THE mysteries OF nature AND ART: contained in four several Tretises, The first of water works The second of fire works,  
The third of Drawing, Colouring, Painting, and engraving, The fourth of diverse Experiments, as well serviceable as delightful: partly Collected, and partly of the author's Peculiar Practice, and Invention by J. B  
●●●nted at London for Ralph Mab and are to be sold by John Jackson 〈◊〉 Francis Church at the King's arms in Cheapside 1634.    

TO THE READER.  
COurteous Reader, this ensuing Treatise hath lain by me a long time, penned, but in a confused and undigested manner, as I gathered it, practised, or found it out by industry and experience. It was not in my mind to have as yet exposed it to the public view: but being solicited by the entreaties of some, and those not a few, to impart to each particular person what his Genius most affected; I was enforced as well for the satisfying of their requests, as for the avoidance of many inconveniences, to dispose in some order such Experiments as for the present I was content to impart. Expect no elegancy of phrase, for my time would not afford that, (nor indeed myself to be the transcriber.) I endeavoured as much as I could, to write in plain terms, that in regard of the easiness thereof it might suit with the meanest capacity. The whole book consisteth of four parts: The first whereof treateth of water-works. The second of fireworks. The third of Drawing, Painting, Graving, and Etching. The fourth and last part treateth of several Experiments, as well serviceable as delightful: which because they are confusedly intermixed, I have entitled them Extravagants.  
Now my chiefest aim and end being the general good, I could wish a general acceptance, but that is too uncertain to expect: I will content myself that I am already certain that these my first and weak endeavours will find acceptance with some, and I hope also with all honest and indifferent Readers; as for others, hap as hap may me, it is not to be doubted, but that I shall scape as well as many my betters have done before me. Farewell.  
Your well-willer, J. B.   

To my friend the author, upon his Mysteries of Nature and Art.  
When I scan over with a busy eye  
The timely fruits of thy vast industry,  
Observing how thou searchest out the heart  
Of Knowledge, through th' untrodden paths of Art,  
How easily thy active mind descries  
Nature's obscure and hidden rarities,  
No greater wonder than thyself I find,  
The chiefest rarity's thy active mind,  
Which so foreruns thy age. Thy forward spring  
Buds forth betimes, and thou art publishing  
Even in the morning of thy day, so soon,  
What others are to learn till th'afternoon.  
Now since thy first attempts exposed thou hast  
To public censure, and the die is cast,  
Doubt not of good success: the early rose  
(Thou know'st) is snatched at, even before it blows.  
Climb higher yet; let thy quicksighted eyes  
Venture again for new discoveries:  
Nor be thou mizer-like, so envious,  
As to detain what ere thou findest, from us;  
No, make the world thy debtor; be thou still  
As openhanded to impart thy skill,  
As now thou art; and may thy teeming brain  
Bring often forth such lusty Births again.  
R. O.   

Of Water-works.  
IT hath been an old saying amongst Philosophers, and experience doth prove it to be true, Non datur vacuum, that is to say, Nature will not admit of any vacuity, or emptiness. For some one or other of the Elements, but especially air, and Water do insert themselves into all manner of concavities, or hollownesses, in, or upon the earth, whether they are such as are form either by Art or Nature. For the one it is so obvious, and manifest, as that it needs not any proof at all. As for the other, I shall make it manifest unto you by easy demonstration. Let there be gotten a large vessel of glass, or other, having besides the mouth another hole (though but a little one) at the top: pour water into the vessel by a tunnel thrust into the mouth of it, and you shall find that as the water runneth into the vessel, a wind will come forth of the little hole, sufficient to blow out a candle being held over it. This proveth, that before the water was poured into the vessel (though to our sight it appeared to be empty) it was full of air, which forced out of the vessel as the water ran in; and the reason hereof is, because the water is by nature of a massy, subtle, substance; and the air of a windy, light, evaporative nature: The knowledge of this, with the rarifaction of enclosed air, is the ground and foundation of diverse excellent experiments not unworthy the knowledge of any ingenious Artist whatsoever.   

The order of the things contained in the first book.  
EXperiments of drawing water by the Crane.  
Experiments of drawing water by engines.  
Experiments of forcing water by air compressed.  
Experiments of forcing water by engines.  
Experiments of producing sounds by air and water.  
Experiments of producing sounds by evaporation of water by fire.  
Experiments of producing sounds by engines.  
Experiments of motions by evaporating water.  
Experiments of motions by rarifying air.   

Of water-works.  

To draw water by a Crane.  
TAke any vessel, of what bigness you please, fill it with water, then take a Crane (that is a crooked hollow Cane) one end whereof, let be somewhat longer than the other; put the shorter end of it into the vessel of water, and let the longer end hang out of the vessel, unto which longer end, put your mouth, and draw in your breath, and the water will follow; then withdraw your mouth, and you shall see the water run so long, till it come equal to that end of the Cane which is within the vessel.   

Another.  
TAke a deep vessel, having two loops on one of the sides, fill it nigh full with water: then take a hollow Cane, like unto the aforesaid, but let there be fastened unto the shorter end a wooden dish; put the longer end hereof through the loops on the side, and that end that hath the dish fastened unto it into the vessel of water, with your mouth as you did in the former, draw out the air, and you shall see that as the water runneth out, the Crane will sink lower and lower, and so will continue running until the vessel be drawn empty.   

How to make a conceited pot, which being filled with water, will of itself run all out; but not being filled will not run out.  
MAke, or cause a pot to be made of what fashion best liketh your mind, and make a large hollow cane to stand up in the midst thereof; having at the bottom 2 or 3 small holes; let the top of this cane be close: then make a hole in the bottom of the vessel, and put up a little cane hollow at both ends, into the other cane, so that the one end thereof may almost touch the top of the great cane, and it is done. Note, that if you put into this vessel so much liquor, that it swim above the top of the cane, it will of its own accord, run and never cease so long as there is any liquor in the vessel; but if you fill it below the cane, it will not run at all of itself: the reason whereof is this; the air being the lighter element, doth ascend into the higher place, but being drawn as in the two first demonstrations out of the Crane, or forced, as in this, by the weight of the water in the vessel, the water than tendeth downwards unto its proper place.   

How to dispose 2 vessels upon one foot, that 〈…〉 wine may run out of the one, as you shall put water into the other.  
LEt A, B, C, D, be the foot, at each end whereof, place a vessel equal in bigness, the one to the other; as D, E; also let there pass a hollow cane from the one to the other, as A, R, A, the ends whereof must almost touch the tops of the said vessels; in the vessel D, there must be a hollow pipe, as F, whereby you may by help of a tunnel power water into the vessel: also in the vessel E, there must be a crane, as G; now if you fill the vessel E with wine almost unto the top of the crane, and afterwards stop the mouth of the vessel, that the air may not breathe forth, it will not run of itself: but if you put water into the vessel D, the air contained in it, will pass through the hollow pipe, A, R, A, into the vessel E, where striving for a greater quantity of room, it presseth the wine out of the vessel E, (by the crane) answerable in quantity unto the water poured into the vessel D.   

How to dispose 2 vessels upon one foot, the one being empty, and the other almost full of wine, and yet shall not run out of the vessel, unless you fill the empty vessel with water, and then the one shall run pure wine, the other fair water.  
LEt there be 2 vessels placed upon one foot, having a hollow cane passing from one to the other (as I taught in the precedent problem) but let there be 2 crane's as F, G, one in each vessel; then fill one of the vessels with wine, but not above the crane, so it will not run of itself: but if you pour water into the other vessel, until it be full, it will cause that wine shall run out of the one, and clear water out of the other.   

To make that the water contained in one vessel, shall ascend into another vessel placed above it.  
LEt A, B, C, D, be a vessel having a partition in the middle, as E, F, let there be placed upon this vessel, a Cylinder of glass clear, and very transparent, that will contain the same quantity of water, that one of the partitions will, as I, G, H; in the lowermost partition towards the bottom, let there be a cock, and out of the same vessel let two pipes be made to pass, the one whereof reacheth almost unto the top of the Cylinder, the other must come out by the side of the Cylinder: also out of the upper partition there must come another pipe. Moreover there must be a hole, through the top of the uppermost partition as Y. Fill the lower partition at the pipe, also the upper partition by the hole Y: note then that if you turn the cock as the water runneth out of the lower partition, the water contained in the upper partition will ascend through the pipe into the glass Cylinder. When all the water in the lower partition is run out at the cock, than the water which before did ascend into the Cylinder, will fall back again into the upper partition: after this manner may you compose an artificial water clock, if you note the hours upon the Cylinder, and make the cock after such manner, as that the water may issue out but by drops.   

To make a cup or vessel that so oft as you take the liquor out of it, so oft it shall fill itself, but never run over.  
SVppose A to be a vessel full of water, having a pipe coming from the bottom, and rising up into a cup of the just height that the vessel is of; over the vessel filled with water, let there be placed another vessel, as E. From this vessel must come a pipe, and reach with in the other vessel. Now over this vessel there hangeth, as it were, the beam of a scale; at the one end whereof, is fastened a piece of board, having a leather nailed upon the top; at the other end of this beam must hang a weight, but not full so heavy as the piece of board lethered is. Fill both these vessels with water, and the cup also; note then, that if you suck out the water in the cup by the pipe on the side of it, the water in the vessel will come into it, until it is in both of equal height: now as the water falleth down in A, the piece of board that is hanged unto one end of the beam falleth after it (because it is heavier than the weight) and so giveth way unto the water in E, which runneth into it; and when the vessel is filled again with water, it beareth up the said piece of board against the pipe of the vessel E, so that the water can run out thereat no longer, except the water be again drawn out of the cup▪   

Of drawing water by Engines.  
BEfore I begin with these, take a word or two by the way. Let it be a general notion that no engine for water works of what sort soever, whether for service, or mere pleasure, can be made without the help of Succurs, Forcers, or Clackes; every of which, I have orderly explained both by words and demonstrative figures.  
A Succur is a box, which is made of brass (having no bottom) in the midst of which, there is a small bar goeth cross, the same having a hole in the middle of it; this box hath a lid so exactly fitted unto it, that being put into it, no air nor water can pass between the crevice: this cover hath a little button on the top, and a seam that goeth into the box, and so through the hole of the aforesaid cross bar, and afterwards it hath a little button riveted on it, so that it may with ease slip up and down, but not be taken, or slip quite out.  
A Forcer is a plug of wood exactly turned and leathered about; the end that goeth into the barrel, is semicircularly concave.  
A clack is a piece of Leather nailed over any hole, having a piece of lead to make it lie close, so that the air or water in any vessel may thereby be kept from going out.   

How to harden Leather, so as the same shall last much longer in succurs of Pumps, than it doth unprepared.  
LAy such Leather as is well tanned to soak in water, wherein there hath been store of iron filings a long time, or else in the water that hath lain a long time under a grindstone, into the which such iron as hath been from time to time ground away, hath fallen and there settled.   

The making of a pump to draw water.  
SVppose A B C were a deep Welford, wherein you would make a pump to draw water to the surface or superficies of the earth. First therefore you must provide a pipe of Lead, or a piece of timber bored through, so long as will reach unto the bottom of the Well: that part that standeth in the water must be cut with two or three arches, as it were, if it be wood; if lead, it must have somewhat to bear it a little from the bottom, that the water may thereby be let into the pipe. Towards the bottom of the pipe in the water there must be fastened a succur; also another of these succurs must be fastened about two foot above the top of the ground; then have a bucket fitted unto the hole of the wood or leaden pipe; let it be well leathered about, and have a clack at the bottom of it, and let it be hanged with a sweep as the figure showeth: note that after you have filled the distance between the lower succur, and the bucket with water, that if you lift up the sweep, it will thrust down the bucket upon the water, and press it, the water being pressed upon by the bucket, beareth up the clack, and comes into the bucket; then if you pull down the sweep, the clack shutteth, and so the water remains in the bucket, which being drawn upward, there being nothing to follow but water, both the succurs open, and there cometh into the pump so much water as the buckets drew out.   

The making of an engine, whereby you may draw water out of a deep Well, or mount any River water, to be conveyed to any place within three or four miles of the same. Also it is used in great ships which I have seen.  
SVppose A B C D to be a deep Well, and E F to be a strong piece of timber fastened athwart the same, a good way in the water. In this plank let there be fastened a piece of timber with a strong wheel in it, as G H, having strong iron spikes driven athwart the wheel within the crevice, and strongly riveted on each side: let them be three or four inches distant from each other. Let there be likewise made in the said plank two holes, in which set two hollow posts, that may reach to the top of the Well, or so much higher as you desire to mount the water; let them be made fast that they stir not. In the bottom of one of these posts, there must be fastened a barrel of brass, as G H, made very smooth within, and betwixt those two posts at the top; let there be fastened unto them both another piece of strong timber to hold them fast, lest they start asunder; and in the midst of that make a mortice, and in it fasten a strong piece of timber with a wheel like to the former mentioned; the pin whereof ought to be made fast unto the wheel, and have a crooked handle to turn about, that by turning of it, you may turn the wheel also. Then provide a strong iron chain of length sufficient, having on every third or fourth link a piece of horn, that will easily go through the brass barrel, and a leather of each side of it, but somewhat broader than the horn; put this chain under the lower wheel in the Well upon both the hollow posts, draw it over the upper wheel, and link it fast and strait. Turn then the handle round, and it will turn the chain round, whose leathers coming up the brass barrel, will bear the water before them; this goeth very strongly, and therefore had need be made with wheels and wrought upon by horses, for so the water is wrought up at Broken Wharfe in London.   

To make an engine, which being placed in water will cast the same with violence on high.  
LEt there be prepared a strong table, with a sweep fastened at the one end thereof, to lift up and down; unto the end of the sweep, let there be linked a piece of iron having two rods of length sufficient; let there be made a hole quite through the midst of this table, whose diameter let be about five or six inches; then provide two pieces of brass in form of hats, but let the brim of the uppermost be but about one inch broad, and have diverse little holes round about it; also in the crown of this must be placed a large succur, and over it a half globe, from the top of which, must proceed a hollow trunk about a yard long, and of a good wide boar; then take good liquored leather, 2 or 3 times double, & put between the board and the brims of this, and with diverse little screws put through the holes of the brim, screw it fast unto the top of the table. Note that the table must be leathered also underneath the compass of the brim of the lower brass. Now the lowermost brass must be of equal diameter (in hollowness) unto the other, but it must be more spiral towards the bottom, and must have either a large clack or succour fastened in it; also the brim of this must be larger than that of the uppermost, and have two holes made about the midst on each side one; bore then 2 holes in the table, on each side of the brass one, answerable unto the holes of the brim of the lower brass, through which holes put the two rods, of the iron hanged unto the sweep through them, and rivet them strongly into the holes of the lower brass. Place this in water, and by moving the sweep up and down, it will with greater violence cast the water on high.   

Experiments of forcing water by air compressed.  
LEt there be a large pot or vessel, having at the side a piece of wood made hollow, having a clack of leather with a piece of lead upon it, within the vessel also let there be a pipe through the top of the vessel, reaching almost to the bottom of it: at the top of which let there be a round hollow ball, and on it a small cock of brass. Note that if you fill the said vessel halfefull of water, and blow into the hole of the pipe, at the side, your breath will lift up the clack, and enter the vessel, but when it is in, it will press down the clack: blow into it oftentimes, so shall there be a great deal of air in the vessel, which will press so hard upon the water, that if you turn the cock at the top, the water in the vessel will spin out a good while.   

Another.  
LEt A, B, C, D, be a great vessel, having a partition in the middle: let there be a large tunnel at the top of it, E, F, whose neck must go into the bottom almost of the lower vessel: let there be a hollow pipe also coming out of the partition, and almost touch the top of the upper vessel. In the top of the upper vessel let there be another pipe, reaching from the bottom of the upper vessel, and extending itself out of the vessel a good way: let the top of it hang over the tunnel. In the top of the upper vessel let there be a hole beside, to be stopped with cork, or otherwise: when you will use it, open the cork-hole, and fill the upper vessel with water: then stop it close again, and pour water into the tunnel, and you shall see that the water in the upper vessel will run out of the pipe into the tunnel again. and so will continue running until all the water in the upper vessel be run out. The reason thereof is this; the water in the tunnel pressing the air in the lower vessel, maketh it ascend the pipe in the partition, and press the water in the upper vessel, which having no other way but the pipe, it runneth out thereat.   

The forcing of water by pressure, that is the natural course of water in regard of its heaviness and thinness, artificially contrived to break out of what image you please.  
LEt A, B, C, D, be a cistern placed upon a curious frame for the purpose, let the bottom of this frame be made likewise in the form of a cistern: Through the pillars of this frame let there pass hollow pipes from the bottom of the upper cistern, and descend to the bottom of the lower cistern, and then run all to the middle thereof, and join in one, and turn up into the hollow body of a beast, bird, fish, or what your fancy most affecteth: let the hole of the image whereat the water must break out, be very small, for so it will run the longer. Fill the upper cistern with water, and by reason of the weight thereof it will pass through the pipes, and spin out of the hole of the image.   

Experiments of forcing water by engines.  
LEt there be an even straight barrel of brass of what length and bigness you please: let the bottom of it be open, and let the top be closed, but so that it be hollow on the outside like a basin: in the midst whereof let there be a strait pipe erected, open at both ends, also let there be another short pipe at the side of it, which let be even with the top of the basin on the outside, but stand a little from it on the side Having thus prepared the barrel, fit a good thick board unto it, so that it may slip easily up and down from the top of the barrel unto the bottom, nail a leather about the edges of it, and another upon the top of it: on the underside of it let there be fastened a good stiff, but flexible spring of steel, which may thrust the board from the bottom to the top of the barrel: let the foot of this spring rest upon a bar fastened acroes the bottom of the barrel; let this board also have tied at the middle a little rope of length sufficient. When you use it, bore a little hole in the table that you set it on, to put the rope thorough, and pull the rope down, which will contract the spring, and with it draw down the board: then pour in water at the basin until the vessel be full: Note then, as you let slack the rope, the water will spirit out of the pipe, in the middle, and as you pull it strait, the water will run into the vessel again. You may make birds, or diverse images at the top of the pipe, out of which the water may break.   

Another manner of forcing water, whereby the water of any spring may be forced unto the top of a hill.  
LEt there be two hollow posts, with a succur at the bottom of each, also a succur nigh the top of each: let there be fastened unto both these posts a strong piece of timber, having, as it were, a beam or scale pinned in it, and having two handles, at each end one. In the tops of both these hollow posts fasten two brass barrels, made very even and smooth within, unto these two barrels let there be fitted two forcers, lethered according to art, at the tops of these forcers must be fastened two irons, which must be linked unto the aforesaid beam; from each post below towards the end of the barrels, let there be two leaden pipes, which afterward meet in one, to conduct the water up to the place desired, which if it be very high, there will be need of some succurs to catch the water as it cometh.   

The description of an engine to force water up to a high place: very useful for to quench fire amongst buildings.  
LEt there be a brass barrel provided, having two succurs in the bottom of it▪ let it also have a good large pipe going up one side of it with a succur nigh unto the top of it, and above the succur a hollow round ball, having a pipe at the top of it made to screw another pipe upon it, to direct the water to any place. Then fit a forcer unto the barrel with a handle fastened unto the top; at the upper end of this forcer drive a strong screw, and at the lower end a screw nut, at the bottom of the barrel fasten a screw, and at the bar that goeth cross the top of the barrel, let there be another screw nut: put them all in order, and fasten the whole to a good strong frame, that it may stand steady, and it is done. When you use it, either place it in the water, or over a kennel, and drive the water up to it, and by moving the handle to and fro, it will cast the water with mighty force up to any place you direct it.   

Experiments of producing sounds by air and water.  
LEt there be had in a readiness a pot made after the form of the figure following, having a little hole at the top, in the which fasten a reed or pipe, also another little hole at the bottom: press this pot into a bucket of water, and it will make a loud noise.   

Another  
LEt there be a cistern of lead or such like, having a tunnel on the top: let it be placed under the fall of a Conduit, and at the one end of the top, let there come out of the vessel a small pipe, which let be bend into a cup of water, and there will be heard a strange voice. Over this pipe you may make an artificial tree with diverse birds made to sit therein.   

How to make that a bird sitting on a basis, shall make a noise, and drink, out of a cup of water, being held to the mouth of it.  
PRovide a cistern, having a tunnel at the one end of the top, and a little cane coming out of the other end of the vessel; on the top of which let there be a bird made to sit, also at the bottom of the cistern, let there be a crane to carry away the water as it runneth into the vessel. Place this vessel with its tunnel under the fall of a conduit of water, and the bird will sing; and if you hold a cup of water under his bill, he will drink and make a noise.   

A device whereby several voices of birds cherping may be heard.  
PRepare a cistern having diverse partitions, one above another; let them all have crane's in the bottoms to carry the water from one to another; also let each cistern have his several pipe, all of them coming out at the top of the cistern, on whose tops let birds be artificially made, with reeds in them: also in the top of the upper cistern let there be a tunnel. Place it under the fall of a conduit of water, and you shall hear so many several voices as there are birds.   

A device whereby the figure of a man standing on a basis shall be made to sound a trumpet.  
PRepare a cistern having within on the lid fastened a concave hemisphere, in whose bottom let there be made one or two holes: let there also be a hole in the top of the said cistern, whereby it may be filled with water as occasion serveth. Also let there be made to stand on the top of this cistern the image of a man holding unto his mouth a trumpet: this image must likewise have a slender pipe coming out of the cistern unto the trumpet, in this pipe or cane there must be a cock, nigh unto the cistern. Also there must come out of the concave hemisphere at the side of the cistern, a little short pipe, having a clack on it within the vessel. Fill the cistern about two thirds full of water, and then cork it up fast, blow then into the vessel at the pipe on the side diverse times, and the air will force the water out of the hemisphere, and make it rise up on the sides of it; turn then the cock, and the weight of the water will force the air out of the pipe, and so cause the trumpet to sound.   

Hercules shooting at a Dragon, who as soon as he hath shot, hisseth at him.  
LEt there be a cistern having a partition in the midst, in the partition let there be a deep succour, having a small rope fastened unto the top of it: let the one end of the rope come out of the upper lid of the cistern, and be fastened unto a ball, the other part thereof let it be put under a pulley (fastened in the partition) and let it be carried also out of the upper cistern, and be fastened unto the arm of the image, which must be made to slip to and again, and to take hold of the string of a steel bow that is held in the other hand. At the other end of the cistern let there be made an artificial image of a Dragon, through whose body must come a small pipe with a reed artificially fastened in the upper part thereof. Note then, that when you put up the ball, the image will draw his bow, and when you let it fall, the Dragon will hisse.   

Experiments of producing sounds by evaporation of water by air.  
PRepare a round vessel of brass, or latin, having a crooked pipe or neck, whereto fasten a pipe: put this vessel upon a trevet over the fire, and it will make a shrill whistling noise.   

To make two images sacrificing, and a Dragon hissing.  
PRepare a cistern having an altar of brass or tin upon it, let therebe in the cistern a hollow pipe turning up out of the cistern at each end; also in the middle within the altar, also on the side of the altar into the body of a dragon artificially made, with a reed in the mouth of it. Let there be two boxes at the tops of the pipes, on the ends of the cistern, having two crooked pipes or crane's coming out of them. Fill the boxes with water when you occupy it, also put fire upon the altar, and the dragon will hisse, and the water in the two boxes being wrought upon by the heat of the fire coming thorough the pipes, will drop into the fire. These two boxes ought to be enclosed in the bodies of two images, and the two short crane's coming out of them in her arms and hands.   

Experiments of producing sounds by engines.  
PRepare a vessel after the form of the figure marked with the letters A, B, C, D, place it upon a frame, as F, G, H; this vessel must have a hole in the bottom, with a pipe fastened in it, as Q, to convey the water contained in it into a vessel or tub set under it, marked with the letters R, S, T, also a frame must be fastened at the top of it, as G, H, L, having so many bells with little beaters or hammers to them (artificially hanged) as are requisite to express your de-desired tune. Lastly provide a solid piece of timber, whose lower part must be fitted unto the aforesaid vessel, so that it may easily slip up and down, and so high as that its foot resting upon the bottom of the vessel, the upper part thereof may stand somewhat above all the bells. Note likewise that that part of this wood above its bottom or foot must be cut away about three quarters of an inch. Upon this wood thus fitted must be fastened several pins equal unto each bell, from the top unto the foot thereof, so disposed that they may orderly press down the inward ends of the hammers of each bell, according as the tune goeth: when you use it, fill the cistern almost with water, and put the fitted piece of timber into it, and as the water runneth out at the bottom, it it will play upon the bells: note that it were very requisite to have a cock fastened to the pipe on the bottom of the vessel, that therewith you might at your pleasure stay the water. The like engines might be made to play upon wire strings disposed upon a concavous water, to make the music resound, but because this description giveth light enough for the framing of diverse other, I thought good here to omit them.   

Experiments of motions by rarifying water with fire.  
LEt there be an altar having a pipe coming out of it, and entering the body of a hollow ball, let there come out of the same ball a crane, whose lower end make to hang over a bucket fastened to a rope, and hanging over a pulley, of which rope the other end must be wound about two spindle's, having two doors fastened unto them, and at the and of the same rope let there be a weight fastened. So the fire on the altar will cause the water to distil out of the ball into the bucket, which when by reason of the water it is become heavier than the weight, it will draw it up, and so open the said gates or little doors.   

Experiments of motions by rarifying air by fire.  
LEt there be a round vessel of glass, or horn, and on the top of it a vessel of brass, and in the midst a hollow pipe spreading itself into four several branches at the bottom: the ends of two of the branches must turn up, the ends also of two must turn down; upon these four branches fasten a light cord, with several images set upon it. Rarify the air them by laying a red-hot iron upon the top of the brass or tin vessel, and it will turn the wheel about, so that you would think the images to be living creatures.   

Another way.  
FIrst prepare a round piece of wood, having a brass box in the midst, such as they make to hang the mariners compass with, but a good deal bigger, round about this piece of wood fasten diverse shreds of thin Latin, standing obliquely or ascew, as the figure doth represent; round about these fasten a coffin of thin pasteboard, cut into several forms of fishes, birds, beasts, or what you please. Prepare a lantern with oiled parchment, sufficient to contain it, in the midst of whose bottom must be erected a spindle with a narrow point, to hang the pasteboard cut into forms upon: upon each side let there be a socket for to set a candle in, also let there be made a door in the bottom to put the candles in at, and after to be shut, and it is done. If you set two candles in the sockets, the heat of them will turn the whole pasteboard of forms round.  
Amongst all the experiments pneumatical, there is none more excellent than this of the weatherglass: wherefore I have laboured to describe the making thereof as plainly as it possibly might be.   

What the weatherglass is.  
A weatherglass is a structure of, at the least, two glasses, sometimes of three, four, or more, as occasion serveth, enclosing a quantity of water, and a portion of air proportionable, by whose condensation or rarifaction the included water is subject unto a continual motion, either upward or downward; by which motion of the water is commonly foreshewn the state, change, and alteration of the weather. For I speak no more than what mine experience hath made me bold to affirm; you may (the time of the year, and the following observations understandingly considered) be able certainly to foretell the alteration or uncertainty of the weather a good many hours before it come to pass.   

Of the several sorts and fashions of Weather-glasses.  
THere are diverse several fashions of Weather-glasses, but principally two.  
1 The Circular glass.  
2 The Perpendicular glass: The Perpendiculars are either single, double, or triple.  
The single Perpendiculars are of two sorts, either fixed or movable.  
The fixed are of contrary qualities; either such whose included water doth move upward with cold, and downward with heat, or else upward with heat, and downward with cold.  
In the double and triple Perpendiculars, as the water ascendeth in one, it descendeth as much or more in the other.  
In the movable Perpendicular the glass being artificially hanged, moveth up and down with the water.   

How to make the water.  
I Must confess, that any water that is not subject unto putrefaction, or freezing, would serve the turn, but Art hath taught to make such a water as may be both an ornament to the work, and also delectable to the eye.  
Take two ounces of vardigrease in powder, and infuse it so long in a pint of white wine vinegar, until it hath a very green colour, then pour out the vinegar gently from the vardigrease: take also a pint and a half of purified May-dew, and put therein 6 ounces of Roman vitriol in gross powder, let it stand till the vitriol be throughly dissolved; then mix this with the former water, and strain them through a cap paper, and put it into a clean glass well stopped, and ' its ready for use.   

Another.  
TAke a gallon of rain water that hath settled, infuse therein a day and a night 4 pound of quick lime; stir it about with a clean stick oftentimes in the day; in the morning pour the clear water off from the lime, into a brass pan, and add thereto 3 pound of shall armoniac; let it stand five or six hours, afterwards stir it about until it be of a perfect blue colour, then strain it through a brown paper rolled within a tunnel, and reserve it for your use. This water is not so good for use as the former.   

How to make the Circular glass.  
FIrst you must prepare two glasses, the fashion whereof let be like unto the figures marked with the letters A, B, and C, D. The glass C, D, is open at both the ends, also in the middle there is a neck coming up of sufficient wideness to receive the shank end of the glass marked with the letters A, B. Then fill the glass C, D, a third part, with either of the waters, and divide the glass into so many equal parts as you would have degrees; rarify the air in the head of the glass A, B, by holding it to the fire, which being yet warm, reverse the shank of it into the neck of the glass C, D. Note that if the water do not ascend high enough, you must take the glass A, B, out again, and heat it hotter; if it ascend too high, heat it not so hot. If it be in the dog-days, and extreme heat of summer, 1 and 2 are good degrees; if the weather be most temperate, then 3 and 4 are best; if a frost, 9 or 10. When you have hit an indifferent degree, lute the joints very close, and fasten a ribben unto the top of the glass to hang it by. In this glass the water will with cold ascend the glass A, B, with heat it will descend the glass A, B, and ascend the horns of the glass C, D.   

How to make the single perpendicular glass, whose water ascendeth with cold, and descendeth with heat.  
PRepare two glasses after the fashion of these figures underset, F, G, I, I. always choose those upper glasses that have the least heads, else they will draw the water too fast, and press it too low: also let not the shank of the glass be too wide: it is no matter to be curious in choosing the lower glass. Having provided both these glasses, make a frame for them about one inch longer than the shank of the glass F, G, having a hole at the top to put the same thorough. There aught to be a great deal of care had in making the frame so, that the foot thereof may be of a greater compass than the top, to the end that it may stand firm, and not be subject to be turned down, which will distemper the whole work. After you have provided the frame, proceed to the making of it after this manner. Put both the glasses into the frame, and then divide the shank of the glass F, G, into so many equal parts as you would have it have degrees; writ figures upon paper, and passed them on (with gum tragagant dissolved in fair water;) then fill the bottom glass 2 thirds with the water, and rarify the air in the glass F, G, so often until you have hit such a degree as is most fitting for the temper of the weather, put in a little crooked hollow cane for the air to pass in and out at, but let it not touch the water: then stop it about the joints of the glass with good cement, that nothing may come out. Make an artificial rock about it, with pieces of cork dipped in glue, and rolled in this following powder, and it is done.   

The powder for the rock.  
Take mother of pearl 2 pound, small red coral di▪ pound, Antimony crude 4 ounces, and make a gross powder of them.   

To make the single perpendicular glass, ascending with heat, and descending with cold.  
PRepare two glasses after the fashion of the figure A, B, and C, D: let the glass A, B, have a small pinhole at or about the top of all, and let the glass C, D, have beside the hole at the top, another hole at the bottom with a short pipe. Provide such a frame for this as you did before for the other; then put the glasses into it, fasten the bottom glass to the bottom of the frame, having a hole at the bottom, thorough which the pipe of the glass C, D, may pass, fit a cork unto it: then lute the two glasses together, so that no air may pass between the joining; divide then the shank into so many degrees as you please, and figure it as before I taught you, then with the heat of a candle, rarify the air in the glass C, D, and fill it a third part full of water, and then put the cork fast in. Note that if the first heating of the glass raise not the water unto your content, you must repeat it over and over, until it do: when it is sufficient, then stop the cork in very firm, that no water may come out, and it is made.   

How to make the double perpendicular glass.  
PRepare two glasses like unto the figure marked with the letters A, B, the one of them must have a small hole in or about the head thereof. Prepare likewise for the bottom a vessel of the fashion of the figure G, H, having two mouths, at each end one, also a cock in the middle, as K: divide then the shank of the glass without the hole in the top, into equal parts, and set figures upon it▪ next lute them both fast into the necks of the bottom vessel. (But first remember to put them in a frame:) when the cement is dry turn the cock of the bottom vessel, and rarify the air in the glass that hath no hole at the top; then set the bottom vessel a little way into a vessel filled with water, and it will suck up the the water as it cooleth, when the bottom vessel is full, also the water mounted in that top glass without a vent, up to a fitting degree; (the temper of the weather regarded) then depress (but gently) the glasses into the vessel of water, until the water be come up into the glass with the vent at the top sufficiently, that is, so that in both the glasses may be contained so much water as will fill the shank of one, and about 2 or 3 degrees of the other; then turn the cock, and take away the vessel of water from under them, let them down, and fasten the bottom vessel unto the bottom of the frame, and make a rock about it, or else what other works you please, that the art may not be discerned. Lastly, set figures upon both, but first upon that without the vent, beginning from the bottom, and proceeding upwards, then lay your hand upon the head of it, which will depress the water, which when it cometh equal to the degrees, passed the same degree on the place of the water in the other glass with the vent, and it is done.  
AFter the same manner is the triple glass made: but whereas in the double glass there was but one glass that had a vent at the top, there is two in this, both whose shanks must contain the just quantity of water that the glass without the vent will contain. If you do well observe the form of the subsequent figure, you cannot go amiss.   

How to make the movable perpendicular glass.  
FIrst prepare the glass A, B, fill it almost topful of water, provide also the glass K, L, having a loop at the top of it: divide it into so many equal parts as you would have degrees, and on the mouth thereof fasten a thin board, that will easily slip in and out of the bottom glass, make then a weight of lead or brass somewhat heavier than both the glass and board fastened thereto; and then tie a little rope to the loop of the glass A, B, and the weight at the other end thereof. Rarify the air contained in the glass L, and reverse it into the glass A, B, filled with water, and hang the plummet over two little pulleys fastened in a frame made for the purpose, and as the glass K, L, cooleth, the water will ascend the same, and so by the change of the outward both the glass and water will move accordingly.   

Of the use of all the several sorts of Weather-glasses.  
ALbeit the forms of Weather-glasses are diverse, according to the fancy of the Artist, yet the use of all is one and the same: to wit, to demonstrate the state, and temper of the season, whether hot or cold; as also to foreshow the change and alteration thereof.  
1 Note therefore, that the nature and property of the water in all the glasses that have no vent holes at the top, is, to ascend with cold, and descend with heat. But in them that have vents, it descendeth as much as it ascendeth in these.  
2 The sudden falling of the water is an evident token of rain.  
3 The continuance of the water at any one degree, is a certain token that the weather will continue at that stay it is then at, whether it be fair, or foul, frost or snow. But when the water either riseth or falleth, the weather will then presently change.  
4 The uncertain motion of the water is a sign of fickle weather.  
The single perpendicular with a vent, moveth upwards with cold, and downwards with heat, and is quite contrary in quality to the former, only that it moveth uncertainly in fickle and uncertain weather, and keepeth a constant place in stayed weather.  
These rules are all certain and true: now you may according to your own observation frame other rules, whereby you may foretell the change of the weather the water being at any one degree whatsoever.   

A Water-clock, or a glass showing the hour of the day.  
LEt there be provided a deep vessel of earth, or any thing else, that will hold water, as A, B, C, D, provide also a glass made after the fashion of the figure marked with the letters E, F, G. It must be open at the bottom, and have also a small hole at the top, thorough which if you can but put the point of a needle, it is sufficient. This glass must not be so long as the vessel is deep, by about two inches. Then take a just measure of the length of the glass K, ●, G, and set it on the inside of the vessel A, B, C, D, from the bottom towards the top, and then make a race round about the vessel; there must be fitted unto this earthen vessel, a pipe reaching from the top of the outside thereof, (where there must be a cock unto it) and going to the bottom, where it entereth the same, and again extendeth itself almost unto the circle or mark razed on the vessel A, B, C, D. Fill then the vessel with fair water up to the race, or circle, and turn the cock, and put the glass into the water, and you shall see that the glass by reason of its heaviness, will tend toward the bottom of the vessel, but very slowly, by reason that the air contained therein hath so small a vent: turn an hourglass, and at the end of each hour make a mark upon the glass equal with the water, and it is done. When the glass is quite sunk to the bottom of the water, turn the cock, and with one blast of your mouth at the pipe, it will ascend again.   

Another fashioned one.  
PRepare a vessel, as A, B, C, D, having a very small cock unto it, whose passage ought to be so small, as that the water might issue out but by drops. Prepare likewise a vessel, as E, F, G, H, having at one end of it a pillar of a foot and a half, or two foot high: let there be fitted unto this vessel a board, so that it may freely without stay, slip up and down: towards one side of this board, there must be a good big hole, which must be placed under the cock of the other vessel. Then fasten unto the top of this board, the image of Time or Death, and pointing with a dart upon the pillar aforesaid: turn then an hour glass, and at the end of every hour, make a figure on the place of the pillar that the image with his dart pointeth at, and it is made. For note, the dropping of the water out of the cock thorough the hole of the board whereon the image standeth, causeth the same to ascend by little and little. Mark the figures.   

Another artificial Water-clock, which may be set conveniently in a double weatherglass.  
FIrst prepare a cistern, as A, B, C, D, partition in the middle, let there be made two pipes, the one whereof must reach out of the upper cistern, and descend almost to the bottom of the lowest cistern, as I, K; the other must be a short one, and have a very small hole, that the water may thereby issue out of the upper cestern but by drops; also at the side nigh the bottom of the upper cistern, let a small pipe enter. To the upper cistern fit a board, (with a piece of lead nailed upon it to make it somewhat heavy) so that it may easily slip up and down in it; this board must have a loop to fasten a rope unto, and you must so poise the said board, that it being hung up by a line, may hang even, and level. Then prepare a box to put over the cistern, which ought to stand about six inches above the cistern. In the top of this box let there be fastened a long pulley with a crevice to put a small rope over, in this crevice it were fitting to fasten small pins, to the end that the rope might turn the said wheel as the water fale from under the board: let the spindle of this pulley come out at one side of the box whereon there is a dial drawn, containing so many hours as you would have it go for; unto this end of the spindle let there be fitted a needle, or director, to show the hour, then put a small cord over the pulley in the box, fasten one end thereof to the loop of the board, and at the other end let there be tied a weight not quite so heavy as the board, then fill the upper cistern with water, and the board will press it out into the lower vessel, at the pipe O, drop by drop, and as the board sinketh lower, it will by means of the rope upon the pulley, turn the index fastened unto the spindle of the pulley about the dial; you may set it by an hourglass or Watch: when it is quite down, if you do with your mouth blow into the pipe at the side of the cistern, the water will all mount up again into the upper cistern.   

A wheel which being turned about, it casteth water out at the spindle.  
LEt A, B, be a tub having in the bottom a brass barrel, with a hole open quite through one side of it: let D, E, F, be a wheel, whose spindle must be also hollow, and have a hole through one side of it, so that being put into the hollow barrel, both the holes may be equal together. Note then, that so long as these holes are equal together, the water will run out at the spindle of the tub, but if you turn the wheel to another side, it will not run.   

A water-presser, or the mounting of water by compression.  
LEt there be provided a barrel of brass, of what length and wideness you please, let it be exactly smooth within, and very tied at bottom; unto this barrel fit a plug of wood leathered about, and let there be made diverse small holes quite through it, wherein fasten diverse forms and shapes of birds, beasts, or fishes, having very small pin-holes through them, for the water to spin out at: you shall do well to make this plug very heavy, either by pouring molten lead into certain holes made for the purpose, or else by fastening some weight unto the top: fill the barrel with water, and put the plug into it, which lying so heavy upon the water, it will make it spin out at the pin-holes of the images placed thereupon.   

How to compose a great or little piece of waterwork.  
FIrst prepare a table, whereupon erect a strong frame, and round about the frame make a moat with a leaden cistern to be filled with water; let the leaden moat somewhat undermine as it were the frame, which ought to be built in three stories, one above another, and every one lesser than another. Within the middle story fasten a very strong Jack that goeth with a weight, or a strong spring, the ending of whose spindle's ought to be crooked, thus Z, whereby diverse sweeps for pumps may be moved to and again, whose pumps must go down into the moat, and have small succurs unto them, and conveyances towards their tops, whereat the water may be mounted into diverse cesterns, out of some whereof there may be made conveyances in their bottoms, by small pipes running down into the river or moat again, and there breaking out in the fashions and forms of Dragons, Swans, Whales, Flowers, and such like pretty conceits: out of others the water may fall upon wheels, out of whose spindle's, the water turning round, may be made to run. In the uppermost story of all, let there be made the forcer by air, as I taught before, or else a presser, having at the top, Neptune riding on a Whale, out of whose nostrils, as also out of Neptune's Trident, the water may be made to spin through small pin-holes; you may also make diverse motions about this work, but for that the multitude of figures would rather confound than instruct the Reader, I have of purpose omitted them.  
   

THE SECOND book, Teaching most plainly, and withal most exactly, the composing of all manner of fireworks for Triumph and Recreation.  
By I. B.  
LONDON, Printed by Thomas Harper for Ralph Mab. 1634.   

To the Reader.  
COurteous Reader, there hath a desistance been occasioned since the inception of this work, by reason of the occurrence of certain authors, that contrary unto my knowledge had laboured so fully herein; but after consideration had (that for the most part they were but translations) I thought it might be no less lawful and commendable for me than for others, to communicate unto such as are yet desirous of further information, that wherein I have bestowed both cost and pains. Notwithstanding, I have so used the matter, as that I might not derogate from the estimation had of others to increase mine own. Read it throughly, judge indifferently, and if thou likest it, practise considerately. If thou art ignorant herein, I am sure it will instruct thee, and though well experienced (which perhaps thou art) I make no question, but that thou mayst find somewhat which thou hast not heard of before; So farewell.  
Your well-willer I. B.   

Of fireworks.  
I have ever found (in conference with diverse desirous of instruction in any Art or Science whatsoever) that the sum and chiefest end of all hath been, to know the reasons and causes of those things they were desirous to be informed in. Wherefore I thought good, before I came to the matter itself, to set down some few Praecognita or Principles (as I may so call them) whereby such as are ingenious, upon occasion, may inform themselves, if they stand in doubt of the cause of any thing that is hereafter taught.  

Certain Praecognita or Principles, wherein are contained the causes and reasons of that which is taught in this book.  
1 THe four Elements, Fire, air, Earth, and Water, are the prima principia (I mean the materials) whereof every sublunary body is composed, and into the which it is at last dissolved.  
2 every thing finding a dissolution of those naturae catenae, that is, means whereby their principia are connected, and joined together, their lighter parts ascend upward, and these that are more gross and heavy, do the contrary.  
3 It is impossible for one and the self same body to possess at one time two places; It followeth therefore, that a dense body rarified, and made thin, either by actual or potential fire, requireth a greater quantity of room to be contained in, than it did before. Hence it is, that if you lay your hand upon a glass, having a strait mouth reversed into a dish of water, it rarifieth the air contained therein, and makes it break out through the water in bubbles. Also, that gunpowder enclosed in the barrel of a gun, being rarified by fire, applied unto the touchhole, it seeketh a greater quantity of room, and therefore forceth, the bullet out of the barrel. This is called violent motion.  
4 According unto the strength and quantity of a dense body rarified, and according unto the form and length of its enclosure, it forceth its compresser further or nearer at hand.  
Thus much shall suffice to have spoken concerning the Praecognita: Now I will pass ad majora, & ad magis necessaria: to wit, those necessary Instruments, and several sorts of Ingredients, that aught to be had in readiness.  
As for the instruments they are these; mortars and Pestles, Serces, also several sorts of former's, Paper, Parchment, canvas, Whipcord, strong binding thread, glue, Rosin, Pitch, with diverse vessels meet to contain and mingle your compositions in. The ingredients likewise are chief these, saltpetre, Rochpeter, sulphur, charcoal, good Gunpowder, Filings of steel, oil of Peter, and Spirit of wine.   

Instructions for choosing your ingredients.  
Saltpetre is very good, if that being laid upon a board, and fire put to, it rise with a flamed ventosous exhalation, raising no scum, nor leaving no pearl, but only a black speck burnt into the board.  
The best brimstone, is quick brimstone, or li●e sulphur, and that sort is best that breaketh whitest; if this cannot be gotten, take of the whitest yellow brimstone.  
The best coals for use are the sallow, willow, hazel and beech; only see they be well burnt. Every of these ingredients must be powdered finely and searsed.  
All kinds of gunpowder are made of these ingredients imposed, or incorporated with vinegar, or aquavitae, and afterward grained by art: The saltpetre is the Soul, the Sulphur the Life, and the coals the Body of it. The best sort of powder may be distinguished from others, by these signs:  
1 If it be bright and incline to a bluish colour.  
2 If in the handling it prove not moist but avoideth quickly.  
3 If being fired, it flash quickly, and leave no dregs nor settle behind it.   

A device to try the strength of diverse sorts of Gunpowder.  
1 Such as operate in the air, as Rockets, Serpents, Raining fire, Stars, Petards, Dragons, Fire-drakes, fiends, Gyronels, or Fire-wheeles, Balloons.  
2 Such as operate upon the earth, as Crackers, Trunks, Lanterns, Lights, Tumbling balls, Saucissons, Towers, Castles, Pyramids, Clubs, Lances, Targets.  
3 Such as burn in or on the water, as Rockets, Dolphins, Ships, Tumbling balls.  
Part of either of the three kinds are simple, and part are compounded; part also are fixed, and part movable, First I will treat of the diverse compositions, and then of the former's, Coffins, and manner of composing every of them.   

Of the diverse compositions of fire works.  
FIrst of the compositions of fire works, for the air; and therein first I will speak of the compositions for rockets, because that all movable fireworks have their motion from the force of them accordingly applied.   

Compositions for Rockets of all sizes, according unto the prescription of the noted Professors, as Mr Malthus, Mr Norton, and the French author, Des recreationes mathematics.  
A Composition for Rockets of one ounce.  
TAke of gunpowder, saltpetre and charcoal, of each one ounce and a half, mingle them together, and it is done. Note here, as I told you before, that all your ingredients ought to be first powdered by themselves, and afterwards mixed very well together.   

A Composition for Rockets of two and three ounces.  
TAke of gunpowder four ounces and a half, saltpetre one ounce, mix them together.   

A Composition for Rockets of four ounces.  
TAke of gunpowder four pounds, saltpetre one pound, charcoal four ounces, mingle them together.   

A Composition for Rockets of four ounces.  
TAke of gunpowder four pounds, saltpetre one pound, charcoal four ounces, brimstone half an ounce, mingle them together.   

A Composition for all middle sized Rockets.  
TAke of gunpowder one pound, two ounces of charcoals; mingle them.   

A Composition for Rockets of five or six ounces.  
TAke of gunpowder two pound five ounces, of saltpetre half a pound, of charcoal six ounces, of brimstone and iron scales, of each two ounces, mingle them.   

A Composition for Rockets of ten or twelve ounces.  
TAke of gunpowder one pound and one ounce, saltpetre four ounces, brimstone three ounces and a half, charcoal one ounce, mingle them.   

A Composition for Rockets of one pound, or two.  
TAke of saltpetre twelve ounces, gunpowder twenty ounces, and charcoal three ounces, quick brimstone and scales of iron, of each one ounce, mingle them.   

A Composition for Rockets of eight, nine and ten pounds.  
TAke saltpetre eight pounds, charcoal two pounds twelve ounces, brimstone one pound four ounces. Note that no practitioner (how exact soever) ought to rely upon a receipt, but first to try one rocket, and if that be too weak add more gunpowder, if it be too strong let him add more charcoal until he find them fly according unto his desire. Note that the charcoal is only to mitigate the violence of the powder, and to make the tail of the rocket appear more beautiful. Note also that the smaller the rockets be, they need the quicker receipts, and that in great rockets, there needeth not any gunpowder at all.   

The Composition for middle sized Rockets may serve for Serpents, and for raining fire, or else the receipt for Rockets on the ground, which followeth hereafter.  
Compositions for stars.  
TAke saltpetre one pound, brimstone half a pound, gunpowder four ounces, this must be bound up in paper or little rags, and afterwards primed.   

Another receipt for stars.  
TAke of saltpetre one pound, gunpowder and brimstone of each half a pound; these must be mixed together, and of them make a paste, with a sufficient quantity of oil of peter, or else of fair water; of this paste you shall make little balls, and roll them in dry gunpowder dust; then dry them, and keep them for your occasions.   

Another.  
Take a quarter of a pint of aqua vitae, and dissolve therein one ounce, and a half of camphire▪ and dip therein cotton bombast, and afterwards roll it up into little balls; afterwards roll them in powder of quick brimstone, and reserve them for use.   

Another receipt for stars, whereof you may make fiends and diverse apparitions according unto your fancy.  
Take gum dragant, put it into an iron pan, and roast it in the embers; then powder it, and dissolve it afterwards in aqua vitae, and it will become a jelly, then strain it; dissolve also camphire in other aqua vitae. Mix both these dissolutions together, and sprinkle therein this following powder.  
Take saltpetre one pound, brimstone half a pound, gunpowder three pound, charcoal half a pound; when you have mingled and stirred them well together, mix them well with the aforesaid jelly, and then make it into little balls, or into what fashion else you please, then cool them in gunpowder dust, and keep them for use.   

Compositions for receipts of fireworks, that operate upon the earth.  
FOr Rockets there needeth only gunpowder finely beaten and seared.  
Likewise for all the other sorts, seared gunpowder will serve, which may be abated, or allayed with charcoal dust at your pleasure.   

Compositions for fireworks that burn upon, or in the water.  
A Receipt for Rockets that burn upon the water.  
TAke of saltpetre one pound, brimstone half a pound, gunpowder half a pound, charcoals two ounces. This composition will make the Rockets appear with a great fiery tail. If you desire to have it burn clear, then take of saltpetre one pound, three ounces of gunnepowder, brimstone half a pound.   

A Receipt of a composition that will burn, and feed upon the water.  
TAke mastic half a pound, white Frankincense, gum sandrake, quickelime, brimstone, bitumen, camphire, and gunpowder, of each one pound and a half, rosin one pound, saltpetre four pounds and a half, mix them all together.   

A Receipt of a composition that will burn under water.  
Take brimstone one pound, gunpowder nine ounces, refined saltpetre one pound and a half, camphire beaten with Sulphur, and Quicksilver; mix them well together with oil of peter, or linseed oil boiled, until it will scald a feather. Fill a canvas ball with this composition, arm it, and ballast it with lead at the bottom, make the vent at the top, fire it well and cast it into the water, and it will fume and boil up slowly.   

A Receipt of a Composition that will kindle with the water.  
Take of oil of Tile one pound, Linseed oil three pounds, oil of the yolks of eggs one pound, new quick lime eight pounds, brimstone two pounds, camphire fowr ounces, bitumen two ounces; mingle all together.   

Another.  
Take of Roch peter one pound, flower of brimstone nine ounces, coals of rotten wood six ounces, camphire one ounce and a half, oil of eggs, and oil of Tile enough to make the mixture into a paste.  
If you make a little hole in the top of an egg, and let out all the meat, and fill the shell with the following powder, and stop the hole with wax, and cast it into a running water, it will break out into a fire.  
Take of salt-niter, brimstone, and quick-lyme, of each a like quantity, mix them.   

How to make stouple, or prepare cotten-week to prime your fireworks with.  
Take cotten-week, such as the chandler's use for candles, double it six or seven times double, and wet it throughly in saltpetre water, or aqua vitae, wherein some camphire hath been dissolved, or, for want of either, in fair water; cut it into diverse pieces, roll it in mealed gunpowder, or powder and suphur; then dry them in the Sun, and reserve them in a box where they may lie strait, to prime stars, Rockets, or any other fireworks.   

How to know the true time, that any quantity of fired Gun-match that shall do an exploit at a time desired.  
TAke common gun-match, rub, or beat the same a little against a post to soften it; then either dip the same in salt peter water, and dry it again in the sun, or e●se rub it in a little powder and brimstone beaten very small, and made liquid with a little aqua vitae, and dried afterwards; try first how long one yard of match thus prepared will burn, which suppose to be a quarter of an hour, than four yards will be a just hour. Take therefore as much of this match as will burn so long as you will have it to be ere your work should fire, bind the one end unto your work, lay lose powder under, and about it lay the rest of the match in hollow, or turning so that one part of it touch not another, and then fire it.   

A Water called Aqua Arden's.  
TAke old red wine, put it into a glazed vessel, and put into it of orpment one pound, quick sulphur half a pound, quick lime a quarter of a pound; mingle them very well, and afterwards distil them in a rose-water still: a cloth being wet in this water will burn like a candle, and will not be quenched with water.  
Take one of these coffins, put it into the Former, and take the composition for middle-sized rockets (mentioned before) and put thereof spoonful after spoonful, until you have filled the coffin unto the top of the former, after the putting of every second spoonful into the coffin, with a mallet give two or three blows upon the head of the rammer, that the composition may be well rammed into the coffin: every third or fourth driving M. Norton wisheth (if the rockets are to be fired in three or four days) to dip the rammer in gumdragant, and camphir dissolved in spirit of wine, or good aqua vitae: but if it will be a month before they will be fired, then dip the rammer in oil of peter, or liquid varnish, and linseed oil mixed together: If you would have the rocket to give a report or blow, then within one diameter of the top, drive a bottom of leather, or six or eight double of paper, pierce and prime either of them through in three or four places, and fill the rest of the coffin with whole gunpowder; afterwards drive another bottom of leather, and then with strong packthread choke the coffin close un●o it: then take the rocket out of the Former, and prime it at the broach-hole with a piece of prepared stouple, and bind unto it a strait rod 6 or 7 times the length of the rocket, and so heavy, that being put on your finger, it may ballast the rocket within two or three diameters of the same: mark the following figure, which represents a rocket ready made and finished, A, B, the rocket, C, the stouple that primeth it, D, E, F, the rod bound unto the rocket with two strings, G, H, I, the hand that poiseth it.   

How to make Serpents.  
THe coffins for serpents are made of paper rolled nine or ten times upon a rowler not much thicker than a goose quill, and about four inches long. The coffins must be choked almost in the midst, but so that there may be a little hole, through which one may see: the longest part of the coffins for Serpents must be filled with the composition specified before: if you would have it wamble in the air, then choke it not after the composition, but if you would have it wamble, then halfe-choak it, as is demonstrated by the following figure, the shorter end of the coffin must be filled with whole gunpowder, and choked quite up, as appeareth at B, in the figure M, N, O, which is the figure of a Serpent ready made.  
  

How to make raining fire.  
TAke diverse goose quills, and cut off the hollow ends of them, and fill them with the composition before mentioned, stopping them afterwards with a little wet gunpowder, that the dry composition may not fall out.   

How to make stars.  
I have sufficiently taught the making of these in describing their compositions, wherefore I will now only present the figures of them unto your view; A, A, signifieth two that are bound up in paper or cloth, and pierced, and primed with stouple: the other two, E, E, signify those that are made up without paper, and need no priming more than the powder or sulphur dust that they are rolled in.   

How to make Petards.  
YOu must make the coffins for them either of white iron, or else of paper, or parchment rolled upon a Former for the purpose, and afterwards fitted with a cover, which must be glued on: these coffins must be filled with whole gunpowder, and pierced in the midst of the broad end, and primed thereat with prepared stouple; the paper once must be covered all over with glue, and the pierced. The figure of a Petard ready made, and primed, is signified by the figure E.   

How to make compounded Rockets.  
FIrst you must make the Rocket I taught you before; you must not choke the end of it, but either double down half the coffin, and with the rammer and a mallet, give it one or two good blows: then with a bodkin pierce the paper unto the composition, or else drive a bottom of leather fitted unto the bore of the Rocket, and pierce it through in two or three places; then pair or cut off the coffin equal thereunto; to this end of the rocket you must bind a coffin wider a great deal then the Rocket is; strew into it a little gunpowder dust, that it may cover the bottom of this coffin, and put therein with their mouths downward either golden rain, or serpents, or both; also stars, or petards; you must put some gunpowder dust among these; when you have filled the coffin with these or such like, cover the top of it with a piece of paper, and passed upon that a picked crowned paper, ballast it with a rod, and it is finished; the figure followeth.  
  

How to make fiends, or fearful apparitions.  
THese must be made of the compositions for stars, wrought upon cotton week dipped in aqua vitae, wherein camphire hath been dissolved, and after what fashions your fancy doth most affect.   

How to make fire Boxes.  
YOu must make the coffins for fire Boxes of paste-board, rolled upon a Former, of what bigness you list; then bind them about with packthread, and glue over the cords; also glue bottoms unto them, which must be pierced with a bodkin to prime them at. In these boxes you may put golden rain, stars, serpents, petrars, fiends, devils. The tops of these fire boxes must be covered with paper as the compound Rockets. Note that you must strew gunpowder dust a pretty thickness on the bottom of the fire-boxes, and prime the hole at the bottom with prepared stouple.   

How to make Swevels.  
SWevels are nothing else but Rockets, having in stead of a rod (to ballast them) a little cane bound fast unto them, where through the rope passeth. Note that you must be careful to have your line strong, even & smooth, and it must be rubbed over with soap that it may not burn. If you would have your Rockets to return again, then bind two Rockets together, with the breech of one towards the mouth of the other, and let the stouple that primeth the one, enter the breech of the other; both kinds are expressed by the figures, the uppermost whereof representeth the single one; A B signifieth the Rocket; D E, the can bound unto it, through which a rope passeth. The lowermost representeth the double Rocket; A B signifieth one Rocket, and C D another; E the stouple that primeth the one, and entereth the breech of the other; the cane that the rope passeth through is supposed to be behind the two Rockets.   

How to make Gironells, or fire wheels.  
THe making of fire wheels consisteth only in the placing of Rockets, with the mouth of one towards the tail of another, round about certain movable wheels; wherefore I think it sufficient only to describe the diversity of their fashions which follow.  
  

How to make flying Dragons.  
THe flying Dragon is somewhat troublesome to compose; it must be made either of dry and light wood, or crooked-lane plates, or of thin whalebones covered with Muscovie glass, and painted over. In the body thereof, there must be a void cane to pass the rope through; unto the bottom of this cane must be bound one or two large Rockets, according as the bigness and weight of the Dragon shall require; the body must be filled with diverse petrars, that may consume it, and a sparkling receipt must be so disposed upon it, that being fired, it may burn both at the mouth and at the tail thereof; then hang the wings on in such wise, that they may shake as the Dragon runs along the line; you may dispose diverse small serpents in the wings; mark the figure.   

How to make fire Drakes.  
YOu must take a piece of linen cloth of a yard or more in length; it must be cut after the form of a pane of glass; fasten two light sticks cross the same, to make it stand at breadth; then smear it over with linseed oil, and liquid varnish tempered together, or else wet it with oil of peter, and unto the longest corner fasten a match prepared with saltpetre water (as I have taught before) upon which you may fasten diverse crackers, or Saucissons; betwixt every of which, bind a knot of paper shave, which will make it fly the better; within a quarter of a yard of the cloth, let there be bound a piece of prepared stoupell, the one end whereof, let touch the cloth, and the other enter into the end of a Saucisson: then tie a small rope of length sufficient to raise it unto what height you shall desire, and to guide it withal: then fire the match, and raise it against the wind in an open field; and as the match burneth, it will fire the crackers, and saucissons, which will give diverse blows in the air; and when the fire is once come unto the stoupell, that will fire the cloth, which will show very strangely and fearfully.  
  

How to make Balloones, also the mortar piece to discharge them.  
THe diameter of the hollowness of the mortar piece must be one foot, the longer it is the further it will carry. Let the diameter of the hollowness of the sack be the third part of a foot, and half a foot deep▪ it must have a square foot, and a portfire to strew into the bottom of the sack on the side of it; this portfire is to be made like a cane about three inches long, and have a bottom sodered unto the inside of the screw, which bottom must be pierced with a small touchhole. This mortar piece may be made of iron, red copper, or for a need with pasteboard, armed with cord, and glued over, but the sack, and foot of it must be made of wood, and the pasteboard mortar must be nailed fast upon it. A balloon must be made of canvas rolled eight or nine times upon a Former, it must be made so, that it will easily go into the mortar piece; into this balloon you may put Rockets, Serpents, stars, Fiends, Petards, and one or two Saucissons to break the balloon; then choke it up with cord, and prime it with a little cane rammed full of a slow composition; fill the stock of the mortar piece full of whole gunpowder, then screw on the portfire, O, then put the balloon done to the bottom of the mortar with the cane that primeth it, downward into the stock; then with tallow or grease stop the chinks between the balloon and the mortar, and it is ready to be discharged, which you may do by putting fire to the portfire, and while that burneth, retreat out of harms way.  
A, the figure of the morterpeece with its portfire. O, B, C, a balloon ready made. D, an empty coffin for a balloon.   

Of fireworks for the earth.  
How to make Rockets for the earth  
THe moulds for these Rockets for the earth are not made like those for the air, because that it is required that these should last longer, and have a more gentle motion: observe therefore the following directions for the making of them, which may serve for all occasions, without any alteration for bigger or lesser. Let the diameter of their hollowness be half an inch, let their hollowness be five or six inches long, let the rowler for to roll the coffins on, be the third part of an inch thick, and let the rammer to charge it be a thought less, let the breech be three quarters of an inch long, and let the breech enter half an inch into the mould, then fill it with the composition proper for it, observing those rules in the ramming it, as you did in ramming rockets for the air; when you have filled it within an inch of the top of the mould, double down a quarter of the coffin, beating it with three or four strokes of the mallet; then with a bodkin pierce it in two or three places, and then put in the quantity of a pistol charge of whole gunpowder, then double down the half of the coffin, giving it a gentle blow or two with the mallet, and with a strong packthread choke the rest of the coffin, and what remaineth after the coffin is choked, cut it of, and it is made.   

How to make Crackers.  
IT is well known, that every boy can make these, therefore I think it will be but labour lost, to bestow time to describe their making: only thus much, if you would make a Cracker to give forty, fifty, a hundred, or two hundred blows, one after another, then bind so many Crackers upon a stick, so that the end of the one may join to the mouth of the other.   

How to make trunks.  
THese you may make of paste-board, paper, or wood, and of what bigness and length you please, and ram them full of the composition of Rockets for the earth; if you would have them to change colour, then altar the composition that is, put in two or three spoonfuls of the composition of Rockets for the water, and ram that in, then put in two or three spoonfuls of the composition of Rockets for the air, and ram that in, then put in two or three spoonfuls of gunpowder dust, and ram that in, do so till you have quite filled it then tie a bottom of leather upon it, and pierce it and prime it with stoupell; after the same manner may you make lanterns and lights.   

How to make tumbling balls.  
MAke a ball of canvas, and fasten in it a double Rocket for the earth; you may stuff the rest of the ball with a slow composition of two parts charcoal dust, and one part of gunpowder dust, mingled together, and put diverse petrards amongst it.   

How to make Saucissons.  
SAucissons are of two sorts, either to be placed upon a frame, or such like, and so to be discharged with a train of gunpowder, or else to be discharged out of the morterpeece. The standing Saucisson is thus made; you must roll paper or canvas, nine or ten times upon a roller as A, B, and choke the one end of it: fill it then with whole gunpowder, and then choke the other end also, then cover all the Saucisson with cord, and glue it over; then pierce one end of it, and prime it with a quill filled with gunpowder dust; place it upon a form having a a hole for the quill to pass through; then fire it by a train of gunpowder laid under the frame, it will give a report like a canon: mark the figure F F.   

How to make the flying Saucisson to be delivered out of the mortar piece.  
MAke a coffin for this, as you did for the former; first, fill it almost with whole gunpowder, then put upon that gunpowder dust, which you must ram hard into the coffin, so that it may be one finger thick; then choke it close, and arm, and prime it as you did the former. It is represented by the figure, K M.   

How to make a fire sword.  
YOu must make a sword of wood, having a deep channel in the back of it, wherein place first a Rocket for the ground; then two or three serpents upright; (with their mouths inward) let the stoupell that primeth the Rocket come under the mouth of the serpents, so that being kindled, it may set them on fire, and enter the breech of the next rocket, so fill the channel quite full with rockets and serpents, bind the rockets fast into the channel, but the serpents must be placed so, that being once fired, they may fly out of the channel, and it is made: mark the figure G, P.   

The description and making of three sorts of Fire-lances.  
TO make the first Fire-lance, whose figure is noted A, you must make a hollow trunk of what length or bigness you please, either of wood, paper, or pasteboard rolled on a rowler, and armed with some cord and glue: first put into the bottom of whole gunpowder about one or two fingers thick; then ram upon it a pastebord pierced with a little hole in the middle, having a quill fastened in it, which quill must be filled with a slow composition, or else with gunpowder dust: this quill must stand up in the lance two or three inches; then fill the coffin up to the top of the said quill with stars, and strew among the stars some gunpowder dust, than put pastebord over them, having a hole for the quill fastened in the former bottom of pastebord to pass; then upon this pastebord ram gunpowder dust one or two fingers thick, than put a row of serpents in, and in the midst of the serpents put a cane open at both ends, and filled with gunpowder dust; this cane must be somewhat longer than the serpents, and it must pass through a pastebord, which must be put over: then put some more gunpowder dust, and ram it in upon it, and upon that put another row of serpents, with a cane in the midst of them filled with a slow composition, and upon them put gunpowder dust, or else a slow composition, ramming it in till the lance be full; then put a pastebord upon it, and in the midst of the pastebord put a little cane filled with a slow composition, then fasten it upon a staff of what length you will, and it is made.  
To make the second Fire-lance, you must prepare a trunk like unto the former, first ram in the bottom of it some of the composition of rockets for the earth about two fingers thick, than put a pastebord upon it, having a petard fastened in the midst; this pastebord must be pierced in three or four places, round about the petard, that thereby the powder that is rammed over the pastebord may take fire: then ram in some more composition upon the petard, about two or three fingers thick, than another petard, then more composition, so doing until you have filled the trunk: then fasten it upon a staff, and and prime it as you did the former, it is represented by the figure noted B.   

The description and making of two sorts of Fire-clubs.  
TO make the first you must make an oval ball of pastebord, canvasse, or parchment glued together, which you must first fill with a slow composition, ram it in, and then bore diverse holes round about it, and put therein serpents, fire balls, or what you will: fasten it upon a staff, and prime it in the top with a cane filled with a slow composition: this is represented by the figure A, A.  
To make the second you must fill diverse canes open at both ends (and of a foot long, or more, or less, as you think fit) with a slow composition, and bind them upon a staff of four or five foot long; prime them so that one being ended, another may begin: you may prime them with a stouple or match (prepared as before) make an osier basket about it with a hole in the very top to fire it by, and it is done.  
The figure F, F, representeth the staff, with the canes bound upon it. The figure marked G, representeth the staff having a basket wrought over it.   

How to make a Fire-target.  
MAke a Target of osier twigs, or else of light wood, & bind upon it diverse canes filled with a very slow composition: the canes must be open at both ends, and primed with stouple, that one may give fire unto another: in the midst of all you may set up a large cane also, if you please, which you may fill with the same composition as you did the others. Mark the figure L, M, N, O:   

Of fireworks for the water.  
How to make Rockets for the water.  
THe diameter of hollowness of the mould for Rockets that swim on the water, must be one inch, and eight inches long: let the breech enter into the body of the Rocket one inch, and it must have no broach at all in it. Let the diameter of the thickness of the rowler be three quarters of an inch, the rammer must be a thought lesser; then ram it full of the composition of Rockets for the water; join to the upper end of it a Saucisson: then cover it all over with melted pitch, rosin, wax, or tallow, to the end that the water may not spoil the coffins; and to make it float along the water, bind a rod about two foot long, as you did unto the rockets for the air: now if you would have the rocket to change his actions, (that is, to swim one while above the the water, and one while under the water) then put into it in the filling, one spoonful of composition, and ram that in; then one spoonful of whole powder, and ram that in; and then another of composition, and after that another of whole gunpowder, so do until you have filled it quite. If you would have it change colour, then shift the composition diverse times, (that is, put in one spoonful of the composition of rockets for the water, than another spoonful of the composition of rockets for the air, or rochpeter and gunpowder mixed) until you have filled it.   

How to make a Rocket that shall burn a good while in the water, and then mount up into the air.  
FIrst you shall make a rocket for the water, and bind unto the lower end a stick about two foot and a half long, having a large hole in the end thereof: then tie unto it (but loosely, so that it may easily slip out) a rocket for the air, and let the stouple that primeth for the rocket for the air, enter into the breech of the water rocket, then let the end of the rod of the rocket for the air enter into the hole of the rod of the rocket for the water: besmear then both the rockets with tallow, grease, or wax, or any oil colour that the water may not spoil the coffins of the rockets; then hang a stone at the bottom of the stick that hath the hole in it, to make it sink down into the water; then fire the water rocket, and cast them into the water; the fired rocket will burn in the water, and being consumed, will give fire unto the other rocket, which being loosely tied, will slip the bond, and mount up into the air. This is represented by the figure G, G. The floating rocket mentioned before, is expressed by the figure noted I, K.  
  

The description and making of two sorts of fire balls for the water.  
FOr to make the first, you must make a ball of Canvas, about the bigness of a football, or bigger if you please, and fasten in it a double Rocket for the water: if you will, also you may stuff the rest of the ball with the composition that will burn under the water, and cut holes in the sides, and therein fasten other balls, and petrards in them: then cover the ball over with Tallow, Pitch, or painting, except the place where the Rocket is primed, and it is done. It is represented by the figure noted with A, and it will tumble up and down in the water.  
To make the second fireball, you must first make a ball of Canvas, Pasteboard, or such like, and cut a wide hole in the top of it, and place in it a channel of tin pierced in diverse places: fill the channel with the compositions of Rockets for the water; against every hole thereof, place a petrard: cover it with a cover, pitch it over, and prime it, than ballast it with lead, or a stone, that the vent may burn upwards, and it is done. It is represented by the figure B.   

How to make a Dolphin.  
YOu must make the body of it of Pasteboard glued together, fill the body with the composition of Rockets for the water, pierce it in the back with diverse little holes, wherein put Serpents, besmear the body all over with the following pap: Take gunpowder dust, four ounces, camphire, and sulphur, or brimstone in powder, of each one ounce, make them into a soft pap with oil of tiles, then bind unto it a large Rocket for the water, which Rocket must be armed (as afore) that the water may not hurt it: then ballast it with a wire, having at each end a piece of lead of weight sufficient, and it is done. Mark the figure.  
I might have been infinite in the describing of such like with Ships, towers, Castles, pyramids. But considering that it would but increase the price of the book, and not better your understanding: since all consist of the former works, which are so plainly described, as that the most ignorant may easily conceive thereof, and (if any whit ingenious) thence contrive others, of what fashion they list.  
FINIS.    

THE THIRD book Of Drawing, Limming, Colouring, Painting, and Graving.  
By I. B.  
LONDON. Printed by THOMAS HARPER, for RALPH MAB, 1634.   

THE THIRD book of Drawing, Painting, Limming, Graving.  

THe Art of Drawing is in itself most excellent, and most worthy commendations in whosoever it is: yea it is an Art so necessary unto all ingenious Artists, as that in no wise they can be without it, and myself have found it to be true, that the sight of a good draught is more unto an ingenious person, than a whole Chapter of Information; Wherefore I have, according unto my knowledge and practise therein, faithfully penned the same; for the use of all such as bear affection unto the Art, and are desirous to be instructed therein: And for that diverse persons cannot attain unto it, or perhaps are loath to bestow any time to practise it: whereby they might come to a requisite perfection: for such I have set down certain directions, and those so facile, and easy; that persons altogether unskilful, may (having a pattern) work very well; But before I begin, it behooveth that I prescribe what things are to be had in readiness to work withal: first therefore provide good smooth and clear paper, diverse plummets made of black lead, ochre, or black chalk, or else Charcoals made of Ash, Sallow, or Beech, split in sunder, and pointed; also a wing: having provided these your implements, you shall thus begin to work. First, let the thing, whose portraiture you intent to take, stand before you, so that the light be not hindered from falling upon it, and with a pointed piece of charcoal draw it rustically; which when you have done, consider a while whether all the parts thereof are proportionable, and whether it carry the semblance of the thing that you drew it from, which if it do not, wipe it out with your wing, and begin anew: but if it be faulty on one part only, wipe only that part out, and draw it again; whensoever it liketh you, or that you have so drawn it, that you can find no great fault in it: wipe it over gently with your wing, so that you may perceive the former strokes: then with your black chalk, or black lead plummets, draw it as perfectly, and as curiously as you can, and shadow it according as the light falleth upon it; This way is workman like, and the most difficult of all, yet by a little practice may easily be attained unto: so that the persons stand well affected unto the Art. Instead of white paper, you may take light coloured blue paper, and draw upon it with charcoal, and white chalk pointed, which will show very well: but note, that after you have made your draught, you must wet it in fair water, and let it dry of itself; this will make the drawing to hold fast on, which would otherwise easily be wiped off. This may serve for such as are contented to take some pains to attain so noble a Science. But for others there are diverse other helps, which follow in order.  

How to take the perfect draught of any printed, or painted Picture.  
TAke a sheet of Venice (or in stead thereof) of the finest white paper that you can get: wet it all over with clean salad oil: then wipe the oil off from the paper, as clean as you can, so that the paper may be dry, otherwise it will spoil a printed picture by the soaking through of the oil: having thus prepared your paper, lay it upon any painted or printed picture, and you shall see the picture through the same more perfectly appearing, then through glass, and so with a black lead pen, you may draw it over with ease, and better first with a soft charcoal, and then with a pen. After that you have thus drawn the picture upon the oiled paper, put it upon a sheet of clean white paper, and with a little stick pointed, or (which is better) with a feather taken out of a swallows wing: draw over the picture again, and so you shall have the same very prettily and neatly drawn upon the white paper, which you may set out with colours, as shall be taught hereafter.   

Another way.  
HAving drawn the picture, first open the oiled paper, put it upon a sheet of clean white paper, and prick over the same drawing, with a good big pin, then from the clean sheet, that is pricked, pounce it upon another: that is, take some small coal, powder it fine, and wrap it in a piece of Tiffanie or such like, and bind it up therein loosely, and clap it lightly over all the pricked lines by little and little, and afterwards draw it over again with a Pen or pencil, or otherwise as you please.   

Another way very pretty and easy to be performed.  
TAke some Lake, and grind it fine, and temper it with Linseed oil, and afterwards with a pen, draw with this mixture (in stead of ink) all the out strokes of any printed picture, also the muscles: then wet the contrary side of the picture, and press it hard upon a sheet of clean white paper, and it will leave behind it all the stroke of the said picture that you draw over.   

Another way much like the former.  
TAke Printers Blacking, grind it fine, and temper it with fair water, and with a pen dipped therein, draw over the master strokes and out lines of the muscles: wet then a fair paper with a sponge, and clap the picture upon it, pressing it very hard thereupon, and you shall find the strokes you drew, left upon the fair paper.   

An easy way to lessen any picture: that is, to draw a picture from another, in a lesser compass.  
FIrst, with a ruler, and a black lead plummet, draw a line at the very top: also another at the bottom parallel, or equally distant from the other: from the upper line, let fall two perpendicular or plum-lines even unto the lowermost line, so those four lines will make a square: now you must divide this square into diverse equal parts, with a pair of compasses, and draw lines with a ruler and black lead plummet, quite over the picture: so the less lines will divide the picture into equal parts or squares: then take a fair paper, and make as many squares upon it, as there is in the picture: you may make them as little as you will, but be sure that they are equal, and of just number with those in the picture. Having thus crossed your picture, and drawn over your fair paper into squares, take a black lead pen, and draw the picture by little and little, passing from square unto square, until you have finished the whole: still observing the order of the squares as they stand in either: then draw it over with a pen, in which second drawing of it over, you may easily mend any fault: when it is dry, rub it over with the crumb of white bread, and it will take off all the black lead strokes, and your draught only will remain fair upon the paper or parchment. Here I might have entered into discourse of drawing parallels, perpendiculars, making of squares, and such like: but to deal truly, I was as loath to trouble myself, as to weary you: you shall need only to provide a ruler of thin brass or copper, having a cross thwart one end of it: the charge will not be much, nor the use tedious: the figure followeth, noted A, B.  
 
Let a, b, c, d, be a line given, whereon to erect a perpendicular or plumb line: lay the ruler so, that the cross over the end of it, may lie full upon the Line, then draw a Line by the side of the rule, and it is done.   

A very easy way, to describe a town, or Castle: being within the full sight thereof.  
FOr the effecting of this, you must have a frame made, and crossed into equal squares with Lute strings, and figured at the end of each string: this frame must have a foot, wherein it must be made to be lifted higher or lower as occasion serveth; also you must divide your paper that you are to draw upon into so many equal squares as your frame containeth: having the like figures at the ends of each line that there is on the frame; before this frame must be placed a style or bodkin having a little glass on the top of it for to direct the sight. Note now that the nearer any thing cometh unto the centre, the lesser it appeareth: hence it is that a town of a mile, or more long, or a huge great Castle, at a distance may be comprehended, and that easily within the limits of so small a frame; By the style direct your sight from one part to another, beginning at one square, and proceeding through the rest in order as they lie; mark well the following figure.  
  

How to make a desk: by means whereof you may draw, and that most exactly with great facility any printed picture, or solid Image.  
FIrst let there be a frame made, and with hinges let be jointed unto a board of equal breadth unto it: let this frame also have two stays at the top, at each end one, by means whereof the desk may be raised higher, or lower, as need shall require; then fasten to the frame a piece of pure clear glass fitted thereunto, and it is finished. The figure followeth.  
The desk.  
The manner of using this desk is thus, If the picture that you intent to draw be a printed one, than first fasten it next unto the desk with wax, paste, or such like: upon it fasten a sheet of fair paper: If it be in the daytime place the back of it towards the sun; if it be in the night that you work, place a lamp behind it, and so you shall see perfectly every (even the least) stroke of the picture, which with your pen you may draw as acurately as any Limmer whatsoever. If it be a solid piece, then place it behind the desk, between the light and the desk: then fasten a sheet of clean white paper upon the desk; raise then the desk higher, or lower until you see the perfect shadow of the image through your desk, and paper, and then draw the posture of the Image, and shadow it afterwards (without the desk) as light falleth upon it.   

An easy way to take the natural, and lively shape of the leaf of any herb or tree, which thing passeth the Art of man to imitate with Pen or pencil.  
FIrst take the leaf that you would have, and gently bruise the ribs and veins on the backside of it, afterwards wet that side with linseed-oil, and then press it hard upon a piece of clean white paper, and so you shall have the perfect figure of the said leaf, with every vein thereof, so exactly expressed as being lively coloured, it would seem to be truly natural, by this we learn, that Nature being but a little adjuvated or seconded with Art, can work wonders.  
Now for the farther information of such as are desirous of exemplary instruction, I have set down in order following the delineation of the proportion of such things as in my judgement seemed most necessary for young beginners, and those in such easy demonstrations as for the most part they consist of equal squares, and require no more for their right understanding, then diligent observation, I might have filled a whole book of such like: but having considered that what I had done, was a sufficient ground for a farther procession, I thought fitting to leave each person to the exercise and practise of his best Invention.   

I thought fitting to give you a word or two, wherefore I have not made the cross pricked lines to pass through the figures.  
The reason is, 1 because the figure would have been thereby somewhat defaced; 2 because some choose rather to draw without such rules; 3 for others with a ruler and black lead plummet they may cross the figures through, and with white bread crumbs take out the same again at pleasure.    

Of Painting.  
THe principal end and subject of this Art, is to set out things both in proportion of parts, and liveliness of colour.  
For the former, the proportion of parts, I have given sufficient information for the meanest capacity in the precedent part of this tractat: now therefore I will speak of the other, the colouring or setting out in colours. But first provide a frame or Easel called by Artists, which is very necessary to work upon, especially in greater pieces of work: the form whereof followeth.  
Also you must provide diverse little shells to put your colours in, also pencils of all sorts, both for priming and other: a light ruler of one foot and a half, or two foot long: and colours of all sorts ground very fine upon a porphire or marble. Having provided these, you shall set to work, observing the subsequent directions.  
Painting may be performed either with water colours, or with oil colours.  
First I will speak of water colours, wherein I shall observe two things.  
First, the diversity of colours, and preparations. Secondly, their mixture, and manner of laying them on the ground.  
First of the first, the diversity of colours and their preparation.  
Colours are either simple or compounded, merely tinctures of vegetables, or substances of minerals, or both: the simple colours are such as of themselves, being tempered with the water or oil, do give a colour. The compounded are such, whose ingredients do exceed the number of one. Vegetables are roots, juces, berries, and such like things as grow out of the earth. Minerals are such as are digged out of the earth, as earth, and stones, etc. All which follow in order, as well their preparations, as description. First note that every colour to be ground, ought first to be ground with the gall of a neat: then let them dry of themselves in a cold place, afterwards grind them with gum water for your use.  
Now I am come to the second thing observable (to wit) the mixture and laying the colours on the grounds, which is thus: your colours prepared for use, aught to be tempered according unto direction, still observing a mean: and to that end, mix them by little and little, till the colour please you; first you must lay on the ground colour, and let it dry throughly: then with a small pencil, prick on the second colour, else it will be apt to run abroad, nor can you work it so well, to make it seem lively, as you may by pricking it on, especially in small pieces.  
If you are to paint over maps, or printed pictures that have writing in them, they use to lay on the thinnest colours, and always before you lay any colours upon paper, wet the back side of it with fair water, wherein store of alum hath been dissolved, and let it dry of itself: after wet it again, and let it dry: do it the third time, for this will strengthen the paper, that the colour shall not sink through it, and moreover it will make the colour show the brighter, and last, the better.  

To make Gum water to temper your Colours with.  
TAke clean water, and put into it of gum Arabic a little, and let it stand until the gum be dissolved. Now you must have a care that it be neither too thick, by reason of the gum, nor yet too thin: for with the one you cannot work well, and the other will not bind the colour fast.   

A Purple colour.  
TAke two pound of Heidleber, two ounces of alum, half an ounce of ashes of Copper, half a pound of water; put them into a Skillet, and let them boil till a third be consumed: when it is cold, strain it into a clean vessel, and let it stand a while, then strain it into another, and then let it stand till it be thick enough.   

A Crane Colour.  
You must only grind black Lead with Gum water.   

Brown Colour.  
TAke good brown, and grind it with gum water: his false colour is made with two parts brown, and a third part white lead, sad it with the same brown.   

Hair Colour.  
Take umber or Spanish brown, grind it, temper it with gum water.   

A blue.  
Boil Mulberries with alum.   

An emerald Colour.  
TAke Verdigreese, and grind it first dry, and put unto it a little of the Gall of a neat: also of Saffron, and the juice of Rew, of each a little: grind them together, and put them into a shell, and let it dry there: when you would use it, grind it again with vinegar or verjuice, and a little neat's gall dissolved in either of them. His false colour is two parts green, and a third ceruse: it must be sadded with a good green.   

A motley green.  
This colour is compounded of red and green.   

A black Colour.  
FIrst you must lay on a light black, mingled with white lead, and afterwards when it is dry, sad it with good black; for sad black, mix Indie Baudias with gum water.   

A marble or ash colour.  
This is compounded of black and white.   

A russet or sad Browne.  
This colour is made by compounding a little white, with a good quantity of red.   

A brown blue.  
Take two parts of Indie Baudias, and a third of ceruse and temper them with gum water.   

A brass Colour.  
This is compounded of Masticot and umber.   

A gold yellow for arms.  
TAke Orpment, and Masticot, grind each by themselves: but in grinding of the Masticot, add a little Saffron, and work with them. Note you may allay your Orpment with chalk, and sad it with brown of Spain or O ker de Luke.   

Azure.  
TAke of white lead four ounces, of Indicum two ounces, put them into a leaden pot with vinegar: boil them well, and that which swims on the top is the colour.   

A purple or violet Colour.  
THis is a compounded colour, and it is made either by mixing a quantity of Azure, and a portion of Turnsole: or else by mixing a quantity of russet, and a quantity of Azure:   

Sanguine or Blood-colour.  
THis is likewise a compounded colour, and it is made by mixing a good quantity of Cinaper with a little black.   

Orange-tawny.  
THis colour is compounded of a bright red, and a bright yellow.   

A Lyon-tawny.  
THis colour is made by mixing red lead and Masticot together.   

A Carnation, or Flesh-colour.  
FIrst you must lay on a white colour tempered with gumme-water, and when it is dry you must go it over again with vermilion or lake, or else you must temper ceruse and vermilleon together, and being dry, go over it again with lake or vermilion.   

A Peach Colour.  
This is compounded of Ceruse and vermilion.   

A sky Colour.  
This colour is compounded of vermilleon and azure.   

A Blood red.  
THis colour is made of Cinaper, and afterwards sadded with Vermilleon at the sides, or else with a brown colour. A bloody colour, grind Cinaper, Lake, and Cinaper tops, put them into good water, and if they be too light, put to them a little Turnsole.   

A Lincoln-greene.  
THis colour is compounded of a good green and Saffron.   

A Poppin-jay green.  
This colour is compounded of azure, and masticot.   

A good yellow.  
TAke Saffron, or Cambugium, and temper it with gum-water, Sad it with Vermilleon.   

A sable or black.  
TAke a Torch, hold it under a latin basin, temper that black with gumme-water.   

A velvet-blacke.  
BVrne harts-horne on a collier's hearth; then grind it with the gall of a neat, put it into a shell, and let it dry in the shade: when you would use it, grind it again with gumme-water.   

To write gold with Pen or pencil.  
TAke a shell of gold, and put a little gum-water unto it, and temper it together, and then you may write with it as with other colours.   

To make Azure, or bise sadder.  
TAke blue Turnsole, wet it in gum-water, and then wring it out, and mix it either with Bise, or else overshadow the Bise with it.   

Red Colour.  
TAke vermilion, and temper it with gum water: His false colour is two parts vermilion, and a third part ceruse.   

Another Red.  
TAke russet, and temper it with gumme-water, clay it with ceruse, and sad it with itself.   

Another Red.  
TAke Brassill in gross powder, alum in powder: steep them in gum water a night and a day: then strain it, and keep it for use.   

A green Colour.  
TAke Copper plates, put them in a copper pot, & put distilled vinegar to them: set them in a warm place till the vinegar become blue, then put it out into another leaded pot, and pour more vinegar into it again; let it stand so till it become blue; this do so many times till you think you have enough: then let it stand till it be thick.   

To make good ink.  
TAke two handfuls of gauls, cut each gall into three or four pieces, pour into them a pint of beer or wine, then let it stand eight hours; strain it from the gauls, and put vitriol therein, and to the vitriol a third part of gum, set it on the fire to warm; but let it not seethe, and it will be good ink, and of these gauls you may make ink four or five times more.   

To seethe Brasill.  
TAke an ounce of Brasill, twelve ounces of beer, wine, or vinegar, put it in a new pot, let it stand a night; and in the morning set it on the fire, and let it seethe till half be consumed: then put into it two penny worth of alum beaten together, and as much beaten gum-Arabicke: stir them well together, and let them seethe again; if you desire to have it somewhat dark, then scrape a little chalk into it when it seetheth: let it not seethe over the pot: when it is cold strain it through a cloth, and put it into a glass well stopped.   

Aurum Musicum.  
TAke one ounce of Salarmoniack, one ounce of quicksilver of counterfein, half an ounce of brimstone, bruise the brimstone, and set it on the fire, but let it not be over hot (lest it burn) then take the Salarmoniacke, and the quicksilver being in powder: mix them well together, then mingle with them the brimstone: stir them well, and quickly with a stick till the brimstone become hard, then let it cool, grind it on a stone, and put it in a glass well stopped with wax, and set it in a pan with ashes; make a fire under it, and let it stand half a day in that manner (but not over hot) till a yellow smoke riseth on it, and when the yellow smoke is gone it is prepared.   

Argentum Musicum.  
TAke an ounce of tin, melt it, and put thereto one ounce of tartar, and one ounce of quicksilver, stir them well till they be cold: then beat all in a mortar, and grind it on a stone; temper it with gumme-water, and write therewith, and afterward polish it.   

To write a gold colour.  
TAke a new hens egg, make a hole at one end, and let the substance out, then take the yolk without the white, and four times as much in quantity of quicksilver; grind them well together, and put them into the shell; stop the hole thereof with chalk, and the white of an egg, then lay it under an hen that sitteth with six more, let her sit on it three weeks, then break it up, and write with it.   

To write with gold out of a pencil.  
TAke honey, and salt a like quantity, grind them well, and put to them a leaf of gold, with a little white of an egg; put it into a mussel shell, and let it purify; then temper it with gumme-water, and write with it, polish it.  
Or else grind a leaf of silver, or gold, very small with gumme-water, and wash it in a mussel shell as aforesaid.   

To temper Azure of Bise.  
TAke Azure or Bise, and grind it on a stone with clean water; then put it in a broad glass, or shell, and when it hath stood a while all the dregs will fleet above, and the clean colour will fall to the bottom; then pour out the water with the dregs, and pour the azure in clean water again; then stir the colour and water together, and let it stand, and fine, and after that pour out the water, and dregs again: do thus till it be well purged; then grind it again on a stone with gumme-water, and put it into a horn, or shell; when you paint or write, stir it, and let the stick drop into the pen, for it will sink to the bottom as lead.   

To temper Turnsole.  
TAke Turnsole, and wet it once or twice in clear water, and let it lie till it be well steeped; then wring it into a dish till the colour be good, and sad; with this you may flourish red letters, or vestures, and this colour shall be darked, sadded, or renewed with black ink.   

To make colouring, called Vernix: to varnish gold, silver, or any other colour on vellem, paper, timber, stone, etc.  
TAke Bengewine, and bray it well betwixt two papers, than put it into a viol, and pour on it Aqua vitae, that it may stand above the bengewine three or four fingers, and let it steep so a day or two; then put to it for half a viol of Aqua vitae five or six chieves of Saffron slenderly stamped; this done, strain it, and with a pencil varnish therewith any thing gilded, which will become bright and shining, drying itself immediately, and will continue the brightness many years; But if you will varnish on silver, then take the white that is found in Bengewine and dress it with Aqua vitae as afore, leaving out the Saffron, and the said varnish made with these only is very good to varnish all things as well painted, as not painted: for it maketh Tables of Walnut tree and Hebene to glister if it be laid on them, and all other things, as Iron, Copper, or Tin gilded, or not: it maketh bright, preserveth and aideth the colour, and drieth incontinent without taking dust.   

To make a double size to lay gold or silver on an embossed ground.  
TAke Venice Ceruse, white lead, plaster of an old Image, or chalk, any of these made in fine powder, and ground with the white of an egg, and a little water: this will make a good bottom to lay silver on. But when you use any of these to lay under gold, put to it a little Saffron, put not too much water; mingle it after discretion, and look the size be thick standing: put the size thus tempered, in a horn or shell in some cellar, or shadowed place, where it may stand moist seven days, till it be perfect clammy and rotten, and once a day stir it; the elder the size is, it is the better. If there stand any bubbles on the size, put in ear wax, for that is a remedy thereto, and before you lay it on your work, lay the size on a scrow, and dry it, and when it is dry, bend it, and if it bend and break not, than it is perfect, and if it break, put to it a little water to make it weaker, and prove if it cleaveth fast to the book, if not, put glayr thereto, and make it more steadfast: the like size may you make of Gipsium, Bolearmoniacke, red or yellow ochre, Orpment or Masticot, with brown of Spain, or red lead: if every of them be ground severally, and tempered as afore.   

Of painting in oil.  
HEre you must provide one thing more than you did before: that is, a Pallet (so called by Artists) whereupon you must put a small quantity of every such colour you are to use, the form whereof followeth.  
The colours to be used, are altogether such dry substances as I mentioned formerly: as ochre, Vermilion red lead, umber, Spanish brown, Lam-blacke, Gambugice, Masticot, Orpment, Ceruse, or Spanish white, blue and green Bise, Verdigrease, and a multitude of such like, which may be had at the Rose in Cornhill, London.  
Your colours must be ground all very finely, and tempered with Linseed oil; and to preserve them, put them in little earthen pans, and put water upon them, and cover them, that the dust come not at them: thus they may be kept a great while, and from thence you may take them as your use doth require.  
There are diverse colours which without the admixture of another colour, will not be dry a great while; as Lake, Verdigrease, Lam-blacke: with such you must temper a little umber or red lead.  
Divers Painters there are, that having haste of work, do use to temper their colour with one part of fat oil, and two of common Linseed oil, and by this means they make the colours dry the sooner: this fat oil is only Linseed oil exposed to the weather, and so it becometh thicker: yea sometimes you shall see it so thick, that you may cut it almost like Butter: it may be made likewise by boiling of it a little while, but the former is the best. As for the tempering of your colours, I can prescribe no surer way than experience with diligent observation.    

Of Graving.  
IT is possible for one to be a good Painter, and yet not to be able to draw well with the pen, because there is not required in a Painter such a curious and exact carriage of the hand: but it is impossible for one ever to Grave or Etch well, except he can draw well with the pen. First therefore presupposing you can do the first before you attempt the second, you must provide diverse graving tools, both long and short: some for hard work, some for sweet work, some for smaller work, and some for greater: also a piece of a Beaver hat, and a good oil stone, smoothed on one side, and free from pin holes, and plates of Copper or brass exactly polished.  

Of Gravers.  
THere are two principal sorts of Gravers, the long and the short: the long are strait, and for to engrave Plates withal, especially the greater, and these are to be held as the figure following doth express: where you may note that the pummel of the Graver resteth against the ball of the thumb, and the point is guided with the forefinger. And there ought to be a little bag of sand under your Plate, to the end that you might turn your plate upon it as your work doth require.  
The second sort is a short Graver, and turneth up somewhat at the end, and that is to engrave Letters and scutcheons in plate seals, and smaller plates, being fastened in some convenient instrument: this must be held likewise according unto the expression of the figure following: where it is to be noted, that the pummel of the Graver is stayed against the further part of the hand, and is guided by the inward side of the thumb. It were needful that there were a piece of leather like a tailor's thimble, about the end of the thumb, waxed or glued, whereby to guide the Graver more steadily, and stay it upon occasion.   

How to make Gravers.  
PRovide some good crossbow steel, and cause it to be beaten out into small rods, and softened: then with a good file you may shape them at your pleasure: when you have done, heat them red hot, and dip them strait down into soap, and by so doing, they will be hard indeed. Note that if in the dipping of them into the soap, you turn your hand never so little awry, the Graver will be crooked. These Gravers made and hardened after this manner, do fare exceed all the other Gravers.  
If your gravers be too hard, heat them a little, and thrust them into tallow, and they will be tougher.  
The oil stone is to whet your gravers on; drop one or two drops of salad oil upon it, and whet your graver thereon, and it will have an edge presently.   

How to smooth and polish Copper Plates.  
BEcause that in the printing with Copper Plates, the least scratch, though it be scarce visible, receiveth its impression, and so many times disgraceth the work: I have set down a way to smooth plates for impression.  
First, take a piece of brass, or Copper, of what bigness you intent, of an indifferent thickness, and see as near as you can, that it be free from fire flaws. First beat it as smooth as you can with a hammer, then rub it smooth with a pumice stone that is void of gravel, (lest it raze it, & so cause you as much more labour to get than out) burnish it after with a burnishing iron, having first dropped a drop or two of salad oil on it: then rub it over with a coal, prepared as is after taught, and lastly with a piece of beaver hat dipped in salad oil, rub it very well for an hour: thus you may polish it exactly.   

How to prepare your coals.  
TAke Beechen charcoal, such as when they are broke, do shine, such as are void of cliffs, and such as break off even: burn them again, and as soon as they are all through on fire, quench them in chamber lie: after take them out, and put them in fair water, and reserve them for your use.  
Having prepared all things in a readiness, you must have a draught of that you intent to cut or engrave.  
Take the plate then, and wax it lightly over, and then either pounce the picture upon it, or trace it, or by drawing over the lines of the picture with ungummed ink, reprint it upon the Plate: then work upon it, observing the shadow, so that being printed, it may stand right, for it will be backward upon your plate: when you have cut one stroke, drop a little salad oil upon your piece of beaver, and rub over the said stroke, for by this means you shall better see the stroke, and how to cut the next equal unto it, and so the rest proportionally distant one from another; but to work by a Candle, you must place a glass of fair water between the Candle, and a paper between that and the Plate, (which casteth a true light) or you will never be able to work truly and aright.   

Of Etching.  
ETching is an imitation of engraving, but more speedily performed. Things may be expressed to the life thereby, but not so sweetly as by the Graver. It is thus performed▪ the Plate you are to etch upon, must first exactly be polished, afterwards overlaid but very lightly with a ground made for the purpose, (of which anon) and thereupon must be pounced, drawn, or traced, the thing that you are to etch: then the said ground is to be pierced with diverse styles of several bigness according as the shadows of the picture do require: afterwards the edges of the Plate are to be raised with soft wax and strong water, (for so they term it:) (It is to be had at the sign of the leg in Foster Lane a Distiller) is to be put upon it, which in those places were the strokes, are required to be lightly performed, is to be abated or allayed with fair water, which having dured a while upon the plate, will eat into it, as it were engraven, then put it into cold water, and wash it about, and it will leave eating further, and then take off the ground and it is done.   

Ared ground for Etching.  
Take red lead, grind it very well, and temper it with varnish.   

A white ground.  
TAke one ounce of wax, and two ounces of Rosin, melt them together, and add thereto a quarter of an ounce of Venice Ceruse ground fine, lay it on while it is hot.   

A black ground.  
TAke Asphaltum two parts, Bees wax one part; melt them together, and being warm, lay it on very thinly with a fine lawn rag. If it seem somewhat red in any one part, hold it over the smoke of a link or wax candle, and it will be amended. Note that it is a principal thing in this Art to lay the ground on aright.   

Another way how to engrave with water.  
TAke Verdigrease, Mercury sublimated, vitriol, and alum, a like quantity, beat all to powder, put them into a glass, and let it stand so half a day, and stir it often, then lay on the plate, wax, mingled with Linseed oil, or red lead with Linseed oil, and write in it that you mean to grave, then put the water on it, and let it so remain half a day, if you will have it very deep, let it lie longer. If you will engrave Images, etc. lay the wax on the Iron or steel, thin, and draw what you will thereon, that it may touch the mettle, than put the water into the strokes, and it will be engraven.   

How to engrave on a flint stone.  
TAke a Flint, and write on it what you will, with the fat or tallow of an ox, afterward lay the flint in vinegar, four days.  
FINIS.     

Place this between folio 14. and 15.   

THE book OF EXTRAVAGANTS: Wherein amongst others, is principally contrived diverse excellent and approved Medicines for several maladies.  
By I. B.  
LONDON. Printed by Thomas Harper, for Ralph Mab: 1634.   

To the Reader.  
COurteous Reader, forasmuch as there were diverse experiments that I could not conveniently, or rather my occasions would not permit me to dispose in such order as I would have done; I thought it would not be amiss to call them by the names of Extravagants, and so to set them down as I found them, either inserted amongst other my notes, as I put them in practice, or as they came into remembrance.   


How to make a light burn under the water, being a very pretty conceit to take fish.  
LEt there be a glass, as A, having a hole at the bottom, to put a candle in with a screwed socket. The socket must have a loop at the bottom, whereunto you must hang a weight of such heaviness, that it may draw the body of the glass under water. The neck of this glass must be open, and stand above the water; also about the neck must be fastened a good broad piece of wood; round about which (but on that side of it that is next unto the water) must be placed diverse pieces of looking glasses; so the light of the candle in the glass body will be multiplied according unto the number of them. All the fishes near unto it will resort about it, as amazed at so glorious a sight, and so you may take them with a cast net or other.   

How to make an image hang in the middle of a glass.  
MAke the lower part of the image of hard wax, and the upper part of wood, and overly it with oil colours; then put it into a globe glass filled with fair water, and which way soever you turn the glass, the image will still hang in the middle, and stand as it were upright; which, to my knowledge, hath been a thing causing no small admiration among diverse that have not understood the cause of it.   

How to make five or six dice of the ordinary bigness of dice, such as you may game withal, and such as would be taken by their looks to be ordinary dice, and yet all of them to weigh not above one grain.  
TAke a piece of Elder, and pith it, lay the pith to dry, and then make thereof with a sharp knife five or six dice, and you shall find it true that I have said.   

To lay gold on any thing.  
TAke red Lead ground first very fine, temper it with linseed oil: writ with it, and lay leaf gold on it, let it dry, and polish it.   

To lay gold on glass.  
Grind Chalk, and red Lead, of each a like quantity, together, temper them with linseed oil, lay it on; when it is almost dry, lay your leaf gold on it, when it is quite dry polish it.   

To make iron as soft as lead.  
TAke black flints, powder them very finely; then put the powder in an iron pan, and make it red-hot, then cast it on a marble stone, till it be almost cold, then make it red-hot again, and let it cool, and grind it so long till it cleave to the stone, and grind as it were clay; then put that in a glass, and set it under the eaveses of a house, where the sun cometh not nigh in the day, than the night after take out the water that you shall find in the glass above the powder, then take that powder and grind it with the water, and put it in a stillatory, and let it still out the half; afterward pour the water again on the said powder, and still it again with a soft fire; then take and seethe that water till the half be wasted, then take some iron blade that is new broke, and put it together, and hold it so a little while; then take of the water which was sod to the half, and with a feather lay it first to the one side of the blade, and when the water is cold, lay it on the other side, and it will solder fast with this water; and with this water you may make steel as soft as lead. It is likewise a sovereign water to help the gout, being anointed where the grief is, for it giveth ease very speedily.   

To colour tin, or copper, etc. of a golden colour.  
TAke linseed oil, set it on the fire, scum it clean, then put therein of amber, and aloe hepaticum, a like quantity, then beat and stir all well together with the oil till it wax thick; then take it off, and cover it close, and set it in the earth three days: when you would use it, strike your metal all over therewith, and so let it dry, and it will be of a golden colour.   

To gild iron with a water.  
TAke running water 3 pound, rochallum 3 pound, and Roman vitriol one ounce, of vardigrease one penny weight, saltgem three ounces, orpment one ounce, boil all these together, and when it gins to boil, put in lees of tartar and bay salt, of each half an ounce; make it seethe, and being sod a pretty while, take it from the fire, and strike the iron over therewith, then let it dry against the fire, and then burnish it.   

To solder on iron.  
SEt your joint of iron as close as you can, then lay them so in a glowing fire; then take of Venice glass in fine powder, and the iron being red-hot, cast the powder thereon, and it shall solder of itself. If you clap it in clay, it will be the surer way.   

To gild on iron or steel.  
TAke one ounce of argall, three dams of vermileon, and two drams of bol armeniack, with as much aqua vitae, then work and grind them all together on a stone, with linseed oil; having so done, put there to lapis calaminaris as big as a hazel nut, and grind therewith in the end three or four drops of varnish; take it off the stone, and strain it through a linen cloth into a stone pot, (for it must be as thick as honey) then strike over your iron therewith, and let it dry, and then lay your gold or silver on, as you would do upon the varnish.   

A varnish like gold, for tin, silver, or copper.  
TAke small pots well leaded, then put therein six ounces of linseed oil, one ounce of mastic, one ounce of aloes epaticum; make them altogether in fine powder, and then put it into your said pot, and cover it with such another; yet in the bottom of the uppermost pot make a small hole, wherein put a small stick with a broad end beneath to stir the other pot withal, and when the pots are set just together, close them all about with good clay, and cover them all over also, leaving the hole open above to stir the other pot with the stick: set it over the fire, and stir it as often as it seetheth, and when you will gild, polish your metal over first, and then strike this over the metal, and let it dry in the sun.   

To lay Gold on Iron, or other mettle.  
TAke liquid Varnish l. 1. Turpentine, & oil of Lynseed, of each an ounce: mix them all together: with this ground you may gild on any mettle, first striking it upon the mettle, and afterward lay on the gold or silver. When it is dry, polish it.   

To make Ice that will melt in fire, but not dissolve in Water.  
TAke strong water made with saltpetre, alum, and oil of tartar, of each, one pound. Infuse them together, then put into them a little aqua Arden's, and it will presently coagulate them, and turn them into ice.   

A cement as hard as stone.  
TAke powder of Loadstone, and of flints, a like quantity of either, and with whites of eggs, and gum dragant, make paste, and in a few days it will grow as hard as a stone.   

To make Paper waved like unto marble.  
TAke diverse oiled colours, put them severally in drops upon water, and stir the water lightly, and then wet the paper (being of some thickness) with it, and it will be waved like a marble: dry them in the Sun.   

To make Copper or brass have the colour of silver.  
TAke Sal Armoniacke, alum, and salt, of each a like quantity, and with a little filings of silver, let all be mixed together, then put them into the fire, that they may be hot, and when they shall cease to smoke, then with the same powder moistened with spittle, rub your Copper or brass.   

How to make glue to hold things together as fast as stone.  
TAke of the powder of tile sheard, two pound, unslakt lime, four pound, oil of Lynseed, a sufficient quantity to temper the whole mixture; this is marvellous strong.   

To make a thin glue.  
TAke gluten piscis, beat the same strongly on an anvil, till it be thin; after lay it to soak in water, until it be come very soft and tender: then work it like paste, to make small rolls thereof, which draw out very thin, and when you will work with it, put some of it into an earthen pot, with a little water, over the embers, and skim the same very clean, and let it seethe a little while, then work with the same: keeping it still over the fire. With this glue you may fasten pieces of glass together.   

To make Iron have the colour of brass.  
FIrst, polish it well, rub it after with aqua sortis, wherein the filings of brass are dissolved: the like may be done with Roman vitriol dissolved in vinegar and fair water, of each a like quantity.   

To make wood or bone red for ever.  
TAke the powder of Brazill, mingle it well with milk, but so, that it be very red, and put therein, either wood or bone, letting it lie in eight days, and it will look red for ever.   

How with one Candle to make as great a light, as otherwise of two or three of the same bigness.  
'Cause a round and double glass to be made, of a large size, and in fashion like a globe, but with a great round hole in the top, and in the concave part of the uppermost glass, place a candle in a lose socket, and at the same hole or pipe which must be made at the side thereof, fill the same with spirit of wine, or some other clear distilled water that will not putrify, and this one candle will give a great and wonderful light, somewhat resembling the sun beams.   

A Cement for broken Glasses.  
Beat the whitest Fish glue with a hammer, till it begin to wax clear, then cut the same into very small pieces, suffering the same to dissolve on a gentle fire, in a leaded pan, with a few drops of aqua vitae, then let some other that standeth by, hold both the pieces that are to be cemented, over a chafingdish of coals, till they be warm: and during their heat, lay on the dissolved glue with a fine pencil: then bind the glass with wire or thread, and let it rest till it be cold.   

An admirable secret of representing the very form of Plants, by their ashes, philosophically prepared, spoken of by Quertitanus and Angelus salae.  
TAke saith he, the salt both the fixed and the volatill also. Take the very spirit, and the phlegm of any herb, but let them all be rightly prepared; dissolve them, and coagulate them, upon which if you put the water stilled from May dew, or else the proper water of the herb you would have appear, close them all very well in a glass for the purpose, and by the heat of embers, or the natural heat of ones body, at the bottom of the glass, the very form and idea thereof will be represented: which will suddenly vanish away, the heat being withdrawn from the bottom of the glass. As I will not argue the impossibility of this experiment, so I would be loath to employ mine endeavours, until I were expert therein.   

A device to bend glass Canes, or make any small work in glass.  
LEt there be a vessel of Copper about the bigness of a common football, as, A, let it have a long Pipe at the top as C. which must be made so that you may upon occasion screw on lesser, or bigger vents made for the purpose. Fill this one third part with water, and set it over a furnace of coals, as F, G, H, I, and when the water beginneth to heat, there will come a strong breath out of the nose of the vessel, that will force the flame of a lamp placed at a convenient distance as K: if you hold your glass in the extension of the flame it will melt suddenly; so you may work what you will thereof. There are that instead of this globe make use of a Pipe, as A, fastened in a stick as, F, of which I have made use, but hold it not so convenient for those that are not accustomed thereunto.   

An excelleut Water for any Morphue, or scurvinesse in the Face.  
TAke of quick Sulphur 2. ounces, black soap, the rankest and illest favoured that can be got: bind them up in a cloth, and hang them in a pint of the strongest wine vinegar for the space of nine days; herewith wash the Morphue in the Face or elsewhere, and let it dry in of itself. This Water will for the present stain the face with a yellow colour, which will wear away in time.   

How to soften Iron.  
TAke of alum, shall Armoniacke, Tartar, a like quantity of either, put them into good vinegar, and set them on the fire: heat your Iron, and quench it therein.   

A good Cement for broken glasses.  
TAke raw silk, and beat it with glass, and mix them together with the whites of eggs.   

Another.  
TAke of calcined flints, quick lime, and common salt, of each a like quantity: mingle them all together with the whites of eggs; then take a linen cloth and spread it over with this mixture, and put it upon the fracture, and let it dry; afterwards anoint it with Linseed oil.   

How to cause that the same quantity both of powder and shot discharged out of the same piece shall carry closer, or more scattering.  
TAke the quantity of a pease of Opium, and charge it amongst the shot, and this will make the shot to fly closer together then otherwise it would. This I had of a seaman, who had made trial hereof, as he said, and unto whom I sold some for the same purpose.   

A bait to catch Fish with.  
TAke Cocculus Indiae ℥ ss, Henbane-seeds, and wheaten flower, of each a quarter of an ounce, hive honey as much as will make them into paste. Where you see most store of Fish in the River, cast of this paste into it in diverse little bits about the bigness of barley corns, and anon you shall see the fish swim on the top of the water, some reeling to and fro as drunken, others with their bellies upwards as if they were nigh dead; so that you may take them either with your hands, or a small net at the end of a stick made for the same use. Note here, that if you put the Fish that you thus take, into a bucket of fair and fresh water, or if it rain after that you have cast this your bait into the water, they will revive and come to themselves to your admiration; and this was told me by a Gentleman of good credit, that hath often made use thereof.  
I have heard that the stinking oil drawn out of the roots of Polipody of the oak by a retort, mixed with Turpentine, and hive-honey, and being anointed upon the bait will draw the fish mightily thereto, and make them bite the faster: and I myself have seen fishes, as Roches, and taken in the dead time of Winter with an angle, baited only with paste made of Wheaten flower, but it hath been in the morning, and when the sun hath shined.   

How to write without ink that it may not be seen, unless the paper be wet with water.  
TAke some Vitriol, and powder it finely, and temper it with fair water in any thing that is clean, when it is dissolved, you may write whatsoever you will with it, and it cannot be read, except you draw it through water wherein some powder of galls hath been infused, and so it will show as black as if it had been written with ink.   

How to make white letters in a black field.  
TAke the yelke of a new laid egg, and grind it upon a marble with fair water, so as you may write with it: having ground it on this wise, then with a pen dipped into it, draw what letters you will upon paper, or parchment, and when they are through dry, black all the paper over with ink; and when it is dry, you may with a knife scrape all the letters of that you wrote with the yelke of the egg, and they will show fair and white.   

How to sodder upon Silver, brass, or Iron.  
THere are two kinds of Sodder, to wit, hard Sodder, and soft Sodder. The soft Sodder runneth sooner than the hard: wherefore if a thing be to be sodered in two places, which cannot at one time well be performed, than the first must be sodered with hard solder, and the second with soft: for if the first be done with soft, it will unsoder again before the other be sodered. Note, that if you would not have your solder to run over any one part of the piece to be sodered, you must rub over that part with chalk that you would not have it run upon.  
Note likewise that your solder must be beaten thin, and then laid over the place to be sodered, which must be first fitted together, and bound with wire as occasion shall require. Then take Burras, powder it, and temper it with water like pap, and lay it upon the solder, and let it dry upon it by the fire: Afterwards cover it with quick coals, and blow them up, and you shall see your solder run immediately: then presently take it out of the fire, and it is done.   

Hard Soder is thus made.  
TAke a quarter of an ounce of silver, and a three penny weight of copper, melt them together, and it is done.   

Soft Soder is thus made.  
TAke a quarter of an ounce of silver, and a three penny weight of brass, melt them together, and it is done.   

How to gild Silver, or brass, with water-gold.  
FIrst take about ℥. Two. of quick silver, put it into a little melting pot, and set it over the fire, and when it beginneth to smoke, put into it an angel of fine gold: then take it off presently for the gold will presently be dissolved in the quick silver, which if it be too thin, you may through a piece of fustian strain a part of the quickesilver from it. Note likewise that your silver, or brass, before you go about to gild it, must be boiled in argol, and bear, or water, and afterwards scratched with a wire brush: then rub the gold, and quickesilver upon it, and it will cleave unto it, than put your silver or brass upon quick coals until it begin to smoke: then take it from the fire, and scratch it with your wire brush: Do this so often till you have rubbed the quickesilver as clean off as you can, then shall you perceive the gold to appear of a faint yellow colour, which you may make to show fair with shall armoniac, bowl armoniac, and vardigrece ground together, and tempered with water.   

How to take the smoke of Tobacco through a glass of water.  
FIrst fill a pint glass with a wide mouth, almost full of fair water: fill also a pipe of Tobacco, and put the pipe upright into the glass of water, so that the end of the pipe may almost touch the bottom of the glass: then take another crooked pipe, and put it into the glass, but let the end thereof not touch the water: wax then the mouth of the glass, that no air may come in nor out, but at the pipes: then put fire unto the Tobacco, and suck with your mouth, at the end of the crooked pipe, and you shall see the smoke of the Tobacco penetrate the water, and break out of a bubble, and so come into your mouth.   

To colour Ivory or any other bones, of an excellent green colour.  
TAke aqua fortis, wherein dissolve as much Copper, as the said water is able, then let the bones that you would have coloured, lie in the same all night, and they will be like a Smaragdin colour: Mizaldus.   

How to make birds drunk, so that you may take them with your hands.  
TAke such meat as they love, as wheat, Barley, and lay the same to steep in the lees of Wine, or else in the juice of Hemlockes, and sprinkle the same in places where Birds use to haunt.   

A way to catch crows.  
TAke the liver of a Beast, and cut it in diverse pieces, put then into each piece, some of the powder of nux vomica, and lay these pieces of liver in places where crows and ravens haunt. Anon after they have eaten them, you may take them with your h●nds, for they cannot fly away.   

How to take crows or Pigeons.  
TAke white Pease, and steep them eight or nine days in the Gall of an ox: then cast the same where they use to haunt.  
You may make Partridges, ducks, and other birds drunk, so that you may take them with your hand: if you set black wine for them to drink in those places whereunto they resort.   

Another.  
TAke Tormentill, and boil it in good wine: put into it Barley or other grain: sprinkle this in those places you have appointed to take Birds in, and the Birds will eat the pieces amongst the grain, which will make them so drunk, that they cannot fly away. This should be done in the winter, and when it is a deep snow.   

Another way to take Birds.  
MAke a paste of barley meal, onion blades, and Henbane seeds: set the same upon several little boards, or pieces of tiles, or such like, for the birds to eat of it.   

How to make brass white for ever.  
TAke egg shells, and burn them in a melting pot: then powder them, and temper them with the whites of eggs; let it stand so three weeks: heat your brass red hot, and put this upon it.   

How to make Marble.  
TAke ℥ vj. of quick Lime, put it into a pot, and pour upon it, one pint of good wine: let it stand five or six days, stirring it once or twice a day: then pour off the clear, and therewith temper flint stones calcined, and made into fine powder, than colour it, and make of it what you please, and let them dry.   

How to whiten copper.  
TAke a thin plate of copper, heat it red-hot diverse times, and extinguish it in common oil of tartar, and it will be white.   

To make saltpetre.  
TAke quick lime, and pour warm water upon it, and let it stand six days, stirring it once or twice a day: take the clear of this, and set it in the sun until it be wasted, and the saltpetre will remain in the bottom.   

How to make coral.  
TAke of red Lead ground, ℥ 1. vermilion finely ground, ℥ ss. unquenched lime, and powder of calcined flints, of each ℥ vj. these powders must be tempered with a Lixivium that is made with quick lime and wine: add unto the whole a little salt; then make thereof what you list; then boil them in linseed oil.   

How to make pearls of Chalk.  
TAke some Chalk, and put it into the fire; there let it lie until it break: temper it then with the whites of eggs. Then make of it diverse fashions of pearls, both great and small: wet them being dried, and cover them with leaf gold, and they are done.   

An approved and excellent plaster for ache in the raines of the back, or in any other part whatsoever.  
TAke one pound of black soap, and four ounces of frankincense, and a pint of white wine vinegar: boil all together upon a gentle fire, until it be thick; spread it then upon a leather, and apply it unto the grieved place. If the ache be very great and fervent, then add unto it a little aqua vitae, and it will be much better.   

An excellent ointment for the Shingles, Morphew, Tetters, and Ringwormes.  
TAke a quarter of a pound of soap, and mingle with it two drams of the powder of black Ellebor, litharge of silver in fine powder, two ounces, vardigrease half an ounce, and a quarter of an ounce of glass in powder, and as much quicksilver, make them all into an ointment by stirring them well together; wherewith anyont the grieved parts. This is approved and true.   

An excellent balm, or water for grievous sore eyes, which cometh either of outward accident, or of any inward cause.  
TAke two spoonfuls of the juice of Fennell, and one spoonful and a half of the juice of Celandine, and twice as much honey as them both; then boil them a little upon a chafingdish of coals, and scum away the dregs which will ascend, but first let it cool somewhat, and then let it run through a fair clean cloth: then put it into a viol of glass, and stop it close. Put a little quantity of this into the eye. This medicine is approved, and more precious than gold.   

A speedy way to assuage the pain of any scald, or burn, though never so great, and to take the fire out of it.  
TAke old lawn rags, dip them into Runnet, for want of it dip them into verges, and apply them cold upon the grieved place, shifting them for half an hour together, as oft as they dry: this I have known to give ease in an instant, and quickly to take out the fire.   

An approved oil for to heal any burn or scald.  
TAke of housleek one handful, and of brooklime as much, boil them in a quart of cream until it turn unto an oil; boil it very gently: with this oil a little warmed, anoint the grieved place twice a day, and it will soon make it well.   

An ointment, very excellent and often proved, for the same.  
TAke a good quantity of moss scraped from off a stone wall, fry it in a frying-pan with a call of mutton suet a good while, then strain it, and it is done. Dress the grieved part therewith once or twice a day, as you shall see fitting.   

Another ointment for a burne.  
TAke one part of salad-oil, and two parts of the whites of eggs, beat them together exceeding well, until they come to be a white ointment, wherein dip the feather of a black hen, and anoint the grieved place diverse times every day, until such time as the scales fall off, using in the mean while neither clothes nor any outward binding. This, saith Minshet the author, though it seem to be a thing of no estimation, yet was there never found any more effectual for a burn than it is.   

An excellent ointment for a green wound.  
TAke four handfuls of clowns, Allheale, bruise it, and put it into a pan, and put to it four ounces of barrows grease, salad-oil half a pound, Bees wax a quarter of a pound; boil them all until the juice be wasted; then strain it, and set it over the fire again, and put unto it two ounces of Turpentine, then boil it a little while more, and it is done. Put hereof a little in a saucer, and set it on the fire, dip a tent in it, and lay it on the wound, but first lay another plaster round about the wound, made of diapalma mollified a little with oil of Roses. This cureth very speedily all green wounds, as saith M. Gerard.   

A Balsam of wonderful efficacy.  
TAke Burgundy pitch, brimstone, and white frankincense, of each one ounce: make them into an ointment with the whites of eggs: first draw the lips of the wound, or cut, as close as you can, then lay on some of this spread upon a cloth, and swath it over afterwards.   

An excellent healing Water, which will dry up any old sore, or heal any green wound.  
TAke a quarter of a pound of Bolearmoniacke, powder it by itself, then take an ounce of Camphire, powder it also by itself: also take four ounces of white Coppras in powder: mix the Coppras and Camphire together, and put them into a melting pot, and set them on the fire, until they turn unto water: afterwards stir it until it come to be as hard as a stone: then powder it again, and mix it with the bolearmoniacke: keep this powder close in a bladder, when you would use it, take one pint and a half of fair water, set it on the fire, and when it is even ready to boil, put into it three spoonfuls of the powder; then take it off from the fire, and put it into a glass, and let it stand until it be clear at the top, then take of the clearest, and wash the sore very warm therewith, and dip a cloth four double in the same water, and bind it fast about the sore with a rowler, and keep it warm: dress it thus twice a day.   

A Water for a Fistula  
TAke one pint of white wine, 1 ounce of juice of Sage, three penny weight of Borace in powder, Camphire in powder the weight of four pence: boil them all a pretty while on a gentle fire, and it is done: Wash the Fistula with this water, for it is certainly good, and approved to be true.   

A Water for the Toothache.  
TAke ground ivy, salt, and spearemint, of each an handful: beat them very well together, then boil them in a pint of vinegar; strain it, and put a spoonful of it into that side that acheth, and hold down your cheek.   

Another Water approved for the same.  
TAke red rose leaves half a handful, Pomegranate-flowers as many, two galls sliced thin: boil them all in three quarters of a pint of red wine, and half a pint of fair water until the third part be wasted: then strain it, and hold a little of it in your mouth a good while: then spit it out, and take more. Also if there be any swelling on your cheek, apply the strainings between two clothes as hot as may be suffered. This I have known to do good unto diverse in this city, when as they have been extremely pained.   

To make a Water for the eyes.  
TAke Lapis Calaminaris, and burn it in the fire nine times, and quench it in white wine, and beat it into powder, and when you use it, put it into rose-water, and drop the water into the eye.   

For deafness.  
TAke a good quantity of camomile, and two handfuls of green wormwood, and seethe them in a pot of running water till they be very well sodden, and put a funnel over it, and let the steam go up into the ear, and then go to bed warm, and stop your ear with a little black wool, and a grain of Civet: do this morning and evening, and with God's assistance you shall find ease.   

An excellent Electuary for the Cough, Cold, or against phlegm.  
TAke of Germander, Hissope, Horehound, white maidenhair, Agrimony, Bettony, Liverwort, Lungwort, and Harts-tongue, of each one handful: put these to nine pints of water, and let them boil to three pints; then let it cool and strain it. To this juice put of clarified honey half a pound, fine powder of Liquorice five ounces, fine powder of Enulacampana root three ounces, boil them to the thickness of an Electuary. Take of this at any time, but specially in the morning fasting, as also at night when you go to bed, or two hours after supper, the quantity of a walnut or Nutmeg.   

A very excellent salve to heal, well proved, for any old sore, or new wound.  
TAke of wax, Rosin, sheep's suet, Turpentine, of each a like quantity, salad oil also as much: mix them all together, and take the juice of Smallach, of Planten, of Orpin, of bugloss, of Comfery, of each a like quantity: let them boil until the juice of the herbs be consumed; and in the seething put a quantity of Rose-water, and it will be a very good salve.   

A sovereign Water to heal a green wound: and to staunch blood.  
TAke a pottle of running water, and put thereto four ounces of alum, and one ounce of Copras, and let them seethe to a quart, and then strain it, and keep it in a glass, and wash the wound, and wet a cloth, and lay to the sore, and with Gods help it will soon be healed.   

For the biting of a mad dog.  
TAke brine, and bathe the wound: then burn Claret wine, and put in a little Mithridate, and so let the patiented drink it; Then take two live pigeons, cut them through the middle, and lay them hot to his hand if he be bitten in the arms. If in his legs, to the sole of his feet.   

An oil for any Ach.  
TAke a pound of unwashed butter, and a handful of red mints, and a handful of camomile, a handful of rue, two ounces of oil of Exeter: stamp the herbs to a juice, and boil them with the butter; strain them in a cloth, and rub them out very well: this so done, take the oil of Exeter, and put to them, and stir them well together, and put them into a galley pot, and where the ache is anoint the place against the fire, and lay a brown paper on it, and wrap a cloth about the place, and keep it warm: proved to be excellent.   

To staunch the bleeding of a cut.  
TAke a piece of a felt hat, and burn it to a coal; beat it to powder, and put it in the cut, and it will staunch the bleeding presently. Or else apply linen rags that in the spring of the year have been often washed in the sperm of frogs, and afterward dried in the sun.   

For an ague, to be laid to the wrists.  
Take a handful of soot, a spoonful of bay salt, half a spoonful of pepper; bruise them together, and temper them with two yolks of eggs; spread it on a cloth, and lay it to the wrists.   

Almond milk for the cough of the lungs.  
TAke four spoonfuls of French barley well washed, and boil it in three wine pints of fair water, unto a pint and a half; then take it from the fire, and let it cool, and settle; then take the clear liquor, and strain therewith a quarter of a pound of sweet almonds blanched, and beaten; then set it on the fire, and let it boil a while till it begin to grow thick; then beat two yolks of eggs, and put them to it; stir them well together, and put to it as much fine sugar as will sweeten it, and a spoonful of damask rose water, and so let it boil a while longer, till it be as thick as good cream; eat of it warm twice or thrice a day, but at breakfast especially.   

For a scald head.  
TAke a pint of running water, and as much Mercury as a good walnut, three or four branches of Rosemary; boil these all together till a third part be boiled away, or thereabout, and every morning and evening wash the infected place with some of this water cold, and a quarter of an hour after or less anoint the place with lamp oil, and every morning after the first dressing try to pull up some of the hair as easily as you can: have care where you set this water, for it is poison. If you shave the head, and apply a plaster called Emplastrum Cephalicum cum Euphorbio, it is also excellent.   

For to heal a red face that hath many pimples. Proved.  
TAke four ounces of barrows grease and as much oil of bays, half an ounce of quicksilver killed with fasting spittle, then take two spoonfuls of wild tansy water, or honisuckle water, and let all be ground in a mortar three hours at the least, until you see nothing of the quicksilver, and so keep it close in a glass; the older, the better; and when you go to bed anoint the face, and look that you keep it from your eyes.   

To wash the Face, if it be given to heat.  
TAke snails, beat them shells and bodies together: steep them a night in new milk: then still them with the flowers of white lilies.   

To make Vsquebach.  
TAke a gallon of the smallest Aqua vitae you can make, put it into a close vessel of stone; put thereto a quart of Canary sack, two pounds of raisins of the sun stoned, but not washed, two ounces of Dates stoned, and the white skins of them pulled out, two ounces of cinnamon grossly bruised, four good Nutmegs bruised, four good Liquorish sticks sliced, and bruised, tie up all your Spices in a fine linen cloth, and put them into your Aqua vitae, and tie up your pot very close, and let this infuse a week, stirring it three times a day, then let it run through a jelly bag close covered; keep it in glass bottles.   

To make Almond Butter.  
TAke two pound of Almonds, and blanche them, and let them lie all night in cold water: then grind them in a mortar very small, and put in a blade of Mace or two; then strain it through a strong cloth as near as you can, that the milk be not too thin, and let it seethe a prettle while: then put in a little Rose-water, and a little salt when you take it off the fire, and stir it still: then take a big cloth very clean, and let two hold it; than you must take the milk and cast it round about the sides of the cloth that the whey may come from it; then with a saucer put it down from the sides: then knit the cloth, and hang it up until it have left dropping; then take it forth, and season it with fine Sugar and Rose-water.   

To make jelly for one that is in a Consumption, or troubled with a looseness.  
TAke the feet of a calf, and when the hair is clean scalded off, slit them in the middle, and cut away all the black veins, and the fat, and wash them very clean, and so put them in a bucket of fair water, and let them lie four and twenty hours, and in that time the oftener you shift them in fair water it will be the better; then set them on the fire in two gallons of water, or somewhat less, and let them boil very softly, continually taking off the scum and fat which riseth; and when the liquor is more than half boiled away, put into it a pint and a half of white wine, and as it boileth there will come a foul scum upon it, take it off still clean, and when the jelly is boiled enough, you may know, for your fingers will stick to the spoon; then take it from the fire, and with a Cullender take out all the bones and flesh, and when the jelly is almost cold, beat the whites of six eggs, and put into it, and set it on the fire again, and so let it boil till it be clear: then strain it through a clean cloth into a basin, and so let it stand all night long; the next morning put it into a skellet, and put to it a pound of Sugar, half an ounce of cinnamon broken in pieces, one ounce of Nutmegs, an ounce of Ginger bruised, and a good quantity of large Mace; boil all these together till it taste of the Spices as much as you desire, and when it is almost cold, take the whites of six eggs, and beat them, and put into it, and set it on the fire, and when it riseth wild it in half a pint of white wine; then strain it through a jelly bag.   

To stay the flux.  
TAke Date stones, and beat them to fine powder, and take the quantity of one of them, and drink it with posset drink, or beer; use these two or three mornings together, and after as often as you find occasion; this is very good.  
In the month of May gather of the reddest Oak leaves you can get, and still them, and when need requireth make pap thereof, mingled with milk or fine flower, sugar, and cinnamon, as oft as your stomach serveth to eat it.   

To make green Ink.  
TAke green bice and grind it with gum water, and if you will have it a sadder green, put a little saffron to the grinding.   

To make blue Ink.  
TAe fine flower, and grind it with a little chalk, and alum, and then put it in a viol.   

For an Ague.  
TAke a handful of hartstong that groweth in the field, and a handful of bay salt, and beat them both together in a mortar, and lay this to both the wrists.   

A water good against the plangs, or to be given after a surfeit.  
TAke red Sage, Celendine, Rosemary, Hearbegrace, Wormwood, Mugwort, Pimpernell, Dragons, Scabious, Egrimony, Rosa solis, and balm, of e●ch a handful, or like quantity by weight; wash and shake them in a cloth; then shred and put them into a gallon of white wine, with a quarter of an ounce of Gentian roots, and as much of Angelica roots; let it stand two days and two nights close covered, and then distil it at your pleasure, and stop the glass very close in which you keep the same.   

To avoid urine that is stopped with the stone.  
TAke as much black soap as a walnut, temper it with eight or ten leaves of English saffron, spread it upon a round leather as big as the palm of your hand, and cover the navel of your belly therewithal, and it shall cause you to make water.   

For the stone and strangury.  
TAke the films that is within the maws of geese, and let them be purely dried, and then make powder thereof, and drink it with stolen ale, and it will help him with God's grace. Proved.   

For scald heads.  
TAke green Coperas, and mingle it with cream till it be turned yellow, and let it stand three or four days: then take primrose roots, leaves and all, with May butter, and beat the roots and leaves in the butter, and boil them together with a little beer and butter, and let it touch no salt.   

To cure an old ulcer.  
TAke a quart of the strongest Ale that is to be gotten, or brewed, half a pint of raw honey, two ounces of roch alum beaten, half a pint of salad oil, and the quantity of a Tennis ball of common washing soap, one ounce of stone pitch beaten; one ounce of Rosin beaten, two ounces of yellow wax: boil all these together, and strain them through a thin linen cloth; and this will cure any old ulcer.   

A Water to cleanse, and mundify old rotten sores and ulcers.  
TAke a wine pint of stilled water of Planten, as much white wine; put therein two ounces of Roch alum, a dram of Verdigrease, a dram of Mercury sublimed: boil all these together, and keep them in a thick glass being stopped with wax very close that the strength go not out; this will cleanse and mundify old sores▪ It will also heal a Fistula if you use a siering, so that the water may come to the bottom of the sore.   

The Medicine of medicines proved for the Stone.  
TAke a quantity of eg-shels, wash them clean; those are the best whereout chickens are come; dry them very dry in an oven, or between two tile-stones; then make powder thereof, searce it, and mingle it with sugar, or powder of liquorice to give it taste, and let him use it as often as he needeth, morning and evening, either with Rhenish wine, white wine, or stolen ale, a spoonful of the powder at a time, and use to make water in a clean basin, and so you shall see the deliverance hereof.   

A precious water for the sight.  
TAke Smallage, Fennell, Rew, Verveine, Egrimony, daffodil, Pimpernell, and Sage, and still them with breast milk together with five drams of frankincense, and drop of it in your eyes each night: often proved.   

For the flux to stay it.  
TAke the yolk of an egg, and beat it, then mix with it one grated nutmeg, and lay it on an hot tile stone to bake, and eat thereof fasting, and before Supper, and after meals, and it will stay it. Often proved to be excellent.   

A good Powder for the Gout.  
TAke fine Ginger the weight of two groats, and Enula-campane-roots dried, the weight of four groats, of Liquorish the weight of eight groats, of Sugar-candy three ounces; beat all these into a powder, searce them fine, and then mingle them together, and drink thereof morning and evening, and all times of the day. Approved.   

A special Medicine for the colic.  
TAke Horehound half an handful, of Sage, and hyssop of either as much, twelve leaves of Betony, of Centaury six crops, one Alexander-root, four penny weight of enulacampana roots powdered, Spikenard of Spain one penny worth; seethe all these in three quarts of fine wort to a pottle, and draw it through a linen cloth, and take three spoonfuls at once morning and evening.   

To take away redness of burning of the Eyes.  
TAke the white of an egg, and beat it very well with a spoonful or two of red Rose-water, than put thereto the pap of a roasted apple, mingle them well together, and spread it upon a little flax; so lay it on the eye, binding it on with a linen cloth.   

For the rheum in the Eyes.  
TAke the white of an egg, and so much Bolearmoniacke as will thicken it, and spread it on a round plaster of sheep's leather, and lay it on the temples on that side the rheum is.   

The ointment for the same.  
TAke Lapis Tutiae and burn it in a fire-shovel of quick coals, quench it in a poringer of woman's milk, do so half a score times, then grind it in a clean mortar till it be very fine powder, then mingle it with fresh Barrows grease till it look russet: anoint your eyes with a little of it when you go to bed.   

For deafness.  
TAke Rew, and rub it between the palms of your hands until it be so bruised that you may make thereof a tent; then dip it in sweet salad oil, and put in each ear one, so that you may pull them forth again. This do for seven or eight days, and change the tent every day.  
Take a quarter of a pint of Angelica water, of Cardus Benedictus water, and of white wine, of either a like quantity: mingle them together, dividing the same into two equal parts; drink it in two several mornings: then the next night after the taking of the second draught of water, take the fish of an oyster, and put it into a fair linen cloth, and stop the same into the ear that is thickest of hearing, and lie on that side as long as you can: in the morning pick that ear as clean as you can, and after that take a draught of the best ale you can get, with a toast of household bread toasted very dry, a reasonable quantity of nutmegs; use the same every morning for five or six days, fasting after the taking hereof two hours, every time you take it.   

For the cough of the lungs.  
TAke two handfuls of Rosemary, and strip it of the stalk, one of Hissop, and seethe them in a pottle of running water, till it come to a quart, and then put a quarter of a pound of fine sugar, and let it seethe a little, and scum it, drink it morning and evening.   

A present remedy for all manner aches, and bruises in the Bones.  
TAke a good quantity of walwort, and a certain quantity of balm, and Smallach, and stamp them, and take a pound of May Butter, and temper them very well together, then make them into round balls, and let them lie for the space of eight days after, and then stamp them again as you did before: then take it, and fry it, and strain it, and put it into an earthen pot: This will help the bruise, be it never so black.   

For burning, or scalding.  
TO take out the fire, beat onions very small, and bind them to the place. To heal it, take half a pound of sheep's suet, as much sheep's dung, a quarter of a pound of the inner rind of an Elder-tree, and a little houseleek: fry them altogether, and strain it, and use it as a plaster, or make a serecloth of it, and apply it to the grieved part.   

For burstness of old, or young.  
TAke nine red snails, lay them between two tiles of clay, so that they creep not nor slide away, and bake them in the hot embers, or in an oven, till they may be powdered, then take the powder of one of the snails, and put it in white wine, and let the patiented drink it in the morning at his rising, and fast two hours after, and drink these nine snails in eighteen days, that is, every other day one. And if the sickness be so old that it will not heal in eighteen days, begin again, and drink other nine snails, and he shall be whole. Probatum est.   

A Salve for all sores.  
TAke a pound of sheepes-tallow, and a pound of Turpentine, and a pound of Virgin-waxe, a pint of salad oil, a quarter of a pound of Rosin: take also Bugle, Smallach, and plantain half the quantity of the other, or so much as will make a pint just: boil all these together upon a soft fire of coals, always stirring it till a third part be consumed; then take it from the fire, and strain it through a new canvas cloth into an earthen pot.   

For Bleeding.  
TAke a black toad in May, dry it between two tile stones, and hang it in sarsenet about the party's neck.   

To procure sleep.  
TAke Betony, Roseleaves, Vinegar, Nutmeg, and the crumbs of Rye-bread: put this in a cloth warm to the poll of the head.   

For the Cough.  
TWo handfuls of last savery, steep it five days in white wine vinegar, put into the vinegar half an ounce of Pepper, at the five days end drain out the vinegar, and as soon as the bread is drawn, set them in a Pewter dish into the oven, and stop it up, and let them stand all night. In the morning take them out of the Oven and powder them. Take of this powder and drink it with sack, so much of it as will lie on a threepences.   

A Gargill for the ●vula.  
TAke a pint of good strong Ale, and as much sack, and a good quantity of long pepper, and bruise it grossly, and boil it from a quart to a pint, and let the party's gargoyle their mouths, and throats as warm as they may suffer it.  
If the palate of the mouth be down, it will fetch it up.   

For deafness very excellent good.  
TAke the hooves of the neat's feet after they be sodden, and hold them in a cloth so warm as may be to your ear, diverse times together one after another. they will last to be warmed in the same they were sodden in some three or four days without souring.   
FINIS.