NEWS OF THE COMPLEMENT OF THE ART OF NAVIGATION. AND OF THE MIGHTY Empire of Cataia. TOGETHER WITH THE Straits of Anian. By A. L. The principal Contents whereof follow in the next page. printer's or publisher's device belonging to Thomas Orton (?) BY PEACE PLENTI. BY WISDOM PEACE The Contents. 1 THe excellency of Navigation. 2 The imperfectness of the Art of Navigation, as it now standeth. 3 The means of perfecting the same. 4 The benefits of the same so perfected. 5 Of the mighty Empire of Cataia, etc. 6 The tender of these my present News: unto etc. 7 Of finding the longitudes by celestial observation, without the help of any Eclipse. 8 The conclusion. TO ALL AND SINGULER THE SUBJECTS OF THE MOST HIGH AND MIGHTY PRINCE, JAMES by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, defender of the Faith, etc. being Mathematicians, Merchants, Navigators, travelers, etc. And also to all other, furtherers and favourers of Geography, Navigation, and Discoveries; and to every of them, respectively; ANTHONY LYNTON Parson of Worth, in the County of Sussex, wisheth health, and all true happiness. ALL dutiful offices unto you, and every one of you, with due respect, and fashion answerable, premised and performed, etc. When I considered, with what great contentment you read the Reports of japon, and China, contained in the yearly letters and missives of the jesuite Friars, (folk of other nations, and inhabiting in remote countries, and of a sect corrupt in religion, which produceth, as the Prophet David speaketh, Psal. 144.12. Strange children, whose mouth talketh of vanity, and their right hand is a right hand of iniquity: as well witnesseth our own late fearful experience in their powder treason, and the ruin of many noble Personages, and families, in this western world, by their means.) It gave me occasion to assure myself, that you will with no less content, read, and consider also these news, written by an English man borne, a Minister of the Gospel, and dwelling amongst you: News, I say, of things very strange, pleasant and profitable, both to your private selves, and also to the public State; and such as many years past have been greatly desired, & yet never unto this day known, nor scant hoped for: comprised in two principal heads. The former whereof is of the complement of the Art of Navigation. The other is of the great and mighty Empire of Cataia, etc. 1 Navigation (as you know better than I can report) is an art more excellent and eminent, than any other of the like kind in use and practise amongst us; whether you consider the dignity, the necessity, or the utility thereof. The dignity of Navigation will most evidently appear, if you consider from whence it taketh his original, namely, from Arithmetic, Geometry, & Astronomy, the three most glorious of the seven Liberal Sciences, which three anciently and truly were called Acröamatica, and were the studies of Kings & greatest Princes. All which said three Liberal Sciences must necessarily concur, both in the making up, & also in the practice of Navigation, so as no one of them can be missing in any case: which happeneth in no other practic science or discipline whatsoever in use amongst us; and therefore Navigation (as a glorious Queen, attended upon by many honourable Ladies) is of great dignity, as well for the offspring, as also for the practice of the same. The necessity thereof is most apparent: for without it the nations of the world dwelling far asunder, neither should nor could ever at any hand by traffic or commerce be partakers of others commodities, manners, learning, policies or religion; without which how miserable mankind should be, or have been, your wisdoms can easily conceive, and specially the Insulani, which without this Art should dwell alone savage, and barbarous, and in great want of things needful both for their bodies and souls, and should also want all means to vent their own excellent commodities, to the use & benefit of others. Nay many goodly and great islands of the world as well as small, should not to this day have been replenished with people, but have remained void and desolate, as do S. Helen's, and the Hollanders, Mauricius, and others and mankind thereby have been diminished; and God's glory left without witnesses in those places. Navigation doth likewise lively show itself unto the least view or consideration of the wise, to be a science and practice of singular profit: seeing that without it the life of man can hardly be preserved. For there is no Country, no Province, no City every way sufficient, well to sustain itself, but every one of them hath need of others help and secure. All which for the most part be supplied by Navigation, and without it, cannot well and commodiously be had. Yea, and the Philosopher is of mind: That it behoveth cities and kingdoms to have shipping in store, and in readiness for Navigation, if they mean to enjoy their liberties, and to rule over others. For clearing of all which, let these few examples here recited, serve in the stead of many arguments. Of the Kingdom of Israel under Solomon, it is thus written, 1. King. 10.22. For the King had on the sea a Navy of Tharsis, with the Navy of Hyram: once in three years came the Navy of Tharsis, and brought gold and silver, and ivory, and Apes, and Peacocks. It seemeth that this Navy of Tharsis (of great ships for the sea, as one interpreteth it) was only for the trade to the Isles of Cittim, in the Peloponesian sea, and other towns upon the coasts and islands of the Mare Mediterraneum. For of the ships of the red sea; that went to Ophir for gold, the Scripture speaketh otherwise, 1. King. 9.26. viz. Also King Solomon made a Navy of ships in Asiongabar, which is besides Elot, and the brinck of the red sea in the land of Edom. 27. And Hyram sent with the Navy his servants that were mariners, and had knowledge of the sea, with the servants of Solomon. 28. And they came to Ophir, and set from thence four hundred and twenty Talents of gold, and brought it to King Solomon. The effect of these Navies you may read, 1. King. 10.23. And so King Solomon exceeded all the Kings of the earth, both in riches and wisdom. vers. 26. Then Solomon gathered together Chariots and horsemen: and he had a thousand and four hundred chariots, & twelve thousand horsemen, whom he placed in the Chariot-cities, and with the King at jerusalem. vers. 27. And the King gave silver in jerusalem as stones, & gave Cedars as the wild figtrees, which grow abundantly upon the plain, etc. Tyrus also flourished exceedingly by Navigation: it is evident in that the profane Authors do attribute the invention of ships and sailing unto that nation, I mean the Phoenicians, citizens of Tyrus, and other sea towns adjoining thereunto, as witnesseth Tibullus, Eleg. 7. as he is cited by Polydore Virgil, Dererum invent. lib. 3. cap. 15. maris vastum prospectet turribus Aequor. Prima ratem ventis credere docta Tyros. The holy Scriptures also are evident records hereof. Esay the Prophet speaketh thus, chap. 22.8. Who hath decreed this against Tyrus (that crowneth men) whose merchants are Princes, whose chapmen are the Nobles of the world. And Ezechiel chap. 27.3. declareth the glorious estate thereof. And vers. 25. The ships of Tharsis were the chief in thy Merchandise, and thou wast replenished and made very glorious in the midst of the sea. vers. 27. Thy riches, thy fairs, thy merchandise, thy Mariners and Pilots, thy Calkers, and the occupiers of thy Merchandise, and all the men of war that are in thee, shall fall in the midst of the sea, in the day of thy ruin. Call to remembrance that old Carthage also, a renowned offspring of Tyrus, which only by Navigation and trading by sea, grew so mighty, that three several times it took occasion to stand out with Rome for the Sovereignty, in three several wars, great, doubtful, and lamentable. In the first of which, it is reported, that the carthaginians were beaten in a battle at the sea, & so brought in order. In the second war, which happened some forty years after, they were grown again so strong, that besides many battles by land, even in Italy fifteen years together, they fought with the Romans a great battle by sea; in which likewise they had the worst, as witnesseth Tit. Liu. Dec. 3. lib. 2. and at length being enforced by the Romans to yield, their city had been utterly razed to the ground, had they not redeemed the same with tears, and a yearly tribute of two hundred Euboian talents; and withal concluded with the Romans, never after to have and keep more ships for war, than ten, etc. as writeth Appion in Lybico. Yet nevertheless the carthaginians, within fifty years after that, grew again so exceeding mighty by sea and land, that they undertook a third war against the Romans, in which they were overcome by sea and by land, and their noble City, which had stood seven hundred years in great estate, was razed unto the ground: (so that Navigation which was at the first the cause of their greatness, was also at the last the occasion of their ruin, being overmastred by the Romans in strength at sea, as well witness the speeches of Hanno, and Cato Censorinus, in Appion●ae bello Lybico; whereby may be seen the great utility of Navigation. Consider also the Cities of Greece, as Athens, Corinth, and the residue upon the sea coast; yea, and the very small Islands of the Aegëan sea; as Samos and such like: how much they increased in renown and riches by their shipping and Navigation, and the utility thereof will plainly appear. That I say nothing of the Greek and Roman Empires, in whom their Navalia are not the least memorable in ancient stories. Neither may I here forget the sea forces, and sea services of the now flourishing and menacing Empire of the Turks, which are not unknown to the world: Read M. Hakluyte (who hath excellently well deserved of our whole Nation, in his worthy works of our English Voyages.) vol. 2. part. 2. pag. 78. where you shall find specified 268. vessels for the war that besieged the Rhodes: besides the Navy that lay attending in other places to cut off all succours of Christians, etc. and elsewhere in those his volumes. Consider further the Venetians, and the Genoese, how by Navigation they have supported, and increased their great Estates. Then turn your eyes upon Spain, Portugal, and Holland now of late years, how as they have been better furnished with shipping, so have they had their riches, honours, and Estates increased even to wonderment. Look over the world, unto the great Empire of China, which at this present doth abound with shipping, both for the Inland seas and rivers, to trade at home amongst themselves with easiness and speed; and also for the vast Ocean, for trading with foreign nations; whereby infinite numbers of that people are set a work, and their riches and renown is grown unto the world, very admirable, as witnesseth Master Hackluit in his works of our English Voyages, vol. 2. par. 2. pag. 77. 92. and vol. 3. pag. 837. 858. Read also Arthus de India orientali. pag. 466. 468. Also read Pantogia. pag. 56. 61. 64. 65. 112. etc. Lastly, let us return home unto our own Country, this Realm of England, and we shall find the estate thereof much increased, and supported by Navigation. By Navigation we read that Edgar, (that I may use his own words in his style) Anglorum Basileus, omniumque Regum, Insularum, Oceanique Britanniam circumiacentis; cunctarumque nationum, quae infra eam includuntur, Imperator, & Dominus; who reigned anno dom. 959. kept his seas from Piracy, and his land from foreign invasions. For every year he rigged 4000 sail of ships, and dividing them into four companies, put them to sea, upon the four quarters of his kingdom, for the same purpose. By Navigation, our Armies have been transported into other lands for service there: So john King of England, with a Navy of 500 ships, transported his Army into Ireland, ann 1206. So our Army and forces were transported by Sir Francis Drake Knight, unto S. Domingo, and Carthagena, in the West Indies, anno 1585. and into Portugal, anno 1589. By Navigation many strong battles have been fought at sea by our nation, and honourable victories obtained: as the battle at Sluice, by King Edward the third, anno 1340. the French Fleet being of 400. sail. As also the battle fought at Hareflew in France, by King Henry the fifth, against the French Navy of 500 ships, anno 1414. As was also that most renowned victory gotten, from and of that vaunted invincible Spanish Armada, anno 1588. And that over the Navy Royal of the King of Spain, gotten in the Bay of Cadiz, anno. 1596. By Navigation, the Spanish Fleet, that came to waft over King Philip from Dover into the Low-countries, anno 1556. was compelled by a few ships of the Navy Royal of this Land, under the conduct of the Right Honourable, the Lord William Howard, Baron of Effingham, than Lord high Admiral of England, (and father to the now Right Honourable, and renowned Lord Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham, and Lord high Admiral also of England,) to strike their sails, and vail their bonnets, and perform such honourable acknowledgements, as were done at sea, to the Imperial Crown of this Land. The like also was done by ten ships of the Navy Royal of our late Queen Elizabeth of famous memory, under the conduct of the aforesaid Charles Howard, now the Right Honourable Earl of Nottingham, Lord high Admiral of England, unto the great Spanish Fleet of 130. ships, conducting the emperors Sister, the spouse of Spain, thorough the narrow Seas, into Spain; under whose worthy, and happy conduct also, the two honourable victories over the Spanish Armadaes, last before mentioned, were obtained, to his immortal fame and glory. By Navigation, the Northern seas unto Rusland, and Moscovia, were happily discovered, anno 1553. and a happy trade of Merchandise opened thither, which continueth unto this day. By Navigation, the East and West Indies have been sailed unto, by our English nation; the bottom of the Mediterranean seas searched, and the great Emperor of the Turks at his Seragno, or Port in Constantinople, Royally saluted, to his great content; since which time, neither he, nor his Successors, have been so forward as before, to make war upon the Christians: Yea and by Navigation, the huge convexity of the whole world, within little more than these 30. years last passed, hath been by our English nation twice sailed about. Once, by the worthy Sir Francis Drake Knight, and the second time, by the worthy Thomas Candish Esquire, both passing thorough the Straits of Magellan, into the South sea, and so coasting from thence the Western shore of the New world, unto California, passed from thence unto the Moluccan islands, and from thence by java, and by the Cape, De bona Esperanza, and returned again alive into this Realm of England, with riches and renown. A voyage never yet before this day performed (for any thing I know to the contrary) by any other, of what nation soever, but only by Magellan the Portugal, who first found his so called Straits; anno 1520. as Arthus reporteth, pag. 411. but perished himself before he returned again into Spain. So that whatsoever may be said of the increase of our wealth, and riches, I cannot tell, but this I am sure of, that our Estate (through the goodness and protection of the Almighty, to whom be all praise and honour for the same for evermore,) hath been mightily defended, and secured by our Navigation, in such sort, that as in former times, so now at this present day, our glory and honour shineth with great brightness, in the midst of the mighty Empires, and great Kingdoms of Europe. Neither have the ancient Kings of this Land neglected the acknowledgement thereof. But as in ancient times, the Kings of the Latins stamped a ship upon their money, in remembrance of the great benefits that their Land had received of Saturnus, which from the sea had arrived amongst them, as witnesseth Ovid, Fast. lib. 1. in these words: At bona posteritas puppim formavit in aere, Hospitis adventum testificata Dei. Even so, the ancient renowned Kings of this Land, coined their gold, on the one side with a ship upon the sea, testifying thereby, the great commodities that came unto their Land by Navigation. All which examples rightly and duly considered, do lively manifest the great utility of Navigation. So that we may conclude, that Navigation is the most excellent Art of all others of like practice, both for the dignity, necessity, and utility thereof. And yet nevertheless this most excellent Art, by which so much good cometh, and so many excellent and memorable things have been, and are daily performed, is yet very imperfect, standing upon no warrantable and sufficient grounds and rules whereby it may be duly practised. As witnesseth Sir Humphrey Gilbert Knight, who saith of himself in these words, viz. I have devised to amend the errors of usual sea Chards, whose common fault is to make the degrees of Longitude in every Latitude of one like bigness. And have also devised therein a spherical Instrument, with a Compass of variation, for the perfect knowing of the Longitude. And a precise order to prick the sea Chard, etc. Engl. voiag. vol. 3. pag. 24. And Mr. Thomas Digges, that excellent Mathematician, in his Preface to the Reader, of his Stratiaticos, hath these words, viz. First therefore, by Demonstrations Mathematical, finding the great imperfections in the Art of Navigation, & gross errors practised by the Masters and Mariners of this our age: I sought by reason to persuade with some of them, to alter and reform their Chards, Instruments, and erroneous Rules, showing them infallible Demonstrations of their errors. And a little after: By proof I found, and those masters themselves could not but confess, that experience did no less plainly discover the errors of their Rules, than my Demonstrations. And Mr. William Burrowes, sometime Controller of the Royal Navy, of our late Queen Elizabeth of famous memory, in his Epistle wherein his Map of Russia was to her dedicated, hath these words; viz. It is so, that there are Rules used in Navigation, which are not perfectly true, amongst which, the strait lines in the sea Chards representing two and thirty points of the Compass or winds, are not holden to be the least: etc. but noted of such talkers for principal, to condemn the occupiers thereof for ignorant, etc. And Mr. Richard Polter, one of the late four principal masters of his majesties Navy Royal, in his book called the pathway to perfect sailing, printed at London, anno 1605. delivereth a great number of absurdities, in the said Art of Navigation. And Mr. Edward Wright, a very learned Mathematician, hath (not long since) published a book likewise of the errors in the Art of Navigation; which book I have seen, but never read the same, etc. So that this noble Art of Navigation, although it be so excellent, is yet nevertheless imperfect, and founded upon no sufficient Rules of Art, whereby it may be generally practised as it ought. And although it may be objected, that not only Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and Richard Polter, & other, have attempted the reformations of these imperfections, but also that M. Edw. Wright hath lately perfected the same, so that all errors and absurdities are by him reform. I answer & freely confess, that the said M. Wright hath exceedingly well deserved of Navigation, and specially in that projection of the sea Map by him devised, (according to which, the Map commonly annexed to the volumes of our English Discoveries, and the great quarter Maps published at Amsterdam by jodocus Hondius, anno 1602. are framed): but yet I am assured, that his reformation will be found to fall far short of perfection, when his travels shall come to strict examination, not because he wanteth either learning, or diligence therein, but a good foundation whereon to raise his work, that is, the knowledge of the magnetical poles hereafter mentioned: so that the said Art, although it be by his industry and travels very much amended, yet is it far from being perfected. This excellent and profitable Art of Navigation (but very unperfect, for any thing that is yet publicly known to the contrary) I presume I have by the great blessing of Almighty God in Christ jesus our Saviour, not without exceeding pains and labours in and about the same, brought to very good perfection, and furnished it with all the Compliments thereof, and am able at this present, by his grace, to inform any of you (of competent knowledge and capacity for the same) how he may practise the same, with as great facility, and expedition, as now is done, and with so great certainty make his conclusions, of Latitude, Longitude, and variation, as is possible to be done in any other Mathematical practice, in use amongst us, depending upon continued observation. And this is the first end and main purpose of all my labours taken in and about my mentioned Complement. And for as much, as many learned men heretofore, have professed thus much, with many other things touching this Art, all which for the most part, are vanished away like smoke, and quite gone as though they had never been: by reason whereof, you may easily be induced, to hope for no better success at my hands, of these my promised Compliments. I have therefore thought good, for your better satisfaction and contentment, to set down in order, some few of the chiefest heads in these my travels, proposed and concluded, together with some Corollaries from them deduced, as followeth, etc. 1 That (although a great learned man and his followers, absolutely deny that there is any fixed pole magnetical, yet nevertheless) there are two fixed poles magnetical, which are the main grounds of the Art of Navigation, and without which the said Art cannot be well and sufficiently practised: the one Arctique, because it is within the Arctique circle, the other Antarctique, for the like reason; much different from the poles of the world, and also from all and every the fancied magnetical poles heretofore published. 2 That these magnetical poles are upon the superficies of the Globe of the earth, and have a magnetical axis, passing between them thorough the Centre of the said earth. 3 What is the Longitude of either of the said magnetical poles, from the ancient first meridian of the world, passing by the Canary islands, or the meridian of any other place, whose Longitude from the said first meridian is known. And also what Latitude either of the said magnetical poles hath from the Equinoctial. 4 That upon these poles magnetical, as upon their Centres, are to be conceived and described (for the Art of Navigation) upon the superficies of the Globe of the earth, an Aequator, parallels, and meridians magnetical, much differing from those of the world. 5 That there is one common meridian or great circle, passing thorough both the poles magnetical, and poles of the world, dividing the superficies of the earth, into two several Hemispheres. 6 That in this common meridian, is the beginning of Longitude, to be accounted in the Art of Navigation. 7 What is the difference of Longitude of this said common meridian, either Eastwards, or Westwards from the meridian of the Canaries, or from any other place, whose longitude from the said islands is known. 8 That the North and South of the Compass vary for the most part from the North and South of the world, the greatest variation being of 180. degrees, which lesseneth until it come to nothing. 9 That in every parallel of the world, and in equal spaces in every of them, this variation altereth, in some places increasing, in some places decreasing, and in some places directing in self to the pole of the world; In some places of equal space, it altereth swifter, and in some places it altereth slower; in some places it varieth to the Eastwards, and in some places to the Westwards, as is already well known. And now all these places are given and known, where they be in every of the said parallels, and also the causes thereof. 10 That in every parallel of the world, between the Equinoctial and the poles magnetical, as also in the said Equinoctial, there be many several places wherein the Compass hath equal variations. 11 That the said places of equal variation in every of the said parallels, be not equally distant from the common meridian, but unequally; and the difference of this said inequalite, is more, or less, in different parallels. 12 That the longitude of all and every the said places of equal variation, may easily be found out, and described upon the Globe and Chard with helique or tortuous lines, some of them tending from the Arctique pole of the world, unto the Antarctique pole magnetical: and contrariwise, some of them tending from the Antarctique pole of the world, to the Arctique pole magnetical, crossing as well the Equinoctial and Equator magnetical, as also almost all the parallels of both kinds. 13 That all the Rumbs described or supposed to be described by a ship sailing upon the sea, except the meridians and parallels, be spiral lines, passing from the equinoctial to the poles magnetical, and not to the poles of the world, as hath been hitherto falsely supposed. 14 That all the said spiral lines or Rumbs may be described upon the Globe for Navigation, and also upon the sea Chards in plano, as well those after M. Edw. Wright his projection, as upon others of two other projections, not heretofore used in Navigation, yet beautiful to the eye, and convenient for the practice of the said Art of Navigation. 15 That the Globes, and one sort of sea Chards may be made, without any Rumbs described upon them, and yet serve as well and as readily to all purposes for the use of Navigation, as those Globes and Chards may do, that have the Rumbs or sailing lines described upon them. 16 That the Globes and Chards thus described, do give the longitudes and differences of longitudes of and between very many places, and also the trending of divers coasts somewhat otherwise then the ordinary Globes and Maps do offer them; yet nevertheless truly and as they be indeed. 17 These Globes and Chards thus described; to find out by observation, as well at sea as at land, the magnitude of the variation of the Compass for the place where such observation shall be made, readily, and justly, the Latitude of the place being first known, etc. 18 The variation of the Compass and the Latitude of the place being given, to find out by Arithmetical calculation the true Longitude of the same place. 19 Contrariwise the Latitude and Longitude of any place being given, to find out thereby the true variation in or at that place, and that also by Arithmetical calculation. 20 Four divers other ways and means to find out at all times the Longitude of the place wherein you make observation, (or to prick the Chard as it is commonly called) with as much ease and expedition, and with far more certainty than now is or can be used in our modern Navigation. 21 A fift way, the height of the pole of the world being given, etc. to find out at all times the Longitude most certainly without any regard had to the Rumbe wherein you have sailed, or the number of leagues you have run, or the variation of the Compass: by Arithmetical calculation. 22 A sixth way, the height of the pole being given, etc. without any regard of the things last before mentioned, to perform the same by mechanical practice speedily. But here it is to be understood, that as every one of these several ways before mentioned of finding the Longitude is warrantably true, if the things required in them (uz. variations and elevations, and other things to be found by observation) be true; so likewise if the said things required, be faulty; that then the longitudes also from them derived will be answerably faulty in their proportions. And secondly, that seeing Navigation standeth wholly upon observation, and all observations for the same at sea, be made by very small instruments, as namely the sailing Compass, Astrolabe, and such like, so that the variations and elevations and such like, found by such observations, be seldom true; and that therefore true longitudes are seldom to be found; yet nevertheless howsoever it fall out it is certain. 23 That by these several ways assisting each other in the hand of a Navigator, the longitudes may be found sufficiently true for the precise practice of Navigation, according as I have proposed. And because the mystery of finding the longitudes according to these projects dependeth upon the magnetical poles, (for the finding out of which poles, I have been enforced, to use the observations of other men, wherein, if they have failed, and I myself also have done the like, in relying upon them,) it may come to pass, that the longitudes cannot be by these my poles found out so exactly as is to be wished for, before such time as the places of the said poles be first, yet more truly, found. Therefore if it shall happen to appear, that the places of the said poles, by me found out, be yet defective (which defect nevertheless I am well assured will be very little); I have devised a way, 24 How any man having some knowledge and practice in the Mathematicals, may by his own observations exactly find out the true longitude and latitude of the said poles, (far easier and with greater speed than I have done, or could do, before I had found the same another way,) and may also fit the same most commodiously, unto the Art of Navigation, and it unto them as I have done. 25 How (besides this Globe and Chard) all other the instruments commonly used in the Art of Navigation, as the Compass, the Astrolabe, the Quadrant, the Crossestaffe, & the Travers board, may be excellently well amended and perfected. 26 And besides these mentioned premises, many other propositions and conclusions do occur in this my Complement, both strange and profitable; of which in this place I may not speak. The other part of these my News comprehendeth amongst divers other, these things following, viz. 1 The great Empire of Cataia, where it lieth, and the great riches of the same. 2 The way by land from the confines of the Caspian sea, unto the same. 3 A new Geographical description of the Caspian sea, and of the Eastern and Northern Tartary, and of the Empire of Cataia, as it now lieth, far differing from the usual descriptions now extant amongst us, with the longitudes and latitudes of Cambalu, and Quinsay, etc. 4 That the Tartarian Empire under the great Tamerlane, far surpassed in greatness any of the Empires that ever have been, or be, or are likely to be in ages to come. 5 That there is greater hope than ever was heretofore, of a free and safe passage by sea, Northerly from Europe to Cataia. 6 That I have added the longitude of 50. or 60. degrees of good discovery, unto the already known longitude, comprehended between the Western coast of America, under the latitude of 67. degrees, on the one side, and the Vaygatz, or I'll Van Oranges, upon the North of Nova Zemla, on the otherside; but how and where the same is added, shall be said elsewhere. And if two several observations, made by two several Navigators, of as great knowledge and judgement in their Art and faculty, as any other of our age, had been true; (as in all likelihood they seemed to me to be, and will so seem also to other men, until they be disproved) I might with the safety of my credit, have affirmed, that I had fully discovered that passage. 7 That the residue of that passage yet undiscovered, is less by much, than it hath been thought to be. 8 The straits of Anian where they be; and of what largeness. 9 The fittest and most commodious way to be attempted, for the discovery of the said passage. 10 That there is no doubt, but our nation may be entertained into a very rich trade of Merchandise, with the Cataians, etc. These be some part of these my News, so long hidden from the world, and so greatly desired of our nation, but with little hope: for the revealing whereof, (as I trust) it hath pleased our most gracious God, to make me (his most unworthy servant) his instrument. And these benefits will ensue thereof, viz. 1 That the Art of Navigation may in short time, be brought unto the highest perfection, so, 2 That not only the fear conceived in the Regiment of the sea, printed at London, anno 1606. pag. 73. that they are likely to perish, which happen to fall under the North-pole of the world, (and by like reason under the pole magnetical,) unless they be helped by a clock, made and rectified before hand for that purpose; is clearly taken away, and removed. But also, 3 That our Voyages and Discoveries, may be performed with more certainty and readiness, & therefore with greater gain, and with less loss of lives and goods, then usually hath been. 4 That the Art of Navigation requireth professors of greater skill and practise in the Mathematicals, then are now commonly to be found among them; in which notwithstanding they may easily, and in short time, attain a good sufficiency for their profession. 5 That the discovery of Cataia by any supposed Northern Passage, further than hath been already discovered, cannot be safely and commodiously attempted, much less performed, without the knowledge of this my Complement, and Navigators of very good skill and practise in the Mathematics. 6 That this Complement taketh nothing away from the ordinary practice of Navigation, nor altereth any thing in the same, save only it addeth a Globe of a new description, and a Map or two, after M. wright's mentioned Projection, rectified, and one other sea Map or two, of other Projections; & some other few Instruments, with the uses of them. In the residue, men are left to their own ordinary proceed, although they may amend, or alter all, if they please, which verily is requisite. 7 That divers opinions and doctrines of divers learned men (whom for honours sake I will not here name) are hereby cleared, or confuted. 8 That the world's general Geography may be hereby very much amended, & may in short time be brought to the highest degree of perfection: so that the studious of that Art, and of the Apodemiques of the ancient, mean, and modern ages, may receive thereby great light and contentment. 9 The benefits of planting the Gospel amongst those Ethnique and Idolatrous nations of Cataia, and others by the way; the setting of our people awork, the increase of Navigators and men of service for other employments, the bringing in of great Treasures into this Land, the turning of the trade of the Eastern world, which the great Turk on the one side, and the Spaniard and Portugal on the other side, have now gotten almost all into their own hands, besides many other accidentary benefits, I leave to your wisdoms consideration. God's mercy, in revealing this Complement unto me, I for my part, account a blessing so rare and precious, (not so much for the strangeness and difficulty thereof, as for the general and continual use and benefit thereof unto mankind,) that if Archimedes in his days had gotten it, he would have run once again out of his bathing tub, with his joyful cry, I have found, I have found. If Thales Milesius had attained it, he would have offered one ox for a sacrifice of thankfulness, as he is reported to have done, for the finding out of the 2.3.4.5. Propos. of the fourth book of Euclid. If Pythagoras had found it, he would have offered an Hecatomben, or a sacrifice of an hundred oxen, as it is said he did, for the finding of the 47. and 48. Propos. of the first book of Euclid. How can I then, (far inferior unto the meanest of them in nature's endowments, and human learning,) choose (unless I should prove most unthankful unto God,) but offer unto his Majesty an Hecatomben of the calves of my lips, and say with the Prophet David, Psal. 34.1. Benedicam Dominum in omni tempore, semper laus eius in ore meo: and Psal. 71.19. Benedictum nomen Maiestatis suae in aeternum. And sith our good God hath bestowed his blessing upon me, not for mine own sake alone, but also for the benefit of his Church; fitting it is therefore, that I should employ the same unto that end. I am willing in his name, and in his fear to do it, and to impart the first fruits thereof unto you, for the honour and benefit of the King's Majesty, and his Subjects of this his Imperial Monarchy of Great Britain, for whom it hath been long time reserved. Engl. Voiag. vol. 3. pag. 144. And to this end I offer and tender unto you, and every one of you, myself and my service, upon meet and reasonable conditions; so that if you miss thereof, the fault shall be your own, and not mine. And this I protest unto you, in holiness and sincerity, that I verily believe, that if you miss of the same at my hands, being now grown into years and hastening unto my grave, that neither this age present, nor ages to come, are likely to have the same. For as by conference with other men, I have gotten nothing that hath furthered me in these my travels; but have relied myself wholly upon mine own collections, gathered out of such few printed books, as I could get: for histories and the reports of travelers, are the treasury of these Mysteries; as saith Ptol. in his Geogr. lib. 1. c. 2. (saving that the Worshipful john Wood, Doctor of Divinity, and Parson of S. Dionis Backchurch in London, a Gentleman exceeding willing to further our Country's good, and my very kind friend, whom I once entreated to procure me, from his acquaintance, that have traveled to the East Indies, and other places, some certain observations, (which yet hitherto he could not do,) hath imparted unto me, certain books of the East Indies, out of which I have gotten some light, touching the situation of those Eastern countries.) So likewise have I not communicated unto any man, any thing of these my Conclusions, which may give light for the finding out of this my Complement, or any Northern Passage unto our desired Cataia: this Epistle only excepted. And further I am assured, that this secret lieth so enclosed and locked up in the manifold dark retraits of nature's Cabinet, that it is plainly impossible for any wit of man, ever at any time to bring the same to light, unless it shall please the only wise and allseeing God, to bless him extraordinarily for the same. Let the Assays and worthy attempts, of many excellent and greatlearned men, some dead, some living, all failing of their end and purpose herein, be clear and sufficient testimonies unto you of the truth hereof. I assure myself that these strange News, and such confidence in professing of the same, will produce divers effects in the hearts and in the mouths of many that shall read or hear the same; unto some few whereof, I address the residue of this my Epistle. Some sick of a Prosopoleptique affection, which in this age reigneth far and near, will presently be drawn (without any respect of the work itself) into admiration of the Author, as a man rarely qualified, and graced with extraordinary ornaments of learning, etc. and following their opinions of supposed singularity, will enter into a strict inquirendum, who is this? who may this be? These shall receive answer from my night neighbour the Owl, from the tree of her watch, in this Pöem. Si rogites quis sit? Lintonum nosce virum quem Quaeris: Syluanumque patrem, Satyrosque minaces, Nosque inter nemori gentem, tristesque Chimeras, Lucubrat; at musis alienus & exul amicis, Indigus Authorum, rerum cui deficit usus. Statgenio charus, suffultus numine Diûum, Ille voluptatis gremio, ambitionis iniqua Fastu posthabitis, iustâ & de rebus habendis Curâ: fastidium Noctis, rigidosque labores Excutiens, animo praeclara molimina voluens, Impiger effecit proavis non cognita vestris, In patrios usus Anglorum gentis honorem. Atque amor in patriam tantos stimulavit in ausus. Est igitur pietatis opus.— Some (forgetting that God for the greater advancement of his own glory, and encouragement of other, doth oftentimes by mean and weak instruments bring to pass his great and marvelous works) will for the meanness of the Author disable the work, and either of contempt demand with the Poet: Quid feret hic dignum tanto promissor hiatu? Or else of malice deprave it, as the Athenians did the doctrine of the blessed Apostle S. Paul, Act. 17.18. Novorum Daemoniorum videtur esse annunciator. Thus was that worthy Columbus used whilst he tendered the discovery of the West Indies (before he had yet discovered the same) as you may read in our English voiag. vol. 3. pag. 167. In which notwithstanding he fully satisfied the world. And so have I, in times past, been used. For a learned Gentleman demanding of me in the presence of divers other, whether I thought it possible to find out the longitudes of places by celestial observation, without the help of any Eclipse? And I plainly answering, that I thought it possible, took hereupon occasion, to reprove openly, the vanity of them that will rashly affirm things merely impossible, such as he said he took that to be, by the general confession of all learned men, etc. And I now for my part, desirous to clear myself from that imputation, and to give you some hope of the certainty of this my promised Complement, will hear deliver some reason, why I think so, by the demonstration of this following problem. Problem. Of two places given, either under the equinoctial, or under any one parallel of the world, or not much different; of which two places, the longitude of one is known; and the longitude of the other is not known: by celestial observation, to be made (in convenient time, and in that place of the twain, whose longitude is not known) of the moons visible access, unto the meridian of the same place; to find out the difference of Longitude between the said two given places, and also the longitude of the other place, at all such times, without respect of any eclipse. For the finding of these premises, you must consider that the Moon being carried about the earth, by the force of the primum mobile, from the meridian of any place, passeth within the space of 24. hours and same 48. minutes of an hour, little more or less, over all the meridians of the world, (which are the whole longitude of 360. degrees) before she be brought again unto the meridian of the same place, during which time of 24. hours, and 48. minutes quasi, she proceedeth forwards in her own proper motion secundùm successum signorum: only the said 48. minutes quasi: otherwise she should be brought unto the same meridian again, in the space of 24. hours, as the Sun is. And hereby it is manifest that the greatest difference of longitude between any two places, is always comprised within 48. minutes quasi, of the moons progress in her proper motion: the diurnal revolation of 24. hours being always wholly rejected. This being so, I say, that only by these 48. minutes quasi, and a celestial observation to be made, may be found, both the difference of longitude between the two given places, and also the longitude of that other place, whose longitude is not known. For the minutes of time which the Moon spendeth in her own proper course, during the time that she is carried by the violence of the heavens, from the meridian of any one place, until she be brought unto the same meridian again, being given: together with the minutes of time which the Moon in her own proper motion lost, whilst she was carried from the meridian of the one place, unto the meridian of the other place: the former part of the problem, viz. the difference of longitude between the said two places may be found. Fiat enim. As the whole number of minutes wherein the Moon proceedeth in her proper motion, during the time that she is carried, from the meridian of that given place, whose longitude is known, until she be brought thither again, (which whole number of minutes is always 48. quasi;) is in proportion, unto the whole longitude of 360. degrees; so is the number of the minutes, wherein the Moon proceedeth in her proper motion, whiles she is carried from the meridian of either of the given places, (rightly applied,) to the meridian of the other place; unto the difference of longitude between the said two given places. The most convenient time for observation is in a fair calm starry night, and especially when the Moon shall be in, or near either of the tropics. The manner of proceeding in this work is thus. First, in the place of observation, find the true meridian line precisely, and observe the Moon, until you see her centre directly in the same meridian: And at that very moment of time, (by the height of some fixed star, taken, or otherwise) find out the true hour and minute of the night. Secondly, by most exact tables made, or to be made, delivering the true hour and minute wherein the Moon in her apparent motion cometh every day to the meridian of that given place, whose longitude is known. Find out the number of minutes of time which the Moon accomplished, whilst she was carried from the meridian of that given place, until she come thither again. And this number is always the first in the rule of proportion; as the whole longitude of 360. degrees is always the second. Thirdly, by the same tables seek out the hour and minute of time, wherein the moon was last, or shall be next, (respecting the time of your observation) in the meridian of that place whose longitude is known, being also the place for which the tables are or should be composed. Fourthly, compare the hour and minutes of time found by observation, and the hour and minute of time found by the tables, and so shall you have the difference of time; which is always the third number in the rule of proportion; having therefore your three numbers, proceed according to the nature of the work, and your quotient shall be the difference of longitude between the two given places, which was the thing first to be found. The latter part of the problem may thus be found. This difference being found, must either be added unto the longitude of the place given, or subtracted from the same, or else be subtracted from the whole longitude, as the work requireth. And so also shall be had the longitude of the second place, where the observation was made; which was secondly to be found out. Example 1. The difference of longitude between London and the grand Bay in Newfoundland, supposed to be in the same latitude, is thus found. Upon the 13. day of February, 1607. after the old style, the Moon (suppose) was found in her apparent motion to be in the Meridian of London at 11. of the clock at night, by the tables of her daily approach to that meridian, and that she should be there again the next night, at 11. of the clock and 48. minutes: The very same night by observation made at the said grand Bay, the Moon was seen in the meridian there, at 10. of the clock at night and 50. minutes; so that from the time, that she had been in the Meridian of London, unto the time that she came unto the Meridian of the grand Bay, she had proceeded forwards in her own proper motion 9 minutes of time. Therefore by the rule of proportion; If 48. minutes of time give 360. degrees of longitude; what shall 9 minutes of time give? It is answered in the quotient, gr. 67. m 30. the degrees of the difference of longitude between the said two places; which was first to be found. If from this number you subtract the longitude of London gr. 23. m. 30. the remainder is gr. 44. m.o. subduct them from 360. the whole longitude, and the remander will be 316. degrees; being the longitude of the grand Bay, which was secondly to be found out. Example 2. Suppose that the Cities of London and Moscowe be in the same parallel. Now the difference of longitude between them, is thus found out. Upon the 22. day of December, after the old style, anno. 1607. the Moon in her apparent motion was found by tables in the Meridian of London at 2. of the clock after midnight. And the minutes of her progress in that whole revolution of longitudes were 48. Also at Moskowe that very same night she was seen, by observation there, at 1. of the clock, and 52. minutes after midnight; so that she was yet to proceed in her own proper motion 8. minutes of time, before she should come again to the Meridian of London. Therefore if 48. minutes of time give 360. degrees of longitude, what shall 8. minutes give? It is answered, 60. which is the difference of longitude between the said Cities, the thing first to be found. This done, add these 60. degrees unto the longitude of London, viz. gr. 23. m. 30. the product will be gr. 83. m. 30. the longitude of Moskowe; which was secondly to be found. There is no doubt but the longituds may be found this way, for, First, the Meridian line may precisely be had by observation. And secondly, so may the hour and minute of time, the hour being 15. degrees of a great circle, and the minute of an hour of 15. minutes of a degree. And yet the elevations of the pole and altitudes of the celestial lights, are found out even unto one of those minutes of a degree, and less. And therefore one minute of time, (being 15. of them) may also be found. For in an instrument, the semidiameter of whose Equinoctial circle shall be. 6. foot, one minute of time shall be almost one third of an inch. And the semidiameter being three foot, one minute of time shall be one sixth part of an inch almost. Thirdly, tables also may be had delivering exactly the hour and minute, wherein the Moon in her apparent motion, cometh every day to the Meridian of that place, for which the tables be, or are to be made; for indeed all these three things have in former times been had, otherwise there could have been at this day no theoriques' of the planets or tables of the celestial motions amongst us. This way also of finding the longitude is sufficient good, and may come often into practice, because the proportion of 48. minutes of time or thereabouts (which make some 12. degrees and 30. minutes quasi, of a great circle) is sufficiently great to the whole longitude of 360. degrees. For if 48. minutes of time, give 360. degrees of longitude, then shall 24. give 180. degrees, and 12. shall give 90. degrees, and 6. shall give 45. degrees. and 3. shall give 21. degrees and an half. And 1. minute shall give 7. degrees and an half, etc. And the difference of longitude in any one parallel that shall be less than 7. degrees and an half, may otherwise be found out, these former being first had. Moreover, it is certain that in places of divers latituds, yea even in one and the same Meridian, (and therefore much more in divers) the moons parallaxes in longitude, do not happen in one and the same moment of time, neither are of one and the same magnitude, but in some places they happen sooner, in some places later. In some places they be greater, and in some places they be lesser, the reconciling of which differences, especially in places of divers Meridian's, and latitudes, breedeth much cumbrance and difficulty even to the skilful Mathemat. in seeking the longitudes without eclipses. But by this taking of two places under the Equinoctial or under the same parallel, all sensible difference that may happen in 12. hours and an half, either in the time, or in the magnitudes of the parallaxes, with all encumbrances and impediments following the same, are sufficiently avoided. Whereby it is evident, that at all times (fit for observation) whensoever the Moon may beseen in the meridian of the place of observation, (which doubtless is very often, so that a ship need not stay long in any port for the same) so often the longitude of that place may be found, especially if the given places have great difference of longitude. But in this work great regard must be had, that the instruments which are used for the same, be apt and large, and very good, and with great diligence and exactness managed. And if the longitude of some few places, were either thus, or rather by Eclipses found, as of Ternate, japon, Macao, Bantam, or Malacca, Goa, Aden, Mozambique, Cape de bona Esperanza, Cap. Verde, Fernambuco, the straits of Magellan, Panama, California, Virginea, Cap. Raso, Tercera, Bergen in Norway, Colmogro, Moscua, Astracan, and Tripoli in Syria, etc. which might easily be done either by the Navigators resorting unto them, or by other learned Christians inhabiting there, I believe that the world's Geography, and the Art of Navigation, would thereby be much amended. There is yet another way to find sometimes the longitude of such places as are under either of the tropics, or between them, as certainly as by Eclipses, viz. In the very moment of time, when the Moon shall be seen in the Zenith, (for then she hath in the place of observation, no parallax of longitude) or very near unto the Zenith, (and the better) she being near unto either of the tropics, and in the meridian) find out by one observation, the hour and minute of time, and by another observation at the same moment, find (by the staff) the distance between the Centre of the Moon, & some notable fixed Star in, or near unto the Eccliptique. Then secondly, gather by the magnitude of the Moons diurnal motion, secundum successum signorum, (which you may find by the Ephemerideses, for that day,) the hour and minute of time of her last, or next conjunction with the same fixed Star. Thirdly, by the help of the same time of conjunction, collect also by supputation, the hour and minute of time wherein the Moon shall be next, or was last, in the point of ☌, or ☍ or other aspect with the Sun, (all which serve for that place of observation, wherein the Moon was seen in the Zenith.) And four, compare this time of ☌. or ☍. or other aspect so found, with the time of the ☌. or ☍. or other aspect which you shall find in the Ephemerideses for that day also, and belongeth unto the Radical place of the said Ephemerideses, and the difference of those two times in hours and minutes, will give the difference of longitude, between the place where the observation is made, and the Radical place of the Ephemerideses, very sufficiently. Thus, I hope, I have showed sufficient reason, why I think the longitude may be found, by celestial observation, without respect of any Eclipse. And therefore also have cleared myself from the Gentleman's imputation in this behalf, and withal given you some hope of the certainty of this my promised Complement; wherein some things stand upon the observations, relations, and credible concurring testimonies of approved Authors, and generally received opinions; and these be of sufficient warrantise, until they be disproved: And some things are from these former, concluded by Mathematical Demonstrations, which seldom fail. And therefore these humours of preiudication may perceive, that it is better, and more commendable, to forbear (at least for a time) to extenuate or deprave the reputations of men, for affirming the possibility of such things, as they the said humours have yet never seen, much less examined; then otherwise. Some will marvel, and some will mislike that I should take this course for the publishing of these my News. To these I answer, that divers reasons do necessarily require the same at my hands. First it is needful that there should be some public notice given thereof, whereby it may be publicly known, as Inns have their signs, and Taverns their ivies. It is an old saying and holden true: Scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire, hoc sciat alter. Secondly, I held it necessary to be published at the first in this manner, to prevent the practices of many evil disposed men, which use with all celerity to impart unto strangers, they care not whom, (so they may gain a few pence thereby,) yea and to transport into other countries, whatsoever cometh into their hands, even the food and clothing of their poor neighbours, without remorse or compassion: yea and the secrets of their country's estate, without respect; being thereby guilty of no less crime than prodition, if they do the same without the allowance of the supreme Magistrate. Mali cives, mali homines, and like enough one day to hear, Vendidit hic auro patriam, Dominumque potentem Imposuit, leges fixit pretio, atque refixit. And so doubtless will do with this my Complement, if it shall come into their power, by reason whereof, our neighbour nations shall know the use thereof, as soon as yourselves, and will no doubt (as much as in them lieth) prevent you of the honour and benefit thereof. Whereas my desire is, that our nation may have the first fruits of the same. And also I resolved of this manner of publishing hereof, to reserve unto myself, as the only Author of the said Complement (next and immediately after God) the credit and estimation thereof, if it shall happen to find any. For many there be, that will forget, not only to give unto others their due, but contrariwise, will subtract from others their right; and not contented so, will arrogate the same unto themselves, or derive it unto others. Into which foul fault, I fear me, jodocus Hondius, a man otherwise well deserving of Geography, is likely one day to fall, over head and ears; having in times past, waded so far into that puddle; as appeareth, first, by the invective of M. Edward Wright, against him the said jodocus Hondius, published in the Preface of his book of of errors of Navigation, printed at London, 1599 And secondly, by the great quarter Maps of the said Iod. Hondius, printed at Amsterdam, anno 1602. in which Maps he hath translated the discovery of the Vaygatz, (made by our English, and first, by Stephen Burrowes, anno 1556. under the commission of King Philip and Queen Marie, bearing that date. And again the second time, by Arthur Pet, anno Dom. 1583. under the commission of Queen Elizabeth of famous memory, bearing that date. By which Discoveries, it might justly have been inserted into their Maps, by the name of fretum Reg. Angliae, etc.) from the Imperial crown of England, unto the house of Nastaw, intituling it, Fretum Nassovicum; whereas, that otherwise truly noble house of Nastow, never did any thing for the first discovering of the same. This fault is great, and doubtless offensive unto our whole nation, if it consider thereof. I could wish him, in good friendship, to be better advised hereafter, of falling into the like excess. Less by much is the oversight (in that kind,) committed by that learned Petrus Plantius, who in his general Map published in London, anno Dom. 1595. & under the Imperial Arms of the crown of England, near unto Quivira upon the Western shore of America in his said Map, hath left out Nova Albion, without making any mention of the same, smothering thereby as much as in him lay, first the renown of that worthy Sir Francis Drake Knight, who first discovered the same, anno Dom. 1578. besides whom, never any man hath sailed further that way, for any thing that is publicly known▪ and secondly, impairing in that point, for his power, the memory of that worthy action of our nation, and the extent of the Imperial crown of England, unto whose right, the said Drake took possession of that country, as lawfully he might do, not finding there, the Banners, or Ensigns of any Christian Prince, nor the said country in the possession or occupation of any Christian people, as he the said Plantius right well knew. This omission of his therefore, in this case, is worthy of blame; but yet he did not transport the same, by word, or by writing, unto the King of Spain, or unto any other Prince, or Potentate, as jod. Hondius hath done the other. And of this kind of derogators, and arrogators, and transporting kind of men, there wanteth no store at any time, in every Commonwealth. Of which kind of men, I my poor self in mine own particular, have in times past received wrong, unwilling any more to endure the like; or else with grief, to reclaim my losses, by the way of challenge; as in old time did the Pöet Virgil, upon the Court gates of Augustus Caesar, his verses, with these verses. Hos ego versiculo feci, tulit alter honores: Sic vos non vobis— Sic vos non vobis— Further, because these news are general, and do concern all the subjects of this Imperial Crown of great Britain, I supposed that if I should have dedicated the same to any special person, I should thereby have given just offence unto many virtuous minds, in cutting off from them all occasion to help forward the finishing of this my concluded complement; and therefore I have reason to publish these my Conclusions after this fashion. lastly, seeing it is not likely (for many reasons as my case now standeth) that I shall be able, during my life, to make up this my complement into a volume for record, I thought it best in this sort to make it known, to the end that you, for your parts, might without any travel or expenses, sufficiently consider of the thing itself, and also of the use and benefit thereof, and so take occasion to entertain, or reject the same. And that I, for my part, might discharge my conscience towards God in thankfulness, and towards his Church, especially my Country, and yourselves, in love and service. Thus therefore having finished my Navigation, and being returned from Cataia, and arrived at home, I will there rest for this time, and (omitting all other narrations, and exhortations) jeave you to the Apostles rule, Rom. 14.5. unusquisque abundet suo sensu: Every one of you (in this behalf) to do so, as his own wisdom shall think it best. And so with my duty unto you, and every one of you respectively performed, I bid you hearty Farewell. From my study in Worth this 24. Novemb. 1608. Yours Antho. Linton. The Author's farewell to his Epistle. Vade liber tenuis, dignos Exquire patronos, Nec pudeat titulos fronte tulisse meos. Britannia magna ad Authorem: Progeniem suam. Christi evangelium populo impartire palanti, Gratum opus, & quo nil maius dicatur; at extrà Quid Lintone paras? magnarum nuncia rerum? Res fac perficias, & eris mihi gratus Alumnus. FINIS.