A DISCOURSE NOT ALTOGETHER UNPROFITABLE, NOR Unpleasant for such as are desirous to know the situation and customs of foreign Cities without traveling to see them. CONTAINING A Discourse of all those Cities wherein do flourish at this day privileged Universities. Written by SAMVEL LEWKENOR Gentleman. Celeritas in desiderio mora. LONDON Imprinted by I. W. for Humphrey Hooper, and are to be sold at his shop in Chancery lane, at the sign of the Bear: 1600. TO THE RIGHT Worshipful, my singular good Uncle, Richard Lewkenor, Sergeant at the Law. THe Emperor Claudius made an inviolable decree, that whatsoever bondman in Rome, being manumitted, and set free from servility, if he neglecting the love and bounty of his friend that did enfranchise him, requited him at any time with unkindness, he should be again reduced to his former bond and slavish condition. Whereby most evidently appeareth, that this inhuman and barbarous vice ingratitude, hath been even of wicked men in all ages detested and abhorred: but to the virtuous and best disposed persons, hath it ever been so extremely odious, that they have left to their posterity innumerable multitude of examples, for the rooting out of so consagious a pestilence from all societies: Wherhfore to clear myself from all suspicion of any guilt or faultiness herein, which you (my singular good Uncle) most justly may conceive against me, for letting slip so many proffered occasions, and deferring so much time before I present some essential testimony of my dearest love, and most dutiful affection to your Worship: having run into so deep adebt, for many & those no mean curtisies received at your bands, I have at last, I fear, too and atiously attempted to strain the small & slender talon, which I have to plead my cause in this behalf, most humbly beseeching you now to show your accustomed humanity in pardoning the defects, wherewith these my simple labours are disgraced and blemished through my own unskilfulness, and want of learning, which of itself will easily appear, in laying open to your judicial & clear seeing view, a learned subject in so naked clothing, I mean a worhy treatise in so disjointed, harsh, and unpolished a style: howbeit I most humbly beseech you not to measure the earnest zeal & dutiful affection I bear you by this simple testimony, whereby I go about to show it, but rather vouchsafe to know how greatly I am ashamed, that my ability can afford no better means, nor my invention, as yet bring forth a better present, fit to be offered up to so learned a sur ●ay. But yet if it please you to allow of this my simple travel, such as it is, and think it worthy of your patronage: I most faithfully do promise hereafter to employ the uttermost of my endeavours in amending of this fault, and shall from henceforth the better be enocuraged to assay some matter of greater moment, and more worthy of your protection. Vouchsafe therefore graciously to accept these my gatherings and gleaninges out of other men's harvests, a work though not greatly profitable, yet pleasant and pithy, which I have garnished with sundry excellent histories, and I dare boldly promise that you looking thereon at some idle hours for your recreation, shall find therein some pleasure & content, the rather because no man to my knowledge hath ever assayed the same before, & for that many of these universities & cities are by me truly described, I having been thereof in my traveles oculatus testis. The Almighty God, who hath hitherto many years most lovingly and liberally endued you with a plentiful and happy ●sta●e, bless and prolong your days, that we all to the exceeding comfort of our name and Family, may behold in you the happy consummation of old age, before you shall be summoned to the everlasting joys of the celestial paradise. Your worships dutiful and most affectionately loving Nephew, Samuel Lewkenor. To the gentle and courteous Reader. I Had no sooner begun (gentle Reader) to take this task in hand, but entering into a true and judicial consideration how weak & slender my forces were to bring to any good perfection a work of so great moment and importance, I began immediately to faint & fall under my burden, knowing that by persevering therein, I should but set forth unto the view of this captious age mine own unskilfulness, and ever live obnoxious to the malicious tongues of such barking mastiffs, as think the reproof of other men's labours to be the greatest parcel of their own praises, though then themselves none are more ignorant. Notwithstanding, being at last earnestly entreated to finish what I had begun, and the same being finished, vehemently urged to the publication thereof, by some friends of mine whom I am bound by duty to obey, since of two evils wise men are wont to choose the least, I thought it better to lay open to the world my follies, and discover mine own unlearned ignorance, then by curious and nice rejecting the advised counsel, & enforcing persuasions of my dearest & nearest friends, to be touched or thought guilty of that fowl and of all good men detested vice ingratitude. But least any one looking in this book for the description of our English Academies, and finding them placed in the latter end, should by a misconstruction of my well meaning intention lay unto my charge either negligence, or ignorance, or both, for not giving unto these two noble nurseries of the arts (whose resplendent fame hath dilated itself to the uttermost confines of the earth) their due & deserved places, I will for his satisfaction & mine own excuse speak only a word or two. I am not ignorant, that these universities of our native country deserve for their degree & worthiness to be placed in the foremost rank, and that in all Europe are not to be found more ancient, more magnificent, more plentiful, better accommodated, nor more in all kinds of learning flourishing universities. But so great of late have been the controversies, and so sharp and bitter the contentions between the learned Doctors & professors in either of these sacred, and most worthily renowned habitations of the Muses: while they of either side with tooth and nail did labour to maintain the priority of that place wherein they had remained students, that I as one weakly armed, and fearing the encounter, not daring to descend into the lists, was once determined plainly to give over the field: for with what face should I by any means presume (my learning being little, and my skill in the art of antiquaries less) to interpose my poor opinion, among the stiffly maintained allegations of so many grave & learned men? I therefore was resolved rather to be accused and blamed of ignorance for leaving of them out, then by going about to give superiority unto the one, to incur the displeasure of the other. But being again advised how great a maim & blemish I should seem to give unto this present treatise, if going about to incorporate in one body the modern universities of our Christian world, I should cut off two of the most noble and principal limbs or members of the same: I have at last (altering my first resolution) annexed them to the end thereof, in such manner, as neither of these universities shall find cause of discontentment, and the curious reader depart (as I hope) well satisfied. Concerning the antiquities, privileges, and erection of colleges in the one and the other, I write nothing of mine own invention, what I have found in M. Camden's chorographical description of England, concerning Oxford, and other Chronicles, that have I gathered and set down, to Cambridge some things have I added not of myself, but extracted out of certain papers, printed in Paul's Churchyard, in the year of our Lord, one thousand five hundred, seventy two, and written by a learned Master of that University. Accept therefore (courteous Reader) in good part what here thou findest offered to thy view, and discourage me not with thy frown in my first attempt: the faults that are herein escaped, if they proceed from the author's unskilfulness, forgive them, considering that he is one that hath more usually been acquainted with the warlike sound of martial drums, then with the schools and Lectures of Philosophy: if committed by the Printer, amend them gently with thy pen, so shall I ever rest. Thine to use Samuel Lewhenor. The names of those Authors, whose authorities are alleged in his work. AEneas Sil●ius, Amnionus Marcellin●s. annal Coloniae. Angelus Aretinus. Angelus Politianus. Andraeas Alciatus. Architremius. Arnoldus Ferronus in historia Galliae. Aulus Gellius. Ausonius. Baldus iurisconsultus. Blondus. Caesaris commentaria. Cicero. Cornelius Tacitus. Erasmus Roterodamus. Hubert Thomas. jacobus Paiva Andradius in lib orthodoxarum explicationum. johannes Bohemus de moribus gentium. johannes Calamaeus. jahannes Goropius. Leander. Machiavelli in historia Florentina. Marlianus. Martialis Poeta. Martinus Cromerus in historic Paloniae M●●●ndorpius de Academijs. Munsterus. Nauclerus. Ortelius. Osorius. Paulus iovius. Paulus Manutius. Perotus. Petrus Anchoranus. Philippus de Commines. Platina. Plinins. Polidorus Virgilius. Possidonius. Ptolomaeus. Rhodoginus. Raphael Volateranus. Sabellicus. Saluianus Episcopus Massiliae. Sarabellus. Seneta. Suetonius. Strabo. Solinus Polyhistor. A Table containing the names both Latin and English, of such Cities as are described in this book. Colonia Agrippina Colen. Moguntia Ments. Herbipolis Wirtsburge. Treueris Tryer. Tubinga. Tubinge. Ingolestadium Ingolestate. Erfordia Erford. Lypsia Leipsige. Wittenberga Wittenberg. Francofordia ad Oderam Frankforde upon Oder. Rostochium. Rostoch. Gripswaldum. Gripswalde. Friburgum. Friburge. Martpurgum. Martpurge. Dilinga. Dilinge. Vienna Austriae. Vienna. Lovanium Louvain. Duacum. Dovay. Leodium. Liege. Lugdunum Batavorum. Leiden. Hafnia. Copenhagen. Roma. Rome. Venetia. Venice. Patavium Padua. Bononia Ferrara. Mediolanum. Milan. Papia. Pavia Taurinum. Turin. Florentia. Florence. Pisa. Sienna. Mutinum. Modena. Parisii alias Lutetiae. Paris. Pictavia. Poitiers. Lugdunum. Lions. Andegawm. Angiers. Avignon Aurelia. Orleans. Biturigum. Bourges. Cadonium. Caen. Rheims Burdegalis. Bordeaux. Tolosa. Tholouse. Nemansus. Nimes. Mons pessulanus Mompeliers. Visontium. Bisanson. Dola. Dole. Cracovia. Cracow. Posnania. Posne. Vilna. The wild. Mons regius Koningsperg. Praga. Prage. Olmutium. Olmuts. Toletum. Toledo. Hispalis. Siuille. Valentia. Granatum Granada. Compostella S. jago. Vallis Oletana alias Pintia. Valladolit. Complutum. Complute, called of the Spaniards, Alcala de Henares Salmantica. Salamanca. Lerida. Ilerda. Osca. Huesca. Vlissipona. Lisbon. Combra. Maiorica. Oxonium. Oxford. Cantabrigia. Cambridge Aberdonium. Aberdone. S. Andraeae. S. Andrews THE UNIVERSITIES of Germany. Colen. IT was in times passed an order used by most worthy & excellent Colonia Agrippina. princes, and best governed commonweals, when they had conquered What a Colony is. any foreign region, to send into that place dwellers and inhabitants; which people were then called Colonies. Whereby occasion was given for new towns to be builded, & their countries conquered to be more assured to the conquerors thereof. The romans, a people excelling in all kinds of policy and discipline, observing this order, when they had placed their victorious ensigns in Germany, that they might with greater security defend and keep the same, which with great travail they had achieved, placed one of these Colonies on the bank of the river Rhenus, near to the ruins of an ancient City, called Vbiopolis, erected by the Vbijs, a nation inhabiting Colen re-edified, and so named by the romans. those territories long before our saviours nativity. Whence it came to pass, that the antic name of that City being quite forgotten and extinguished, it was by reason of the Colony therein, remaining ever after called Colonia. In process of time, about the year from the first creation of the world 4028. Agrippa the son in law of Augustus, being by the Romans sent to govern those countries, augmented, re-edified and fortified the same, adding to the former name thereof Agrippina. The inhabitants of this City were first converted The conversion of Colen unto Christian religion. unto Christian religion by S. Materne, the disciple of S. Peter. After whose time although Theology was in Colen continually professed (as writeth Wolphelme Abbot of Brwiller) yet was it taught rather in cloisters & monasteries, then in any public school or place authorized for the same. The University was instituted The first erection of the University. by Pope Urban the sixth, at the instance of the senate and people of Colen, in the year of our saviours incarnation 1388. This Bishop for the great love and singular affection he did bear to this flourishing commonwealth, & ancient Colony of the Romans, did not only give them full power and authority to confer all degrees of scholastical honour to the students therein, but also confirmed unto them by a public charter the privileges of Paris. This Academy consisteth now of four parts of faculties, that is to say, Divinity, Law, Physic & Philosophy. The university in Colen consisteth of four parts. Under Philosophy are contained the Mathematics, Poettie and profession of Languages. Out of each of these faculties quarterly is chosen a Rector of the University. On the even of our Lady's annunciation, as the Friars Carmelites: on Saint Peter and Paul's even at the Praedicants: on the vigil of S. Dionise at the Minorites: on the vigil of S. Thomas the Apostle at the Augustine Friars. The office of this Rector is to assemble together the whole congregation of students, & to propound The office of the Rector or precedent of the Academy. such things as are amongst them in the convocation to be considered of by the common council & consent of all the graduates to establish and ratify decrees, to execute law and justice, to maintain their privileges, and his Rectorship expired, by some public testimony of his learning to adorn the University. Beside many excellent places of exercise for Divinity, Law, & Physic; there are three public schools, wherein Humanity and Philosophy, with the other The Colleges for students in Colen. Collegium Montanum. liberal sciences are of learned men learnedly professed and delivered. The first founder thereof Gerardus de monte is called Montanum. The second from Laurence of Groaning the first regent Collegium Laurentianun. Laurentianum. The fellows and scholars of this College follow the doctrine of Albertus Magnus, and are named by the other student's Albertists, like as those of the other College are called Thomists, for religiously observing the doctrine of Saint Thomas of Aquine. The third College in times passed was called Cucanum, Collegium nowm Coronarum. but is now named Nowm Coronarum gymnasium, wherein the Jesuits are placed. The Artists have also a godly College in S. Gereons' street, called Rubra Porta. There is also in Colen another fair & well adorned College, called Schola trilinguis, wherein the three Schola trilinguis. sacred tongues, Hebrew, Greek & Latin, together with the arts, Rhetoric, and the Mathematics are taught with great industry and elegancy. Three things there are in Colin, whereby the City is especially beautified, namely the Senate, the Clergy, Three things wherewith Colen is chiefly adorned. and the University. The Senate of this place for gravity, op●lencie and majesty, far surmounteth all other Cities in the world. In no place of Christendom may be found a better adorned or more flourishing estate of Clergy men, The flourishing estate of the clergy in Colen. whether you consider their nobility of birth, their profoundness in learning, their piety in manners, or their opulence and abundant riches. In the Cathedral Church, a place most sumptuous These are commonly called the 3. kings of Colen, whose relics were brought from Milan, at the instance of Reinold, Archbishop of Colen, when that city was surprised by the Emperor Frederick, in the year 1165 & magnificent, are enshrined the bodies of the three Kings, which by the direction of a star were led from out the East to Bethleem, where they did worship & adore our saviour immediately after his hativity. Therein also are reserved the relics of 11000. virgins, which for the constant confession of their faith, did in the time of persecution suffer martyrdom. Besides this place, there are other Collegiate Churches of Canons. There are moreover 19 parish Churches, besides many Cloisters, Monasteries and Nunneries. The Archbishop of Colen is a Prince elector of the Roman Empire, Chancellor of Italy, Duke of Westphalia, The Archbishop of Colen a Prince elector. and Angaria; which Sea, since the revolt of Truchses late Archbishop thereof, hath been governed by Ernestus Duke of Bavaria and Palatine of Rhine: which Prelate by reason of the ampleness and great circuit of his diocese, being himself not able to discharge all matters belonging to his function, he hath his Vicar or suffragan, the Bishop of Gy●ene. Many intestine seditions, and civil discords did long hinder the prosperity of this famous city. As for example, in the year 1074. the Bishop usurping in The flourishing estate of Colen much hindered by civil dissension. the city too much secular authority, seemed to diminish & abrogate the liberty of the citizens: wherefore they betaking themselves to arms, expulsed him thence, and recovered their liberty. Which indignity the Bishop desirous to revenge, gathered immediately a puissant army of country peasants in the territories adjoining thereunto, and set forth upon the citizens unawares, who suspecting no such thing, were suddenly surprised, and their city miserably ransacked. After in the year 1236. Engelbertus, Archbishop of Colen, exercised the censure of the church against a certain Earl called Fredrick, for many wrongs and violences by him offered to the clergy, which Earl being inflamed with the desire of some bitter revenge, one day, as the Bishop came into the country to consecrate a certain church, he with many of his followers Engelbertus Archbishop of Colen murdered by Earl Frederick. armed set upon him, and with 28. mortal wounds murdered him in the place. For which impious murder, Henry his successor took of this Earl a most sharp and bloody revenge: for raising a great power, he made upon him fierce and cruel war, overthrew his holds and fortresses, and in fine took his person, which he carried prisoner to Colen, and there put him Earl Frederick put to death. to a most shameful death, breaking all his bones a sunder, and casting his dead carcase on a wheel, there to be devoured by the fowls of the air. The brothers of this Earl ceased not to use the uttermost of their endeavours in revenge of their brother's death. This hatred and enmity continued between the elergie and 〈◊〉 implacable, until the time of 〈◊〉 their Archbishop, who entreated of the Emperor the restitution of the city, which if the citizens would deny, he desired they might bring the keys thereof two miles from the town, where he would be contented to make trial of his title by dint of sword. Which condition the towns men willingly A battle fought betwixt the citizens & Clergy for the government of the City, wherein the citizens prevailed. A general council held at Colen. accepting, brought the keys thereof in a waggon to a little village called Woringen, where by their prowess and manhood, they recovered quiet possession of this City, which unto this day is free and governed by the Senate. In Colen (as we read) was held a council about the year 34●. under Constantius the Emperor, and Pope julius, against Euphrata an Arrian heretic, who denied the divinity of Christ. There were in this council twenty holy and learned Bishops and fathers (among whom was S. Seruatius) by whose sentence & judgement Euphrata an Arrian heretic condemned. the said heretic Euphrata was condemned and deprived of his bishopric, which was afterward given to S. Severine. Basile. BAsile is a mighty city of great note & fame, Basilia. situated on both sides of the Rhine, which maketh thereof as it were two several towns, Basi●l divided by the Rhine into two parts the one lying in a valley between two hills, is watered with a little brook called Byrseca, and is named great Basile: the other called little Basile, lieth on the South side of the river in a plain champion. Concerning the original thereof, some are of opinion, that it was first builded in the year after Christ 382. during the reigns of the emperors Gratian and Valentinian. But Annianus Marcellinus (who serving under julian the Apostata in his wars, wrote with great diligence whatsoever he saw and observed) proveth this to be a mere imagination of men: for in his 30. book of histories, he maketh mention of a certain fortress, erected by Gratian against the Germans, not far from Basile. Whereby it may appear, that in Germany was a city so called before Gratians time. Concerning the name thereof, some write (but without either proof or authority) that it was derived Sundry opinions concerning the etymology of the name of Basill. from a Basilisk, which haunting the woods & deserts thereabout, did much annoy the country before the city was there erected. Other imagine that it was first called Passell, from the passages that were in that place over the Rhine. But Annianus Marcellinus plainly showeth the name thereof to be derived from the Greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which signifieth a kingdom, because it is in deed a royal city seated in a princely place. Some affirm that Panthalus was the first Bishop of Basile, about the same time that the 11000. virgins suffered martyrdom, but of the truth of this history, many doubt. For certain we find, that in the year 740. in the time of Pippin, father to Charles the great, Walanus was possessed of this bishopric. In the year 897. was this city by the Huns utterly destroyed at what time they passed with a puissant Basill destroyed by the Huns. army through Almaigne into Burgundy and France: it was again restored by Henry the holy Emperor of the romans, who also re-edified the cathedral Church, and gave unto the same goodly tenements and possessions. Although concerning the erection of this university The erection of the university in Basill. (as for the most part of all others) historiographers do among themselves exceedingly disagree: yet in my opinion all doubts touching this matter ought to be decided, and all dissension taken away by this only Epistle of Aeneas Silvius, called afterward Pope Pius the second, which in his own words I have here cited, as followeth. Dudum dum nos minor status haber et per multorum annorum The Charter of Pope Pius the second, for the ratification thereof. curricula, quibus grato incolatu in inclyta civitate Basiliensi potiti fuimus, per evidentiam cognovimus, quòd civitas ipsa uberrima, ac inpartibus illis salubritate aeris, ex quibuslibet utilitatibus praeelecta, nec non ad multiplicanda doctrinae semina, germinaque falubria producenda, apta & accommoda existeret. Propterea nos, postquam ad summi apostolatus apicem provecti sumus, desiderantes civitatem praedictam, ac illi adiacentem patriam, divini muneris largitate concessa, inextinguibili sapientiae lumine illustrari, easque sanis peritorum consiliis et maturitate fulciri: generale studium in eadem civitate statuimus et ordinavimus inchoandum, et tam in sacrapagina et utroque ture, quam alia quavis licita facultate perpetuis temporibus vigere. Datum Mantuae, anno Dominicae incarnationis 1459. pridie Kalendarum januarii, Pontificatus nostri anno secundo. In the year 1431. was a general council held in A general council held in Basill. Basill, under Pope Eugenius and Sigismunde the Emperor, which was before summoned by Pope Martin the fift, for the extirpation of the Hussites and their heresies. The body of Erasmus Roterodamus is unto this city Erasmus Rot. buried. no small ornament, who deceasing the year 1536. was there interred. Ments. MEnts is a City of so great antiquity, that I Moguntia. cannot in any Chronicle or Antiquary find any thing which I dare set down for truth, concerning the first foundation and original thereof. It is situated in a fruitful & delectable country, where The situation of Ments. the Moene descending out of Franconia, falleth into the Rhine. On which river there is no one city bordering, that hath so many monuments of antiquity as Ments. Among other things the huge Colossus of stone therein is most remarkable, which was erected by Drusus, son in law to Augustus Caesar, waging war in Germany, and is called of the inhabitants Echelsteine, from the form and figure thereof, which much resembleth an acorn. Charles the great in the year of grace 813. built in A bridge built over the Rhein by Charles the great. this place a mighty bridge of wood over the Rhine, a thing so chargeable and difficult, that it scarcely was in ten years space with incredible labour and industry brought to perfection: which costly and laborious work was not long after in three hours so consumed with fire, that there remained not one pile thereof to be seen above the waters. In the year 410. Carocus king of the Wandales hearkening Ments destroyed by Carocu● to the detestable counsel of his damned mother, razed to the ground many of the most noble cities in Germany: among the which were Ments, Spire, Trier, and Worms: for which impious fact not long after falling into the hands of his enemies, the Frenchmen, he suffered deserved punishment. In former ages, the Emperors of Germany constituted 7. Archbishops in Germany. therein seven archbishoprics: whereof the first was Ments, the 2. Collen, the 3. Trier, the 4. Magdeburge, the 5. Saltspurge, the 6. Breme, and the last Riga in Le●fland. The first Bishop of Ments is said to be S. Crescentius, a hearer and scholar of S. Paul's. In the The City repaired by Dagobertus. time of Ruthardus the 14. Archbishop of this City, Dagobertus king of France, did re-edify and fortify this city overthrown and laid waste by Attilas. The 17. Archbishop of this place was S. Boniface an S. Boniface an Englishman. Englishman, who governed that sea 35. years, instructing the Germans in Christian religion, who was afterward martyred in Friesland. The 32. Archbishop thereof was Hatto, who for Hatto devoured with Rats. causing certain poor and innocent men to be burned, was by the just judgement of God prosecuted by a multitude of Rats, with such violence, that he at last was constrained to build in the midst of the Rhine a tower of stone, whither he fled, thinking there to live safe from the fury of these vermin, which so continually haunted him, but neither were those walls of sufficient strength to keep them out, neither could the violent course of waters betwixt him and the land assuage their fury: wherefore in fine, about the year 9●9. he was by them devoured. The 34. Archbishop was Willigisus a Saxon borne, Willigisus the first Archbishop that aspired to the Electorship. and counsellor to the Emperor Otho the second. This Bishop was always wont to have in his oratory a painted wheel, with this Motto or inscription: Willigise memineris quid sis, & quid olim fueris: which wheel was after given to the Archbishop of that sea for their arms by the Emperor Henry the second. This Prelate built the fair and sumptuous Temple of S. Stephen, wherein about the year 1011. himself was buried. He was also the first of the Archbishops of Ments, that aspired to the Electorship of the Empire. Since whom, his successors have always retained the place and dignity of the chief & principal of the 7. Electors, and are until this day high chancellors of Germany. Dietherus of Eisenburge was the 68 Archbishop of Ments, chosen by the greatest part of the Canons, Dietheru● founder of the University. but against him was erected by Pope Pius Adolph, Earl of Nassau: from which schism and intestine discord proceeded a civil war, whereby the Church of that place suffered irreparable loss and damages. In fine Adolph obtained the possession, & governed thirteen years, after whose decease Dietherus was restored, and sat seven years: in which time he newly builded the castle from the ground. By this Archbishop was the university first instituted and erected in the year 1482. wherein at the first beginning, all arts in general were professed. But at this day only that doctrine which concerneth the knowledge of God and our salvation, (I mean theology) is there professed, by the Jesuits, which lately were admitted into this city, by the reverend father and renowned Prince Daniel, the modern Archbishop and Elector. In the year 1501. a decree was by the superiors of that university enacted, that no man whatsoever, should be permitted to receive any scholastical degree or dignity that did not according to the council of Bafill This council decreed, that men should believe, as an article of their faith, that our Lady was conceived without sin. But this council was not confirmed in anything it decreed, quoad sidem, ut pates in bulla Nicholai 5. The art of printing first invented in this City, by john Gutenberge. Some say it first was invented at Harlem in Holland, and brought to perfection at Ments. A general Council assembled at Ments. Henry the 3. Emperor excommunicated by the Pope. Herbipolis The original of Wirtsburg. rightly believe of our blessed Lady's conception. This City hath deserved no small praise and commendation of all Christendom, for that ingenious & most necessary art of printing, therein first invented, & put in practice by the famous and worthy gentleman, john Gutenberge, in the year 1459. by which means our Christian world hath recovered the works of sundry ancient fathers, which were almost ready to suffer shipwreck, and preserved sundry notable histories and discourses of most singularly learned men, which had otherwise to the inestimable detriment of Christendom (men being at this day for the most part given to ease and idleness) undoubtedly been suffered to lie hidden in eternal obscurity. In the 1118. in this city was held a general council, unto which an infinite number of Princes resorted, to decide the controversy depending between Henry the Emperor, and the Bishop of Rome: which Emperor, because he would not ratify or allow of certain of the Pope's acts, was by him thrice excommunicated. Wirtsburg. WIrtsburg is a beautiful and well adorned city built in form of an half Moon, on the bank of the Mien, almost in the very centre of Franconia. Concerning the first original & foundation of this city, the most learned antiquaries set nothing down for certain. Some say, that the Grecians at their return from Troy being wearied with their long and tedious wandering in the Ocean, arrived at last near to the mouth of the Rhine, searching the secrets of which river, they at last entered the Mien, and came unto this place where they erected a City; which from their God Herebus (to whom they there offered sacrifice) they named Herebipolis: but this opinion Tacitus rejecteth, as vain and fabulous. Whensoever therefore, or by whom soever this city first was founded, this much we find for certain, that it was then a city, when that holy and learned father S. Khilian, converted the Franconians to the Christian faith, The antiquity thereof. which was about the year 686. The antiquity thereof was made manifest by certain images of idols digged out of the Mien, when the foundation of the new bridge was laid, which were cast into the river by the Franconians, when they first embraced the Christian religion. Sundry opinions concerning the name thereof. Concerning the etymology of the name thereof, there are sundry opinions. It was called of the ancient inhabitants Wirtsburge: which johannes Gallicus (in certain Hymns and Sonnets of S. Khilian, by himself set forth about the year 1150.) desiring to convert into a good Latin word called Herbipolis, was deceived (as it should seem) by the equivocation of the two Dutch words, Wirtes and Wurtes, the one of them signifying an herb or root, the other must or new wine, from which men think the city rather to have taken his name, because the territory of Franconia yieldeth wine in greater abundance than any other Province of Germany Conradus Celtis a Poet of that country calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, alluding unto Herebus the idol of the Grecians, which before I mentioned. The situation of this town is in a plain valley, environed The situation of Wirtsburg. about with green meadows, pleasant gardens, and fruitful vineyards. It is within replenished with many stately and magnificent temples, and also pompously adorned with a great number of goodly and sumptuous edifices of private citizens. On the other side of the Mien, is a pleasant mountain, on the highest top whereof is erected our Lady's castle, a place of most impregnable strength and curious architecture. S. Boniface Archbishop of Ments, erected in this city a Bishop's sea, wherein he placed Burcharde an The Bishopric erected. Englishman, and descended of a noble family, upon whom Charles the great, or (as others say) king Pipine bestowed the Dukedom of Franconia, which before belonged to Gozbertus, by whose concubine Kisila, (or as some write, Geilana) S. Khilian was martyred, because he persuaded the Duke to forsake his incestuous life with her, which before had been his brother's wife. This Bishop first laid the foundation of the cathedral The Cathedral Church founded. church in this city dedicated to our Saviour, whereunto belong 54. Canons, commonly called Domeherne, that is to say, Lords of the house; into The Domeherne. which society can no man be admitted, that is not descended from some noble and ancient family in Germany; for the confirmation whereof he must bring witnesses of honest life and noble parentage, to be sworn before his admittance. This Church was re-edified and augmented by Arnus Gotebaldus, the tenth Bishop thereof, a man of excellent wisdom & integrity, who going with Arnolphus the Emperor, against Zwentebaldus Duke of Moravia, was in the camp slain by the enemies, as he was celebrating Mass at the altar. During the time of Embricus the 27. Bishop of this A general Council assembled. City, was assembled there a general council, at the commandment of Lotharius the second, wherein Pope Anacletus was deposed, and Innocentius confirmed, and acknowledged for the true and legitimate successor in S. Peter's chair. This Bishop erected and instituted that famous monastery Ebrach, wherein with many rites and solemn ceremonies is interred before the high altar, the heart of every Bishop of Wirtsburge deceased. In the year 1168. Frederick Barbarossa confirmed unto Harold the 31. Bishop of this City, and to his successors the Dukedom of Franconia, before given them by Charles the great, since whose time the Bishops in all solemn feasts, and public conventions, have a sword carried before them, in token of their regained Dukedom. In the year of salvation 1403. john the 2. of that name, and 55. Bishop of Wirtsburge, instituted therein The institution of the University. an university, privileged and authorized by Pope Boniface the 9 and called thither out of the most renowned schools of Christendom, divers learned professors of Philosophy, Divinity, & the other inferior studies, but not long after the decease of this Bishop, the The University decried by civil dissension. Clergy and commonalty, falling into great contentions and discord, the one prosecuting the other with more than capital hatred, the students for the most part providing for their safety & quietness, departed to Erford, whereby the university seemed to decline towards an end, before it fully had received his beginning. But the same was lately restored by the reverend father & renowned prince julius de Echteren, by whose aid & authority it hath again recovered the antic splendour The University restored by julius de Echteren. and dignity it before enjoyed. For the better augmentation thereof he assigned in the City two goodly Colleges to the Jesuits, which are by him liberally provided, for he graced and adorned the students and professors therein with many ample privileges, granted by Pope Gregory the 13. and Privileges thereto granted. Maximilian the 2. Emperor of the romans. This Prince is of so great authority and puissance, that in the year 1591. when the Royters and forces The great power of this Bishop. of Germany would have passed through his territory, to the aid of Henry then king of Navarre, now king of France, he stoutly forbade them, boldly letting them understand, that if they attempted to march that way, he with his own forces would encounter them. Because the rites and ceremonies used by the Franconians and citizens of Wirtsburge, as well after the election divers ceremonies observed by the Franconians in the installation, and in the funerals of their princes worthy to be observed. The manner of his installation. & consecration, as in the sepulture and funerals of their prince, are somewhat rare and unusual, I have thought good for the reader's recreation, briefly to write somewhat of either of them. When the new elected Bishop intendeth to take possession of his episcopal chair, he approacheth near unto the city on horseback in great pomp & glory, accompanied with all the nobility of the country: whereunto being admitted, he is despoiled of his robes & habilements, and led by the 4. Earl's officials of the Dukedom (that is to say, the Earls of Hennenberge, Castle, Wertheim, and Rheineck) from the bridge port through the market place, bare headed and bore legged in vile and base clothing, girt with a cord, in which order he proceedeth, even unto the entrance or porch of the cathedral Church, where the clergy meeting him, demand of him by their Dean what he desireth, who answereth, that he being most unworthy, is there at hand ready to undertake, and with all diligence to execute that charge whereunto he is called: Unto whom the Dean immediately replieth: I in the name of the whole Chapter commit unto thy care and charge, this church of our Saviour, and the Dukedom thereunto belonging: In the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the holy Ghost, Amen. Whereupon he presently followeth the Clergy, returning into the church, where putting on his pontifical ornaments, he is present at divine service, which ceremonies being finished, he departeth, accompanied with the clergy, & such neighbour princes as had been purposely invited, together with the principal men, & chief nobility of Franconia towards our Lady's castle, which having entered, he casteth gold and silver up & down in great abundance, and entertaineth the whole company with a most royal, bountiful, & costly banquet. Again, when the same Prelate departeth this life, his body presently is opened, his bowels taken thence, The manner of his burial. are buried with great solemnity in the Chapel of our Lady's castle on the hill, his heart is apart reserved in a glassen vessel, prepared for that purpose. The day following, the corpse adorned with the pontifical robes, is laid upon a rich and costly beer, having in the one hand his crozier staff, as a Bishop: in the other a sword, in token of his Dukedom: he is catied with great pomp and majesty from the castle to Saint james his monastery (which is without the town, in the farther side of the Mien) where that night he remaineth: the next day with great solemnity and many ceremonies, he is conveyed over the bridge into the town, and through the market place into the Cathedral Church, where for that night it resteth, the Clergy environing the hearse with many Psalms and orisons, expect the ensuing morning, which being come, they remove the corpse into the temple of the new monastery, where after many Dirges & prayers for the salvation of his soul, the same is again reduced into the Cathedral Church, where in his Episcopal attire, with a naked sword in his hand, he is at length interred, his heart is laid in a waggon, and with an honourable convoy of knights brought to the Cloister of Ebrach, where by the Abbot & Monks it is with great honour laid into the ground, before the high Altar. Trier. TRier is a goodly City on the bank of the River mosel, exceeding famous, as Treveris. well for the incredible antiquity thereof, as for sundry notable gests & exploits by the inhabitants achieved & performed. It is (as Aeneas Silvius writeth) 1300 years ancienter than Rome, and was founded in the time of Abraham The antiquity of Trier. 1947. years before the coming of Christ, by Trebeta the son of Ninus, which was found engraved on a stone, in the year of grace 1200. They say that Trebeta being wrongfully excluded The fruitful foundation thereof. from the kingdom of Babylon by his mother in law Semiramis (when she usurped the rule & government of the realm) after long and tedious travail endured on the seas, arrived at last at the mouth of the Rhine, and passing up the river, he entered the mosel, where finding a sweet and pleasant valley, he there remained, and began to build a city, which after his own name he called Treberis. In the Cathedral Church of Trier, in an old piece of tapestry is to be seen the type and figure of this city, wrought with cunning artifice and great curiousness, and about the same in great letters, ALTERA Monuments of antiquity. ROMA. Underneath the which are these verses following. Nini Semiramis quae tanto coniuge foelix, Plurima possedit, sedplura prioribus addit, Non contenta suis nec totis finibus orbis, Expulit è patrio privignum Trebetam solo, Insignem profugus nostram qui condidit urbem. Which may thus be englished. Semiramis great Ninus wife, so happy in her chance, Possessing much, desired more, her glory to advance. The world her mind could not content, much less one kingdoms bound. Wherefore she chased Trebeta far from his native ground, Who living here in exile did this famous City found. Wherefore it is evident, that this City may more justly glory in her antiquity, then in any other in all Germany. It was first converted unto Christianity by Saint Materne the disciple of Saint Peter, and his companions, Eucharius and Valerius. Marcellinus calleth this City, Clarum domicilium Principum, because that Constantine etected therein a most royal and sum ptuous palace, the ruin whereof are at this day visible. Wherein it is credible, that the succeeding Emperors of the romans had often their residence. Trier was in julius Caesar's time a most warlike City, furnished continually (as himself writeth) with more troops of horse, and squadrons of footmen, than any other City or region of France. The university in this city is thought to be one of The antiquity of the University. the oldest Academies in Europe, but when it was first erected, I cannot read, neither have the citizens any record thereof, by reason of the manifold and often changes their city hath endured: For Saluianus, Bishop of Marseile, in his sixth book of the true judgement and providence of God, writing much of the magnificency and opulency of this city, seemeth at last with great grief and anguish of mind, to bewail and lament the drunkenness, gluttony, and lascivious dissolute lives of the inhabitants, which he imputeth to be the cause, why their city was four times overthrown and ransacked. Vidiego Trivires, (saith he) virosetiam sublimes, calamitatibus Saluianus lib. 6. de Vero judicio, & providentia Des. suis factos peiores. Lugubre est referre quae vidimus; senes honor atos, & Christianos, imminente iam civitatis excidio, gulae ac lasciviae seruientes. jacebant in convivijs, obliti honoris, oblitiaetatis, professionis & nominis sui. Principes ciuitatic cibo confects, in v●nolentia dissoluti, clamoribus rabidi, bacehatione suriosi etc. Et cum haec ita essent, plus multo est quod dicturus sum finem perditioni, huic nec civitatis excidiasecerunt, nam expugnata est quater urbs Gallorun Treviriss opulentissima, etc. For this cause also we cannot learn who first instituted the archiepiscopal dignity in this City, being one of the greatest and most ancient archbishoprics of Germany. That all studies universally did in this city flourish in the time of Gratian the Emperor, appeareth manifestly by an epistle, written from the said Emperor to Antonius, Perfect and Regent of Gaul, where having set down donations of provision for sundry Universities, he allotted greater proportion to Trier, then to any of the rest, because therein remained a greater number of students and professors. Which University being by the Vicissitude and injury of time exceedingly decayed, was by the reverend The university restored. Fathers johannes de Lapide, jacobus ab Else, and jobannes Hugo, late Archbishops thereof again restored, who therein placed the Jesuits, which with great labour, industry and diligence, do there profess the Arts. The manners of the inhabitants are for the most part sour and severe, their complexion inclining to Melancholy, whereof Ausonius writeth among many other things in commendation of the Treviri in this manner. Quin etiam more●, & laetum fronte severa Ingenium natura suis concessit alumnis. The air hereabout is commonly cloudy and often subject to rain, wherefore the city in derision is usually called, Cloaca Planetarum. Heidelberge. HEidelberge is the metropolis of the Phaltes', or Palatinacy of Rhine, wherein the Phalsgraves or Counts Palatines continually hold their courts and residence. Some are of opinion, that this city received his name from the colony of the Gentiles, which in the The name of this City whence derived. Germane tongue, are called Heyden. Others there are which affirm that it should be written Eàelberge, that is to say a noble hill, from the situation thereof, which is on the side of a pleasant mountain, from whence the Neccar springing, descendeth into the plain and champion countries, the land thereabout is exceeding fruitful; The situation thereof. and bringeth forth great store and plenty of wine, oil, corn, chestnuts, and such like fruits. This city together with the whole country adjoining is governed by the Rheingraves, or Countess Palatines of Rhine, who by succession, do hold the first & chiefest place among the secular Electors of the Empire. The first of the Palatines, that aspired to that dignity, was Sifridus, who lived in the reign of Otho the third, this Sifridus the ●. Palatine of Rhine that aspired to the rectorship and upon what occasion. Emperor being well stricken in years, and having no issue to inherit the Imperial Diadem after his decease, desiring before his death to establish the Empire which he foresaw would after his departure, by the ambition of many competitors be much molested, and endamaged by Ambassadors, made earnest suit unto the Pope, that certain princes might be ordained & constituted, which should have full power and absolute authority to elect the Roman Emperor, unto which his so lawful and reasonable request the Pope condescending, there were nominated 7. princes, 3. spiritual, that is to say, the Archbishops of Ments, Colen, & Trier, and 4. temporal, the king of Bohemia, the Phaltsgrave of Rhine, the marquess of Brandeburge, & the Duke of saxony. Sifridus therefore the Palatine, being chosen amongst the rest, lived not long after, but deceased before he could make any benefit of his new authority. In his place succeeded Henry his son, by whose means Henry after called the holy, the husband of his sister S. Kunegundis; was chosen Emperor in the year of our Lord, 1003. Rupertus the 10. Palatine Rupertus founder of the University. of Rhine, after the separation of the Dukedom of Bavaria from the Palatinacie, receiving the administration of the government from his brother Adolphus, a man of too small judgement and weak understanding to direct the helm of so great a charge, erected in this city an University, which in succession of time, grew to be reckoned among the most worthy and famous Nurseries of the arts. At the same time also, that is to say, in the year, 1346. was by the same Earl founded a Church and College of priests in the new town, wherein he lieth buried. The Abbot of Spanheyme discoursing of ecclesiastical writers, maketh mention of one Marsilius de Ingen, whom some imagine to have been an Englishman, as the first planter of this Academy. Pope Vrban the sixth confirmed the same with the privileges & prerogatives of Parise. Many learned men hath this Academy fostered, & in our age sent into the world, as johannes Dalburgius, Learned men who have ●●ued in this University. Rudolphus Agricola, johannes Virdungus, with many others, which left behind them sundry monuments of their great wisdom and learning. Also in this University did that iudustrious and excellently learned scholar Sebastian Munster publicly profess the Hebrew tongue. Tubinge. TVbinge is a small city in the Dukedom of Wirtenberge, situated on the higher side of Tubinge. the Necchar, and was in times past the principal seat and habitation of the Countess Palatines of Tubinge, which now for the most part reside in Leichtenecke, a strong and goodly castle in Brisgewe, not far from Kentzigen. In the year 1477. at the instance and most earnest The university erected and authorized. entreaty of Eberhard, the elder Earl of Wirtenberge, and Mompelgard, and his mother Mech●ildis, the Pope licenced and authorized in this city, a general profession of the liberal arts, which Academy yet maintaineth well his place and dignity among the most learned and flourishing Universities of Germany. Many excellent learned scholars have issued from this University, among the which most worthily may be numbered john Stoflerus, a sage and profound Mathematician, who did write a learned Treatise of Astronomy. This city (as I said) bordereth on the Necchar, and lieth in the midst of a most pleasant and fertile The situation of Tubinge. soil, which yieldeth unto the inhabitants, wine, corn, and other necessary provisions in great plenty and abundance. The town being before the erection of the University therein in great want and poverty, and the houses meanly builded without either cost or curiousness, is now grown to that wealth and opulency, that for artificial and well proportioned aedifices, it may, and not unworthily be compared to the proudest city of the Germans. It containeth a magnificent & most sumptuous Castle, standing on the top of a mountain, strongly sortified beyond all credit and comparison. Ingolestate. INgolestate is a strong city in the Dukedom of Bavaria, lying near unto the Danon, the Ingolesttdum greatest, swiftest, and most famous river of Christendom, which passing with a violent current through Germany, Hungary, and Moldavia, finally disgorgeth itself into the Euxine sea. This city erst belonged to the Monastery of Altach, and was by free gift delivered unto Lewes the last king of Bavaria, since whose time it hath always been governed by his successors the Dukes of Bavaria, and by little and little hath been by them so mightily increased, that within those fifty years last passed, what with the magnificence of the Dukes and privileges of the Popes, it is become the most excellent and renowned University of the upper parts of Germany. The University was first instituted by Lewes the D. in the year of salvation 1471. and is at this day favoured, The institution of the university. defended, and mightily enriched by A●bertus the modern Duke thereof, who hath built therein not only a peculiar college, for the public profession of Divinity, but also a fair and goodly school for the education of youth, wherein the Jesuits profess Rhetoric, Philosophy, and the Liberal Artes. Pope Pius the second adorned the same with many privileges and prerogatives. Stra●o writeth that Bavaria is a region, sterile, desert, The fertility of Bavaria, contrary to that which Strabo writeth hereof and unfruitful, which perchance in his time was so for want of being well inhabited, assuredly at this day it is one of the most happy and plentifullest provinces of Germany, whence it cometh to pass, that the students of Ingolestate, are better accommodated, and do live with less expense than they well could in any other place of Christendom, that I have seen or read of, from whence also it proceedeth, that the diet or great assembly of the Germane princes is most usually held in Regensburge, another city of Bavaria, one days journey distant from Ingolestate, wherein I Regensburge. myself lived eight weeks in the year of our Lord, 1594. when the Emperor with all his train, and the most part of the greatest princes of Germany, remained in the town many of them with three thousand, and four thousand horse apiece, yet was there never found any want or scarcity of victuals therein, nor the price of corn or any other provision in the market, any one jot enhanced, wine only excepted, of which the country yieldeth no great abundance, but that want is by the Rhine and Mecchar supplied: for the possession of this city, was that calamitous and bloody war raised (remembered yet by the name of bellum Bavaricum) which so much troubled all the provinces of Germany in the year one thousand five hundred and four. Erforde. ERforde called of ancient writers, Erphelfurt, is the metropolis of Thuring, an old and memorable Erfordia. city, abounding with wine, corn and other necessaries. In the midst of this city ariseth a little mountain, called S. Peter's hill, wherein in times passed stood a goodly castle, in the place whereof Dagobertus king of France founded a cloister for Friars of the order of S. Benedict, which was consecrated to S. Peter: after him Boniface Archbishop of Ments, laid the foundation of our Lady's Church on the same hill, and erected there a Bishopric even in the infancy of the Gospel, among the Germans, as plainly appeareth in an Epistle of his, which he wrote to Zachary, high Bishop of Rome. Scias (sayeth he) per gratiam Dei, Germaniae populum, adviam veritatis reductum: ordinavimusque apud eos tres episcopos, unum locavimus in Castellum Wirtzburge, alterum in Buraburge, tertium in Euphesfurt. In this church is a bell of most huge and incredible circumference, which the Citizens show to all strangers repairing thither, as the things most remarkable in their City, about the year 1066. was this City first environed with a Wall, and fortified with Towers, and beautified with many rich and sumptuous aedifices both divine and profane: at which time it was made the metropolis of Thuringe, because it lieth in the midst thereof. An University was therein instituted in the year 1391. which with many privileges confirmed & authorized The erection of the University. by Pope Boniface the 9 & Pius the 2. In this Academy have lived many sage men much renowned for their singular learning, among the which are numbered Nicholaus de Bibera, Henricus de Erfordia, Conradus de monte puellarum, and many others. When the Germane professors oppressed by the multitude of Hussites, departed from Prage, many of 10. Cochleus lib. 2. hist. Hussi tarum. them retired themselves to Erforde. There is no city in Europe hath so often made experience of the calamities and irreparable damages, which fire usually bringeth with it, as Erforde having Great losses by fire. many times therewithal been utterly wasted and consumed. The last fire therein happened in the year 1392. on the festival day of S. Geruasius, whereby the third part of the city perished, which incredible loss it is not yet recovered of: for at my being there some 5● years since, it was scarcely with low and slender buildings of wood re-edified. Out of this University issued Martin Luther. Leiptzige. Liptzige is a city (as some say in Ostland, others would have it to lie in Misina, both territories now governed by the noble and ●ypsia. puislant Family of Saxony) though of no great circuit, yet for pride and stateliness of building, and excessive traffic of Merchants, scarce inferior to the best adorned city of Germany three times every year are therein held certain famous Martes or Fairs whereof one writeth saying. Mercibus augetur ter Lipsia magna quotannis. The houses of this city are reared all of free stone, within richly paved, and without curiously painted with great artifice and majesty; the streets are builded in excellent proportion and uniformity. The Senate hereof consisteth not (as in other cities) of mechanical and unlearned citizens, but of men The Senators learned. skilful, and well seen in the arts: who have full power and authority to hear, decide, and determine of all lights, causes and controversies depending in Meisen, Thuringe, and the neither Sazonie. About the year 1480. when the Hussites began to The beginning of this University. domineer & tyrannize in Prage, than was the university from thence removed hither, and the year following, confirmed by Pope Pius the 2. and Alexander the 5. It was afterward much augmented and repaired by the worthy Prince George Duke of Sazonie, in the year 1554. This University at this day most exceedingly flourisheth through the innumerable multitudes of German students, which daily repair thither, The fertility of this country. because they live therein with less charge and expense then in any other city, by reason of the admirable fertility of the soil, whereof one saith. Gratus & immenso lucro concredita terrae Semina reddit ager. The inhabitants of this City have one innated & uncorrigible vice, which custom hath drawn into a Immoderate drunkenness. nature amongst them, that is, they almost continually wallow in immoderate drunkenness, in so much that he which can evacuate the greatest number of pots, and can in receiving his drink, hold out longest without any swimming or perturbation in his brain, is accounted a parsonage among them of greatest quality and worth. Aeneas Silvius writeth, that when one Leonardus a noble gentleman came to visit a certain kinsman of his, that was then a student in Leipzig, inquiring among students how he had profited in learning, he was answered by one of the young man's companions, that he had profited himself exceedingly: for (quoth he) among 1500. good swallowers that are in this University, he hath deserved the name and title of the best and most noble drinker. Not far distant from this place is Dresden, where the Dukes of Saxony electors of the Empire, do most commonly reside. Wittenberg. WIttenberge is a conspicuous & well known City in the upper Saxony, the seat and court of the Duke's Electors, situated on the bank of the Elbe, a river which springing The Elbe. among the mountains of Bohemia, passeth through Germany, receiving into itself, or as it were, drinking up by the way many other rivers (as the Muldave, the Shall, the Spre, etc.) and at last being grown to an immeasurable greatness, and navigable for ships of the greatest burden, disgorgeth itself into the German Ocean, not far from Stoad, where late was a Staple of English Merchants. This city received his name (as some imagine) from Wittikind Duke of Angria, & Saxony, which was baptised The erection of the University. in the year 785. being compelled thereunto by Charles the great, who first caused the Saxons to embrace the Christian religion. Duke Frederick, the son of Ernestus Elector, erected in this city an University, about the year 1502. which since in this latter age is grown famous, by reason of the controversies and disputations of religion, there handled by Martin Luther, and his adherentes: the Doctors thereof are at this day the greatest propugnators of the confession of Ausburge, and retain in use the mere Lutheran religion. Many worthy writers have in this learned seminary of the arts received their education, as Hennigus, Schurfius, Clingius, and Oldendorpius, famous professors of the civil law, and in our latter age, Martin Luther, and Philip Melancthon there have flourished. Frankford upon Oder. THere are in Germany two Frankfords', both cities Franckfordia ad Oderam. of great fame and worth: the one lieth in Franconia upon the Mien, well known to all Merchants & travelers, by reason of two rich and famous Marts yearly held therein. The other is situated near to the Oder, a goodly river, passing through the Mark or dominion of the marquess of Brandeburge, one of the seven Electors. This is that Frankford, which I now intent to speak of. This city (as some think) was built and named by the franks, about the year 146. at which time we read a nation so named to have inhabited near unto the Rhine. But in their own Chronicles we find, that this city was first founded, & extructed by Gedinus of Hertzberge, in the year 1253. by the commission & licence of john the first of that name, marquess of Brandeburge, as a storehouse for such merchandise as should be brought thither, as well over land, as up the river. Ioachime, Marquis of Brandeburge, to his everlasting The university erected. praise, first founded in this place an University in the year of grace 1506. and bountifully provided for the maintenance thereof, enduing the same with large revenues and rich possessions: it was afterward authorized by Pope Alexander the 6. and by Pope julius the 2. and Maximilian the first of that name Emperor, enfranchised with many privileges. The first Chancellor thereof is said to have been Theodorus de Bulan, the first Rector, Conrade Wippina, a learned Divine and subtle Philosopher: the first Dean of Arts therein created, was john Lindholtz. In the year 1344. Rudolph Duke of Saxony, the Bishop of Magdeburge, Barnaim Duke of Pomerland, and the Duke of Anhalt conspiring in arms against Lewes, created marquess of Brandoburge, by the Emperor Lewes of Bavaria his father, besieged Frankford, but the citizens doing homage unto Lewes, quickly caused them to dislodge and withdraw their forces. The Hussites also attempting the siege thereof in the year 1432. were in like sort repulsed: so strongly fortified is their City. In this City the three tongues are with great and profound learning professed: also the Civil law, Physic, & the Mathematics are there publicly taught with much wisdom and excellency. Rostoche. ROstoche is a maritine City, bordering on Saxony, populous and opulent, the air thereabout is pure and healthy, and the Rostochium. land fertile, from whence arise great cheapness and plenty of victuals. In the year of Christ's nativity 1415. the Princes of Meckleburge, and the citizens of Rostoche obtained licence to erect in this City an university, wherein the arts in general have ever since been learnedly professed, they are in religion partly Lutherans, partly calvinists. Gripswalde. GRipswalde is a town in the Dukedom of Wolgaste, subjecteth to the D. of Pomerland, which by long civil discord impoverished is now grown obscure. About the year of our Lord 1456 lived herein a certain learned Doctor of the Laws, which being Proconsul or Burgomaster of the town, obtained for the same many goodly privileges and licence to erect an University, which being by him only begun, was perfected and enlarged by the great care and diligence of Philip Duke of Pomerland, in the year 1547. Friburge. FRiburge is a noble and conspicuous city, at this day the Metropolis of Brisgew, which Province belongeth to the Earls of Furstenberge. It was first a little village, & in the year 1120. was walled about by Bertholdus Duke of Zeringe, as by those old rhythms appeareth. Anno milleno centeno bis quoque deno, Friburge fundatur, Bertholdus dux dominatur. There was in times passed not above a mile distant from this town a mine of silver, whereby the citizens A mine of silver. were so greatly enriched, that they began to adorn & beautify their city with temples, monasteries, & sundry other edifices, built in most pompous and magnificent manner. Amongst the rest at that time was erected that costly & curious Pyramid or Tower of stone upon our Lady's Church: the like whereof is not in Germany to be seen, (the steeple of Strasburge excepted) which by the Gentiles was numbered among the miracles of the world. Then did the citizens through the affluence of their wealth take upon them the degree of nobility, and the noble men & gentlemen of the country sued to be made free of that incorporation, insomuch that they ordinarily had 12. knights sitting in their Senate house. At that time was the City 12. Knight's senators in Friburge. able to produce into the field of their own citizens 30000. armed men. There remain yet therein 14. religious houses, besides a Temple of Croitzhiers, or Knights of the cross, and an other belonging to the knights of the Dutch order. In the year of our Saviour 1250. or as some write, 1460. Albert Duke of Austria founded in this City an The university erected. Academy, and liberally endued the same with large revenues and possessions. In the year 1467. this university received many statutes and ordinances from Vienna in Austria: from whence also came many great & learned clerks, here publicly to profess Theology, the Laws, Civil, & Canon, & the other Artes. And at length the Emperor Frederick, in the year 1472. much augmented and increased the same: the chiefest college herein, is that which is called ●omus sapientiae. In this place is great plenty of the stones, called Chalcedonij, L●pi● Chalcedonias. whereof they usually make beads, which being half black, half white, when they are polished, resemble jet and ivory glued together. They are digged out of the ground at Westrich in Lorraine, and are in this city cut and garnished. There run through Friburge many little brooks, the channels whereof are divided into every street, which purge the city of all noisomeness, and are in the winter time, when all the rivers without the city are congealed, never frozen. near unto the walls hereof is a river, replenished with sundry kinds of fishes, called Triese, which springeth out of the same mountain, from whence the Danow ariseth. The Danow carrying his current with great celerity toward the East, and the Triese softly sliding to the West. Martpurge. MArtpurge is the Metropolis of Hessen, under the Laudsgrave his dominion, & is situate in the midst thereof, on the bank of Lon, a small river falling into the Rhine. Some are of opinion that it was so called from Mars the God of war, among the heathen: Others think it received his name from Marcomire Prince of the franks. An university was in this city instituted about the year 1526. which was afterward repaired and reinstituted by Philip the Landgrave in the year 1536. It was authorized by Charles the fifth at Regensberge, who endued it with privileges of Vienna. They profess in this place Caluinisme. Dilinge. DIlinge is a city in Switserland, seated ncere unto the Danow, under the government of the Bishop of Ausburge, wherein he is often resident, naving there a castle, pleasant and commodious. Therein also are two good Cloisters of Nuns. In the year 1●64. Otto Trucheses', Cardinal of the Roman church, Bishop of Ausburge, and Protector of Germany, for the great and singular love wherewith he always embraced learning, brought the Jesuits into this city, & erected therein an university at his own charge and expense, where the Arts have ever since been with great diligence and learning professed. Vienna. VIenna is the most renowned metropolis & residence of the Archdukes of Austria, situate upon the shore of Danubius, a city for continuance most ancient, for wealth most opulent, and for strength most invincible, the only bulwark of the christians against their perpetual, immane, & barbarous enemy the Turk. Certain it is, that this was a strong and well adorned city before our Saviour came into The antiquity of Vienna. the world, & was inhabited by the Sarmatians, a people driven from the confines of Istria, unto this place by Octavius Augustus, for infecting Italy with sundry thefts, and robberies: but by what name it then was called, the most learned Antiquaries are ignorant. Some say it was known by the name of Vindebona, Sundry opinions concerning the ancient name of Vienna. a word of the Pagans, and therefore was called of Ptolomey, by the changing of one word juliobona: others are of opinion that the name of Vienna was derived from Fabiana, from which taking the two first letters there remaineth Btana, and changing B into V. (a common thing among the Germans) is made Viana, which opinion seemeth best to agree with the truth, because that Cornelius Tacitus in his 18. book, maketh mention of Titus Fabianus praefect of Panonia, from whom this city might well receive that name, or else from Annius Fabianus, whom to have governed the tenth German legion in Panonia, many ancient monuments there daily found, do clearly testify. 400 years since, the Citizens casting a new ditch near to the Scottish port, found engraved in the fragment of a pillar digged out of the ground, either of those names, wherein were written certain Latin words, to this sense, Marcianus decurio and aedile of the Municipie of Vindobana, and praefect of the Fabian cohort. In this city is a public and famous University of The university erected. great name and worthiness, first founded and instituted after the rules of Rome and Paris, in the year (as some write) 1239, by the Emperor Frederick the 2. to the end he might leave unto his son Conradus an Empory, strongly guarded and defended with men learned and skilful in the liberal sciences, which afterward Rudolphus the 4 Albertus the 3. and Leopoldus the 2. three brothers, Archdukes of Austria, with sundry privileges, enfranchised, and removed the same from the place wherein it first was instituted, near to the Palace of the Archdukes, but the students being there often interrupted and hindered in their course of studies, by the tumult and insolency of the Courtiers, the same Albertus chose for them a more fit and commodious place near to the monastery of the Friars predicantes, where he purchased for scholastical uses a spacious and fairly builded house, which once was by the Templars inhabited, and is now called the Archdukes College: he gave unto the same sufficient Collegium Arch●ducale. revenues for the perpetual maintenance of 12. Readers of Philosophy, and professors of the Artes. This Prince obtained licence of Pope Vrban the 6. that Divinity might in this Academy publicly be professed, and that it might be lawful for the students and teachers to receive and give all degrees of scholastical honour and promotion. The College called Bursa agni, was founded in the year 1408. by Christopher Ottersdoffe, Citizen of Vienna. Bursa agni. Bursa Silesitarum. The College of the Silesians was in the year 1420. bought and finished by Nicholaus Clebetius Canon of Vratislavia, or Breslow. The College of the Rose, was in the year 1432. erected by Vdelricus Gruenualdorus, and one Nicholaus Burger of Vienna. Bursa Rosae The College of Lilies was in the year 1457. founded by Burcharde Krebs, Canon of Padua. Gymnasium ●●herum. Bursa Pruchia Pruche College was instituted in the year 1491. by Oswaldus of Wichersdorpe. In the year 1517. Paul's school founded by Paulus Wannus, was altered and translated, and the name thereof changed, it is now called Heiden Herein college. This University consisteth of four principal members or faculties, the principal professors of each faculty have chosen unto themselves, peculiar Saints, which they with great reverence and devotion daily worship, as their patrons and mediators, the Divines S. john the Enangelist, the Lawyers S. juon, the Physicians the Saints, Cosima, and Dam●anus, and the Artists that is Philosophers, Orators, Poets, Linguistes, and such like, S. Katherine. This company of Artists erected among them anno 1421. two goodly Colleges, whereof the one is Two new Colleges. named University hall, the other Nova structura, or the New building. The Rector of this University in all public arts, taketh place next unto the Prince, and administereth justice, as supreme judge to all students thereof, as well in criminal, as civil controversies: he was wont yearly to be chosen, neither could any one be admitted to that Magistracy, that had ever been linked in matrimony, but since the time of the Emperor Ferdinand the first, that custom hath been altered, & now married men are licenced to enjoy that dignity, but on condition that they substitute some Clergy man unmarried to exercise their jurisdiction upon ecclesiastical persons. In the year of Christ, 464. S. Severine the Apostle of Austria, taught the inhabitants of this City, the principles of Christian religion, and began therein S. Severine converted the Austrians unto Christianity to institute a Bishopric, which decaying was again renewed about the year 636. at what time Gisalaricus, sent thither by S. Rudbert, preached among them the Gospel, from whom the catalogue of the Bishops of Vienna beginneth. In this City are many sumptuous and magnificent Temples, amongst which the cathedral church of Saint Stephen is of greatest beauty and estimation, whereon is erected a rich and goodly pinnacle or steeple, having on the highest point there of an half Moon, the badge or cognisance of the Turks, which was there set up upon this occasion. In the year 1529. the Turkish army lying Why the cittis zens of Vienna erected a half moon on the top of S. Stephen's church, being the Turks cognisance. near unto the walls of this City, raised their artillery against the steeple, as the thing most eminent therein, intending to level it with the ground: which the imperials perceiving, caused forth with an Herald to be sent into the enemy's camp to let them understand how greatly they should damnify their City by depriving it of so beautiful an ornament, without any one jot benefiting themselves, promising them withal if they would desist from so profane an enterprise, there should in perpetual memory of them, and honour of their name, be erected on the top thereof an half Moon: whereupon the Turk diverted his ordinance from thence, & the Citizens kept their word. In this City are yet to be seen the ancient ruins of a goodly Basilique, erected by Charles the great in honour of S. Peter. Henry the first Duke of Austria, founded herein an Abbey to the use of the Scots. Richard the first surnamed Ceur de Lion king of England, being by Lupoldus Vienna walled about by Ric. Ceur●de Lion K. of England Duke of Austria taken prisoner about the year 1192. in a small village near to Vienna, called Erdpurge, as he returned from the holy land, was enforced by the said Duke (if their own Chronicles be true,) to environ this city with a new wall, which included the former. About that time also was therein an Empory for merchants constituted, whereby the citizens increasing daily in wealth, obtained of the Emperor Frederick the 2. liberty, and were adorned with the imperial Arms, and numbered among the free towns of the Empire. THE UNIVERSITIES of the Low Countries. Louvain. LOuaine one of the four towns of Lovanium. Some write that this marquisate was erected by Iust●man, some by the children of Constantinus magnus: but P. Aemili● us most truly writeth, that it was erected by the Emperor Otho the 2. anno 973. for the dowry of his aunt Gerberge, mother to Lothaire, k. of France, and that it comprehended these 4. towns Nibell, Louvain, Bruxelles, and Andwarpe. Louvain why so called. the Marquisate of the sacred Empire, is the principal and mother of all the towns in Brabant, and maketh the first member of the third estate of that Province. It is builded in figure round, containing four miles compass within the walls, and six in circumference without, among many other beautiful and sumptuous aedifices therein, the church of S. Peter, and the public palace, are wrought with greatest magnificence and most curious art. It was called Louvain (as some say) from the Dutch word Loven, which signifieth to praise or honour, because the Idol Mars was there held in time of Paganism in great honour and estimation. This town is situated near to the river deal, the houses and streets thereof are not closely compacted together, but wide open and scatteringly built, by which means there are within the same many fair gardens, valleys, mountains, meadows, springs, and vines, the land about this town is pleasant and fruitful, and the air temperate, for which cause our ancestors, not without great judgement and discretion, chose out this place, as most fit for the habitation of the Muses. We find written in the Chronicles of Colen, that john Duke of Brabant obtained of Pope Martin the john Duke of Brabant founder of the University. fifth, the approbation of an University in this City, & that letters and good discipline began there publicly to be taught about the year 1426. Afterwards Pope Eugenius the 6, licenced therein the profession of theology. This Academy in process of time, by the bounty and magnificence of Popes, Emperors, Kings, Cardinals, and Bishops, whereof some granted thereto ample privileges and prerogatives, some erected therein stately and magnificent Colleges, others bequeathed to the same for the use of the students, goodly lands and legacies, is now grown to that height of glory and celebrity, that it worthily hath usurped the name of a most flourishing Academy, and renowned Empery of learning. johannes Goropius affirmeth that no University of Italy, France, or Germany, may with this be compared for pleasant air, and delectable walks. And that although Salamanca in Spain far excelleth all other Christian Academies, in magnificent and sumptuously builded Colleges, yet it is far inferior to Loucine, for the delightsome and beautiful situation thereof: Pope Adrian the 6. erected in Louvain (whereof himself had been Rector and Chancellor) a goodly college for students and professors of Divinity. Charles the fifth Emperor of Germany, and Philip the second king of Spain, did extend the uttermost of their endeavours to increase, amplify and adorn this royal University. In it are for the use of the students, 20 Colleges, the principal whereof are five, Lilium, Castrum, Porcus, 20. Colleges in Louvain. Falco, Trilingue. This City is the first that receiveth, and giveth oath to the Prince. It was sometimes an Eatledome; but in the year 1247. Henry the second of that name, Earl of Louvain deceasing, Henry his successor usurped the title of Duke of Brabant. Dovay. DOuay is a good and strong town in Flanders Gallicant, one mile distant from Cambray. It was founded as some write by one Arcanalkus in the year of our Lord 500 it is now a Chasteleny, having jurisdiction over a good country, and a great number of villages: it is accommodated with many fountains, and adorned with many fair & sumptuous aedifices, the manner and form of building therein, is an invincible argument of the great antiquity thereof. In this City not long since was erected a famous University by Philip late king of Spain, and authorized An University erected. with the privileges of Louvain, where theology, Philosophy, and the inferior arts are learnedly professed. At Dovay is a staple of corn, brought thither out of sundry regions, whereof, as also of diverse other merchandises in this city is great traffic. Liege. Liege is a city fair and large, comprehending within the walls thereof, many hills, Leodinm. valleys, rivers, and vine grounds, which Philip the Comines, Lord of Argenton, accounteth to contain in circuit four Italian Philip de Comines. miles, and maketh it in circumference equal with Roven. It is situated on the side of the river Mouse, which entereth into it with 2 branches, and maketh therein many pleasant Isles, all which are frequented and inhabited. Many other little rivers passing through this town, do cleanse the streets thereof, namely, the Liege, from which river the city is thought to have received her name. Also three little brooks, Vte, Vese, & Ambluar, all three replenished with exceeding store of excellent fish, especially Vte, wherein are taken certain delicate fishes named by the inhabitants Vtins, these people speak a kind of barbarous French, and are of the Frenchmen called Ligeois, of the Germans Lutticherne and Luicknarren. Liege is a city imperial, but their tenure is only to furnish the Emperor with some few men at arms in his wars against the Turk. The Bishop thereof is Lord spiritual both of the town and country: but the people have so large privileges, that they live almost in perfect liberty and freedom. Their appeals spiritual go to Collen. The Archbishop thereof is their Primate, and from thence to Rome. Their temporal appeals go to the Imperial chamber at Spire. In this City flourished in times passed a most famous and renowned Academy, wherein as Hubert Thomas writeth, were students at one time the children The University d●e●●ed. of 9 kings, 24. Dukes, 29. Earls, besides the sons of many Barons and gentlemen. This worthy university by the injury of time, & often subversion of the city, it is at this day decayed, and almost utterly extinguished: only some trivial schools for the institution of youth in the inferior studies, are there remaining. In this city are 8. collegiall Churches, the Canons whereof are inestimable rich, and held of the citizens in great reverence and reputation, especially the Canons of the Collegiall Church of S. Lambert, the patron of the town, who are joined with the Bishop Liberty of the Canons. in government of the state, and have so great liberty, that they may at pleasure give over their places, and marry, before they have taken the order of priesthood: into this society can no man be admitted, that is not a gentleman, or a Doctor, or licentiate. In this Church of Saint Lambert, among divers other rich jewels and relics, is to be seen a great image of Saint George on horseback, all of pure gold, which Charles Duke of Burgundy gave for amends of his rough handling this city, when he won it by force. Also in this town are four rich Abbeys, having every one a goodly library: the principal whereof 4. Abbeys containing 4. libraries. is the Abbey of S. Laurence, there are three Nunneries, and all the four orders of Friars, some of the which have two covents. There are 32. parish churches, & so many other chapels, monasteries, and hospitals within and without the town, that the whole number of Churches amounteth in all to one hundred. Further in this city are 32. companies, which have so great authority in the government of the state, that without their consent nothing can be concluded or agreed on. Ernestus Duke of Bavaria and Archbishop of Colen, is at this day Bishop of that Sea. The Bishopric of Liege was first erected by Hubert son to Bertrand Duke of Aquitaine, who being at Rome, was made by the Pope Bishop of Maestricht, in the place of Saint Lambert, whom the people of Maestricht had murdered in the year 710. But he being come to take possession of this city, so much detested the inhabitants thereof, for the foresaid impious and most heinous murder, that he transported his Episcopal Sea to Liege, and there built the Church of Saint Lambert, and the College afore mentioned, all which he did with Pope Constantine's consent, about the year 713. and here at Liege he died, and was after canonised for a Saint. Since whom are numbered 57 Bishops of Liege. The Bishop is chosen by the Chapter of S. Lambert, confirmed by the people, and lastly approved by the Pope. He is not only a Bishop, but also a Prince of the Empire, Duke of Buillon, marquess of Francimont and Earl of Lootes and Hasbaine. The revenues of this Bishopric are above 30000. ducats by the year, besides the benevolence of his subjects, (which is a matter of no small importance, if he use them well) and his spiritual jurisdiction, and an infinite number of Prebends, benefices and offices, which he bestoweth at his pleasure. Leiden. LEiden is one of the six capital Towns of Holland, and chief of Rheineland, situate in a flat and low country, full of ditches and channels, & is beautified with many pleafant meadows, gardens, arbours & walks round about it. Within it are enclosed 31. islands, from one of the which to the other, men go by boats, and over and above these, there are nine or ten other islands: from the one of the which to the other bridges, are built to pass over: so that in this Town are 145. bridges: whereof 104. are of stone, and the rest of wood. In this City was erected an university, about the year 1564. by William late Prince of Orange, who was in the year 1584. suddenly slain with a pistol. This Academy doth at this day exceedingly flourish, and therein are with liberal stipends maintained sundry learned professors of the liberal sciences. In Leiden is a strong Castle, which was said to be founded by Hengist, returning from the conquest of England, and therein is a notable Well, from whence the ancient family of Wassenar taketh name. This City hath under it 49. boroughs and villages, the most part whereof once a week bring all their good victuals to sell in the town, which causeth it to abound with all things arising of the earth. It hath also great plenty of fish, both sea fish and fresh water fish, and of water fowl, beyond all measure. The women are excellently fair, and the air passing wholesome. But a little league from Leiden, is the famous abbey of Reinsburge, consisting of Nuns, all of noble houses: the Abbess whereof hath jurisdiction spiritual and temporal; and the Abbey is endowed with so great revenues, that every day above 2000 persons come thither to receive relief. Another such like Abbey of Ladies is also near to Leiden, called Terlee. In all these Monasteries of Ladies and gentlewomen, they may until they be entered into profession, come forth and marry: and ordinarily they live there many years before they profess themselves, observing notwithstanding in the mean time their rules and orders very duly, soberly, and religiously. Copenhagen in Denmark. IN the mouth or entrance of the Sound, called by Latin writers S●nus Venedicus, which divideth the two kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden, lieth an Island, named Selandia: wherein are many strong towns and Castles, and among the rest Coppenhagen, the fear of the King and Metropolis of the Realm. In this City was erected an university by Christian Earl of Oldenburge, in the year of salvation 1478. after he had gained the Regal Diadem. For the which he obtained at the hands of Pope Sixtus the 4. the privileges of Bonònia. This Academy was afterward augmented and enlarged by King Christian the third, in the year 1498. and after him Frederick the second, in the year 1549. We read that in the time of King Erec, the son of Siwardus Anscharius Bishop of Hamburge, caused the Gospel to be preached in Denmark, which the inhabitants for a short time seemed willingly to embrace: but their King deceasing, they again returned (as a dog to his vomit) to their infidelity and Paganism: wherein they lived, until the reign of Swenotto, father to Canutus, the great so called, because he vanquished & held in subjection five kingdoms, namely, Sweden, Norway, England, Denmark, and Normandy. About those times Poppo a religious man, coming into the Country again, instructed them in the principles and rudiments of Christian religion, which from that time until this day they have retained. The Universities of Italy. Rome. ALllearned historiographers do with one common consent agree, that Rome was so named from Romulus the son of Numitor & Rhea Silvia, who laid thereof the first foundation. How the inhabitants thereof in process of time by warlike chivalry dilated their Empire & dominion over all the western world, whosoever is desirous to know, I must refer him to the learned Decades of Titus Livius, and sundry other ancient writers, who have already filled the world with whole volumes of Roman histories. It being a matter of greater import, than well can be contained in the brevity of my undertaken task. Wherefore although I find recorded in ancient histories, that the romans foreseeing the great utility that would ensue by nourishing the arts, received into their city in the first infancy of their greatness, with singular admiration the profession of learned sciences, and that therein hath flourished a renowned Academy of long continuance, erected 700. years before our saviours incarnation: yet mine only intent and purpose is to write of such patrons and benefactors, as have promoted and furthered the same, and such privileges as have thereunto been granted since it first embraced Christian religion. Nauclerus writeth, that Urban the fourth of that name, being seated in the Papal chair, was much Pope Vrban the fourth. grieved to see the course of studies in the Roman Academy intermitted, and all good discipline neglected: wherefore immediately he caused to be sent for that famous and most learned Clerk Thomas of Aquine, to direct and govern it, who setting aside all care and respect of worldly promotion, applied his mind wholly to reform, restore, & adorn the same: during which time, at the Pope's entreaty he did write many excellent commentaries upon divine and human Philosophy. We read also concerning the ratification of this University, of a decree sancited and enacted by Pope Pope Innocent the 4. Innocent the 4. as followeth. Whereas infinite multitudes of people from sundry parts and regions of the world, have recourse to the sea Apostolic, as their common mother, we of our fatherly care, minding the profit and commodity as well of them as all other in general, to the end that by their staying here, they may by bettering their understanding, benefit themselves, have provided that here from henceforth, besides the inferior arts, the studies of human and divine, that is, civil and Canon law shall publicly be taught and professed. Wherefore we decree and ordain, that these schools shall receive and enjoy all manner of privileges, liberties, & immunities, which have been given and granted to any other lawful & allowed University. Pope Clement the fifth, in a council held at Vienna, ordained: that at Rome, or wheresoever Pope Clement the 5. the Pope in person should be resident, the Hebrew, Arabic, and Chalde tongues should publicly be taught. Pope Eugenius the fourth, a man zealously affected Pope Eugenius the 4. to the love of learning, restored many decayed universities in sundry parts of Christendom, but heespecially gave testimony of his great bounty and singular munificence, in setting forth and adorning the Roman Academy. Pope Nicholaus the fifth, being himself a learned Prelate, highly favouring all learned men, did more labour Pope Nicholas the 5. in repairing and beautifying the glorious Academy than any of his predecessors: in so much that in Rome, since the first foundation thereof, never were letters held inso great veneration, nor learned men so much honoured and esteemed, as appeareth by the testimony of Perotus, a man then living: What is (saith he) the cause why learn schools are now more usually than heretofore frequented? Verily, because thou Pope Nicholaus the fifth, art become their prince and governor: who as thou art thyself in all kinds of learning excellent, so thou dost receive, nourish, honour and embrace all such whose minds are studiously inclined etc. This worthy Prelate having finished his days, his sepulchre was adorned with this glorious Epitaph. Hic sita sunt quinti, Nicholai pontificis ossa, Aurea qui dederit saecula Roma tibi: Consilio illustris, virtute illustrior omni, Excoluit doctos doctior ipse viros. Under this stone Pope Nicholas is interred, By whom Rome golden days enjoyed of yore, More learn'de himself, he learned men preferred, Famous for counsel, much for virtue more. Pope Leo the tenth, to his incredible charge, called from forth foreign nations, sundry grave and leatned Pope Leo the tenth. men, unto whom he liberally exhibited pensions and annuities, which by their pains and industry upheld and maintained the majesty of this renowned Academy. The Grecian language, being among the Latins almost quite forgotten and abolished, was again by this Bishop restored, and brought in use, as appeareth by an epistle of his written to Marcus Masurus a Grecian in the year of our Lord one thousand five hundred and thitteene, wherein among sundry other requests he entreateth him to bring with him certain young men out of Greece, from whom the Romans might receive the true use and pronountiation of Greek Characters. Pope julius the third founded in Rome the Germane College, an edifice stately and magnificent, Pope julius the third founder of the Gerard man College wherein at this day are educated & maintained a great number of Almains, under the tutele and government of the sesuites. The College of Wisdom was first erected by Collegium Sapientiae. Claudius the Emperor, and called Alhemeum wherein (as saveth Saint Hierome,) all manner of doctrine, did in his time greatly flourish: it was afterward restored and brought to perfection by Pope Alexander the 6. wherein the professors of all arts are most bountifully provided for. There is also in Rome another fair and beautiful college, belonging to the Jesuits, which is divided Collegium societatis jesu. into two schools or parts: the one is called Parthenia, into the which they only are admitted that have passed 18. years of their age, and are of sufficient learning and capacity to frequent the lectures of Philosophy or Divinity, the other serveth for a Seminary to the former, and therein is professed only Rhetoric and Humanity. This college hath for arms Theology, in form of a royal Queen, seated in a rich & stately temple, having on either side of her a Lady kneeling, whereof the one is Phisica, or natural Philosophy, holding between her hands a terrestrial Globe: the other Mathematica, holding in like manner a celestial Sphere: between them is this Motto or inscription: Leges impone subactis. Pope Pius the fift converted an ancient house in Rome, belonging to The english Seminary. Englishmen, to a goodly College, wherein a great number of English youths do at this day receive their education, the praesidentes and Rectors whereof are always esuites. Of the Libraries in Rome. The ancient Romans foreseeing that the only means whereby learning might everlastingly be preserved, and letters with good discipline undefiled and incorrupt be transmitted to their succeeding posterity, was by the especial preservation and safe keeping of books, containing the heroic acts of their progenitors, which had been compiled by sundry grave and learned men, they used therein extreme travail, and industry: which gave occasion to the first erecting of Libraries in Rome. The first that designed in Rome a place for the conservation Tarqvinius Superbus the first that erected Libraries in Rome. of Books, was Tarqvinius Superbus, for the works of Sibylla. We find recorded in the ancient Annals of Italy, that a certain old woman disguised and unknown, presenting herself before Tarqvinius, offered him nine volumes to be sold, wherein as she said divine oracles were contained, but she set upon them so immense and incredible a price, that Tarqvinius imagining the woman to be distracted and lunatic, could not withhold himself from laughter, wherewithal she seeming to be displeased, cast immediately three books of the nine into a burning flame, demanding of the king, whether he would buy the other six, not diminishing one jot of the former price, whereat the king much more exceedingly laughed, making now at all no question of her frenzy: she forthwith cast other three into the fire, and with a pleasant countenance, asked the king whether he would yet buy those three remaining as dearly estimated as the former nine. Tarqvinius wondering from whence so confident and resolute a determination should proceed, began now more seriously to attend her strange demand, and bought of her those three at no less a rate, than she at first demanded for the whole, and forthwith commanded that they should be reposed in the Capitol, in which place they were reserved as most religious & sacred things, until Cornelius Sylla his time, when together with the Capitol they were consumed with fire. julius Caesar afterward (as Suetonius writeth) used julius Caesar; great care and diligence in erecting of libraries, the charge whereof he committed to Marcus Varro. Marlianus in his sixth book, and second Chapter, maketh mention of two goodly libraries, erected by Paulus AEmelius, and Octavia the sister of Augustus, and wife of Anthony. Blondus writeth, how that famous library of Apelico, wherein were found the books of Aristotle and Theophrastus, was by Lucius Sylla, when he subdued Athens, from thence removed unto Rome. But all those learned works of so many excellent wits, with painful and laborious travail, acquired in foreign nations by Rome's victorious captains, and Rome set on fire by Nero. there laid up for monuments, consecrated unto everliving sempiternity, were by the impious and detestable fact of Nero, when he set the city of Rome on fire, to the inestimable loss and detriment of Europe utterly consumed: which pernicious deed of his, is the only cause, why we at this day want so many antic histories of forepast times, neither had there now been left unto us any memory of sundry commonweals, many hundred years ago, with greatest policy and wisdom governed, had not the succeeding magistrates and Emperors of Rome, with industrious and careful diligence, and incredible expense of treasure, caused the dispersed relics of defaced histories to be searched out, and again compiled by sundry wise and learned men. Suetonius writeth that Vespasian undertaking again to restore the Capitol, disdained not among the Vespasian restored the Capitol. meanest Labourers, with his own shoulders to export such ordure and filth, as long had lain therein, and that by searching out obscure fragments of old exemplars, he again recovered 3000. brazen tables, wherein were contained the several acts of sundry Roman magistrates, the decrees of their Senate, and privileges of their Citizens. Domitian also carefully repaired such libraries, as by fire in former times had been consumed, and caused to be sent for from Alexandria skilful pen men, which might again write over and amend such old blotted copies of sundry authors, as he had with long search recovered. Great care and diligence was concerning this matter used by sundry other Emperors, as trajan, Adrian, Valens, Valentinian and Gratian, etc. yet never did the Roman libraries attain unto any perfection, until the high Bishops had gotten the principality and dominion of the city. Pope Hilary the first left behind, two goodly libraries of his own erection. Pope Zacharie the first, restored Saint Peter's library. Pope Nicholaus the fifth sent sundry excellently learned scholars into all quarters of Europe, to search and seek out the works of ancient authors, and by edict did make promise of 5000. Ducats to any man that could bring unto Rome the Gospel of S. Matthew written in the Hebrew tongue. Leo the tenth, sent into Turkey, john Lascarus, who robbing all the heathen Universities of their best, and worthiest authors, did therewith plentifully furnish & adorn the Roman libraries. Sixtus the fourth builded in Vaticano that famous The library in Vaticano erected by P. Sixtus the fourth. and renowned library, called Palatina, than which the world hath not at this day a place of greater worth and admiration, he with marvelous expense of his treasure made search and inquiry throughout all Realms of Christendom for books of greatest esteem and rarity: all which he placed in this precious library, whereunto he appointed sundry keepers and Guardians, allowing monthly, great sums of money for the perpetual maintenance thereof. Much was this goodly Library defaced and endamaged, when Rome was by the Duke of Bourbon, (Charles the fift possessing the Imperial Diadem) conquered and ransacked. But by the careful provision of succeeding Popes, it hath again recovered in full proportion the beauty and celebrity which it before enjoyed. Raphaell Volaterranus in his sixth book of Geography, sayeth, that there were in his time 24. Libraries in Rome, the principal whereof were Vlpia, which was that founded by trajan, and Palatina, which is this in Vaticano. Venice, We read that king Attila at such time as he besieged Aquilegia, the inhabitants of that town, having long defended themselves, and despairing, fled with their goods to the rocks within the point of the Adriatical sea. The Paduans seeing the fire at hand, and fearing that Aquilegia being won, the barbarous enemy would not so desist, but prosecute his wars on them, carried all their movables of greatest value, near the same sea into a place, called rivo alto, whither they also sent their wives, children, and aged men, leaving the youth to defend the City walls. Aquilegia being taken, Attila defaced Padua, Vincenza, and Verona, the Paduans therefore and the chief of the other Cities, to avoid the hostile and furious pursuit of their enemies, seated themselves about rivo alto. Likewise all the people of that province (which was anciently called Venetia,) being driven out by the same misfortune, did fly thither for relief, and began there to build as well, strong, and invincible fortresses, The building of Venice. for defence, as beautiful and sumptuous Palaces for pleasure, which in short time growing to a well ordered City, was by them named, after their forsaken territory, Venetia. Thus constrained by necessity, they abandoned fair and fertile countries to inhabit these sterile and paludious places; void of all commodity, and yet because great numbers of people, were at one instant come thither, they made that place not only habitable, but also pleasant, ordaining among themselves laws, and orders, which amidst so great ruins of Italy they observed, and within short space so much increased in force and reputation, that in the time of Pippin, king of France, when at the Pope's request, he came to drive the Lombard's out of Italy, it was agreed in capitulations betwixt him, and the Emperor of Greece, that the Duke of Benevento, and the Venetians should be subject neither to the one, nor to the other, but among themselves enjoy liberty in continuance of time they grew to such greatness, that their name by sea became terrible, & upon the firm land of Italy vene rabble, so that at this day their city is become the most rich and renowned Empory of Christendom, and they are admired of all other commonweals, for their opulency and manner of government. They use not as in other places the civil law, but live and are governed by their own laws and peculiar course of justice, The Venetians governed by their own peculiar laws which liberty was (as Blondus writeth) first granted them by Charles the great, the high Bishop of Rome thereto giving his assent. When the University therein was privileged, I do not read, only this I find, that many men excellently The University. learned in Rhetoric, Philosophy, and Theology, have there flourished and professed. Volaterranus writeth, that johannes Rauennas (who lived about that time, when the memory of letters having long in Italy been forgotten and extinguished, began to be again revived) taught at Venice, from whence as it were from an other Trojan horse, did issue many excellent wits, which again restored schools and discipline. Sabellicus affirmeth, that he professed in Rivoaltino Gymnasio, Antonius Cornelius, being then Rector of the University. After the Latin tongue was again restored, Emanuel Chrysolor as began to teach the Greek. Many other singular scholars have in this City taught and lived, as Hermolaus Barbarus, Guarinus Varonensis, Learned clerk that have lived & taught in Venice. Antonius Mancinellus, john Babtista Egnatius, Caelius Secundus, Curio, Peter Bembus, Aldus Manutius, and Paulus his son, etc. Bessarion Cardinal of Rome, and Patriarch of Constantinople, bestowed on a library, which he caused in Venice to be erected 30000. Crowns, which afterward the Dukes thereof exceedingly augmented and adorned. Petrus de Assisio master to Bartholus the famous civil Lawyer, builded in this Academy, the College Collegium pietatis. of pierie, for the education of poor men's children, and such Orphans, as in the street should happen at any time to be taken up. Padua. ALthough Padua (saith Strabo) what by Patavium. reason of the virtue and sincere integrity of the inhabitants, what by the daily exercise of learned sciences, hath long continued in a most prosperous and flourishing condition, yet most Antiquaries are of opinion, that Charles the great, about the year of our Lord 791. was the first that granted privileges to the university therein, Leander The erection of the university in Padua. writeth, that in Padua is a free and public Academy, wherein all studies and sciences universally are professed: erected by Fredrick the 2. in contempt of the Bononian students. Sarabellus saith, that in Padua by a long continued custom, hath been a general exercise and profession of the liberal arts. Concerning this Academy jason the Lawyer writeth, as followeth. If there be any man who will be moved neither with the long continued jason iu●iscō. de Academia Patavina. antiquity of Padua, which resteth beholding to Antenor the Trojan for her first foundation, neither with the spacious greatness thereof, nor the circumference of her triple walls, having the Poe for pleasure sweetly passing by them. Neither with the stately and most sumptuous magnificency of her Senate house, than which Europe enjoyeth not a worthier, nor more excellent piece of workmanship: yet let him be moved with the world amazing glory of her far renowned Academy, which in fame and dignity surmounting all other Italian Universities, is as it were an other Athenian Areopage, which hath always carefully nourished, and studiously brought up men excellently learned in the liberal sciences. There is no city in Italy, which for beauty and stateliness of edifices, may with this place worthily Antenor the first founder of Padua. be paragoned. And although it be most true, that Antenor after his flight from Troy, first erected this city, yet are all her buildings both public & private new, and of no long continuance. For we read, that it was often by the Huns, under Attila their King, and the Lombard's under Frederick Barbarossa their Captain, ruinated and laid waste. The Cathedral Church therein was founded by the German Emperor Henry the fourth: and the Statehouse or Council hall (than which the world hath not at this day a more curious or beautiful plot of Architecture) when it was by casualty set on fire, and thereby much decayed and damnified, was again by the Venetians in most sumptuous sort repaired: in the highest and most conspicuous place The bones of T● Livius reserved in Padua. whereof were laid the bones of Titus Livius, the learned writer of the Roman history. Erasmus calleth this Academy the most illustrious and renowned Emporie of good letters & ingenious arts. In this University are many goodly colleges deputed only for the use of such students, as are of poor and mean ability. Three principal causes are alleged, why this Academy Three causes why Padua hath so long flourished. adorned with so many privileges and prerogatives hath obtained so great splendour and celebrity. The first is the opportune, sweet and fruitful situation of the place, which ministereth to the students The 1. cause. great abundance of all things necessary. Constantinus Paleologus (as writeth Rhodogine) was wont to say, that were it not for the testimony of the holy and learned fathers, which affirm, that Paradise was in the East: he verily would believe it no where could be found, but in the amene and fruitful fields of Padua. The bread of that country is more pure and white then in any other place of Italy, and the wine Pliny esteemeth to be of the best and noblest sort. The second cause why it hath so long flourished, is The 2. cause. because it always hath been found faithful, firm & constant to the commonwealth of Rome, and even in their greatest calamities, and most pernurious wars hath assisted them with men, money, and mwition: wherefore the romans a people ever thankful to their friends, & of singular faith & constancy to their confederates, omitted nothing that might serve to further & promote the glory & emolument of the Paduans. Finally, the third and last cause of the preservation of their happy estate, is because the Paduans beyond The 3. cause. all other have ever been full of humanity and courtesy, whereby they did often win the hearts of all men, and moved great Princes and Potentates to favour them, and become their benefactors. Chastity was of them ever held in so great esteem, that it grew into a proverb, As chaste as one of Padua: whereunto Martial in these verses alludeth. Tu quoque nequitias nostrilususque libelli, V da puella leges sis Patavina licet. Many learned professors and teachers have laboured in this fruitful vineyard. The first that revealed unto this people the arcane and secret mysteries of Christian religion, was Prosdocimus the disciple of S. Paul. After him was Saint Anthony of Padua. Also The conversion of the Paduans to Christianisme. Caietanus a learned Divine, a profound Philosopher & most excellent Physician, long flourished in this university. Thomas Penketh an Englishman, for his admired learning and eloquence, was with much follicitation and entreaty called out of Oxford, to govern and direct in Padua their scholastical discipline. Sabellicus Thomas Penketh an Englishman sent for to Padua. writeth, how the students of Padua understanding that john Campegius (a parsonage for his gravity and great learning much in those days admired and esteemed) was in person approached near their town, the Rector, Rulers and Masters of the University, together The honour that was wont by the Paduans to be given to learned men. with the Magistrate of the City, with pomp went out to meet him on the way (which thing they only are accustomed to do to high & mighty Princes) & going on foot before him, they conducted him into their town. Whereby of all men easily may be perceived, the dignity, honour, & respect, they bear unto worthy professors of learned sciences. It were (no question) to be wished, that in all other places men would do the like, then would letrers and good discipline again begin to flourish: for as the old Proverb is, Honos alit arts, there is nothing that will more encourage students to persevere in their painful and laborious course, then to attribute due worship and respect to such as have attained to any perfection in the Artes. Bononia. ALthough all the learned writers of antic histories do with one consenting opinion agree, that the University of Bononia is of long continuance, and was first founded, when Theodosius swayed the sceptre of the Roman Empire: yet in what year of our saviours nativity, or the said Emperors reign it should be instituted, they are of discrepant and sundry opinions. The original of this controversy seemeth to proceed from hence, because there have been two Theodosii possessed of the imperial Diadem. For from the self same cause have many profound and judicial antiquaries fallen into more pernicious and dangerous errors. Baldus the learned pillar of the law affirmeth, that this Academy was in most flourishing estate 1000 years Theodosius, founder of the Bononian Academy. before his time. Others write, that it was first privileged by Theodosius the younger, which (as in those Chronicles, which contain the greatest likelihood of verity we may read) was elected Emperor about the year of our Lord 420. and reigned 27. years. For testimony whereof they allege this public Charter of his. Whereas the manners of men, health, and war, & The public Charter of Theodosius, for ratification of the University. such like, are all governed and preserved by the best disciplines, lest all good arts and principles of learning should decay, we Theodosius by the grace of God, Emperor of the romans, ever Augustus, moved with the commodiousness and fertility of the place, having 25. Months taken sound and deliberate advise thereon, sitting in our seat of Majesty, a general Council of Christians being assembled, in the presence of Celestine high Bishop of Rome, twelve Cardinals, archbishops and Bishops innumerable, and sundry other Dukes and Princes, of divers degrees and callings, Baldwin Earl of Flaunders, and Gualther Earl of Poitiers Ambassadors, the one representing the person of the King of France: the other of the King of England, sitting the whole College of an hundred Senators, do by this inviolable Act ordain and decree, that Bononia shall for ever hereafter be a place of exercise for all learned sciences, and a perpetual seat and habitation for the Muses. Moreover we will that all determinate and finitive sentences, pronounced by such judges as have not been students in this university the space of at least five years, shall be void and of none effect. Also if any shall proceed Master of Arts, and receive the book of any other than the Archdeacon of Bononia, although the most learned Artistes shall do and approve Violence offered to a student, to be punished with death. the same, yet by our royal authority we deprive him of all degree and dignity. If any man be so bold or hardy, injuriously to offend any student going or coming from this University, he shall be punished with death: which if the Precedent shall neglect to execute, our will is that he incur the same penalty. This Copy of our sacred ordinance & constitution, signed with our imperial seal, and written with the hand of Cicero our Notary, we grant & deliver to the perpetual memory thereof, to Petronius Bishop of Bononia, descended from the Constantinopolitan Emperors, at his earnest entreaty and request, to be kept and executed to the uttermost of his power. Given at Rome in the Capitol, in the year of our Lord 423. the 11. day of May. How great authority this Academy enjoyed in Books written by sundry Popes, dedicated to this university. former ages, we may imagine, when Pope Gregory the ninth, Pope Boniface the 8. & Pope john the 23. writing sundry learned treaties, did dedicate them all to this university. Petrus Anchoranus calleth Bononia the mother of sciences. Pope Clement the 5. in a Council held at Vienna, decreed, that beside the studies of all the liberal Arts, the Hebrew, Arabic, and Chaldean languages, should be there publicly delivered. We read that the Emperor Frederick the 2. did The university impaired by Frederick Barbarossa. much damnify this university, because it took part against him with the sea Apostolic, when he held his wars in Italy. The students of this place at what time Pope Martin too severely persecuted the Bononians, departed from the university, some to one place, and some unto another, so that in short time it became a solitary desert: until afterward it was by the Pope's Eugenius the 4. Nicholaus the 5. and Leo the 11. again restored. Bessarion patriarch of Constantinople, when this Academy, The same repaired by Bessarion Patriarch of Constantinople. was by negligence and Civil contentions almost utterly overthrown, by sundry means endeavoured to repair the same, both by increasing the yearly pensions and stipends allowed for the public Readers and professors, and also by building costly and sumptuous edifices, for the maintenance & relief of such scholars, as for mere poverty were constrained to give over their undertaken course of studies. Hierome Osorius that famous Portugal, and only Cicero of this our latter age, writeth in his first book de Osorius his opinion of thts Academic. Gloria, that the more to enrich himself with learning he was especially moved to seek out this city, because in all Italy there was no place for the glory and renown of letters comparable to Bononia. For there (saith he) do flourish men in the Greek and Latin tongues exquisitely learned: many there are which excel in all kind of Philosophy: many famous for eloquence and Oratory, and many which have in all the liberal sciences with great admiration long been conversant. What shall I speak of the studies of the Canon and Civil laws? When such as in Bononia have professed them, have obtained the supreme principality over all other that ever have been students in that learned faculty, etc. The excellency of this University may easily be gathered out of the learned treaties & commentaries, written by sundry famous clerk, whereof some were in this place scholars, some professors of learned sciences. johannes Andreae, which of civil Lawyers is commonly Leaned professors in this University. called the decider and expounder of doubtful questions, professed in this Academy the law, with great fame and estimation, and there at length died of the pestilence. Azo that mirror and bright shining lamp of learning, was here also a public professor of the civil law, Pope Innocent not disdaining to be his Auditor, at what time he wrote that work of our age, so much admired, called Summaiuris. Herein also taught Bartholus, who being but one and twenty years of age, proceeded Doctor of the civil law. Accursius, that famous and renowned Clerk, being forty years of age, began first in this University to apply his mind to study, wherein he so much profited, that his name was known throughout all the Italian Academies, and whereas before there had been always two sects and heresies among the Lawyers, they were by him reconciled, and brought into one uniform opinion. Socinus likewise was in this place for his great learning so highly esteemed, that he was called the Monarch of the Law, and his Scholars often would complain of nature, saying, she was too avaricious to hide a wit so excellent and admirable in a body so small deformed and unfashionable. To recite all those renowned wits, that have in this famous nursery received their education and institution, were a labour tedious and superfluous, wherefore I will conclude with Salicet though the last, yet not the least of such learned writers, as have from hence proceeded: this Salicet was by a strange and wonderful vision animated, to write his Commentaries upon justinian, The ●ision of Salicet. for sitting on a time in his study in great solitariness, he heard a certain heavenly voice crying unto him, arise, arise, and at length he awakened, when looking about, there appeared unto him a most beautiful Queen, holding in her left hand a sceptre, in her right hand justinian's book, whom followed a reverend assembly of learned Lawyers, of them he demanded what Queen this might be, who answered that she was the Law herself, and grievously seemed to lament that herself together with the works of those, which followed her, should by the fraudulent or unskilful handling of upstart and ignorant writers, be so shamefully corrupted, wherefore they said, it belonged unto him, who only was worthy to undertake a task so honourable, as well to reform those abused Commentaries, as also to write some newly of his own: promising that they would continually assist his labour and invention: by whose persuasion being moved, he presently applied his mind to write and absolve these learned Commentaries upon justinian, so much admitted for their worthiness and singularity. Finally, although this University by the magnificence and privileges of sundry Popes, Emperors, Kings and Princes, seemed already to have aspired to the height of all felicity, yet lest any thing should be wanting to the fullness of her glory, the Emperor Charles the fifth receiving in this City, at the hands Charles' the 5 a great benefactor to this University. of Pope Clement the Imperial Diadem, adorned the same with many great and royal prerogatives. Ferrara. SOme are of opinion, that Frederick the Emperor being highly displeased with the Bononians, for favouring Pope Alexander's side, by whom he was excommunicated, and his territories interdicted, in hatred and despite of them erected a new University in Ferrara. But Volaterranus writeth, that Salicet was in The erection of the University in Fe●rar. the year of Christ's Nativity 1316. sent for by Albertus' Duke of Ferrara, to institute a common school, in this City, which was afterward confirmed and privileged by Pope Boniface the eight, and exceedingly augmented by the bounty and liberality of the succeeding Princes of Este. Angelus Aretinus, a learned professor of the Civil law, writeth unto the Duke of Ferrara, in the poem of his imperial institutions in this manner. When you had established in this your noble and most flourishing city, a receptacle for learned arts, and liberal sciences, with how great desire and diligence you did labour to have me brought hither, being not moved thereunto by any fame or brute of me, that being but slender and obscure, but rather by the singular love and affection, wherewith you always have embraced such as affect the Muses: not only myself do well perceive, but all men easily do understand. Wherefore revolving these things in my mind, how that I to undertake the office of a Reader, was sent for by such & so great a prince, in whom the clear brightness of virtue and honesty, is most resplendishing, I feared lest if I should not give some manifest testimony of my duty and devotion towards you, I mean of Aretine's zeal and affection to the thrice noble and renowned family of Est, I justly might be reckoned in the number of the most ungrateful men: for even as yourself is the first which hath restored unto this decaying University, her former place and dignity, so these my labours laying open the first nativity and infancy of the laws, aught to be to yourself only consecrated, etc. Marry worthy writers and professors have sucked Sundry learned writers which have proceeded from this Academy. sweet milk from the Muse's breasts in this renowned Nursery, as Felinus Sandaeus, the Interpreter of the Canon law, Andraeus Alciatus, Theodorus Gaza, Caelius Caleagninus, Baptista Gnavinus Nicolaus Leonicenus, Peter Bembus, his master and many others. Milan. Milan is a fair and beautiful City in Lombary, seated at the foot of the Alps, Mediolanum the situation of Milan. which for the great and spacious circumference thereof, is by the Italians graced with this Epithet la grand. Pope Alexander the fifth, a learned Father, writeth that Milan is situated in the most clear, temperate, & wholesome air of Christendom, and that the first Revealer of Christian mysteries therein, was S. Barnabas the Apostle. The writer of the Commentaries, upon Bartholus The University of great antiquity. the Lawyer affirmeth, that Milan hath by long and ancient custom enjoyed a free and public University. Many excellent and worthy Scholars have issued from hence, to the incredible benefit of our Christian Church and commonwealth. Demetrius Cydonius borne in Thessalonica, forsaking his native Country, came to Milan, where he studied Demetrius Cydonius translated the Latin books of S. Thomas of Aquine in to Greek. first the Latin tongue, and afterwards Divinity: during which time he turned out of Latin into Greek the learned Books of S. Thomas of A●uine, that even the Grecians themselves might reap some commodity out of the sacred works of so holy a man: two goodly ornaments of this City were S. Ambrose, and S. Augustine, and of latter time, Uierome Cardanus, that great Mathematician and learned Doctor of Physic. Out of the fellowship of Doctors in Milan, Pope Pius A grant of Pope Pius the fourth. the fourth, because he once was one of the number, granted that the Auditor of the Wheel, and an Advocate in the consistory, should perpetually be elected. Leander sayeth, that in the College of Friars praedicantes, is a fair and well furnished Library. The Library Pavia. THe University in Pavia, is thought to have been erected by Charles the great, Pavia. Charles the great, founder of the Pavian Academy. not long after Paris: for this Emperor ●●alously affecting the propagation of christian religion, se●t unto this city one of those priests, which came to him into France, out of England, from venerable Bede, crying out in all places, that they carried about them Wisdom to sell, at which time beg●nne the first institution of this Academy. Rochus de Curte a grave professor of the Canon Rochus de Curte. law, (whose learned commentaries are in all places received with great applause and admiration,) in an Epistle of his to john Sylvanus Chancellor of Milan, nameth Pavia to be a most happy and flourishing University. Curtius' writing to jafredus, president of Milan, thou Curtius. (sayeth he) hast undertaken the charge, not only of preserving, but also of augmenting the tottering estate of the Pavian Academy: so that by thy only help and assistance, it now most worthily is, and may be called the most ennobled and resplendishing Seminaty of good letters in this our Christian world, thou providest for the teachers and professors of liberal sciences, large and princely pensions: thou by thy great bounty and singular magnificence, dost attract and draw hither the most ripe and ready wits of christendom, the better to adorn this royal University. In this place did Baldus read his extreme and latest Baldus. lectures, for here he died, and was buried in the covent of the friars Minorites. Many and most grievous damages did this Academy of late time endure, when the city was by Frances the French king besieged before he was taken prisoner by Charles the Emperor: for arnold Ferronus writeth in his seventh book of French histories, how Antonius' Leva, being by Charles the fift The misery this city endured when it was besieged by the Frenchmen. appointed Captain and governor of Pavia, he converted unto his own use, even the silver maces, which usually were accustomed to be borne before the Rector or Precedent of the University, the better to give his soldiers pay. Also a goodly Library, which (as jason sayeth) was placed in the Castle, was then much perished, notwithstanding afterward by the singular bounty and liberality of the Bishops of Rome and other princes, it was again repaired and restored. Pope Pius the 4, ●ounded herein a fair and sumptuous college. Bernardus Saccus affirmeth the air about Pavia to be pure and piercing, whereby the wits of scholars are sharpened and excited to the desire of study. He sayeth moreover that the first teacher and professor of Christianisme therein, was Syrus of Aquilegia: In those days that Saint Peter did teach The first professor of Christianisme in Pavia. at Rome, whose doctrine, because even until this day, they have with great constancy kept and maintained, it was decreed, that this City should no more be called by her ancient name Ticinum, from the river passing by it, but Papia, quasi piorum virorum patria. Turin. TVrin a City of Piemonte, was (as writeth Taurinum. Caelius Secundus, who was therein borne,) in former ages called Augusta Ta●rinorum, because it was the head City or Metropolis of the Nation and people so called, who by julius Caesar's gift, were made free Denizens of the city of Rome. This City was by the Goths ruinated and overthrown, and afterward again re-edified, though not of so great circumference as before it was, yet in better for me and fashion. It taketh name from the river Duria, which runneth through the same. It is The situation thereof. situated in a smooth plain, having on the east side thereof, a mile distant from the town, the river Poe, on the North and West the Alps, on the South a fertile champion, containing five miles in breadth. In this city was wont to be held the court and residence of the princes, together with the whole council of Riemont: It was afterward by the Pope graced with the title of an archbishopric. A goodly University was here instituted by the The institution of the University. Dukes of Savoy, which excelled all other Italian Academies, for their exquisite perfection in Tipography, or the art of Printing. Erasmus Roterodam●s did in this University proceed Doctor of Divinity, where he after became a public professor of the same. For the possession of this place, was fought between the Emperor Charles the fifth, and the king of France, in the year 1544. that fierce and bloody battle, wherein of the emperors side 12000. or as some write, 13000. soldiers were put to the sword. Florence. FLorence is a strong and beautiful city in Hetruria, sited in a play n betwixt the foot of a mountain, and the river Arno: It was first begun by the people of Fiesole, & enlarged afterwards by the Roman Colonies. Sundry opinions concerning the true name of t●us city. It had then to name Armina, and from whence this name of Florence should be derived, divers men do diversly hold opinion. Some suppose it to be so called from Florino, one of the chief of the Colony. Others will not consent that it was called Florentia at the beginning, but Fluentia, because of the river Arno, flowing near the walls thereof: and they allege the authority of Pl●●●●, where he saith, that the people Fluentini be near unto Arno: which may be false, saith Machiavelli the Florentine, because Pliny maketh mention where the Florentines were seated, not how they were called: and that word Fluentum must needs be corrupted, because Frontinus and Cornelius Tac●tus (who wrote almost in the time of Plinic) do call the Town Florentia, and the people Florentini, saying, that long since in the time of Tiberius they were governed according to the custom of other cities in Italy. Cornelius also reporteth that the Florentines had sent Ambassadors unto the Emperor, praying that the waters of the Chiane might not descend upon their country. It seemeth not then to stand with reason, that the city should at one time have two names: It is therefore most credible, that it was always called Florentia. For what cause soever it was so named, or for what cause soever it had the beginning, most sure it is, that under the Empire of Rome, it had the first foundation, & in the reign of the first Emperors, writers did make mention thereof. Long time it continued base and obscure, not being able to do any thing worthy of memory, for the authority of them unto whom they were subject, but being at length weary of that yoke, in the year 1010. on the day of Saint Romulus (a solemn feast with the Fiesolan) they surprised Fiesole, & demolished the same. Afterward all Italy being divided into open factions between the Popes and Emperors, they always held on the strongest side: by which means Florence being now much enlarged, & well replenished with buildings, men, & other things necessary for civil life, began to be numbered among the principal Cities of Italy. And had (no question) grown to as much celebrity, as any city of Europe, The prosperity of Florence hindered by civil discords. had not the civil discords and intestine factions of the citizens, hindered her greatness. But so exceedingly was it always pestered with mutual dissensions, that it never could attain unto any height of glory, until Cosmio de Medici's obtained the principality thereof, & Cosmio de Medici's. reduced it from an Aristocratical government, to a Monarchy. Who having passed in the beginning of his greatness many troubles and calamities, after he had exceeded forty years of his age, lived most happily: in so much as not only they which joined with him in public actions, but all other men also that managed his treasure in every place of Europe, did participate of his felicity: and every man depending upon his counsel and fortune, became wealthy. He was the most esteemed and most famous citizen, (being no man of war) that ever had been in the memory of man, either in Florence, or any other city: because he did not only excel all others of his time in authority and riches, but also in liberality and wisdom. For amongst other qualities, which advanced him to be chief of his Country, he was more than other men, bountiful and magnificent. His chiefest care and endeavour was to preserve, adorn, and beautify this City. For which cause he builded and erected in the same many sumptuous edifices. He builded the Abbeys and Temples of Saint The costly buildings wherewith Cosmio de Medici's adorned Florence. Mark, Saint Laurence, and the Monastery of Saint Veridiana, and in the mountains of Fiesole, Saint Gerrolano, with the Abbey thereto belonging. Also in Mugello he did not only repair the Church for the Friars, but took it down and builded it a new. Besides those magnificent buildings in Saint Croce, in Saint Agnoli, and in Saint Miniato, he made Altars and sumptuous chapels, besides the building of them were by him paved, and thoroughly furnished with all things necessary. To these public buildings we may add his private houses, whereof one is within the City, meet for so great a parsonage, & four other without at Cariaggi, at Fiesole, at Caffagivolo, & at Trebio, all palaces fitter for princes then private persons: and because his magnificent houses in Italy, did not in his opinion make him famous enough, he builded in jerusalem a goodly Hospital to receive the poor and diseased pilgrims. And albeit these buildings and every other his actions were princely, and that in Florence he lived like a Prince, yet he so well demeaned and governed himself by wisdom, as he never exceeded the bounds of civil modesty. Now having in this manner adorned the city with costly buildings, he thought he could add thereto no greater ornament then to erect therein an university, and licence public profession of the arts: to the end that as well the citizens of Florence, as inhabitants of Hetruria, by good discipline and literature might become more civil and less barbarous. Wherefore he The University established caused to be sent for unto Florence, Argyrophilus a Grecian borne, and at that time in the studies of Rhetoric & Philosophy singularly learned, to the end that the youth of Florence might by him be instructed in the Argyrophilus. Greek tongue, and the liberal sciences. He entertained also in his house Marsilius Ficinus, a second father of Platonian Philosophy: him he entirely loved, and to the end he might with commodity exercise the Ma●silius Ficinus. study of learning, and more aptly use his help therein, he bestowed on him a certain plot of ground, near to his house at Carregi. This Academy being by Cosmio begun, was afterward by Laurence de Medici's his sons son, finished The Academy augmented & restored by Laurence de Medici's. and brought to a full, absolute and flourishing perfection. This Laurence was a great lover of good letters, highly favouring learned men. He held Marsilius Ficinus (whom as we said before, his grandfather had caused to come to Florence) in great esteem. He nourished in his house that excellent scholar Angelus Politianus, who in his youth did first make the Grecian Poet Homer speak in the Latin tongue. He entertained Angelus Politi●nus. with liberal pensions and exhibitions, Demetrius Chalcondilas, Picus Mirandula, and sundry other admired, and much renowned for their singular learning. Pope Paulus the third, although he daily heard in the Pope Paulus the 3 became a 〈◊〉 in Fl●rence. Roman Academy, Pomponius Laetus, a man excellently learned, yet was he exceedingly desirous to study in the Florentine University, because the Greek and Latin tongues, together with the other Arts, were there professed with greatest sincerity and profoundness. This Prince much augmented, and with great cost adorned the library, which his grandfather Cosmio had erected near the Temple of S. Mark: from whence of late time have been brought to light The Library near S. Mark many excellent books, which long have line obscured, and were in no other place of Christendom to be found: as Eusebius Caesariensis, again Hierocles, and the works of Clemens Alexandrinus, and others. Another library was in this City erected at S. Laurence his Church, by Pope Clement the seventh. This noble Maecenas and Patron of the Muses, The death of Laurence de Medici's. Laurence de Medici's, so famous for his singular wisdom, and whose loss was long lamented of his country, being troubled with intolerable pains of the stomach, died in April, in the year of our Lord 1492. in the 43. year of his age. Pisa. PIsa is a great and goodly city of much antiquity in Hetruria, environed about with high and mighty walls of marble stone: which although now through the manifold injuries of time, and miserable calamities, which hath been thereon inflicted by the oppression and tyrannical usurpation of sundry Kings and Princes, it remaineth in the Florentines jurisdiction: yet hath it in former age been a place much renowned for warlike discipline, and most feared of her neighbouring provinces: as appeareth by sundry several conquests the Pisans achieved, when by force of arms they endeavoured to enlarge & propagate the bounds of their dominion. In the year 1020. they brought Sardinia conquered by the Pisans. Sardinia under their subjection, having thrice expulsed the Sarracens from thence. Likewise in the year 1108. they invaded the Isles of Maiorica and Minorica: from whence having slain the king thereof (a Maiorica and Minorica invaded. man wholly addicted to the law of Mahomet) they returned conquerors, bringing captives home the Queen and her infant son: which child being by them instructed from his infancy in the principles of christian religion, they afterward did reinvest with The happy estate of Pisa impaired by the tyranny of Rudolphus the Emperor his father's Diadem. Such happy and fortunate successes in all affairs did Pisa long enjoy, until the time of Rudolphus the Emperor, by whose tyrannical oppression, they seemed from height of all prosperity, to be dejected to an humble and inseparable estate. In the year 1369. it was sold by Charles the Emperor, to Peter Gambacurta for twelve thousand crowns. Afterwards coming from the hands of one man unto another, it was sold to john Galeace, Viscount of Milan. Galeace sold it to the Florentines: to whose proud and tyrannizing government the Pisans not brooking to be subjecteth, by a seditious & rebellious attempt, expulsed them, & recovered their pristine liberty: which they not long enjoyed: for in short time after the Florentines again did conquer them, and made them slavishly subject to their empery and command. This base and servile condition the noblest sort of the Pisan citizens much repining at, chose rather to be divorced from their native soil, and to live in voluntary exile, then to The magnanimity of the nobler sort of Pisans. be at home commanded by those, whose ancestors in times past their forefathers were accustomed to command. Upon which occasion the City grew to be in manner of a void and solitary desert (the better sort of inhabitants having all forsaken it) and so continued, until the first erection therein of the University, the only cause why it was again frequented: which was (as Leander writeth) erected about the year 1339. Not long after it exceedingly began to flourish, as appear by The University erected. the many grave and reverend Doctors, which therein received their instruction & education, namely, Pope Eugenius the third, a religious and learned father. Also Raimerus and Bartholomeus, two deep and profound scholars of the order of Friars Predicantes, whereof the one did write that egregious work of Pantheologie: the other set forth the sum of cases of conscience. Learned professors in this University have been, Helinus Sandaeus, Franciscus Aretinus who was held to be the best read, and most judicial civil Lawyer of his time. Bartholus after that he had in Bononia proceeded, did in the Pisan Academy (as himself confesseth) publicly profess the civil Law, Cosmio de Medici's restored again this Academy, which in his time exceedingly was decayed. After him Laurence his Nephew so much adorned and augmented the same, that Volaterranus in his fifth book of Geography, and Machiavelli in his last book of the Florentine history, name him as the first founder and erector thereof. In this City is a most magnificent and sumptuous temple with brazen gates: not far from which is a tower of rare and admirable artifice, which on the outside bendeth downward so exceedingly, that a stranger would continually fear the fall thereof, but within it standeth perpendicularly right. The thing of greatest wonder and admiration in this City, is the Churchyard, whose earth doth in four hours consume and convert into itself the Munsterns lib. 2. Cosmographiae. deceased carcase of a man. Sienna. WE find recorded in ancient histories, that Sienna was once one of the Roman Colonies, which since in success of time hath been of much greatness and command, Sienna once a Roman Colony. having subjecteth unto her dominion, many lands and territories. Others write, that when Bremius led his army of Gauls, called Senonenses, into Italy, about 382. years before Christ's nativity, this City was by them founded and so named. Some other number among the new and latest erected Cities of Italy, because therein appear no marks or footsteps of antiquity. Whensoever or by whomsoever the first foundation thereof was laid, I find for certain, that it is a most feat and spacious City, well fenced and munited with Towers and Fortresses. The Country thereabout being full of pastures and herbage, exceeding all the neighbouring provinces in fruitfulness and fertility, The fertility of the country about Sienna. doth cause in the City great plenty and abundance of corn, wine, oil, sheep, and oxen, and whatsoever else is necessary to sustain the life of man. That an University was herein long since erected, The University in Sienna of great antiquity. appeareth by the authentic testimony of sundry learned Historiographers. Cardinal Sarabellus, a learned civil Lawyer, affirmeth, that this Academy did in the first beginning thereof suffer so many vexations and indignities, that it no sooner began a little to flourish, but it was again depressed and extinguished: which I the rather am induced to believe, when I read of the implacable hatred and irreconcilable enmity, that was between them and the Florentines, during the furious outrages committed in Italy, by the factions of the Guelphy and Gibellini. They were also much vexed and molested by Spanish Garrisons, maintained in the town, which in the year 1552. she violently expelled thence, it enjoyed afterwards much peace and tranquillity under the protection of the Almain Emperors, but in the year 1558. it was wholly rendered to the Duke of Sienna subjecteth to the Duke of Florence. The university Florence, under whose jurisdiction it now continueth. Petrus Ancoranus confesseth that himself being sent for by the Counsel of Sienna in the year 1357. did in this University three years publicly profess the civil law. Volaterranus writeth, that in the time of Pope john the second, (a great enemy to the Bononian Academy) Dinus came to Sienna, where then all manner of studies exceedingly did flourish, Panormitanus, Paulus Gastrensis, Bartholomeus Soenius, Philippus Decius, Hugo Senensis, Augustinus Dathus, and many other of great learning and singular wisdom, did with their lives adorn and make famous this renowned Academy. Franciscus Philelphus being at variance with Cosmio de Medici's left Florence, where before he had professed Rhetoric, and taught at Sienna. Pope julius the third, and Marcellus the second, were both scholars in this University. In this City was borne A Aeneas Silvius, who afterward aspiring to the Papacy, was named Pius the The birth of Pope Pius the 2. second, by whose bounty and benevolence this Academy was with many privileges adorned. This University sayeth Panormitane enjoyeth the privileges of Panonia. Therein as writeth Cacciolupus, is a goodly college called Domus Sapientiae, where the students by daily Collegium Sapientiae. practice and disputations, and private exercises are greatly profited. Modena. AZo a learned professor of the civil law, writing of the liberal sciences, studied, & with privilege professed in Rome, and Constantinople, sayeth, that it was at first only lawful for the civil law to be taught publicly in those imperial cities, notwithstanding the same was afterward by the Popes and Emperors licenced openly to be read and expounded in sundry other cities, especially in the Universities of Banonia and Modena. When this City was erected, or by whom the University was privileged, I do not remember, that I have read in any Author. THE UNIVERSITIES of France. Paris. Parish the Metropolis of France, was founded as some say by julius Caesar, and first called julia, others refer the original thereof to further antiquity, and contend that the foundation thereof was laid by one Parise descended of the line of ●aphet, from whence they will have the city to be named. Whomsoever we shall imagine to have been the first author thereof: (the discussion of which matter I will leave to more learned Antiquaries,) this is most certain, that she may at this day worthily contend for sovereignty with the proudest city of the world. She surmounteth far all other cities, not of France only, but of Europe, for huge and incomparable greatness, for concourse of Merchants, no Emporie of Christendom is more frequented, for the commodiousness of the University, no students in this vast and wide circuit of the world are better accommodated. It was called Lutetia, from the latin word Lutum, which signifieth dirt, because that the streets in her for mer age, being than not paved with stone, abounded Paris why called Lutetia. with dirt and mite, by reason of the innumerable multitude of people that repaired from all quarters & corners of the world. The river Sequana dividing this city in the midst, maketh thereof two parts or sides. The first side containeth the University and Colleges of the students. The other side only beareth the name of the city. The Emperor Charles the great, to his eternal memory and everlasting praise, did first ordain and institute The foundati-of the Vniver sity. this reverend and most worthy to be renowned mother of so many foreign Universities, at the earnest suit and instigation of Alcuinus, whose scholar he had been. For we read in ancient Chronicles, that when venerable Bede sent over into France those two learned Friars, of whom we had occasion to speak in the description of the Pavian University. Alcuinus perceiving the prompt and ready mind the Emperor did bear unto men skilful in learned studies, made earnest request unto him to design in Paris, some convenient place for public profession of the arts, whereunto the Emperor condescending, immediately this new erected Academic exceedingly began to flourish, and is at this time the most renowned Nursery of the arts, that ever was in Europe planted. Since the time of that renowned Emperor, it made great experience of the bounty and liberality of the kings of France, who have beautified it from time to time, with many sumptuous aedifices, adorned it with many high and noble privileges, and endued it with many rich and princely revenues. King Lewes the ninth imitating the fact of julius Caesar, Lewes the 9 Privileges granted to this University by sundry kinger of Franc. to the end that the number of students daily might be increased in this renowned seminary of good letters, granted unto them by Charles tl ease ample privileges: We will and command that all and every person or persons, borne in whatsoever climate or nation of the world, being or willing to be of the body and incorporation of the Parisian Academy, shall come unto, stay in, or return from the same, and send their messengers and baggage either thither or from thence to any other place, quietly & without trouble or molestation, as to themselves shall seem best, etc. The like Charter was to them granted by king Phili p the 6. Philip the sixth, which Rebulphus rehearseth in this manner. We of our especial grace, and from the fullness of royal authority, do expressly forbid all lay men, of what condition or calling soever, and every private person upon any occasion to disturb or molest any master or scholar, either going to, or coming from the Parisian University, or any other that shall by his oath affirm, that he either is, or meaneth to be one of the said incorporation. King Charles' the 6. did release and set free all students Charles the 6. in Paris, from all manner of subsidies, taxes, & impositions of wine, corn, or whatsoever goods beside they should buy either by parcels, or by great, to serve their necessary turns. Even this king Charles not long after taking part with Clement the antipope, against Pope Vrban, by apprehending and imprisoning the Rector of this University, for public reciting the said Pope's letters in the schools, did much impair the happy and flourishing estate thereof, for the students thinking thereby their privileges to be infringed, departed from the University, and left it in a manner desolate and void of scholars. In like manner we read that the University was forsaken in the time of king Lewes the holy, under whose reign the scholars (many outrageous injuries being offered them by the Citizens) complaining that their ancient customs and privileges, against all law of God and man, were violated and abrogated departed in swarms from thence, whereof some Great numbers of the Parisian students forsaking that university came to Oxford. Privileges granted by sundry Popes. ●. Innocent. thousands came into England, and studied in Oxford, whereat the kings charge they were well provided for. Many likewise are the privileges, which have by sundry Popes been granted to this University, but to avoid prolixity, I will set down one letter of Pope Innocents' written to this Academy. We being desirous to do you an especial grace and favour, do ordain and decree, that it shall not be lawful for any man to pronounce any sentence of excommunication or interdiction against either Rector, Proctor, Master, or Scholar of your University, of what degree or faculty soever he be, or against any other for any fact concerning the University, without especial licence from our sea Apostolic, without which if any such sentence shallbe pronounced, we will that it be held as frivolous, and of no effect. From this University, as from a clearespringing fountain, have been derived many excellent Academies of France and Germany. Therein are at this day to be seen an hundred goodly Colleges for the use of students, builded all of costly In Paris are an 100 colleges marble stone. Robert brother to king Lewes the holy, founded in this Academy in the year 2, 3. that famous College of the learned Sorbonistes, unto whom all Universities of Europe with one consent give place, as to the greatest Clarks, & most profound Divines of Christendom. In the year 1286. Queen johan erected the magnificent and goodly College of Navarre. Francis of Valois king of France, did send for sundry learned professors of the Greek and Hebrew tongues, unto whom he allowed liberal exhibitions, unto the which he added afterward (being moved thereunto by the counsel and persuasions of William Budye, & john Bellay, two singularly learned men) the profession of Physic, Philosophy, and the Mathematics. So great a quantity and proportion of corn, and other provisions necessary for the life of man, are from all quarters of the Realm brought into this city, that there is nothing wanting for the sustenance of so many thousand persons, for within this City are said to be 500 parishes and 100 Colleges. S. Dionysius Areopag●ta first taught in this city, the S. Dionise the Apostle of France. principles of religion. That the Reader may the better conceive the excellency of this City, I have annexed hereunto for a conclusion, certain old verses written in commendation thereofby Architremius, a Poet of our own country. Exoritur tandem locus, altera regia Phoebi, Parrisius, Cyrraea viris, Chrysaea metallis, Graeca libris, Inda studiis, Romana Poetis, Attica Philosophis, mundi rosa, balsamus orbis, Sidonis ornatu, sua mensis, & suapotu, Dives agris, foecunda mero, mansueta colonis, Messe ferax, inoperta rubis, nemorosa racemis, Plena feris, fortis domino, pia regibus aura, Dulcis, amaena situ, bona quolibet omne venustum, Omne bonum si sola bonis fortuna faveret. Poitiers. POictou is a great and goodly earldom of France, containing 1200 parishes, divided Pictavia. into three Dioceses, or bishoprics. It hath also within the confines thereof many proud and mighty cities, amongst which appeareth that beautiful and far renowned city Poitiers, seated at the foot of the river Claine or Clanus, the principal seat and Metropolis of the Earldom, for antiquity and long continuance, not inferior to any town of France, second to Paris, only in greatness, power, and majesty: therein are yet to this day remaining certain relics and monuments of Monuments of antiquity in Poitiers. most incredible continuance, as the old ruins of an ancient Theatre, Gallienus his palace, and the vaults of certain Conduits yet standing, called in French Arceaux de Parigne. In this City hath long flourished a most learned The University. University of great fame and authority in degree and pre-eminence next to Paris. We read in the Ecclesiastical histories, that S. Hiliary called the Apostle of Aquitaine, first revealed unto S Hilary the Apostle of Aquitaine. this people the light of the Gospel, and became the first Bishop of Poitiers, who after many miseries and torments constantly endured for the Catholic faith, deceased in the year 371. leaving behind him many excellent treatises, which do sufficiently testify his singular wisdom and learning. Lions. Lion's is a rich and plentiful City seated on a little neck or point of land between Lugdunum. the two noble rivers Araeris & Rhodanus, now called Sosne and Rhosne. We read in Plutarch, that Lucius Plancus Munatius, having the conduct of some Roman Lions founded by Plancus Munatius a Roman. soldiers, finding in this place the air to be sweet and healthy, the soil pleasant and fruitful, & the rivers so commodious for conveying thither all things necessary from the territories near adjoining, he laid here the foundation of this worthy city, which daily increasing in wealth, and swarming with innumerable multitudes of Matchants, grew to be so mighty and populous, that Strabo reporteth it to have been in his time the most noble and opulent City of all France, Narbone only excepted, which in those days was the most flourishing Emporie of that kingdom: this city being about that time at the height of her glory became a seat and habitation of the Roman Princes, who often forsook Rome the garden of the world, and only paradise of earthly pleasures to recreate themselves therein. About which time (see how all mortal things are subject to vicissitude and change) she seeming to have aspired to the top Lions consumed with fire. of all felicity, was in one day consumed with fire, and became unto beholders a most miserable & doleful spectacle of ruin and desolation: of which Seneca in a certain consolatory Epistle of his to Liberalis a citizen of Lions, writeth as followeth: unius noctis incendium totum stravit urbem, ut una scilicet nox interfuerit inter urbem maximam & nullam, tant a fuit incendij vis & celeritas. In this city flourished an Academy of great fame and celebrity, which hath sent forth into the world The university many excellent men, renowned for their great learning & holiness of life, as Irenius and Eucherius both Archbishops of Lions, and Primates and metropolitans of France: which dignity belongeth unto this City, though in the year 1306. the Archbishop alienated from himself the government thereof, receiving for the same a yearly pension or annuity. We read of most barbarous and tyrannical cruelties exercised on the professors of the Christian faith in this City, during the reign of Marcus Antonius A great persecution in Lions. the Roman Emperor, in the year of our salvation 175. in which persecution died 19000. Martyrs. Angiers. ANiou, in times past an Earldom, and in the year 1350. ennobled with the title of a Dukedom, is a Region in France, of no great circumference, but full of goodly rivers, forests and mountains, & therefore for abundance and fertility, not inferior to any country near thereunto. It is confined on the East side thereof with The confines of Anjou. Tourraine and Vendosme, on the West with Britanny, on the South with Poictou, and on the North with the Earldoms of Maine & Lavalle: the Metropolis of this Dukedom, is an ancient city called by Ptolomey, juliomagus, now named of the Angevines, Angiers. A public university was in this city instituted and erected by Lewes the 2. about that time that Rupertus The university erected. Phaltsgrave of Rhine founded Heilderberge in Germany, which was about the year 1346. Others will have it to be founded in the year 1362. at which time Casimere erected Cracow in Polonia. Henry Valoise Duke of Anjou, brother to King Charles the 9 not long since Henry Valoise a great benefactor to this Academy. with much industrious care, laboured to augment & restore the same: the which good work, that he the better might perform, he with great munificence invited thither sundry excellently learned scholars: among the which was Francis Baldewin, who therein to his eternal praise and everlasting memory, did establish the profession of the Civil law. Of this city & Dukedom in our country chronicles is often mention made, as of a territory which long The Dukedom Anjou alienated from the Crown of England. was annexed to the English crown, and alienated by King Henry the 6. in the 22. year of his reign, in the year of our Lord 1444. at the marriage, solemnized between him and Margaret daughter to Reyner, King of Sicily and Jerusalem. Avignon. AVignion is an ancient city of Prowence, situated on the bank of Rhodanus, wherein is an University of long continuance, which then began first to flourish, and be famous in other nations, when the Bishops of Rome were therein resident. We read in the histories of the Church, that Pope john the 22. transferred the seat Apostolic from Rome unto this city, after whom it remained there 74. years, or thereabout. Likewise we read, that after the decease of Benedictus the 11. when Clement the sift, was declared Pope, in the year 1305. the Apostolic seat was again translated from Rome to Avignon, and from thence afterward, in the year 1376. returned again to Rome, at the instance and entreaty of Saint Katherine, Nun of Sitnna. The city and church of avignon, are at this day immediately subjecteth to the Popes or Bishops of Avignon the Pope's city. Rome, who first became Lords thereof, by means of a certain Neapolitan Queen, who being indebted to the church of Rome, resigned this city to the Bishops thereof, and his successors for ever. Paulus Castrensis, by sundry learned works he wrote, did much enable this University. Andraeas Alciatus coming into France, was hired (as himself in an oration he made to the scholars of Pavia confesseth) for 600. crowns to be a public reader in this University. Orleans. ORleance is a rich and plentiful City, placed on the bank of the river Ligeris, Aurclia. now called Loire. Some ancient Historiographers write, that the foundation of this City was laid by Aurelian the Emperor, in the year 276. and from him was called Aurelia, which name unto this day it retaineth. In this City was erected an university, by Philip The university erected. le Beau, King of France, in the year from our saviours nativity 1312. wherein the civil Law is with such learning and admiration professed, that this Academy hath been often of grave and learned writers, entitled the Nurse or Mother thereof. It enjoyeth the same privileges with Thoulouse. This city among many other hath not escaped the taste of those miserable calamities inflicted upon France, by the fury of the late civil wars. Bourges. BOurges is a city in France of great same, rich, Biturgiun●. spacious, and much frequented. It is seated in a pleasant and fruitful country, replenished with all kind of grain, herbs, wines, beasts, fishes and fowls, and whatsoever else is necessary for the use of man. Concerning the first original of this city, and the etymology of the word Bituriges, there are sundry Sundry opinions concerning the etymology of the word Bituriges. strange opinions. joannes Callamaeus in his treatise de origine Biturigum, saith: that in the year from the beginning of the world 1791. the foundation of this city was laid by one Gomer, descended from Noah, who in honour & remembrance of his great grandfather, called the inhabitants of that country, Ogyges. But (as it often cometh to pass, that words by long continuance and custom are corrupted) from Bytogyges they were called Bituriges. Others there are that say it was called Byturis, quasi Biturris, from two ancient towers, which they affirm to have been in this city erected by two brethren, which there together reigned: one of which towers (if we give credit to antiquity) is that which remaineth yet to be seen, built in form round, of a great circuit without, & within of a huge capacity, and is made at this day a castle of most invincible strength. To confirm this opinion, they recite an old verse of an ancient Grammarian. Turribus à binis inde vocor Bituris. In this city is a most glorious & resplendishing university, an other Parnassus, a place of such fame and The university excellency, and of all learned authors so much admired, that whensoever they have occasion to write thereof, they call it the ornament of letters, & habitation of the Muses. It was many years since founded by a certain Duke of Burges, but after in continuance of time falling to decay, and being almost utterly extinct, it was again restored and brought unto his former glory & perfection by sundry kings of France. It was authorized and endued with many great privileges and high prerogatives, by Pope Paulus the 2. of that name. In this Academy is a Divinity School, wherein theology is professed with great sincerity and profoundness: there are also continual & daily exercises of Philosophy, Physic, and the Civil law. Caen. AN University was erected at Caen in Normandy, upon this occasion. Henry the fifth, king of England, who subdued the kingdom of France, and left the title to his posterity after many great and glorious conquests achieved against the French king, he at last bereaved him of Normandy, in the year 1418. In token and memory of which victory, as an eternal trophy and monument of his glory, he caused to be laid in Caen the foundation of this university. Rheims. RHemes is a goodly city, and the Metropolis of champaign, wherein not long since was erected an University by the Prince Charles Guise, Cardinal of Lorraine, Archbishop & Duke of Rheims, whose glory and renown daily more and more increaseth, by reason of the ar●s so learnedly there professed. Of this city was Bishop S. Remigius, a man of most holy conversation and excellently learned, as by the Commentaries which he wrote upon the old & new Testament it evidently appeareth. He baptised Clodovaeus a mighty and puissant king of France, together with Chr●tildis his wife, daughter to the king of Burgundy: he died in his venerable old age, in the year 498. Bordeaux. BVrdeux is the principal or head city of Aquitane, called by the French men Guienne, Bardegalis. seated at the mouth of Garomne, a mighty river issuing out of Languedoc. It is a place of incredible antiquity, strongly fortified and beautified with many sumptuous edifices. In this city hath long flourished a most renowned university, commonly called the school of Aquitaine, where the Arts are publicly taught and professed, from whence issued those mirrors of holiness and learning, Severinus & Maximinus, the one Bishop of Colen, the other of Trier, both after their deaths canonised for saints. Unto this city also resteth the world indebted for the birth & education of Ausonius the Homer of these latter times. near unto this City on the water's side standeth a castle inexpugnable, fortified beyond all credit & comparison. Tholouse. IN the extremest confines of Languedo●, not far distant from the Pyrenaean mountains standeth Tholouse, called by antic writers Teotosagum, an ancient and goodly city, built near to the River Garomne. The first foundation whereof is referred to a certain Trotane. It was afterward amplified and enlarged by the romans. We read, that Theodericus King of the Goths, and Thorismonde his son, finding about this city, a happy & fertile soil environed with a sweet and wholesome air, chose the same for their habitation, as the place of all France, most pleasant and most opulent, most fit for the preservation and augmentation of their Empire, whose posterity was afterward expelled of the Frenchmen with great difficulty. It was raised to an archbishopric by Pope john, the 22. who also was the first institutor of the University The University. therein, which as yet was erected not long after Paris, so doth it enjoy the same privileges, that heretofore have been to Paris granted. Saint Saturnine was the first Bishop thereof, who S. Saturnine martyred. afterward being with unsufferable torments excruciated by the Pagans, yielded his soul into the hands of his Redeemer, & was in this city buried, the relics of whose body are by the inhabitants often visited with great reverence and devotion. There was said in times past to have been in this city a Temple, wherein was continually reserved in secret vaults and dungeons under ground, as Poss donius sayeth 15000. talents of gold, which if any man by chance had touched, he shortly after came to some unfortunate end, which was verified in Caepio & other Roman captains, from whence proceedeth the proverb applied commonly to those, whose attempts are ever unfortunate and without success, Aurum The occasion of this proverb Aurum habet Tolosanum. habet Tolosanum. The Earl of toulouse is one of the twelve Peers of France. Nismes. NIsmes called by Ptolomye, Pomponius Mela, trabo, and other learned searchers of antiquities, Nemansus, is an ancient City in Dolphin, wherein was lately erected an University. The soil in this province is of such incredible fertility, that being with never so little labour manured, it bringeth forth sundry kinds of excellent fruits. It hath such plenty of fig-trees, and bringeth such abundance of grapes, that a great part of Europe is with figs and raisins from thence accommodated. Mompehers. MOns Pessulanus, called of Pomponius Mela, Mesua, of ptolemy, Agathopolis, and now vulgarly named Mompeliers, is a city in Dolphinie, not far distant from the Mediterranesea, An University was therein erected (as some writers affirm) in the year of our Lord 1196. which afterward was endued with many privileges by Pope Vrban the fifth, who laid the foundation of a goodly house, called Pope's College. In times past the profession of Physic was there in greatest request: but now the schools of the civil law are most usually frequented: much was the University augmented and promoted by the bounty and liberality of Henry the second king of France: so great is the Rectors authority in this University, that whensoever he hath occasion to walk into the town, the students are bound to follow and attend him. Henry the first granted to this Academic many royal praerogatives, and founded therein the King's college: here also is an other fair and sumptuous college, called Dwergier, wherein sundry ingenious youths are ten years trained up in letters and good discipline. Bisanson Near to the side of Doux or Doubis (a small river passing through the French Count, and falling into the Sun, standeth Bisanson, a great, goodly and well munited citcie, a town imperial, and the Metropolis of either Burgundy. In the year of salvation 1540 by the authority of Pope Iul●us the third, and the Emperor Charles the 5. a new University was therein erected, which hath exceedingly since flourished, and sent forth many learned and godly labourers into the Church. The reverend father Anthony Peronotus Archbishop of Mechlin, was a great benefactor to this Academy, who so desireth to know more particularities of this City, let him read the works of George Bruno, and Gilbertus Cognatus Paradinus, in whose books he shall find the same at large described. Dole. IN Burgundy also on the bank of the said river Dubis, is to be seen Dola, a city for strength, opulency, and sumptuousness of buildings to be preferred before all other places of Burgundy. An University is therein of great continuance, wherein among many other sciences the civil law is most learnedly read and professed. The Universities of Polonia, Prussia, and Lituania. Cracovia. We read in the history of Polonia, that Lechus and Zechus, two sons of javan, going to seek a place of habitation for themselves & their posterity, Zechus with his people remained in those territories, which now are known by the names of Bohemia, and Moravia: but Lechus proceeding further to the North-east, some twelve days journey there seated himself, and called the region Polonia, by reason of the plainness of the continent, being Polonia why so called. altogether void of mountains or valleys. Pole in their language signifieth smooth or plain: here the said prince commanded his army to stay, and to build for themselves and their, children, towns, and villages, whereby he established unto himself a principality. But the people in succession of time, daily more and more increasing and multiplying, after the line of Lecus failed, began to wax weary of a monarchy, Polonia governed by twelve Woywods. wherefore they made choice of twelve. Magistrates, which they named Woywods, (that is Countess Palatines) to have the administration of their laws and government of their common wealth: which Magistrates or Earls do unto this day retain their ancient name and dignity, though they enjoy not fully so gieat authority: but not long after the wavering and unconstant multitude never contented with their present estate, but desirous of change and alteration, waxed weary of this oligarchy government of their Woywods, and with one consent named one Gracchus a principal leader amongst them, to be their prince and governor. This Gracchus about 400. years after the nativity of our Saviour, governing this barbarous nation, builded Gracovia builded by Crachus. on the bank of the river Vistula, a goodly city, which after his own name he called Graccovia, and for the better defence thereof, he erected a strong castle or fortress on the mount Vaevel. Many ages after, namely in the year 1320. Vladislaus Loko●k praesiding, sent his Ambassadors unto the Pope, being then at avignon in France, with request that he might be crowned king of Polonia, which suit of his Vladislaus Loktek, the 1. K, of Polonia. being obtained, he received the Diadem and regal ornaments in the Cathedral church of Graccovia, which city was then by the kings prerogative made the Metro polis of the kingdom. An Academy was in this City instituted by Casimire The erection a● the University. the second in the year of salvation 1361. which afterward, namely in the year 1400. was by Vladislaus at the instant and importune intercession of Heduigis his Queen ratified and confirmed with the Pope's authority. The University is not in the principal city, but in that part which lieth on the other side of the river, & is named from the first founder thereof, Cazimiria, therein are two goodly Colleges, in the one is professed Philosophy and Divinity, in the other Physic & the Civil law, the other inferior studies are there also learnedly taught with great diligence of the Readers. In this City have I seen the bones of Stanislaus, once Bishop thereof, since canonised for a Saint, carried about the town in procession, enclosed in a fair silver coffin, with great reverence and veneration of the beholders. This Bishop was impiously martyred by Boleslaus Stanislaus Archbishop of Cracovia, murdered by the king. a most dissolute and libidinous king, because he was by him once reproved with greater austerity, than his patience could endure, for his inordinate and adulterous life; but the just judgement of God suffered him not long to remain unpunished: for being shortly after by his own subjects, (the Pope first absolving them from their obedience) expelled his kingdom, he fell into a ravening Lunacy, and so miserably ended his days. The modern Archbishop of that city is a Cardinal of the Family of the Radzivilles, the principal and most noble race of Polonia, the Palatine of this City is next unto the king in degree and authority, who is therein most commonly resident. Posnania. POsne is a city of no great circumference, but exceedingly beautified with fair & sumptuous aedifices, it is situated in the upper Polonia, and containeth a Palinacie. An University was in this City of late years erected by Sigismonde the present king of that nation, and The University in Posne erected. confirmed by Pope Clement the eight, now presiding. The Jesuits enjoy there in a goodly College, wherein they profess Theology, Philosophy, and the other inferior studies. Koningsperge. MOns Regius, commonly called Koningsperge, is the Metropolis of the great Dukedom of Prussia: It was so called by the first founder thereof Ottocharus king of Prussia, who being continually molested with the often invasions of the princes of Germany, for the defence of himself, & the confine of his kingdom, he erected this city on the highest top of a mountain in Samogitia, in the year of salvation, 1255. This region was converted unto the christian faith in the year 1000 by Adlobertus Bishop of Prage, but Prus●ia converted to the christian faith afterward falling into a relapse, they were again reduced thereunto by the knights of the Dutch order, in the year 1220. who with licence of the Emperor Frederick the second, invaded, vanquished e and a long time possessed that country: these knights were in the year 1525. expelled by Sigismonde king of Polonia, who annexed it to his own kingdom. George marquess of Brandeburge then great master of that order being contented to hold the same as Furdotarie from the king, who began his war in the time of Albertus' marquess of Brandeburge. This Albertus first erected in Roningsberge the University, which hath ever since, The erection of the university. even until this present time, continually flourished. Near unto that city is the Isle of Glessaria, now known by the name of Sudaw, where when the sea is The finding of Amber. troubled and tempestuous, it casteth up Amber in great abundance, which from thence the inhabitants (who by reason their country was so many years by the Germans possessed, speak natively Dutch) call at this day Glesse, some imagine it to proceed from the gum of fir trees, where with all those islands of the Sound are replenished: others there be which affirm that it groweth as Coral doth on the rocks, which being by the violence of wind and weather washed from them by the often reverberation of the waves, congealeth and waxeth hard, & so is gathered of the Borderers: I have near unto this city seen in the deserts and forests consisting all of mighty fir trees, great store of wild Boars. Ours which is a kind of wild Ox, & Alxes, not unlike unto our fallow Deer, but thrice so big there are also great plenty of Bears. Vilna. VIlna, commonly called the Wild, is a large and opulent City in the great Dukedom of Lithuania or Littow, whereof it is the Metropolis. It lieth 57 degrees from the elevation of the North pole: it is seated on the bank of the river Vilias, in a valley between many mountains and mighty forests of Fir trees. The Lithuanians in the year 1386. first embraced Christian religion, in the days of jagello great Duke, who joining himself in marriage with Heduigis, daughter to the King of Polonia annexed unto that kingdom the Dukedom of Lithuania. In former times the Lithuanians The great Dukedom of Lithuanie annexed to the kingdom of Polonia. The idolatry of the Lithuanians worshipped trees, asps, and serpents, and especially holy fire: for which they erected in the suburbs of Vilna a goodly temple of free stone, which was by jagello, when he had obtained the Crown of Polonia, converted unto a Cathedral Church, and is now consecrated unto S. Stanislaus, whose name I had occasion before to mention in the description of Craccovia. Near unto the Church of S. john Baptist, was lately erected a goodly and spacious College, possessed The erection of the University Vilna. by the Jesuits, in the base courtwherof are 6 schools fair and large: the first for Grammar, the second for Poetry, the third for Rhetoric, the fourth for Philosophy, the fifth for Divinity, the sixth for cases of conscience, named of schoolmen Positiva Theologia. Therein also are many fair and spacious rooms, purposely provided for public disputations. This city containeth many goodly Monasteries, especially one belonging to the Friars Bernardines of The diversity of religions in Vilna. most curious and excellent Architecture. Therein also is allowed one church for the Protestants, because the Woywod or Count Palatine thereof, the noblest of the Radzivilli professeth (if any) that religion. another church in like manner is granted unto the professors of Luther anisme, with a peculiar place of burial. The religion in this city generally professed, is that of the Russes, who have there many sumptuous temples. They hold in all points the religion of the Grecians, which because in some few articles it differeth from the Roman faith, is by the Catholics held as schismatical. The jews also are here permitted to have their Synagogue, wherein weekly they solemnize their sabbaths. near unto this city, namely in the suburbs thereof, and villages near unto adjoining, dwell great multitudes of Tartars, which use their native Tartarian language, and the Mahumetane religion. They serve as carriers for the inhabitants, & Merchants of the country, to transport wares from one city unto another, and from one kingdom to another: In one of these Tartars sleds (which are wagons without wheels) I traveled from Revel in Leifland unto this city, where having spent five weeks in my journey, I arrived about the latter end of October, and stayed there until the Easter following. The reason that I traveled in winter, was because the country is in the spring and summer time, so full of fens and marshes, (proceeding from the dissolution of the snow, which all the winter long covereth the ground) that the passages through the same are then most difficile & laborious, but in the depth of winter the rivers & the marshes, as also the snow is by the cold Northern wind so hard congealed, that the carriages most heavily laden have then their easiest passages: the ground at that season being all white with snow, is not unlike to the Ocean, wherein the travelers are constrained to use the sun by day, and observe the stars by night for their direction. There are in Vilna two castles at the North-east end of the town, the one old and ruinous, standing on the top of a hill: the other new, lying in the plain at the foot thereof, where is also the king's palace. The Lithuanians, Polonians, Russians, and Muscovites, The Po●●nians 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 use all one manner of attire and arms, though in language they all differ the one from the other: their apparel is like unto the Turks, which use altogether long robes: their arms are lances and short semitares: their armies consist altogether of horsemen, footmen in that country being able to perform small service. They use in their diet immoderate gluttony and drunkenness, though the whole country is void of Their diet, wine: their drink is an excellent kind of mead, wherewith every private man's house is plenteously furnished. The reason why this country yieldeth such plenty thereof, proceedeth from the innumerable multitudes of Bees, which of themselves breed in the forests of Fyrretrees, in so much that I have seen above 1000 trees in one place burnt to ashes, only for the honey which they contained. THE UNIVERSITIES of Bohemia, and Moravia. Prage. PRage is a great and renowned city, lying in the middle or centre of Prage. Bohemia, whilom a Dukedom, & exalted to a kingdom by the Emperors Henry the fourth, in a diet or general assembly of the Princes of Germany at Ments, where Vladislaus was declared King. This City containeth four Prage divided into 4. several towns. several towns, every Town having their peculiar market places, prisons, Magistrates, laws, and customs. The chief and principal is that which they call the old town, a place adorned with many ancient and goodly edifices, a fair and spacious market place, with a stately and sumptuous Senate house, whereunto is annexed a clock of curious and costly workmanship: which Clock hath on the top this inscription in great Roman letters. PRAGA CAPUT REGNI. And underneath, Hoc monumentum S. P. Q. Pragensis aeternitati dicavit. The second part they name the new Town, which is divided from the old with a ditch of great depth & wideness, it hath also a market place of huge and incredible largeness, called the Ox market: at the west end thereof is also a strong and well builded Senate house, with a clock curiously wrought, yet not so full of cost nor cunning as the former. At the West end is a monastery of incredible antiquity, called Emaus, containing many goodly pictures most artificially limmed: in this Cloister the people are by the Pope's indulgence permitted to receive the Sacrament of the Altar The sacrament of the altar permitted to be received in both kinds. under both kinds. The third part, because in magnitude and spaciousness it is inferior unto the two former (though in sumptuousness of buildings it exceedeth both of them) is called the little town, which divideth itself from the old town, with a costly and magnificent bridge of free stone, over the Multave, containing 24. arches, which was erected at the cost and charges of Vladislaus before mentioned: on the South side of this bridge lieth a small Island, called by the inhabitants little Venice, wherein the citizens on Sundays & holidays for their recreation use all manner of pastimes & gaming. This river in winter season (though it be fully as broad, or broader than the Thames at London) is yearly so hard frozen, that carts laden do daily pass over the same: at which time the citizens do fill their sellers with the ice thereof, which in summer time they drink mingled with their wines. This part of the town hath also his peculiar laws, customs, magistrates, prisons, market place, and Senate house, and is environed on all parts, save on that side which with the river is sufficiently defended with a wall of great circumference, containing within the same many waste grounds and vineyards. This part of the City lieth at the foot of a hill, called the Rachine, whereon are many fair and beautiful palaces The Rachine. of sundry noble men. On the top thereof standeth the castle, wherein the Emperor is continually resident, over looking with great majesty the whole city, lying underneath. Unto this Castle adjoineth the Cathedral church, consecrated to S. Vite, wherein is to be seen the shrine of the said Saint, together with the tombs and sepultures of many Kings and Emperors. At the western end of this church is erected a little Chapel, built of rich jasper stone, with most curious and costly workmanship, wherein is enshrined the body of S. Vinceslaus, before whose sepulchre divine service is daily celebrated. The memory of this Saint is to this day among the Bohemians held in great regard and estimation. He was son to Vladislaus the second Christian Duke, after whose decease he was by his mother Drahomitia, and his brother S. Vinceslaus by the treason of his mother and brother murdered. Boleslaus invited to a banquet, where on the sudden he was by them most impiously murdered. His body being afterward conue●ed to Prage there to be interred, in a cart drawn with six Oxen: which cart passing through the market place of the lesser Town, the Oxen could not by any means be enforced to pass beyond a little round Tower, wherein were imprisoned many capital offenders, until all the said prisoners were set at liberty. Whereupon this prison was presently converted to a chapel, wherein once a year in memory of the Saint, divine service is wont to be celebrated. In this city was borne Charles the great, Emperor of the romans, and King of Bohemia, who therefore using all his endeavours to beautify, and adorn the same, in the year of grace 1360. erected there an University. Martin Cromer in the 12. book of The erection of the university. his Polonian history affirmeth, that when Cazimier King of Polonia founded the Academy of Cracovia, in the year 1361. Prage was then a known university. This school by reason of the access of the Germans thither, grew to be exceedingly frequented, and so flourished until the springing up of Wicklisse, who amongst them being favoured of the Bohemians, made his party so Wicklisse. strong, that above 2000 Germans were in one day constrained to depart to Lipsike, three days journey fion thence, where they obtained licence & privileges for an university. Not long after Wickliff, arose amongst them Hierome of Prage and john Hus, so named Hierome of Prage & john Hus. from a little village wherein he was borne, called Hus, which in the Bohemian language signifieth a Goose: they were after condemned for Heretics by the counsel of Constance, and in that city openly burned. Their errors you may read in Munster, fol. Sor. After these schisms and sects among them, the university daily more and more decayed, and was almost utterly extinguished, had it not by the liberality of Ferdinand the first, and Maximilian the 2. Emperors (who The restoring of the university. are there in the cathedral church both interred) been again raised and restored. There is now a goodly college newly builded, not far from the cast end of the bridge, containing 3. churches, The College of ●aluites, though of no great capacity, yet exceeding beautiful, the one for Bohemians, the other for Germans, the 3. for Italians. In this college are by the jesuits learnedly professed Theology, & the other inferior arts. The 4. and last town contained in this city, is that of the jews, who within themselves have their peculiar laws and liberties: they have 5. synagogues therein, in the which they celebrate their sabbaths. The Bishopric of Prage did many years sithence belong to the Archbishop of Mentz: but after it was by Charles the great separated, and raised to the degree of an archbishopric. near unto the Cathedral church Milada, sister to Boleslaus the 4. Christian Duke of Bohemia, by the permission S. George's church builded by Milada. & authority of the Pope, builded S. George his church, and adjoined thereunto a Nunnery, wherein she herself became a votary. As well in this city as near about in the bordering regions are to be seen the ruins of many goodly The revenge of john Ziske taken on the Bohemian friars for the rape of his sister. monasteries overthrown by Ziska, because a Monk of S. August. order ravished his sister, whose portraiture I have often seen at Prage, with this subscription: johannes Ziska superbiae & avaritiae clericorum sever us ultor. Olmuts. OLmuts is a fair and ample city in Moravia, Olmutium. a Dukedom whilom free, now annexed to the Crown of Bohemia. In the year nine hundred, Zuantocopius Prince thereof had under his dominion Polonia, Silesia, and Bohemia, who moved with the greatness of his power, to an intolerable pride, denied the tributes, which he was accustomed to pay unto Lewes the Emperor, upon which occasion offered, the said Emperor invaded his dominion with fire and sword, but finding greater resistance then heeexpected, he was constrained The Emperor Lewes called the Turk to his aid against Zuantocopius The Moravits convetted unto Christianismt. to call the Turk to his aid: by whose assistance the Moravites were easily vanquished, and the race of Zuartocopius utterly extinguished. About these times came Gyrullus the Apostle of the slavonians, into this country accompanied with Melodius, who first laid there the foundation of Christian religion, and erected a cathedral church in Tielagrade, which since was transferred to this city Olmuts. The people and inhabitants of this city entertain The humanity of the Moravites entertaining strangers. strangers with incredible humanity, of which I myself had good experience at my being among them. The language as well of the country people, as of the citizens, is a kind of corrupt and barbarous Dutch. The air is healthy, and the land very fruitful. I imagine the University therein not to have been of any long continuance, because I do not remember The university lately erected. that I ever have read or heardany mention made of the same in any antic author, it seemeth therefore to have been erected lately since the coming thither of the Jesuits, for whom there was builded a magnificent and sumptuous College at the Pope's charges, for the resorming of Lutheranisme in those territories generally professed. The Monastery of the province like as we said of john Zosca. Bohemia, were all by Zusca defaced and ruinated. THE UNIVERSITIES of Spain. Toledo. CArpetana regio, now called the kingdom of Toledo, lieth in the heart and centre of Spain, the Metropolis where of is Toledo, from whence the whole kingdom hath taken his name. This City is situated on the bank of the river * This river runnneth through Castille. Toledo and Portugal, and falleth into the sea at Lisbon. Tagus, now known by the name of Tay. It was recovered from the Saracens in the year of our Lord 1216. by Ferdinand the third, who caused them to fiie to Granada and Malaga, where they remained until the year 1480. about which time Ferdinand king of Spain grandfather to Charles the fifth, by the mother's side, began to make fierce and cruel wars upon them, by the virtue of which valiant and renowned Prince, their name was in Spain utterly extinguished. The Saracins expelled out of Sdaive. This is a city beautified with many palaces of rare and excellent architecture, fenced about and munited with an hundred and fifty towers, the concourse of people hither is exceeding great, it hath continually within the walls many troops of horsemen, for defence a great part of the Nobility of Spain, for pleasure, and an infinite multitude of Merchants, as well foreign, as inhabitants for traffic and commodity. It is also enriched with great store of venerable and learned men, and adorned with the profession of all The university attes and sciences, aswell Mechanical as liberal. In this City was the University first erected by a certain Bishop of the same Sea, and was afterward confirmed by the privileges and praerogatives of many Popes and kings of Spain. The chief sciences therein professed are the Canon and civil law, which are there taught with so exquisite diligence and learning, that whosoever shall remain, but some few months among them, if he be not altogether stupid and void of capacity, he cannot choose but return much amended in knowledge and learning. In this University was S. Alphonsus a student of Divinity, who as they say received a peculiar cope or holy vestment, which in the celebration of Mass he was accustomed to wear from the hands of our blessed Lady, because he had with great learning defended her perpetual virginity against the Heluedian Heretics, which did oppugn the same. The Archbishop of this City is Chancellor of Castille, the Metropolitan and chief of all the ecclesiastical persons in Spain, the revenues of this church amounteth The revenue of the church of Toledo 3500000. a● is most certain to the sum of 200000. ducats, whereof the Archbishop receiveth 80000. Siuille. ANdolusia is that part of Spain, which lieth between Portugal and the straits of Gibraltar, it is in latin called Wandolicia, Hispalis. from the Wandales, which long time possessed that country. It was in former ages called Baetica, from the river Betis, which to the Spaniards at this day is known by the name of * This is an Arabic word signifying a great river. Guadalquiver, near to the side of this river is situated that famous and renowned city Siuille, unto the which for neatness and magnificence of aedifices, both divines and profanes, for profession and exercises of the liberal sciences, for infinite abundance of wealth and commodiousnes of living, no one city that ever I have heard or read of, scarce Rome herself flourishing in the height of her glory, may worthily be paragoned: it excelleth all other cities of Spain in fertility of the soil, which bringeth forth all kinds of grain, and The fertility of the ground about Seville. Olives in great abundance, and is environed and hedged about with trees, green and fruitful. In this City are always maintained 30000. Jennets for service of the king. The river Guadalquiver running through the same, divideth it into two parts, that part which lieth on the west side thereof is called Triana, which is a suburb containing three thousand Citizens, and is joined to the main City, with a fair & Syvill divided into 2. parts. goodly bridge; on this side standeth a castle of great strength and Majesty. This City containeth 24000. Citizens, every one having his private & peculiar house, which are all divided into eight tribes, whereof the first and chiefest is S. Mary's tribe, wherein is a church of so rare and admirable workmanship, and such venerable Majesty, that our christian world can hardly show the like. This church hath a tower erected in form of a Pyramid, of most incredible height, with much laborious art and industry, from whence all the coast and country adjoining may easily be seen. Out of this city the king receiveth yearly by way of custom, The kings revenues out of S●u●ll. 500000. crowns. A provincial council was held in this city, in the year of our Lord 584. in the time of Mauritius the Counsels assen bled in Seville. Emperor and Pope Pelagius the second. another council was here assembled under Heraclius, & Pope Honorius the first, in the year 636. The Archbishop of Seville is in decree next unto the Archbishop of Toledo, and hath under him three Bishops suffragans, that is to say, the Bishop of Cales, Malaga, and the fortunate slandes, he receiveth yearly out of the Church revenues 24000. ducats. 300000. by general report. Learned men that have lived in this Academy. The University herein is of great antiquity, & hath sent forth into the world many learned and excellent men, as Pope Silvester the second, Auiccn a profound Philosopher, and most excellently learned Physician, and Leander, who by their industry and wisdom, reclaimed Hermigilde, and Richard, kings of the Goths, from Arianisme to the catholic faith: herein also flourished Isidorus, a man much renowned for sincerity & profoundness in learning. In this University is a rich and most renowned library, near to the friars predicants. Valentia. VAlentia is a Region of Spain, confined on the east side thereof with the Mediterrane Sea, on the North with Arragon, on the South with Nurcia, and on the West with Castille: through this kingdom runneth a River, called by Sallust, Priscian, Pomponius Mela; & other ancient writers, Turia, or Durias, which since of the Moors, which inhabited that country, was called Guetalabiar, near to the mouth of which River is situated that noble and famous city Valentia, the chief and principal City of that kingdom, a place of marvelous antiquity, wherein are reserved even unto this day, many ancient marbles with Roman inscriptions on them: among the which there is one with this inscription, Colonia, julia, Valentia, whereby it most evidently appeareth, that it hath in former ages been Valentia once a colony of the Romans. a Colony of the Romans. Some there be which affirm that this City was first called Roma, until being by the Romans vanquished, they called it by a word Rhomn signifieth strength. The university in their own language of the same signification Valentia. In this City is an University, which in the year of grace 1470. did admirably flourish. Herein Saint Dominicke, the first founder of the Friars praedicantes, did absolve the courses of Philosophy, and Theology. Herein also did S. Vincent a Friar of the same order, in his youth study, and in his elder years publicly teach Divinity. We read that in Valentia was assembled a general council in the year of salvation 466. The yearly Revenues of the Bishopric in this city amount The revenues of the Bishopric. Porceline dishes made. to 1●000. ducats. In this country are made those porceline dishes, which for pure temper of the metal, and exquisite artifice and workmanship, so much desired in foreign nations. The inhabitants of this kingdom retain yet a smack or taste of the ancient Arabic tongue, and some spices of the Mahumetane religion. Granada. THe kingdom of Granada, is on the south side thereof limited with the Mediterran sea, it hath on the east side the kingdom of Murcia, and on the West Andolusia: in the midst of this kingdom standeth the Metropolis and chief and principal city thereof: Granada, from whence the realm hath derived his name. This City and Country was possessed of the Moors and Saracins 800. years, and were at last by the great and singular virtue of Ferdinand grandfather to Charles the fifth, together with their king Melis, expulsed not only out of this kingdom, but Granado delivered from the yoke of the Saracins by Ferdinand. out of Spain. Since which time they never attempted any matter of great moment against the christians, neither durst they insinuate themselves into any one part or corner of their dominions, which we have spoken of before in the description of Toledo. The greatest happiness of this place consisteth in The fertility of Granado. the fruitfulness and faecundity of the soil. The houses of the city are built all of free stone with curious and artificial masonry, showing great magnificence. It is within replenished with many springs & waters, exceeding cold and most profitable for the conservation of health, without it is environed with a large & stately wall, containing in the circumference thereof twelve gates, and a hundred and thirty turrets or towers. By the great bounty and liberality of the king of The profession of arts licenced. Spain in this City, was founded and erected a most sumptuous and magnificent College to the use of the Jesuits, who are authorized therein to profess Philosophy, Divinity and the other trivial and inferior studies. In this place had that mirror of Christendom Lewes Lewes of Granado. of Granada, (whom all men have admired, but no one ever could imitate,) his birth and education. S. jago. GAllicia is a region lying on the northwest side of Spain, and maketh a headland or Compostella. promontary far out into the sea, commonly called Capo de finisterre, or the north Cape, which seemeth in a manner violently to separate the sea of Bisca, from the Isles of Bayona: near to the promontory standeth the city of Compostella, vulgarly called S. jago, more noble and famous by reason of many pilgrimages, made thither by persons of great place and quality, then for any other matter worth the observing therein contained. We read in ancient histories of the church that S. james S. james preached in Sdaine after theascention of our Saviour traveled into Spain, & preached the Gospel to the inhabitants thereof, being as yet Pagans & infidels. But reaping there small fruit of his excessive labour & pains by reason of the iniquity and naughtiness of those times, he returned again to Jerusalem, where at the commandment of Herode being slain, he obtained a glorious crown of martyrdoms Unto this Saint the Spaniards ascribing their first conversion, caused in honour and remembrance of him a rich and sumptuous temple to be erected in Compostella, where his relics are at this day visited with a wonderful concourse of people, and worshipped with incredible devotion. This Church was by Pope Calixtus the second highly advanced and honoured in the year of our Lord 1122. whence it proceedeth, that this Church is immediately subject unto the Pope and to no other prelate or governor. The Emperor Charles the great founded herein a goodly College, now gruerned after the rule of S. Isidore. He also caused this Church to be accounted among the seats Apostolic, where is to be understood, that in Christendom are three seats, called Apostolic, which before all other places of the world the Christian religion hath always held in greater esteem, that is to say, S. Peter, at Rome. S. john's at Ephesus, and S. james at Ce●postella. This city of ancient historiographers was called in time passed Brigantium, from whence the Irish nation, the Scots in Galloway, & our Northern Yorkshire men, called in old authors brigants, glory & boast, that they have received the first original of their race. Valladolit. ON the East side of Gallicia, bordereth the kingdom of Legio, which endured the cruel and heavy yoke of servitude Pintia. under the Sarracens above three hundred years, and was restored unto liberty in the year of grace 1216. by the kings of Arragon, Castille, Portugal, and Navarre, who assembling a mighty and puissant army made here against Hilminolmius, the king of the Moors, returning from Avignon in France (whither he passed before as a conqueror, harrying and spoiling the country as, he went with fire and sword) and after a sharp and bloody battle, vanquished his army, and recovered this kingdom. In this realm is Valladolit, named in old authors Pintia, a city though of no great circuit, nor spaciousness, yet of much and long antiquity. It was wont to be numbered among the seven most ancient universities of Spain. It hath been long drowned in The antiquity of this Academic. The restoring thereof. obscurity, even until the days of king Philip late deceased, who because he was there borne, did restore unto it the antic privileges and prerogatives thereto belonging, and did his uttermost endeavours to raise it to his former dignity. He there hath lately erected a College for the institution of young English Gentlemen, which have abandoned their country. Alcala de Henares. Unto the kingdom of Legio is adjoined Caslile, Complutum. an Earldom, which was by Ferdinand the third son to the Earl of Castille, raised to a kingdom in the year 1017. & united to the realm of Legio. Among many great and goodly cities in that kingdom, Complute, which of the Spaniard, is commonly called Alcala de Henares, is not the meanest. An university was herein erected and instituted The erection of the Vuiversity. by an Archbishop of Toledo, named Franciscus Xinerie●sis, who was by profession a Franciscan Friar, in the year 1317. Salamanca. IN this kingdom of Castille lieth that worthy and famous city Salamanca, situated on the bank of the River Thormes, which falleth into the main River Duero in Portugal. Although concerning the first erection and institution of this university, few writers (as saith Sarabellus) The erection of the University in Salamanca. affirm any thing for certainty: yet are there not wanting some which hold for undoubted truth, that it first was founded in the year of Christ's in carnation 1404. which in these our days hath gotten great fame and credit, and is well known throughout Christendom, by reason of divers and sundry privileges, wherewith many kings and high Bishops of Rome have liberally adorned the same. Pope Clement the sift, in a council held at Vienna, Pope Clement the fist. made a decree, that the Hebrew, Arabic, and Chaldie tongues should in this Academy be continually taught, & john Goropius affirmeth, that for magnificent and sumptuously builded colleges, scarce any university of Europe may therewith worthily be paragond. The which Pope having in his court certain young Gentlemen of Spain, which he desired should be trained up in some place where they most might profit in virtue and good literature, thought no Academy in Christendom so fit for that purpose as Salamanca, because all kind of learning was there by most excellent men with incredible industry professed. In this Academy Pope Adrian the sixth, before his Papacy, living in Spain, took great pleasure and delight, Pope Adrian the sixth. and after his election he held it in great price and estimation, adorning, amplifying, and authorizing the same with many great and unusual prerogatives. Ignatius Loyola first founder of the society of jesus, was in this university a student. Saragossa. IN the extremest confines of this kingdom of Castille, even on the bank or shore of the river Ebro, wherewith it is divided from Navarre and Arragon, standeth an ancient City, called of the romans Caesaraugustana, or Augusta Caesariae, which of The Kings of Arragon crowned. the inhabitants is named Saragossa, wherein the kings of Arragon are usually accustomed to be crowned. This Church was by Pope john the 22. (who was always thereunto exceedingly well affected) elevared to the dignity of an archbishopric: by him also were the privileges of the university restored and The university privileged. ratified. Because in this City had been shed the blood of many holy Martyrs, which suffered for the constant profession of the Christian faith, during the reign of those bloody, unmerciful, and impiously tyrannous idolaters Datian, and Richiovarus, whose inexpleble thirst was never satiated with the blood of innocent Christians: it is at this day commonly entitled Sarogossa Sancta. Saragossa the holy. Siguença. SIguença is also a city of Castille, lying three Monuierdo, olim Sagū●●. days journey from Saragossa, and three leagues from Medinacoeli, wherein is an university much frequented: but concerning the foundation thereof, or donation of the privileges thereto, I have not in any author read aught which I dare set down for certainty. Lerida. ARragone is that part of Spain, which lieth at the foot of the Pyraenean mountain, ●ierd●. between Navarre and Catallonia, and is separated from the continent of Castille & Valentia, with the river Ebro. In this kingdom are to be seen many fair and well fortified cities: among the which is Larida, a beautiful town, situated on Cinga, a small river, which keeping his course through this realm disburdeneth himself into the Ebra. In this city flourisheth an Academy of marvelous antiquity, wherein Pope Calixtus the third, before An ancient Academy. he obtained the Papacy, proceeded Doctor of either law, who afterward became a public professor of the civil law in the same place. Also S. Vincent a Dominican Friar (which for his religious and holy life was after his death canonised for a Saint) was there made Doctor of Divinity. We read of a provincial counsel of eight Bishops A provincial council. assembled in this city under Anastatius the Emperor, & Pope Gelasius the first, in the year of our Lord 494. Huesca. OSca or Isca, called in the vulgar tongue Huesca, is an other goodly city of Arragon, An ancient university erected before our saviours nativity. containing an university of most admirable antiquity, which is said to have been erected before the coming of Christ, as a Nursery for the institution of noble men's children. Lisbon. THat part of the continent, which coasteth along Vllscipona. the Western shore between the Isles of Bayone and the Promontory or Cape of Saint Vincent, is known to us by the name of Portugal, numbered amongst the most wealthy and opulent kingdoms of Europe. Through the midst of this region passeth the river Tagus or Tayo, near unto the mouth whereof is seated Lisbon, the most fair and flourishing emporie of Portugal, the Metropolis of the kingdom, the most beautiful and best adorned city in the West. We read that Henry Earl of Lorraine, a man renowned in feats of arms, had in guerdon of many conquests by him achieved against the Moors, given him to wife Tyresia, daughter of Alphonsus the 6. king of Castille, unto whom was assigned for her dowry all that part of Gallicia, which now is subject to the crown of Portugal. Of these princes was borne Alphonsus, who first named himself king of Portugal. This young king nothing degenerating from the virtue The first king of Portugal. of his ancestors ceased not to vex and weary out the Moors with continual wars: so that he vanquished and subdued siue kings of them, in memory whereof the Kings of Portugal bear in their coat of arms even until this day five shields Azure in field The reason why the kings of Portugal bear 5. shields for their arms. argent. He also recovered from them Lisbon, and restored it to liberty about the year 1110. Since that time, what with the favour & munificency of their kings (who have for the most part therein continually kept their courts) what by the incredible access of merchants thither, from all nations of the world. This city is grown to that height of glory & majesty, that she easily surmounteth all other cities whatsoever contained in this western world. A most renowned university was by the bounty of their kings in this city erected, where even until this day the liberal sciences are professed with great sincerity and profoundness, to the incredible benefit of Christendom. There are in this city 26. parishes, and 20000. mansion houses. In the year 1531. the 7. kalends of February, there was a most strange and admirable earthquake A strange earthquake in Portugal. throughout all places in Portugal, whereby were cast down to the ground 1050. houses, and six hundred were there withal so rend and shaken, that their fall and ruin daily was expected. This earthquake continued the space of eight days, causing the ground to shake and tremble at least three or four times a day, in such sort that the inhabitants were therewith so affrighted and terrified, that they were glad to forsake their houses, and lie on tops of mountains in the open air. Coimbra. COimbra is also a most pleasant and goodly city in Portugal, seated near unto the river Mondego. An university was therein founded in these latter days, by john the second, King of Portugal. jacobus Payva Andradius in the Preface of his book, entitled: Liber orthodoxarum explicationum, writeth of this university in this manner: Coimbricensis Academia est loci natura amaenissima, & omni literarum genere clarissima est, inqua ipse ab eunte aetate literarum studij● incubui non insoeliciter. Euora. EVora is an ather City of Portugal, not to be contemned, it is illustrated with the dignity of a Bishops Sea. An University was herein lately erected by Henry, Cardinal of Portugal, a Prelate of worthy memory, who was Bishop of that place he was a man endued with abundant wealth, & exceedingly affected tooth Muses. Maiorica. THe Isles of Maiorica and Minorica, adjoining so near to the continent of Spain, that one may with great facility sail from the one to the other in four, or at the most in five hours, and also being parcels of the king's dominion, I thought it not amiss to annex this city, to the other Universities of Spain. Maiorica is the greatest Island of the two, and hath lying on the East side thereof a goodly city, which is the Metropolis of both Islands, and hath near adjoining unto it, an ample and most commodious The ●land●● often v●xed by the Moo●s. port. The inhabitants hereof are constrained to endure many injurious outrages, and most miserable calamities at the hands of the Moors and Saracens their opposite neighbours on the coast of Africa, who oftentimes making incursions into this Isle, do in an evening fire many of their houses standing near to the sea, and carry away the owners thereof as prisoners, to be for money of their friends, and the kindred redeemed, for whose ransom there are continually on all sundays and holidays public collections in their churches. The land of these islands near unto the sea, is sweet, pleasant, and fertile, but up further within, ●is sterile, full of craggy rocks, unpleasant and unprofitable. In this City is an ancient privileged and authorized University, where the arts Universal are publicly with great learning professed. Among the students of this Academy, the memory of Raimundus Lullius is with great admiration retained, because he received therein his birth and education: insomuch, that even until this present time, a learned man is there with liberal exhibition entertained to maintain and teach the doctrine in times passed by Lullius professed. I would that the learned Reader should understand that although the Spanish Academies are by me briefly run over, yet are there not more goodly, more opulent, nor more in all kinds of learning flourishing Universities in any region of Europe, which I am constrained to set down without any exact description of them, because I never could find (though I have therefore made great search and inquiry) any author which discourseth of that subject. THE UNIVERSITIES of England. Oxford. Oxsorde is a fair and beautiful city, whose situation is in a plain Champion, near to the side of the Thames, being environed with many pleasing groves & woody mountains: from whence (as some writers affirm) it was in times passed named Bellositum: concerning the Etymologye of the name thereof, there are sundry opinions. Lelandus imagineth, that it first was called Ouseforde, from the river Ouse, in Latin Isis: but the most true and probable conjecture is, that it was named of the Saxons Oxenford, in the same sense that the Grecians named their Bosphoros, and the Germans Ochensfurt, a city standing at this day on the bank of the river Odour, from a ford or shallowness of the river in that place, through the which cattle might safely pass, for which cause it is at this day of the ancient Britons called in their language Rhyddichen. We find written in our chronicles, that this city was in the time of the Britons, the first inhabitants of this Island, consecrated unto the Muses: whose names and memory were afterward, during the fury of the Saxon wars therein, utterly extinguished, and the city much obscured, known only for certain Relics of S. Frideswid, a religious Votaress therein reserved, and with much devotion often visited. But in succession of time 873. years after our saviours incarnation, Alfred a holy and religious Saxon king, restored again the Muses to their former dignity, which had been thence so long exiled: who the better to encourage their abode therein, caused three colleges to be erected: one for Grammarians, another for Philosophers, and a third for professors of Divinity: but this felicity not long endured: for the Danes in the time of Ethelred consuming all with fire and sword, burned a great part of the city, and not long after Harald Lightfoot, exercised in the same, such immane Marald Harefoott. and barbarous cruelties, that the students flying from their colleges and habitations, left the University desolate and forsaken, in which estate it remained until William the Norman by his conquering arm obtained the regal Diadem, after which prince his entrance Robert de Oilgi a Gentleman of Normandy, in guerdon Rob. de Olley. of his valour, travel, and expense, receiving of the Conqueror a grant of certain lands near the walls of this city, erected at the west end thereof a strong & well fortified castle, which after was by king Stephen during the wars between him and Maude the Empress, long in vain besidged: he also as some think environed Oxford with a wall, which now by long continuance is decayed, Robert his brother's son in the year 1130. founded near unto this city, a spacious and goodly Priory: which from the river before mentioned, environing the same, he called Ousney, the ruins of whose walls remain only at this day to be seen, in these times the city being again with many fair and goodly aedifices adorned, newly began to flourish, and great multitudes of students from every part and corner of the realm, for their better increase in learning, began to repair thither, and now the fountains of the Muses, which had long seemed to be dry or stopped up, were again (all obstructions of Barbarism being taken away) opened and revived; for the which much doth this noble University remain indebted to the worthy memory of Robert Polenius a learned man, by whose only laborius and painful industry, it hath recovered the place and dignity, which at this day it holdeth among other Academies in our Christian world, unto so happy effect, did sort the labours of this worthy man, that in the reign of king john, three thousand students were numbered in this University. All which in short time after departed some to Reading, and some to Cambridge for certain iniutious wrongs offered unto them by the Citizens, which dissension being not long after again appeased, they all returned, others affirm the cause of this secession to have been because the king caused three students to be apprehended in their colleges, & presently hanged, for the murder of a certain woman, of which fact they all were innocent, and guiltless. Not long after, I mean, in the times of the next succeeding princes, sundry virtuous and well disposed persons, began to lay the foundations of divers goodly Colleges, intending thereby to leave some monument of their name and worthiness to all posterities: by whose example since many famous princes, and reverent Prelates, have been excited to do the like: so that it comprehendeth at this day sixteen fair and goodly Colleges, all endued with large tenements & possessions, and eight Hals. Merton College was in the time of Henry the third, or as others write, in the beginning of Edward the first, Merton College. founded by Walter Merton, sometime Canon of Salisbury, and after Bishop of Rochester. Not long after, or as some think before, during the reign of William the Conqueror, was the ancient University col ledge. foundation of holy Alfred renewed by one William, Archdeacon, or as other say, Bishop of Durisme, and called University College. In the year of our saviours incarnation 1263, during the reign of Edward the first, was founded Balliol Balliol college College, by john Balliol king of Scots, or rather as others imagine his parents, john and Deruorguidis: about this time, as writeth Armachanus, were numbered in Oxford 30000 students. In the year from our saviours Nativity 1126. in the time of Edward the second, Walter Stapleton Bishop of Excester, laid the foundation of Excester College, Exeter college. Heart's hall. and Hart hall, which College lately hath been much augmented in the days of our Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth, by Sir William Peter, knight. King Edward the second desirous to imitate the worthy example of this reverend prelate, erected Oriall College, so called, because it was indeed a Orial college work, which most worthily might beseem a king, & thereto he added S. Mary hall. S. Mary hall. Lady Philip, wife unto king Edward the third, laid the foundation of a goodly College, which she named the Queen's College, about the year of our Lord 1340. Queen's College. New college. William Wicham, a famous and worthy Prelate, for his singular wisdom, highly esteemed of king Edward the third, and by his means made Bishop of Winchester, in the year 1358. laid in Oxford the foundation of a magnificent and sumptuous college, now called New College, into the which yearly are sent many rare and excellent wits: from the College near Winchester, a most sertile Seminary of good letters founded by that thrice worthy Bishop, and by him committed to the tutele and protection of the blessed Virgin Mary. Richard Fleming Bishop of Lincoln in the days Lincoln college. of Henry the fifth, about the year of our Lord one thousand four hundred and thirty, founded Lincoln College, which was afterward in Richard the thirds time, in the year of our Lord 1479. by Thomas Rotheram Bishop of the same sea, much augmented and increased. Henry Chichley Archbishop of Canterbury, in the year 1439. laid in Oxford the foundation All souls college. of two goodly Colleges, the one dedicated to the memory of all souls, the other to S. Bernard, which being afterward suppressed by king Henry the eight, was of late in the reign of Queen Mary restored and re-edified by Sir Thomas White, Lord Mayor of London, and by him named S. john's College. Durin the reign of Henry the sixth, about the year of our Lord 145●. William Wainsflet Bishop of Winchester S. john's college. Magdalen College. builded Magdalen College, he builded also a great part of Eton College, before begun by king Henry the sixth. William Smith Bishop of Lincoln, during the reign of king Henry the seventh, laid the foundation of Brazen nose in the year 1513. the which hath been Brazen ose college. lately by that reverend old man Alexander Nowell, Deane of S. Paul's Church in London, much helped & increased. During the reign of the said king Henry the seventh, Corpus Christi college. Richard Fox Bishop of Winchester, founded Corpus Christi College, himself having before been a fellow of Pembroke hall in Cambridge, the which college of his in the year 1516. he endowed with forty pound eight shillings two pence yearly rent for ever. In the time of king Henry the eight, Thomas Wolsey Cardinal of Rome, Archbishop of York, and Lord Christ's church high Chancellor of England, began in sumptuous manner to lay the foundation of a most ample and spacious College, but falling into the kings heavy displeasure before the same could be brought to perfection, the king after his decease, enriched the same with many goodly revenues, annexing thereunto Canterbury college, which had been before erected in the time of Edward the 3. by Simon Islep Archbishop of Canterbury. This worthy King of famous memory, the more to grace & adorn the city, erected therein a Bishop's sea: and out of his treasury appointed yearly to be paid certain annuities, for the perpetual maintenance of public readers in each several school. In the reign of Queen Mary, Sir Thomas Pope re-edified Trinity college. Duresme College, which was in former ages erected by Thomas of Hatfield Bishop of Duresme, and now by continuance of time exceedingly decayed, by which knight the name thereof being altered, it is now called Trinity College. Not long since Hugh Prise Doctor of the civil law, hath founded a new college, which in honour jesus college of our Saviour is known by the name of jesus college. Many other rare and excellent ornaments there are wherewith this famous and far renowned Academy exceedingly is beautified, as churches, libraries, public schools, and many sumptuous private edifices, the which to avoid prolixity, I will omit, imagining that such trivial things must of necessity be famialiarly known to every learned reader, wherefore with this assertion I will finally conclude, that more piety in religion, more profoundness in learning, more strictness in discipline, & more integrity in life, is not to be found in any one university, in whatsoever part or region of the world. Cambridge. COncerning the first original and foundation of the city and university of Cambridge, among the learned searchers of antic lustories, two several and discrepant opinions strongly are maintained. john Caius in his book of the antiquity of Cambridge, with many arguments laboureth to prove the foundation thereof to have been laid, and the name derived from one Cantabar a Prince of Spain, brother to Partholinus King of Ireland, and son in law to Gurguntius king of Britain, in the year 4317. after the world's first creation, which was 539. years before our saviours nativity. For proof of which opinion he allegeth the authority of john Lidgat Monk of Berri●, and scholar to that famous Poet, and only Homer of our English nation, Geffrey Chaucer, whose verses in old English, as I found them written, I have here underneath set down. By true record of the Doctor Bede, That sometime wrote so much with his hand, And specially remembering as I read, In his Chronicles made of England, Among other things as we shall understand, Whom for mine author I dare allege, Sith the translation and building of Cambridge, With him according A●fred the chronicler, Seriously, who list his books for to see, Made in the time when he was Thresurer Of Beverley an old famous city, Affirm and sane the university Of Cambridge, and study first began, By their writing as I report can. He rehearsing first for commendation, By their writing how that old city Was strongly walled with towers many one, Built and finished with great liberty, Notable and famous of great authority, As their authors according sane the same, Of Cantabar taking first his name. Like as I find report I can none other: This Cantaber time of his living, To Partholine he was German brother, Duke in those days, in Ireland a great king, Chief and principal cause of that building. The wall about and towers as they stood, Was set and built upon a large flood, Named Cantebro, a large broad river, And after Cante called Cantebro. This famous city, this write the Chronicler, Was called Cambridge, rehearsing eke also, In their book these authors both two, Touching the date as I rehearse can, From thilk time that the world began, Four thousand complete by account clear, And three hundred by computation, joined thereto eight and forty year, When Cantebro gave the foundation, Of this City and this famous town, And of this noble university, Set on this river which is called Cante. And fro the great transmigration, Of Kings reckoned in the Bible old, Fro jerusalem to Babylon Two hundred winter & thirty years told, Thus to write mine author maketh me bold: Then Cantebro as it well knoweth, At Athens schooled in his youth, All wits greatly did apply, To have acquaintance by great affection, With folk expert in Philosophy: From Athens he brought with him down, Philosopher's most sovereign of renown, Unto Cambridge plainly this is the cause, Anaximander and Anaxagoras: With many other mine authors doth far, To Cambridge fast can him speed With Philosophers, and let for no cost spare, In the schools to study and to reed, Of whose teaching great profit that 'gan spread, And great increase rose of his doctrine. Thus of Cambridge the name 'gan first shine, As chief school and University, Unto this time fro the day it began, By clear report in many a far country, Unto the reign of Cassibelan, A worthy prince and full knightly man, As sane chronicles, who with mighty hand, Let julius Caesar to arrive in this land, Five hundredth year full thirty year & twenty From Babylon's transmigration, That Cassibelan reigned in Britain, Which by his notable royal discretion, To increase that study of great affection, I mean of Cambridge the University, Franchised with many a liberty. By mean of his royal favour, From countries about many a one, divers scholars by diligent labour, Made their resort of great affection, To that study great plenty there came down, To gather fruits of wisdom and science, And sundry flowers of sugared eloquence. And as it is put eke in memory, How julius Caesar entering this region, One Cassibelan after his victory took with him clerk of famous renown Fron Cambridge, & led them ●● Rome town, Thus by process remembered heretoforne, Cambridge was founded long ere Christ was borne, Five hundred year, thirty & eke nine. In this matter ye get no more of me, Rehearse I will no more at this time, These remembrances have great authority, To be preferred of long antiquity, For which by record all clerk sane the same, Ofheresie Cambridge bore never blame. But sundry other Historiographers there are, which (imagining this antiquity to be somewhat too far fetched) affirm, that the university of Cambridge was long since erected in the time of Sigebert king of England, six hundred and thirty years after our saviour's incarnation. Moreover they aver, that the name of this city was not derived from that Cantaber, but rather from a bridge, builded over the river Came passing by the town. Which opinion seemeth not absurd, because this river being in former ages known by the name of Grant: old writers affirm that the city was in the Saxon tongue commonly called Grantbridge. Whensoever this city first was founded, or by whom soever the university was first erected (which matter I will refer to the discussion of more learned antiquaries, since mine intent is only to set down such schools & colleges, as the same at this day doth contain) most certainly true it is, for the antiquity and worthiness thereof, it may at this time worthily contend with the most ancient & flourishing universities of the world. In Cambridge, besides many other sumptuous and fairly builded edifices, as public schools for lectures, churches, and such like, there are at this day to be seen 15. goodly halls and Colleges. In the year of our redemption 1284. during the reign of king Edward the first. Hugh Balsham the 15. S. Peter's College. Bishop of Ely builded Saint Peter's college, commonly called Peter-house, in a place, where before had been two ostles of scholars, of exceeding great antiquity. The which college at this day maintaineth one master, 15. fellows, fi●e Bibleclearkes, and eight poor scholars. Clare hall was first founded by one Richard Badew, at that time Chancellor of the university, and was by C●are hall. him named University hall: howbeit afterward by the assistance of Gualler Thaxted master of the same hall, not without the assent of the said R. Badew, it was Ann. 1347. (21. years after the foundation thereof) resigned to the Lady Elizabeth de Burgo widow, sometime the wife of john de Burgo or Burgh, Earl of Ulster in Ireland, & daughter to Gilbert Clare carl of Gloster. The which Lady by the licence of K. Edward the 3. established & finished the same, & changing the name thereof, willed that for ever after it should in memory of her family, from whence she was descended, be called Clare Hall. In the year from our saviour's incarnation 1347. the Pembroke 〈◊〉 Lady Mary of S. Paul, wife to Adomarus de Valentia, Earl of Pembroke, obtained licence of K. Edw. the 3. (whose kinswoman she was) to lay in Cambridge the foundation of a college for the which she bought 2. messages, & named it Pembroke Hall. It sustameth at this present, 1. master, 24. fellows, & 7. Bibleclearks. Edmond Gunuiel parson of Terington in Norfolk, in Gunuill and Caius college. the 22. year of king Edward the 3. obtained a licence at the suit of Sir Gualther de Manney, to erect a college in Cambridge, in a place where old houses daily ready to fall did stand, the which he with his money purchased. This Edmond Gunuiel having at his decease great store of coin, committed it to the fidelity & trust of William Bateman Bishop of Norwich, to finish & bring to perfection the work which he in his life had begun: whose will the Bishop most faithfully did execute, and not sparing his own co●ers, did much augment and increase the same. Long after in our time, john Caius, a wise and learned professor in the art of Physic, hath made the same more ample and more famous, as well by adding new buildings thereunto, as by increasing the number of students therein. In so much that by the Queeves letters patents, it was granted him to be written & accounted a founder thereof, and the house to be called Gunuiel & Caius college. The fraternity and guild of Corpus Christi, and of Corpus Christ's college. blessed Mary in Cambridge, Henry Duke of Lancaster being at that time Alderman of the same Guild, founded Corpus Christi college, in the 24. year of the reign of K. Edward the 3. obtaining licence of the same king to appropriate unto this college for ever, the advowson of S. Bennets church standing before their gate. William Bateman Bishop of Norwich, in the year of our Lord God 1353. founded in Cambridge a college Trinity hall. for students of the law, and enduing the same with lands and possessions, in honour of the blessed Trinity, would have it called Trinity Hall of Norwich: by the rents and revenues whereof are at this day maintained one master, ten fellows, & as many Bible clerks. King Henry the 6. a man in his life time much given to devotion, and always inclined to do good, in the King's college. 19 year of his reign laid in Cambridge the foundation of a goodly college, in honour of our blessed Lady & S. Nicholas, the which then consisted of one master and 12. scholars. Not long after in the 21. year of his reign, altering the form of his first foundation, he changed the name of Master into a Provost, & much increased the number of students. King Edward the fourth by authority of the parliament in great displeasure withdrew from this college so much land, as his Predecessor by the same authority had procured: but being at last with daily entreatings persuaded, and overcome with importunity, restored again unto the same the yearly value of 100L. marks: on condition that they would account him for their founder, and that in his name all their suits and writings should be made. This College as appeareth by sundry evident signs, king Henry once had purposed to make one of the most beautifullest houses in this land, the platform whereof who so desireth more particularly to know, he shall find the same in M. Stows Chronicle, in the life of Henry the sixth at large described. Queen Margaret wife to Henry the 6. and daughter to Rheiner king of Sicily and jerusalem, began first to Queen's college. lay the foundation of Queen's College, and obtained licence of the king to purchase for the same, lands, and rents to the value of two hundred pounds by the year, but leaving the same unperfect, Queen Elizabeth, wife to Ed. the 4. obtaining licence of the K. brought the same to a perfect end: this College standeth in the parish of S. Botolph, in a common ground called Goosegreene, which was to that use, purchased by one Andrew Ducket, with money which he did get by begging of well disposed people. Katherine Hall was founded by one Robert Woodlarke, Katherine ha● Doctor of Divinity, and Provost of kings College in Cambridge, in the honour of S. Katherine Virgin, and Martyr, in the year 1475. the which king Edward the 4. did allow for him and his successors, and by his letters patents did confirm it to endure for ever, therein at this day are sustained and nourished one Master, six fellows, and one Bible clerk. jesus College was of old time a Monastery of religious jesus college. women of S. Radegunde, which Monastery being destitute of government, the aedifices fallen in decay, the goods and ornaments of the Church wasted, the lands diminished, and in conclusion a small number of Nuns left, being but two, whereof the one ready to depart, and the other an infant, were brought into such poverty, that they were not able to relieve themselves, and therefore forced to depart, they left the house desolate, whereupon john Alcote the 29. Bishop of Ely, obtained licence of king Henry the 7. in the year 1497. to found in the place thereof a college for 6. fellows and 6. scholars, the rents whereof being afterward at several times much amplified by fondry benefactors, it now maintaineth, one Master, 17. Fellows, and as many scholars. Christ's College was first begun by king Henry the 6. and after his decease brought to perfection by the Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmonde and Derby, Christ's college. daughter and heir of john Duke of Somerset, and mother of king Henry the 7. in a place, where sometime stood the College of God's house, which college because it never was fully finished, she obtained of the king her son his charter, dated the first day of may, in the 20. year of his reign, and the year of our Lord 1505. to increase the number of students there, translating it according to her disposition. It sustaineth at this day one Master, thirteen Fellows, fifty nine scholars, and fifteen Sisers. The same Lady Margaret Countess of Richmond, procured licence of her Nephew, king Henry the eight, to convert into a college in the honour of S. john the S. john's college. Evangelist, a certain house of religious persons, which first was an Hospital of regular Canons, founded by Nigellus the second Bishop of Ely 1134, and translated from that order many years after, by Hugh Balsam, Bishop of Ely. The said Lady departing out of this world, before that princely work of hers was fully finished, gave in charge the performance thereof to her Executors. Richard Fox Bishop of Winchester, john Fisher Bishop of Rochester, Charles' Somerset, L. Herbert, after created Earl of Worcester, Sir Thomas Lovel, Sir Henry Marney, and Sir john, S. john, Knights, Henry Horneby, and Hugh Ashton clerk, who well discharged the trust committed unto them, and faithfully did execute the will of the deceased Lady; it maintaineth at this day, one Master, fifty one Fellows, seventy Scholars, and nine Sisers. Edward Duke of Buckingham coming to Cambridge Magdalen college. in the year of our Lord 1519. and remaining there the space of certain days, converted a certain house builded for Monks, of fondry Abbeys sent to the University to study into a college, and builded thereto a hall. At length after the general suppression of Monasteries, Thomas Audley Baron of Walden and Chancellor of England, endowing the same with lands and possessions by act of Parliament, and charter of king Henry the eight, in the 3●. year of his reign, became sole founder thereof, committing the same unto the tutele & protection of S. Marie Magdalen, in the year of our Lord 1●42. but being prevented by sudden death, before he could bring to pass what he intended, he left his college unperfect and unfinished so that at this day there are therein sustained only one Master, five Fellows, and one Bibleclearke. Trinity College was first founded and erected by the king of famous memory, Henry the eight, the royal Trinity college. Father of our gracious Sovereign Queen Elizabeth, in the year of our Lord 1546. the 20. day of january the Kinget hall, S. Michael's house, and Physic Ostle, were joined together for the better sustentation and aid of so noble an enterprise, and work to endure for evermore: which College doth at this present flourish with one Master, 60. Fellows, 62. scholars, 4. Chaplains, 13. Sisers, 24. poor Almesmen, 6. singing men, one Master of the Choristers, 10. Choristers, three Readers, one of Divinity, another of Greek, and a third of Hebrew. Emanuel College, was lately founded on the house & Emanuel College. grounds of the Dominicke Friars, in the Preachers street, at the cost and charges of Sir Walter Mildmay knight, Chancellor, & Under Treasurer of the Exchequer, one of the Privy Council to our Sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth, about the year 1584. The Universities of Scotland. IN Scotland only are two privileged Academies, whereof the most ancient and best known is S. Andrew, erected in the year after our saviours incarnation 1411 the other S. Andrew's. Aberdone. is Aberdon instituted by William Elphinstone Bishop of Aberdone, in the year of our Lord God 1480. under the reign of james the third of that name king of Scots. FINIS.