirimpetto,  
Fin,  
Sino, 

Until.    
Infino,  
Sino, 

Unto: as Insino all cielo.    
Insino,  
Di nascósto, privily: unwares: as Di nascósto all padre.  
Auànti,  
Dinanzi, 

Before: as, Dinanzi all Giudice.    
Innanzi,  
Dietro, behind: as, Dietro a cui,  
Intorno,  
Attorno, 

Abouts: as, Intorno a cui.    
Circa,  
Fuori, without: as, Fuóri della Citta,  
Dentro, within: as, Dentro della Città.  
So, upon: as, So del colle.  
Giu, under: as, Giú del monte.  
Di lafoy, on th'other side: as, Di la del Castello,  
Di qua, on this side: as, Di qua del Castello.  
Lungi, 

far of.    
Lung,   
To conclude are there certain Prepositions that are not used but in compounding of verbs. As, Di, in Diffido, I mistrust. Dis, in Disióngo, I do unjoine. Ra, in Raccòglio, I do gather. Ri, in Ripiglio, I do take again. Es, in Esalto, I do exalt. Inter, in Interrompo, I do interrupt. Tra, in Tramètto, I do put between. Tras, in Trasporto, I do transport. Fra, in Frastaglio, I do hack, or chop, a ridiculous verb: whereof there is this ridiculous adverb. Frastagliatament, hackinglye, or choplogikelike: as, tu parli frastagliat amente.   

Of an Interjection.  

Of joy: Oh.  
Of laughing: Ah, Ah.  
Of wondering: O, vh, vh.  
Of sorrow: Aih, Ah, Oyme.  
Of Desire: Deh.  
Of dread: Bàco Bàco: O O Dio.   
FINIS.